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who was the man in you're so vain

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=You%27re_So_Vain&oldid=803762618

You 're So Vain - wikipedia You 're So Vain Jump to : navigation , search `` You 're So Vain '' Single by Carly Simon from the album No Secrets B - side `` His Friends Are More Than Fond of Robin '' Released November 1972 Format 7 '' single Recorded 1972 , Trident Studios Genre Pop , soft rock Length 4 : 19 Label Elektra Songwriter ( s ) Carly Simon Producer ( s ) Richard Perry Carly Simon singles chronology `` Legend in Your Own Time '' ( 1971 ) `` You 're So Vain '' ( 1972 ) `` The Right Thing to Do '' ( 1973 ) `` Legend in Your Own Time '' ( 1971 ) `` You 're So Vain '' ( 1972 ) `` The Right Thing to Do '' ( 1973 ) `` You 're So Vain '' is a song written and performed by Carly Simon and released in November 1972 . The song is a critical profile of a self - absorbed lover about whom Simon asserts `` You 're so vain , you probably think this song is about you . '' The title subject 's identity has long been a matter of speculation , with Simon stating that the song refers to three men , only one of whom she has named publicly , actor Warren Beatty . The song is ranked at # 82 on Billboard 's Greatest Songs of All - Time . `` You 're So Vain '' was voted # 216 in RIAA 's Songs of the Century , and in August 2014 , the UK 's Official Charts Company crowned it the ultimate song of the 1970s . The distinctive bass guitar intro is played by Klaus Voormann and the strings were arranged by Simon and orchestrated by Paul Buckmaster . Simon plays piano on the track . Contents ( hide ) 1 Subject of the song 2 References in the song 3 Later versions and adaptations 4 Chart performance 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 5 Awards 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Subject of the song ( edit ) Before the song became a hit single in 1972 , Simon told an interviewer that the song was about `` men , '' not a specific `` man '' . In 1983 , she said it is not about Mick Jagger , who contributed uncredited backing vocals to the song . In a 1993 book , Angie Bowie claimed to be the `` wife of a close friend '' mentioned in `` You 're So Vain '' , and that Jagger , for a time , had been `` obsessed '' with her . Simon made another comment about the subject 's identity as a guest artist on Janet Jackson 's 2001 single , `` Son of a Gun ( I Betcha Think This Song Is About You ) '' , which sampled `` You 're So Vain '' . Simon said about the song , `` The apricot scarf was worn by Nick ( Delbanco ) . Nothing in the words referred to Mick . '' In a 2007 interview Warren Beatty said , `` Let 's be honest . That song was about me . '' Simon had said in 1983 that Beatty `` certainly thought it was about him -- he called me and said thanks for the song ... '' In an interview for the 1978 / 1982 version of The History of Rock & Roll radio series , producer Richard Perry acknowledges that Simon was essentially referring to Beatty while also referencing other men in her life . Over the years Simon has divulged `` letter clues '' and has claimed that the subject 's name contains the letters A , E , and R . Shortly before the writing of the song , Simon was married to James Taylor ; she has said that he was `` definitely not '' the subject of the song . David Bowie , David Cassidy and Cat Stevens have all been cited by the press as speculative candidates . In August 2003 Simon agreed to reveal the name of the song 's subject to the highest bidder of the Martha 's Vineyard Possible Dreams charity auction . With the top bid of $50,000 , Dick Ebersol , president of NBC Sports and a friend of Simon , won the right to know the name of the subject of `` You 're So Vain '' . A condition of the prize was that Ebersol not reveal the name . Ebersol said Simon allowed him to divulge a clue about the person 's name : `` Carly told me that I could offer up to the entire world a clue as to what she 'll tell me when we have this night in about two weeks . And the clue is : The letter ' E ' is in the person 's name . '' In 2004 Simon told Regis Philbin , `` If I tell it , it 's going to come out in dribs and drabs . And I 've given out two letters already , an ' A ' and an ' E . ' But I 'm going to add one to it . I 'm going to add an ' R , ' in honor of you . '' In 2005 Simon 's ex-husband Jim Hart said he was sure that the song was not about anyone famous . On June 19 , 2008 , Howard Stern stated that Simon had privately revealed to him about whom the song was written after her interview on his popular radio show on Sirius Satellite Radio . Stern commented , `` There is an odd aspect to it ... he 's not that vain . '' On March 17 , 2009 , Stern stated that she had said it was a `` composite of three people . '' Stern repeated this on May 5 , 2014 , stating , `` She takes me aside , pulls me close , whispers in my ear ... three names . She goes , it was n't one person , it was three people . '' Simon herself confirmed that Stern was among `` a few people '' that she had given the names to . In her 2008 book Girls Like Us , author Sheila Weller includes a detailed account of Simon 's love affair with musician Dan Armstrong , and suggests that he was the inspiration for `` You 're So Vain . '' Her heartbreak over eventually losing him inspired the song `` Dan , My Fling , '' which appears on her first album . Armstrong 's full name , Daniel Kent Armstrong , contains all three letters of Simon 's clue . On November 4 , 2009 , Simon said she had hidden the name of the subject in a certain version of the song . The next day , the program 's crew revealed the name concealed in a back - played whisper : David . Simon denied that the whisper was `` David , '' saying she had spoken `` Ovid '' both forwards and backwards , and that sounded like David . In February 2010 , Simon reiterated that the name of the subject was whispered in a re-recording of `` You 're So Vain '' : `` There 's a little whisper -- and it 's the answer to the puzzle . '' A representative for Simon confirmed that the name whispered during the song is `` David '' . Multiple media outlets then speculated that the subject was Simon 's former boss at Elektra , David Geffen , The following day Jim Hart , Simon 's ex-husband and close friend , denied that the song was about Geffen . Simon said that when she wrote the song in 1971 , she had not yet met Geffen . Simon 's publicist also confirmed the song was not about Geffen , but that there was indeed `` a David who is connected to the song in some way , shape , or form , '' Vanity Fair noted that in addition to `` David '' , `` Warren '' and an unintelligible name are whispered during the recording . After her live performance of the song with Simon in July 2013 , Taylor Swift stated that Simon had revealed the identity of the song 's subject to her in confidence . In November 2015 , Simon , promoting her about - to - be-published memoir , said , `` I have confirmed that the second verse is Warren ( Beatty ) '' and added that while `` Warren thinks the whole thing is about him , '' he is the subject of that verse only , with the remainder of the song referring to two other , still unnamed men . References in the song ( edit ) The line `` I hear you went up to Saratoga and your horse naturally won '' refers to the Saratoga Race Course horse - racing season held in late July , August , and early September in Saratoga Springs , New York . The season is frequented by the rich and famous of New York and other East Coast cities . Two solar eclipses ( `` Then you flew your Learjet up to Nova Scotia to see the total eclipse of the sun '' ) were visible from Nova Scotia in the early 1970s , on March 7 , 1970 , and July 10 , 1972 . Simon said she wrote the song in 1971 , but the 1972 eclipse ( which could only be seen in Nova Scotia as opposed to the 1970 eclipse which traversed the entire East Coast , and also happened during the Saratoga racing season ) better fits the narrative . Simon said the line `` clouds in my coffee '' came `` from an airplane flight that I took with Billy Mernit , who was my friend and piano player at the time . As I got my coffee , there were clouds outside the window of the airplane and you could see the reflection in the cup of coffee . Billy said to me , ' Look at the clouds in your coffee ' . '' Later versions and adaptations ( edit ) The song has been recorded by Chocolate Starfish , The Mountain Goats , David Axelrod , John Barrowman , Liza Minnelli , Jack Klugman and Tony Randall ( as `` The Odd Couple '' ) , Chimira , Venice , The Feeling , Jann Arden , Janet Jackson ( who sampled the song in `` Son of a Gun ( I Betcha Think This Song Is About You ) '' , with Simon providing featured vocals ) , Trey Songz ( who sampled from Janet Jackson in his single `` About You ) , '' Anna Waronker , Faster Pussycat , Dres , Daryll - Ann , Smokie , Queens of the Stone Age , Sally Seltmann , Asaro and Wolcott , Matthew Sweet and Susanna Hoffs , Marilyn Manson ( featuring Johnny Depp ) , and Italian pop star Mina in her 1985 album Finalmente ho conosciuto il conte Dracula ... Foo Fighters performed the song live at the 50th Annual Grammy Awards in 2008 . On July 27 , 2013 , Simon performed `` You 're So Vain '' with Taylor Swift on her Red Tour . The song `` Starfuckers , Inc . '' by Nine Inch Nails , released in 2000 , references `` You 're So Vain '' , by quoting the chorus . Supporters of English football team Everton F.C. sang the song to player Leighton Baines at the 2009 football matches . On their 2009 album Felony , New York City metalcore band Emmure had a song titled `` R2Deepthroat '' where vocalist Frankie says `` You 're so vain , I bet you think this song is about you , do n't you ? '' In the lead - up to the 2016 US presidential election , Simon authorized the use of the song in an ad against Donald Trump . In a piece posted by BBC News on May 5 , 2017 , Simon sings a previously unreleased fourth verse to the song , which she states had been written on a pad some time ago but never made it into the song . It references a man , married multiple times , who `` called her once to ask her things she could n't quite divine '' . Chart performance ( edit ) The song was a number - one hit in the US , Canada and Australia and reached number four in Ireland and South Africa . Bowing at # 99 on the Billboard Hot 100 on 2 December 1972 , the song took only five more weeks to rocket to the top of the chart , where it stayed for the first three weeks of 1973 , also spending two weeks at the top of the Easy Listening chart in early 1973 , her first number one on either chart . `` You 're So Vain '' was Simon 's breakthrough hit in the United Kingdom , reaching number three on the UK chart on its original release in 1973 . The song was re-released in the UK in 1991 to cash in on its inclusion in a commercial for Dunlop Tyres , peaking at number 41 . Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 -- 73 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Canada ( RPM Charts ) Ireland ( IRE Charts ) New Zealand ( Listener ) South Africa UK Singles ( Official Chart Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Easy Listening Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 ) Position Australia Canada 8 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 9 U.S. Cash Box Top 100 7 UK 35 Preceded by `` Me and Mrs. Jones '' by Billy Paul US Billboard Hot 100 number - one single January 6 , 1973 ( three weeks ) Succeeded by `` Superstition '' by Stevie Wonder Preceded by `` Clair '' by Gilbert O'Sullivan Canadian RPM number - one single January 27 , 1973 ( 1 week ) Succeeded by `` Last Song '' by Edward Bear Awards ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result `` You 're So Vain '' Record of the Year Nominated Song of the Year Nominated Best Pop Vocal Performance , Female Nominated Grammy Hall of Fame Award Inducted See also ( edit ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1973 List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1973 ( U.S. ) List of number - one singles in Australia during the 1970s List of RPM number - one singles of 1973 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Dowd , Kathy Erich ; Hubbard , Kim ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` People Exclusive : Carly Simon Says ' You 're So Vain ' Is About Warren Beatty -- Well , Only the Second Verse : ' He Thinks the Whole Thing Is About Him ! ' '' . People . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 Chart 50th Anniversary '' . Billboard.com. 1994 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( 2014 - 08 - 23 ) . `` Official Charts Pop Gem # 70 : Carly Simon -- You 're So Vain '' . Officialcharts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Klaus Voormann : Biography '' . Voormann.com. 1971 - 08 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Weller , Sheila ( February 27 , 2010 ) . `` Fun and Games With the David Geffen Rumor About Carly Simon 's ' You 're So Vain ' '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Wadler , Joyce ( October 30 , 1983 ) . `` Carly Simon : Anxiety & '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Ruhlmann , William . `` Carly Simon Biography '' . AllMusic.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Backstage Passes Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 03 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Regis & Kelly 2004 -- Carly Simon talks about You 're So Vain '' . YouTube . 2012 - 09 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ' You 're So Vain ' : Carly Simon reveals mystery man '' . NJ.com. 2010 - 02 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Soraya ( 2010 - 02 - 27 ) . `` Carly Simon 's new ' You 're So Vain ' whispers clue '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Ninette Sosa . `` Carly Simon reveals ' You 're So Vain ' clue '' . CNN.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon gives away who is ' So Vain ' '' . USA Today . Associated Press . August 5 , 2003 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Ebersol on NBC 's Today , August 5 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` I 've heard a million different stories -- who was Carly Simon actually singing about in `` You 're So Vain '' ? `` . Rule Forty Two . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Stern , Howard ( host ) ( May 20 , 2014 ) . Howard Stern Show . Sirius XM Radio . Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon : You 're So Vain is about Beatty and two others '' . BBC . 2015 - 11 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Sheila Weller . Girls Like Us : Carole King , Joni Mitchell , and Carly Simon & the Journey of a Generation , Simon & Schuster . 2008 : ISBN 978 - 0 - 7434 - 9147 - 1 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon Now Saying ' You 're So Vain ' is about Dead Classical Poet '' . Carly Simon Now Saying ' You 're So Vain ' is about Dead Classical Poet , by Jessica Pressler , Daily Intelligencer , March 12 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : Simon in Uncut magazine interview , as reported by Newhall , Marissa ( February 27 , 2010 ) . `` Names and faces : Carly Simon , Mark and Jenny Sanford , Seth Green , Stevie Wonder > A vain hunt for ' David ' '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon Reveals Subject of ' You 're So Vain ' ? '' . Spinner.com . February 26 , 2010 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( March 1 , 2010 ) . `` Carly Simon Refutes Theory That ' So Vain ' Target Is David Geffen '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Weiner , Juli ( February 26 , 2010 ) . `` Update : Everyone Owes David Geffen an Apology '' . VF Daily . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift and Carly Simon : You 're So Vain '' . YouTube . 2013 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Gatto , Kimberly ( 2011 ) . Saratoga Race Course : The August Place to Be . The History Press . ISBN 978 - 1609491048 . Jump up ^ `` USA -- 1970 March 7 Total Solar Eclipse -- Interactive Google Map ( Full Screen ) -- Xavier Jubier '' . Xjubier.free.fr . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Canada -- 1972 July 10 Total Solar Eclipse -- Interactive Google Map ( Full Screen ) -- Xavier Jubier '' . Xjubier.free.fr . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` You 're So Vain '' . Carly Simon official website . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Makarechi , Kia ( March 19 , 2012 ) . `` Johnny Depp , Marilyn Manson Team Up For ' You 're So Vain ' Cover '' . HuffPost Entertainment . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / CarlySimonHQ : Carly Simon and Taylor Swift '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Sportsmail 's guide to the best chants of the season starring Cristiano Ronaldo , Dimi Konstantopoulos and Liam Gallagher '' . Dailymail.co.uk. 2009 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Charles , Chris ( 2009 - 06 - 03 ) . `` BBC SPORT Fun and Games Chants of the season '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Schultheis , Emily ( October 9 , 2016 ) . `` Carly Simon uses `` You 're So Vain '' in anti-Trump video `` . CBS News . Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon plays You 're So Vain 's lost verse '' . bbc.com. 2017 - 05 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Brian Currin . `` South African Rock Lists Website -- SA Charts 1965 -- 1989 Acts ( S ) '' . Rock.co.za . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Jaclyn Ward . `` The Irish Charts -- All there is to know '' . Irishcharts.ie . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` charts.org.nz - Forum - 1973 Chart ( General ) '' . charts.org.nz . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon '' . The Official Chart Company . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Forum -- 1970 ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Canada , Library and Archives ( July 8 , 2017 ) . `` Image : RPM Weekly '' . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1973 / Top 100 Songs of 1973 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles -- 1973 '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 1973 -- UK Music Charts '' . Uk-charts.top-source.info . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . External links ( edit ) Official `` You 're So Vain '' page Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Carly Simon Discography Studio albums Carly Simon Anticipation No Secrets Hotcakes Playing Possum Another Passenger Boys in the Trees Spy Come Upstairs Torch Hello Big Man Spoiled Girl Coming Around Again My Romance Have You Seen Me Lately This Is My Life Romulus Hunt : A Family Opera Letters Never Sent Film Noir The Bedroom Tapes Moonlight Serenade Into White This Kind of Love Never Been Gone Compilations The Best of Carly Simon Greatest Hits Live Clouds in My Coffee The Very Best of Carly Simon : Nobody Does It Better Christmas Is Almost Here Anthology Christmas Is Almost Here Again Reflections : Carly Simon 's Greatest Hits Carly Simon Collector 's Edition Playlist : The Very Best of Carly Simon Songs From The Trees ( A Musical Memoir Collection ) Soundtracks Working Girl This Is My Life Piglet 's Big Movie Pooh 's Heffalump Movie Concerts Live from Martha 's Vineyard Carly in Concert -- My Romance Live at Grand Central A Moonlight Serenade on the Queen Mary 2 Singles `` That 's the Way I 've Always Heard It Should Be '' `` Anticipation '' `` Legend in Your Own Time '' `` You 're So Vain '' `` The Right Thing to Do '' `` Mockingbird '' `` Have n't Got Time for the Pain '' `` Attitude Dancing '' `` Waterfall '' `` It Keeps You Runnin ' '' `` Nobody Does It Better '' `` You Belong to Me '' `` Devoted to You '' `` Vengeance '' `` Jesse '' `` Why '' `` Kissing with Confidence '' `` You Know What to Do '' `` Tired of Being Blonde '' `` My New Boyfriend '' `` Coming Around Again '' `` Give Me All Night '' `` The Stuff That Dreams Are Made Of '' `` All I Want Is You '' `` Let the River Run '' `` Better Not Tell Her '' `` Love of My Life '' `` Son of a Gun ( I Betcha Think This Song Is About You ) '' Other songs `` We Have No Secrets '' `` Night Owl '' `` You Can Close Your Eyes '' The Simon Sisters Meet The Simon Sisters Cuddlebug The Simon Sisters Sing the Lobster Quadrille and Other Songs for Children Lucy & Carly -- The Simon Sisters Sing for Children Winkin ' , Blinkin ' and Nod : The Kapp Recordings Carly & Lucy Simon Sing Songs For Children Book : Carly Simon Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%27re_So_Vain&oldid=803762618 '' Categories : 1972 singles Carly Simon songs Elektra Records singles Metasongs Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in New Zealand Oricon International Singles Chart number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Song recordings produced by Richard Perry Songs written by Carly Simon Pop ballads Songs about actors Works about narcissism Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 13 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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which reagent is used to detect the presence of reducing sugar

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Benedict%27s_reagent&oldid=823810397

Benedict 's reagent - wikipedia Benedict 's reagent Jump to : navigation , search `` Benedict 's '' redirects here . For other uses , see Benedict ( disambiguation ) . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Benedict 's test Positive Benedict 's test Classification Colorimetric method Analytes Reducing sugars Benedict 's reagent ( often called Benedict 's qualitative solution or Benedict 's solution ) is a chemical reagent named after American chemist Stanley Rossiter Benedict . It is a complex mixture of sodium carbonate , sodium citrate and copper ( II ) sulfate pentahydrate . It is often used in place of Fehling 's solution to detect the presence of reducing sugars . The presence of other reducing substances also gives a positive reaction . Such tests that use this reagent are called the Benedict 's tests . A positive test with Benedict 's reagent is shown by a color change from clear blue to a brick - red precipitate . Generally , Benedict 's test detects the presence of aldehydes and alpha - hydroxy - ketones , also by hemiacetal , including those that occur in certain ketoses . Thus , although the ketose fructose is not strictly a reducing sugar , it is an alpha - hydroxy - ketone , and gives a positive test because it is converted to the aldoses glucose and mannose by the base in the reagent . The principle of Benedict 's test is that when reducing sugars are heated in the presence of an alkali they are converted to powerful reducing species known as enediols . Enediols reduce the cupric compounds ( Cu ) present in the Benedict 's reagent to cuprous compounds ( Cu ) which are precipitated as insoluble red copper ( I ) oxide ( Cu O ) . The color of the obtained precipitate gives an idea about the quantity of sugar present in the solution , hence the test is semi-quantitative . A greenish precipitate indicates about 0.5 g % concentration ; yellow precipitate indicates 1 g % concentration ; orange indicates 1.5 g % and red indicates 2 g % or higher concentration . Contents ( hide ) 1 Benedict 's test 2 Benedict 's solution 3 Quantitative reagent 4 See also 5 References Benedict 's test ( edit ) To test for the presence of monosaccharides and reducing disaccharide sugars in food , the food sample is dissolved in water , and a small amount of Benedict 's reagent is added . During a water bath , which is usually 4 -- 10 minutes , the solution should progress in the colors of blue ( with no reducing sugar present ) , orange , yellow , green , red , and then brick red precipitate or brown ( with high reducing sugar present ) . A color change would signify the presence of a reducing sugar . The common disaccharides lactose and maltose are directly detected by Benedict 's reagent because each contains a glucose with a free reducing aldehyde moiety , after isomerization . Sucrose ( table sugar ) contains two sugars ( fructose and glucose ) joined by their glycosidic bond in such a way as to prevent the glucose isomerizing to aldehyde , or the fructose to alpha - hydroxy - ketone form . Sucrose is thus a non-reducing sugar which does not react with Benedict 's reagent . Sucrose indirectly produces a positive result with Benedict 's reagent if heated with dilute hydrochloric acid prior to the test , although after this treatment it is no longer sucrose . The acidic conditions and heat break the glycosidic bond in sucrose through hydrolysis . The products of sucrose decomposition are glucose and fructose , both of which can be detected by Benedict 's reagent , as described above . Starches do not react or react very poorly with Benedict 's reagent , due to the relatively small number of reducing sugar moieties , which occur only at the ends of carbohydrate chains . Inositol ( myoinositol ) is another carbohydrate which produces a negative test . Benedict 's reagent can be used to test for the presence of glucose in urine . Glucose in urine is called glucosuria and can be indicative of diabetes mellitus , but the test is not recommended or used for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus . A false positive reaction can be due to the presence of other reducing substances in urine such as ascorbic acid ( during intake of vitamin supplements ) , drugs ( levodopa , contrast used in radiological procedures ) and homogentisic acid ( alkaptonuria ) . Benedict 's solution ( edit ) Benedict 's solution is a deep - blue solution used to test for the presence of the aldehyde functional group , - CHO . It is an aqueous alkaline mixture of CuSO and sodium citrate . Here sodium citrate is the complexing agent that keeps Cu in solution , which would otherwise precipitate as cupric carbonate . The substance to be tested is heated up to 95 ° C ( for example , in a water bath ) with Benedict 's solution ; formation of a brick - red precipitate indicates presence of the aldehyde group in relatively high concentrations . Since simple sugars ( e.g. , glucose ) give a positive test , the solution is used to test for the presence of glucose in urine , a symptom of diabetes . One litre of Benedict 's solution contains 173 grammes sodium citrate , 100 grammes sodium carbonate , and 17.3 grammes cupric sulphate pentahydrate . It reacts chemically similarly to Fehling 's solution ; the cupric ion ( complexed with citrate ions ) is reduced to cuprous ion by the aldehyde group ( which is oxidised ) , and precipitates as cuprous oxide , Cu O . Experiment Observation Inference Substance in water + 3ml Benedict 's solution , then boil for few minutes and allow to cool . Red , green , or yellow precipitate is obtained Reducing sugar e.g. Glucose is present Substance in water + 3ml Benedict 's solution , then boil for few minutes and allow to cool . Solution remains clear or is a little blue Reducing sugar is not present Quantitative reagent ( edit ) Benedict 's quantitative reagent contains potassium thiocyanate and is used to determine how much reducing sugar is present . This solution forms a copper thiocyanate precipitate which is white and can be used in a titration . The titration should be repeated with 1 % glucose solution instead of the sample for calibration . See also ( edit ) Other oxidizing reagents Dextrose equivalent Tollens ' reagent Fehling 's solution Other reducing reagents ( opposite ) Jones reductor Walden reductor References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Benedict , S.R. 7 ( 1 January 1909 ) . `` A Reagent For the Detection of Reducing Sugars '' ( PDF ) . J. Biol. Chem. 5 ( 6 ) : 485 -- 487 . Jump up ^ Robert D. Simoni ; Robert L. Hill & Martha Vaughan ( 2002 ) . `` Benedict 's Solution , a Reagent for Measuring Reducing Sugars : the Clinical Chemistry of Stanley R. Benedict '' . J. Biol. Chem. 277 ( 16 ) : 10 -- 11 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M110516200 . PMID 11773074 . ^ Jump up to : Collins Edexcel International GCSEBiology , Student Book ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 745000 - 8 ) p. 42 - 43 Symptoms and signs relating to endocrine system , nutrition and development ( R62 -- R64 , 783 ) Weight and appetite decrease : Anorexia Weight loss Cachexia Underweight increase : Polyphagia Polydipsia Orexigenia Weight gain Growth Delayed milestone Failure to thrive Short stature Idiopathic Thyroid disease General Goitre Graves ' disease Abadie 's sign of exophthalmic goiter Boston 's sign Dalrymple 's sign Stellwag 's sign lid lag Von Graefe 's sign Griffith 's sign Möbius sign Hypothyroidism Queen Anne 's sign Nutrition Rickets Harrison 's groove Benedict solution Metabolic disorders low calcium Chvostek sign Trosseau 's sign low glucose Whipple 's triad Analytical reagents and tests Metals Aluminon Xylenol orange Sugars , fats , and proteins Sugars & Starches Benedict 's reagent ( reducing sugars etc ) Aniline acetate test ( pentoses ) Starch indicator Molisch 's test ( carbs ) Proteins & amino acids Biuret test ( proteins ) Bicinchoninic acid assay ( concentration ) Bradford protein assay ( concentration ) Lowry protein assay ( total protein ) Pierce Protein Assay ( total protein ) Tollens ' reagent ( aldehyde & ketones ) Fehling 's solution ( aldehyde & ketones ) Van Slyke determination ( amino acids ) Sakaguchi test ( arginine ) Fats Sudan stain ( lipids ) Alcohols Benedict 's reagent ( aldehyde & ketones etc ) Denigés ' reagent Lucas ' reagent ( types of alcohols ) Drugs Dille -- Koppanyi reagent ( barbiturates etc ) Ehrlich 's reagent ( indoles , etc ) Froehde reagent ( opioids ) Gallic acid reagent ( drug precursor ) Liebermann reagent ( street drugs ) Mandelin reagent ( ketamine ) Marquis reagent ( MDMA , opiates , etc ) Mecke reagent Pill testing ( general ) Simon 's reagent Zimmermann reagent ( Benzodiazepines ) Zwikker reagent ( barbiturates ) Salicylate testing other Dragendorff 's reagent ( alkaloids ) Fenton 's reagent ( creates free radicals ) Folin -- Ciocalteu reagent ( antioxidants ) Murexide test ( caffeine etc ) Melzer 's reagent ( fungi ) Marquis reagent ( various ) Nitrate test Nitrite test Luminol ( blood ) Pesticide detection kit Fecal coliform detection Prion detection kit Food portal Drink portal Category Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benedict%27s_reagent&oldid=823810397 '' Categories : Copper compounds Chemical tests Coordination compounds Oxidizing agents Analytical reagents Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles lacking in - text citations from May 2015 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles needing additional references from May 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Svenska தமிழ் 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 February 2018 , at 15 : 41 . 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how was the first king of england decided

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Kingdom of England - wikipedia Kingdom of England This article is about the state that existed from the 10th century to 1707 . For the country in its current form , see England . Kingdom of England 927 -- 1707 1649 -- 1660 : Commonwealth Flag Royal Arms ( 1399 -- 1603 ) Royal Banner ( 1406 -- 1603 ) Location of the Kingdom of England in 1700 Capital Winchester ( until 1066 ) London ( 1066 -- 1707 ) ∟ Westminster ( administrative ) ∟ City of London ( commercial ) Common languages English Old Norse ( until 11th century ) Welsh Cornish Cumbric ( until 11th century ) Anglo - Norman ( 11th -- 15th century ) Medieval Latin ( until 15th century ) Religion Christianity Demonym English Government Heptarchy ( 5th century -- 10th century ) Elective monarchy ( 10th century -- 1066 ) Absolute monarchy ( 1066 - 1215 ) Unitary parliamentary monarchy ( 1215 - 1649 ) Commonwealth ( 1649 - 1660 ) Unitary parliamentary monarchy ( 1660 - 1707 ) Monarch 927 -- 939 Æthelstan ( first ) 1702 -- 1707 Anne ( last ) Legislature Parliament Upper house House of Lords Lower house House of Commons History Unification 927 Battle of Hastings 14 October 1066 Conquered Wales 1277 -- 1283 Incorporated Wales 1535 -- 1542 Union of the Crowns 24 March 1603 Glorious Revolution 11 December 1688 Union with Scotland 1 May 1707 Area 1283 -- 1542 est . 145,000 km ( 56,000 sq mi ) 1542 -- 1707 est . 151,000 km ( 58,000 sq mi ) Population 1283 2,600,000 1542 3,000,000 1707 5,750,000 Currency Pound sterling ISO 3166 code GB - ENG Preceded by Succeeded by Wessex Sussex Essex Kent Dumnonia Mercia East Anglia Northumbria Welsh Marches Principality of Wales Great Britain Today part of United Kingdom ^ Monarch of Wessex from 925 . ^ Continued as monarch of Great Britain until her death in 1714 . Part of a series on the History of England Timeline ( show ) Prehistoric Britain Roman Britain Sub-Roman Britain Medieval period Economy in the Middle Ages Anglo - Saxon period English unification High Middle Ages Norman conquest Norman period Late Middle Ages Black Death in England Tudor period Tudor dynasty Elizabethan period English Renaissance Stuart period English Civil War Commonwealth Protectorate Restoration Glorious Revolution Georgian period Regency period Victorian period Edwardian period First World War Interwar period Second World War Social history of the United Kingdom ( 1945 -- present ) Political history of the United Kingdom ( 1945 -- present ) Topics ( show ) Social history of England History of education in England History of the economy of England History of the politics of England English overseas possessions History of the English language Polities ( show ) Kingdom of England Kingdom of Great Britain United Kingdom By county ( show ) Bedfordshire Berkshire City of Bristol Buckinghamshire Cambridgeshire Cheshire Cornwall Cumbria Derbyshire Devon Dorset Durham East Riding of Yorkshire East Sussex Essex Gloucestershire Greater London Greater Manchester Hampshire Herefordshire Hertfordshire Isle of Wight Kent Lancashire Leicestershire Lincolnshire City of London Merseyside Norfolk Northamptonshire Northumberland North Yorkshire Nottinghamshire Oxfordshire Rutland Shropshire Somerset South Yorkshire Staffordshire Suffolk Surrey Tyne and Wear Warwickshire West Midlands West Sussex West Yorkshire Wiltshire Worcestershire By city or town ( show ) Birmingham Bournemouth Brighton Bristol Chester Christchurch Colchester Coventry Dover Folkestone Leeds Liverpool London Maidstone Manchester Milton Keynes Newcastle Nottingham Plymouth Poole Portsmouth Reading Rochester Sheffield Shrewsbury Southampton St Albans Torquay Wetherby Worthing York England portal The Kingdom of England was a sovereign state on the island of Great Britain from the 10th century , when it emerged from various Anglo - Saxon kingdoms , until 1707 , when it united with Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain . In the early 10th century the Anglo - Saxon kingdoms were united by Æthelstan ( r . 927 -- 939 ) . In 1016 the kingdom became part of the North Sea Empire of Cnut the Great , a personal union between England , Denmark and Norway . The Norman conquest of England in 1066 led to the transfer of the English capital city and chief royal residence from the Anglo - Saxon one at Winchester to Westminster , and the City of London quickly established itself as England 's largest and principal commercial centre . Histories of the kingdom of England from the Norman conquest of 1066 conventionally distinguish periods named after successive ruling dynasties : Norman 1066 -- 1154 , Plantagenet 1154 -- 1485 , Tudor 1485 -- 1603 and Stuart 1603 -- 1714 ( interrupted by the Interregnum ( England ) of 1649 -- 1660 ) . Dynastically , all English monarchs after 1066 ultimately claim descent from the Normans ; the distinction of the Plantagenets is merely conventional , beginning with Henry II ( reigned 1154 -- 1189 ) as from that time , the Angevin kings became `` more English in nature '' ; the houses of Lancaster and York are both Plantagenet cadet branches , the Tudor dynasty claimed descent from Edward III via John Beaufort and James VI and I of the House of Stuart claimed descent from Henry VII via Margaret Tudor . The completion of the conquest of Wales by Edward I in 1284 put Wales under the control of the English crown . Edward III ( reigned 1327 -- 1377 ) transformed the Kingdom of England into one of the most formidable military powers in Europe ; his reign also saw vital developments in legislation and government -- in particular the evolution of the English parliament . From the 1340s the kings of England also laid claim to the crown of France , but after the Hundred Years ' War and the outbreak of the Wars of the Roses in 1455 , the English were no longer in any position to pursue their French claims and lost all their land on the continent , except for Calais . After the turmoils of the Wars of the Roses , the Tudor dynasty ruled during the English Renaissance and again extended English monarchical power beyond England proper , achieving the full union of England and the Principality of Wales in 1542 . Henry VIII oversaw the English Reformation , and his daughter Elizabeth I ( reigned 1558 -- 1603 ) the Elizabethan Religious Settlement , meanwhile establishing England as a great power and laying the foundations of the British Empire by claiming possessions in the New World . From the accession of James VI and I in 1603 , the Stuart dynasty ruled England in personal union with Scotland and Ireland . Under the Stuarts , the kingdom plunged into civil war , which culminated in the execution of Charles I in 1649 . The monarchy returned in 1660 , but the Civil War had established the precedent that an English monarch can not govern without the consent of Parliament . This concept became legally established as part of the Glorious Revolution of 1688 . From this time the kingdom of England , as well as its successor state the United Kingdom , functioned in effect as a constitutional monarchy . On 1 May 1707 , under the terms of the Acts of Union 1707 , the kingdoms of England and Scotland united to form the Kingdom of Great Britain . Contents 1 Name 2 History 2.1 Anglo - Saxon England 2.2 Norman conquest 2.3 High Middle Ages 2.4 Late Middle Ages 2.5 Tudor period 2.6 Early Modern history 2.6. 1 Civil War and Interregnum 2.6. 2 Restoration and Glorious Revolution 2.6. 3 Union with Scotland 3 Territorial divisions 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Bibliography Name ( edit ) Main article : Name of England The Anglo - Saxons referred to themselves as the Engle or the Angelcynn , originally names of the Angles . They called their land Engla land , meaning `` land of the English '' , by Æthelweard Latinized Anglia , from an original Anglia vetus , the purported homeland of the Angles ( called Angulus by Bede ) . The name Engla land became England by haplology during the Middle English period ( Engle - land , Engelond ) . The Latin name was Anglia or Anglorum terra , the Old French and Anglo - Norman one Angleterre . By the 14th century , England was also used in reference to the entire island of Great Britain . The standard title for monarchs from Æthelstan until John was Rex Anglorum ( `` King of the English '' ) . Canute the Great , a Dane , was the first to call himself `` King of England '' . In the Norman period Rex Anglorum remained standard , with occasional use of Rex Anglie ( `` King of England '' ) . From John 's reign onwards all other titles were eschewed in favour of Rex or Regina Anglie . In 1604 James I , who had inherited the English throne the previous year , adopted the title ( now usually rendered in English rather than Latin ) King of Great Britain . The English and Scottish parliaments , however , did not recognise this title until the Acts of Union of 1707 . History ( edit ) Anglo - Saxon England ( edit ) Main article : Anglo - Saxon England The kingdom of England emerged from the gradual unification of the early medieval Anglo - Saxon kingdoms known as the Heptarchy : East Anglia , Mercia , Northumbria , Kent , Essex , Sussex , and Wessex . The Viking invasions of the 9th century upset the balance of power between the English kingdoms , and native Anglo - Saxon life in general . The English lands were unified in the 10th century in a reconquest completed by King Æthelstan in 927 CE . During the Heptarchy , the most powerful king among the Anglo - Saxon kingdoms might become acknowledged as Bretwalda , a high king over the other kings . The decline of Mercia allowed Wessex to become more powerful . It absorbed the kingdoms of Kent and Sussex in 825 . The kings of Wessex became increasingly dominant over the other kingdoms of England during the 9th century . In 827 , Northumbria submitted to Egbert of Wessex at Dore , briefly making Egbert the first king to reign over a united England . In 886 , Alfred the Great retook London , which he apparently regarded as a turning point in his reign . The Anglo - Saxon Chronicle says that `` all of the English people ( all Angelcyn ) not subject to the Danes submitted themselves to King Alfred . '' Asser added that `` Alfred , king of the Anglo - Saxons , restored the city of London splendidly ... and made it habitable once more . '' Alfred 's `` restoration '' entailed reoccupying and refurbishing the nearly deserted Roman walled city , building quays along the Thames , and laying a new city street plan . It is probably at this point that Alfred assumed the new royal style ' King of the Anglo - Saxons . ' During the following years Northumbria repeatedly changed hands between the English kings and the Norwegian invaders , but was definitively brought under English control by Eadred in 954 , completing the unification of England . At about this time , Lothian , the northern part of Northumbria ( Roman Bernicia ) , was ceded to the Kingdom of Scotland . On 12 July 927 the monarchs of Britain gathered at Eamont in Cumbria to recognise Æthelstan as king of the English . This can be considered England 's ' foundation date ' , although the process of unification had taken almost 100 years . The dominions of Cnut the Great ( 1014 -- 1035 ) England has remained in political unity ever since . During the reign of Æthelred the Unready ( 978 -- 1016 ) , a new wave of Danish invasions was orchestrated by Sweyn I of Denmark , culminating after a quarter - century of warfare in the Danish conquest of England in 1013 . But Sweyn died on 2 February 1014 , and Æthelred was restored to the throne . In 1015 , Sweyn 's son Cnut the Great ( commonly known as Canute ) launched a new invasion . The ensuing war ended with an agreement in 1016 between Canute and Æthelred 's successor , Edmund Ironside , to divide England between them , but Edmund 's death on 30 November of that year left England united under Danish rule . This continued for 26 years until the death of Harthacnut in June 1042 . He was the son of Canute and Emma of Normandy ( the widow of Æthelred the Unready ) and had no heirs of his own ; he was succeeded by his half - brother , Æthelred 's son , Edward the Confessor . The Kingdom of England was once again independent . Norman conquest ( edit ) Main article : Norman conquest of England The peace lasted until the death of the childless Edward in January 1066 . His brother - in - law was crowned King Harold , but his cousin William the Conqueror , Duke of Normandy , immediately claimed the throne for himself . William launched an invasion of England and landed in Sussex on 28 September 1066 . Harold and his army were in York following their victory against the Norwegians at the Battle of Stamford Bridge ( 25 September 1066 ) when the news reached him . He decided to set out without delay and confront the Norman army in Sussex so marched southwards at once , despite the army not being properly rested following the battle with the Norwegians . The armies of Harold and William faced each other at the Battle of Hastings ( 14 October 1066 ) , in which the English army , or Fyrd , was defeated , Harold and his two brothers were slain , and William emerged as victor . William was then able to conquer England with little further opposition . He was not , however , planning to absorb the Kingdom into the Duchy of Normandy . As a mere duke , William owed allegiance to Philip I of France , whereas in the independent Kingdom of England he could rule without interference . He was crowned on 25 December 1066 in Westminster Abbey , London . High Middle ages ( edit ) Main article : England in the High Middle Ages Further information : Angevin Empire , Norman invasion of Wales , and Conquest of Wales by Edward I In 1092 , William II led an invasion of Strathclyde , a Celtic kingdom in what is now southwest Scotland and Cumbria . In doing so , he annexed what is now the county of Cumbria to England . In 1124 , Henry I ceded what is now southeast Scotland ( called Lothian ) to the Kingdom of Scotland , in return for the King of Scotland 's loyalty . This final cession established what would become the traditional borders of England which have remained largely unchanged since then ( except for occasional and temporary changes ) . This area of land had previously been a part of the Anglian Kingdom of Northumbria . Lothian contained what later became the Scottish capital , Edinburgh . This arrangement was later finalised in 1237 by the Treaty of York . King John signs Magna Carta at Runnymede in 1215 , surrounded by his baronage . Illustration from Cassell 's History of England , 1902 . The Duchy of Aquitaine came into personal union with the Kingdom of England upon the accession of Henry II , who had married Eleanor , Duchess of Aquitaine . The Kingdom of England and the Duchy of Normandy remained in personal union until John Lackland , Henry II 's son and fifth - generation descendant of William I , lost the continental possessions of the Duchy to Philip II of France in 1204 . A few remnants of Normandy , including the Channel Islands , remained in John 's possession , together with most of the Duchy of Aquitaine . Up until the Norman conquest of England , Wales had remained for the most part independent of the Anglo - Saxon kingdoms , although some Welsh kings did sometimes acknowledge the Bretwalda . Soon after the Norman conquest of England , however , some Norman lords began to attack Wales . They conquered and ruled parts of it , acknowledging the overlordship of the Norman kings of England but with considerable local independence . Over many years these `` Marcher Lords '' conquered more and more of Wales , against considerable resistance led by various Welsh princes , who also often acknowledged the overlordship of the Norman kings of England . Edward I defeated Llywelyn ap Gruffudd , and so effectively conquered Wales , in 1282 . He created the title Prince of Wales for his heir , the future Edward II , in 1301 . Edward I 's conquest was brutal and the subsequent repression considerable , as the magnificent Welsh castles such as Conwy , Harlech , and Caernarfon attest ; but this event re-united under a single ruler the lands of Roman Britain for the first time since the establishment of the Kingdom of the Jutes in Kent in the 5th century , some 700 years before . Accordingly , this was a highly significant moment in the history of medieval England , as it re-established links with the pre-Saxon past . These links were exploited for political purposes to unite the peoples of the kingdom , including the Anglo - Normans , by popularising Welsh legends . The Welsh language -- derived from the British language , continued to be spoken by the majority of the population of Wales for at least another 500 years , and is still a majority language in parts of the country . Late Middle ages ( edit ) Main article : England in the Late Middle Ages Further information : Wars of the Roses and Hundred Years ' War Fifteenth - century miniature depicting the English victory over France at the Battle of Agincourt . Edward III was the first English king to have a claim to the throne of France . His pursuit of the claim resulted in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337 -- 1453 ) , which pitted five kings of England of the House of Plantagenet against five kings of France of the Capetian House of Valois . Extensive naval raiding was carried out by all sides during the war , often involving privateers such as John Hawley of Dartmouth or the Castilian Pero Niño . Though the English won numerous victories , they were unable to overcome the numerical superiority of the French and their strategic use of gunpowder weapons . England was defeated at the Battle of Formigny in 1450 and finally at the Battle of Castillon in 1453 , retaining only a single town in France , Calais . During the Hundred Years ' War an English identity began to develop in place of the previous division between the Norman lords and their Anglo - Saxon subjects . This was a consequence of sustained hostility to the increasingly nationalist French , whose kings and other leaders ( notably the charismatic Joan of Arc ) used a developing sense of French identity to help draw people to their cause . The Anglo - Normans became separate from their cousins who held lands mainly in France and mocked the former for their archaic and bastardised spoken French . English also became the language of the law courts during this period . The kingdom had little time to recover before entering the Wars of the Roses ( 1455 -- 1487 ) , a series of civil wars over possession of the throne between the House of Lancaster ( whose heraldic symbol was the red rose ) and the House of York ( whose symbol was the white rose ) , each led by different branches of the descendants of Edward III . The end of these wars found the throne held by the descendant of an initially illegitimate member of the House of Lancaster , married to the eldest daughter of the House of York : Henry VII and Elizabeth of York . They were the founders of the Tudor dynasty , which ruled the kingdom from 1485 to 1603 . Tudor period ( edit ) Main articles : Tudor period , Elizabethan era , Stuart period , and English Renaissance Wales retained a separate legal and administrative system , which had been established by Edward I in the late 13th century . The country was divided between the Marcher Lords , who gave feudal allegiance to the crown , and the Principality of Wales . Under the Tudor monarchy , Henry VIII replaced the laws of Wales with those of England ( under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 -- 1542 ) . Wales was incorporated into the Kingdom of England , and henceforth was represented in the Parliament of England . Portrait of Elizabeth I made to commemorate the defeat of the Spanish Armada ( 1588 ) , depicted in the background . Elizabeth 's international power is symbolised by the hand resting on the globe . During the 1530s , Henry VIII overthrew the power of the Roman Catholic Church within the kingdom , replacing the pope as head of the English Church and seizing the Church 's lands , thereby facilitating the creation of a variation of Catholicism that became more Protestant over time . This had the effect of aligning England with Scotland , which also gradually adopted a Protestant religion , whereas the most important continental powers , France and Spain , remained Roman Catholic . In 1541 , during Henry VIII 's reign , the Parliament of Ireland proclaimed him king of Ireland , thereby bringing the Kingdom of Ireland into personal union with the Kingdom of England . Calais , the last remaining continental possession of the Kingdom , was lost in 1558 , during the reign of Philip and Mary I. Their successor , Elizabeth I , consolidated the new and increasingly Protestant Church of England . She also began to build up the kingdom 's naval strength , on the foundations Henry VIII had laid down . By 1588 , her new navy was strong enough to defeat the Spanish Armada , which had sought to invade England to put a Catholic monarch on the throne in her place . Throughout the whole campaign , the English lost no ships and only 100 men in battle . Yet disease took the lives of about 20,000 Spaniards and 7,000 English . England launched a counter-armada in 1589 , but this endured heavy losses . At the cost of more than £ 100,000 , the English fleet had lost around 40 ships and cost at least 15,000 men their lives . By contrast the Spanish only lost around 900 men . Early modern History ( edit ) Main articles : Early modern Britain and Stuart period The House of Tudor ended with the death of Elizabeth I on 24 March 1603 . James I ascended the throne of England and brought it into personal union with the Kingdom of Scotland . Despite the Union of the Crowns , the kingdoms remained separate and independent states : a state of affairs which lasted for more than a century . Civil War and interregnum ( edit ) Main articles : English Civil War , English Interregnum , English Commonwealth , and English Protectorate Cromwell at Dunbar . Oliver Cromwell united the whole of the British Isles by force and created the Commonwealth of England . The Stuart kings overestimated the power of the English monarchy , and were cast down by Parliament in 1645 and 1688 . In the first instance , Charles I 's introduction of new forms of taxation in defiance of Parliament led to the English Civil War ( 1641 -- 45 ) , in which the king was defeated , and to the abolition of the monarchy under Oliver Cromwell during the interregnum of 1649 -- 1660 . Henceforth , the monarch could reign only at the will of Parliament . After the trial and execution of Charles I in January 1649 , the Rump Parliament passed an act declaring England to be a Commonwealth on 19 May 1649 . The monarchy and the House of Lords were abolished , and so the House of Commons became a unitary legislative chamber with a new body , the Council of State becoming the executive . However the Army remain the dominant institution in the new republic and the most prominent general was Oliver Cromwell . The Commonwealth fought wars in Ireland and Scotland which were subdued and placed under Commonwealth military occupation . In April 1653 Cromwell and the other Grandees of the New Model Army , frustrated with the members of the Rump Parliament who would not pass legislation to dissolve the Rump and to allow a new more representative parliament to be elected , stopped the Rumps session by force of arms and declared the Rump dissolved . After an experiment with a Nominated Assembly ( Barebone 's Parliament ) , the Grandees in the Army , through the Council of State imposed a new constitutional arrangement under a written constitution called the Instrument of Government . Under the Instrument of Government executive power lay with a Lord Protector ( an office be held for life of the incumbent ) and there were to be triennial Parliaments , with each sitting for at least five months . Article 23 of the Instrument of Government stated that Oliver Cromwell was to be the first Lord Protector . The Instrument of Government was replaced by a second constitution ( the Humble Petition and Advice ) under which the Lord Protector could nominate his successor . Cromwell nominated his son Richard who became Lord Protector on the death of Oliver on 3 September 1658 . Restoration and Glorious Revolution ( edit ) Main articles : Restoration ( England ) and Glorious Revolution Richard proved to be ineffectual and was unable to maintain his rule . He resigned his title and retired into obscurity . The Rump Parliament was recalled and there was a second period where the executive power lay with the Council of state . But this restoration of Commonwealth rule similar to that before the Protectorate , proved to be unstable , and the exiled claimant , Charles II , was restored to the throne in 1660 . Following the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 , an attempt by James II to reintroduce Roman Catholicism -- a century after its suppression by the Tudors -- led to the Glorious Revolution of 1688 , in which he was deposed by Parliament . The Crown was then offered by Parliament to James II 's Protestant daughter and son - in - law / nephew , William III and Mary II . Union with Scotland ( edit ) In the Scottish case , the attractions were partly financial and partly to do with removing English trade sanctions put in place through the Alien Act 1705 . The English were more anxious about the royal succession . The death of William III in 1702 had led to the accession of his sister - in - law Anne to the thrones of England and Scotland , but her only surviving child had died in 1700 , and the English Act of Settlement 1701 had given the succession to the English crown to the Protestant House of Hanover . Securing the same succession in Scotland became the primary object of English strategic thinking towards Scotland . By 1704 , the Union of the Crowns was in crisis , with the Scottish Act of Security allowing for the Scottish Parliament to choose a different monarch , which could in turn lead to an independent foreign policy during a major European war . The English establishment did not wish to risk a Stuart on the Scottish throne , nor the possibility of a Scottish military alliance with another power . A Treaty of Union was agreed on 22 July 1706 , and following the Acts of Union of 1707 , which created the Kingdom of Great Britain , the independence of the kingdoms of England and Scotland came to an end on 1 May 1707 . The Acts of Union created a customs union and monetary union and provided that any `` laws and statutes '' that were `` contrary to or inconsistent with the terms '' of the Acts would `` cease and become void '' . The English and Scottish Parliaments were merged into the Parliament of Great Britain , located in Westminster , London . At this point England ceased to exist as a separate political entity , and since then has had no national government . The laws of England were unaffected , with the legal jurisdiction continuing to be that of England and Wales , while Scotland continued to have its own laws and law courts . This continued after the 1801 union between the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland , forming the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland . Territorial divisions ( edit ) Further information : Historic counties of England , List of earldoms , Domesday Book , County palatine , English county histories , and English feudal barony The counties of England were established for administration by the Normans , in most cases based on earlier shires established by the Anglo - Saxons . They ceased to be used for administration only with the creation of the administrative counties in 1889 . Unlike the partly self - governing boroughs that covered urban areas , the counties of medieval England existed primarily as a means of enforcing central government power , enabling monarchs to exercise control over local areas through their chosen representatives -- originally Sheriffs and later the Lord Lieutenants -- and their subordinate Justices of the Peace . Counties were used initially for the administration of justice , collection of taxes and organisation of the military , and later for local government and electing parliamentary representation . Some outlying counties were from time to time accorded palatine status with some military and central government functions vested in a local noble or bishop . The last such , the County Palatine of Durham , did not lose this special status until the 19th century . Although all of England was divided into shires by the time of the Norman conquest , some counties were formed considerably later , up to the 16th century . Because of their differing origins the counties varied considerably in size . The county boundaries were fairly static between the 16th century Laws in Wales acts and the Local Government Act 1888 . Each shire was responsible for gathering taxes for the central government ; for local defence ; and for justice , through assize courts . The power of the feudal barons to control their landholding was considerably weakened in 1290 by the statute of Quia Emptores . Feudal baronies became perhaps obsolete ( but not extinct ) on the abolition of feudal tenure during the Civil War , as confirmed by the Tenures Abolition Act 1660 passed under the Restoration which took away Knights service and other legal rights . Tenure by knight - service was abolished and discharged and the lands covered by such tenures , including once - feudal baronies , were henceforth held by socage ( i.e. in exchange for monetary rents ) . The English Fitzwalter Case in 1670 ruled that barony by tenure had been discontinued for many years and any claims to a peerage on such basis , meaning a right to sit in the House of Lords , were not to be revived , nor any right of succession based on them . The Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284 followed the conquest of Wales by Edward I of England . It assumed the lands held by the Princes of Gwynedd under the title `` Prince of Wales '' as legally part of the lands of England , and established shire counties on the English model over those areas . The Marcher Lords were progressively tied to the English kings by the grants of lands and lordships in England . The Council of Wales and the Marches , administered from Ludlow Castle , was initially established in 1472 by Edward IV of England to govern the lands held under the Principality of Wales. and the bordering English counties . It was abolished in 1689 . Under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 -- 1542 introduced under Henry VIII , the jurisdiction of the marcher lords was abolished in 1536 . The Acts had the effect of annexing Wales to England and creating a single state and legal jurisdiction , commonly referred to as England and Wales . At the same time the Council of Wales was created in 1472 , a Council of the North was set up for the northern counties of England . After falling into disuse , it was re-established in 1537 and abolished in 1641 . A very short - lived Council of the West also existed for the West Country between 1537 and 1540 . See also ( edit ) List of English monarchs English colonial empire English Army Royal Navy Privy Council of England Crown Jewels of England England and Wales Anglo - Norman language Middle English language Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Old English ( until 1066 ) Middle English ( 1066 -- 1550 ) Modern English ( 1550 -- 1707 ) Jump up ^ Old Welsh ( until 12th century ) Middle Welsh ( 12th -- 14th century ) Modern Welsh ( 14th century -- 1707 ) Jump up ^ Old Cornish ( until 12th century ) Middle Cornish ( 12th -- 16th century ) Late Cornish ( 16th century -- 1707 ) Jump up ^ Widely used for administrative and liturgical purposes . Jump up ^ The Constitution of the United Kingdom , with the reservation that it is `` uncodified '' , is taken to be based in the Bill of Rights 1689 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ London , 800 -- 1216 : The Shaping of a City , `` ... rivalry between City and government , between a commercial capital in the City and the political capital of quite a different empire in Westminster . '' , accessed November 2013 . Jump up ^ Acts of Union 1707 parliament.uk , accessed 27 January 2011 Jump up ^ Making the Act of Union 1707 scottish.parliament.uk , accessed 27 January 2011 Archived 11 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Stephen Harris , Race and Ethnicity in Anglo - Saxon Literature , Studies in Medieval History and Culture , Routledge , 2004 , 139f . Jump up ^ A.L. Mayhew and Walter W. Skeat , A Concise Dictionary of Middle English From A.D. 1150 To 1580 ( 1888 ) Jump up ^ `` Anglia '' ( par L. Favre , 1883 -- 1887 ) , dans du Cange , et al. , Glossarium mediae et infimae latinitatis , éd . augm. , Niort : L. Favre , 1883 ‐ 1887 , t . 1 , col . 251c . http://ducange.enc.sorbonne.fr/ANGLIA Jump up ^ The Anglo - Saxon Chronicle Freely licensed version at Gutenberg Project . Note : This electronic edition is a collation of material from nine diverse extant versions of the Chronicle . It contains primarily the translation of Rev. James Ingram , as published in the Everyman edition . Jump up ^ Asser 's Life of King Alfred , ch. 83 , trans . Simon Keynes and Michael Lapidge , Alfred the Great : Asser 's Life of King Alfred & Other Contemporary Sources ( Penguin Classics ) ( 1984 ) , pp. 97 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Vince , Alan , Saxon London : An Archaeological Investigation , The Archaeology of London series ( 1990 ) . Jump up ^ `` Spanish Armada '' . Jump up ^ `` England , Ireland & Scotland 1588 - 1625 '' ^ Jump up to : `` The Tudor Invasion of Spain : How Elizabeth I 's English Armada ended in humiliation '' Jump up ^ Vision of Britain -- Type details for ancient county . Retrieved 19 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Youngs , Frederic A , Jr. ( 1979 ) . Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England , Vol. I : Southern England . London : Royal Historical Society . pp. xii -- xiii . ISBN 0 - 901050 - 67 - 9 . Ancient County : Counties are geographic entities whose origins reach back into the pre-Conquest period . They were derived either from Anglo - Saxon kingdoms whose size made them suitable administrative units when England was unified in the tenth century , or as artificial creations formed from larger kingdoms . The number of ' shires ' ( the Anglo - Saxon term ) or ' counties ' ( Norman term ) varied in the medieval period , particularly in the north of England . Jump up ^ Chandler , J.A. ( 2007 ) . `` Local government before 1832 '' . Explaining Local Government : Local Government in Britain Since 1800 . Manchester : Manchester University Press . p. 2 . ISBN 0719067065 . Jump up ^ Hackwood , Frederick William ( 1920 ) . The Story of the Shire , being the Lore , History and Evolution of English County Institutions ( PDF ) . London : Heath Cranton Limited . Jump up ^ Byrne , Tony ( 1994 ) . Local Government in Britain . Harmondsworth : Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 017663 - 2 . Jump up ^ Vision of Britain -- Census Geographies . Retrieved 19 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Winchester , Angus JL ( 1990 ) . Discovering Parish Boundaries . Oxford : Shire Publications . ISBN 0 - 7478 - 0060 - X . Jump up ^ William Searle Holdsworth , `` A History of English Law , '' Little , Brown , and Company , 1912 , pg. 502 Bibliography ( edit ) Bartlett , Robert . England under the Norman and Angevin kings : 1075 - 1225 ( Oxford UP , 2002 ) , major scholarly survey . Black , J.R. The Reign of Elizabeth , 1558 - 1603 ( 1959 ) , scholarly survey . Borman , Tracy . Thomas Cromwell : The Untold Story of Henry VIII 's Most Faithful Servant ( 2015 ) popular biography . Elton , G.R. , England under the Tudors ( London : Methuen , 1955 ) , scholarly survey Ellis , Steven G. Ireland in the age of the Tudors , 1447 - 1603 : English expansion and the end of Gaelic rule ( Routledge , 2014 ) . Guy , John . The Tudors : a very short introduction ( Oxford UP , 2013 ) . Harriss , G.L. Shaping the nation : England 1360 - 1461 ( Oxford UP , 2005 ) , scholarly survey . Jacob , E.F. The Fifteenth Century , 1399 - 1485 ( Oxford History of England , 1961 ) ) , scholarly survey . Jenkins , Elizabeth . Elizabeth the Great ( Time Incorporated , 1964 ) . popular well - illustrated biography . Jones , J. Gwynfor . Wales and the Tudor state : government , religious change and the social order , 1534 - 1603 ( U of Wales Press , 1989 ) . Levin , Carole . The heart and stomach of a king : Elizabeth I and the politics of sex and power ( U of Pennsylvania Press , 2013 ) . Loades , David Michael . Politics and nation : England 1450 - 1660 ( Wiley - Blackwell , 1999 ) . Loades , David Michael . Power in Tudor England ( 1997 ) . McCaffrey , Wallace . Elizabeth I , a major scholarly biography McKisack , May . The Fourteenth Century , 1307 - 1399 ( Oxford History of England , 1959 ) . Neale , J.E. Queen Elizabeth I : a biography ( 1957 ) old scholarly biography ; very well written . Penn , Thomas . Winter king : Henry VII and the dawn of Tudor England ( 2012 ) . Powicke , Maurice . The Thirteenth Century , 1216 - 1307 ( Oxford History of England , 1962 ) scholarly survey Ridley , Jasper G. Henry VIII ( 1985 ) , biography . Roberts , Clayton , F. David Roberts , and Douglas Bisson . A History of England , Volume 1 : Prehistory to 1714 ( Routledge , 2016 ) . university textbook . Thomson , John A.F. The Transformation of Medieval England 1370 - 1529 ( Routledge , 2014 ) . Williams , Penry . The Later Tudors : England , 1547 - 1603 ( Oxford UP , 1995 ) , major scholarly survey ... Preceded by The Heptarchy c. 500 -- c. 927 Kingdom of England c. 927 -- 1649 Succeeded by English Interregnum 1649 -- 1660 Preceded by English Interregnum 1649 -- 1660 Kingdom of England 1660 -- 1707 Succeeded by Kingdom of Great Britain 1707 -- 1800 Kingdom of England History Timeline Anglo - Saxon England Heptarchy Kingdom of England Norman conquest Anglo - Normans The Anarchy Angevin Empire England in the Late Middle Ages Economy in the Middle Ages Wars of the Roses Tudor period English Reformation Elizabethan era English Renaissance Stuart period Union of the Crowns Gunpowder Plot Jacobean era Civil War Interregnum Commonwealth of England The Protectorate Restoration Popish Plot Glorious Revolution Union with Scotland Overseas possessions Maritime history Royal Houses Wessex Knýtlinga Normandy Angevin Plantagenet Lancaster York Tudor Stuart Orange - Nassau Politics Law Witenagemot Curia regis Parliament House of Lords House of Commons Monarchy Council of State Lord Protector Peerage Privy Council Ministries Secretary of State Governance Elizabethan Star Chamber Whigs Tories Acts of Parliament : to 1483 1485 -- 1601 1603 -- 1641 1642 -- 1660 1660 -- 1699 1700 -- 1706 Military Anglo - Saxon military Warfare English Army New Model Army Royal Navy Ships History Geography Counties Islands Places Towns Castles Palaces Demographics English language English people list Culture Religion Church of England Cuisine Folklore Morris dance Country dance Architecture Anglo - Saxon English Gothic Tudor Elizabethan Jacobean Queen Anne Georgian Symbols National flag ( list ) Heraldry Coat of arms College of Arms Royal badges Royal supporters Royal standards Crown Jewels Tudor rose Oak tree St George St George 's Day Articles on the history of England British Isles Terminology Alba Albion Prydain Britain Éire Hibernia Naming dispute Politics Sovereign states Ireland United Kingdom ( England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales ) Crown dependencies Guernsey Jersey Isle of Man Sark Political cooperation Ireland -- United Kingdom relations British -- Irish Council British -- Irish Intergovernmental Conference British -- Irish Parliamentary Assembly Common Travel Area Geography Island groups Channel Islands Islands of the Clyde Great Britain Hebrides Inner Outer Ireland Isle of Man Northern Isles Orkney Shetland Isles of Scilly Lists of islands of Bailiwick of Guernsey Ireland Bailiwick of Jersey Isle of Man United Kingdom England Scotland Wales History Island groups Ireland Current states Ireland United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Guernsey Jersey Isle of Man Former states Irish Free State Kingdom of England Principality of Wales Kingdom of Great Britain Kingdom of Ireland Kingdom of Scotland United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Society Modern languages Germanic English Scots Celtic Cornish Scottish Gaelic Irish Manx Welsh Romance Auregnais French Guernésiais Jèrriais Sercquiais Other British Sign Language Irish Sign Language Northern Ireland Sign Language Shelta People British Cornish English English Gypsies Irish Irish Travellers Kale Manx Northern Irish Scottish Ulster - Scots Welsh Commons Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_England&oldid=864500956 '' Categories : Kingdom of England 1707 disestablishments in Great Britain Former countries in the British Isles Former kingdoms Former monarchies of Europe 10th - century establishments in England Anglo - Saxon England States and territories established in the 920s States and territories disestablished in 1649 States and territories established in 1660 States and territories disestablished in 1707 927 establishments Hidden categories : Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from November 2015 Webarchive template wayback links EngvarB from May 2017 Use dmy dates from May 2017 Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters Articles containing Latin - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 Yorùbá 粵語 中文 57 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2018 , at 17 : 00 ( UTC ) . 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who sang joshua fought the battle of jericho

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Joshua_Fit_the_Battle_of_Jericho&oldid=833310116

Joshua Fit the Battle of Jericho - wikipedia Joshua Fit the Battle of Jericho Jump to : navigation , search `` The template Infobox folk song is being considered for merging . '' `` Joshua Fit the Battle of Jericho '' American folk song Native language ( s ) English Notable songs book ( s ) Jubilee Songs , as Sung by Slayton 's Jubilee Singers by M.G. Slayton ( 1882 ) ; A Collection of Revival Hymns and Plantation Melodies by Marshall W. Taylor ( 1882 ) Composer ( s ) Marshall Bartholomew ( 1930 ) ; Ralph Flanagan ( 1950 ) In music Jericho Rhapsody by Morton Gould ( 1941 ) Notable performer ( s ) Paul Robeson , Mahalia Jackson ; etc . Genre African - American spiritual `` Joshua Fit the Battle of Jericho '' ( or alternatively `` Joshua Fought the Battle of Jericho '' or `` Joshua Fit de Battle of Jericho '' ) is a well - known African - American spiritual . The song is believed to have been composed by slaves in the first half of the 19th century . Some references suggest that it was copyrighted by Jay Roberts in 1865 , . In 1882 , the song was published in Jubilee Songs by M.G. Slayton and in A Collection of Revival Hymns and Plantation Melodies by Marshall W. Taylor . The first recorded version was by Harrod 's Jubilee Singers , on Paramount Records No. 12116 in 1922 ( though some sources suggest 1924 ) . The Online 78 Discography entry for this record credits Jay Roberts as the author . Later recordings include those by Paul Robeson ( 1925 ) , Mahalia Jackson ( 1958 ) , Clara Ward , and Hugh Laurie ( 2011 ) among many others . In 1930 , Marshall Bartholomew created his arrangement of the song . Composer and conductor Morton Gould used the song as the basis for his 1941 composition for concert band , Jericho Rhapsody Ralph Flanagan adapted it under the title `` Joshua '' . Ralph Flanagan and His Orchestra recorded the spiritual in New York City on March 1 , 1950 . It was released by RCA Victor Records as catalog number 20 - 3724 ( in USA ) and by EMI on the His Master 's Voice label as catalog numbers B 9938 and IP 604 . Bing Crosby included the song in a medley on his album 101 Gang Songs ( 1961 ) Early published versions include some parts in dialect , such as `` fit '' for `` fought '' . The lyrics allude to the biblical story of the Battle of Jericho , in which Joshua led the Israelites against Canaan ( Joshua 6 : 15 - 21 ) . However , like those of many other spirituals , the words may also be alluding to eventual escape from slavery - in the case of this song , `` And the walls came tumblin ' down . '' The lively melody and rhythm also provided energy and inspiration . Critic Robert Cummings wrote : `` The jaunty , spirited theme hardly sounds like the product of the pre-Civil War era , and would not sound out of place in a ragtime or even jazz musical from the early 20th century . The closing portion of the tune , sung to the words quoted above , is its most memorable portion : the notes plunge emphatically and impart a glorious sense of collapse , of triumph . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Joshua Fit the Battle of Jericho - Definition , pictures , pronunciation and usage notes '' . Oxford Advanced Learner 's Dictionary . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Elvis Presley : original versions of songs he sang Archived 2010 - 05 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Paramount Race Series Catalogue ^ Jump up to : Melvyn Bragg ( 7 April 2011 ) . The Book of Books : The Radical Impact of the King James Bible . Hodder & Stoughton . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84894 - 909 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Belwin 21st Century Band Method , Level 2 : Conductor . Alfred Music Publishing . pp. 394 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4574 - 4706 - 8 . Jump up ^ The Heritage Encyclopedia of Band Music by William H. Rehrig , ed by Paul Bierley . Westerville OH : Integrity Press , 1991 , vol . I p. 293 Jump up ^ RCA Victor Records in the 20 - 3500 to 20 - 3999 series Jump up ^ `` Spirituals as a Source of Inspiration and Motivation '' . The Spirituals Project . 2014 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Article by Robert Cummings at Allmusic Jump up ^ Sweet Chariot : Spirituals as a Source of Inspiration and Motivation Archived 2007 - 10 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . External links ( edit ) Lyrics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joshua_Fit_the_Battle_of_Jericho&oldid=833310116 '' Categories : 19th - century songs American folk songs African - American spiritual songs Paul Robeson songs Year of song unknown Mahalia Jackson songs Songs about religious leaders Songs about Israel Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from November 2011 Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Español 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 19 : 50 . About Wikipedia

5121004319758778839

when did the wall in berlin come down

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Berlin_Wall&oldid=843537822

Berlin Wall - Wikipedia Berlin Wall Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with the Inner German border or the chess moves also known as the Berlin Defence . For the video game , see The Berlin Wall ( video game ) . Berlin Wall View from the West Berlin side of graffiti art on the Wall in 1986 . The Wall 's `` death strip '' , on the east side of the Wall , here follows the curve of the Luisenstadt Canal ( filled in 1932 ) . Map of the location of the Berlin Wall , showing checkpoints General information Type Wall Country East Germany East Berlin ( Soviet - occupied sector of Berlin ) Coordinates 52 ° 30 ′ 58 '' N 13 ° 22 ′ 37 '' E  /  52.51611 ° N 13.37694 ° E  / 52.51611 ; 13.37694 Coordinates : 52 ° 30 ′ 58 '' N 13 ° 22 ′ 37 '' E  /  52.51611 ° N 13.37694 ° E  / 52.51611 ; 13.37694 Construction started 13 August 1961 Other dimensions Border length around West Berlin : 155 km ( 96 mi ) Border length between West Berlin and East Germany : 111.9 km ( 69.5 mi ) Border length between West and East Berlin : 43.1 km ( 26.8 mi ) Border length through residential areas in East Berlin : 37 km ( 23 mi ) Concrete segment of wall height : 3.6 m ( 11.8 ft ) Concrete segment of wall length : 106 km ( 66 mi ) Wire mesh fencing : 66.5 km ( 41.3 mi ) Anti-vehicle trenches length : 105.5 km ( 65.6 mi ) Contact / signal fence length : 127.5 km ( 79.2 mi ) Column track width : 7 m ( 7.7 yd ) Column track length : 124.3 km ( 77.2 mi ) Number of watch towers : 302 Number of bunkers : 20 Technical details Size 155 km ( 96.3 mi ) Eastern Bloc Soviet Socialist Republics ( show ) Armenia Azerbaijan Byelorussia Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kirghizia Latvia Lithuania Moldavia Russian SFSR Tajikistan Turkmenia Ukraine Uzbekistan Allied states ( show ) Hungarian People 's Republic Polish People 's Republic Czechoslovak Socialist Republic Socialist Republic of Romania German Democratic Republic People 's Republic of Bulgaria Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( to 1948 ) People 's Socialist Republic of Albania ( to 1961 ) Republic of Cuba People 's Revolutionary Government of Grenada People 's Republic of Benin People 's Republic of the Congo People 's Republic of Angola People 's Republic of Mozambique People 's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Somali Democratic Republic ( to 1977 ) People 's Democratic Republic of Yemen Democratic Republic of Afghanistan Mongolian People 's Republic People 's Republic of China ( to 1961 ) Democratic People 's Republic of Korea Socialist Republic of Vietnam Lao People 's Democratic Republic People 's Republic of Kampuchea Related organizations ( show ) Cominform COMECON Warsaw Pact World Federation of Trade Unions ( WFTU ) World Federation of Democratic Youth ( WFDY ) Dissent and opposition ( show ) Forest Brothers in Lithuania in Latvia in Estonia Operation `` Jungle '' Ukrainian Insurgent Army Goryani movement ( Bulgaria ) Romanian anti-communism Polish Cursed Soldiers 1953 uprisings in Plzeň in East Germany 1956 protests in Georgia in Poznań Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Novocherkassk massacre ( Russia ) 1968 events Prague Spring Invasion of Czechoslovakia Red Square demonstration Charter 77 ( Czechoslovakia ) Solidarity ( Poland ) Jeltoqsan ( Kazakhstan ) Braşov Rebellion ( Romania ) January Events ( Lithuania ) The Barricades ( Latvia ) April 9 tragedy ( Georgia ) Black January ( Azerbaijan ) Cold War events ( show ) Marshall Plan 1948 Czechoslovak coup Tito -- Stalin split Berlin Blockade 1961 Berlin Wall crisis Cuban Missile Crisis 1980 Moscow Olympics Decline ( show ) Singing Revolution Polish Round Table Agreement Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall January 1991 in Lithuania in Latvia Breakup of Yugoslavia Yugoslav Wars End of the Soviet Union Fall of communism in Albania Satellite image of Berlin , with the Wall 's location marked in yellow West and East Berlin borders overlaying a current road map ( interactive map ) The Berlin Wall ( German : Berliner Mauer , pronounced ( bɛʁˈliːnɐ ˈmaʊ̯ɐ ) ( listen ) ) was a guarded concrete barrier that physically and ideologically divided Berlin from 1961 to 1989 . Constructed by the German Democratic Republic ( GDR , East Germany ) , starting on 13 August 1961 , the Wall cut off ( by land ) West Berlin from virtually all of surrounding East Germany and East Berlin until government officials opened it in November 1989 . Its demolition officially began on 13 June 1990 and finished in 1992 . The barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , accompanied by a wide area ( later known as the `` death strip '' ) that contained anti-vehicle trenches , `` fakir beds '' and other defenses . The Eastern Bloc portrayed the Wall as protecting its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the `` will of the people '' in building a socialist state in East Germany . In practice , the Wall served to prevent the massive emigration and defection that had marked East Germany and the communist Eastern Bloc during the post-World War II period . GDR authorities officially referred to the Berlin Wall as the Anti-Fascist Protection Rampart ( German : Antifaschistischer Schutzwall ) , by implication equating the NATO countries ( and West Germany in particular ) with fascists . The West Berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the `` Wall of Shame '' , a term coined by mayor Willy Brandt in reference to the Wall 's restriction on freedom of movement . Along with the separate and much longer Inner German border ( IGB ) , which demarcated the border between East and West Germany , it came to symbolize physically the `` Iron Curtain '' that separated Western Europe and the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War . Before the Wall 's erection , 3.5 million East Germans circumvented Eastern Bloc emigration restrictions and defected from the GDR , many by crossing over the border from East Berlin into West Berlin ; from there they could then travel to West Germany and to other Western European countries . Between 1961 and 1989 the Wall prevented almost all such emigration . During this period over 100,000 people attempted to escape and over 5,000 people succeeded in escaping over the Wall , with an estimated death toll ranging from 136 to more than 200 in and around Berlin . In 1989 a series of revolutions in nearby Eastern Bloc countries -- Poland and Hungary in particular -- caused a chain reaction in East Germany that ultimately resulted in the demise of the Wall . After several weeks of civil unrest , the East German government announced on 9 November 1989 that all GDR citizens could visit West Germany and West Berlin . Crowds of East Germans crossed and climbed onto the Wall , joined by West Germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . Over the next few weeks , euphoric people and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the Wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . The `` fall of the Berlin Wall '' paved the way for German reunification , which formally took place on 3 October 1990 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Post-war Germany 1.2 Eastern Bloc and the Berlin airlift 1.3 Emigration westward in the early 1950s 2 Erection of the inner German border 2.1 Berlin emigration loophole 2.2 Brain drain 2.3 How Khrushchev -- Kennedy relations affected the construction of the wall 3 Construction begins , 1961 3.1 Immediate effects 3.2 Secondary response 4 Structure and adjacent areas 4.1 Layout and modifications 4.2 Surrounding municipalities 5 Official crossings and usage 5.1 Crossing 5.2 Defection attempts 6 Concerts by Western artists and growing anti-Wall sentiment 6.1 David Bowie , 1987 6.2 Bruce Springsteen , 1988 6.3 David Hasselhoff , 1989 7 `` Ich bin ein Berliner '' and `` Mr. Gorbachev , tear down this Wall . '' 8 Fall of the Berlin Wall 8.1 Demolition 8.2 Opposition 8.3 Celebrations 8.4 20th anniversary celebrations 9 Legacy 9.1 Cultural differences 9.2 Wall segments around the world 9.3 50th anniversary commemoration 10 Related media 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Background Post-war Germany After the end of World War II in Europe , what remained of pre-war Germany west of the Oder - Neisse line was divided into four occupation zones ( as per the Potsdam Agreement ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying Allied powers : the United States , the United Kingdom , France and the Soviet Union . The capital of Berlin , as the seat of the Allied Control Council , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city 's location , which was fully within the Soviet zone . Within two years , political divisions increased between the Soviets and the other occupying powers . These included the Soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post-war Germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the Soviets . France , the United Kingdom , the United States and the Benelux countries later met to combine the non-Soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and to approve the extension of the Marshall Plan . Eastern Bloc and the Berlin airlift Further information : Eastern Bloc and Berlin Blockade Play media Brandenburg Gate in 1945 , after the end of World War II Following World War II , Soviet leader Joseph Stalin headed a group of nations on his Western border , the Eastern Bloc , that then included Poland , Hungary and Czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened Soviet - controlled Germany . As early as 1945 , Stalin revealed to German communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the British position within the British occupation zone , that the United States would withdraw within a year or two , and that nothing would then stand in the way of a united communist Germany within the bloc . The major task of the ruling communist party in the Soviet zone was to channel Soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , which in turn would be presented as internal measures . Property and industry was nationalized in the East German zone . If statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and ( for persons outside public attention ) punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . Indoctrination of Marxism - Leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the West . The East Germans created an elaborate political police apparatus that kept the population under close surveillance , including Soviet SMERSH secret police . In 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new German currency , Stalin instituted the Berlin Blockade , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in West Berlin . The United States , the United Kingdom , France , Canada , Australia , New Zealand and several other countries began a massive `` airlift '' , supplying West Berlin with food and other supplies . The Soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the Western policy change . Communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 , preceding large losses therein , while 300,000 Berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . In May 1949 , Stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of Western shipments to Berlin . The German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) was declared on 7 October 1949 . By a secret treaty , the Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs accorded the East German state administrative authority , but not autonomy . The Soviets permeated East German administrative , military and secret police structures and had full control . East Germany differed from West Germany ( Federal Republic of Germany ) , which developed into a Western capitalist country with a social market economy ( `` Soziale Marktwirtschaft '' in German ) and a democratic parliamentary government . Continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year `` economic miracle '' ( `` Wirtschaftswunder '' ) . As West Germany 's economy grew , and its standard of living steadily improved , many East Germans wanted to move to West Germany . Emigration westward in the early 1950s Main articles : Eastern Bloc emigration and defection and Eastern Bloc After the Soviet occupation of Eastern Europe at the end of World War II , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the Eastern Bloc aspired to independence and wanted the Soviets to leave . Taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in Germany , the number of GDR citizens moving to West Germany totaled 187,000 in 1950 ; 165,000 in 1951 ; 182,000 in 1952 ; and 331,000 in 1953 . One reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further Sovietization , given the increasingly paranoid actions of Joseph Stalin in late 1952 and early 1953 . 226,000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . Erection of the inner German border Further information : Inner German border and Eastern Bloc emigration and defection By the early 1950s , the Soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting emigration , was emulated by most of the rest of the Eastern Bloc , including East Germany . The restrictions presented a quandary for some Eastern Bloc states , which had been more economically advanced and open than the Soviet Union , such that crossing borders seemed more natural -- especially where no prior border existed between East and West Germany . Up until 1952 , the demarcation lines between East Germany and the western occupied zones could be easily crossed in most places . On 1 April 1952 , East German leaders met the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin in Moscow ; during the discussions Stalin 's foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov proposed that the East Germans should `` introduce a system of passes for visits of West Berlin residents to the territory of East Berlin ( so as to stop ) free movement of Western agents '' in the GDR . Stalin agreed , calling the situation `` intolerable '' . He advised the East Germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that `` The demarcation line between East and West Germany should be considered a border -- and not just any border , but a dangerous one ... The Germans will guard the line of defence with their lives . '' Consequently , the inner German border between the two German states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . The border between the Western and Eastern sectors of Berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the Soviet and the Western sectors was somewhat restricted . This resulted in Berlin becoming a magnet for East Germans desperate to escape life in the GDR , and also a flashpoint for tension between the United States and the Soviet Union . In 1955 , the Soviets gave East Germany authority over civilian movement in Berlin , passing control to a regime not recognized in the West . Initially , East Germany granted `` visits '' to allow its residents access to West Germany . However , following the defection of large numbers of East Germans under this regime , the new East German state legally restricted virtually all travel to the West in 1956 . Soviet East German ambassador Mikhail Pervukhin observed that `` the presence in Berlin of an open and essentially uncontrolled border between the socialist and capitalist worlds unwittingly prompts the population to make a comparison between both parts of the city , which unfortunately does not always turn out in favour of Democratic ( East ) Berlin . '' Berlin emigration loophole With the closing of the inner German border officially in 1952 , the border in Berlin remained considerably more accessible then because it was administered by all four occupying powers . Accordingly , Berlin became the main route by which East Germans left for the West . On 11 December 1957 , East Germany introduced a new passport law that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving Eastern Germany . It had the unintended result of drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through West Berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . Those caught trying to leave East Berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and subway train access still available to West Berlin , such measures were ineffective . The Berlin sector border was essentially a `` loophole '' through which Eastern Bloc citizens could still escape . The 3.5 million East Germans who had left by 1961 totalled approximately 20 % of the entire East German population . An important reason that crossing the inner German border was not stopped earlier was that doing so would cut off much of the railway traffic in East Germany . Construction of a new railway bypassing West Berlin , the Berlin outer ring , commenced in 1951 . Following the completion of the railway in 1961 , closing the border became a more practical proposition . ( See History of rail transport in Germany . ) Brain drain The emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the `` brain drain '' feared by officials in East Germany . Yuri Andropov , then the CPSU Director on Relations with Communist and Workers ' Parties of Socialist Countries , wrote an urgent letter on 28 August 1958 , to the Central Committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of East German intelligentsia among the refugees . Andropov reported that , while the East German leadership stated that they were leaving for economic reasons , testimony from refugees indicated that the reasons were more political than material . He stated `` the flight of the intelligentsia has reached a particularly critical phase . '' An East German SED propaganda booklet published in 1955 dramatically described the serious nature of ' flight from the republic ' : Both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole German nation , leaving the GDR is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . Those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve West German Reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . Is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a `` guaranteed future '' one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favours a new war and destruction ? Is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labour in our republic to offer themselves to the American or British secret services or work for the West German factory owners , Junkers , or militarists ? Does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? ... ( W ) orkers throughout Germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the German Democratic Republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the German people , the imperialists and militarists . By 1960 , the combination of World War II and the massive emigration westward left East Germany with only 61 % of its population of working age , compared to 70.5 % before the war . The loss was disproportionately heavy among professionals : engineers , technicians , physicians , teachers , lawyers and skilled workers . The direct cost of manpower losses to East Germany ( and corresponding gain to the West ) has been estimated at $7 billion to $9 billion , with East German party leader Walter Ulbricht later claiming that West Germany owed him $17 billion in compensation , including reparations as well as manpower losses . In addition , the drain of East Germany 's young population potentially cost it over 22.5 billion marks in lost educational investment . The brain drain of professionals had become so damaging to the political credibility and economic viability of East Germany that the re-securing of the German communist frontier was imperative . The exodus of emigrants from East Germany presented two minor potential benefits : an easy opportunity to smuggle East German secret agents to West Germany , and a reduction in the number of citizens hostile to the communist regime . Neither of these advantages , however , proved particularly useful . How Khrushchev -- Kennedy relations affected the construction of the Wall In April 1961 , Khrushchev gained an impression that Kennedy is not very smart when he saw Washington supporting the failed invasion of Cuba by anti-communist exiles which were than left to their fate . Khrushchev decided to alarm rather than appease the president . He soon revealed his intention of signing the separate peace treaty with East Germany that would abolish allied rights in West Berlin . One of his intentions was therefore to get whole of the Berlin . However , this action had risks behind it . The risks that we are taking is justified . If we look at it in the terms of a percentage , there is more than a 95 % chance that there will be no war . It meant that 5 % was an actual chance of having a war . Khrushchev 's assumptions about Kennedy were false . He made clear that the chance of having a war was bigger that 5 % . He showed the unpredictability of US 's policy . All though Soviet forces were not on high alert , the plans were nonetheless changed to deal with the consequences of the Kennedy 's actions . It was then decided to block the access of the West Berlin from the East . That is when the construction of the wall started . Construction begins , 1961 East German Combat Groups of the Working Class close the border on 13 August 1961 in preparation of the Berlin Wall construction . East German construction workers building the Berlin Wall , 20 November 1961 . On 15 June 1961 , First Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party and GDR State Council chairman Walter Ulbricht stated in an international press conference , `` Niemand hat die Absicht , eine Mauer zu errichten ! '' ( No one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) . `` It was the first time the colloquial term Mauer ( wall ) had been used in this context '' . The transcript of a telephone call between Nikita Khrushchev and Ulbricht on 1 August in the same year , suggests that the initiative for the construction of the Wall came from Khrushchev . However , other sources suggest that Khrushchev had initially been wary about building a wall , fearing negative Western reaction . What is beyond dispute , though , is that Ulbricht had pushed for a border closure for quite some time , arguing that East Germany 's very existence was at stake . Khrushchev had become emboldened upon seeing US President John F. Kennedy 's youth and inexperience show as weakness against Khrushchev 's brutal , undiplomatic aggression . This feeling of miscalculation and failure is admitted by Kennedy in the U.S. ambassador 's residence with New York Times columnist James `` Scotty '' Reston . Kennedy made the regrettable error of admitting that the US would not actively oppose this action in the Soviet sector of Berlin . On Saturday , 12 August 1961 , the leaders of the GDR attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in Döllnsee , in a wooded area to the north of East Berlin . There Ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . At midnight , the police and units of the East German army began to close the border and , by Sunday morning , 13 August , the border with West Berlin was closed . East German troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 kilometres ( 97 mi ) around the three western sectors , and the 43 kilometres ( 27 mi ) that divided West and East Berlin . The date of 13 August became commonly referred to as Barbed Wire Sunday in Germany . The barrier was built inside East Berlin or East German territory to ensure that it did not encroach on West Berlin at any point . Generally , the Wall was only slightly inside East Berlin , but in a few places it was some distance from the legal border , most notably at Potsdamer Bahnhof and the Lenné Triangle that is now much of the Potsdamer Platz development . Later , the initial barrier was built up into the Wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on 17 August . During the construction of the Wall , National People 's Army ( NVA ) and Combat Groups of the Working Class ( KdA ) soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . Additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields and other obstacles were installed along the length of East Germany 's western border with West Germany proper . A huge no man 's land was cleared to provide a clear line of fire at fleeing refugees . Immediate effects US President John F. Kennedy visiting the Berlin Wall on 26 June 1963 With the closing of the East - West sector boundary in Berlin , the vast majority of East Germans could no longer travel or emigrate to West Germany . Berlin soon went from being the easiest place to make an unauthorized crossing between East and West Germany to being the most difficult . Many families were split , while East Berliners employed in the West were cut off from their jobs . West Berlin became an isolated exclave in a hostile land . West Berliners demonstrated against the Wall , led by their Mayor ( Oberbürgermeister ) Willy Brandt , who strongly criticized the United States for failing to respond . Allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . In 1961 , Secretary of State Dean Rusk proclaimed , `` The Wall certainly ought not to be a permanent feature of the European landscape . I see no reason why the Soviet Union should think it is -- it is to their advantage in any way to leave there that monument to communist failure . '' United States and UK sources had expected the Soviet sector to be sealed off from West Berlin , but were surprised by how long the East Germans took for such a move . They considered the Wall as an end to concerns about a GDR / Soviet retaking or capture of the whole of Berlin ; the Wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . Thus they concluded that the possibility of a Soviet military conflict over Berlin had decreased . The East German government claimed that the Wall was an `` anti-fascist protective rampart '' ( German : `` antifaschistischer Schutzwall '' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the West . Another official justification was the activities of Western agents in Eastern Europe . The Eastern German government also claimed that West Berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in East Berlin . East Germans and others greeted such statements with skepticism , as most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of East Germany traveling to the West , but not for residents of West Berlin travelling to the East . The construction of the Wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it . Most people believed that the Wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of East Germany from entering or fleeing to West Berlin . Secondary response Play media Universal Newsreel of the 1st anniversary of the Berlin Wall The National Security Agency was the only American intelligence agency that was aware that East Germany was to take action to deal with the brain drain problem . On 9 August 1961 , the NSA intercepted an advance warning information of the Socialist Unity Party 's plan to close the intra-Berlin border between East and West Berlin completely for foot traffic . The interagency intelligence Berlin Watch Committee assessed that this intercept `` might be the first step in a plan to close the border . '' This warning did not reach U.S. President John F. Kennedy until noon on 13 August 1961 , while he was vacationing in his yacht off the Kennedy Compound in Hyannis Port , Massachusetts . While Kennedy was angry that he had no advance warning , he was relieved that the East Germans and the Soviets had only divided Berlin without taking any action against West Berlin 's access to the West . However , he denounced the Berlin Wall , whose erection worsened the relations between the United States and the Soviet Union . In response to the erection of the Berlin Wall , a retired general , Lucius D. Clay , was appointed by Kennedy as his special advisor and sent to Berlin with ambassadorial rank . Clay had been the Military Governor of the US Zone of Occupation in Germany during the period of the Berlin Blockade and had ordered the first measures in what became the Berlin Airlift . He was immensely popular with the residents of West Berlin , and his appointment was an unambiguous sign that Kennedy would not compromise on the status of West Berlin . Clay and Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson arrived at Tempelhof Airport on the afternoon of Saturday , 19 August 1961 . They arrived in a city defended by three Allied brigades -- one each from the UK , the US , and France ( the Forces Françaises à Berlin ) . On 16 August , Kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . Early on 19 August , the 1st Battle Group , 18th Infantry ( commanded by Colonel Glover S. Johns Jr . ) was alerted . On Sunday morning , U.S. troops marched from West Germany through East Germany , bound for West Berlin . Lead elements -- arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1,500 men , divided into five march units -- left the Helmstedt - Marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . At Marienborn , the Soviet checkpoint next to Helmstedt on the West German - East German border , US personnel were counted by guards . The column was 160 kilometres ( 99 mi ) long , and covered 177 kilometres ( 110 mi ) from Marienborn to Berlin in full battle gear . East German police watched from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . The front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of Berlin just before noon , to be met by Clay and Johnson , before parading through the streets of Berlin in front of a large crowd . At 04 : 00 on 21 August , Lyndon Johnson left West Berlin in the hands of General Frederick O. Hartel and his brigade of 4,224 officers and men . `` For the next three and a half years , American battalions would rotate into West Berlin , by autobahn , at three month intervals to demonstrate Allied rights to the city '' . The creation of the Wall had important implications for both German states . By stemming the exodus of people from East Germany , the East German government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the Wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated . The economy in the GDR began to grow . But , the Wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . Western powers portrayed it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after East German border guards shot and killed would - be defectors . Such fatalities were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified Germany . Structure and adjacent areas Layout and modifications The wall overview Length ( km ) Description 156.4 0 Bordering around West Berlin within 3.4 m and 4.2 m in height 111.9 0 Concrete walls 44.5 0 Metal mesh fence ( along death strip ) 112.7 0 Cross attachment in Potsdam 43.7 0 Cross attachment along the border of East and West Berlin 0.5 0 Remains of house fronts , land mansion bricks 58.95 Wall - shaped front wall with a height of 3.40 m 68.42 Expanded metal fence with a height of 2.90 m as a `` front barrier '' 161 00 Light strip 113.85 Limit signal and barrier fence ( GSSZ ) 127.5 0 Contact and signal fence 124.3 0 Border patrol Actual number Descriptions 186 Observation towers ( 302 in West - Berlin ) 31 Implementing agencies 259 Dog runs 20 Bunker East Berlin `` death strip '' of the Berlin Wall , as seen from the Axel Springer AG Building , 1984 . This section of the Wall 's `` death strip '' featured Czech hedgehogs , a guard tower and a cleared area , 1977 . The top of the Wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . The areas just outside the wall , including the sidewalk , are de jure Eastern Bloc territory . 1984 . Structure of the Berlin Wall . Position and course of the Berlin Wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) . The Berlin Wall was more than 140 kilometres ( 87 mi ) long . In June 1962 , a second , parallel fence was built some 100 metres ( 110 yd ) farther into East German territory . The houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing what later became known as the death strip . The death strip was covered with raked sand or gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice , easing the detection of trespassers and also enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task ; it offered no cover ; and , most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the Wall guards . Through the years , the Berlin Wall evolved through four versions : Wire fence and concrete block wall ( 1961 ) Improved wire fence ( 1962 -- 1965 ) Improved concrete wall ( 1965 -- 1975 ) Grenzmauer 75 ( Border Wall 75 ) ( 1975 -- 1989 ) The `` fourth - generation Wall '' , known officially as `` Stützwandelement UL 12.11 '' ( retaining wall element UL 12.11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the Wall . Begun in 1975 and completed about 1980 , it was constructed from 45,000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3.6 metres ( 12 ft ) high and 1.2 metres ( 3.9 ft ) wide , and cost DDM 16,155,000 or about US $3,638,000 . The concrete provisions added to this version of the Wall were done to prevent escapees from driving their cars through the barricades . At strategic points , the Wall was constructed to a somewhat weaker standard , so that East German and Soviet armored vehicles could easily break through in the event of war . The top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . The Wall was reinforced by mesh fencing , signal fencing , anti-vehicle trenches , barbed wire , dogs on long lines , `` beds of nails '' ( also known as `` Stalin 's Carpet '' ) under balconies hanging over the `` death strip '' , over 116 watchtowers , and 20 bunkers with hundreds of guards . This version of the Wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of the Wall in Berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation Wall . The layout came to resemble the inner German border in most technical aspects , except that the Berlin Wall had no landmines nor spring - guns . Maintenance was performed on the outside of the wall by personnel who accessed the area outside it either via ladders or via hidden doors within the wall . These doors could not be opened by a single person , needing two separate keys in two separate keyholes to unlock . As was the case with the inner German border , an unfortified strip of Eastern territory was left outside the wall . This outer strip was used by workers to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall Unlike the inner German border , however , the outer strip was usually no more than four meters wide , and , in photos from the era , the exact location of the actual border in many places appears not even to have been marked . Also in contrast with the inner German border , little interest was shown by East German law enforcement in keeping outsiders off the outer strip ; sidewalks of West Berlin streets even ran inside it . Despite the East German government 's general policy of benign neglect , vandals were not unknown to have been pursued in the outer strip , and even arrested . In 1986 , defector and political activist Wolfram Hasch and four other defectors were standing inside the outer strip defacing the wall when East German personnel emerged from one of the hidden doors to apprehend them . All but Hasch escaped back into the western sector . Hasch himself was arrested , dragged through the door into the death strip , and later convicted of illegally crossing the de jure border outside the wall . Noted graffiti artist Thierry Noir has reported having often been perused there by East German soldiers . While some graffiti artists were chased off the outer strip , others , such as Keith Haring , were seemingly tolerated . Surrounding municipalities Besides the sector - sector boundary within Berlin itself , the Wall also separated West Berlin from the present - day state of Brandenburg . The following present - day municipalities , listed in counter-clockwise direction , share a border with former West Berlin : Oberhavel : Mühlenbecker Land ( partially ) , Glienicke / Nordbahn , Hohen Neuendorf , Hennigsdorf Havelland : Schönwalde - Glien , Falkensee , Dallgow - Döberitz Potsdam ( urban district ) Potsdam - Mittelmark : Stahnsdorf , Kleinmachnow , Teltow Teltow - Fläming : Großbeeren , Blankenfelde - Mahlow Dahme - Spreewald : Schönefeld ( partially ) Official crossings and usage See also : Berlin border crossings A You Are Leaving sign at a border of the American sector Road sign delimiting the British zone of occupation in Berlin , 1984 There were nine border crossings between East and West Berlin . These allowed visits by West Berliners , other West Germans , Western foreigners and Allied personnel into East Berlin , as well as visits by GDR citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into West Berlin , provided that they held the necessary permits . These crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( East Germans , West Germans , West Berliners , other countries ) . The most famous was the vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of Friedrichstraße and Zimmerstraße , also known as Checkpoint Charlie , which was restricted to Allied personnel and foreigners . Several other border crossings existed between West Berlin and surrounding East Germany . These could be used for transit between West Germany and West Berlin , for visits by West Berliners into East Germany , for transit into countries neighbouring East Germany ( Poland , Czechoslovakia , Denmark ) , and for visits by East Germans into West Berlin carrying a permit . After the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow West Berlin waste to be transported into East German dumps , as well as some crossings for access to West Berlin 's exclaves ( see Steinstücken ) . Four autobahns connected West Berlin to West Germany , the most famous being the Berlin - Helmstedt autobahn , which entered East German territory between the towns of Helmstedt and Marienborn ( Checkpoint Alpha ) , and which entered West Berlin at Dreilinden ( Checkpoint Bravo for the Allied forces ) in southwestern Berlin . Access to West Berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat for commercial shipping via canals and rivers . Non-German Westerners could cross the border at Friedrichstraße station in East Berlin and at Checkpoint Charlie . When the Wall was erected , Berlin 's complex public transit networks , the S - Bahn and U-Bahn , were divided with it . Some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . Three western lines traveled through brief sections of East Berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called Geisterbahnhöfe , or ghost stations ) without stopping . Both the eastern and western networks converged at Friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly Westerners ) with permission to cross . Crossing Travel orders to go to Berlin as used by U.S. forces in the 1980s . West Germans and citizens of other Western countries could generally visit East Germany , often after applying for a visa at an East German embassy several weeks in advance . Visas for day trips restricted to East Berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . However , East German authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . In the 1980s , visitors from the western part of the city who wanted to visit the eastern part had to exchange at least DM 25 into East German currency at the poor exchange rate of 1 : 1 . It was forbidden to export East German currency from the East , but money not spent could be left at the border for possible future visits . Tourists crossing from the west had to also pay for a visa , which cost DM 5 ; West Berliners did not have to pay this . West Berliners initially could not visit East Berlin or East Germany at all -- all crossing points were closed to them between 26 August 1961 and 17 December 1963 . In 1963 , negotiations between East and West resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the Christmas season that year ( Passierscheinregelung ) . Similar , very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . In 1971 , with the Four Power Agreement on Berlin , agreements were reached that allowed West Berliners to apply for visas to enter East Berlin and East Germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for West Germans . However , East German authorities could still refuse entry permits . East Berliners and East Germans could not , at first , travel to West Berlin or West Germany at all . This regulation remained in force essentially until the fall of the Wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : Elderly pensioners could travel to the West starting in 1965 Visits of relatives for important family matters People who had to travel to the West for professional reasons ( for example , artists , truck drivers , musicians , writers , etc . ) For each of these exceptions , GDR citizens had to apply for individual approval , which was never guaranteed . In addition , even if travel was approved , GDR travellers could exchange only a very small amount of East German Marks into Deutsche Marks ( DM ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the West . This led to the West German practice of granting a small amount of DM annually ( Begrüßungsgeld , or welcome money ) to GDR citizens visiting West Germany and West Berlin to help alleviate this situation . Citizens of other East European countries were in general subject to the same prohibition of visiting Western countries as East Germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . Allied military personnel and civilian officials of the Allied forces could enter and exit East Berlin without submitting to East German passport controls , purchasing a visa or being required to exchange money . Likewise , Soviet military patrols could enter and exit West Berlin . This was a requirement of the post-war Four Powers Agreements . A particular area of concern for the Western Allies involved official dealings with East German authorities when crossing the border , since Allied policy did not recognize the authority of the GDR to regulate Allied military traffic to and from West Berlin , as well as the Allied presence within Greater Berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within East Berlin . The Allies held that only the Soviet Union , and not the GDR , had authority to regulate Allied personnel in such cases . For this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of East German authority when engaged in travel through the GDR and when in East Berlin . Special rules applied to travel by Western Allied military personnel assigned to the Military Liaison Missions accredited to the commander of Soviet forces in East Germany , located in Potsdam . Allied personnel were restricted by policy when travelling by land to the following routes : Transit between West Germany and West Berlin Road : the Helmstedt - Berlin autobahn ( A2 ) ( checkpoints Alpha and Bravo respectively ) . Soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed Allied personnel for travel between the two points . Military personnel were required to be in uniform when traveling in this manner . Rail : Western Allied military personnel and civilian officials of the Allied forces were forbidden to use commercial train service between West Germany and West Berlin , because of GDR passport and customs controls when using them . Instead , the Allied forces operated a series of official ( duty ) trains that traveled between their respective duty stations in West Germany and West Berlin . When transiting the GDR , the trains would follow the route between Helmstedt and Griebnitzsee , just outside West Berlin . In addition to persons traveling on official business , authorized personnel could also use the duty trains for personal travel on a space - available basis . The trains traveled only at night , and as with transit by car , Soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travelers . ( See History of the Berlin S - Bahn . ) Entry into and exit from East Berlin Checkpoint Charlie ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) As with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by diplomatic personnel of the Western Allies accredited to their respective embassies in the GDR . This was intended to prevent inadvertent recognition of East German authority when crossing between East and West Berlin , which could jeopardize the overall Allied position governing the freedom of movement by Allied forces personnel within all Berlin . Ordinary citizens of the Western Allied powers , not formally affiliated with the Allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through East Germany to and from West Berlin . Regarding travel to East Berlin , such persons could also use the Friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to Checkpoint Charlie . In these instances , such travelers , unlike Allied personnel , had to submit to East German border controls . Defection attempts Further information : List of deaths at the Berlin Wall NVA soldier Conrad Schumann defecting to West Berlin during the Wall 's early days in 1961 . During the years of the Wall , around 5,000 people successfully defected to West Berlin . The number of people who died trying to cross the Wall , or as a result of the Wall 's existence , has been disputed . The most vocal claims by Alexandra Hildebrandt , Director of the Checkpoint Charlie Museum and widow of the Museum 's founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 . A historic research group at the Center for Contemporary Historical Research ( ZZF ) in Potsdam has confirmed at least 140 deaths . Prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . The East German government issued shooting orders ( Schießbefehl ) to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as `` shoot to kill '' orders . GDR officials denied issuing the latter . In an October 1973 order later discovered by researchers , guards were instructed that people attempting to cross the Wall were criminals and needed to be shot : `` Do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used '' . Early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line , but these ended as the Wall was fortified . East German authorities no longer permitted apartments near the Wall to be occupied , and any building near the Wall had its windows boarded and later bricked up . On 15 August 1961 , Conrad Schumann was the first East German border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to West Berlin . On 22 August 1961 , Ida Siekmann was the first casualty at the Berlin Wall : she died after she jumped out of her third floor apartment at 48 Bernauer Strasse . The first person to be shot and killed while trying to cross to West Berlin was Günter Litfin , a twenty - four - year - old tailor . He attempted to swim across the Spree Canal to West Germany on 24 August 1961 , the same day that East German police had received shoot - to - kill orders to prevent anyone from escaping . Another dramatic escape was carried out on April 1963 by Wolfgang Engels , a 19 - year - old civilian employee of the Nationale Volksarmee . Engels stole a Soviet armored personnel carrier from a base where he was deployed and drove it right into the Wall . He was fired at and seriously wounded by border guards . But a West German policeman intervened , firing his weapon at the East German border guards . The policeman removed Engels from the vehicle , which had become entangled in the barbed wire . Memorial to the Victims of the Wall , with graffiti , 1982 . East Germans successfully defected by a variety of methods : digging long tunnels under the Wall , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying ultralights and , in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . When a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of defection , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and windscreen to come away when it made contact with the beam . They lay flat and kept driving forward . The East Germans then built zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . The sewer system predated the Wall , and some people escaped through the sewers , in a number of cases with assistance from the Unternehmen Reisebüro . An airborne escape was made by Thomas Krüger , who landed a Zlin Z 42 M light aircraft of the Gesellschaft für Sport und Technik , an East German youth military training organization , at RAF Gatow . His aircraft , registration DDR - WOH , was dismantled and returned to the East Germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on it by RAF airmen , such as `` Wish you were here '' and `` Come back soon '' . DDR - WOH is still flying today , but under the registration D - EWOH . If an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the Western wall , Westerners could not intervene for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' Grepos ' , the East Berlin border guards . The guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , as in the most notorious failed attempt , that of Peter Fechter ( aged 18 ) . He was shot and bled to death , in full view of the Western media , on 17 August 1962 . Fechter 's death created negative publicity worldwide that led the leaders of East Berlin to place more restrictions on shooting in public places , and provide medical care for possible `` would - be escapers '' . The last person to be shot and killed while trying to cross the border was Chris Gueffroy on 6 February 1989 , while the final person to die in an escape attempt was Winfried Freudenberg who was killed when his homemade natural gas - filled balloon crashed on 8 March 1989 . The Wall gave rise to a widespread sense of desperation and oppression in East Berlin , as expressed in the private thoughts of one resident , who confided to her diary `` Our lives have lost their spirit ... we can do nothing to stop them . '' Concerts by Western artists and growing anti-wall sentiment Every stone bears witness to the moral bankruptcy of the society it encloses -- Margaret Thatcher commenting about the wall , West Berlin , 1982 David Bowie , 1987 On 6 June 1987 , David Bowie , who earlier for several years lived and recorded in West Berlin , played a concert close to the Wall . This was attended by thousands of Eastern concertgoers across the Wall , followed by violent rioting in East Berlin . According to Tobias Ruther , these protests in East Berlin were the first in the sequence of riots that led to those of November 1989 . Although other factors were probably more influential in the fall of the Wall , on his death , the German Foreign Office tweeted `` Good - bye , David Bowie . You are now among # Heroes . Thank you for helping to bring down the # wall . '' Bruce Springsteen , 1988 On 19 July 1988 , 16 months before the Wall came down , Bruce Springsteen and the E-Street Band , played Rocking the Wall , a live concert in East Berlin , which was attended by 300,000 in person and broadcast delayed on television . Springsteen spoke to the crowd in German , saying : `` I 'm not here for or against any government . I 've come to play rock ' n ' roll for you in the hope that one day all the barriers will be torn down '' . East Germany and its FDJ youth organization were worried they were losing an entire generation . They hoped that by letting Springsteen in , they could improve their sentiment among East Germans . However , this strategy of `` one step backwards , two steps forwards '' backfired and the concert only made East Germans hungrier for more of the freedoms that Springsteen epitomized . While John F. Kennedy and Ronald Reagan delivered their famous speeches from the safety of West Berlin , Springsteen 's speaking out against the Wall in the middle of East Berlin added to the euphoria . David Hasselhoff , 1989 On 31 December 1989 , American TV actor and pop music singer David Hasselhoff was the headlining performer for the Freedom Tour Live concert , which was attended by over 500,000 people on both sides of the Wall . The live concert footage was directed by music video director Thomas Mignone and aired on broadcast television station Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen ZDF throughout Europe . During shooting film crew personnel pulled people up from both sides to stand and celebrate on top of the wall . Hasselhoff sang his Number One hit song `` Looking For Freedom '' on a platform at the end of a twenty - meter steel crane that swung above and over the Wall adjacent to the Brandenburg Gate . `` Ich bin ein Berliner '' and `` Mr. Gorbachev , tear down this Wall . '' Main articles : Ich bin ein Berliner and Tear down this wall ! Ich bin ein Berliner ( I am a Berliner ) speech Play media Speech from the Rathaus Schöneberg by John F. Kennedy , 26 June 1963 . Duration 9 : 01 . Ich bin ein Berliner ( `` I am a Berliner '' ) speech ( audio ) Audio - only version ( Duration 9 : 22 ) Problems playing these files ? See media help . Play media Complete speech by Ronald Reagan at the Brandenburg Gate , 12 June 1987 . Famous passage begins at 11 : 10 into this video . On 26 June 1963 , 22 months after the erection of the Berlin Wall , U.S. President John F. Kennedy visited West Berlin . Speaking from a platform erected on the steps of Rathaus Schöneberg for an audience of 450,000 he declared in his Ich bin ein Berliner speech the support of the United States for West Germany and the people of West Berlin in particular : Two thousand years ago , the proudest boast was civis romanus sum ( `` I am a Roman citizen '' ) . Today , in the world of freedom , the proudest boast is `` Ich bin ein Berliner ! '' ... All free men , wherever they may live , are citizens of Berlin , and therefore , as a free man , I take pride in the words `` Ich bin ein Berliner ! '' The message was aimed as much at the Soviets as it was at Berliners and was a clear statement of U.S. policy in the wake of the construction of the Berlin Wall . The speech is considered one of Kennedy 's best , both a notable moment of the Cold War and a high point of the New Frontier . It was a great morale boost for West Berliners , who lived in an exclave deep inside East Germany and feared a possible East German occupation . In a speech at the Brandenburg Gate commemorating the 750th anniversary of Berlin on 12 June 1987 , U.S. President Ronald Reagan challenged Mikhail Gorbachev , then the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union , to tear down the Wall as a symbol of increasing freedom in the Eastern Bloc : We welcome change and openness ; for we believe that freedom and security go together , that the advance of human liberty can only strengthen the cause of world peace . There is one sign the Soviets can make that would be unmistakable , that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace . General Secretary Gorbachev , if you seek peace , if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and eastern Europe , if you seek liberalization , come here to this gate . Mr. Gorbachev , open this gate . Mr. Gorbachev , tear down this Wall ! Fall of the Berlin Wall In June 1989 the Hungarian government began dismantling the electrified fence along its border with Austria ( with Western TV crews present ) , and then , in September , more than 13,000 East German tourists escaped through Hungary to Austria . This set up a chain of events . The Hungarians prevented many more East Germans from crossing the border and returned them to Budapest . These East Germans flooded the West German embassy and refused to return to East Germany . The East German government responded by disallowing any further travel to Hungary , but allowed those already there to return to East Germany . This triggered similar events in neighboring Czechoslovakia . This time , however , the East German authorities allowed people to leave , provided that they did so by train through East Germany . This was followed by mass demonstrations within East Germany itself . Protest demonstrations spread throughout East Germany in September 1989 . Initially , protesters were mostly people wanting to leave to the West , chanting `` Wir wollen raus ! '' ( `` We want out ! '' ) . Then protestors began to chant `` Wir bleiben hier ! '' ( `` We are staying here ! '' ) . This was the start of what East Germans generally call the `` Peaceful Revolution '' of late 1989 . The protest demonstrations grew considerably by early November . The movement neared its height on 4 November , when half a million people gathered to demand political change , at the Alexanderplatz demonstration , East Berlin 's large public square and transportation hub . The longtime leader of East Germany , Erich Honecker , resigned on 18 October 1989 and was replaced by Egon Krenz that day . Honecker had predicted in January of that year that the Wall would stand for 50 or 100 more years if the conditions that had caused its construction did not change . The wave of refugees leaving East Germany for the West kept increasing . By early November refugees were finding their way to Hungary via Czechoslovakia , or via the West German Embassy in Prague . This was tolerated by the new Krenz government , because of long - standing agreements with the communist Czechoslovak government , allowing free travel across their common border . However this movement of people grew so large it caused difficulties for both countries . To ease the difficulties , the politburo led by Krenz decided on 9 November to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between East Germany and West Germany , including between East and West Berlin . Later the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private , round - trip , travel . The new regulations were to take effect the next day . Günter Schabowski , the party boss in East Berlin and the spokesman for the SED Politburo , had the task of announcing the new regulations . However , he had not been involved in the discussions about the new regulations and had not been fully updated . Shortly before a press conference on 9 November , he was handed a note announcing the changes , but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . These regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . But this starting time delay was not communicated to Schabowski . At the end of the press conference , Schabowski read out loud the note he had been given . One of the reporters , ANSA 's Riccardo Ehrman , asked when the regulations would take effect . After a few seconds ' hesitation , Schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied , `` As far as I know , it takes effect immediately , without delay '' . After further questions from journalists , he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings through the Wall into West Berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . Excerpts from Schabowski 's press conference were the lead story on West Germany 's two main news programs that night -- at 7 : 17 p.m. on ZDF 's heute and at 8 p.m. on ARD 's Tagesschau . This meant that the news was broadcast to nearly all of East Germany as well . Later that night , on ARD 's Tagesthemen , anchorman Hanns Joachim Friedrichs proclaimed , `` This 9 November is a historic day . The GDR has announced that , starting immediately , its borders are open to everyone . The gates in the Wall stand open wide . '' After hearing the broadcast , East Germans began gathering at the Wall , at the six checkpoints between East and West Berlin , demanding that border guards immediately open the gates . The surprised and overwhelmed guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors about the problem . At first , they were ordered to find the `` more aggressive '' people gathered at the gates and stamp their passports with a special stamp that barred them from returning to East Germany -- in effect , revoking their citizenship . However , this still left thousands of people demanding to be let through `` as Schabowski said we can '' . It soon became clear that no one among the East German authorities would take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so the vastly outnumbered soldiers had no way to hold back the huge crowd of East German citizens . Finally , at 10 : 45 p.m. , Harald Jäger , the commander of the Bornholmer Straße border crossing yielded , allowing for the guards to open the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . As the Ossis swarmed through , they were greeted by Wessis waiting with flowers and champagne amid wild rejoicing . Soon afterward , a crowd of West Berliners jumped on top of the Wall , and were soon joined by East German youngsters . They danced together to celebrate their new freedom . Walking through Checkpoint Charlie , 10 November 1989 Germans stand on top of the Wall in the days before it was torn down At the Brandenburg Gate , 10 November 1989 Juggling on the Wall on 16 November 1989 `` Mauerspecht '' ( November 1989 ) The Fall of the Wall ( November 1989 ) Another border crossing to the south may have been opened earlier . An account by Heinz Schäfer indicates that he also acted independently and ordered the opening of the gate at Waltersdorf - Rudow a couple of hours earlier . This may explain reports of East Berliners appearing in West Berlin earlier than the opening of the Bornholmer Straße border crossing . Demolition Play media A Berlin Wall segment in Los Angeles at 5900 Wilshire Boulevard . The fall of the Berlin Wall ( German : Mauerfall ) began the evening of 9 November 1989 and continued over the following days and weeks , with people nicknamed Mauerspechte ( wall woodpeckers ) using various tools to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts in the process , and creating several unofficial border crossings . Television coverage of citizens demolishing sections of the Wall on 9 November was soon followed by the East German regime announcing ten new border crossings , including the historically significant locations of Potsdamer Platz , Glienicker Brücke , and Bernauer Straße . Crowds gathered on both sides of the historic crossings waiting for hours to cheer the bulldozers that tore down portions of the Wall to reconnect the divided roads . While the Wall officially remained guarded at a decreasing intensity , new border crossings continued for some time , including the Brandenburg Gate on 22 December 1989 . Initially the East German military attempted repairing damage done by the `` Wall peckers '' ; gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and `` unauthorized '' border crossing through the holes . West Germans and West Berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 December . Until then , they could only visit East Germany and East Berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance and obligatory exchange of at least 25 DM per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . Thus , in the weeks between 9 November and 23 December , East Germans could actually travel more freely than Westerners . On 13 June 1990 , the East German military officially began dismantling the Wall , beginning in Bernauer Straße and around the Mitte district . From there , demolition continued through Prenzlauer Berg / Gesundbrunnen , Helligensee and throughout the city of Berlin until that December 1990 . According to estimates by the border troops , a total of around 1.7 million tonnes of building rubble wasfall . Unofficially , the demolition of the Bornholmer Straße began because of construction work on the railway . This involved a total of 300 GDR border guards and - after 3 October 1990 - 600 Pioneers of the Bundeswehr . These were equipped with 175 trucks , 65 cranes , 55 excavators and 13 bulldozers . Virtually every road that was severed by the Berlin Wall ( that links from West Berlin to East Berlin ) was reconstructed and reopened by 1 August 1990 . In Berlin alone , 184 km of wall , 154 km border fence , 144 km signal systems and 87 km barrier ditches were removed . What remained were six sections that were to be preserved as a memorial . Various military units dismantled the Berlin / Brandenberg border wall , completing the job in November 1991 . Painted wall segments with artistically valuable motifs were auctioned in auctions in 1990 in Berlin and Monte Carlo . On 1 July , the day East Germany adopted the West German currency , all de jure border controls ceased , although the inter-German border had become meaningless for some time before that . The fall of the Wall marked the first critical step towards German reunification , which formally concluded a mere 339 days later on 3 October 1990 with the dissolution of East Germany and the official reunification of the German state along the democratic lines of the West German Basic Law . An East German guard talks to a Westerner through a broken seam in the wall in late November 1989 . A crane removes a section of the Wall near Brandenburg Gate on 21 December 1989 . Almost all of the remaining sections were rapidly chipped away . December 1990 . West Germans peer at East German border guards through a hole in the wall on 5 January 1990 . Short section of the Berlin Wall at Potsdamer Platz , March 2009 Souvenir chunk of concrete from the Wall Opposition In some European capitals at the time , there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified Germany . In September 1989 , British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher pleaded with Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev not to let the Berlin Wall fall and confided that she wanted the Soviet leader to do what he could to stop it . `` We do not want a united Germany . This would lead to a change to postwar borders and we can not allow that because such a development would undermine the stability of the whole international situation and could endanger our security , '' Thatcher told Gorbachev . After the fall of the Berlin Wall , French President François Mitterrand warned Thatcher that a unified Germany could make more ground than Adolf Hitler ever had and that Europe would have to bear the consequences . Celebrations On 21 November 1989 , Crosby , Stills & Nash performed the song `` Chippin ' Away '' from Graham Nash 's 1986 solo album Innocent Eyes in front of the Brandenburg Gate . On 25 December 1989 , Leonard Bernstein gave a concert in Berlin celebrating the end of the Wall , including Beethoven 's 9th symphony ( Ode to Joy ) with the word `` Joy '' ( Freude ) changed to `` Freedom '' ( Freiheit ) in the lyrics sung . The poet Schiller may have originally written `` Freedom '' and changed it to `` Joy '' out of fear . The orchestra and choir were drawn from both East and West Germany , as well as the United Kingdom , France , the Soviet Union , and the United States . On New Year 's Eve 1989 , David Hasselhoff performed his song `` Looking for Freedom '' while standing atop the partly demolished wall . Roger Waters performed the Pink Floyd album The Wall just north of Potsdamer Platz on 21 July 1990 , with guests including Bon Jovi , Scorpions , Bryan Adams , Sinéad O'Connor , Cyndi Lauper , Thomas Dolby , Joni Mitchell , Marianne Faithfull , Levon Helm , Rick Danko and Van Morrison . Over the years , there has been a repeated controversial debate as to whether 9 November would make a suitable German national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in East Germany , such as Werner Schulz . Besides being the emotional apogee of East Germany 's peaceful revolution , 9 November is also the date of the 1918 abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II and declaration of the Weimar Republic , the first German republic . However , 9 November is also the anniversary of the execution of Robert Blum in following the 1848 Vienna revolts , the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch and the infamous Kristallnacht pogroms of the Nazis in 1938 . Nobel Laureate Elie Wiesel criticized the first euphoria , noting that `` they forgot that 9 November has already entered into history -- 51 years earlier it marked the Kristallnacht . '' As reunification was not official and complete until 3 October , that day was finally chosen as German Unity Day . 20th anniversary celebrations On 9 November 2009 , Berlin celebrated the 20th Anniversary of the Fall of the Berlin Wall with a `` Festival of Freedom '' with dignitaries from around the world in attendance for an evening celebration around the Brandenburg Gate . A high point was when over 1,000 colourfully designed foam domino tiles , each over 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) tall , that were stacked along the former route of the Wall in the city center were toppled in stages , converging in front of the Brandenburg Gate . A Berlin Twitter Wall was set up to allow Twitter users to post messages commemorating the 20th anniversary . The Chinese government quickly shut down access to the Twitter Wall after masses of Chinese users began using it to protest the Great Firewall of China . In the United States , the German Embassy coordinated a public diplomacy campaign with the motto `` Freedom Without Walls '' , to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall . The campaign was focused on promoting awareness of the fall of the Berlin Wall among current college students . Students at over 30 universities participated in `` Freedom Without Walls '' events in late 2009 . First place winner of the Freedom Without Walls Speaking Contest Robert Cannon received a free trip to Berlin for 2010 . An international project called Mauerreise ( Journey of the Wall ) took place in various countries . Twenty symbolic Wall bricks were sent from Berlin starting in May 2009 , with the destinations being Korea , Cyprus , Yemen , and other places where everyday life is characterised by division and border experience . In these places , the bricks will become a blank canvas for artists , intellectuals and young people to tackle the `` wall '' phenomenon . To commemorate the 20th Anniversary of the Fall of the Berlin Wall , Twinity reconstructed a true - to - scale section of the Wall in virtual Berlin . The MTV Europe Music Awards , on 5 November , had U2 and Tokio Hotel perform songs dedicated to , and about the Berlin Wall . U2 performed at the Brandenburg Gate , and Tokio Hotel performed `` World Behind My Wall '' . Palestinians in the town of Kalandia , West Bank pulled down parts of the Israeli West Bank barrier , in a demonstration marking the 20th Anniversary of the Fall of the Berlin Wall . The International Spy Museum in Washington DC hosted a Trabant car rally where 20 Trabants gathered in recognition of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall . Rides were raffled every half - hour and a Trabant crashed through a Berlin Wall mock up . The Trabant was the East German people 's car that many used to leave DDR after the collapse . The Allied Museum in the Dahlem district of Berlin hosted a number of events to mark the Twentieth Anniversary of the Fall of the Berlin Wall . The museum held a Special Exhibition entitled `` Wall Patrol -- The Western Powers and the Berlin Wall 1961 -- 1990 '' which focused on the daily patrols deployed by the Western powers to observe the situation along the Berlin Wall and the fortifications on the GDR border . A sheet of `` Americans in Berlin '' Commemorative Cinderella stamps designed by T.H.E. Hill , the author of Voices Under Berlin , was presented to the Museum by David Guerra , Berlin veteran and webmaster of the site www.berlinbrigade.com . The stamps splendidly illustrate that even twenty years on , veterans of service in Berlin still regard their service there as one of the high points of their lives . Legacy Remaining stretch of the Wall near Ostbahnhof in Friedrichshain called East Side Gallery , August 2006 Remains of the Wall adjacent to the Topography of Terror , August 2007 A memorial of over a thousand crosses and a segment of the Wall for those who died trying to cross . The memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed . A `` BERLINER MAUER 1961 -- 1989 '' plaque near Checkpoint Charlie signifying where the Wall stood Display of two sections of the Wall and a `` You are leaving '' sign at Fort Gordon , Georgia The Berlin Wall from the East Berlin side , 1967 A sign reading `` Until we see each other again in the capital of the GDR '' Czech hedgehog antitank obstacles and the Wall An exhibition dedicated to the 25th anniversary to the Berlin Wall destruction was located at Potsdamer Platz Arkaden Line indicating where the Wall once stood , just off Potsdamer Platz , in 2015 Little is left of the Wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost in its entirety . Three long sections are still standing : an 80 - metre - long ( 260 ft ) piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall at the Topography of Terror , site of the former Gestapo headquarters , halfway between Checkpoint Charlie and Potsdamer Platz ; a longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the Spree River near the Oberbaumbrücke , nicknamed East Side Gallery ; and a third section that is partly reconstructed , in the north at Bernauer Straße , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . Other isolated fragments , lampposts , other elements , and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . The former leadership in the Schlesischen Busch in the vicinity of the Puschkinallee -- the listed , twelve - meter high watchtower stands in a piece of the wall strip , which has been turned into a park , near the Lohmühleninsel The former `` Kieler Eck '' ( Kieler Eck ) on Kieler Strasse in Mitte , close to the Berlin - Spandau Schifffahrtskanal -- the tower is protected as a historic monument and now surrounded on three sides by new buildings . It houses a memorial site named after the Wallopfer Günter Litfin , who was shot at Humboldthafen in August 1961 . The memorial site , which is run by the initiative of his brother Jürgen Liftin , can be viewed after registration . The former management office at Nieder Neuendorf , in the district of Hennigsdorf of the same name -- here is the permanent exhibition on the history of the border installations between the two German states . The former management station at Bergfelde , today the district of Hohen Neuendorf -- The tower is located in an already reforested area of the border strip and is used together with surrounding terrain as a nature protection tower by the Deutschen Waldjugend . The only one of the much slimmer observation towers ( BT - 11 ) in the Erna - Berger - Strasse also in Mitte -- however , was moved by a few meters for construction work and is no longer in the original location ; There is an exhibition about the wall in the area of the Potsdamer Platz in planning . Nothing still accurately represents the Wall 's original appearance better than a very short stretch at Bernauer Straße associated with the Berlin Wall Documentation Center . Other remnants are badly damaged by souvenir seekers . Fragments of the Wall were taken and some were sold around the world . Appearing both with and without certificates of authenticity , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service eBay as well as German souvenir shops . Today , the eastern side is covered in graffiti that did not exist while the Wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of East Germany . Previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . Along some tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former Wall by a row of cobblestones in the street . In most places only the `` first '' wall is marked , except near Potsdamer Platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . After the fall of Berlin Wall , there were initiatives that they want to preserve the death strip walkways and redevelop it into a hiking and cycling area , known as Berliner Mauerweg . It is part of the initiative by Berlin Senate since 2005 . Cultural differences For many years after reunification , people in Germany talked about cultural differences between East and West Germans ( colloquially Ossis and Wessis ) , sometimes described as Mauer im Kopf ( The wall in the head ) . A September 2004 poll found that 25 percent of West Germans and 12 percent of East Germans wished that East and West should be separated again by a `` Wall '' . A poll taken in October 2009 on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Wall indicated , however , that only about a tenth of the population was still unhappy with the unification ( 8 percent in the East ; 12 percent in the West ) . Although differences are still perceived between East and West , Germans make similar distinctions between North and South . A 2011 poll conducted by Russia 's VTsIOM , found that more than half of all Russians do not know who built the Berlin Wall . Ten percent of people surveyed thought Berlin residents built it themselves . Six percent said Western powers built it and four percent thought it was a `` bilateral initiative '' of the Soviet Union and the West . Fifty - eight percent said they did not know who built it , with just 24 percent correctly naming the Soviet Union and its then - communist ally East Germany . Wall segments around the World Segment of the Berlin wall in the Sanctuary of Fátima , Portugal Main article : List of Berlin Wall segments Not all segments of the Wall were ground up as the Wall was being torn down . Many segments have been given to various institutions in the world . They can be found , for instance , in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , and in public spaces in different countries of the world . Remains of the Berlin wall , still in its original spot , 2016 50th anniversary commemoration On 13 August 2011 , Germany marked the 50th anniversary of East Germany beginning the erection of the Berlin Wall . Chancellor Angela Merkel joined with President Christian Wulff and Berlin Mayor Klaus Wowereit at the Bernauer Straße memorial park to remember lives and liberty . Speeches extolled freedom and a minute of silence at noon honored those who died trying to flee to the West . `` It is our shared responsibility to keep the memory alive and to pass it on to the coming generations as a reminder to stand up for freedom and democracy to ensure that such injustice may never happen again , '' entreated Mayor Wowereit . `` It has been shown once again : Freedom is invincible at the end . No wall can permanently withstand the desire for freedom '' , proclaimed President Wulff . '' Related media Documentary films specifically about the Berlin Wall : The Tunnel , a NBC News Special documentary film broadcast in December 1962 The Road to the Wall , a 1962 documentary film Something to Do with the Wall , 1991 documentary about the fall of the Berlin Wall by Ross McElwee and Marilyn Levine , originally conceived as a commemoration of the 25th anniversary of its construction . Rabbit à la Berlin , a 2009 documentary film , directed by Bartek Konopka , told from point of view of a group of wild rabbits that inhabited the zone between the two walls Fictional films featuring the Berlin Wall have included : The Spy Who Came in from the Cold , 1965 -- Cold War classic set on both sides of The Wall , from the book by John le Carré , directed by Martin Ritt The Boy and the Ball and the Hole in the Wall , Spanish - Mexican co-production , 1965 Funeral in Berlin , 1966 -- Spy movie starring Michael Caine , directed by Guy Hamilton Casino Royale , 1967 -- featuring a segment centred on a house apparently bisected by the Wall . The Wicked Dreams of Paula Schultz , 1968 -- Cold War spy farce about an Olympic athlete who defects . Director George Marshall Berlin Tunnel 21 , 1981 -- A made - for - TV movie about a former American officer leading an attempt to build a tunnel underneath The Wall as a rescue route . The Soldier , 1982 -- A renegade KGB team put nuclear weapons in Saudi Arabia to force America to make the Israelis pull out of the West Bank or the bomb will make 50 % of the world 's oil radioactive for decades . The title character of the movie has a team break into a missile silo in Smith Center , Kansas to obtain independent launch capability , then he and an Israeli security agent drive an automobile from West Germany over the Berlin Wall into East Germany where he informs the KGB agents that if the nuke goes off in Saudi Arabia , his team in Kansas will nuke Moscow . The Innocent , 1993 -- About the joint CIA / MI6 operation to build a tunnel under East Berlin in the 1950s . Directed by John Schlesinger The Tunnel , 2001 -- Dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under the Wall . Film by Roland Suso Richter In the 2015 film Bridge of Spies , Frederic Pryor , an American economics graduate student , visits his German girlfriend in East Berlin just as the Berlin Wall is being built . He tries to bring her back into West Berlin , but is stopped by Stasi agents and arrested as a spy . Some novels specifically about the Berlin Wall : John le Carré , The Spy Who Came in from the Cold , 1963 -- Classic Cold War spy fiction Len Deighton , Berlin Game , 1983 -- Classic Cold War spy fiction T.H.E. Hill , The Day Before the Berlin Wall : Could We Have Stopped It ? -- An Alternate History of Cold War Espionage , 2010 -- based on a legend told in Berlin in the 1970s John Marks , The Wall , 1999 NYT Review -- an American spy defects to the East just hours before the Wall falls Marcia Preston , West of the Wall ( published as Trudy 's Promise in North America ) , 2008 -- Left behind in East Berlin , the heroine waits for news of her husband after he makes his escape over the Berlin Wall Peter Schneider , The Wall Jumper , 1984 ( German : Der Mauerspringer , 1982 ) -- the Wall plays a central role in this novel set in Berlin of the 1980s Music related to the Berlin Wall `` West of the Wall , a 1962 top 40 hit by Toni Fisher , told the tale of two lovers separated by the newly - built Berlin Wall . `` Holidays in the Sun '' , a song by the English punk rock band The Sex Pistols prominently mentions the Wall , specifically singer Johnny Rotten 's fantasy of digging a tunnel under it . David Bowie 's `` Heroes '' was inspired by the image of a couple kissing at the Berlin Wall ( in reality , the couple was his producer Tony Visconti and backup singer Antonia Maaß ) . The song ( which , along with the album of the same name , were recorded in Berlin ) , makes lyrical references to the kissing couple , and to the `` Wall of Shame '' ( `` the shame was on the other side '' ) . Upon his death , the German Foreign Office paid homage to Bowie on Twitter , : see also above Over de muur ( nl ) , a 1984 song by Dutch pop band Klein Orkest ( nl ) , about the differences between East and West Berlin during the period of the Berlin Wall . `` Chippin ' Away '' , a song by Tom Fedora , as performed by Crosby , Stills & Nash on the Berlin Wall appeared on Graham Nash 's 1986 solo album Innocent Eyes . The music video for Liza Fox 's song `` Free '' ( 2013 ) contain video clips of the fall of the Berlin Wall . Art related to the Berlin Wall In the year 1982 the West - German artist Elsner ( de ) created about 500 artworks along the former border strip around West - Berlin as part of his work series `` Border Injuries '' . On one of his actions he even tore down a large part of the Wall , installed a prepared foil of 3x2m in it and finished the painting there before the border soldiers on patrol could detect him . This performance was even recorded on video . His actions are well - documented both in newspapers from that time and in recent scientific publications . Video games related to the Berlin Wall 1999 's SimCity 3000 featured a scenario taking place at the end of the Cold War , where the player must demolish the wall and re-unite East and West Berlin , being given 5 years in the game to complete the task . The longer it takes to complete the goals results in riots in the city . The `` First Strike '' downloadable content pack for 2010s Call of Duty : Black Ops includes a multiplayer map that takes place at the Berlin Wall ( `` Berlin Wall '' ) The introductory video to the Rise and Fall expansion for Civilization VI depicts a woman striking the wall with a sledgehammer . In April 2018 game publisher Playway S.A. announced that Polish game studio K202 is working on The Berlin Wall game that will be published in December 2018 . See also The Berlin Wall ( video game ) Brandenburg Gate Chapel of Reconciliation Checkpoint Charlie Checkpoint Charlie stand - off ( October 1961 ) Dissolution of the Soviet Union ( 1991 ) Green Line ( Beirut ) Inner German Border Korean Demilitarized Zone Military Demarcation Line List of walls Operation Gold Ostalgie Peace Lines ( Belfast ) Reunification of Jerusalem The Wall -- Live in Berlin ( rock opera / concert , 21 July 1990 ) References Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Untangling 5 myths about the Berlin Wall '' . Chicago Tribune . 31 October 2014 . Retrieved 1 November 2014 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Video : Berlin , 1961 / 08 / 31 ( 1961 ) . Universal Newsreel. 1961 . Retrieved 20 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` In Photos : 25 years ago todaythe Berlin Wall Fell '' . TheJournal.ie. 9 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Jack Marck Archived 29 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine . `` Over the Wall : A Once - in - a-Lifetime Experience '' American Heritage , October 2006 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.cnn.com/2013/09/15/world/europe/berlin-wall-fast-facts/index.html Jump up ^ `` Berlin Wall : Five things you might not know '' . The Telegraph . 12 August 2011 . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Freedom ! '' . Time . 20 November 1989 . Retrieved 9 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Forschungsprojekt `` Die Todesopfer an der Berliner Mauer , 1961 -- 1989 '' : BILANZ ( Stand : 7 . August 2008 ) ( in German ) `` . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Todesopfer an der Berliner Mauer '' ( Fatalities at the Berlin Wall ) ( in German ) . Chronik der Mauer . Retrieved 26 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mary Elise Sarotte , Collapse : The Accidental Opening of the Berlin Wall , New York : Basic Books , 2014 Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , pp. 4 -- 5 Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , p. 16 Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , p. 10 Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , p. 13 ^ Jump up to : Wettig 2008 , p. 95 - 5 ^ Jump up to : Wettig 2008 , p. 96 Jump up ^ The political process contrasted with that in West German zones occupied by France , the United Kingdom , and the United States , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( Turner , Henry Ashby . The Two Germanies Since 1945 : East and West , Yale University Press , 1987 , ISBN 0 - 300 - 03865 - 8 , page 20 ) Jump up ^ Turner 1987 , p. 47 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 33 Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , pp. 65 -- 70 Jump up ^ Turner 1987 , p. 29 Jump up ^ Fritsch - Bournazel , Renata , Confronting the German Question : Germans on the East - West Divide , Berg Publishers , 1990 , ISBN 0 - 85496 - 684 - 6 , page 143 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 34 Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , pp. 180 -- 81 Jump up ^ Wettig 2008 , p. 179 Jump up ^ In a congratulatory telegram , Stalin emphasized that , with the creation of East Germany , the `` enslavement of European countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . '' ( Wettig , Gerhard , Stalin and the Cold War in Europe , Rowman & Littlefield , 2008 , ISBN 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 , page 179 ) Jump up ^ https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/history/berlin-wall-what-you-need-to-know-about-the-barrier-that-divided-east-and-west-9847347.html ^ Jump up to : Thackeray 2004 , p. 188 Jump up ^ Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Arbeit und Sozialordnung , Familie und Frauen , Statistik Spätaussiedler Dezember 2007 , p. 3 ( in German ) Jump up ^ Loescher 2001 , p. 60 Jump up ^ Loescher 2001 , p. 68 Jump up ^ Dale 2005 , p. 17 Jump up ^ Dowty 1989 , p. 114 Jump up ^ Dowty 1989 , p. 116 ^ Jump up to : Dowty 1989 , p. 121 Jump up ^ Harrison 2003 , p. 240 - fn Jump up ^ Harrison 2003 , p. 98 ^ Jump up to : Harrison 2003 , p. 99 Jump up ^ Paul Maddrell , Spying on Science : Western Intelligence in Divided Germany 1945 -- 1961 , p. 56 . Oxford University Press , 2006 ^ Jump up to : Dowty 1989 , p. 122 ^ Jump up to : Harrison 2003 , p. 100 Jump up ^ English translation of `` Wer die Deutsche Demokratische Republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die Seite der Kriegstreiber '' ( `` He Who Leaves the German Democratic Republic Joins the Warmongers '' , Notizbuch des Agitators ( `` Agitator 's Notebook '' ) , Berlin : Socialist Unity Party 's Agitation Department , November 1955 . Jump up ^ Volker Rolf Berghahn , Modern Germany : Society , Economy and Politics in the Twentieth Century , p. 227 . Cambridge University Press , 1987 Jump up ^ Pearson 1998 , p. 75 Jump up ^ Crozier , Brian ( 1999 ) . The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire . Forum . p. 170 - 171 . ISBN 0 - 7615 - 2057 - 0 . Jump up ^ Afanasenko , E.I. ( 1964 - 03 - 01 ) . `` The Decisions of the June Plenary Meeting of the CPSU Central Committee and the Tasks of Public Education Bodies '' . Russian Education & Society . 6 ( 5 ) : 3 -- 13 . doi : 10.2753 / res1060 - 939306053 . ISSN 1060 - 9393 . Jump up ^ Leffler , Melvyn P. ; Westad , Odd Arne , eds. ( 2010 ) . `` The Cambridge History of the Cold War '' . doi : 10.1017 / chol9780521837200 . Jump up ^ Rottman , Gordon ( 2008 ) . The Berlin Wall and the Intra-German Border 1961 - 1989 . Oxford UK : Osprey Publishing . p. 29 . ISBN 978 - 184603 - 193 - 9 . Jump up ^ Wiegrefe , Klaus . `` Wir lassen euch jetzt ein , zwei Wochen Zeit '' , Spiegel Online -- einestages , May 2009 Jump up ^ `` Transcript of the telephone call between Khrushchev and Ulbricht on August 1 , 1961 '' ( in German ) . Welt.de. 30 May 2009 . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Sebetsyen , Victor ( 2009 ) . Revolution 1989 : The Fall of the Soviet Empire . New York City : Pantheon Books . ISBN 0 - 375 - 42532 - 2 . Jump up ^ http://blogs.reuters.com/berlin1961/2011/05/27/the-worst-day-of-jfks-life/ Jump up ^ Kempe , Frederick ( 2011 ) . Berlin 1961 . Penguin Group ( USA ) . p. 247 . ISBN 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 . Jump up ^ http://www.historytoday.com/frederick-taylor/berlin-wall-secret-history Jump up ^ `` Exchanges of Territory '' . City of Berlin . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 23 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Exchanges of Territory : Lenné - Dreieck '' . City of Berlin . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 23 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wall Goes Up in Berlin -- Events of 1961 -- Year in Review '' . UPI.com. 29 May 1998 . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Keeling , Drew ( 2014 ) , business-of-migration.com `` Berlin Wall and Migration , '' Migration as a travel business Jump up ^ Taylor , Frederick . The Berlin Wall : 13 August 1961 -- 9 November 1989 . Bloomsbury 2006 Jump up ^ `` Goethe - Institut -- Topics -- German - German History Goethe - Institut '' . Web.archive.org. 9 April 2008 . Archived from the original on 9 April 2008 . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Die Regierungen der Warschauer Vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die Volkskammer und an die Regierung der DDR mit dem Vorschlag , an der Westberliner Grenze eine solche Ordnung einzuführen , durch die der Wühltätigkeit gegen die Länder des sozialistischen Lagers zuverlässig der Weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze Gebiet West - Berlins eine verlässliche Bewachung gewährleistet wird . '' Die Welt : Berlin wird geteilt Jump up ^ `` Neues Deutschland : Normales Leben in Berlin , 14 August 1961 '' ( in German ) . Zlb.de . Archived from the original on 18 July 2011 . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Sarotte , Mary Elise ( 2014 ) . The Collapse : The Accidental Opening of the Berlin Wall . New York : Basic Books . p. 114 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` Berlin Crisis After Dividing Berlin , August 1961 '' ( PDF ) . The National Security Archive at George Washington University in Washington , D.C . Retrieved 26 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Matthew M. Aid & William Burr ( 25 September 2013 ) . `` '' Disreputable if Not Outright Illegal `` : The National Security Agency versus Martin Luther King , Muhammad Ali , Art Buchwald , Frank Church , et al '' . The National Security Archive at the George Washington University in Washington , D.C . Retrieved 26 September 2013 . Jump up ^ See also Hackworth , About Face Jump up ^ Evans , Ben ( 2014 ) . Escaping The Bonds of Earth : The Fifties and the Sixties . Chichester UK : Praxis Publishing . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 79093 - 0 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Micah ( 1996 ) `` After the Wall : The Legal Ramifications of the East German Border Guard Trials in Unified Germany , '' Cornell International Law Journal : Vol. 29 : Iss. 3 , Article 3 . p 728 Jump up ^ Berliner Mauer ( Stand 31 . Juli 1989 ) Polizeipräsident von Berlin . 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The Berlin Wall : A World Divided 1961 -- 1989 , London : Harper Perennial , 2006 . Jump up ^ Kempe , Frederick ( 2011 ) . Berlin 1961 . Penguin Group ( USA ) . p. 394 . ISBN 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 . Jump up ^ MRS . THATCHER VISITS THE BERLIN WALL , The New York Times , 30 October 1982 ^ Jump up to : Fisher , Max ( 11 January 2016 ) . `` David Bowie at the Berlin Wall : the incredible story of a concert and its role in history '' . Vox . Retrieved 12 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Did Bowie bring down the Berlin Wall ? '' . The Week . 15 December 2008 . Retrieved 11 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GERMANY : Thank you David Bowie for helping bring down the Berlin Wall '' . Business Insider Australia . 11 January 2016 . Retrieved 11 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Good - bye , David Bowie '' . German Foreign Office . 11 January 2016 . Retrieved 11 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Did Springsteen 's 1988 Berlin gig rock the Wall ? '' . The Local -- Germany 's News in English . 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Retrieved 9 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Palestinians break Israel 's wall -- Middle East '' . Al Jazeera English . 9 November 2009 . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Allied Museum ( 2009 ) . `` Wall Patrol -- The Western Powers and the Berlin Wall 1961 -- 1990 Special Exhibition '' . Allied Museum , Berlin , Germany . Archived from the original on 17 July 2011 . Retrieved 23 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Allied Museum ( 2009 ) . `` American Commemorative Stamps Presented to the Museum '' . Allied Museum , Berlin , Germany . Archived from the original on 17 July 2011 . Retrieved 23 July 2010 . ( ) Jump up ^ `` Flutgraben e.V. '' www.kunstfabrik.org . Jump up ^ `` Berlin Wall Memorial '' . Berlin Wall Foundation . Retrieved 23 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Reuters ( 8 September 2004 ) . `` One in 5 Germans wants Berlin Wall rebuilt '' . MSNBC . Archived from the original on 13 June 2006 . Retrieved 23 February 2006 . Jump up ^ ZDF `` Wochenjournal '' ( 5 November 2009 ) . `` Große Zustimmung zur Wiedervereinigung '' . ZDF . Archived from the original on 14 December 2009 . Retrieved 6 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Solovyov , Dmitry ( 5 November 2009 ) . `` Who built Berlin Wall ? Most Russians do n't know Reuters '' . Uk.reuters.com . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Where in the World Is the Berlin Wall ? '' . Newsweek. 11 November 2014 . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Germany marks 50th anniversary of Berlin Wall '' . London : UK Telegraph . 13 August 2011 . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Germany Marks Construction of the Berlin Wall '' . Associated Press . 13 August 2011 . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Reflecting on the Berlin Wall , 50 Years After Its Construction '' . History.com. 11 August 2011 . Archived from the original on 25 January 2013 . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Years Berlin Wall 1961 -- 1989 ( video clips ) '' . German World . 13 August 2011 . Archived from the original on 12 November 2011 . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . Jump up ^ McElwee , Ross . `` Something to do with the Wall '' . RossMcElwee.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Gélin , Daniel ; Varela , Yolanda ; Arco , Nino Del ; Block , Karin ( 15 July 1965 ) , The Boy and the Ball and the Hole in the Wall , retrieved 12 May 2017 Jump up ^ `` The Day Before The Berlin Wall : Could We have Stopped It ? '' . Voicesunderberlin.com . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cold War Reheated '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Administrator . `` View the author 's website '' . Retrieved 1 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Kollmeyer , Barbara ( 11 January 2016 ) . `` David Bowie death triggers tributes from Iggy Pop , Madonna -- even the Vatican and the German government '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved 23 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Klein Orkest biography '' . Sweetslyrics.com . Archived from the original on 24 September 2011 . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Crosby , Stills & Nash 1990 -- Chippin ' Away on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Liza Fox -- FREE ( Music Video ) '' . YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Die Mauer als Muse '' . The Wall fell on July 18th 1982 . Lars von Törne in Der Tagesspiegel . Retrieved 13 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ELSNER 's Border Injuries '' . artworks & video documentation . galerie son . Jump up ^ `` ELSNER '' . press archive . galerie son . Bibliography Böcker , Anita ( 1998 ) . Regulation of Migration : International Experiences . Het Spinhuis . ISBN 90 - 5589 - 095 - 2 . Buckley , William F. , Jr. ( 2004 ) . The Fall of the Berlin Wall . Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley and Sons . ISBN 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 . Cate , Curtis ( 1978 ) . `` The Ides of August : The Berlin Wall Crisis -- 1961 '' . New York City : M. Evans . Childs , David ( 2001 ) The Fall of the GDR : Germany 's Road To Unity , Longman , Pearsoned.co.uk 2001 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 31569 - 3 , ISBN 0 - 582 - 31569 - 7 Childs , David , The GDR : Moscow 's German Ally , ( Second Edition 1988 , First Edition 1983 , George Allen & Unwin , London ) ISBN 0 - 04 - 354029 - 5 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 04 - 354029 - 9 . Childs , David , ( 2001 ) The Fall of the GDR , Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 31569 - 7 Amazon.co.uk Childs , David , ( 2000 ) The Two Red Flags : European Social Democracy & Soviet Communism Since 1945 , Routledge . Informaworld.com Childs , David , ( 1991 ) Germany in the Twentieth Century , ( From pre-1918 to the restoration of German unity ) , Batsford , Third edition . ISBN 0 - 7134 - 6795 - 9 Childs , David , ( 1987 ) East Germany to the 1990s Can It Resist Glasnost ? , The Economist Intelligence Unit . ISBN 0 - 85058 - 245 - 8 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 85058 - 245 - 1 . Worldcat.org Dale , Gareth ( 2005 ) . Popular Protest in East Germany , 1945 -- 1989 : Judgements on the Street . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 5408 - 6 . Dowty , Alan ( 1989 ) . Closed Borders : The Contemporary Assault on Freedom of Movement . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 04498 - 4 . Gaddis , John Lewis ( 2005 ) . The Cold War : A New History . Penguin Press . ISBN 1 - 59420 - 062 - 9 . Harrison , Hope Millard ( 2003 ) . Driving the Soviets Up the Wall : Soviet - East German Relations , 1953 -- 1961 . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 09678 - 3 . Catudal , Honoré M. ( 1980 ) . `` Kennedy '' . West Berlin : Berlin Verlag . Hertle , Hans - Hermann ( 2007 ) . `` The Berlin Wall '' . Bonn : Federal Centre for Political Education . Kennedy , John F. `` July 25 , 1961 speech '' . Archived from the original on 29 April 2009 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Loescher , Gil ( 2001 ) . The UNHCR and World Politics : A Perilous Path . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 829716 - 5 . Maclean , Rory ( 1992 ) . `` Stalin 's Nose : Across the Face of Europe '' . London : HarperCollins . Miller , Roger Gene ( 2000 ) . To Save a City : The Berlin Airlift , 1948 -- 1949 . Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 0 - 89096 - 967 - 1 . Mynz , Rainer ( 1995 ) . `` Where Did They All Come From ? Typology and Geography of European Mass Migration In the Twentieth Century ; European Population Conference Congress European de Démographie '' . United Nations Population Division . Pearson , Raymond ( 1998 ) . The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire . Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 312 - 17407 - 1 . Schneider , Peter ( 2005 ) . `` The Wall Jumper '' . London : Penguin Classics . Schulte , Bennet ( 2011 ) . The Berlin Wall . Remains of a Lost Border . ( Die Berliner Mauer . Spuren einer verschwundenen Grenze ) . be. bra verlag , Berlin . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8148 - 0185 - 8 . Taylor , Frederick . The Berlin Wall : 13 August 1961 -- 9 November 1989 . Bloomsbury 2006 Thackeray , Frank W. ( 2004 ) . Events that changed Germany . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32814 - 5 . Friedrich , Thomas ( 1996 ) . Wo die Mauer War / Where was the Wall ? . Harry Hampel ( photos ) . Berlin : Nicolai . ISBN 3 - 87584 - 695 - 8 . Turner , Henry Ashby ( 1987 ) . The Two Germanies Since 1945 : East and West . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 03865 - 8 . Wettig , Gerhard ( 2008 ) . Stalin and the Cold War in Europe . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 . Luftbildatlas . Entlang der Berliner Mauer . Karten , Pläne und Fotos . Hans Wolfgang Hoffmann / Philipp Meuser ( eds . ) Berlin 2009 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 Sarotte , Mary Elise , Collapse : The Accidental Opening of the Berlin Wall , New York : Basic Books , 2014 Sarotte , Mary Elise , 1989 : The Struggle to Create Post-Cold War Europe ( Second Edition ) Princeton : Princeton University Press , 2014 Crozier , Brian ( 1999 ) . The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire . Forum . pp. 170 -- 171 . ISBN 0 - 7615 - 2057 - 0 . Further reading Hockenos , Paul ( 2017 ) . Berlin calling : a story of anarchy , music , the Wall , and the birth of the new Berlin . New York : The New Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62097 - 195 - 6 . OCLC 959535547 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Berlin Wall Wikimedia Commons has media related to Berlin Wall . Look up Berlin Wall in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Official website `` Berlin Wall Memorial '' . Berlin Wall Foundation . `` Chronicle of the Berlin Wall '' . Deutschlandradio . `` The Berlin Wall : a Multimedia Story '' . Rundfunk Berlin - Brandenburg ( RRB ) . `` Berlin Wall collected news and commentary '' . The New York Times . Works about Berlin Wall in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) `` Berlin Wall ( newsreel archives ) '' ( Adobe Flash video ) ) . Multimedia . British Pathe . Berlin Wall on OpenStreetMap ( zoomable and scrollable ) Other resources : Berlin Wall at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Berlin Wall image group on Flickr Berlin Wall Online , historical chronicle Nail , Norbert . `` Meine Mauer -- Deutsche Bilder aus der Vergangenheit '' ( My Wall -- German Pictures from the past ) ( in German ) . University of Marburg . Berlin Wall Main articles Berlin Wall Inner German border Iron Curtain Wall of Shame East Berlin West Berlin German reunification Eastern Bloc emigration and defection Republikflucht Berlin Crisis of 1961 Memorials , museums and galleries White Crosses East Side Gallery Checkpoint Charlie Museum Topography of Terror Mauerpark Chapel of Reconciliation Crossings Berlin border crossings Bornholmer Straße Checkpoint Charlie Checkpoint Bravo Berlin Friedrichstraße station Glienicke Bridge Invalidenstraße Oberbaum Bridge Sonnenallee Tränenpalast , Friedrichstrasse station Died breaching the Wall List of deaths at the Berlin Wall Klaus Brueske Peter Fechter Winfried Freudenberg Christian - Peter Friese Chris Gueffroy Marienetta Jirkowsky Cengaver Katrancı Erna Kelm Czesław Kukuczka Günter Litfin Dorit Schmiel Olga Segler Ida Siekmann Heinz Sokolowski Hildegard Trabant Rudolf Urban Christel and Eckhard Wehage Others associated with the Wall Günter Schabowski Riccardo Ehrman Erich Honecker Conrad Schumann Walter Ulbricht The Wall in speeches Ich bin ein Berliner `` Tear down this wall ! '' In popular culture The Tunnel ( NBC documentary ) The Wall ( 1962 film ) The Road to the Wall Das Versprechen The Tunnel ( 2001 film ) Rabbit à la Berlin ( 2009 documentary ) Good Bye , Lenin ! Sonnenallee The Berlin Wall ( video game ) `` Nikita '' `` West of the Wall '' `` The Soldier '' Funeral in Berlin Gotcha ! Judgment in Berlin ( novel ) Judgment in Berlin ( film ) Stop Train 349 The Spy Who Came in from the Cold ( novel ) The Spy Who Came in from the Cold ( film ) Bridge of Spies Atomic Blonde Other List of Berlin Wall segments Ghost station Steinstücken Grenzgänger ( Cross-border commuters ) Book : Berlin Wall Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact Cold War II 1940s Morgenthau Plan Hukbalahap Rebellion Dekemvriana Percentages agreement Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Operation Downfall Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Division of Korea Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Baruch Plan Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference May 1947 Crises Marshall Plan Comecon 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Papua conflict Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism Egyptian Revolution of 1952 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War ( Mexico ) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam Vietnam War First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis `` We will bury you '' Operation Gladio Arab Cold War Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1959 Tibetan uprising Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino - Soviet split 1960s Congo Crisis 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Soviet -- Albanian split Berlin Crisis of 1961 Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea - Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence Cuban Missile Crisis Sino - Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Iraqi Ramadan Revolution Eritrean War of Independence Sand War North Yemen Civil War Aden Emergency 1963 Syrian coup d'état Vietnam War Shifta War Guatemalan Civil War Colombian conflict Nicaraguan Revolution 1964 Brazilian coup d'état Dominican Civil War South African Border War Transition to the New Order Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War 1966 Syrian coup d'état Argentine Revolution Korean DMZ Conflict Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 Years of Lead ( Italy ) USS Pueblo incident Six - Day War War of Attrition Dhofar Rebellion Al - Wadiah War Protests of 1968 French May Tlatelolco massacre Cultural Revolution Prague Spring 1968 Polish political crisis Communist insurgency in Malaysia Invasion of Czechoslovakia Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution Goulash Communism Sino - Soviet border conflict CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Corrective Movement ( Syria ) Cambodian Civil War Koza riot Realpolitik Ping - pong diplomacy Uganda -- Tanzania War 1971 Turkish military memorandum Corrective Revolution ( Egypt ) Four Power Agreement on Berlin Bangladesh Liberation War 1972 Nixon visit to China North Yemen - South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 Yemenite War of 1972 NDF Rebellion Eritrean Civil Wars 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War 1973 oil crisis Carnation Revolution Spanish transition Metapolitefsi Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Rhodesian Bush War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Oromo conflict Ogaden War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Sino - Albanian split Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Sino - Vietnamese War Operation Condor Dirty War ( Argentina ) 1976 Argentine coup d'état Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Yemenite War of 1979 Grand Mosque seizure Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution New Jewel Movement 1979 Herat uprising Seven Days to the River Rhine Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union 1980s Soviet -- Afghan War 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 1980 Turkish coup d'état Peruvian conflict Casamance conflict Ugandan Bush War Lord 's Resistance Army insurgency Eritrean Civil Wars 1982 Ethiopian -- Somali Border War Ndogboyosoi War United States invasion of Grenada Able Archer 83 Star Wars Iran -- Iraq War Somali Rebellion 1986 Black Sea incident 1988 Black Sea bumping incident South Yemen Civil War Bougainville Civil War 8888 Uprising Solidarity Soviet reaction Contras Central American crisis RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007 People Power Revolution Glasnost Perestroika Nagorno - 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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire&oldid=801822024

A Song of Ice and Fire - wikipedia A Song of Ice and Fire Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the series of novels . For the television adaptation , see Game of Thrones . A Song of Ice and Fire A Song of Ice and Fire book collection box set cover A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( forthcoming ) A Dream of Spring ( forthcoming ) Author George R.R. Martin Country United States Language English Genre Epic fantasy Publisher Bantam Books ( US , Canada ) Voyager Books ( UK , Australia ) Published August 1996 -- present Media type Print ( hardback & paperback ) audiobook A Song of Ice and Fire is a series of epic fantasy novels by the American novelist and screenwriter George R.R. Martin . He began the first volume of the series , A Game of Thrones , in 1991 and had it published in 1996 . Martin , who initially envisioned the series as a trilogy , has published five out of a planned seven volumes . The fifth and most recent volume of the series published in 2011 , A Dance with Dragons , took Martin five years to write . He is still writing the sixth novel , The Winds of Winter . A Song of Ice and Fire takes place on the fictional continents Westeros and Essos . The point of view of each chapter in the story is a limited perspective of a range of characters growing from nine , in the first novel , to thirty - one by the fifth . Three main stories interweave a dynastic war among several families for control of Westeros , the rising threat of the supernatural Others in the northernmost reaches of Westeros , and the ambition of Daenerys Targaryen , the deposed king 's exiled daughter , to assume the Iron Throne . Martin 's inspirations included the Wars of the Roses and the French historical novels The Accursed Kings by Maurice Druon . A Song of Ice and Fire received praise for its diverse portrayal of women and religion , as well as its realism . An assortment of disparate and subjective points of view confronts the reader , and the success or survival of point of view characters is never assured . Within the often morally ambiguous world of A Song of Ice and Fire , questions concerning loyalty , pride , human sexuality , piety , and the morality of violence frequently arise . As of April 2015 , the books have sold more than 60 million copies worldwide and , as of January 2017 , have been translated into 47 languages . The fourth and fifth volumes reached the top of The New York Times Best Seller lists upon their releases . Among the many derived works are several prequel novellas , a TV series , a comic book adaptation , and several card , board , and video games . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot synopsis 2 Publishing history 2.1 Overview 2.2 First three novels ( 1991 -- 2000 ) 2.3 Bridging the timeline gap ( 2000 -- 2011 ) 2.4 Planned novels and future 2.4. 1 The Winds of Winter 2.4. 2 A Dream of Spring 2.4. 3 TV series and other writings 3 Inspiration and writing 3.1 Genre 3.2 Writing process 3.3 Narrative structure 3.4 Character development 4 Themes 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Sales 5.3 Fandom 5.4 Awards and nominations 6 Derived works 6.1 Novellas 6.2 TV series 6.3 Other works 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot synopsis ( edit ) Further information : List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters and World of A Song of Ice and Fire A Song of Ice and Fire takes place in a fictional world in which seasons last for years and end unpredictably . Nearly three centuries before the events of the first novel ( see backstory ) , the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros were united under the Targaryen dynasty by Aegon I and his sisters Visenya and Rhaenys , with Aegon Targaryen becoming the first king of the whole of the continent of Westeros , save for the southerly Dorne . At the beginning of A Game of Thrones , 15 peaceful years have passed since the rebellion led by Robert Baratheon deposed and killed the last Targaryen king , Aerys II , and proclaimed Robert king of the Seven Kingdoms , with a nine year long summer coming to an end . The principal story chronicles the power struggle for the Iron Throne among the great Houses of Westeros following the death of King Robert in A Game of Thrones . Robert 's heir apparent , the 13 - year old Joffrey , is immediately proclaimed king through the machinations of his mother , Queen Cersei Lannister . When Lord Eddard `` Ned '' Stark , Robert 's chief advisor , discovers that Joffrey and his siblings are the product of incest between Cersei and her twin brother Jaime `` The Kingslayer '' Lannister , Eddard is executed for treason . In response , Robert 's brothers Stannis and Renly both lay separate claims to the throne . During this period of instability , two of the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros attempt to become independent from the Iron Throne : Eddard 's eldest son Robb is proclaimed King in the North , while Balon Greyjoy desires to recover the sovereignty of his region , the Iron Islands . The so - called `` War of the Five Kings '' is in full progress by the middle of the second book , A Clash of Kings . The second story takes place in the far north of Westeros , where an 8,000 - year - old wall of ice , simply called `` the Wall '' , defends the Seven Kingdoms from the Others . The Wall 's sentinels , the Sworn Brotherhood of the Night 's Watch , also protect the realm from the incursions of the `` wildlings '' or `` Free Folk '' , who are humans living north of the Wall . The Night 's Watch story is told primarily through the point of view of Jon Snow , Eddard 's bastard son . Jon follows the footsteps of his uncle Benjen Stark and joins the Watch at a young age , rising quickly through the ranks , eventually becoming Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch . In the third volume , A Storm of Swords , the Night 's Watch storyline becomes increasingly entangled with the War of the Five Kings . The third story follows Daenerys Targaryen , daughter of Aerys , the last Targaryen king . On the continent of Essos , east of Westeros across the Narrow Sea , Daenerys is married off by her elder brother Viserys Targaryen to a powerful warlord , but slowly becomes an independent and intelligent ruler in her own right . Her rise to power is aided by the historic birth of three dragons , hatched from eggs given to her as wedding gifts . The three dragons soon become not only a symbol of her bloodline , but also devastating weapons of war . Publishing history ( edit ) Overview ( edit ) Books in the Ice and Fire series are first published in hardcover and are later re-released as paperback editions . In the UK , Harper Voyager publishes special slipcased editions . The series has also been translated into more than 30 languages . All page totals given below are for the US first editions . # Title Pages Chapters Words Audio US release A Game of Thrones 694 73 292,727 33h 53m August 1996 A Clash of Kings 768 70 318,903 37h 17m February 1999 A Storm of Swords 973 82 414,604 47h 37m November 2000 A Feast for Crows 753 46 295,032 31h 10m November 2005 5 A Dance with Dragons 1040 73 414,788 48h 56m July 2011 6 The Winds of Winter Forthcoming 7 A Dream of Spring Forthcoming Total 4,228 344 1,736,054 198h 53m First three novels ( 1991 -- 2000 ) ( edit ) George R.R. Martin at Archipelacon in Mariehamn , 2015 . George R.R. Martin was already a successful fantasy and sci - fi author and TV writer before writing his A Song of Ice and Fire book series . Martin had published his first short story in 1971 and his first novel in 1977 . By the mid-1990s , he had won three Hugo Awards , two Nebula Awards , and other awards for his short fiction . Although his early books were well received within the fantasy fiction community , his readership remained relatively small and Martin took on jobs as a writer in Hollywood in the mid-1980s . He worked principally on the revival of The Twilight Zone throughout 1986 and on Beauty and the Beast until 1990 , but he also developed his own TV pilots and wrote feature film scripts . He grew frustrated that his pilots and screenplays were not getting made and that TV - related production limitations like budgets and episode lengths were forcing him to cut characters and trim battle scenes . This pushed Martin back towards writing books , where he did not have to worry about compromising the size of his imagination . Admiring the works of J.R.R. Tolkien in his childhood , he wanted to write an epic fantasy , though he did not have any specific ideas . When Martin was between Hollywood projects in the summer of 1991 , he started writing a new science fiction novel called Avalon . After three chapters , he had a vivid idea of a boy seeing a man 's beheading and finding direwolves in the snow , which would eventually become the first non-prologue chapter of A Game of Thrones . Putting Avalon aside , Martin finished this chapter in a few days and grew certain that it was part of a longer story . After a few more chapters , Martin perceived his new book as a fantasy story and started making maps and genealogies . However , the writing of this book was interrupted for a few years when Martin returned to Hollywood to produce his TV series Doorways that ABC had ordered but ultimately never aired . `` The first scene ... chapter one of the first book , the chapter where they find the direwolf pups ... just came to me out of nowhere . I was ... at work on a different novel , and suddenly I saw that scene . It did n't belong in the novel I was writing , but it came to me so vividly that I had to sit down and write it , and by the time I did , it led to a second chapter , and the second chapter was the Catelyn chapter where Ned has just come back . '' -- George R.R. Martin in 2014 In 1994 , Martin gave to his agent , Kirby McCauley , the first 200 pages and a two - page story projection as part of a planned trilogy with the novels A Dance with Dragons and The Winds of Winter intended to follow . When Martin had still not reached the novel 's end at 1400 manuscript pages , he felt that the series needed to be four and eventually six books long , which he imagined as two linked trilogies of one long story . Martin chose A Song of Ice and Fire as the overall series title : Martin saw the struggle of the cold Others and the fiery dragons as one possible meaning for `` Ice and Fire '' , whereas the word `` song '' had previously appeared in Martin 's book titles A Song for Lya and Songs the Dead Men Sing , stemming from his obsessions with songs . Martin also named Robert Frost 's 1920 poem `` Fire and Ice '' and cultural associations such as passion versus betrayal as possible influences for the series ' title . The revised finished manuscript for A Game of Thrones was 1088 pages long ( without the appendices ) , with the publication following in August 1996 . Wheel of Time author Robert Jordan had written a short endorsement for the cover that was influential in ensuring the book 's and hence series ' early success with fantasy readers . Blood of the Dragon , a pre-release sample novella drawn from Daenerys 's chapters , went on to win the 1997 Hugo Award for Best Novella . The 300 pages removed from the A Game of Thrones manuscript served as the opening of the second book , entitled A Clash of Kings . It was released in February 1999 in the United States , with a manuscript length ( without appendices ) of 1184 pages . A Clash of Kings was the first book of the Ice and Fire series to make the best - seller lists , reaching 13 on The New York Times Best Seller list in 1999 . After the success of The Lord of the Rings films , Martin received his first inquiries to the rights of the Ice and Fire series from various producers and filmmakers . Martin was several months late turning in the third book , A Storm of Swords . The last chapter he had written was about the `` Red Wedding '' , a pivotal scene notable for its violence ( see Themes : Violence and death ) . A Storm of Swords was 1521 pages in manuscript ( without appendices ) , causing problems for many of Martin 's publishers around the world . Bantam Books published A Storm of Swords in a single volume in the United States in November 2000 , whereas some other - language editions were divided into two , three , or even four volumes . A Storm of Swords debuted at number 12 in the New York Times bestseller list . Bridging the timeline gap ( 2000 -- 2011 ) ( edit ) After A Game of Thrones , A Clash of Kings , and A Storm of Swords , Martin originally intended to write three more books . The fourth book , tentatively titled A Dance with Dragons , was to focus on Daenerys Targaryen 's return to Westeros and the associated conflicts . Martin wanted to set this story five years after A Storm of Swords so that the younger characters could grow older and the dragons grow larger . Agreeing with his publishers early on that the new book should be shorter than A Storm of Swords , Martin set out to write the novel closer in length to A Clash of Kings . A long prologue was to establish what had happened in the meantime , initially just as one chapter of Aeron Damphair on the Iron Islands at the Kingsmoot . Since the events on the Iron Islands were to have an impact in the book and could not be told with existing POV characters , Martin eventually introduced three new viewpoints . In 2001 , Martin was still optimistic that the fourth installment might be released in the last quarter of 2002 . However , the five - year gap did not work for all characters during writing . On one hand , Martin was unsatisfied with covering the events during the gap solely through flashbacks and internal retrospection . On the other hand , it was implausible to have nothing happen for five years . After working on the book for about a year , Martin realized he needed an additional interim book , which he called A Feast for Crows . The book would pick up the story immediately after the third book , and Martin scrapped the idea of a five - year gap . The material of the written 250 - page prologue was mixed in as new viewpoint characters from Dorne and the Iron Islands . These expanded storylines and the resulting story interactions complicated the plot for Martin . The manuscript length of A Feast for Crows eventually surpassed A Storm of Swords . Martin was reluctant to make the necessary deep cuts to get the book down to publishable length , as that would have compromised the story he had in mind . Printing the book in `` microtype on onion skin paper and giving each reader a magnifying glass '' was also not an option for him . On the other hand , Martin rejected the publishers ' idea of splitting the narrative chronologically into A Feast for Crows , Parts One and Two . Being already late with the book , Martin had not even started writing all characters ' stories and also objected to ending the first book without any resolution for its many viewpoint characters as in previous books . With the characters spread out across the world , a friend suggested that Martin divide the story geographically into two volumes , of which A Feast for Crows would be the first . This approach would give Martin the room to complete his commenced story arcs as he had originally intended , which he still felt was the best approach years later . Martin moved the unfinished characters ' stories set in the east ( Essos ) and north ( Winterfell and the Wall ) into the next book , A Dance with Dragons , and left A Feast for Crows to cover the events on Westeros , King 's Landing , the Riverlands , Dorne , and the Iron Islands . Both books begin immediately after the end of A Storm of Swords , running in parallel instead of sequentially , and involve different casts of characters with only little overlap . Martin split Arya 's chapters into both books after having already moved the three other most popular characters ( Jon Snow , Tyrion , and Daenerys ) into A Dance with Dragons . Upon its release in October 2005 in the UK and November 2005 in the US , A Feast for Crows went straight to the top of The New York Times bestseller list . Among the positive reviewers was Lev Grossman of Time , who dubbed Martin `` the American Tolkien '' . However , fans and critics alike were disappointed with the story split that left the fates of several popular characters unresolved after A Storm of Swords ' cliffhanger ending . With A Dance with Dragons said to be half - finished , Martin mentioned in the epilogue of A Feast for Crows that the next volume would be released by the next year . However , planned release dates were repeatedly pushed back . Meanwhile , HBO acquired the rights to turn Ice and Fire into a dramatic series in 2007 and aired the first of ten episodes covering A Game of Thrones in April 2011 . With around 1600 pages in manuscript length , A Dance with Dragons was eventually published in July 2011 after six years of writing , longer in page count and writing time than any of the preceding four novels . The story of A Dance with Dragons catches up and goes beyond A Feast for Crows around two - thirds into the book , but nevertheless covers less story than Martin had intended , omitting at least one planned large battle sequence and leaving several character threads ending in cliff - hangers . Martin attributed the delay mainly to his untangling `` the Meereenese knot '' , which the interviewer understood as `` making the chronology and characters mesh up as various threads converged on ( Daenerys ) '' . Martin also acknowledged spending too much time on rewriting and perfecting the story , but soundly rejected the theories of some of his critics that he had lost interest in the series or would bide his time to make more money . Planned novels and future ( edit ) Martin believes the last two volumes of the series will be big books of 1500 manuscript pages each . The sixth book will be called The Winds of Winter , taking the title of the last book of the originally planned trilogy . Displeased with the provisional title A Time for Wolves for the final volume , Martin ultimately announced A Dream of Spring as the title for the seventh book in 2006 . Martin said in March 2012 that the final two novels will take readers farther north than any of the previous books , and that the Others will appear in the book . The Winds of Winter ( edit ) Further information : The Winds of Winter The Winds of Winter will resolve the Dance with Dragons cliffhangers early on and `` will open with the two big battles that ( the fifth book ) was building up to , the battle in the ice and the battle ( ... ) of Slaver 's Bay . And then take it from there . '' By the middle of 2010 , Martin had already finished five chapters of The Winds of Winter from the viewpoints of Sansa Stark , Arya Stark , Arianne Martell , and Aeron Greyjoy , accumulating to around 100 completed pages . After the publication of A Dance with Dragons in 2011 , Martin announced he would return to writing in January 2012 . He spent the meantime on book tours , conventions , and continued working on his The World of Ice & Fire companion guide and a new Tales of Dunk and Egg novella . In December 2011 , Martin posted a chapter from The Winds of Winter from the viewpoint of Theon Greyjoy ; several other chapters have been made public since . Four hundred pages of the sixth novel have been written as of October 2012 , although Martin considers only 200 as `` really finished '' ; the rest needs revising . In 2011 , Martin gave three years as a realistic estimate for finishing the sixth book at a good pace , but said ultimately the book `` will be done when it 's done '' , acknowledging that his publication estimates had been too optimistic in the past . Martin did not intend to separate the characters geographically again . In 2015 there were indications that the book would be published before the sixth season of the HBO show but in early January 2016 Martin confirmed that he had not met an end - of - year deadline that he had established with his publisher for release of the book before the sixth season . He added that there was `` a lot still left to write '' and that completion of the book was `` months away still ... if the writing goes well . '' Martin also revealed there had been a previous deadline of October 2015 that he had considered achievable in May 2015 , and that in September 2015 he had still considered the end - of - year deadline achievable . He further confirmed that some of the plot of the book might be revealed in the upcoming season of Game of Thrones . In February 2016 , Martin stated that he dropped all his editing projects except for Wild Cards , and that he would not be writing any teleplays , screenplays , short stories , introductions or forewords before delivering The Winds of Winter . During the Guadalajara International Book Fair in Mexico in early December 2016 , Martin offered the following hint as to the tone of this book : There are a lot of dark chapters right now ... I 've been telling you for 20 years that winter was coming . Winter is the time when things die , and cold and ice and darkness fill the world , so this is not going to be the happy feel - good that people may be hoping for . Some of the characters ( are ) in very dark places . A Dream of Spring ( edit ) Martin is firm about ending the series with the seventh novel `` until I decide not to be firm '' . With his stated goal of telling the story from beginning to end , he will not truncate the story to fit into an arbitrary number of volumes . He knows the ending in broad strokes as well as the future of the main characters , and will finish the series with bittersweet elements where not everyone will live happily ever after . Martin hopes to write an ending similar to The Lord of the Rings that he felt gave the story a satisfying depth and resonance . On the other hand , Martin noted the challenge to avoid a situation like the finale of the TV series Lost , which left some fans disappointed by deviating too far from their own theories and desires . In 2015 , Martin said that he was not writing A Dream of Spring together with The Winds of Winter , and in early 2016 , he said he did not believe A Dream of Spring would be published before the last season of the HBO show . Martin offered the following hint as to how the series would conclude during a Q&A at the Guadalajara International Book Fair . `` I 'm not going to tell you how I 'm going to end my book , but I suspect the overall flavor is going to be as much bittersweet as it is happy . '' TV series and other writings ( edit ) Early during the development of the TV series , Martin told major plot points to producers David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . ( The New York Times reported in 2011 that , at age 62 , Martin was by all accounts in robust health . ) Martin was confident he would have published at least The Winds of Winter before the TV series overtook him . Nevertheless , there was general concern about whether Martin would be able to stay ahead of the show . As a result , head writers Benioff and Weiss learned more future plot points from Martin in 2013 to help them set up the show 's new possible seasons . This included the end stories for all the core characters . Deviations from the books ' storylines are also being considered , but a two - year show hiatus to wait for new books is not an option for them as the child actors continue to grow and the show 's popularity would wane . Martin indicated he would not permit another writer to finish the book series . On January 2 , 2016 , Martin confirmed that the sixth volume would not be published before the start of the sixth season of the HBO series . Regarding A Song of Ice and Fire as his magnum opus , Martin is certain never to write anything on this scale again and would only return to this fictional universe in the context of stand - alone novels . He prefers to write stories about characters from other Ice and Fire periods of history such as his Tales of Dunk and Egg project , instead of continuing the series directly . A possible future side project is a prequel set during Aegon 's conquest of Westeros . Martin said he would love to return to writing short stories , novellas , novelettes , and stand - alone novels from diverse genres such as science fiction , horror , fantasy , or even a murder mystery . However , he will see if his audience follows him after publishing his next project . Inspiration and writing ( edit ) Genre ( edit ) Further information : Themes in A Song of Ice and Fire George R.R. Martin believes the most profound influences to be the ones experienced in childhood . Having read H.P. Lovecraft , Robert E. Howard , Robert A. Heinlein , Eric Frank Russell , Andre Norton , Isaac Asimov , Fritz Leiber , and Mervyn Peake in his youth , Martin never categorized these authors ' literature into science fiction , fantasy , or horror and will write from any genre as a result . Martin classified A Song of Ice and Fire as `` epic fantasy '' , and specifically named Tad Williams as very influential for the writing of the series . One of his favorite authors is Jack Vance , although Martin considered the series not particularly Vancean . `` ( Martin 's Ice and Fire series ) was groundbreaking ( at least for me ) in all kinds of ways . Above all , the books were extremely unpredictable , especially in a genre where readers have come to expect the intensely predictable . ( ... ) A Game of Thrones was profoundly shocking when I first read it , and fundamentally changed my notions about what could be done with epic fantasy . '' -- Fantasy writer Joe Abercrombie in 2008 The medieval setting has been the traditional background for epic fantasy . However , where historical fiction leaves versed readers knowing the historical outcome , original characters may increase suspense and empathy for the readers . Yet Martin felt historical fiction , particularly when set during the Middle Ages , had an excitement , grittiness , and a realness to it that was absent in fantasy with a similar backdrop . Thus , he wanted to combine the realism of historical fiction with the magic appeal of the best fantasies , subduing magic in favor of battles and political intrigue . He also decided to avoid the conventional good versus evil setting typical for the genre , using the fight between Achilles and Hector in Homer 's Iliad , where no one stands out as either a hero or a villain , as an example of what he wants to achieve with his books . Martin is widely credited with broadening the fantasy fiction genre for adult content , including incest , paedophilia , and adultery . For The Washington Post 's Writing for The Atlantic , Amber Taylor assessed the novels as hard fantasy with vulnerable characters to which readers become emotionally attached . CNN found in 2000 that Martin 's mature descriptions were `` far more frank than those found in the works of other fantasy authors '' , although Martin assessed the fantasy genre to have become rougher - edged a decade later and that some writers ' work was going beyond the mature themes of his novels . Adam Roberts called Martin 's series the most successful and popular example of the emerging subgenre of grimdark fantasy , influencing other writers associated with that style , such as Joe Abercrombie . Writing process ( edit ) Setting out to write something on an epic scale , Martin projected to write three books of 800 manuscript pages in the very early stages of the series . His original 1990s contract specified one - year deadlines for his previous literary works , but Martin only realized later that his new books were longer and hence required more writing time . In 2000 , Martin planned to take 18 months to two years for each volume and projected the last of the planned six books to be released five or six years later . However , with the Ice and Fire series evolving into the biggest and most ambitious story he has ever attempted writing , he still has two more books to write as of 2016 . Martin said he needed to be in his own office in Santa Fe , New Mexico to immerse himself in the fictional world and write . As of 2011 , Martin was still typing his fiction on a DOS computer with WordStar 4.0 software . He begins each day at 10 am with rewriting and polishing the previous day 's work , and may write all day or struggle to write anything . Excised material and previous old versions are saved to be possibly re-inserted at a later time . The Ice and Fire series was partly inspired by the Wars of the Roses , a series of dynastic civil wars for the throne of England . This painting by Richard Burchett portrays Edward IV demanding that his defeated enemies be taken from Tewkesbury Abbey . Martin set the Ice and Fire story in a secondary world inspired by Tolkien 's writing . Unlike Tolkien , who created entire languages , mythologies , and histories for Middle - earth long before writing The Lord of the Rings , Martin usually starts with a rough sketch of an imaginary world that he improvises into a workable fictional setting along the way . He described his writing as coming from a subconscious level in `` almost a daydreaming process '' , and his stories , which have a mythic rather than a scientific core , draw from emotion instead of rationality . Martin employs maps and a cast list topping 60 pages in the fourth volume , but keeps most information in his mind . His imagined backstory remains subject to change until published , and only the novels count as canon . Martin does not intend to publish his private notes after the series is finished . Martin drew much inspiration from actual history for the series , having several bookcases filled with medieval history for research and visiting historic European landmarks . For an American who speaks only English , the history of England proved the easiest source of medieval history for him , giving the series a British rather than a German or Spanish historic flavor . For example , Ned and Robb Stark resemble Richard , 3rd Duke of York and his son Edward IV , and Queen Cersei resembles both Margaret of Anjou and Elizabeth Woodville . Martin immersed himself in many diverse medieval topics such as clothing , food , feasting , and tournaments , to have the facts at hand if needed during writing . The series was in particular influenced by the Hundred Years ' War , the Crusades , the Albigensian Crusade , and the Wars of the Roses , although Martin refrained from making any direct adaptations . Martin was also inspired by the French historical novels The Accursed Kings by Maurice Druon , which are about the French monarchy in the 13th and 14th centuries . The story is written to follow principal landmarks with an ultimate destination , but leaves Martin room for improvisation . On occasion , improvised details significantly affected the planned story . By the fourth book , Martin kept more private notes than ever before to keep track of the many subplots , which became so detailed and sprawling by the fifth book as to be unwieldy . Martin 's editors , copy editors , and readers monitor for accidental mistakes , although some errors have slipped into publication . For instance , Martin has inconsistently referred to certain characters ' eye colors , and has described a horse as being of one sex and then another . Narrative structure ( edit ) Number of chapters per point - of - view character ( show ) POV character Game Clash Storm Feast Dance ( Winds ) Sum Bran Stark 7 7 -- 21 Catelyn Stark 11 7 7 -- -- 25 Daenerys Targaryen 10 5 6 -- 10 31 Eddard Stark 15 -- -- -- -- 15 Jon Snow 9 8 12 -- 13 42 Arya Stark 5 10 13 ≥ 1 33 Tyrion Lannister 9 15 11 -- 12 ≥ 2 47 Sansa Stark 6 8 7 -- ≥ 1 24 Davos Seaworth -- 6 -- 13 Theon Greyjoy -- 6 -- -- 7 ≥ 1 13 Jaime Lannister -- -- 9 7 17 Samwell Tarly -- -- 5 5 -- 10 Cersei Lannister -- -- -- 10 12 Brienne of Tarth -- -- -- 8 -- 8 Aeron Greyjoy -- -- -- -- ≥ 1 Areo Hotah -- -- -- ≥ 1 Asha Greyjoy -- -- -- Arys Oakheart -- -- -- -- Victarion Greyjoy -- -- -- ≥ 1 Arianne Martell -- -- -- -- ≥ 2 Quentyn Martell -- -- -- -- Jon Connington -- -- -- -- Melisandre -- -- -- -- Barristan Selmy -- -- -- -- ≥ 2 Prologue / Epilogue 1 / -- 1 / -- 1 / 1 1 / -- 1 / 1 1 / 7 Total ( characters ) 73 ( 9 ) 70 ( 10 ) 82 ( 12 ) 46 ( 13 ) 73 ( 18 ) TBD 344 ( 31 ) The books are divided into chapters , each one narrated in the third person limited through the eyes of a point of view character , an approach Martin learned himself as a young journalism student . Beginning with nine POV characters in A Game of Thrones , the number of POV characters grows to a total of 31 in A Dance with Dragons ( see table ) . The short - lived one - time POV characters are mostly restricted to the prologue and epilogue . David Orr of The New York Times noted the story importance of `` the Starks ( good guys ) , the Targaryens ( at least one good guy , or girl ) , the Lannisters ( conniving ) , the Greyjoys ( mostly conniving ) , the Baratheons ( mixed bag ) , the Tyrells ( unclear ) and the Martells ( ditto ) , most of whom are feverishly endeavoring to advance their ambitions and ruin their enemies , preferably unto death '' . However , as Time 's Lev Grossman noted , readers `` experience the struggle for Westeros from all sides at once '' , such that `` every fight is both triumph and tragedy ( ... ) and everybody is both hero and villain at the same time '' . Modeled on The Lord of the Rings , the Ice and Fire story begins with a tight focus on a small group ( with everyone in Winterfell , except Daenerys ) and then splits into separate stories . The storylines are to converge again , but finding the turning point in this complex series has been difficult for Martin and has slowed down his writing . Depending on the interview , Martin is said to have reached the turning point in A Dance with Dragons , or to not quite have reached it yet in the books . The series ' structure of multiple POVs and interwoven storylines was inspired by Wild Cards , a multi-authored shared universe book series edited by Martin since 1985 . As the sole author , Martin begins each new book with an outline of the chapter order and may write a few successive chapters from a single character 's viewpoint instead of working chronologically . The chapters are later rearranged to optimize character intercutting , chronology , and suspense . Influenced by his television and film scripting background , Martin tries to keep readers engrossed by ending each Ice and Fire chapter with a tense or revelational moment , a twist or a cliffhanger , similar to a TV act break . Scriptwriting has also taught him the technique of `` cutting out the fat and leaving the muscle '' , which is the final stage of completing a book , a technique that brought the page count in A Dance with Dragons down almost eighty pages . Dividing the continuous Ice and Fire story into books is much harder for Martin . Each book shall represent a phase of the journey that ends in closure for most characters . A smaller portion of characters is left with clear - cut cliffhangers to make sure readers come back for the next installment , although A Dance with Dragons had more cliffhangers than Martin originally intended . Both one - time and regular POV characters are designed to have full character arcs ending in tragedy or triumph , and are written to hold the readers ' interest and not be skipped in reading . Main characters are killed off so that the reader will not rely on the hero to come through unscathed and will instead feel the character 's fear with each page turn . The unresolved larger narrative arc encourages speculation about future story events . According to Martin , much of the key to Ice and Fire 's future lies over a dozen years in the fictional past , of which each volume reveals more . Events planned from the beginning are foreshadowed , although Martin is careful not to make the story predictable . The viewpoint characters , who serve as unreliable narrators , may clarify or provide different perspectives on past events . Therefore , what the readers believe to be true may not necessarily be true . Character development ( edit ) Main article : List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters Regarding the characters as the heart of the story , Martin planned the epic Ice and Fire fantasy to have a large cast of characters and many different settings from the beginning . A Feast for Crows has a 63 - page list of characters , with many of the thousands of characters mentioned only in passing or disappearing from view for long stretches . When Martin adds a new family to the ever - growing number of genealogies in the appendices , he devises a secret about the personality or fate of the family members . However , their backstory remains subject to change until written down in the story . Martin drew most character inspiration from history ( without directly translating historical figures ) and his own experiences , but also from the manners of his friends , acquaintances , and people of public interest . Martin aims to `` make my characters real and to make them human , characters who have good and bad , noble and selfish well - mixed in their natures '' . Jeff VanderMeer of the Los Angeles Times remarked that `` Martin 's devotion to fully inhabiting his characters , for better or worse , creates the unstoppable momentum in his novels and contains an implied criticism of Tolkien 's moral simplicity '' ( see Themes : Moral ambiguity ) . Martin deliberately ignored the writing rule of never giving two characters names starting with the same letter . Instead , character names reflect the naming systems in various European family histories , where particular names were associated with specific royal houses and where even the secondary families assigned the same names repeatedly . The Ice and Fire story therefore has children called `` Robert '' in honor of King Robert of House Baratheon , a `` Brandon '' in every other generation of the Starks in commemoration of Brandon the Builder ( of the Wall ) , and the syllable `` Ty '' commonly occurring in given names of House Lannister . Confident that readers would pay attention , Martin distinguished people sharing a given name by adding numbers or locations to their given names ( e.g. Henry V of England ) . The family names were designed in association with ethnic groups ( see backstory ) : the First Men in the North of Westeros had very simply descriptive names like Stark and Strong , whereas the descendants of the Andal invaders in the South have more elaborate , undescriptive house names like Lannister or Arryn , and the Targaryens and Valyrians from the Eastern continent have the most exotic names with the letter Y . All characters are designed to speak with their own internal voices to capture their views of the world . The Atlantic pondered whether Martin ultimately intended the readers to sympathize with characters on both sides of the Lannister -- Stark feud long before plot developments force them to make their emotional choices . Contrary to most conventional epic fantasies , the Ice and Fire characters are vulnerable so that , according to The Atlantic , the reader `` can not be sure that good shall triumph , which makes those instances where it does all the more exulting . '' Martin gets emotionally involved in the characters ' lives during writing , which makes the chapters with dreadful events sometimes very difficult to write . Seeing the world through the characters ' eyes requires a certain amount of empathy with them , including the villains , all of whom he has said he loves as if they were his own children . Martin found that some characters had minds of their own and took his writing in different directions . He returns to the intended story if it does not work out , but these detours sometimes prove more rewarding for him . Arya Stark , Tyrion Lannister , Jon Snow , and Daenerys Targaryen generate the most feedback from readers . Martin has stated that Tyrion is his personal favorite , as the grayest of the gray characters , with his cunning and wit making him the most fun to write . Martin has also said that Bran Stark is the hardest character to write . As the character most deeply involved in magic , Bran 's story needs to be handled carefully within the supernatural aspects of the books . Bran is also the youngest viewpoint character , and has to deal with the series ' adult themes like grief , loneliness , and anger . Martin set out to have the young characters grow up faster between chapters , but , as it was implausible for a character to take two months to respond , a finished book represents very little time passed . Martin hoped the planned five - year break would ease the situation and age the children to almost adults in terms of the Seven Kingdoms , but he later dropped the five - year gap ( see section Bridging the timeline gap ) . Themes ( edit ) Main article : Themes in A Song of Ice and Fire Although involving dragons and sorcery , the Ice and Fire series de-emphasizes magic as compared to many other epic fantasy works ( emblem of J. Allen St. John 's 1905 fantasy work The Face in the Pool ) . Although modern fantasy may often embrace strangeness , the Ice and Fire series is generally praised for what is perceived as a sort of medieval realism . Believing that magic should be used moderately in the epic fantasy genre , Martin set out to make the story feel more like historical fiction than contemporary fantasy , with less emphasis on magic and sorcery and more on battles , political intrigue , and the characters . Though the amount of magic has gradually increased throughout the story , the series is still to end with less overt magic than most contemporary fantasies . In Martin 's eyes , literary effective magic needs to represent strange and dangerous forces beyond human comprehension , not advanced alien technologies or formulaic spells . As such , the characters understand only the natural aspects of their world , but not the magical elements like the Others . Since Martin drew on historical sources to build the Ice and Fire world , Damien G. Walter of The Guardian saw a strong resemblance between Westeros and England in the period of the Wars of the Roses . The Atlantic 's Adam Serwer regarded A Song of Ice and Fire as `` more a story of politics than one of heroism , a story about humanity wrestling with its baser obsessions than fulfilling its glorious potential '' , where the emergent power struggle stems from the feudal system 's repression and not from the fight between good and evil . Martin not only wanted to reflect the frictions of the medieval class structures in the novels , but also explore the consequences of the leaders ' decisions , as general goodness does not automatically make competent leaders and vice versa . A common theme in the fantasy genre is the battle between good and evil , which Martin rejects for not mirroring the real world . Attracted to gray characters , Martin instead endorses William Faulkner 's view that only the human heart in conflict with itself was worth writing about . Martin explores the questions of redemption and character change in the Ice and Fire series . The multiple viewpoint structure allows characters to be explored from many sides , such that the supposed villains can provide their viewpoint . Although fantasy comes from an imaginative realm , Martin sees an honest necessity to reflect the real world where people die sometimes ugly deaths , even beloved people . Main characters are killed off so that the reader will not expect the supposed hero to survive , and instead will feel the same tension and fear that the characters might . The novels also reflect the substantial death rates in war . The deaths of supernumerary extras or orcs have no major effect on readers , whereas a friend 's death has much more emotional impact . Martin prefers a hero 's sacrifice to say something profound about human nature . According to Martin , the fantasy genre rarely focuses on sex and sexuality , instead often treating sexuality in a juvenile way or neglecting it completely . Martin , however , considers sexuality an important driving force in human life that should not be excluded from the narrative . Providing sensory detail for an immersive experience is more important than plot advancement for Martin , who aims to let the readers experience the novels ' sex scenes , `` whether it 's a great transcendent , exciting , mind blowing sex , or whether it 's disturbing , twisted , dark sex , or disappointing perfunctory sex . '' Martin was fascinated by medieval contrasts where knights venerated their ladies with poems and wore their favors in tournaments while their armies mindlessly raped women in wartime . The non-existent concept of adolescence in the Middle Ages served as a model for Daenerys ' sexual activity at the age of 13 in the books . The novels also allude to the incestuous practices in the Ptolemaic dynasty of Ancient Egypt to keep their bloodlines pure . Martin provides a variety of female characters to explore the place of women in a patriarchal society . Writing all characters as human beings with the same basic needs , dreams , and influences , his female characters are to cover the same wide spectrum of human traits as the males . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Science Fiction Weekly stated in 2000 that `` few would dispute that Martin 's most monumental achievement to date has been the groundbreaking A Song of Ice and Fire historical fantasy series '' , for which reviews have been `` orders of magnitude better '' than for his previous works , as Martin described to The New Yorker . In 2007 , Weird Tales magazine described the series as a `` superb fantasy saga '' that `` raised Martin to a whole new level of success '' . Shortly before the release of A Dance with Dragons in 2011 , Bill Sheehan of The Washington Post was sure that `` no work of fantasy has generated such anticipation since Harry Potter 's final duel with Voldemort '' , and Ethan Sacks of Daily News saw the series turning Martin into a darling of literary critics as well as mainstream readers , which was `` rare for a fantasy genre that 's often dismissed as garbage not fit to line the bottom of a dragon 's cage '' . Salon.com 's Andrew Leonard stated : The success is all the more remarkable because ( the series debuted ) without mass market publicity or any kind of buzz in the fantasy / SF scene . George R.R. Martin earned his following the hard way , by word of mouth , by hooking his characters into the psyche of his readers to an extent that most writers of fantasy only dream of . Publishers Weekly noted in 2000 that `` Martin may not rival Tolkien or Robert Jordan , but he ranks with such accomplished medievalists of fantasy as Poul Anderson and Gordon Dickson . '' After the fourth volume came out in 2005 , Time 's Lev Grossman considered Martin a `` major force for evolution in fantasy '' and proclaimed him `` the American Tolkien '' , explaining that , although Martin was `` ( not ) the best known of America 's straight - up fantasy writers '' at the time and would `` never win a Pulitzer or a National Book Award ... his skill as a crafter of narrative exceeds that of almost any literary novelist writing today '' . As Grossman said in 2011 , the phrase American Tolkien `` has stuck to ( Martin ) , as it was meant to '' , being picked up by the media including The New York Times ( `` He 's much better than that '' ) , the New Yorker , Entertainment Weekly ( `` an acclaim that borders on fantasy blasphemy '' ) , The Globe and Mail , and USA Today . Time magazine named Martin one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2011 , and USA Today named George R.R. Martin their Author of the Year 2011 . According to The Globe and Mail 's John Barber , Martin manages simultaneously to master and transcend the genre so that `` Critics applaud the depth of his characterizations and lack of cliché in books that are nonetheless replete with dwarves and dragons '' . Publishers Weekly gave favorable reviews to the first three Ice and Fire novels at their points of release , saying that A Game of Thrones had `` superbly developed characters , accomplished prose and sheer bloody - mindedness '' , that A Clash of Kings was `` notable particularly for the lived - in quality of ( their fictional world and ) for the comparatively modest role of magic '' , and that A Storm of Swords was one `` of the more rewarding examples of gigantism in contemporary fantasy '' . However , they found that A Feast For Crows as the fourth installment `` sorely misses its other half . The slim pickings here are tasty , but in no way satisfying . '' Their review for A Dance with Dragons repeated points of criticism for the fourth volume , and said that , although `` The new volume has a similar feel to Feast '' , `` Martin keeps it fresh by focusing on popular characters ( who were ) notably absent from the previous book . '' According to the Los Angeles Times , `` Martin 's brilliance in evoking atmosphere through description is an enduring hallmark of his fiction , the settings much more than just props on a painted stage '' , and the novels captivate readers with `` complex storylines , fascinating characters , great dialogue , perfect pacing , and the willingness to kill off even his major characters '' . CNN remarked that `` the story weaves through differing points of view in a skillful mix of observation , narration and well - crafted dialogue that illuminates both character and plot with fascinating style '' , and David Orr of The New York Times found that `` All of his hundreds of characters have grace notes of history and personality that advance a plot line . Every town has an elaborately recalled series of triumphs and troubles . '' Salon. com 's Andrew Leonard `` could n't stop reading Martin because my desire to know what was going to happen combined with my absolute inability to guess what would happen and left me helpless before his sorcery . At the end , I felt shaken and exhausted . '' The Christian Science Monitor advised reading the novels with an A Song of Ice and Fire encyclopedia at hand to `` catch all the layered , subtle hints and details that ( Martin ) leaves throughout his books . If you pay attention , you will be rewarded and questions will be answered . '' Among the most critical voices were Sam Jordison and Michael Hann , both of The Guardian . Jordison detailed his misgivings about A Game of Thrones in a 2009 review and summarized `` It 's daft . It 's unsophisticated . It 's cartoonish . And yet , I could n't stop reading ... Archaic absurdity aside , Martin 's writing is excellent . His dialogue is snappy and frequently funny . His descriptive prose is immediate and atmospheric , especially when it comes to building a sense of deliciously dark foreboding ( of the long impending winter ) . '' Hann did not consider the novels to stand out from the general fantasy genre , despite Martin 's alterations to fantasy convention , although he rediscovered his childhood 's views : That when things are , on the whole , pretty crappy ( in the real world ) , it 's a deep joy to dive headfirst into something so completely immersive , something from which there is no need to surface from hours at a time . And if that immersion involves dragons , magic , wraiths from beyond death , shapeshifting wolves and banished princes , so be it . Sales ( edit ) Sales performance of the Ice and Fire series in the New York Times combined print and e-book fiction bestseller list in 2011 between the airing of the Game of Thrones pilot episode and the publication of A Dance with Dragons . The reported overall sales figures of the A Song of Ice and Fire series vary . The New Yorker said in April 2011 ( before the publication of A Dance with Dragons ) that more than 15 million Ice and Fire books had been sold worldwide , a figure repeated by The Globe and Mail in July 2011 . Reuters reported in September 2013 that the books including print , digital and audio versions have sold more than 24 million copies in North America . The Wall Street Journal reported more than six million sold copies in North America by May 2011 . USA Today reported 8.5 million copies in print and digital overall in July 2011 , and over 12 million sold copies in print in December 2011 . The series has been translated into more than 20 languages ; USA Today reported the fifth book to be translated into over 40 languages . Forbes estimated that Martin was the 12th highest - earning author worldwide in 2011 at $15 million . Martin 's publishers initially expected A Game of Thrones to be a best - seller , but the first installment did not even reach any lower positions in bestseller list . This left Martin unsurprised , as it is `` a fool 's game to think anything is going to be successful or to count on it '' . However , the book slowly won the passionate advocacy of independent booksellers and the book 's popularity grew by word of mouth . The series ' popularity skyrocketed in subsequent volumes , with the second and third volume making The New York Times Best Seller lists in 1999 and 2000 , respectively . The series gained Martin 's old writings new attention , and Martin 's American publisher Bantam Spectra was to reprint his out - of - print solo novels . The fourth installment , A Feast for Crows , was an immediate best - seller at its 2005 release , hitting number one on `` The New York Times '' hardcover fiction bestseller list November 27 , 2005 , which for a fantasy novel suggested that Martin 's books were attracting mainstream readers . The paperback edition of A Game of Thrones reached its 34th printing in 2010 , surpassing the one million mark . Before it even premiered , the TV series had boosted sales of the book series , with Ice and Fire approaching triple - digit growth in year - on - year sales . Bantam was looking forward to seeing the tie - ins boost sales further , and Martin 's British publisher Harper Voyager expected readers to rediscover their other epic fantasy literature . With a reported 4.5 million copies of the first four volumes in print in early 2011 , the four volumes re-appeared on the paperback fiction bestseller lists in the second quarter of 2011 . At its point of publication in July 2011 , A Dance with Dragons was in its sixth print with more than 650,000 hardbacks in print . It also had the highest single and first - day sales of any new fiction title published in 2011 at that point , with 170,000 hardcovers , 110,000 e-books , and 18,000 audio books reportedly sold on the first day . A Dance with Dragons reached the top of The New York Times bestseller list on July 31 , 2011 . Unlike most other big titles , the fifth volume sold more physical than digital copies early on , but nevertheless , Martin became the tenth author to sell 1 million Amazon Kindle e-books . All five volumes and the four - volume boxed set were among the top 100 best - selling books in the United States in 2011 and 2012 . The TV series has contributed significantly boosting sales of both the books and collectibles like box - sets , merchandise , and other items . The TV series also contributed in increasing the geographic coverage of the books , introducing new customers in emerging countries like India and Brazil to the book series . All this has significantly increased the overall book sales . Fandom ( edit ) Main article : A Song of Ice and Fire fandom During the 1980s and early 1990s , Martin 's novels had slowly earned him a reputation in science fiction circles , although he said to only have received a few fans ' letters a year in the pre-internet days . The publication of A Game of Thrones caused Martin 's following to grow , with fan sites springing up and a Trekkie - like society of followers evolving that meet regularly . Westeros.org , one of the main Ice and Fire fansites with about seventeen thousand registered members as of 2011 , was established in 1999 by a Swedish - based fan of Cuban - American descent , Elio M. García , Jr. , and his girlfriend ; their involvement with Martin 's work has now become semi-professional . The Brotherhood Without Banners , an unofficial fan club operating globally , was formed in 2001 . Their founders and other longtime members are among Martin 's good friends . Martin runs an official website and administers a lively blog with the assistance of Ty Franck . He also interacts with fandom by answering emails and letters , although he stated in 2005 that their sheer numbers might leave them unanswered for years . Since there are different types of conventions nowadays , he tends to go to three or four science - fiction conventions a year simply to go back to his roots and meet friends . He does not read message boards anymore , so that his writing will not be influenced by fans foreseeing twists and interpreting characters differently from what he intended . `` After all , as some of you like to point out in your emails , I am sixty years old and fat , and you do n't want me to ' pull a Robert Jordan ' on you and deny you your book . Okay , I 've got the message . You do n't want me doing anything except A Song of Ice and Fire . Ever . ( Well , maybe it 's okay if I take a leak once in a while ? ) '' -- George R.R. Martin on his blog in 2009 While Martin calls the majority of his fans `` great '' , and enjoys interacting with them , some of them turned against him because of the six years it took to release A Dance with Dragons . A movement of disaffected fans called GRRuMblers formed in 2009 , creating sites such as Finish the Book , George and Is Winter Coming ? . When fans ' vocal impatience for A Dance with Dragons peaked shortly after , Martin issued a statement called `` To My Detractors '' on his blog that received media attention . The New York Times noted that it was not uncommon for Martin to be mobbed at book signings either . The New Yorker called this `` an astonishing amount of effort to devote to denouncing the author of books one professes to love . Few contemporary authors can claim to have inspired such passion . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) -- Locus Award winner , World Fantasy Award and Nebula Award nominee , 1997 A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) -- Locus Award winner , Nebula Award nominee , 1999 A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) -- Locus Award winner , Hugo Award and Nebula Awards nominee , 2001 A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) -- Hugo , Locus , and British Fantasy Awards nominee , 2006 A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) -- Locus Award winner , Hugo Award and World Fantasy Award nominee , 2012 Derived works ( edit ) Novellas ( edit ) Martin has written several prequel novellas . The Tales of Dunk and Egg series , three novellas set ninety years before the events of the novel series , feature the adventures of Ser Duncan the Tall and his squire `` Egg '' , the later King Aegon V Targaryen . The stories have no direct connection to the plot of A Song of Ice and Fire , although both characters are mentioned in A Storm of Swords and A Feast For Crows , respectively . The first installment , The Hedge Knight , was published in the 1998 anthology Legends . The Sworn Sword followed in 2003 , published in Legends II . Both were later adapted into graphic novels . The third novella , titled The Mystery Knight , was first published in the 2010 anthology Warriors , and is planned to be adapted as a graphic novel as well . Martin planned to release the first three novellas as one collection in 2014 . Up to eight further Dunk and Egg installments are planned . The novella The Princess and the Queen or , the Blacks and the Greens appeared in Tor Books 's 2013 anthology Dangerous Women , and explains some of the Targaryen backstory two centuries before the events of the novels . The Rogue Prince , or , the King 's Brother , published in the 2014 anthology Rogues , is itself a prequel to the events of The Princess and the Queen . Chapter sets from the novels were also compiled into three novellas that were released between 1996 and 2003 by Asimov 's Science Fiction and Dragon : Blood of the Dragon ( July 1996 ) , taken from the Daenerys chapters in A Game of Thrones . Path of the Dragon ( December 2000 ) , taken from the Daenerys chapters in A Storm of Swords . Arms of the Kraken ( March 2003 ) , based on the Iron Islands chapters from A Feast for Crows . TV series ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones With the popularity of the series growing , HBO optioned A Song of Ice and Fire for a television adaptation in 2007 . A pilot episode was produced in late 2009 , and a series commitment for nine further episodes was made in March 2010 . The series , titled Game of Thrones , premiered in April 2011 to great acclaim and ratings ( see Game of Thrones : Reception ) . The network picked up the show for a second season covering A Clash of Kings two days later . Shortly after the conclusion of the first season , the show received 13 Emmy Award nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series , winning Outstanding Main Title Design and Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series for Peter Dinklage 's portrayal of Tyrion Lannister . HBO announced a renewal for a third season in April 2012 , ten days after the season 2 premiere . Due to the length of the corresponding book , the third season only covered roughly the first half of A Storm of Swords . Shortly after the season 3 premiere in March 2013 , the network announced that Game of Thrones would be returning for a fourth season , which would cover the second half of A Storm of Swords along with the beginnings of A Feast for Crows and A Dance With Dragons . Game of Thrones was nominated for 15 Emmy Awards for season 3 . Two days after the fourth season premiered in April 2014 , HBO renewed Game of Thrones for a fifth and sixth season . Season 5 premiered on April 12 , 2015 and set a Guinness World Records for winning the highest number of Emmy Awards for a series in a single season and year , winning 12 out of 24 nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series . These episodes were watched by 8 million viewers , setting a record number for the series . The sixth season premiered on April 24 , 2016 . These episodes received the most nominations for the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards with 23 , winning 12 , including the award for Outstanding Drama Series . Other works ( edit ) Main article : Works based on A Song of Ice and Fire A Song of Ice and Fire spawned an industry of spin - off products . Fantasy Flight Games released a collectible card game , a board game , and two collections of artwork inspired by the Ice and Fire series . Various roleplaying game products were released by Guardians of Order and Green Ronin . Dynamite Entertainment adapted A Game of Thrones into a same - titled monthly comic in 2011 . Several video games are available or in production , including A Game of Thrones : Genesis ( 2011 ) and Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) by Cyanide ; both received mediocre ratings from critics . A social network game titled Game of Thrones Ascent ( 2013 ) by Disruptor Beam allows players to live the life of a noble during the series ' period setting . Random House released an official map book called The Lands of Ice and Fire , which includes old and new maps of the Ice and Fire world . The companion book The World of Ice & Fire by Martin and the Westeros.org owners Elio M. García Jr. and Linda Antonsson was published in October 2014 . Other licensed products include full - sized weapon reproductions , a range of collectable figures , Westeros coinage reproductions , and a large number of gift and collectible items based on the HBO television series . The popularity of the HBO series has made its version of the Iron Throne an icon of the entire media franchise . See also ( edit ) Book : A Song of Ice and Fire Outline of A Song of Ice and Fire franchise References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Flood , Alison ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` George RR Martin : Barbarians at the gate '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Milne , Ben ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` Game of Thrones : The cult French novel that inspired George RR Martin '' . BBC . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kamin , Debra ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` The Jewish legacy behind Game of Thrones '' . The Times of Israel . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . They struck gold , however , with their next attempt : a television series based on a French fantasy series which in turn was based on a seven - part set of stories by a French Jewish immigrant . Maurice Druon was born in France in 1918 to Jewish immigrants from Russia and first made a name for himself in the realm of academic journals . 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Martin shows us what the Iron Throne REALLY looks like '' . Blastr.com . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Laura ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` Behold the Iron Throne the Way George R.R. Martin Intended It '' . Wired . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : A Song of Ice and Fire George R.R. Martin 's Official Website So Spake Martin , Collection of statements , correspondences and interviews by George R.R. Martin . A Song of Ice and Fire series listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database A Song of Ice and Fire at the Internet Book List A Song of Ice and Fire at DMOZ George R.R. 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what kanye west song starts with a piano

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Runaway_(Kanye_West_song)&oldid=845699215

Runaway ( Kanye West song ) - wikipedia Runaway ( Kanye West song ) `` Runaway '' Single by Kanye West featuring Pusha T from the album My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy Released October 4 , 2010 Format Digital download Recorded Studio Avex , Honolulu Genre Hip hop art pop R&B progressive pop Length 9 : 08 ( album version ) 4 : 43 ( radio edit ) Label Roc - A-Fella Def Jam Songwriter ( s ) Kanye West Emile Haynie Jeff Bhasker Terrence Thornton Mike Dean Malik Jones John Roger Branch Producer ( s ) Kanye West Emile ( co. ) Jeff Bhasker ( co . ) Mike Dean ( co . ) Kanye West singles chronology `` Erase Me '' ( 2010 ) `` Runaway '' ( 2010 ) `` Monster '' ( 2010 ) `` Erase Me '' ( 2010 ) `` Runaway '' ( 2010 ) `` Monster '' ( 2010 ) Pusha T singles chronology `` Lose Your Life '' ( 2008 ) Lose Your Life2008 `` Runaway '' ( 2010 ) Runaway2010 `` Trouble on My Mind '' ( 2011 ) Trouble on My Mind 2011 My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy track listing `` Devil in a New Dress '' ( 8 ) `` Runaway '' ( 9 ) `` Hell of a Life '' ( 10 ) Music video `` Runaway ( Video Version ) '' on YouTube `` Runaway ( Extended Video Version ) '' on YouTube `` Runaway ( Full - length Film ) '' on YouTube `` Runaway '' is a song by American hip hop recording artist Kanye West , released as the second single from his fifth studio album , My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy ( 2010 ) . It features Pusha T , who is signed to West 's label GOOD Music . The production was handled by West , alongside co-producers Emile , Jeff Bhasker , and Mike Dean . The composition features repetitive piano riffs , intricate samples and a production style with several similarities to West 's album 808s & Heartbreak ( 2008 ) . Described as a deeply personal song in nature , it expresses West 's thoughts on his failed relationships , and his acceptance of the media 's perception of him . Lyrically the song explores criticism aimed at West in the past and serves as a `` toast to the douchebags . '' Before the song 's premiere at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards , it generated substantial public interest due to what had happened the year prior at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards . West 's performance was rewarded with positive reviews , with the full song being released online on October 4 , 2010 . The song received critical acclaim from music critics and was listed amongst the best songs of the year by several publications , including MTV , Pitchfork Media , Rolling Stone , Complex , New York Post , amongst others . Critics praised the song for its sincere subject matter , the openness of the song and the soulful , clean production . Upon release , the song became one of the best reviewed singles released by West , with several critics noted that the track solidified West 's commercial comeback with the public . The song debuted and peaked on the Billboard Hot 100 at position 12 and is the centerpiece of Runaway , a 35 - minute short film featuring the majority of songs from My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy . The song 's nearly ten - minute music video features ballet dancers performing elaborate choreography . The music video received mostly positive reviews from music critics , who praised the scope of the video , the degree of creativity and the production design . Multiple cover artworks were designed by contemporary visual artist George Condo . Along with the MTV Video Music Awards , the song was performed on Saturday Night Live , his Watch the Throne Tour and at the Coachella Music Festival with a guest appearance by Pusha T. Additionally Runaway was used in the trailer for The Hangover Part III , as well as being used in a scene in The Night Before . A modified version rearranged by Ramin Djawadi was also used in the Super Bowl trailer of the HBO series Westworld . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Recording 2 Composition 3 Reception 3.1 Critical response 3.2 Commercial performance 4 Live performances 5 Music video 5.1 Background and synopsis 5.2 Reception 6 Personnel 7 Chart positions 7.1 Chart positions 7.2 Certifications 8 Release history 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) The alternate artwork for `` Runaway '' as designed by George Condo . The original cover art for `` Runaway '' is a photograph by contemporary visual artist George Condo of a ballerina . Condo produced two different promotional artworks , and also produced the cover artwork for My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy and several of its singles . On October 1 , 2010 , West released a newer cover art for `` Runaway '' which is a painting also by Condo of a ballerina . On October 4 , 2010 , the song was released onto the iTunes Store as the album 's second single . The website uses the original photograph cover art . Recording ( edit ) Some of the inspiration of the song was derived from various media controversies , including West 's interruption of recording artist Taylor Swift at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards during her acceptance speech . The controversy caused West to exile himself in Oahu , Hawaii and record his fifth studio album mostly in a reclusive nature , shying away from collaborating with artists he was n't personally close to . Like the majority of My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy , `` Runaway '' was produced there . Amongst the various artists invited down to Hawaii to record songs for the album was Pusha T , a rapper known for the hip - hop duo Clipse . According to Pusha T , the song was recorded in either March or April 2010 . Most of the recording crew on the project had forgotten and or forgiven West for the incident with Swift , including Pusha T , who described the event as `` old news '' . By the time Pusha T was supposed to record his verse for the song , West had already recorded a majority of the song . Pusha T had to record his verse several times , because West did n't think Pusha T was being mean enough for the concept of the song the first few times . Pusha T commented that re-doing a verse was something he very rarely did . Generally , Pusha T would write his verses very quickly , and noted that he made the exception for West who he had described as a perfectionist . During the recording process , the two had collaborated on several songs together . Pusha T called the recording process of the song `` interesting '' , and stated : West invited Pusha T down to Hawaii to record `` Runaway '' . While recording the song , West made Pusha - T record his verse several times . We recorded quite a few songs . He had the record already and was like , ' Yo , I want you on this record . ' A lot of stuff from him comes from conversation . He 'll talk to you and get a feel for your perspective and your outlook on shit . And later , he 'll be like , ' Yo , I want you on this . I got a record that that perspective would fit on . ' That 's how he operates . ( ... ) You will find yourself explaining yourself , and if you ca n't explain the reasoning behind the things you 're saying in a verse or whatever the case may be , it might not fly . He wo n't let you get away with it . West was so impressed with Pusha - T 's performance while recording `` Runaway '' that he signed him under his own personal label . About his portion of the song , West stated that he was interested in making a song that the average person could relate to , as he perceived himself as someone who identified with the average person . West mused that when writing the song he intended some parts of the song as a double entendre . According to West , some portions of the song sound like West is commenting about his relationship with a girl , when he is also talking about his relationship with the media and society . He mused , `` I like leaving songs ambiguous a little bit , where it 's like , it could be about other people , It could be about yourself . '' The song was called an `` anthem for both men and women '' by him , who stated he wanted both genders to be able to relate to the song . He summarized the song as a `` toast for the douchebags '' . While some of the inspiration of the song was drawn from the incident with Swift , it was noted that the song was not an apology . On his Twitter account , West commented that he had written a `` beautiful '' song for her , noting `` if she wo n't take it then I 'll perform it for her . '' Lawrence Dong was another artist who West had called down to Hawaii . Some of the drumming pattern featured on the song were sampled from `` Expo 83 '' performed by the Backyard Heavies and written by John Roger Branch ; the same drums used on `` The Basement '' from Pete Rock 's album Mecca and the Soul Brother . Composition ( edit ) `` Runaway '' A sample of `` Runaway '' which features the repetitive piano riff over the lush production . West sings the song 's chorus about having a `` toast to the scumbags . '' Problems playing this file ? See media help . The song takes influences from the hip hop genre and contains a large array of musical instruments . The song begins with a sparse , isolated sounding piano melody that drones on during the start of the song . After about a minute and a half , West provides his first verse . West sings `` you 've been putting up with my shit just way too long , '' before launching into the ironic chorus of `` let 's have a toast for the douchebags '' . A vocal sample of `` Look at you ! Look at you ! '' is also heard throughout the song at seemingly random points , excerpted from Rick James ' 1981 live performance in Long Beach , California . West begs his girlfriend to `` run away '' from his destructive behavior , warning her of further behavior , while also dwelling on his own intimacy issues . The piano chord that introduces the song continues on , but the production then introduces a forceful cello and a light string section . The second verse is delivered by Pusha T who is used as a juxtaposition against West ; where West is heartfelt and sincere towards his girlfriend the song , Pusha T is rude towards his and also glorifies cocaine dealing . After the composition continues , West ends the song with a three - minute unintelligible outro containing a distorted West utilizing a vocoder . It begins with West mumbling something that sounds like `` I'ma be honest ... '' before the vocal effects drowns out what is audible in his words , to the point where what he is saying is impossible to understand . Allmusic editor Andy Kellman commented that `` when West blows into a device and comes out sounding something like a muffled , bristly version of Robert Fripp 's guitar . '' Slant Magazine 's Matthew Cole interpreted the purpose of the outro as a `` fantasy of escape through pure catharsis , with the vocoder literalizing Kanye 's ability to transform his personal shortcomings into art . '' Chicago Tribune writer Greg Kot described the production of the song in detail , writing : `` Ostensibly sung by a groom to his new bride at a wedding , the song plays as an apology , a warning and a defiant manifesto . The music mirrors that complexity . A midtempo funky - drummer beat glides underneath the melancholy , reverberating piano notes , while a deep , mushrooming bass tone threatens to swallow everything . Brusque cello strokes contrast with elegiac violins , while a dirty guitar wends through the string section like a drunk , knocking over music stands and splattering mud on the white - tablecloth beauty . It 's a turbulent combination of sounds : brooding and chastened in the verses , oddly triumphant and darkly humorous during the choruses . '' Another explanation of the ending of the song is a commentary on how West , a rapper , has attempted to rap throughout his career but has been unable to do so because of the media . The media has drowned out his words with noise , like the ending of the song where what he 's attempting to say is unhearable . Another interpretation was proposed by Chicago Sun - Times writer Thomas Conner , who wrote `` the last four minutes find him humming and singing , but his voice is Auto - Tuned and distorted beyond perceptibility . What 's he saying or singing ? Ca n't really make it out , ca n't really understand him . Which , no doubt , is how he feels his clumsy public statements are often received . '' Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Several music critics placed West 's `` Runaway '' amongst the best songs of the year , some even describing it as the best , including Rolling Stone . `` Runaway '' received rave reviews from music critics , and is widely considered to be West 's best song . Slant Magazine 's Matthew Cole described the song as West 's greatest showcase as a writer . Cole stated that the song was deeply personal in nature , viewing it as an agonizing portrait of a man `` trying to exit the black hole of his own implacable ego . '' Entertainment Weekly 's Simon Vozick - Levinson stated that the song was a successful case of self - reflection lyrically , writing that it `` casts the excesses around it in a new light . West may be obnoxious , but at least he 's interested in confronting those aspects of his identity through his music . Few stars of comparable wattage would dare do the same . '' Pitchfork Media 's Ryan Dombal commented that it was one of West 's best songs , describing it as funny , sad and relatable . Dombal mused that with the song , he `` rousingly highlights his own douchebaggery , turning it into a rallying cry for all humanity '' and described the vocal manipulation towards the end as sounding like a `` dying cyborg '' . Another writer for Pitchfork , Tom Breihan , dubbed the track ' Best New Music ' and was surprised with what he perceived to be West 's growth as a writer , reporting `` as the VMA moment fades into the rearview , ' Runaway ' is able to stand as just that : a song , and a seriously goddam good one at that '' . Thomas Conner of the Chicago Sun - Times cited the song as the thesis statement to the rest of the album , calling it `` epic '' and musing that West 's `` difficulty in communicating makes him a menace in the real world , but it 's pretty compelling on record . '' Jonah Weiner of Slate viewed that the three minute conclusion of the song was the most arresting moments on My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy . Chris Martins of Spin called the song a piano driven epic , and noted that there was only one way to `` interpret the early message sent by ' Runaway ' : he was calling himself an asshole '' . IGN 's Chad Grischow , felt that the three minute conclusion was over-long , but commented that with the `` icy chill of the piano and naked beat sound fantastic '' while also calling the production soaring . Kitty Empire of The Guardian complimented the scope of the track , stating `` taking things to the next level is one of hip - hop 's great cliches , an achievement that West can comfortably claim . Being both a hero and something of a jackass all at the same time ? That 's another thing entirely . '' Rolling Stone writer Rob Sheffield praised the ending of the song , writing that it came up at a point of the song when the song has already `` sealed itself in your brain '' , summarizing that `` there 's no way it should work , but it keeps rolling for three more minutes without breaking the spell . '' David Browne of Time stated that the song , much like `` Lost in the World '' , feature `` shimmering soundscapes that pinpoint a common ground between the hardness of hip - hop and the sweetness of indie rock . '' Sputnikmusic 's Channing Freeman viewed that while the album featured a number of songs longer than five minutes in duration , `` they all feel incredibly lean and devoid of bullshit '' . Freeman stated that the track primarily `` slides right by because of its gorgeous beat and Kanye 's excellent vocals ( 808s - style singing sans autotune plus laid - back rapping ) , and the instrumental second half of the song is beautiful . '' HipHopDX writer complimented the track , calling it an `` anthem '' , writing that it contained some of West 's simplest and most melodic production . AbsolutePunk 's Drew Beringer reported that track embodied the `` electronic melancholy of 808s & Heartbreak '' and cited the song as an example of the grandiose song composition featured on the album . Andrew Barber of Complex called the song a `` centerpiece '' , describing it as `` Kanye 's toast to all the douchebags , assholes and scumbags resonated with even the biggest Kanye haters , putting the Louis Vuitton Don back in the world 's good graces . '' Kyle Anderson of MTV News proposed that the song was the best single of West 's career , writing `` but there 's something about ' Runaway ' that makes it feel just a little bit more special , like it could really end up in the pantheon of great hip - hop moments '' . `` Runaway '' was included in a number of end of 2010 lists . Rolling Stone named `` Runaway '' the best song of 2010 , commenting that it was `` Kanye 's musical response to the Taylor Swift affair , but it 's much more than that : a nine - minute meditation on romantic failure and public infamy . Kanye creates a huge , eerie beat out of thunderous drums and plinking piano . '' They ended the article with the comment , `` in 2010 , no other song was so crazily epic or jaw - droppingly gorgeous -- not on the radio , not anywhere . '' Kyle Anderson , writing for MTV , named it the 2nd Best Song of 2010 , stating that the track began with a `` haunting single tap of a piano key , kicking off one of the most epic , jaw - dropping , honest and thrilling pieces of music to hit the popular airwaves all year '' . Pitchfork Media named it the second - best song of 2010 stating that `` Runaway '' puts `` Kanye 's contradictory impulses on full display like they 're some immaculate museum exhibit . At nine minutes , it is My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy 's longest song , but also its simplest and most emotionally direct ( ... ) ' Runaway ' marks the rare moment where Kanye sides with his detractors -- if the whole world thinks he 's a douchebag , well , this one time he 's inclined to agree . '' Insalul Ahmed of Complex placed the song at number two on their best of the year list , reporting that `` most artists might have avoided making a song like this after something like Swiftgate . But that 's why we love ( Kan ) Ye : He does n't give a fuck . '' New York Post also named the song as the best of the year , musing `` whether he 's self - deprecating or pulling the wool over our eyes , we ca n't help running toward this talented bad boy when he tells us , ' Run away from me , baby ' ... Maybe it 's not his Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy , but ours . Rap Up listed the song as the fifth best of the year . In January 2011 , The Village Voice 's Pazz & Jop annual critics ' poll ranked `` Runaway '' at number four to find the best music of 2010 ; West 's other singles `` Power '' and `` Monster '' were ranked at numbers five and six , respectively , on the same poll ( their parent album My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy was ranked as the best album on the poll as well ) . The song is ranked as the most acclaimed song of 2010 and the 258th most acclaimed song of all time , according to Acclaimed Music . Commercial performance ( edit ) While a significant critical success , `` Runaway '' performed less well commercially . During the week entering 12 October 2010 , `` Runaway '' charted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 12 ; named as the week 's Hot Shot Debut . While the song attained a high debut , the song only remained there for one week , which was also the song 's peak . It remained on the chart for a total of 13 weeks . On 4 September 2010 , the single also debuted on the UK Singles Chart at position 75 . It became a top 30 single on both the US Billboard Hot Rap Songs and Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs charts . The ARIA certified the single Gold in Australia for sales surpassing 35,000 . Live performances ( edit ) West performing the song at Coachella . During performances of `` Runaway '' , West was often accompanied with ballerinas , with West wearing a mostly red outfit . The song was debuted during a live performance at the 2010 MTV Music Video Awards . Substantial media interest was generated with the performance , due to the controversy created the year prior by West . Prior to West 's stage appearance , Swift performed a song called `` Innocent '' that some people perceived as a song about West . The performance began with West entering the stage by himself , walking over to a platform containing a MPC2000XL , an electronic musical instrument that allows for the player to program various samples into it . West began playing the song on the instrument , before a group of ballerinas entered the stage . The performance was accompanied by Pusha T , who delivered his verse . MTV failed to censor West 's use of the word `` asshole . '' West 's performance received positive reviews and was described as a `` comeback '' moment . Time writer Claire Saddath graded his performance with an ' A + ' , and wrote that `` it 's hard to take a song that includes the lyrics ' Let 's have a toast for the douche bags ' seriously , but with this clean , honest execution , Kanye pulls it off . '' West performed `` Runaway '' and `` Power '' on Saturday Night Live on October 2 . For the first time in the show 's history , the signature black instrument filled stage gave place to an all - white , backlit canvas . Pusha T joined West during the performance which featured the ballerinas that often accompanied West . HitFix 's Gregory Ellwood praised the performance , though noted that his performance of `` Power '' was superior . Ellwood viewed that SNL was `` very lucky to have him on such a weak overall show . '' Kevin O'Donnell of Spin wrote that West delivered one of the show 's `` most unique performances of all - time . '' West performed the song in an entirely red outfit . During his set at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival , West performed `` Runaway '' during the end of the performance . West 's performance was described as `` one of the most memorable performances in Coachella history . '' Todd Martens , critic for Los Angeles Times , described that the performance consisted of a `` group of wayward ballerinas , seemingly caught in some sort of magnetic push and pull from the artist . '' During the ' Coke Live Musical Festival ' in Poland , West performed the song with a 20 minute long freestyle . West performed the song the way he normally did , ending the performance with a continuous freestyle lasting 20 minutes in duration . One lone ballerina performed an interpretive dance during the entire duration of the freestyle . The song was often performed at the Watch the Throne Tour . Music video ( edit ) Main article : Runaway ( 2010 film ) Selita Ebanks is featured in the video as the phoenix . West originally wanted her to be nude in the film . Background and synopsis ( edit ) The song became the basis for the short film Runaway . The film has four versions : the full - length film , a one minute - shorter clean version , the video version which is an excerpt of the film that matches the length of the song , and the extended video version which is nearly double the length of the video version . The video is a compilation of a total of nine songs featured on My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy , with 10 of the 35 minutes of its running time devoted to a sequence featuring `` Runaway '' . West drew inspiration from other long - form music videos and music related cinema , including Purple Rain , Pink Floyd The Wall and Michael Jackson 's Thriller . West directed the video , drawing from director Stanley Kubrick as an inspiration . The film premiered on October 23 , 2010 . Model Selita Ebanks portrays the phoenix in the video . West 's original intention was for Ebanks to be naked for the entirety of the video , but Ebanks refused . The music video revolves around a love story between West ( known as `` Griffin '' in the narrative ) and a phoenix he discovers while driving through the woods . Griffin teaches her how to socialize with other people at first , and invites her to a dinner party . The other guests at the dinner party all react to Griffin 's girlfriend with negative comments , that offends Griffin . An upset Griffin responds with a performance of `` Runaway '' , backed by an interpretive dance sequence with ballerinas in black tutus , followed by a slow - motion sequence where lead dancers perform solos to a vocally distorted continuation of the song . The video ends with the phoenix bursting into flames with West frantically running into the forest . Nitsuh Abebe of New York offered an interpretation of the video , commenting : In Runaway , the short film he released this fall , he uses a plinking piano to summon a ballet troupe , then sings about raising a toast to the douchebags and assholes of the world -- in other words , he sticks a symbol of classical refinement next to a lyric about being toxic and acting ugly . ( Ballet already does this , too : All that beauty is built on twisted toes , bloody shoes , deformed legs . ) ( ... ) He 's attracted to these symbols of classical refinement and aristocracy -- ballet , golden goblets , ' Persian rugs with cherub imagery , ' Greek mythology , next - level luxury brands -- and then he sits among them reminding us that it does n't make him any different , or keep him from acting poisonous , or pissing the world off by grabbing people 's microphones . A screenshot of the `` Runaway '' segment of Runaway . Directed by West , the video features the ballerina iconography that was presented within many of the promotional content released for the song , such as the single covers and the live performances . Reception ( edit ) The music video was praised by Entertainment Weekly 's Ken Tucker , calling it `` a carefully modulated art - film made by a man on a mission '' , noting the usage of dominant colors as well as the imagery in the film . Jozen Cummings of The Wall Street Journal described the video as `` a cross between an epic music video and a charming indie - house flick '' , stating that the greatest achievement of the video was how it `` brought West 's music to life '' . Will Dean of The Guardian called the video as a creative promotional tool , praising the video 's scope and creativity , noting that it was `` ridiculous , ostentatious and egotistical '' , citing that it fit perfectly into West 's aesthetic . Nicole Jones of MTV Buzzworthy stated that the majority of the video was nonsensical and added up to little coherently , but wrote that regardless of its true meaning , the video was `` really pretty to watch , the music is great , and it reminds us once again why there is only one Mr. West . '' Jorge Cullar offered a less favorable opinion of the video , stating that the video failed to be coherent , because West did n't have the `` creative polymath capable of combining disparate elements like those exemplified by the cunning of a Picasso , the deconstruction of a Derrida , the creativity of a Warhol , or the glam avant - garde of David Bowie '' . Clair Saddath of Time listed the video amongst the best of all time . The video was nominated for Video of the Year at the BET Awards of 2011 , and West was nominated for Director of the Year . As of January 2015 , Billboard named the video as one of the 20 best of the 2010s ( so far ) . NME listed it as the fourth best video of the decade in 2014 . Personnel ( edit ) Technical Andrew Dawson -- recording Anthony Kilhoffer -- recording , mixing Mike Dean -- recording Christian Mochizuki -- recording assistance Cary Clark -- assistant mix engineering Musicians Tony Williams -- background vocals The - Dream -- additional vocals Jeff Bhasker -- keybaords Chris `` Hitchcock '' Chorney -- cello Chart positions ( edit ) Chart positions ( edit ) Chart ( 2010 - 11 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 46 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 11 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 9 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 13 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 40 South Korea ( Gaon Chart ) 14 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 28 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 56 UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) 11 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 56 US Billboard Hot 100 12 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 30 US Hot Rap Songs ( Billboard ) 9 US Radio Songs ( Billboard ) 62 Certifications ( edit ) Country Provider Certification Australia ARIA Gold United States RIAA Platinum Release history ( edit ) Release history Format Release date United States Digital download October 4 , 2010 Rhythmic crossover radio October 5 , 2010 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Hangover 3 ' Trailer : The Wolfpack Is Back , Searching For Mr. Chow '' . 11 April 2013 -- via Huff Post . Jump up ^ `` Seth Rogen & Joseph Gordon - Levitt Perform `` Runaway '' - Highsnobiety `` . highsnobiety.com. 1 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Westworld Season 2 Official Super Bowl Ad '' . youtube.com . Jump up ^ Castina ( 2010 - 10 - 21 ) . `` Kanye West `` Runaway '' Cover Art Unveiled `` . Popcrunch . Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( 2010 - 09 - 18 ) . `` Who Is Kanye West Cover Artist George Condo ? '' . MTV News . MTV Networks . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Runaway ( feat . Pusha T ) - Single '' . iTunes Store . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ Callahan - Bever , Noah ( 2010 - 12 ) . Kanye West : Project Runaway . Complex . Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Columnist ( 2010 - 09 - 03 ) . Kanye West Hiding Out in Milan ! Archived 2012 - 03 - 03 at the Wayback Machine ... Posh24 . Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Vibe Staff ( 2011 - 08 - 08 ) . `` Pusha T Talks MTV VMAS , making of Kanye West 's Runway , GOOD Music Signing '' . Vibe . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kanye West : ' I Feel Like I Am The People ' '' . Access Hollywood . 2010 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Billy ( 2010 - 09 - 13 ) . `` Kanye 's ' Runaway ' Is Not An Apology Record '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Samuel , Anslem ( 2010 - 08 - 14 ) . `` Who Did Kanye West Sample on `` Runaway '' ? ( BEAT JACKER ) `` . XXL . Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Martin , Andrew ( 2010 - 11 - 24 ) . Kanye West : My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy ( New Album ) . Prefix Magazine . Retrieved on 2011 - 04 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Cole , Matthew ( 2010 - 11 - 20 ) . Review : My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy . Slant Magazine . Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ Amidon , David ( 2010 - 11 - 22 ) . Review : My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy . PopMatters . Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Gill , Andy ( 2010 - 11 - 19 ) . Review : My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy . The Independent . Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Vozick - Levinson , Simon ( 2010 - 11 - 12 ) . Review : My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Empire , Kitty ( 2010 - 11 - 19 ) . Review : My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy . The Guardian . Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Denney , Alex ( 2010 - 11 - 19 ) . Review : My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy . NME . Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Grischow , Chad ( 2010 - 11 - 23 ) . Kanye West : My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy Review - Music Review at IGN Archived 2012 - 04 - 01 at the Wayback Machine ... IGN . Retrieved on 2011 - 04 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Kellman , Andy ( 2010 - 12 - 21 ) . Review : My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy . Allmusic . Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Weiner , Jonah ( 2010 - 11 - 21 ) . Review : My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy . Slate . Retrieved on 2011 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ Kot , Greg ( 2010 - 11 - 17 ) . Review : My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Conner , Thomas ( 2010 - 11 - 21 ) . Review : My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy Archived 2012 - 10 - 19 at the Wayback Machine ... Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Dombal , Ryan ( 2010 - 11 - 21 ) . Review : My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy . Pitchfork Media . Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Breihan , Tom ( 2010 - 08 - 29 ) . `` Pitchfork : The Playlist : Kanye West - `` Runway '' `` . Pitchfork Media . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ Martins , Chris ( 2010 - 11 - 21 ) . Review : My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy . Spin . Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ Sheffield , Rob ( 2010 - 11 - 22 ) . Review : My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy . Rolling Stone . Jann Wenner Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Browne , David ( 2010 - 17 - 22 ) . Review : My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy . Time . Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 18 . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` Browne '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` Browne '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : Freeman , Channing ( 2010 - 11 - 11 ) . Review : My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy . Sputnikmusic . Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Paine , Jake ( 2010 - 10 - 04 ) . Kanye West My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy . HipHopDX . Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ Beringer , Drew ( 2010 - 11 - 22 ) . `` Kanye West - My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy '' . AbsolutePunk . Buzz Media . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Barber , Andrew ( 2012 - 12 - 07 ) . Kanye West f / Pusha T `` Runaway '' ( 2010 ) . Complex . Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Kyle ( 2010 - 09 - 16 ) . `` Is Kanye West 's ' Runaway ' His Best Single Ever ? '' . MTV News . MTV Networks . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : ( 2010 - 12 - 15 ) . Kanye West feat . Pusha T , `` Runaway '' . Rolling Stone . Jann Wenner Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Kyle ( 2010 - 12 - 10 ) . `` Kanye West 's ' Runaway ' Is MTV News ' # 2 Song Of 2010 '' . MTV . Viacom . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 2010 - 10 - 13 ) . `` The Top 100 Tracks of 2010 '' . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Ahmed , Insanul ( 2010 - 12 - 07 ) . # 2 . Kanye West f / Pusha T `` Runaway '' . Complex . Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 2012 - 12 - 28 ) . The top 210 songs from 2010 . New York Post . Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 2010 - 10 - 25 ) . `` Rap - Up 's 10 best songs of 2010 '' . Rap Up . Devine Lazerine . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Acclaimed Music '' . acclaimedmusic.net . ^ Jump up to : `` Kanye West -- Runaway '' . aCharts.us. 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` http://www.aria.com.au/pages/httpwww.aria.com.auSINGLEaccreds2011.htm '' . www.aria.com.au . External link in title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Wete , Brad ( 2010 - 09 - 12 ) . Kanye West admits he 's a douchebag , debuts ' Runaway ' to close VMAs : Watch here . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Kyle ( 2010 - 09 - 16 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's ' Innocent ' VMA Performance : Still Intense , Still Resonating '' . MTV News . MTV Networks . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Kanye West Sings ' Runaway ' At VMAs , His ' Toast For The Douchebags ' ( VIDEO ) '' . Huffington Post . 2010 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ Mawuse , Ziegbe ( 2010 - 09 - 13 ) . `` Kanye West Is Singing About Himself In ' Runaway , ' Fans Say '' . MTV . MTV Networks . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Ellwood , Gregory ( 2010 - 10 - 03 ) . `` Recap : Saturday Night Live - Bryan Cranston is blown away by Kanye Wests Power '' . HitFix . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ Kuperstein , Slava ( 2010 - 10 - 03 ) . `` Kanye West Changes `` Power '' Lyrics In SNL Return Get The Latest Hip Hop News , Rap News & Hip Hop Album Sales `` . HipHopDX . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ O'Donnel , Kevin ( 2010 - 10 - 04 ) . `` WATCH : Kanye West Wows on ' SNL ' '' . Spin . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ Masters , Megan ( 2010 - 10 - 03 ) . `` OMG ! Kanye West Changes the Face of Saturday Night Live '' . E ! Online . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 2011 - 05 - 11 ) . `` Listen To Kanye West 's Full Set From Coachella '' . Idolator . Buzz Media . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ DiMeglio , Mary ( 2011 - 05 - 10 ) . `` Kanye West Slays Coachella Festival 's Last Night '' . MTV . Viacom . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ Todd Martens ( 2010 - 11 - 23 ) . Coachella 2011 : Kanye West does n't play it safe as he closes the Indio fest . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 2011 - 10 - 29 ) . `` Kanye West Puts On 20 Minute Freestyle In Poland '' . MTV . Viacom . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Iraheta Mark ( 2011 - 08 - 24 ) . Video : Kanye West Freestyles Over `` Runaway '' For 20 Minutes . Complex . Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Daw , Robbie ( 2011 - 08 - 25 ) . `` The Morning Mix : Kanye West Rocks A 20 - Minute `` Runaway '' Freestyle `` . Idolator . Buzz Media . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Dobbins , Amanda ( 2011 - 08 - 25 ) . `` Watch Kanye 's Twenty - Minute ' Runaway ' Freestyle From Poland '' . Vulture . New York Magazine . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ Markman , Rob ( 2011 - 10 - 29 ) . `` Jay - Z , Kanye West 's Throne Tour Has Thrilling Liftoff '' . MTV News . MTV Networks . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Jones , Steve ( 2010 - 11 - 22 ) . Review : My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy . USA Today . Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ DiChiara , Tom ( 2010 - 10 - 23 ) . `` Kane West 's Movie ' Runaway ' To Debut On MTV , MTV 2 And MTV.com Saturday Night '' . MTV . MTV Networks . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( 2010 - 10 - 07 ) . `` Kanye West Screens ' Runaway ' In London '' . MTV . Viacom . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker , Ken ( 2010 - 10 - 23 ) . `` Kanye West and ' Runaway ' music film , a review : Arty , sweet , shrewd , sexy . Good music , too '' . Entertainment Weekly . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Jayson ( 2010 - 10 - 20 ) . `` Kanye West Compares ' Runaway ' Film To ' Flashing Lights ' Video '' . MTV News . MTV Networks . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Runaway Explicit Version Kanye West '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Mediaaccessdate = 2010 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Barshad , Amos ( 2010 - 10 - 19 ) . `` Vulture Talks to Selita Ebanks , the Star of Kanye 's Movie '' . New York . New York Media Holdings . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Nicole ( 2010 - 10 - 25 ) . `` Watch Kanye West 's Provocative Short Film , ' Runaway ' '' . MTV . Viacom . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Kanye West Puts His Ego in Check at Rodarte '' . New York . 2010 - 09 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ; Thorogood , Tom ( 2010 - 10 - 07 ) . `` Kanye West 's ' Runaway ' London Screening Was A ' Mad Event ' '' . MTV News . MTV Networks . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Morris , Andy ( 2010 - 10 - 12 ) . `` 100 things Kanye taught GQ : Everything that happens in Runaway '' . GQ . Condé Nast Publications . Archived from the original on 2010 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Jayson ( 2010 - 10 - 22 ) . `` Kanye West Calls Bon Iver Track ' Crescendo ' For ' Runaway ' Film '' . MTV News . MTV Networks . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Abebe , Nitsuh ( 2010 - 11 - 12 ) . Filthy , Rich : Kanye West 's Royal Fantasy . New York . Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Cummings , Jozen ( 2010 - 10 - 22 ) . `` Kanye West 's ' Runaway ' Film : An Early Look '' . The Wall Street Journal . News Corporation . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Dean , Will ( 2010 - 10 - 25 ) . Kanye West 's Runaway : Purple Rain or bird brains ? . The Guardian . Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Vidal , Dan ( 2010 - 11 - 23 ) . Review : My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy Archived 2012 - 03 - 06 at the Wayback Machine ... URB . Retrieved on 2010 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Video of the Year BET Awards '' . BET . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The 20 Best Music Videos of the 2010s ( So Far ) '' . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Emily Barker ( 23 December 2014 ) . `` NME 's Best Music Videos Of The Decade So Far : 15 -- 1 '' . NME . Archived from the original on 24 December 2017 . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Kanye West feat . Pusha T -- Runaway '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Kanye West feat . Pusha T -- Runaway '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Kanye West feat . Pusha T -- Runaway '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Jump up ^ `` Kanye West Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Kanye West feat . Pusha T -- Runaway '' . Tracklisten . Jump up ^ `` : : Jay - Z & Kanye West : : '' . Gaonchart.co.kr . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Kanye West feat . Pusha T -- Runaway '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Kanye West feat . Pusha T -- Runaway '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Kanye West Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Kanye West Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Kanye West Chart History ( Hot Rap Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Kanye West Chart History ( Radio Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum - RIAA '' . riaa.com . Jump up ^ Available for Airplay FMQB Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 12 External links ( edit ) Kanye West 's performance of `` Runaway '' at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics hide Kanye West songs The College Dropout `` All Falls Down '' `` I 'll Fly Away '' `` Jesus Walks '' `` The New Workout Plan '' `` Slow Jamz '' `` Through the Wire '' Late Registration `` Heard ' Em Say '' `` Touch the Sky '' `` Gold Digger '' `` Drive Slow '' `` Diamonds from Sierra Leone '' `` Hey Mama '' `` Gone '' Graduation `` Good Morning '' `` Champion '' `` Stronger '' `` Good Life '' `` Ca n't Tell Me Nothing '' `` Flashing Lights '' `` Homecoming '' `` Big Brother '' 808s & Heartbreak `` Welcome to Heartbreak '' `` Heartless '' `` Amazing '' `` Love Lockdown '' `` Paranoid '' `` See You in My Nightmares '' My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy `` Dark Fantasy '' `` Gorgeous '' `` Power '' `` All of the Lights '' `` Monster '' `` So Appalled '' `` Devil in a New Dress '' `` Runaway '' `` Hell of a Life '' `` Blame Game '' `` Lost in the World '' `` Who Will Survive in America '' `` See Me Now '' Watch the Throne `` No Church in the Wild '' `` Lift Off '' `` Niggas in Paris '' `` Otis '' `` Gotta Have It '' `` Who Gon Stop Me '' `` Made in America '' `` Why I Love You '' `` H A M '' Cruel Summer `` To the World '' `` Clique '' `` Mercy '' `` New God Flow '' `` Cold '' `` Do n't Like '' Yeezus `` On Sight '' `` Black Skinhead '' `` I Am a God '' `` New Slaves '' `` Hold My Liquor '' `` Blood on the Leaves '' `` Bound 2 '' The Life of Pablo `` Ultralight Beam '' `` Father Stretch My Hands '' `` Famous '' `` Real Friends '' `` Wolves '' `` Fade '' `` Saint Pablo '' Ye `` Yikes '' `` Ghost Town '' Other singles `` Classic ( Better Than I 've Ever Been ) '' `` Christmas in Harlem '' `` Only One '' `` FourFiveSeconds '' `` All Day '' `` Champions '' `` Lift Yourself '' `` Ye vs. the People '' Featured singles `` Talk About Our Love '' `` The Food '' `` I Changed My Mind '' `` Down and Out '' `` The Corner '' `` Go ! '' `` Number One '' `` Extravaganza '' `` Number One '' `` Would n't Get Far '' `` I Still Love H.E.R. '' `` Pro Nails '' `` Finer Things '' `` American Boy '' `` Put On '' `` Stay Up ! ( Viagra ) '' `` Swagga Like Us '' `` Go Hard '' `` Knock You Down '' `` Beat Goes On '' `` Kinda Like a Big Deal '' `` Walkin ' on the Moon '' `` Supernova '' `` Maybach Music 2 '' `` Make Her Say '' `` Digital Girl '' `` Run This Town '' `` Forever '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' `` Erase Me '' `` Start It Up '' `` Hurricane 2.0 '' `` E.T. '' `` Marvin & Chardonnay '' `` Pride n Joy '' `` I Wish You Would '' `` Birthday Song '' `` Thank You '' `` I Won '' `` Blessings '' `` One Man Can Change the World '' `` Pop Style '' `` THat Part '' `` Friends '' `` Feel Me '' `` Love Yourself '' `` Glow '' `` Watch '' Other songs `` Us Placers '' `` Deuces ( Remix ) '' `` Sanctified '' Book Portal hide Pusha T singles Discography Fear of God II : Let Us Pray `` Trouble on My Mind '' Cruel Summer `` Mercy '' `` New God Flow '' Wrath of Caine `` Millions '' My Name Is My Name `` Numbers on the Boards '' `` Sweet Serenade '' `` Nosetalgia '' Other singles `` Lunch Money '' `` Drug Dealers Anonymous '' Featured singles `` Good Stuff '' `` Run Away ( I Wanna Be with U ) '' `` Milkshake ( Remix ) '' `` Runaway '' `` What Do You Take Me For ? '' `` Dope Bitch '' `` I 'll Be Gone ( Vice Remix ) '' `` Move That Dope '' `` Chimes ( RMX ) '' `` Maybe '' `` Wrist '' `` Good Goodbye '' Other songs `` So Appalled '' `` Do n't Like '' `` Machine Gun '' `` Meltdown '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Runaway_(Kanye_West_song)&oldid=845699215 '' Categories : 2010 singles Kanye West songs Song recordings produced by Kanye West Songs written by Kanye West Pusha T songs Song recordings produced by Jeff Bhasker Song recordings produced by Emile Haynie Songs written by Jeff Bhasker Songs written by Emile Haynie Music videos directed by Kanye West Roc - A-Fella Records singles Songs written by Pusha T Ballet Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Webarchive template wayback links Pages with duplicate reference names CS1 errors : external links Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKrandb Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardrapsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardradiosongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano עברית Македонски Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 13 June 2018 , at 15 : 03 . 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Time - wikipedia Time For the concept in physics , see Time in physics . For the magazine , see Time ( magazine ) . For other uses , see Time ( disambiguation ) . Time Current time ( update ) 15 : 43 , 30 October 2018 ( UTC ) Major concepts ( show ) Past Present Future Eternity arguments for Fields of study ( show ) Archaeology Chronology History Horology Paleontology Futurology Philosophy ( show ) Presentism Eternalism Event Fatalism Religion Mythology ( show ) Creation End time Day of Judgement Immortality Afterlife Reincarnation Kalachakra Measurement Standards ( show ) Metric Hexadecimal Science Naturalism ( show ) Chronobiology Cosmogony Evolution Radiometric dating Ultimate fate of the universe Time in physics Related topics ( show ) Motion Space Spacetime Time travel Part of a series of articles about Classical mechanics F → = m a → ( \ displaystyle ( \ vec ( F ) ) = m ( \ vec ( a ) ) ) Second law of motion History Timeline Branches ( show ) Applied Celestial Continuum Dynamics Kinematics Kinetics Statics Statistical Fundamentals ( show ) Acceleration Angular momentum Couple D'Alembert's principle Energy kinetic potential Force Frame of reference Inertial frame of reference Impulse Inertia / Moment of inertia Mass Mechanical power Mechanical work Moment Momentum Space Speed Time Torque Velocity Virtual work Formulations ( show ) Newton 's laws of motion Analytical mechanics Lagrangian mechanics Hamiltonian mechanics Routhian mechanics Hamilton -- Jacobi equation Appell 's equation of motion Udwadia -- Kalaba equation Koopman -- von Neumann mechanics Core topics ( show ) Damping ( ratio ) Displacement Equations of motion Euler 's laws of motion Fictitious force Friction Harmonic oscillator Inertial / Non-inertial reference frame Mechanics of planar particle motion Motion ( linear ) Newton 's law of universal gravitation Newton 's laws of motion Relative velocity Rigid body dynamics Euler 's equations Simple harmonic motion Vibration Rotation ( show ) Circular motion Rotating reference frame Centripetal force Centrifugal force reactive Coriolis force Pendulum Tangential speed Rotational speed Angular acceleration / displacement / frequency / velocity Scientists ( show ) Galileo Huygens Newton Kepler Horrocks Halley Euler d'Alembert Clairaut Lagrange Laplace Hamilton Poisson Daniel Bernoulli Johann Bernoulli Cauchy The flow of sand in an hourglass can be used to measure the passage of time . It also concretely represents the present as being between the past and the future . Time is the indefinite continued progress of existence and events that occur in apparently irreversible succession from the past through the present to the future . Time is a component quantity of various measurements used to sequence events , to compare the duration of events or the intervals between them , and to quantify rates of change of quantities in material reality or in the conscious experience . Time is often referred to as a fourth dimension , along with three spatial dimensions . Time has long been an important subject of study in religion , philosophy , and science , but defining it in a manner applicable to all fields without circularity has consistently eluded scholars . Nevertheless , diverse fields such as business , industry , sports , the sciences , and the performing arts all incorporate some notion of time into their respective measuring systems . Time in physics is unambiguously operationally defined as `` what a clock reads '' . See Units of Time . Time is one of the seven fundamental physical quantities in both the International System of Units and International System of Quantities . Time is used to define other quantities -- such as velocity -- so defining time in terms of such quantities would result in circularity of definition . An operational definition of time , wherein one says that observing a certain number of repetitions of one or another standard cyclical event ( such as the passage of a free - swinging pendulum ) constitutes one standard unit such as the second , is highly useful in the conduct of both advanced experiments and everyday affairs of life . The operational definition leaves aside the question whether there is something called time , apart from the counting activity just mentioned , that flows and that can be measured . Investigations of a single continuum called spacetime bring questions about space into questions about time , questions that have their roots in the works of early students of natural philosophy . Temporal measurement has occupied scientists and technologists , and was a prime motivation in navigation and astronomy . Periodic events and periodic motion have long served as standards for units of time . Examples include the apparent motion of the sun across the sky , the phases of the moon , the swing of a pendulum , and the beat of a heart . Currently , the international unit of time , the second , is defined by measuring the electronic transition frequency of caesium atoms ( see below ) . Time is also of significant social importance , having economic value ( `` time is money '' ) as well as personal value , due to an awareness of the limited time in each day and in human life spans . Contents 1 Temporal measurement and history 1.1 History of the calendar 1.2 History of time measurement devices 1.3 Units of time 2 Definitions and standards 2.1 World time 2.1. 1 History of the development of UTC 2.1. 2 The ephemeris second 2.1. 3 The SI second 2.1. 4 Current application of UTC 2.2 Time conversions 2.3 Sidereal time 2.4 Chronology 2.5 Time - like concepts : terminology 3 Religion 3.1 Linear and cyclical time 3.2 Time in Greek mythology 3.3 Time in Kabbalah 4 Philosophy 4.1 Time as `` unreal '' 5 Physical definition 5.1 Classical mechanics 5.2 Spacetime 5.3 Time dilation 5.4 Relativistic time versus Newtonian time 5.5 Arrow of time 5.6 Quantized time 6 Time travel 7 Time perception 7.1 Biopsychology 7.2 Development of awareness and understanding of time in children 7.3 Alterations 8 Use of time 9 Spatial conceptualization of time 10 See also 10.1 Books 10.2 Organizations 10.3 Miscellaneous arts and sciences 10.4 Miscellaneous units of time 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Temporal measurement and history Generally speaking , methods of temporal measurement , or chronometry , take two distinct forms : the calendar , a mathematical tool for organising intervals of time , and the clock , a physical mechanism that counts the passage of time . In day - to - day life , the clock is consulted for periods less than a day whereas the calendar is consulted for periods longer than a day . Increasingly , personal electronic devices display both calendars and clocks simultaneously . The number ( as on a clock dial or calendar ) that marks the occurrence of a specified event as to hour or date is obtained by counting from a fiducial epoch -- a central reference point . History of the calendar Main article : Calendar Artifacts from the Paleolithic suggest that the moon was used to reckon time as early as 6,000 years ago . Lunar calendars were among the first to appear , either 12 or 13 lunar months ( either 354 or 384 days ) . Without intercalation to add days or months to some years , seasons quickly drift in a calendar based solely on twelve lunar months . Lunisolar calendars have a thirteenth month added to some years to make up for the difference between a full year ( now known to be about 365.24 days ) and a year of just twelve lunar months . The numbers twelve and thirteen came to feature prominently in many cultures , at least partly due to this relationship of months to years . Other early forms of calendars originated in Mesoamerica , particularly in ancient Mayan civilization . These calendars were religiously and astronomically based , with 18 months in a year and 20 days in a month , plus five epagomenal days at the end of the year . The reforms of Julius Caesar in 45 BC put the Roman world on a solar calendar . This Julian calendar was faulty in that its intercalation still allowed the astronomical solstices and equinoxes to advance against it by about 11 minutes per year . Pope Gregory XIII introduced a correction in 1582 ; the Gregorian calendar was only slowly adopted by different nations over a period of centuries , but it is now the most commonly used calendar around the world , by far . During the French Revolution , a new clock and calendar were invented in attempt to de-Christianize time and create a more rational system in order to replace the Gregorian calendar . The French Republican Calendar 's days consisted of ten hours of a hundred minutes of a hundred seconds , which marked a deviation from the 12 - based duodecimal system used in many other devices by many cultures . The system was later abolished in 1806 . History of time measurement devices Horizontal sundial in Taganrog An old kitchen clock Main article : History of timekeeping devices See also : Clock A large variety of devices have been invented to measure time . The study of these devices is called horology . An Egyptian device that dates to c. 1500 BC , similar in shape to a bent T - square , measured the passage of time from the shadow cast by its crossbar on a nonlinear rule . The T was oriented eastward in the mornings . At noon , the device was turned around so that it could cast its shadow in the evening direction . A sundial uses a gnomon to cast a shadow on a set of markings calibrated to the hour . The position of the shadow marks the hour in local time . The idea to separate the day into smaller parts is credited to Egyptians because of their sundials , which operated on a duodecimal system . The importance of the number 12 is due the number of lunar cycles in a year and the number of stars used to count the passage of night . The most precise timekeeping device of the ancient world was the water clock , or clepsydra , one of which was found in the tomb of Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep I. They could be used to measure the hours even at night , but required manual upkeep to replenish the flow of water . The Ancient Greeks and the people from Chaldea ( southeastern Mesopotamia ) regularly maintained timekeeping records as an essential part of their astronomical observations . Arab inventors and engineers in particular made improvements on the use of water clocks up to the Middle Ages . In the 11th century , Chinese inventors and engineers invented the first mechanical clocks driven by an escapement mechanism . A contemporary quartz watch , 2007 The hourglass uses the flow of sand to measure the flow of time . They were used in navigation . Ferdinand Magellan used 18 glasses on each ship for his circumnavigation of the globe ( 1522 ) . Incense sticks and candles were , and are , commonly used to measure time in temples and churches across the globe . Waterclocks , and later , mechanical clocks , were used to mark the events of the abbeys and monasteries of the Middle Ages . Richard of Wallingford ( 1292 -- 1336 ) , abbot of St. Alban 's abbey , famously built a mechanical clock as an astronomical orrery about 1330 . Great advances in accurate time - keeping were made by Galileo Galilei and especially Christiaan Huygens with the invention of pendulum driven clocks along with the invention of the minute hand by Jost Burgi . The English word clock probably comes from the Middle Dutch word klocke which , in turn , derives from the medieval Latin word clocca , which ultimately derives from Celtic and is cognate with French , Latin , and German words that mean bell . The passage of the hours at sea were marked by bells , and denoted the time ( see ship 's bell ) . The hours were marked by bells in abbeys as well as at sea . Chip - scale atomic clocks , such as this one unveiled in 2004 , are expected to greatly improve GPS location . Clocks can range from watches , to more exotic varieties such as the Clock of the Long Now . They can be driven by a variety of means , including gravity , springs , and various forms of electrical power , and regulated by a variety of means such as a pendulum . Alarm clocks first appeared in ancient Greece around 250 BC with a water clock that would set off a whistle . This idea was later mechanized by Levi Hutchins and Seth E. Thomas . A chronometer is a portable timekeeper that meets certain precision standards . Initially , the term was used to refer to the marine chronometer , a timepiece used to determine longitude by means of celestial navigation , a precision firstly achieved by John Harrison . More recently , the term has also been applied to the chronometer watch , a watch that meets precision standards set by the Swiss agency COSC . The most accurate timekeeping devices are atomic clocks , which are accurate to seconds in many millions of years , and are used to calibrate other clocks and timekeeping instruments . Atomic clocks use the frequency of electronic transitions in certain atoms to measure the second . One of the most common atoms used is caesium , most modern atomic clocks probe caesium with microwaves to determine the frequency of these electron vibrations . Since 1967 , the International System of Measurements bases its unit of time , the second , on the properties of caesium atoms . SI defines the second as 9,192,631,770 cycles of the radiation that corresponds to the transition between two electron spin energy levels of the ground state of the Cs atom . Today , the Global Positioning System in coordination with the Network Time Protocol can be used to synchronize timekeeping systems across the globe . In medieval philosophical writings , the atom was a unit of time referred to as the smallest possible division of time . The earliest known occurrence in English is in Byrhtferth 's Enchiridion ( a science text ) of 1010 -- 1012 , where it was defined as 1 / 564 of a momentum ( 11⁄2 minutes ) , and thus equal to 15 / 94 of a second . It was used in the computus , the process of calculating the date of Easter . As of May 2010 , the smallest time interval uncertainty in direct measurements is on the order of 12 attoseconds ( 1.2 × 10 seconds ) , about 3.7 × 10 Planck times . Units of time See also : Time ( Orders of magnitude ) and Unit of time § List The second ( s ) is the SI base unit . A minute ( min ) is 60 seconds in length , and an hour is 60 minutes in length . A day is 24 hours or 86,400 seconds in length . Definitions and standards The Mean Solar Time system defines the second as 1 / 86,400 of the mean solar day , which is the year - average of the solar day . The solar day is the time interval between two successive solar noons , i.e. , the time interval between two successive passages of the Sun across the local meridian . The local meridian is an imaginary line that runs from celestial north pole to celestial south pole passing directly over the head of the observer . At the local meridian the Sun reaches its highest point on its daily arc across the sky . In 1874 the British Association for the Advancement of Science introduced the CGS ( centimetre / gramme / second system ) combining fundamental units of length , mass and time . The second is `` elastic '' , because tidal friction is slowing the earth 's rotation rate . For use in calculating ephemerides of celestial motion , therefore , in 1952 astronomers introduced the `` ephemeris second '' , currently defined as the fraction 1 / 31,556,925.9747 of the tropical year for 1900 January 0 at 12 hours ephemeris time . The CGS system has been superseded by the Système international . The SI base unit for time is the SI second . The International System of Quantities , which incorporates the SI , also defines larger units of time equal to fixed integer multiples of one second ( 1 s ) , such as the minute , hour and day . These are not part of the SI , but may be used alongside the SI . Other units of time such as the month and the year are not equal to fixed multiples of 1 s , and instead exhibit significant variations in duration . The official SI definition of the second is as follows : The second is the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium 133 atom . At its 1997 meeting , the CIPM affirmed that this definition refers to a caesium atom in its ground state at a temperature of 0 K . The current definition of the second , coupled with the current definition of the metre , is based on the special theory of relativity , which affirms our spacetime to be a Minkowski space . The definition of the second in mean solar time , however , is unchanged . World time While in theory , the concept of a single worldwide universal time - scale may have been conceived of many centuries ago , in practicality the technical ability to create and maintain such a time - scale did not become possible until the mid-19th century . The timescale adopted was Greenwich Mean Time , created in 1847 . A few countries have replaced it with Coordinated Universal Time , UTC . History of the development of UTC With the advent of the industrial revolution , a greater understanding and agreement on the nature of time itself became increasingly necessary and helpful . In 1847 in Britain , Greenwich Mean Time ( GMT ) was first created for use by the British railways , the British navy , and the British shipping industry . Using telescopes , GMT was calibrated to the mean solar time at the Royal Observatory , Greenwich in the UK . As international commerce continued to increase throughout Europe , in order to achieve a more efficiently functioning modern society , an agreed upon , and highly accurate international standard of time measurement became necessary . In order to find or determine such a time - standard , three steps had to be followed : An internationally agreed upon time - standard had to be defined . This new time - standard then had to be consistently and accurately measured . The new time - standard then had to be freely shared and distributed around the world . The development of what is now known as UTC time came about historically as an effort which first began as a collaboration between 41 nations , officially agreed to and signed at the International Meridian Conference , in Washington D.C. in 1884 . At this conference , the local mean solar time at the Royal Observatory , Greenwich in England was chosen to define the `` universal day '' , counted from 0 hours at Greenwich mean midnight . This agreed with the civil Greenwich Mean Time used on the island of Great Britain since 1847 . In contrast astronomical GMT began at mean noon , i.e. astronomical day X began at noon of civil day X . The purpose of this was to keep one night 's observations under one date . The civil system was adopted as of 0 hours ( civil ) 1 January 1925 . Nautical GMT began 24 hours before astronomical GMT , at least until 1805 in the Royal Navy , but persisted much later elsewhere because it was mentioned at the 1884 conference . In 1884 , the Greenwich meridian was used for two - thirds of all charts and maps as their Prime Meridian . Among the 41 nations represented at the conference , the advanced time - technologies that had already come into use in Britain were fundamental components of the agreed upon method of arriving at a universal and agreed upon international time . In 1928 Greenwich Mean Time was rebranded for scientific purposes by the International Astronomical Union as Universal Time ( UT ) . This was to avoid confusion with the previous system where the day had begun at noon . As the general public had always begun the day at midnight the timescale continued to be presented to them as Greenwich Mean Time . By 1956 , universal time had been split into various versions -- UT2 , which smoothed for polar motion and seasonal effects , was presented to the public as Greenwich Mean Time . Later , UT1 ( which smooths only for polar motion ) became the default form of UT used by astronomers and hence the form used in navigation , sunrise and sunset and moonrise and moonset tables where the name Greenwich Mean Time continues to be employed . Greenwich Mean Time is also the preferred method of describing the timescale used by legislators . Even to the present day , UT is still based on an international telescopic system . Observations at the Greenwich Observatory itself ceased in 1954 , though the location is still used as the basis for the coordinate system . Because the rotational period of Earth is not perfectly constant , the duration of a second would vary if calibrated to a telescope - based standard like GMT , where the second is defined as 1 / 86 400 of the mean solar day . For the better part of the first century following the `` International Meridian Conference , '' until 1960 , the methods and definitions of time - keeping that had been laid out at the conference proved to be adequate to meet time tracking needs of science . Still , with the advent of the `` electronic revolution '' in the latter half of the 20th century , the technologies that had been available at the time of the Convention of the Metre proved to be in need of further refinement in order to meet the needs of the ever - increasing precision that the `` electronic revolution '' had begun to require . The ephemeris second An invariable second ( the `` ephemeris second '' ) had been defined , use of which removed the errors in ephemerides resulting from the use of the variable mean solar second as the time argument . In 1960 this ephemeris second was made the basis of the `` coordinated universal time '' which was being derived from atomic clocks . It is a specified fraction of the mean tropical year as at 1900 and , being based on historical telescope observations , corresponds roughly to the mean solar second of the early nineteenth century . The SI second In 1967 a further step was taken with the introduction of the SI second , essentially the ephemeris second as measured by atomic clocks and formally defined in atomic terms . The SI second ( Standard Internationale second ) is based directly on the measurement of the atomic - clock observation of the frequency oscillation of caesium atoms . It is the basis of all atomic timescales , e.g. coordinated universal time , GPS time , International Atomic Time , etc . Atomic clocks do not measure nuclear decay rates , which is a common misconception , but rather measure a certain natural vibrational frequency of caesium - 133 . Coordinated universal time is subject to one constraint which does not affect the other atomic timescales . As it has been adopted as the civil timescale by some countries ( most countries have opted to retain mean solar time ) it is not permitted to deviate from GMT by more than 0.9 second . This is achieved by the occasional insertion of a leap second . Current application of UTC Most countries use mean solar time . Australia , Canada ( Quebec only ) , Colombia , France , Germany , New Zealand , Papua New Guinea ( Bougainville only ) , Paraguay , Portugal , Switzerland , the United States and Venezuela use UTC . However , UTC is widely used by the scientific community in countries where mean solar time is official . UTC time is based on the SI second , which was first defined in 1967 , and is based on the use of atomic clocks . Some other less used but closely related time - standards include International Atomic Time ( TAI ) , Terrestrial Time , and Barycentric Dynamical Time . Between 1967 and 1971 , UTC was periodically adjusted by fractional amounts of a second in order to adjust and refine for variations in mean solar time , with which it is aligned . After 1 January 1972 , UTC time has been defined as being offset from atomic time by a whole number of seconds , changing only when a leap second is added to keep radio - controlled clocks synchronized with the rotation of the Earth . The Global Positioning System also broadcasts a very precise time signal worldwide , along with instructions for converting GPS time to UTC . GPS - time is based on , and regularly synchronized with or from , UTC - time . Earth is split up into a number of time zones . Most time zones are exactly one hour apart , and by convention compute their local time as an offset from GMT . For example , time zones at sea are based on GMT . In many locations ( but not at sea ) these offsets vary twice yearly due to daylight saving time transitions . Time conversions These conversions are accurate at the millisecond level for time systems involving earth rotation ( UT1 & TT ) . Conversions between atomic time systems ( TAI , GPS , and UTC ) are accurate at the microsecond level . System Description UT1 UTC TT TAI GPS UT1 Mean Solar Time UT1 UTC = UT1 -- DUT1 TT = UT1 + 32.184 s + LS -- DUT1 TAI = UT1 -- DUT1 + LS GPS = UT1 -- DUT1 + LS -- 19 s UTC Civil Time UT1 = UTC + DUT1 UTC TT = UTC + 32.184 s + LS TAI = UTC + LS GPS = UTC + LS -- 19 s TT Terrestrial ( Ephemeris ) Time UT1 = TT -- 32.184 s -- LS + DUT1 UTC = TT -- 32.184 s -- LS TT TAI = TT -- 32.184 s GPS = TT -- 51.184 s TAI Atomic Time UT1 = TAI + DUT1 -- LS UTC = TAI -- LS TT = TAI + 32.184 s TAI GPS = TAI -- 19 s GPS GPS Time UT1 = GPS + DUT1 -- LS + 19 s UTC = GPS -- LS + 19 s TT = GPS + 51.184 s TAI = GPS + 19 s GPS Definitions : LS = TAI -- UTC = Leap Seconds from http://maia.usno.navy.mil/ser7/tai-utc.dat DUT1 = UT1 -- UTC from http://maia.usno.navy.mil/ser7/ser7.dat or http://maia.usno.navy.mil/search/search.html Sidereal time Main article : Sidereal time Further information : Earth 's rotation , Diurnal motion , and Hour circle Unlike solar time , which is relative to the apparent position of the Sun , sidereal time is the measurement of time relative to that of a distant star . In astronomy , sidereal time is used to predict when a star will reach its highest point in the sky . Due to Earth 's orbital motion around the Sun , a mean solar day is about 3 minutes 56 seconds longer than a mean sidereal day , or ​ ⁄ more than a mean sidereal day . Chronology Main article : Chronology Another form of time measurement consists of studying the past . Events in the past can be ordered in a sequence ( creating a chronology ) , and can be put into chronological groups ( periodization ) . One of the most important systems of periodization is the geologic time scale , which is a system of periodizing the events that shaped the Earth and its life . Chronology , periodization , and interpretation of the past are together known as the study of history . Time - like concepts : terminology The term `` time '' is generally used for many close but different concepts , including : instant as an object -- one point on the time axes . Being an object , it has no value ; time interval as an object -- part of the time axes limited by two instants . Being an object , it has no value ; date as a quantity characterising an instant . As a quantity , it has a value which may be expressed in a variety of ways , for example `` 2014 - 04 - 26T09 : 42 : 36 , 75 '' in ISO standard format , or more colloquially such as `` today , 9 : 42 a.m. '' ; duration as a quantity characterizing a time interval . As a quantity , it has a value , such as a number of minutes , or may be described in terms of the quantities ( such as times and dates ) of its beginning and end . Religion Hindu units of time shown logarithmically Further information : Time and fate deities Linear and cyclical time See also : Time cycles and Wheel of time Ancient cultures such as Incan , Mayan , Hopi , and other Native American Tribes -- plus the Babylonians , Ancient Greeks , Hinduism , Buddhism , Jainism , and others -- have a concept of a wheel of time : they regard time as cyclical and quantic , consisting of repeating ages that happen to every being of the Universe between birth and extinction . In general , the Islamic and Judeo - Christian world - view regards time as linear and directional , beginning with the act of creation by God . The traditional Christian view sees time ending , teleologically , with the eschatological end of the present order of things , the `` end time '' . In the Old Testament book Ecclesiastes , traditionally ascribed to Solomon ( 970 -- 928 BC ) , time ( as the Hebrew word עידן , זמן ` iddan ( age , as in `` Ice age '' ) zĕman ( time ) is often translated ) was traditionally regarded as a medium for the passage of predestined events . ( Another word , زمان '' זמן '' zamān , meant time fit for an event , and is used as the modern Arabic , Persian , and Hebrew equivalent to the English word `` time '' . ) Time in Greek mythology The Greek language denotes two distinct principles , Chronos and Kairos . The former refers to numeric , or chronological , time . The latter , literally `` the right or opportune moment '' , relates specifically to metaphysical or Divine time . In theology , Kairos is qualitative , as opposed to quantitative . In Greek mythology , Chronos ( Ancient Greek : Χρόνος ) is identified as the Personification of Time . His name in Greek means `` time '' and is alternatively spelled Chronus ( Latin spelling ) or Khronos . Chronos is usually portrayed as an old , wise man with a long , gray beard , such as `` Father Time '' . Some English words whose etymological root is khronos / chronos include chronology , chronometer , chronic , anachronism , synchronise , and chronicle . Time in kabbalah According to Kabbalists , `` time '' is a paradox and an illusion . Both the future and the past are recognised to be combined and simultaneously present . Philosophy Main articles : Philosophy of space and time and Temporal finitism Time 's mortal aspect is personified in this bronze statue by Charles van der Stappen . Two contrasting viewpoints on time divide prominent philosophers . One view is that time is part of the fundamental structure of the universe -- a dimension independent of events , in which events occur in sequence . Isaac Newton subscribed to this realist view , and hence it is sometimes referred to as Newtonian time . The opposing view is that time does not refer to any kind of `` container '' that events and objects `` move through '' , nor to any entity that `` flows '' , but that it is instead part of a fundamental intellectual structure ( together with space and number ) within which humans sequence and compare events . This second view , in the tradition of Gottfried Leibniz and Immanuel Kant , holds that time is neither an event nor a thing , and thus is not itself measurable nor can it be travelled . Furthermore , it may be that there is a subjective component to time , but whether or not time itself is `` felt '' , as a sensation , or is a judgment , is a matter of debate . The Vedas , the earliest texts on Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy dating back to the late 2nd millennium BC , describe ancient Hindu cosmology , in which the universe goes through repeated cycles of creation , destruction and rebirth , with each cycle lasting 4,320 million years . Ancient Greek philosophers , including Parmenides and Heraclitus , wrote essays on the nature of time . Plato , in the Timaeus , identified time with the period of motion of the heavenly bodies . Aristotle , in Book IV of his Physica defined time as ' number of movement in respect of the before and after ' . In Book 11 of his Confessions , St. Augustine of Hippo ruminates on the nature of time , asking , `` What then is time ? If no one asks me , I know : if I wish to explain it to one that asketh , I know not . '' He begins to define time by what it is not rather than what it is , an approach similar to that taken in other negative definitions . However , Augustine ends up calling time a `` distention '' of the mind ( Confessions 11.26 ) by which we simultaneously grasp the past in memory , the present by attention , and the future by expectation . This view is shared by Abrahamic faiths as they believe time started by creation , therefore the only thing being infinite is God and everything else , including time , is finite . Isaac Newton believed in absolute space and absolute time ; Leibniz believed that time and space are relational . The differences between Leibniz 's and Newton 's interpretations came to a head in the famous Leibniz -- Clarke correspondence . Time is not an empirical concept . For neither co-existence nor succession would be perceived by us , if the representation of time did not exist as a foundation a priori . Without this presupposition we could not represent to ourselves that things exist together at one and the same time , or at different times , that is , contemporaneously , or in succession . Immanuel Kant , Critique of Pure Reason ( 1781 ) , trans . Vasilis Politis ( London : Dent. , 1991 ) , p. 54 . Immanuel Kant , in the Critique of Pure Reason , described time as an a priori intuition that allows us ( together with the other a priori intuition , space ) to comprehend sense experience . With Kant , neither space nor time are conceived as substances , but rather both are elements of a systematic mental framework that necessarily structures the experiences of any rational agent , or observing subject . Kant thought of time as a fundamental part of an abstract conceptual framework , together with space and number , within which we sequence events , quantify their duration , and compare the motions of objects . In this view , time does not refer to any kind of entity that `` flows , '' that objects `` move through , '' or that is a `` container '' for events . Spatial measurements are used to quantify the extent of and distances between objects , and temporal measurements are used to quantify the durations of and between events . Time was designated by Kant as the purest possible schema of a pure concept or category . Henri Bergson believed that time was neither a real homogeneous medium nor a mental construct , but possesses what he referred to as Duration . Duration , in Bergson 's view , was creativity and memory as an essential component of reality . According to Martin Heidegger we do not exist inside time , we are time . Hence , the relationship to the past is a present awareness of having been , which allows the past to exist in the present . The relationship to the future is the state of anticipating a potential possibility , task , or engagement . It is related to the human propensity for caring and being concerned , which causes `` being ahead of oneself '' when thinking of a pending occurrence . Therefore , this concern for a potential occurrence also allows the future to exist in the present . The present becomes an experience , which is qualitative instead of quantitative . Heidegger seems to think this is the way that a linear relationship with time , or temporal existence , is broken or transcended . We are not stuck in sequential time . We are able to remember the past and project into the future -- we have a kind of random access to our representation of temporal existence ; we can , in our thoughts , step out of ( ecstasis ) sequential time . Time as `` unreal '' In 5th century BC Greece , Antiphon the Sophist , in a fragment preserved from his chief work On Truth , held that : `` Time is not a reality ( hypostasis ) , but a concept ( noêma ) or a measure ( metron ) . '' Parmenides went further , maintaining that time , motion , and change were illusions , leading to the paradoxes of his follower Zeno . Time as an illusion is also a common theme in Buddhist thought . J.M.E. McTaggart 's 1908 The Unreality of Time argues that , since every event has the characteristic of being both present and not present ( i.e. , future or past ) , that time is a self - contradictory idea ( see also The flow of time ) . These arguments often center on what it means for something to be unreal . Modern physicists generally believe that time is as real as space -- though others , such as Julian Barbour in his book The End of Time , argue that quantum equations of the universe take their true form when expressed in the timeless realm containing every possible now or momentary configuration of the universe , called ' platonia ' by Barbour . A modern philosophical theory called presentism views the past and the future as human - mind interpretations of movement instead of real parts of time ( or `` dimensions '' ) which coexist with the present . This theory rejects the existence of all direct interaction with the past or the future , holding only the present as tangible . This is one of the philosophical arguments against time travel . This contrasts with eternalism ( all time : present , past and future , is real ) and the growing block theory ( the present and the past are real , but the future is not ) . Physical definition Part of a series of articles about Classical mechanics F → = m a → ( \ displaystyle ( \ vec ( F ) ) = m ( \ vec ( a ) ) ) Second law of motion History Timeline Branches ( show ) Applied Celestial Continuum Dynamics Kinematics Kinetics Statics Statistical Fundamentals ( hide ) Acceleration Angular momentum Couple D'Alembert's principle Energy kinetic potential Force Frame of reference Inertial frame of reference Impulse Inertia / Moment of inertia Mass Mechanical power Mechanical work Moment Momentum Space Speed Time Torque Velocity Virtual work Formulations ( show ) Newton 's laws of motion Analytical mechanics Lagrangian mechanics Hamiltonian mechanics Routhian mechanics Hamilton -- Jacobi equation Appell 's equation of motion Udwadia -- Kalaba equation Koopman -- von Neumann mechanics Core topics ( show ) Damping ( ratio ) Displacement Equations of motion Euler 's laws of motion Fictitious force Friction Harmonic oscillator Inertial / Non-inertial reference frame Mechanics of planar particle motion Motion ( linear ) Newton 's law of universal gravitation Newton 's laws of motion Relative velocity Rigid body dynamics Euler 's equations Simple harmonic motion Vibration Rotation ( show ) Circular motion Rotating reference frame Centripetal force Centrifugal force reactive Coriolis force Pendulum Tangential speed Rotational speed Angular acceleration / displacement / frequency / velocity Scientists ( show ) Galileo Huygens Newton Kepler Horrocks Halley Euler d'Alembert Clairaut Lagrange Laplace Hamilton Poisson Daniel Bernoulli Johann Bernoulli Cauchy Main article : Time in physics Until Einstein 's reinterpretation of the physical concepts associated with time and space , time was considered to be the same everywhere in the universe , with all observers measuring the same time interval for any event . Non-relativistic classical mechanics is based on this Newtonian idea of time . Einstein , in his special theory of relativity , postulated the constancy and finiteness of the speed of light for all observers . He showed that this postulate , together with a reasonable definition for what it means for two events to be simultaneous , requires that distances appear compressed and time intervals appear lengthened for events associated with objects in motion relative to an inertial observer . The theory of special relativity finds a convenient formulation in Minkowski spacetime , a mathematical structure that combines three dimensions of space with a single dimension of time . In this formalism , distances in space can be measured by how long light takes to travel that distance , e.g. , a light - year is a measure of distance , and a meter is now defined in terms of how far light travels in a certain amount of time . Two events in Minkowski spacetime are separated by an invariant interval , which can be either space - like , light - like , or time - like . Events that have a time - like separation can not be simultaneous in any frame of reference , there must be a temporal component ( and possibly a spatial one ) to their separation . Events that have a space - like separation will be simultaneous in some frame of reference , and there is no frame of reference in which they do not have a spatial separation . Different observers may calculate different distances and different time intervals between two events , but the invariant interval between the events is independent of the observer ( and his or her velocity ) . Classical mechanics In non-relativistic classical mechanics , Newton 's concept of `` relative , apparent , and common time '' can be used in the formulation of a prescription for the synchronization of clocks . Events seen by two different observers in motion relative to each other produce a mathematical concept of time that works sufficiently well for describing the everyday phenomena of most people 's experience . In the late nineteenth century , physicists encountered problems with the classical understanding of time , in connection with the behavior of electricity and magnetism . Einstein resolved these problems by invoking a method of synchronizing clocks using the constant , finite speed of light as the maximum signal velocity . This led directly to the result that observers in motion relative to one another measure different elapsed times for the same event . Two - dimensional space depicted in three - dimensional spacetime . The past and future light cones are absolute , the `` present '' is a relative concept different for observers in relative motion . Spacetime Main article : Spacetime Time has historically been closely related with space , the two together merging into spacetime in Einstein 's special relativity and general relativity . According to these theories , the concept of time depends on the spatial reference frame of the observer , and the human perception as well as the measurement by instruments such as clocks are different for observers in relative motion . For example , if a spaceship carrying a clock flies through space at ( very nearly ) the speed of light , its crew does not notice a change in the speed of time on board their vessel because everything traveling at the same speed slows down at the same rate ( including the clock , the crew 's thought processes , and the functions of their bodies ) . However , to a stationary observer watching the spaceship fly by , the spaceship appears flattened in the direction it is traveling and the clock on board the spaceship appears to move very slowly . On the other hand , the crew on board the spaceship also perceives the observer as slowed down and flattened along the spaceship 's direction of travel , because both are moving at very nearly the speed of light relative to each other . Because the outside universe appears flattened to the spaceship , the crew perceives themselves as quickly traveling between regions of space that ( to the stationary observer ) are many light years apart . This is reconciled by the fact that the crew 's perception of time is different from the stationary observer 's ; what seems like seconds to the crew might be hundreds of years to the stationary observer . In either case , however , causality remains unchanged : the past is the set of events that can send light signals to an entity and the future is the set of events to which an entity can send light signals . Time dilation Relativity of simultaneity : Event B is simultaneous with A in the green reference frame , but it occurred before in the blue frame , and occurs later in the red frame . Main article : Time dilation Einstein showed in his thought experiments that people travelling at different speeds , while agreeing on cause and effect , measure different time separations between events , and can even observe different chronological orderings between non-causally related events . Though these effects are typically minute in the human experience , the effect becomes much more pronounced for objects moving at speeds approaching the speed of light . Subatomic particles exist for a well known average fraction of a second in a lab relatively at rest , but when travelling close to the speed of light they are measured to travel farther and exist for much longer than when at rest . According to the special theory of relativity , in the high - speed particle 's frame of reference , it exists , on the average , for a standard amount of time known as its mean lifetime , and the distance it travels in that time is zero , because its velocity is zero . Relative to a frame of reference at rest , time seems to `` slow down '' for the particle . Relative to the high - speed particle , distances seem to shorten . Einstein showed how both temporal and spatial dimensions can be altered ( or `` warped '' ) by high - speed motion . Einstein ( The Meaning of Relativity ) : `` Two events taking place at the points A and B of a system K are simultaneous if they appear at the same instant when observed from the middle point , M , of the interval AB . Time is then defined as the ensemble of the indications of similar clocks , at rest relative to K , which register the same simultaneously . '' Einstein wrote in his book , Relativity , that simultaneity is also relative , i.e. , two events that appear simultaneous to an observer in a particular inertial reference frame need not be judged as simultaneous by a second observer in a different inertial frame of reference . Relativistic time versus Newtonian time Views of spacetime along the world line of a rapidly accelerating observer in a relativistic universe . The events ( `` dots '' ) that pass the two diagonal lines in the bottom half of the image ( the past light cone of the observer in the origin ) are the events visible to the observer . The animations visualise the different treatments of time in the Newtonian and the relativistic descriptions . At the heart of these differences are the Galilean and Lorentz transformations applicable in the Newtonian and relativistic theories , respectively . In the figures , the vertical direction indicates time . The horizontal direction indicates distance ( only one spatial dimension is taken into account ) , and the thick dashed curve is the spacetime trajectory ( `` world line '' ) of the observer . The small dots indicate specific ( past and future ) events in spacetime . The slope of the world line ( deviation from being vertical ) gives the relative velocity to the observer . Note how in both pictures the view of spacetime changes when the observer accelerates . In the Newtonian description these changes are such that time is absolute : the movements of the observer do not influence whether an event occurs in the ' now ' ( i.e. , whether an event passes the horizontal line through the observer ) . However , in the relativistic description the observability of events is absolute : the movements of the observer do not influence whether an event passes the `` light cone '' of the observer . Notice that with the change from a Newtonian to a relativistic description , the concept of absolute time is no longer applicable : events move up - and - down in the figure depending on the acceleration of the observer . Arrow of time Main article : Arrow of time Time appears to have a direction -- the past lies behind , fixed and immutable , while the future lies ahead and is not necessarily fixed . Yet for the most part the laws of physics do not specify an arrow of time , and allow any process to proceed both forward and in reverse . This is generally a consequence of time being modelled by a parameter in the system being analysed , where there is no `` proper time '' : the direction of the arrow of time is sometimes arbitrary . Examples of this include the cosmological arrow of time , which points away from the Big Bang , CPT symmetry , and the radiative arrow of time , caused by light only travelling forwards in time ( see light cone ) . In particle physics , the violation of CP symmetry implies that there should be a small counterbalancing time asymmetry to preserve CPT symmetry as stated above . The standard description of measurement in quantum mechanics is also time asymmetric ( see Measurement in quantum mechanics ) . The second law of thermodynamics states that entropy must increase over time ( see Entropy ) . This can be in either direction -- Brian Greene theorizes that , according to the equations , the change in entropy occurs symmetrically whether going forward or backward in time . So entropy tends to increase in either direction , and our current low - entropy universe is a statistical aberration , in the similar manner as tossing a coin often enough that eventually heads will result ten times in a row . However , this theory is not supported empirically in local experiment . Quantized time See also : Chronon Time quantization is a hypothetical concept . In the modern established physical theories ( the Standard Model of Particles and Interactions and General Relativity ) time is not quantized . Planck time ( ~ 5.4 × 10 seconds ) is the unit of time in the system of natural units known as Planck units . Current established physical theories are believed to fail at this time scale , and many physicists expect that the Planck time might be the smallest unit of time that could ever be measured , even in principle . Tentative physical theories that describe this time scale exist ; see for instance loop quantum gravity . Time travel Main article : Time travel See also : Time travel in fiction , Wormhole , and Twin paradox Time travel is the concept of moving backwards or forwards to different points in time , in a manner analogous to moving through space , and different from the normal `` flow '' of time to an earthbound observer . In this view , all points in time ( including future times ) `` persist '' in some way . Time travel has been a plot device in fiction since the 19th century . Travelling backwards in time has never been verified , presents many theoretical problems , and may be an impossibility . Any technological device , whether fictional or hypothetical , that is used to achieve time travel is known as a time machine . A central problem with time travel to the past is the violation of causality ; should an effect precede its cause , it would give rise to the possibility of a temporal paradox . Some interpretations of time travel resolve this by accepting the possibility of travel between branch points , parallel realities , or universes . Another solution to the problem of causality - based temporal paradoxes is that such paradoxes can not arise simply because they have not arisen . As illustrated in numerous works of fiction , free will either ceases to exist in the past or the outcomes of such decisions are predetermined . As such , it would not be possible to enact the grandfather paradox because it is a historical fact that your grandfather was not killed before his child ( your parent ) was conceived . This view does n't simply hold that history is an unchangeable constant , but that any change made by a hypothetical future time traveller would already have happened in his or her past , resulting in the reality that the traveller moves from . More elaboration on this view can be found in the Novikov self - consistency principle . Time perception Philosopher and psychologist William James Main article : Time perception The specious present refers to the time duration wherein one 's perceptions are considered to be in the present . The experienced present is said to be ' specious ' in that , unlike the objective present , it is an interval and not a durationless instant . The term specious present was first introduced by the psychologist E.R. Clay , and later developed by William James . Biopsychology The brain 's judgment of time is known to be a highly distributed system , including at least the cerebral cortex , cerebellum and basal ganglia as its components . One particular component , the suprachiasmatic nuclei , is responsible for the circadian ( or daily ) rhythm , while other cell clusters appear capable of shorter - range ( ultradian ) timekeeping . Psychoactive drugs can impair the judgment of time . Stimulants can lead both humans and rats to overestimate time intervals , while depressants can have the opposite effect . The level of activity in the brain of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and norepinephrine may be the reason for this . Such chemicals will either excite or inhibit the firing of neurons in the brain , with a greater firing rate allowing the brain to register the occurrence of more events within a given interval ( speed up time ) and a decreased firing rate reducing the brain 's capacity to distinguish events occurring within a given interval ( slow down time ) . Mental chronometry is the use of response time in perceptual - motor tasks to infer the content , duration , and temporal sequencing of cognitive operations . Development of awareness and understanding of time in children Children 's expanding cognitive abilities allow them to understand time more clearly . Two - and three - year - olds ' understanding of time is mainly limited to `` now and not now . '' Five - and six - year - olds can grasp the ideas of past , present , and future . Seven - to ten - year - olds can use clocks and calendars . Alterations In addition to psychoactive drugs , judgments of time can be altered by temporal illusions ( like the kappa effect ) , age , and hypnosis . The sense of time is impaired in some people with neurological diseases such as Parkinson 's disease and attention deficit disorder . Psychologists assert that time seems to go faster with age , but the literature on this age - related perception of time remains controversial . Those who support this notion argue that young people , having more excitatory neurotransmitters , are able to cope with faster external events . Use of time See also : Time management and Time discipline In sociology and anthropology , time discipline is the general name given to social and economic rules , conventions , customs , and expectations governing the measurement of time , the social currency and awareness of time measurements , and people 's expectations concerning the observance of these customs by others . Arlie Russell Hochschild and Norbert Elias have written on the use of time from a sociological perspective . The use of time is an important issue in understanding human behavior , education , and travel behavior . Time - use research is a developing field of study . The question concerns how time is allocated across a number of activities ( such as time spent at home , at work , shopping , etc . ) . Time use changes with technology , as the television or the Internet created new opportunities to use time in different ways . However , some aspects of time use are relatively stable over long periods of time , such as the amount of time spent traveling to work , which despite major changes in transport , has been observed to be about 20 -- 30 minutes one - way for a large number of cities over a long period . Time management is the organization of tasks or events by first estimating how much time a task requires and when it must be completed , and adjusting events that would interfere with its completion so it is done in the appropriate amount of time . Calendars and day planners are common examples of time management tools . A sequence of events , or series of events , is a sequence of items , facts , events , actions , changes , or procedural steps , arranged in time order ( chronological order ) , often with causality relationships among the items . Because of causality , cause precedes effect , or cause and effect may appear together in a single item , but effect never precedes cause . A sequence of events can be presented in text , tables , charts , or timelines . The description of the items or events may include a timestamp . A sequence of events that includes the time along with place or location information to describe a sequential path may be referred to as a world line . Uses of a sequence of events include stories , historical events ( chronology ) , directions and steps in procedures , and timetables for scheduling activities . A sequence of events may also be used to help describe processes in science , technology , and medicine . A sequence of events may be focused on past events ( e.g. , stories , history , chronology ) , on future events that must be in a predetermined order ( e.g. , plans , schedules , procedures , timetables ) , or focused on the observation of past events with the expectation that the events will occur in the future ( e.g. , processes , projections ) . The use of a sequence of events occurs in fields as diverse as machines ( cam timer ) , documentaries ( Seconds From Disaster ) , law ( choice of law ) , computer simulation ( discrete event simulation ) , and electric power transmission ( sequence of events recorder ) . A specific example of a sequence of events is the timeline of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster . Spatial conceptualization of time Although time is regarded as an abstract concept , there is increasing evidence that time is conceptualized in the mind in terms of space . That is , instead of thinking about time in a general , abstract way , humans think about time in a spatial way and mentally organize it as such . Using space to think about time allows humans to mentally organize temporal events in a specific way . This spatial representation of time is often represented in the mind as a Mental Time Line ( MTL ) . Using space to think about time allows humans to mentally organize temporal order . These origins are shaped by many environmental factors -- -- for example , literacy appears to play a large role in the different types of MTLs , as reading / writing direction provides an everyday temporal orientation that differs from culture to culture . In western cultures , the MTL may unfold rightward ( with the past on the left and the future on the right ) since people read and write from left to right . Western calendars also continue this trend by placing the past on the left with the future progressing toward the right . Conversely , Arabic , Farsi , Urdu and Israeli - Hebrew speakers read from right to left , and their MTLs unfold leftward ( past on the right with future on the left ) , and evidence suggests these speakers organize time events in their minds like this as well . This linguistic evidence that abstract concepts are based in spatial concepts also reveals that the way humans mentally organize time events varies across cultures -- -- that is , a certain specific mental organization system is not universal . So , although Western cultures typically associate past events with the left and future events with the right according to a certain MTL , this kind of horizontal , egocentric MTL is not the spatial organization of all cultures . Although most developed nations use an egocentric spatial system , there is recent evidence that some cultures use an allocentric spatialization , often based on environmental features . A recent study of the indigenous Yupno people of Papua New Guinea focused on the directional gestures used when individuals used time - related words . When speaking of the past ( such as `` last year '' or `` past times '' ) , individuals gestured downhill , where the river of the valley flowed into the ocean . When speaking of the future , they gestured uphill , toward the source of the river . This was common regardless of which direction the person faced , revealing that the Yupno people may use an allocentric MTL , in which time flows uphill . A similar study of the Pormpuraawans , an aboriginal group in Australia , revealed a similar distinction in which when asked to organize photos of a man aging `` in order , '' individuals consistently placed the youngest photos to the east and the oldest photos to the west , regardless of which direction they faced . This directly clashed with an American group which consistently organized the photos from left to right . Therefore , this group also appears to have an allocentric MTL , but based on the cardinal directions instead of geographical features . The wide array of distinctions in the way different groups think about time leads to the broader question that different groups may also think about other abstract concepts in different ways as well , such as causality and number . See also Book : Time Era Horology International System of Quantities Kairos List of UTC timing centers UTC Term ( time ) Books A Brief History of Time by Stephen Hawking About Time : Einstein 's Unfinished Revolution by Paul Davies From Eternity to Here : The Quest for the Ultimate Theory of Time by Sean M. Carroll The Discovery of Time by Stephen Toulmin and June Goodfield The Physical Basis of The Direction of Time by Heinz - Dieter Zeh An Experiment with Time by J.W. Dunne Einstein 's Dreams by Alan Lightman Being and Time by Martin Heidegger Time Reborn by Lee Smolin Organizations Leading scholarly organisations for researchers on the history and technology of time and timekeeping Antiquarian Horological Society -- AHS ( United Kingdom ) Chronometrophilia ( Switzerland ) Deutsche Gesellschaft für Chronometrie -- DGC ( Germany ) National Association of Watch and Clock Collectors -- NAWCC ( United States ) Miscellaneous arts and sciences Anachronism Date and time representation by country List of cycles Network Time Protocol ( NTP ) Nonlinear narrative Philosophy of physics Rate ( mathematics ) Miscellaneous units of time Fiscal year Half - life Hexadecimal time Season Tithi Unit of time Unix epoch References Jump up ^ `` Oxford Dictionaries : Time '' . Oxford University Press . 2011 . Archived from the original on 4 July 2012 . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . The indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past , present , and future regarded as a whole ^ Jump up to : `` Webster 's New World College Dictionary '' . 2010 . Archived from the original on 5 August 2011 . Retrieved 9 April 2011 . 1. indefinite , unlimited duration in which things are considered as happening in the past , present , or future ; every moment there has ever been or ever will be ... a system of measuring duration 2. the period between two events or during which something exists , happens , or acts ; measured or measurable interval `` The American Heritage Stedman 's Medical Dictionary '' . 2002 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2012 . Retrieved 9 April 2011 . A duration or relation of events expressed in terms of past , present , and future , and measured in units such as minutes , hours , days , months , or years . `` Collins Language.com '' . HarperCollins. 2011 . Archived from the original on 2 October 2011 . Retrieved 18 December 2011 . 1 . The continuous passage of existence in which events pass from a state of potentiality in the future , through the present , to a state of finality in the past . 2 . physics a quantity measuring duration , usually with reference to a periodic process such as the rotation of the earth or the frequency of electromagnetic radiation emitted from certain atoms . In classical mechanics , time is absolute in the sense that the time of an event is independent of the observer . According to the theory of relativity it depends on the observer 's frame of reference . Time is considered as a fourth coordinate required , along with three spatial coordinates , to specify an event . `` The American Heritage Science Dictionary @ dictionary.com '' . 2002 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2012 . Retrieved 9 April 2011 . 1 . A continuous , measurable quantity in which events occur in a sequence proceeding from the past through the present to the future . 2a . An interval separating two points of this quantity ; a duration . 2b . A system or reference frame in which such intervals are measured or such quantities are calculated . `` Eric Weisstein 's World of Science '' . 2007 . Retrieved 9 April 2011 . A quantity used to specify the order in which events occurred and measure the amount by which one event preceded or followed another . In special relativity , ct ( where c is the speed of light and t is time ) , plays the role of a fourth dimension . Jump up ^ `` Time '' . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language ( Fourth ed . ) . 2011 . Archived from the original on 19 July 2012 . A nonspatial continuum in which events occur in apparently irreversible succession from the past through the present to the future . Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster Dictionary Archived 8 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine . the measured or measurable period during which an action , process , or condition exists or continues : duration ; a nonspatial continuum which is measured in terms of events that succeed one another from past through present to future Jump up ^ Compact Oxford English Dictionary A limited stretch or space of continued existence , as the interval between two successive events or acts , or the period through which an action , condition , or state continues . ( 1971 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy '' . 2010 . Archived from the original on 11 April 2011 . Retrieved 9 April 2011 . Time is what clocks measure . We use time to place events in sequence one after the other , and we use time to compare how long events last ... Among philosophers of physics , the most popular short answer to the question `` What is physical time ? '' is that it is not a substance or object but rather a special system of relations among instantaneous events . This working definition is offered by Adolf Grünbaum who applies the contemporary mathematical theory of continuity to physical processes , and he says time is a linear continuum of instants and is a distinguished one - dimensional sub-space of four - dimensional spacetime . `` Dictionary.com Unabridged , based on Random House Dictionary '' . 2010 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2012 . Retrieved 9 April 2011 . 1 . the system of those sequential relations that any event has to any other , as past , present , or future ; indefinite and continuous duration regarded as that in which events succeed one another ... 3 . ( sometimes initial capital letter ) a system or method of measuring or reckoning the passage of time : mean time ; apparent time ; Greenwich Time . 4 . a limited period or interval , as between two successive events : a long time ... 14 . a particular or definite point in time , as indicated by a clock : What time is it ? ... 18 . an indefinite , frequently prolonged period or duration in the future : Time will tell if what we have done here today was right . Ivey , Donald G. ; Hume , J.N.P. ( 1974 ) . Physics. 1 . Ronald Press . p. 65 . Our operational definition of time is that time is what clocks measure . ^ Jump up to : Le Poidevin , Robin ( Winter 2004 ) . `` The Experience and Perception of Time '' . In Edward N. Zalta . The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Retrieved 9 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Newton did for time what the Greek geometers did for space , idealized it into an exactly measurable dimension . '' About Time : Einstein 's Unfinished Revolution , Paul Davies , p. 31 , Simon & Schuster , 1996 , ISBN 978 - 0684818221 Jump up ^ Sean M Carroll ( 2009 ) . From Eternity to Here : The Quest for the Ultimate Theory of Time . Physics Today . 63 . Dutton . pp. 54 -- 55 . Bibcode : 2010PhT ... 63d ... 54C . doi : 10.1063 / 1.3397046 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 525 - 95133 - 9 . Jump up ^ Adam Frank , Cosmology and Culture at the Twilight of the Big Bang , `` the time we imagine for the cosmos and the time we imagined into the human experience turn out to be woven so tightly together that we have lost the ability to see each of them for what it is . '' p. xv , Free Press , 2011 , ISBN 978 - 1439169599 Jump up ^ St. Augustine , Confessions , Simon & Brown , 2012 , ISBN 978 - 1613823262 Jump up ^ Official Baseball Rules , 2011 Edition ( 2011 ) . `` Rules 8.03 and 8.04 '' ( Free PDF download ) . Major League Baseball . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 1 July 2017 . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Rule 8.03 Such preparatory pitches shall not consume more than one minute of time ... Rule 8.04 When the bases are unoccupied , the pitcher shall deliver the ball to the batter within 12 seconds ... The 12 - second timing starts when the pitcher is in possession of the ball and the batter is in the box , alert to the pitcher . The timing stops when the pitcher releases the ball . Jump up ^ `` Guinness Book of Baseball World Records '' . Guinness World Records , Ltd . Archived from the original on 6 June 2012 . Retrieved 7 July 2012 . The record for the fastest time for circling the bases is 13.3 seconds , set by Evar Swanson at Columbus , Ohio in 1932 ... The greatest reliably recorded speed at which a baseball has been pitched is 100.9 mph by Lynn Nolan Ryan ( California Angels ) at Anaheim Stadium in California on 20 August 1974 . Jump up ^ Zeigler , Kenneth ( 2008 ) . Getting organized at work : 24 lessons to set goals , establish priorities , and manage your time . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 9780071591386 . 108 pages . ^ Jump up to : Burnham , Douglas : Staffordshire University ( 2006 ) . `` Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz ( 1646 -- 1716 ) Metaphysics -- 7 . Space , Time , and Indiscernibles '' . The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Archived from the original on 14 May 2011 . Retrieved 9 April 2011 . First of all , Leibniz finds the idea that space and time might be substances or substance - like absurd ( see , for example , `` Correspondence with Clarke , '' Leibniz 's Fourth Paper , § 8ff ) . In short , an empty space would be a substance with no properties ; it will be a substance that even God can not modify or destroy ... That is , space and time are internal or intrinsic features of the complete concepts of things , not extrinsic ... Leibniz 's view has two major implications . First , there is no absolute location in either space or time ; location is always the situation of an object or event relative to other objects and events . Second , space and time are not in themselves real ( that is , not substances ) . Space and time are , rather , ideal . Space and time are just metaphysically illegitimate ways of perceiving certain virtual relations between substances . They are phenomena or , strictly speaking , illusions ( although they are illusions that are well - founded upon the internal properties of substances ) ... It is sometimes convenient to think of space and time as something `` out there , '' over and above the entities and their relations to each other , but this convenience must not be confused with reality . Space is nothing but the order of co-existent objects ; time nothing but the order of successive events . This is usually called a relational theory of space and time . Jump up ^ Considine , Douglas M. ; Considine , Glenn D. ( 1985 ) . Process instruments and controls handbook . New York : Mcgraw - Hill ( 3 ed . ) . McGraw - Hill . pp. 18 -- 61 . Bibcode : 1985pich. book ... C. ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 012436 - 3 . Jump up ^ Duff , Okun , Veneziano , ibid . p. 3 . `` There is no well established terminology for the fundamental constants of Nature ... The absence of accurately defined terms or the uses ( i.e. , actually misuses ) of ill - defined terms lead to confusion and proliferation of wrong statements . '' Jump up ^ Richards , E.G. ( 1998 ) . Mapping Time : The Calendar and its History . Oxford University Press . pp. 3 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Rudgley , Richard ( 1999 ) . The Lost Civilizations of the Stone Age . New York : Simon & Schuster . pp. 86 -- 105 . Jump up ^ Van Stone , Mark . `` The Maya Long Count Calendar : An Introduction . '' Archaeoastronomy 24. ( 2011 ) : 8 -- 11 . Academic Search Complete . Web . 20 Feb. 2016 . Jump up ^ `` French Republican Calendar Chronology . '' Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica , n.d. Web . 21 Feb. 2016 . Jump up ^ https://nawcc.org/index.php/main-education Jump up ^ Barnett , Jo Ellen Time 's Pendulum : The Quest to Capture Time -- from Sundials to Atomic Clocks Plenum , 1998 ISBN 0 - 306 - 45787 - 3 p. 28 Jump up ^ Lombardi , Michael A. `` Why Is a Minute Divided into 60 Seconds , an Hour into 60 Minutes , Yet There Are Only 24 Hours in a Day ? '' Scientific American . Springer Nature , 5 Mar. 2007 . Web . 21 Feb. 2016 . Jump up ^ Barnett , ibid , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Bergreen , Laurence . Over the Edge of the World : Magellan 's Terrifying Circumnavigation of the Globe ( HarperCollins Publishers , 2003 ) , ISBN 0 - 06 - 621173 - 5 Jump up ^ North , J. ( 2004 ) God 's Clockmaker : Richard of Wallingford and the Invention of Time . Oxbow Books . ISBN 1 - 85285 - 451 - 0 Jump up ^ Watson , E ( 1979 ) `` The St Albans Clock of Richard of Wallingford '' . Antiquarian Horology pp. 372 -- 384 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of Clocks . '' About.com Inventors . About.com , n.d. Web . 21 Feb. 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NIST Unveils Chip - Scale Atomic Clock '' . 27 August 2004 . Archived from the original on 22 May 2011 . Retrieved 9 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New atomic clock can keep time for 200 million years : Super-precise instruments vital to deep space navigation '' . Vancouver Sun . 16 February 2008 . Archived from the original on 11 February 2012 . Retrieved 9 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NIST - F1 Cesium Fountain Clock '' . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Byrhtferth of Ramsey '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008 . Retrieved 15 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` atom '' , Oxford English Dictionary , Draft Revision September 2008 ( contains relevant citations from Byrhtferth 's Enchiridion ) Jump up ^ `` 12 attoseconds is the world record for shortest controllable time '' . 12 May 2010 . Archived from the original on 5 August 2011 . Retrieved 19 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Whitaker 's Almanac 2013 ( ed . Ruth Northey ) , London 2012 , p 1131 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4081 - 7207 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Organisation Intergouvernementale de la Convention du Métre ( 1998 ) . The International System of Units ( SI ) , 7th Edition ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 April 2004 . Retrieved 9 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Base unit definitions : Second '' . NIST . Archived from the original on 17 April 2011 . Retrieved 9 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Howse , Derek ( 1997 ) . Greenwich Time and the Longitude . London : Philip Wilson . pp. 133 -- 137 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85667 - 468 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Leap Seconds '' . Time Service Department , United States Naval Observatory . Archived from the original on 12 March 2012 . Retrieved 22 November 2015 . Jump up ^ W Markowitz , RG Hall , L Essen , JVL Parry ; Hall ; Essen ; Parry ( 1958 ) . `` Frequency of cesium in terms of ephemeris time '' ( PDF ) . Physical Review Letters. 1 ( 3 ) : 105 -- 107 . Bibcode : 1958PhRvL ... 1 ... 105M . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett. 1.105 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 19 October 2008 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Cesium Atoms at Work Archived 23 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine . USNO , downloaded 28 June 2016 . Jump up ^ IEC 60050 - 113 : 2011 , item 113 - 01 - 08 Jump up ^ IEC 60050 - 113 : 2011 , item 113 - 01 - 010 ; ISO 80000 - 3 : 2006 , item 3 -- 7 Jump up ^ IEC 60050 - 113 : 2011 , item 113 - 01 - 012 : `` mark attributed to an instant by means of a specified time scale Jump up ^ IEC 60050 - 113 : 2011 , item 113 - 01 - 013 : `` range of a time interval ( 113 - 01 - 10 ) '' Jump up ^ ISO 80000 - 3 : 2006 , item 3 -- 7 Jump up ^ Rust , Eric Charles ( 1981 ) . Religion , Revelation and Reason . Mercer University Press . p. 60 . ISBN 9780865540583 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 20 . Profane time , as Eliade points out , is linear . As man dwelt increasingly in the profane and a sense of history developed , the desire to escape into the sacred began to drop in the background . The myths , tied up with cyclic time , were not so easily operative . ( ... ) So secular man became content with his linear time . He could not return to cyclic time and re-enter sacred space though its myths . ( ... ) Just here , as Eliade sees it , a new religious structure became available . In the Judaeo - Christian religions -- Judaism , Christianity , Islam -- history is taken seriously , and linear time is accepted . The cyclic time of the primordial mythical consciousness has been transformed into the time of profane man , but the mythical consciousness remains . It has been historicized . The Christian mythos and its accompanying ritual are bound up , for example , with history and center in authentic history , especially the Christ - event . Sacred space , the Transcendent Presence , is thus opened up to secular man because it meets him where he is , in the linear flow of secular time . The Christian myth gives such time a beginning in creation , a center in the Christ - event , and an end in the final consummation . Jump up ^ Betz , Hans Dieter , ed. ( 2008 ) . Religion Past & Present : Encyclopedia of Theology and Religion . 4 : Dev - Ezr ( 4 ed . ) . Brill . p. 101 . ISBN 9789004146884 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 20 . ( ... ) God produces a creation with a directional time structure ( ... ) . Jump up ^ Lundin , Roger ; Thiselton , Anthony C. ; Walhout , Clarence ( 1999 ) . The Promise of Hermeneutics . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . p. 121 . ISBN 9780802846358 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 20 . We need to note the close ties between teleology , eschatology , and utopia . In Christian theology , the understanding of the teleology of particular actions is ultimately related to the teleology of history in general , which is the concern of eschatology . Jump up ^ Hus , Boʿaz ; Pasi , Marco ; Von Stuckrad , Kocku ( 2011 ) . Kabbalah and Modernity : Interpretations , Transformations , Adaptations . BRILL . ISBN 978 - 9004182844 . Jump up ^ Wolfson , Elliot R. ( 2006 ) . Alef , Mem , Tau : Kabbalistic Musings on Time , Truth , and Death . University of California Press . p. 111 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 93231 - 9 . Extract of page 111 Jump up ^ Rynasiewicz , Robert : Johns Hopkins University ( 12 August 2004 ) . `` Newton 's Views on Space , Time , and Motion '' . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Stanford University . Archived from the original on 11 December 2015 . Retrieved 5 February 2012 . Newton did not regard space and time as genuine substances ( as are , paradigmatically , bodies and minds ) , but rather as real entities with their own manner of existence as necessitated by God 's existence ... To paraphrase : Absolute , true , and mathematical time , from its own nature , passes equably without relation to anything external , and thus without reference to any change or way of measuring of time ( e.g. , the hour , day , month , or year ) . Jump up ^ Markosian , Ned . `` Time '' . In Edward N. Zalta . The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( Winter 2002 Edition ) . Retrieved 23 September 2011 . The opposing view , normally referred to either as `` Platonism with Respect to Time '' or as `` Absolutism with Respect to Time '' , has been defended by Plato , Newton , and others . On this view , time is like an empty container into which events may be placed ; but it is a container that exists independently of whether or not anything is placed in it . Jump up ^ Mattey , G.J. : UC Davis ( 22 January 1997 ) . `` Critique of Pure Reason , Lecture notes : Philosophy 175 UC Davis '' . Archived from the original on 14 March 2005 . Retrieved 9 April 2011 . What is correct in the Leibnizian view was its anti-metaphysical stance . Space and time do not exist in and of themselves , but in some sense are the product of the way we represent things . The ( y ) are ideal , though not in the sense in which Leibniz thought they are ideal ( figments of the imagination ) . The ideality of space is its mind - dependence : it is only a condition of sensibility ... Kant concluded ... `` absolute space is not an object of outer sensation ; it is rather a fundamental concept which first of all makes possible all such outer sensation . '' ... Much of the argumentation pertaining to space is applicable , mutatis mutandis , to time , so I will not rehearse the arguments . As space is the form of outer intuition , so time is the form of inner intuition ... Kant claimed that time is real , it is `` the real form of inner intuition . '' Jump up ^ McCormick , Matt : California State University , Sacramento ( 2006 ) . `` Immanuel Kant ( 1724 -- 1804 ) Metaphysics : 4 . Kant 's Transcendental Idealism '' . The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Archived from the original on 26 April 2011 . Retrieved 9 April 2011 . Time , Kant argues , is also necessary as a form or condition of our intuitions of objects . The idea of time itself can not be gathered from experience because succession and simultaneity of objects , the phenomena that would indicate the passage of time , would be impossible to represent if we did not already possess the capacity to represent objects in time ... Another way to put the point is to say that the fact that the mind of the knower makes the a priori contribution does not mean that space and time or the categories are mere figments of the imagination . Kant is an empirical realist about the world we experience ; we can know objects as they appear to us . He gives a robust defense of science and the study of the natural world from his argument about the mind 's role in making nature . All discursive , rational beings must conceive of the physical world as spatially and temporally unified , he argues . Jump up ^ Carrol , Sean , Chapter One , Section Two , Plume , 2010 ( 2010 ) . From Eternity to Here . ISBN 978 - 0452296541 . As human beings we ' feel ' the passage of time . Jump up ^ Lehar , Steve . ( 2000 ) . The Function of Conscious Experience : An Analogical Paradigm of Perception and Behavior Archived 21 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine. , Consciousness and Cognition . Jump up ^ Layton , Robert ( 1994 ) . Who needs the past ? : indigenous values and archaeology ( 2nd ed . ) . Routledge . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 09558 - 7 . Retrieved 9 April 2011 . , Introduction , p. 7 Jump up ^ Dagobert Runes , Dictionary of Philosophy , p. 318 Jump up ^ Hardie , R.P. ; Gaye , R.K. `` Physics by Aristotle '' . MIT . Archived from the original on 26 June 2014 . Retrieved 4 May 2014 . `` Time then is a kind of number . ( Number , we must note , is used in two senses -- both of what is counted or the countable and also of that with which we count . Time obviously is what is counted , not that with which we count : there are different kinds of thing . ) ( ... ) It is clear , then , that time is ' number of movement in respect of the before and after ' , and is continuous since it is an attribute of what is continuous . '' Jump up ^ Augustine of Hippo . Confessions . Archived from the original on 19 January 2012 . Retrieved 9 April 2011 . Book 11 , Chapter 14 . Jump up ^ Gottfried Martin , Kant 's Metaphysics and Theory of Science Jump up ^ Kant , Immanuel ( 1787 ) . The Critique of Pure Reason , 2nd edition . Archived from the original on 13 April 2011 . Retrieved 9 April 2011 . translated by J.M.D. Meiklejohn , eBooks@Adelaide , 2004 Jump up ^ Bergson , Henri ( 1907 ) Creative Evolution . trans . by Arthur Mitchell . Mineola : Dover , 1998 . Jump up ^ Balslev , Anindita N. ; Jitendranath Mohanty ( November 1992 ) . Religion and Time . Studies in the History of Religions , 54 . The Netherlands : Brill Academic Publishers . pp. 53 -- 59 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 09583 - 0 . Jump up ^ Martin Heidegger ( 1962 ) . `` V '' . Being and Time . p. 425 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 19770 - 6 . Jump up ^ Harry Foundalis . `` You are about to disappear '' . Archived from the original on 12 May 2011 . Retrieved 9 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Huston , Tom . `` Buddhism and the illusion of time '' . Archived from the original on 8 July 2011 . Retrieved 9 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Garfield , Jay L. ( 1995 ) . The fundamental wisdom of the middle way : Nāgārjuna 's Mūlamadhyamakakārikā . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 509336 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Time is an illusion ? '' . Archived from the original on 8 July 2011 . Retrieved 9 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Herman M. Schwartz , Introduction to Special Relativity , McGraw - Hill Book Company , 1968 , hardcover 442 pages , see ISBN 0 - 88275 - 478 - 5 ( 1977 edition ) , pp. 10 -- 13 Jump up ^ A. Einstein , H.A. Lorentz , H. Weyl , H. Minkowski , The Principle of Relativity , Dover Publications , Inc , 2000 , softcover 216 pages , ISBN 0 - 486 - 60081 - 5 , See pp. 37 -- 65 for an English translation of Einstein 's original 1905 paper . Jump up ^ `` Albert Einstein 's Theory of Relativity '' . YouTube . 30 November 2011 . Archived from the original on 17 October 2013 . Retrieved 24 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Time Travel : Einstein 's big idea ( Theory of Relativity ) '' . YouTube . 9 January 2007 . Archived from the original on 17 October 2013 . Retrieved 24 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Hours , After ( 11 February 2012 ) . `` 7 Theories on Time That Would Make Doc Brown 's Head Explode '' . Cracked.com . Archived from the original on 22 September 2013 . Retrieved 24 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Knudsen , Jens M. ; Hjorth , Poul ( 2012 ) . Elements of Newtonian Mechanics ( illustrated ed . ) . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 30 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 97599 - 8 . Extract of page 30 Jump up ^ Greene , Brian ( 2005 ) . `` Chapter 6 : Chance and the Arrow '' . The Fabric of the Cosmos . London . ISBN 9780141959955 . Jump up ^ Quznetsov , Gunn ( 30 March 2010 ) . `` Informational Time and Space '' . 1 ( 2 ) . Archived from the original on 2 January 2017 . Retrieved 30 December 2016 -- via Prespacetime Journal . Jump up ^ Andersen , Holly ; Rick Grush ( 2009 ) . `` A brief history of time - consciousness : historical precursors to James and Husserl '' ( PDF ) . 47 ( 2 ) . Journal of the History of Philosophy : 277 -- 307 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 February 2008 . Retrieved 9 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Wittmann , M. ; Leland DS ; Churan J ; Paulus MP . ( 8 October 2007 ) . `` Impaired time perception and motor timing in stimulant - dependent subjects '' . Drug Alcohol Depend. 90 ( 2 -- 3 ) : 183 -- 192 . doi : 10.1016 / j. drugalcdep. 2007.03. 005 . PMC 1997301 . PMID 17434690 . Jump up ^ Cheng , Ruey - Kuang ; Macdonald , Christopher J. ; Meck , Warren H. ( 2006 ) . `` Differential effects of cocaine and ketamine on time estimation : Implications for neurobiological models of interval timing '' ( online abstract ) . Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior . 85 ( 1 ) : 114 -- 122 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pbb. 2006.07. 019 . PMID 16920182 . Archived from the original on 10 August 2011 . Retrieved 9 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Tinklenberg , Jared R. ; Walton T. Roth1 ; Bert S. Kopell ( January 1976 ) . `` Marijuana and ethanol : Differential effects on time perception , heart rate , and subjective response '' . Psychopharmacology. 49 ( 3 ) : 275 -- 279 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00426830 . PMID 826945 . Retrieved 9 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Arzy , Shahar ; Istvan Molnar - Szakacs ; Olaf Blanke ( 18 June 2008 ) . `` Self in Time : Imagined Self - Location Influences Neural Activity Related to Mental Time Travel '' ( Abstract ) . The Journal of Neuroscience. 28 ( 25 ) : 6502 -- 6507 . doi : 10.1523 / JNEUROSCI. 5712 - 07.2008 . PMID 18562621 . Archived from the original on 28 July 2013 . Retrieved 9 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Carter , Rita ( 2009 ) . The Human Brain Book . Dorling Kindersley Publishing . pp. 186 -- 187 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7566 - 5441 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kennedy - Moore , Eileen ( 28 March 2014 ) . `` Time Management for Kids '' . Psychology Today . Retrieved 26 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Wada Y , Masuda T , Noguchi K , 2005 , `` Temporal illusion called ' kappa effect ' in event perception '' Perception 34 ECVP Abstract Supplement Jump up ^ Robert , Adler . `` Look how time flies . '' Archived from the original on 14 June 2011 . Retrieved 9 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Bowers , Kenneth ; Brenneman , HA ( January 1979 ) . `` Hypnosis and the perception of time '' . International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. 27 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 41 . doi : 10.1080 / 00207147908407540 . PMID 541126 . Jump up ^ Gruber , Ronald P. ; Wagner , Lawrence F. ; Block , Richard A. ( 2000 ) . `` Subjective Time Versus Proper ( Clock ) Time '' . In Buccheri , R. ; Di Gesù , V. ; Saniga , Metod . Studies on the structure of time : from physics to psycho ( patho ) logy . Springer . p. 54 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 46439 - 3 . Retrieved 9 April 2011 . Extract of page 54 Jump up ^ Russell Hochschild , Arlie ( 1997 ) . The time bind : when work becomes home and home becomes work . New York : Metropolitan Books . ISBN 9780805044713 Jump up ^ Russell Hochschild , Arlie ( 20 April 1997 ) . `` There 's no place like work '' . New York Times Magazine . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 23 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Elias , Norbert ( 1992 ) . Time : an essay . Oxford , UK Cambridge , USA : Blackwell . ISBN 9780631157984 . Jump up ^ `` Sequence -- Order of Important Events '' ( PDF ) . Austin Independent School District . 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sequence of Events Worksheets '' . Reference.com . Archived from the original on 13 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Compiled by David Luckham & Roy Schulte . `` Event Processing Glossary -- Version 2.0 '' . Complex Event Processing . Archived from the original on 15 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Richard Nordquist . `` narrative '' . About.com . Archived from the original on 4 September 2011 . Jump up ^ David J. Piasecki . `` Inventory Accuracy Glossary '' . AccuracyBook.com ( OPS Publishing ) . Archived from the original on 3 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Utility Communications Architecture ( UCA ) glossary '' . NettedAutomation . Archived from the original on 10 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Núñez , Rafael ; Cooperrider , Kensy ; Doan , D ; Wassmann , Jürg ( 2012 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Contours of time : Topographic construals of past , present , and future in the Yupno valley of Papua New Guinea '' . Cognition . 124 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 35 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cognition. 2012.03. 007 . PMID 22542697 . ^ Jump up to : Bottini , Roberto ; Crepaldi , Davide ; Casasanto , Daniel ; Crollen , Virgine ; Collignon , Olivier ( 2015 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Space and time in the sighted and blind '' . Cognition . 141 : 67 -- 72 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cognition. 2015.04. 004 . hdl : 2078.1 / 199842 . PMID 25935747 . ^ Jump up to : Boroditsky , L. ; Gaby , A. ( 2010 ) . `` Remembrances of Times East '' . Psychological Science . 21 ( 11 ) : 1635 -- 9 . doi : 10.1177 / 0956797610386621 . PMID 20959511 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 07 . Further reading Barbour , Julian ( 1999 ) . The End of Time : The Next Revolution in Our Understanding of the Universe . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 514592 - 2 . Landes , David ( 2000 ) . Revolution in Time . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 00282 - 1 . Das , Tushar Kanti ( 1990 ) . The Time Dimension : An Interdisciplinary Guide . New York : Praeger . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 92681 - 6 . - Research bibliography Davies , Paul ( 1996 ) . About Time : Einstein 's Unfinished Revolution . New York : Simon & Schuster Paperbacks . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 81822 - 1 . Feynman , Richard ( 1994 ) ( 1965 ) . The Character of Physical Law . Cambridge ( Mass ) : The MIT Press . pp. 108 -- 126 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 56003 - 0 . Galison , Peter ( 1992 ) . Einstein 's Clocks and Poincaré 's Maps : Empires of Time . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 02001 - 4 . Highfield , Roger ( 1992 ) . Arrow of Time : A Voyage through Science to Solve Time 's Greatest Mystery . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 449 - 90723 - 8 . Mermin , N. David ( 2005 ) . It 's About Time : Understanding Einstein 's Relativity . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 12201 - 4 . Penrose , Roger ( 1999 ) ( 1989 ) . The Emperor 's New Mind : Concerning Computers , Minds , and the Laws of Physics . New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 391 -- 417 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 286198 - 6 . Archived from the original on 26 December 2010 . Retrieved 9 April 2011 . Price , Huw ( 1996 ) . Time 's Arrow and Archimedes ' Point . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 511798 - 1 . Retrieved 9 April 2011 . Reichenbach , Hans ( 1999 ) ( 1956 ) . The Direction of Time . New York : Dover . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 40926 - 9 . Stiegler , Bernard , Technics and Time , 1 : The Fault of Epimetheus Quznetsov , Gunn A. ( 2006 ) . Logical Foundation of Theoretical Physics . Logical Foundation of Theoretical Physics . Nova Sci. Publ . Bibcode : 2006lftp. book ... Q. ISBN 978 - 1 - 59454 - 948 - 9 . Whitrow , Gerald J. ( 1973 ) . The Nature of Time . Holt , Rinehart and Wilson ( New York ) . Whitrow , Gerald J. ( 1980 ) . The Natural Philosophy of Time . Clarendon Press ( Oxford ) . Whitrow , Gerald J. ( 1988 ) . Time in History . The evolution of our general awareness of time and temporal perspective . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 285211 - 3 . Rovelli , Carlo ( 2006 ) . What is time ? What is space ? . Rome : Di Renzo Editore . ISBN 978 - 88 - 8323 - 146 - 9 . Archived from the original on 27 January 2007 . Charlie Gere , ( 2005 ) Art , Time and Technology : Histories of the Disappearing Body , Berg Craig Callendar , Introducing Time , Icon Books , 2010 , ISBN 978 - 1848311206 Benjamin Gal - Or , Cosmology , Physics and Philosophy , Springer Verlag , 1981 , 1983 , 1987 , ISBN 0 - 387 - 90581 - 2 , ISBN 0 - 387 - 96526 - 2 . Roberto Mangabeira Unger and Lee Smolin , The Singular Universe and the Reality of Time , Cambridge University Press , 2014 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 07406 - 4 . External links Find more aboutTimeat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Textbooks from Wikibooks Accurate time vs. PC Clock Difference Exploring Time from Planck Time to the lifespan of the universe Different systems of measuring time Time on In Our Time at the BBC Time in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy , by Bradley Dowden . Le Poidevin , Robin ( Winter 2004 ) . `` The Experience and Perception of Time '' . In Edward N. Zalta . The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Retrieved 9 April 2011 . 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Related topics Axiology Cosmology Epistemology Feminist metaphysics Interpretations of quantum mechanics Meta - Ontology Philosophy of mind Philosophy of psychology Philosophy of self Philosophy of space and time Teleology Theoretical physics Category Portal SI base quantities Base quantity Quantity SI unit Name Symbol Dimension symbol Unit name ( symbol ) Example length l , x , r , ( etc . ) metre ( m ) r = 10 m mass m kilogram ( kg ) m = 10 kg time , duration second ( s ) t = 10 s electric current I , i I ampere ( A ) I = 10 A thermodynamic temperature Θ kelvin ( K ) T = 10 K amount of substance n mole ( mol ) n = 10 mol luminous intensity J candela ( cd ) I = 10 cd Specification The quantity ( not the unit ) can have a specification : T = 300 K Derived quantity Definition A quantity Q is expressed in the base quantities : Q = f ( l , m , t , I , T , n , I v ) ( \ displaystyle Q = f \ left ( ( \ mathit ( l , m , t , I , T , n , I ) ) \ mathrm ( _ ( v ) ) \ right ) ) Derived dimension dim Q = L M T I Θ N J ( Superscripts a -- g are algebraic exponents , usually a positive , negative or zero integer . ) Example Quantity acceleration = l t , dim acceleration = L T possible units : m s , km Ms , etc . See also History of the metric system International System of Quantities Proposed redefinitions Systems of measurement Book Category Outline Time portal Physics portal GND : 4067461 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Time&oldid=863646880 '' Categories : Time Concepts in metaphysics Concepts in physics Physical quantities SI base quantities Spacetime Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2018 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from November 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2010 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from August 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Čeština Chi - Chewa ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Эрзянь Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Livvinkarjala Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norfuk / Pitkern Norsk Norsk nynorsk Novial Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Patois Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Scots Seeltersk Sesotho sa Leboa Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Võro 文言 Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 ГӀалгӀай 146 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2018 , at 02 : 44 ( UTC ) . 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present position of cotton textile industry in india

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Textile_industry_in_India&oldid=824739779

Textile industry in India - Wikipedia Textile industry in India Jump to : navigation , search The textile industry in India traditionally , after agriculture , is the only industry that has generated huge employment for both skilled and unskilled labour in textiles . The textile industry continues to be the second - largest employment generating sector in India . It offers direct employment to over 35 million in the country . The share of textiles in total exports was 11.04 % during April -- July 2010 , as per the Ministry of Textiles . During 2009 -- 2010 , the Indian textile industry was pegged at US $ 55 billion , 64 % of which services domestic demand . In 2010 , there were 2,500 textile weaving factories and 4,135 textile finishing factories in all of India . According to AT Kearney 's ' Retail Apparel Index ' , India was ranked as the fourth most promising market for apparel retailers in 2009 . India is first in global jute production and shares 63 % of the global textile and garment market . India is second in global textile manufacturing and also second in silk and cotton production . 100 % FDI is allowed via automatic route in textile sector . Rieter , Trutzschler , Saurer , Soktas , Zambiati , Bilsar , Monti , CMT , E-land , Nisshinbo , Marks & Spencer , Zara , Promod , Benetton , and Levi 's are some of the foreign textile companies invested or working in India . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Production 3 Cotton textile 4 Jute textiles 5 Ministry of textiles and organizations 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography History ( edit ) The archaeological surveys and studies have found that the people of Harrapan civilization knew weaving and the spinning of cotton four thousand years ago . Reference to weaving and spinning materials is found in the Vedic Literature . There was textile trade in India during the early centuries . A block printed and resist - dyed fabrics , whose origin is from Gujarat is found in tombs of Fostat , Egypt . This proves that Indian export of cotton textiles to the Egypt or the Nile Civilization in medieval times were to a large extent . Large quantity of north Indian silk were traded through the silk route in China to the western countries . The Indian silk were often exchanged with the western countries for their spices in the barter system . During the late 17th and 18th century there were large export of the Indian cotton to the western countries to meet the need of the European industries during industrial revolution ... Production ( edit ) India is the second largest producer of fibre in the world and the major fibre produced is cotton . Other fibres produced in India include silk , jute , wool , and man - made fibers . 60 % of the Indian textile Industry is cotton based . The strong domestic demand and the revival of the Economic markets by 2009 has led to huge growth of the Indian textile industry . In December 2010 , the domestic cotton price was up by 50 % as compared to the December 2009 prices . The causes behind high cotton price are due to the floods in Pakistan and China . India projected a high production of textile ( 325 lakh bales for 2010 - 11 ) . There has been increase in India 's share of global textile trading to seven percent in five years . The rising prices are the major concern of the domestic producers of the country . Man Made Fibres : This includes manufacturing of clothes using fibre or filament synthetic yarns . It is produced in the large power loom factories . They account for the largest sector of the textile production in India. This sector has a share of 62 % of the India 's total production and provides employment to about 4.8 million people . The Cotton Sector : It is the second most developed sector in the Indian Textile industries . It provides employment to huge amount of people but its productions and employment is seasonal depending upon the seasonal nature of the production . The Handloom Sector : It is well developed and is mainly dependent on the SHGs for their funds . Its market share is 13 % . of the total cloth produced in India . The Woolen Sector : India is the 7th largest producer . of the wool in the world . India also produces 1.8 % of the world 's total wool . The Jute Sector : The jute or the golden fibre in India is mainly produced in the Eastern states of India like Assam and West Bengal . India is the largest producer of jute in the world . The Sericulture and Silk Sector : India is the 2nd largest producer of silk in the world . India produces 18 % of the world 's total silk . Mulberry , Eri , Tasar , and Muga are the main types of silk produced in the country . It is a labour - intensive sector . Cotton textile ( edit ) In the early years , the cotton textile industry was concentrated in the cotton growing belt of Maharashtra and Gujarat . Availability of raw materials , market , transport , labour , moist climate and other factors contributed to localisation . In the early twentieth century , this industry played a huge role in Bombay 's economy but soon declined after independence . While spinning continues to be centralised in Maharashtra , Gujarat and Tamil Nadu , weaving is highly decentralised . As of 30 September 2013 , there are 1962 cotton textile mills in India , of which about 80 % are in the private sector and the rest in the public and cooperative sector . Apart from these , there are several thousand small factories with three to ten looms . India exports yarn to Japan , United States , United Kingdom , Russia , France , Nepal , Singapore , Sri Lanka and other countries . India has the second - largest installed capacity of spindles in the world , with 43.13 million spindles ( 30 March 2011 ) after China . Although India has a large share in world trade of cotton yarn , its trade in garments is only 4 % of the world 's total . This is due to the incompetency of local spinning and weaving mills to process yarn . There exist some large factories , but most of the production is fragmented in small units , which cater to the local market . This mismatch is a major drawback for the industry . As a result , many of the spinners export yarn while apparel and garment manufacturers have to import fabric . The power supply is erratic and machinery is outdated and needs to be upgraded . Other problems include low output of labour and stiff competition with the synthetic fibre industry . Jute textiles ( edit ) India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods and the second largest exporter after Bangladesh . There were about 80 jute mills in India in 2010 - 11 , most of which are located in West Bengal , mainly along the banks of the Hooghly River , in a narrow belt ( 98 km long and 3 km wide ) . Factors responsible for their location in the Hooghly basin are : inexpensive water transport , good network of railways , roadways and waterways to facilitate movement of raw material to mills , abundant water supply , cheap labour from neighbouring states . In 2010 - 2011 the jute industry was supporting 0.37 million workers directly and another 400,000 small and marginal farmers who were engaged in the cultivation of jute . Challenges faced by the industry include stiff competition in the international market from synthetic substitutes and from other countries such as Bangladesh , Brazil , Philippines , Egypt and Thailand . However , the internal demand has been on the rise due to Government policy of mandatory use of jute packaging . To stimulate demand , the products need to be diversified . In 2005 , the National Jute Policy was formulated with the objective of improving quality , increasing productivity and enhancing the yield of the crop . The main markets for jute are the United States , Canada , Russia , United Kingdom and Australia . Ministry of textiles and organizations ( edit ) Government of India passed the National Textile Policy in 2000 . The major functions of the ministry of textiles are formulating policy and coordination of man - made fiber , cotton , jute , silk , wool industries , decentralization of power loom sector , promotion of exports , planning & economic analysis , finance and promoting use of information technology . The advisory boards for the ministry include All India Handlooms Board , All India Handicrafts Board , All India Power looms Board , Advisory Committee under Handlooms Reservation of Articles for Production and Co-ordination Council of Textiles Research Association . There are several public sector units and textile research associations across the country . See also ( edit ) Great Bombay textile strike References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` A brief history of Texxtile Industry in India , January , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wearing Apparel Manufacturing Report '' . AnythingResearch India . Jump up ^ `` Emerging Markets Offer Growth Opportunities for Apparel Retailers Battling Declines in Domestic Consumer Spending '' . Jump up ^ SECTORS - Make In India Jump up ^ `` History of Textile '' . ^ Jump up to : Back to growth Trajectory , , texriles . `` SURVEY OF INDIAN INDUSTRIES '' . Hindu . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Indian Textiles Industry '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Gary Bridge ; Sophie Watson ( 8 March 2010 ) . The Blackwell City Reader . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 75 -- 76 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 8983 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Number of Cotton Mills in India '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Installed capacity '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Challenges to the Textile industry '' . Jump up ^ Government of India , Ministry of Textiles . `` National Jute Policy , 2005 '' ( PDF ) . ௸ ௦௧ ௹ ௺ ௐ௨௩ Bibliography ( edit ) J. Forbes Watson ( 1866 ) . The Textile Manufactures and the Costumes of the People of India . India Office by George Edward Eyre and William Spottiswoode , London . Illustrations of the Textile Manufactures of India . Victoria & Albert Museum , London . 1881 . Albert Buell Lewis ( 1924 ) . Block Prints from India for Textiles . Field Museum for Natural History , Chicago . 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what does the toyota tundra 1794 edition mean

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Toyota_Tundra&oldid=785951375

Toyota Tundra - wikipedia Toyota Tundra Jump to : navigation , search Toyota Tundra Overview Manufacturer Toyota Production May 1999 -- present Model years 2000 -- present Assembly Princeton , Indiana ( TMMI ended in 2009 ) San Antonio , Texas , US ( TMMTX ) Body and chassis Class Full - size pickup truck Body style 2 - door Regular cab 4 - door Double cab and Crewmax Layout Front - engine , rear - wheel - drive Front - engine , four - wheel - drive Related Toyota Sequoia Toyota Tacoma Chronology Predecessor Toyota T100 The Toyota Tundra is a pickup truck manufactured in the United States by the Japanese manufacturer Toyota since May 1999 . The Tundra was the first North American full - size pickup to be built by a Japanese manufacturer . The Tundra was nominated for the North American Truck of the Year award and was Motor Trend magazine 's Truck of the Year in 2000 and 2008 . Initially built in a new Toyota plant in Princeton , Indiana , production was consolidated in 2008 to Toyota 's San Antonio , Texas , factory and is the only full - size pickup truck manufactured in Texas . The first generation Tundra had many similarities with the older Toyota T100 and the compact Toyota Tacoma . These included the shared use of a 3.4 - liter V6 engine which was the top of the line engine in both the Tacoma and T100 . The V6 engine would serve as the base engine for the Tundra , while a second engine was added , a 4.7 - liter V8 , the first V8 for a Toyota truck . Contents ( hide ) 1 First generation ( 2000 -- 2006 ) 1.1 Safety recalls 2 Second generation ( 2007 -- present ) 2.1 2007 -- 2013 2.1. 1 Model year changes 2.1. 2 Special editions and Option Packages 2.1. 2.1 Ivan Ironman Stewart Signature Series Tundra 2.1. 2.2 Rock Warrior Package 2.1. 2.3 Platinum Package 2.1. 3 Engines 2.1. 3.1 2007 -- 2009 model years 2.1. 3.2 2010 - 2013 model years 2.2 2014 -- present 2.2. 1 Model year changes 2.2. 2 Trim Level Availability 2.2. 3 1794 Edition 2.2. 4 TRD Pro 2.2. 5 Engines 2.2. 5.1 2014 - 2015 model years 2.2. 5.2 Availability 2.3 Assembly 2.4 Safety 2.5 TRD supercharger 2.6 Awards and comparison tests 2.6. 1 Awards 2.6. 2 Media comparison testing 3 Recalls and Reliability 4 Sales 4.1 World markets 4.2 Gray imports gallery 5 NASCAR 6 Pulling the Space Shuttle Endeavour 7 Million - mile Tundra 8 Footnotes 9 External links First generation ( 2000 -- 2006 ) ( edit ) First generation Overview Production May 1999 -- December 2006 Model years 2000 -- 2006 Designer Hideo Kondo , Yusuku Fukushima ( 1996 , 2001 ) Body and chassis Body style 2 - door Regular cab 4 - door Access cab 4 - door Double cab Powertrain Engine 3.4 L 5VZ - FE V6 190 horsepower ( 2000 - 2004 ) 4.0 L 1GR - FE V6 236 horsepower ( 2005 - 2006 ) 4.7 L 2UZ - FE V8 245 horsepower ( 2000 - 2004 ) 282 horsepower ( 2005 ) 271 horsepower ( 2006 ) Transmission 5 - speed manual ( 2000 - 2004 ) 4 - speed A340 automatic ( 2000 - 2004 ) 6 - speed manual ( 2005 - 2006 ) 5 - speed automatic ( 2005 - 2006 ) Dimensions Wheelbase 128.3 in ( 3,259 mm ) Double Cab : 140.5 in ( 3,569 mm ) Length 2000 - 04 : 217.5 in ( 5,524 mm ) Double Cab : 230.1 in ( 5,845 mm ) 2005 - 06 : 218.3 in ( 5,545 mm ) Width 75.2 in ( 1,910 mm ) Double Cab & Limited : 79.3 in ( 2,014 mm ) Limited Double Cab : 79.7 in ( 2,024 mm ) Height SR5 V8 4WD : 71.1 in ( 1,806 mm ) 2000 - 04 SR5 Access Cab 4WD : 71.5 in ( 1,816 mm ) SR5 Stepside Access Cab 4WD : 71.3 in ( 1,811 mm ) Limited 4WD : 71.7 in ( 1,821 mm ) 2WD : 70.5 in ( 1,791 mm ) SR5 Access Cab 2WD : 70.7 in ( 1,796 mm ) Limited 2WD : 70.9 in ( 1,801 mm ) Double Cab 4WD : 74.4 in ( 1,890 mm ) Double Cab Limited 4WD : 75.0 in ( 1,905 mm ) Double Cab Limited 2WD : 74.6 in ( 1,895 mm ) Double Cab 2WD : 74.0 in ( 1,880 mm ) Curb weight 3935 -- 4215 lb ( 1785 -- 1912 kg ) 2000 - 2002 Toyota Tundra Access cab SR5 Publicly introduced in May 1999 as a 2000 model , the Tundra prototypes and `` show trucks '' were initially known as T150s . However , Ford and automotive journalists described the name was too close to the market - leader Ford F - 150 , and following a lawsuit by Ford , the production truck was renamed the Tundra . Toyota Tundra stepside . The Tundra was slightly larger than the T100 , but still had the perception of being too small and car - like to pose a serious threat to the domestic pickup trucks . With a production capacity of 120,000 , sales were double the rate of the T100 . At its introduction , the Tundra had the highest initial vehicle sales for Toyota in its history . It was selected as Motor Trend 's Truck of the Year award for 2000 and Best Full - Size Truck from Consumer Reports . It was built in a new Toyota plant in Princeton , Indiana , with 65 percent domestic content . Engine choices available in the Tundra were a 24V 3.4 - liter V6 engine that produced 190 hp ( 142 kW ; 193 PS ) and 220 lb ft ( 300 N m ) of torque and an LEV certified 32 valve 4.7 - liter `` i - Force '' V8 engine that produced 245 hp ( 183 kW ; 248 PS ) and 315 lb ft ( 427 N m ) of torque . A Toyota Racing Development ( TRD ) supercharger was already available for the 3.4 - liter V6 ( 2000 - 2003 models ) that bumped horsepower to the 260 hp ( 194 kW ; 264 PS ) range and 260 lb ft ( 350 N m ) of torque . TRD introduced a second supercharger for the V8 ( 2000 - 2003 models ) engine late into its second year of production that increased to the mid 300 hp ( 224 kW ; 304 PS ) range and torque to the 400 lb ft ( 540 N m ) range . The V6 supercharger is still available , the V8 supercharger ended production once Toyota released the updated VVT - i equipped 4.7 - liter engine . 2003 - 2006 Toyota Tundra regular cab The grille was updated in 2002 ( for the 2003 model year ) , along with a new Stepside bed available on Access Cab models . The Tundra Double Cab , also added to the lineup in 2004 , was a crew cab with four rear - opening doors , with interior and exterior details copied from the Toyota Sequoia . Its bed was nearly 5 inches ( 130 mm ) longer than the competing Honda Ridgeline or Ford F - 150 . It is also 13 inches ( 330 mm ) longer , 3 inches ( 76 mm ) taller , and 4 inches ( 100 mm ) wider than the Regular and Access Cab versions , with a 12 inches ( 300 mm ) longer wheelbase . A new engine was introduced in 2005 : a 4.0 - liter V6 rated at 236 hp ( 176 kW ; 239 PS ) and 266 lb ft ( 361 N m ) of torque , and the existing 4.7 - liter V8 was updated with Toyota 's VVT - i variable valve timing technology and was rated at 282 hp ( 210 kW ; 286 PS ) and 325 lb ft ( 441 N m ) of torque while the 2006 versions were rerated at 271 hp ( 202 kW ; 275 PS ) and 313 lb ft ( 424 N m ) of torque . The 5 - speed manual gave way to a 6 - speed manual , and a 5 - speed automatic replaced the 4 - speed . With a towing capacity of 6,900 lb ( 3,100 kg ) on the Double Cab and 7,100 lb ( 3,200 kg ) on Access Cab and Regular Cab models with a V8 engine , the Tundra still did not have enough power to compete with the heavier - duty offerings of the Big Three and Nissan . In 2003 , the T3 Special Edition was sold in conjunction with the release of the Terminator 3 movie . It included a TRD performance package , `` T3 '' badging , blacked out grille and trim pieces , special 17 - inch rims and T3 limited interior trim . 650 were sold in the US as 4x2 and 200 were sold in Canada as 4x4 . In 2006 , the Darrell Waltrip Edition was marketed to honor the NASCAR driver and his participation in the NASCAR Truck Series . Only 2000 V8 - powered Double Cab models were produced . The package included special badging and unique 18 - inch wheels . The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety ( IIHS ) rated the Tundra `` Good '' overall in their frontal offset crash test . It was the first full - size pickup awarded a `` Good '' score , its then competitors from Ford and Dodge were rated `` Poor '' and in the case of GM 's entry `` Marginal '' . Safety recalls ( edit ) Replacement frame due to excessive rust in a North Carolina registered Tundra During late 2009 Toyota issued a recall on 2000 - 2003 model year Tundras regarding rust problems of a rear crossmember . This recall involved 110,000 vehicles and followed a similar action for the Tacoma . Following the Tacoma voluntary recall Tundra owners began complaining of rust issues . In some cases , trucks were inspected by dealers and found to be unsafe to drive . The dealers refused to let the owners take their vehicles without signing an affidavit that they had been informed that Toyota had declared their vehicles unsafe to drive . Complaints were subsequently brought to WCVB - TV Channel 5 investigative reporter Susan Wornick and the story ran repeatedly in spring and fall 2009 prompting the NHTSA to begin an investigation . NHTSA was particularly concerned that owners reported the potential for the spare tire to drop from the vehicle without warning due to corrosion and they opened an investigation on October 6 , 2009 . Toyota recalled 2000 - 2001 Tundras , soon expanding it through 2003 . If no rust is detected an anti-corrosion compound will be applied , if rust is detected the crossmember will be replaced . While Toyota originally limited the recall to 20 cold - weather states , problems were already evident elsewhere . In March 2010 , the recall was expanded throughout the country . Toyota has been replacing frames on affected vehicles rather than paying the 1.5 times Kelley Blue Book value they offered Tacoma owners in a similar campaign for frame rust in Tacomas . Toyota began replacing frames later in the Tacoma campaign . As of January 2012 , Toyota Motor Co. is recalling 533,000 trucks and SUVs because of possible steering and suspension problems caused by faulty ball joints . The recall marks a sudden shift in policy for the Japanese automaker after repeatedly denying consumer complaints about ball joint problems and failures in the Tundra and Sequoia . The Toyota recall includes 2004 to 2007 model year Sequoia full - size sport utility vehicles and 2004 to 2006 Tundra pickups sold in the U.S. A ball joint in the front suspension may wear out causing the vehicles to be difficult or sometimes impossible to steer . Toyota reports that the defect may be the cause of 11 accidents resulting in six injuries . This can cause the wheel to fall off the truck without any notice . Second generation ( 2007 -- present ) ( edit ) Second generation Overview Production November 2006 -- present Designer Craig Kember ( 2003 ) Matt Sperling ( facelift : 2011 ) Body and chassis Body style 2 - door Regular cab 4 - door Double Cab 4 - door Crewmax Powertrain Engine 4.0 L 1GR - FE V6 ( VVT - i ) 236 horsepower ( 2007 - 2013 ) 4.0 L 1GR - FE V6 ( VVT - i ) 270 horsepower ( 2014 ) 4.7 L 2UZ - FE V8 ( VVT - i ) 276 horsepower ( 2007 - 2009 ) 4.6 L 1UR - FE V8 ( VVT - i ) 310 horsepower ( 2010 - present ) 5.7 L 3UR - FE V8 ( Dual VVT - i ) 381 horsepower Transmission 5 - speed automatic 6 - speed automatic ( AB60E / F ) 6 - speed automatic ( A760E / F ) Dimensions Wheelbase Regular cab 6.5 ' box : 126.8 ( 3220 mm ) Regular cab 8 ' box / Double Cab 6.5 ' box / CrewMax 5.5 ' box : 145.7 ( 3700 mm ) Double Cab 8 ' box : 164.6 ( 4180 mm ) Length Regular cab 6.5 ' box : 209.8 in ( 5,329 mm ) Regular cab 8 ' box / Double Cab 6.5 ' box / CrewMax 5.5 ' box : 228.7 in ( 5,809 mm ) Double Cab 8 ' box : 247.6 in ( 6,289 mm ) Width 79.9 in ( 2,029 mm ) Height Regular Cab 4WD : 76.2 in ( 1,935 mm ) Regular Cab LB 4WD & Double Cab 4WD : 76.4 in ( 1,941 mm ) CrewMax 4WD : 76.0 in ( 1,930 mm ) Regular & Double Cab 2WD : 75.8 in ( 1,925 mm ) CrewMax 2WD : 75.6 in ( 1,920 mm ) 2007 -- 2013 ( edit ) A larger Tundra was introduced at the February 2006 Chicago Auto Show . It used styling cues from the Toyota Tacoma along with some cues from the Toyota FTX concept truck ( also designed by Craig Kember in 2003 ) . The truck featured towing capacity of up to 10,000 lb , and a payload capacity of over 2,000 lb ( 910 kg ) , a new 5.7 - liter 3UR - FE V8 engine mated to a new 6 - speed automatic transmission . The second generation Tundra had three engine options . The new 5.7 - liter V8 that produces 381 hp ( 284 kW ; 386 PS ) and 401 pound force - feet ( 544 N m ) of torque , and the carry over 4.7 - liter 2UZ - FE V8 rated at 276 hp ( 206 kW ; 280 PS ) and 313 pound force - feet ( 424 N m ) of torque , as well as the previous 4.0 - liter 1GR - FE V6 rated at 236 hp ( 176 kW ; 239 PS ) and 266 pound force - feet ( 361 N m ) of torque . 2012 MY Tundra CrewMax Tundra at the 2013 Quebec City Auto Show When the new Tundra was first launched in January 2007 , it was available in 31 configurations , which consisted of 3 bed lengths , 3 cab configurations , 3 wheelbases , and 2 transmissions . The new Double Cab replaces the previous generation 's Access Cab , and the all new CrewMax replaces the previous generation 's Double Cab , it is also built to compete with the Dodge Ram Mega Cab . The Double Cab and Regular Cab are available with a 6.5 - foot ( 2.0 m ) regular bed or an 8 - foot ( 2.4 m ) long bed , while the CrewMax is only available with a 5.5 - foot ( 1.7 m ) short bed . The Tundra also features a new 6 - speed automatic transmission which can lock the torque converter in 5th and 6th gears with a manual shift mode which is standard with the 5.7 - liter , giving it a 0 -- 60 mph ( 0 -- 97 km / h ) time of 6.3 seconds and a quarter mile time of 14.7 seconds . Toyota made the new Tundra useful for many construction workers by including extra large door handles , deck rail system , integrated tow hitch , and head restraints that can fit a worker with a hardhat . The Tundra also includes as standard : an electronic automatic limited - slip differential ( Auto LSD ) , Vehicle Stability Control , traction control , electronic brakeforce distribution , brake assist , anti-lock brakes and tailgate assist . However , its starting was more expensive than the Chevrolet Silverado Work Truck and the base Ford F - 150 . Some other changes Toyota included in the new Tundra are optional tow mirrors , a 26.4 US gal ( 100 L ; 22 imp gal ) fuel tank , available 22 - inch ( 560 mm ) alloy wheels , backup camera , Bluetooth , large center console ( big enough to fit a 15 - inch ( 380 mm ) laptop ) , extra-large disc brakes and calipers , and the aforementioned 6 - speed sequential automatic transmission . All 5.7 - liter Tundras come equipped with a tow package which includes engine oil and transmission coolers , integrated trailer hitch , 4.30 : 1 axle ratio , and large braking hardware for increased fade resistance . Equipped with the 5.7 - liter V8 the Tundra has a maximum tow rating of 9,000 -- 10,400 lb ( 4,100 -- 4,700 kg ) depending on body configuration . Toyota began rating the Tundra under the SAE J2807 protocol beginning in 2010 . Model year changes ( edit ) The 2008 model added 13 variations bringing the total to 44 model variants . The 2008 models feature additional standard features at a lower price , also include a new `` Tundra Grade '' trim which is slotted below the SR5 trim , and geared toward trades people and the price conscious consumer . Toyota made E85 fuel capability standard to 2009 Tundra 's equipped with the 5.7 - liter V8 in select regions . Toyota also updated the TRD Sport package and added a TRD Rock Warrior package . Prices increased 0.4 % over the previous 2008 model year . 2010 Tundra Double Cab The 2010 model year Tundra received visual updates to the grille and tail lamps . A premium Platinum trim level was added . And a new 4.6 - liter V8 paired with a 6 - speed automatic replaced the previous 4.7 - liter 2UZ - FE V8 engine . For added safety , driver and front passenger knee airbags became standard and NHTSA frontal crash test scores improved to five stars . The 2010 Tundra began arriving at dealers in late April 2009 . Special editions and option packages ( edit ) Ivan Ironman Stewart Signature Series Tundra ( edit ) In June 2008 Toyota introduced the Ivan `` Ironman '' Stewart Signature Series Tundra . Three different packages are offered , one of which includes the TRD Supercharger . As of 2008 , Stewart has won the Baja 500 seventeen times driving Toyota vehicles . Rock Warrior package ( edit ) Toyota Tundra Rock Warrior edition For the 2009 model year , Toyota introduced a new off - road themed option package called the TRD Rock Warrior . This option package was only available on the 4x4 Tundras with either the Double Cab or the CrewMax cab . Included in the option group included 17 '' TRD forged aluminum wheels , LT285 / 70R - 17 BF Goodrich All - Terrain T / A tires , Bilstein shocks , color matched front bumper and grille , matte - black rear bumper , and fog lights . The interior included black cloth bucket seats , sport shift knob , and pedal covers . Double cab models received a sliding rear window . The TRD Rock Warrior package was only available in Black or Super White . For the 2011 model year , the Rock Warrior package continued with some minor changes . Manual sliding rear window with privacy glass ( Double Cab ) , and TRD Rock Warrior graphics . ( Available in the following exteriorcolors : Black , Radiant Red , Magnetic Gray Metallic or Super White only . ) Platinum package ( edit ) For the 2010 model year , a new luxury option group called the Platinum package was made available exclusively on CrewMax Tundras . The option package included a chrome front bumper , unique 20 '' aluminum wheels , Platinum badging and a power moonroof . Interior upgrades included a DVD navigation system and backup monitor , JBL sound system with satellite radio and a Bluetooth system , woodgrain trim , glass break sensor , and door sill protectors . This option group included heated and ventilated bucket seats with perforated leather trim , power controls and embroidered headrests . Engines ( edit ) 2007 -- 2009 model years ( edit ) 4.0 L V6 GR engine 236 hp ( 176 kW ) and 266 lb ft ( 361 N m ) ( California Air Resources Board ( CARB ) LEV II certified ) 4.7 L V8 UZ engine 276 hp ( 206 kW ) and 313 lb ft ( 424 N m ) ( CARB ULEV II certified ) 5.7 L V8 UR engine 381 hp ( 284 kW ) and 401 lb ft ( 544 N m ) ( CARB ULEV II certified ) 2010 - 2013 model years ( edit ) 4.0 L V6 GR engine 236 hp ( 176 kW ) and 266 lb ft ( 361 N m ) ( CARB LEV II certified ) ( 2010 ) 4.0 L V6 GR engine 270 hp ( 201 kW ) and 278 lb ft ( 377 N m ) ( CARB LEV II certified ) ( 2011 - 2013 ) 4.6 L V8 UR engine 310 hp ( 231 kW ) and 327 lb ft ( 443 N m ) ( CARB ULEV II certified ) 5.7 L V8 UR engine 381 hp ( 284 kW ) and 401 lb ft ( 544 N m ) ( CARB ULEV II certified ) 2014 -- present ( edit ) 2014 Toyota Tundra CrewMax with TRD option package 2015 Toyota Tundra SR5 CrewMax in Chile On February 7 , 2013 , the refreshed 2014 Tundra was introduced at the Chicago Auto Show . The redesign featured a larger grille , more enhanced fenders front and rear , a redesigned tailgate and tail lights , as well as a completely redesigned interior . The only sheet - metal carried over from the previous model was the cab and the doors . The hood line was raised to give a more chiseled look and the tailgate includes a spoiler . The interior featured a standard 3.5 inch information screen , bluetooth connectivity , and back up camera . The interior included new seats , new gauges , new controls , updated ergonomics , and a redesigned dashboard with improved materials and metal - look surfaces . Toyota kept the same engines used since the MY 2010 update , a 4.0 L V6 , a 4.6 L V8 , and a 5.7 L V8 . However , the 4.0 L V6 saw a 34 hp ( 25 kW ) increase in power , and was rated at 270 hp ( 201 kW ) and 278 lb ft ( 377 N m ) . Toyota retuned the suspension with new damping rates to improve the ride quality over the previous models . The steering rack was re-valved to improve the steering feel . The Tundra line - up included a new premium luxury model called the 1794 . In total , the 2014 Tundra is available in five trim levels , the SR , SR5 , Limited , Platinum , and 1794 . For the 2014 model year , Toyota discontinued the regular cab Tundra with the 6.5 ' box , but other configurations remain the same . The 2015 model year saw the introduction of the TRD PRO model , being marketed as a more capable off - road package . In addition , the 2015 model year saw the 4.0 L V6 discontinued . Model year changes ( edit ) The 2015 model year saw the introduction of a sixth trim level , the Tundra TRD Pro as part of the new TRD Pro family . A rear under seat storage tray was added to SR5 and Limited Double Cab models , and a 3.5 '' TFT multi-information display was made standard . The 4.0 L V6 was also discontinued . The 2016 model has an updated front chrome grille on SR5 and 1794 Edition ( on 1794 Edition the front bumper center also switched from Silver to Magnetic Gray ) . A large 38.0 gallon fuel tank option ( standard is 26.4 gallons ) on 5.7 L V8 SR5 models as part of the SR5 Upgrade Package , while it is standard on Limited , Platinum , 1794 Edition , and TRD Pro . Flex Fuel ( FFV ) availability expanded to 4x2 models . An integrated Trailer Brake Controller was added that is standard on all 5.7 L V8 models ( N / A with the 4.6 L V8 ) . Blind Spot Monitor and Rear Cross Traffic Alert availability is also expanded as standard equipment on Platinum and 1794 Edition , while also being available on the SR5 ( Safety and Convenience Package , includes front / rear sonar ) and Limited ( Limited Premium Package ) . The entertainment system received the updated Entune 2.5 system . The TRD Off - Road Package is also now available on the 1794 Edition . There are also some color changes : Blazing Blue Pearl ( 8T0 ) replaces Blue Ribbon Metallic ( 8T5 ) , Sunset Bronze Metallic ( 4U3 ) now available on SR5 , Inferno ( 4X0 ) now available on SR5 and Limited ( requires TRD Off - Road Package ( OF ) ) , and the SR is now only available in Super White , Black , and Radiant Red . Trim Level Availability ( edit ) Truck Cab SR SR5 Limited Platinum 1794 Regular Cab available not available not available not available not available Double Cab available available available not available not available CrewMax not available available available available available 1794 Edition ( edit ) 2014 Toyota Tundra 1794 Edition in Washington , United States . For the 2014 model year Toyota introduced the 1794 Edition Tundra , designed as a top tier luxury model to compete with the Chevrolet Silverado High Country , Ford King Ranch , Ram Laramie and GMC Denali . The Toyota Tundra plant sits on land that Toyota purchased from the oldest working cattle ranch in Texas . 1794 , refers to the year that this ranch was established by Spanish colonist Juan Ignacio de Casanova . The 1794 Edition is a Western themed package which includes Lexus - grade saddle brown leather interior , heated / cooled / powered front seats , wood trimmed steering wheel and dash , power sunroof , blind spot monitoring , an Etune Premium JBL sound system with a navigation system , unique 20 '' Alloy wheels and 1794 Badging . The seats on the 1794 are finished in leather and a suede - like material and features contrasting stitching . The dash and door panels also have leather trimmed surfaces along with wood accents . TRD Pro ( edit ) Toyota Tundra TRD in Chile . For the 2015 Model Year , Toyota introduced the TRD Pro option package to compete with the likes of the Ford SVT Raptor and Ram 1500 Rebel . This is marketed as a highly capable off - road package that is one step above the standard TRD option package . The TRD Pro includes large 2.5 '' diameter Bilstein remote reservoir shocks at all four wheels which allow for greater maximum extension of the shocks compared to other Tundra shocks . These shocks allow for an additional 1.75 inches ( 44 mm ) of travel in the front and 1.83 inches ( 46 mm ) in the rear and employ a three - stage damping that gets progressively firmer as the suspension compresses . These shocks allow the Tundra TRD Pro to have a front ride height that is 2 inches ( 51 mm ) higher than other Tundras . The front coil springs have a decrease spring rated for more suspension compliance . The TRD Pro also include a 0.25 inches ( 6 mm ) thick aluminum front skid plate and a TRD cat - back dual exhaust system . The TRD Pro has a unique body coloured grille with a blacked out center section and the word `` TOYOTA '' on it instead of the Toyota Emblem . TRD PRO logo is stamped into the sides of the pickups bed , while TRD logos are on the shift knob , center console and floor mats . The interior features unique TRD Pro upholstery and door trim with contrasting red stitching and an Etune premium audio system with navigation . Tires included are P275 / 65 - 18 Michelin LTX A / T2 tires on black finished alloy wheels that have unique TRD center caps . The TRD Pro is available in three colours : Inferno , Attitude Black Metallic and Super White . The TRD Pro is available as an option only on the Tundra SR5 4x4 in either the Double Cab with the 6.5 ft ( 2.0 m ) bed or the CrewMax with the 5.5 ft ( 1.7 m ) bed . For the 2016 model year , the Tundra TRD Pro added Black leather with red contrast stitching and TRD Pro logo . The 38.0 gallon large fuel tank and integrated Trailer Brake Controller was made standard equipment . The color palette was changed to Quicksand ( 4V6 ) , Magnetic Gray ( 1G3 ) , and Super White ( 040 ) . While Super White carried over from 2015 , Magnetic Gray ( 1G3 ) and Quicksand ( 4V6 ) were new . Quicksand was first featured on the FJ - S Cruiser Concept that Toyota and TRD USA used as a test bed for the early TRD Pro Series concept . Quicksand pays tribute to the iconic Land Cruiser and FJ Cruiser from which the TRD Pro Series inherited its rugged DNA . Engines ( edit ) 2014 - 2015 model years ( edit ) 4.0 L V6 GR engine 276 hp ( 206 kW ) and 283 lb ft ( 384 N m ) ( CARB LEV II certified ) 2014 only 4.6 L V8 UR engine 310 hp ( 231 kW ) and 327 lb ft ( 443 N m ) ( CARB ULEV II certified ) 5.7 L V8 UR engine 381 hp ( 284 kW ) and 401 lb ft ( 544 N m ) ( CARB ULEV II certified ) Availability ( edit ) Regular Cab ( 2014 ) Regular Cab ( 2015 ) Double Cab SR ( 2014 ) Double Cab CrewMax SR5 CrewMax 4.0 L V6 standard not available standard not available not available not available 4.6 L V8 not available not available optional standard standard not availalble 5.7 L V8 optional standard optional optional optional standard Assembly ( edit ) The second generation Tundra was initially assembled at two different United States locations , the original Princeton , Indiana plant supplemented by a newly built San Antonio , Texas plant . Combined , the two plants give Toyota a maximum capacity to produce 300,000 Tundra units annually or 100,000 units from the Indiana plant and another 200,000 units from the Texas plant . When designing the Texas plant , Toyota arranged for 21 key Tundra suppliers to set up factories on the same site to avoid logistical issues , however those suppliers are more vulnerable to a market downturn . Toyota also included a $9 million health care facility to serve workers and their dependents . Third Generation Tundra will be assembled at Toyota 's San Antonio 's Facility only . The Tundra has 75 % North American parts content . In the second quarter of 2008 Toyota moved all Tundra production to the Texas plant . All Tundra engines and transmissions are built in the United States . As sales fell in 2008 , production of the Tundra at San Antonio stopped for three months . Safety ( edit ) The Tundra comes equipped with dual front airbags , front row side torso airbags , and rollover sensing side curtain airbags for both the front and rear rows . Vehicle Stability Control , traction control , anti-lock brakes , brake assist , and electronic brakeforce distribution are also standard . For the 2010 model year , a driver and front passenger knee airbag becomes standard . Toyota 's Tundra was the first full - size pickup to have earned the IIHS 's Top Safety Pick accolade , followed by the redesigned 2009 Ford F - 150 . In tests conducted by the IIHS , the Tundra received an overall `` Good '' score in the frontal offset crash test , the highest possible rating in the side impact crash test , and the maximum score for rear crash protection . NHTSA crash test ratings ( 2007 ) : Frontal Driver Frontal Passenger Side Driver Side Rear Passenger Rollover The primary difference between IIHS and NHTSA frontal crash testing , is the IIHS conducts an offset test where a smaller portion of the vehicle 's structure absorbs the energy of the crash . This type of crash test is more demanding on the vehicle 's structure , while the full frontal crash test is more demanding on the vehicle 's restraint systems . Both IIHS and NHTSA frontal impact tests can only be compared among vehicles of similar weights . Because the Tundra 's Vehicle Stability Control system is disabled when the vehicle 's 4x4 system is engaged Consumer Reports has questioned the Tundra 's Top Safety Pick award . Toyota 's response is the Tundra does not feature a center differential which would become a weak point in the drivetrain . However the stability control system remains operational at times when the truck is in 4x2 mode though many drivers will select the 4x4 mode in slippery conditions . As of the 2010 model year this has been corrected . Electronic stability control functions in 4x4hi and is disengaged in 4x4lo . This is verified by the updated owners manual , visor instructions , and road tests in snow and ice in 4x4hi . When understeer or oversteer occurs in 4x4hi a beeping noise is emitted , and the dash indicator lights up yellow indicating that VSC is activated , braking individual wheels to match driver input at the steering wheel . TRD supercharger ( edit ) Toyota began selling a bolt - on TRD supercharger kit for the 5.7 - liter V8 Tundra during June 2008 . Power output is increased to 504 hp ( 376 kW ) and 550 pound force - feet ( 750 N m ) of torque . When the installation is carried out by a Toyota dealership the existing warranty remains intact . This kit features Eaton 's TVS Roots - type supercharger which utilizes twin four - lobe rotors , a design shared with the newly introduced Toyota TRD Aurion , Chevrolet Corvette ZR1 and Cadillac CTS - V. TRD discontinued the TRD Supercharger in mid 2015 , meaning that the 2015 model year is the last year that has an official TRD ECU reflash available . Edmunds tested a TRD supercharged Tundra which completed the 1 / 4 mile in 13.3 sec @ 103.8 mph ( 167.0 km / h ) . Edmunds previously tested a naturally aspired 5.7 - liter V8 Tundra which posted a 14.8 sec @ 93.7 mph ( 150.8 km / h ) time . Motor Trend 's test of the supercharged Tundra resulted in a 1 / 4 mile of 13.0 sec @ 106.3 mph ( 171.1 km / h ) . This Tundra needed 4.4 seconds to run from 0 - 60 mph . Awards and Comparison tests ( edit ) Awards ( edit ) CanadianDriver selected the Tundra as `` Truck King '' as the best 1 / 2 - ton pickup with an engine displacing greater than 5.0 - liters , and again as best 1 / 2 - ton with an engine displacing less than 5.0 - liters . Trailer Boats awards the Tundra with its 2007 Tow Vehicle of the Year award after completing nearly two weeks of testing . Truckin ' Magazine awards the Tundra Crew Max with its 2008 Truck of the Year award . Motor Trend selected the Tundra its 2008 Truck of the Year . Other competitors tested were the Chevrolet Silverado HD , GMC Sierra HD , and Ford F - 250 , F - 350 and F - 450 . While the Chevrolet Silverado , Motor Trend 's 2007 TOTY was not in the competition , it was defeated by the Tundra in an earlier three round comparison as noted below . However , Motor Trend ranked the Silverado and Sierra ahead in a later comparison test . Media Comparison testing ( edit ) May 2009 : A Motor Trend comparison test with the Ford F150 Supercrew resulted in a defeat . April 2009 : An Edmunds.com test of 4x4 trucks resulted in a 2nd - place finish for the Tundra . November 2008 : A test conducted by Pickuptrucks.com rated the Tundra 3rd , Motor Trend was asked to join the test and rated the Tundra 5th . 2007 : Motor Trend and Truck Trend magazines rate the Tundra ahead of its GM competitor in a three - round battle . Parts of this comparison took place before the Tundra was officially on sale to the public . All sections were published in both magazines . Introduction Round 1 : Head - to - Head Round 2 : Down and Dirty Final Round - Up , Over , and Out : 2007 : Peterson 's 4 - wheel & Off Road magazine gave the Tundra a 2nd - place finish in their 2008 4x4 of the Year competition . First place went to the Toyota Land Cruiser August 2007 : Consumer Reports rates the Tundra as the 2nd best full - size pickup behind the Chevrolet Avalanche . April 2007 : Car and Driver placed the Tundra 3rd in a 5 - truck roundup . March 2007 : Popular Mechanics ranks the Tundra 2nd in a full - size pickup comparison . January 2007 : Edmunds.com places the Tundra first in their 1 / 2 - ton comparison test . Recalls and reliability ( edit ) In May 2007 , a Toyota spokesperson stated 20 camshaft failures occurred in Toyota 's all - new 5.7 L 3UR - FE V - 8 engine . Toyota said the failures were the result of a flaw in the camshaft casting process , and the supplier of the camshafts has since fixed the error . In the event of a camshaft failure Toyota will either replace the engine and extend the warranty or repurchase the truck from the owner . Toyota originally intended to begin selling the 5.7 - liter equipped Tundra during the northern hemisphere summer of 2007 but decided to rush the engine into production in order to match the November 2006 launch date . This decision was the result of product planners and dealers desire for the larger V8 's availability at the initial sale . On December 13 , 2007 , Toyota Motor Corp recalled 15,600 4x4 2007 model - year Tundras in the United States because a rear propeller shaft joint may fail . `` There is a possibility that a joint in the rear propeller shaft may have been improperly heat treated , resulting in insufficient hardness , '' Toyota said . Adding , `` This may cause a section of the rear propeller shaft to separate at the joint . '' There has been one reported case of abnormal noises in the affected vehicles . No accidents have been connected to the recall . Tundra owners will be notified beginning in late - December 2007 and are requested to contact their local Toyota dealer for inspection . If the hardness is not correct the dealer will then replace the rear propeller shaft . The 2007 - 2010 Tundra was recalled as part of the 2009 -- 10 Toyota vehicle recalls for its accelerator pedal . Although the Toyota Tundra had some recalls , it remains the highest rated pickup truck for reliability . Consumer reports rated the Toyota Tundra 2WD pickup as having the highest predicted reliability among all full - size pickup trucks . The Toyota Tundra 4x4 was rated in second , just below the 2WD model . The Toyota Tundra also was the only full - size pickup to make Consumer Reports most reliable new car and most reliable used cars lists . The Toyota Tundra is recommended by Consumer Reports and is the only full - size truck to have an above average reliability rating . Sales ( edit ) The Indiana factory can produce 130,000 Tundras a year . After being on the market for more than a decade , it has about 17 % of the full - size half - ton market . In 2000 , Toyota sold 107,798 Tundras , compared to the Toyota T100 pickup that sold roughly around 50,000 units . By 2005 , Toyota managed to sell 126,529 units . With the added capacity of the San Antonio plant , Toyota planned to sell around 200,000 Tundras for 2007 . Toyota missed its sales target for 2007 , selling just under 200,000 vehicles . In comparison , for 2007 , GMC Sierra sales were over 12,000 more than Tundra , Chevrolet Silverado was more than 422,000 over Tundra , and the Ford F - 150 was once again the sales leader with 756,980 units that same year . Around 70 - 80 % of the Tundra sales are the 5.7 L versions , and 46 % are the Crew Max . The standard cab versions are selling at a slower rate than expected . Calendar year U.S. 2000 100,445 108,863 2002 99,333 2003 101,316 112,484 2005 126,529 2006 124,508 2007 196,555 2008 137,249 2009 79,385 93,309 2011 82,908 2012 101,621 2013 112,732 2014 118,493 2015 118,880 2016 115,489 World markets ( edit ) As of 2015 , the Toyota Tundra is sold in the U.S. , Canada , Mexico , Panama , Honduras , Bolivia , Chile , and the French territory of New Caledonia in LHD only . The Toyota Tundra has a grey import presence in several countries that include Japan , China , Australia , Switzerland and the Middle East . Gray imports gallery ( edit ) A Toyota Tundra in Tokyo , Japan Toyota Tundra CrewMax in Shanghai , China Custom Toyota Tundra CrewMax in Beijing , China NASCAR ( edit ) In 2004 , the Tundra joined the NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series and got its first win at Michigan International Speedway on July 31 that year . In 2006 , the Tundra got Toyota 's first manufacturer championship winning 12 of the 25 races . The model also got the driver and owner championship with Todd Bodine and Germain Racing . The truck won every year from 2006 to 2010 Pulling the Space shuttle Endeavour ( edit ) On Friday , October 12 , 2012 , an unmodified , San Antonio - built Toyota Tundra Crew Max pulled the Space Shuttle Endeavour , on top of a special lightweight dolly , across the Manchester Boulevard Bridge ( which runs across Interstate 405 ) . The shuttle 's 12 - mile ( 19 km ) journey to the California Science Center was performed by four self - propelled robotic transporters . However , due to bridge weight restriction , the shuttle was moved to the lighter non-powered dolly and towed the short distance by the Tundra . Once it had completely crossed the bridge , the shuttle was returned to the robotic transporters to continue its course . Toyota also used this opportunity to film a commercial that aired during the 2013 Super Bowl . The cars that filmed the event Close up of one of the filming cars The shuttle awaits to be towed The Toyota Tundra that pulled the Endeavor Million - mile Tundra ( edit ) In 2016 , Victor Sheppard of Houma , Louisiana , clocked in over 1,000,000 miles ( 1,600,000 km ) on his 2007 Tundra . In the eight years of owning the truck , he logged in an average of 125,000 miles ( 200,000 km ) a year and had it serviced at his local dealership a total of 117 times . Toyota Motor Sales , U.S.A. , Inc. gave Sheppard a 2016 model year Tundra in exchange for his old truck ; the company will disassemble it to study its durability and reliability . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` IIHS - HLDI : Toyota Tundra '' . Iihs.org. 2005 - 11 - 15 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` PickupTruck.Com - Toyota Tundra Triumphs in IIHS Full Size Pickup Truck Crash Tests '' . Pickuptrucks.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Recalls Summary Safercar.gov NHTSA '' . 2010 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Vehicles : Toyota Announces Safety Recall on 2000 through 2003 Tundra Frame Rear Cross-Member / Toyota '' ( Press release ) . USA : Toyota . 2009 - 11 - 24 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ Mar 10 , 2010 10 : 35 am ( 2010 - 03 - 10 ) . `` Toyota Tundra Recall Expands '' . U.S. News Rankings and Reviews . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Toyota Begins Tundra Production in San Antonio '' ( Press release ) . Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky . 2006 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Sperling '' . LinkedIn . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Levine , Mike ( 2010 - 08 - 20 ) . `` Toyota Lowers Tundra Tow Ratings , Gains Credibility - PickupTrucks.com News '' . PickupTrucks.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Vehicles : Toyota Adds 13 Models for 2008 Tundra Lineup / Toyota '' ( Press release ) . USA : Toyota . 2008 - 01 - 10 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Vehicles : Toyota Announces Prices for 2009 Tundra Full - Size Pickup / Toyota '' ( Press release ) . USA : Toyota . 2008 - 11 - 26 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Vehicles : Toyota to Reveal 2010 Tundra Pickup And New 4.6 - liter V8 Engine at 2009 Chicago Auto Show / Toyota '' ( Press release ) . USA : Toyota . 2009 - 02 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Noah ( 2008 - 06 - 23 ) . `` Toyota to offer Ironman packages for Tundra , Tacoma and FJ Cruiser '' . Autoblog . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Racing Legend Ivan `` IRONMAN '' Stewart Announces Limited Edition 504 + Horsepower Tundra `` . Business Wire. 2008 - 06 - 30 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Neff , John ( 2008 - 04 - 10 ) . `` Toyota readying Ivan `` Ironman '' Stewart Signature Series Tundra `` . Autoblog . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Tundra 2011 brochure '' ( PDF ) . Toyota . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ 2010 Toyota Tundra Brochure . Toyota . 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Unveils 2014 Redesigned Tundra Full - Size Pickup Truck at 2013 Chicago Auto Show '' ( Press release ) . USA : Toyota . 2013 - 02 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ Wojdyla , Ben ( 2013 - 02 - 07 ) . `` 2013 Chicago Auto Show : 2014 Toyota Tundra Gets Tweaks '' . Popular Mechanics . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ Elmer , Stephen ( 2013 - 02 - 07 ) . `` 2014 Toyota Tundra Gets Sexy New Interior , Same Old Engines '' . AutoGuide.com . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Febbo , Michael . `` 2014 Toyota Tundra '' . Motor Trend . Peterson . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2014 Toyota Tundra Brochure '' . Toyota.com . USA : Toyota . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Tundra '' . USA : Toyota . ^ Jump up to : Edmunds , Dan . `` 2015 Toyota Tundra TRD Pro Road Test '' . Edmunds.com . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Sanchez , Karla . `` Priced : 2015 Toyota Tundra Drops V - 6 , Starts at $29,510 '' . Motor Trend.com . Petersons . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ http://www.toyota.com/tundra Jump up ^ Bragman , Aaron . `` 2014 Toyota Tundra 1794 Edition Review '' . Pickup Trucks.com . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Kiino , Ron . `` 2015 Toyota Tundra 1794 Edition Crewmax 4x4 '' . Motor Trend.com . Peterson . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Ayapana , Erick. `` 2014 Toyota Tundra 1794 Edition Test '' . Truck Trend.com . Petersons . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Toyota Tundra TRD Pro : First Drive '' . Autotrader.com . Autorader . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Pleskot , Kelly . `` 2015 Toyota Tundra TRD Pro Priced at $42,385 '' . Motor Trend.com . Petersons . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Truck Plant and Health Care Center Ready to Roll '' . workforce.com. 2006 - 11 - 15 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` AALA 2012 Listed by Percentage '' ( PDF ) . US : National Highway Traffic Safety Administration . 2012 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Tundra Is Now America 's `` Most American '' Pickup `` . US : TundraHeadquarters.com. 2010 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Consolidates Tundra Manufacturing '' . tundraheadquarters.com. 2008 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota fills unused capacity at Texas plant with Tacoma '' . Bloomberg via Automotive News . 2010 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Tundra Truck - 2010 Features '' . USA : Toyota . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` IIHS news release '' . Iihs.org. 2007 - 11 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` IIHS - HLDI : Toyota Tundra '' . Iihs.org. 2010 - 01 - 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` IIHS - HLDI : Toyota Tundra '' . Iihs.org. 2010 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Head restraints : Toyota '' . Iihs.org . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . 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what is the meaning of rihanna's song diamonds

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Diamonds_(Rihanna_song)&oldid=852350752

Diamonds ( Rihanna song ) - wikipedia Diamonds ( Rihanna song ) `` Diamonds '' Single by Rihanna from the album Unapologetic Released September 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 27 ) Format CD single digital download Recorded June 2012 Studio Roc the Mic , New York City Westlake Recording , Los Angeles Genre Electronic pop R&B Length 3 : 45 Label Def Jam SRP Songwriter ( s ) Sia Furler Benjamin Levin Mikkel S. Eriksen Tor Erik Hermansen Producer ( s ) Benny Blanco StarGate Kuk Harrell Rihanna singles chronology `` Cockiness ( Love It ) '' ( 2012 ) `` Diamonds '' ( 2012 ) `` Stay '' ( 2013 ) `` Diamonds '' is a song recorded by Barbadian singer Rihanna for her seventh studio album , Unapologetic ( 2012 ) . It was written by Sia Furler together with its producers , Benny Blanco and StarGate . The song premiered on September 26 , 2012 , during the Elvis Duran and the Morning Show and was digitally released the following day as the lead single from Unapologetic . Def Jam Recordings serviced the single to contemporary hit radio in the United States on October 2 . `` Diamonds '' is a mid-tempo pop , electronic and R&B ballad that features heavy synthesizers , orchestral sounds and electronic rhythms . The song 's lyrics serve as a departure from the themes of unhealthy relationships that were on Rihanna 's previous singles and contain a prominent concept of love . `` Diamonds '' topped music charts in over twenty countries , including the United States , where it became Rihanna 's twelfth number one single on the Billboard Hot 100 and tied her with Madonna and The Supremes for the fifth-most number one singles in the chart 's history . `` Diamonds '' was certified quintuple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) and sold over 3.5 million digital copies in the country . By May 2013 , it had sold over 7.5 million copies worldwide and became one of the best - selling singles of all - time . The song 's music video was shot by director Anthony Mandler , a frequent collaborator of Rihanna 's , and depicts her in four environments that represent the elements of earth , air , water , and fire . The video received positive reviews and was praised for its imagery . Some critics believe that the heavily tattooed man intertwined with Rihanna 's arm in the video resembles Chris Brown . The singer performed `` Diamonds '' on television shows such as Saturday Night Live and The X Factor and included it on the 777 , Diamonds , Monster Tour and the Anti World Tour set lists . The American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP ) recognized it as one of the most performed songs of 2013 and 2014 . The official remix of `` Diamonds '' featured rapper Kanye West and was released on November 16 , 2012 . The song has been covered by various recording artists , including Josef Salvat , who released his own cover of `` Diamonds '' as a single . Contents 1 Writing and production 2 Release and artwork 3 Composition and lyrical interpretation 4 Critical reception 5 Recognition and accolades 6 Commercial performance 6.1 North America 6.2 Europe and Oceania 7 Music video 7.1 Background and concept 7.2 Synopsis 7.3 Reception 8 Live performances 9 Cover versions and remixes 9.1 Josef Icemen version 9.2 Josef Salvat version 10 Formats and track listing 11 Credits and personnel 12 Charts 12.1 Weekly charts 12.2 Year - end charts 13 Certifications 14 Radio and release history 15 See also 16 References 17 External links Writing and production ( edit ) Australian singer - songwriter Sia ( pictured ) wrote the lyrics , while producer Benny Blanco co-wrote and co-produced `` Diamonds '' with StarGate . In 2012 , American songwriter and record producer Benny Blanco met with Norwegian production duo StarGate at a recording studio in New York City to write new songs , including one for Rihanna . StarGate had previously produced her singles `` Do n't Stop the Music '' ( 2007 ) and `` Only Girl ( In the World ) '' ( 2010 ) . According to Blanco , he and StarGate wanted to deviate from Rihanna 's usual sound and produce as though the song would be for a rapper such as Kanye West : `` It 's the one that we were n't thinking Rihanna ... that turned into the Rihanna record ... But that 's how it always happens like with me '' . They produced the song 's drum machine beat after the other instrumental music was recorded . StarGate 's Mikkel Eriksen told The New York Times that Blanco took a recorded snippet of Eriksen 's singing , altered it electronically , and made it sound `` dirtier '' . He then applied timbre and used audio software to create ghostly accompaniment lines . Eriksen described Blanco 's style as `` unorthodox , as he almost never plays the keyboards but throws in weird samples and alters them to the right pitch to go with the song . '' Australian singer - songwriter Sia later joined them and wrote the lyrics for `` Diamonds '' in 14 minutes . After the song was completed , they wanted to play it to Rihanna , but Blanco was skeptical about the reaction towards the song because of its slow sound . After StarGate played it to her , they called Blanco from London and told him that she liked the song : `` She 's flippin ' out . She played it like seven times in a row . It 's her favorite song . '' Phil Tan and the assistant Daniela Rivera , mixed and mastered `` Diamonds '' . Recalling it , in an interview with The Huffington Post , Blanco commented , `` we needed to have it recorded , the beat finished , mixed and mastered in 24 hours . She was recording in a separate part of the world , sending back the files , we 're finishing the music and then we 're mixing and mastering it , and then it was out in a few days . It 's fucking amazing and incredible . '' Kuk Harrell produced Rihanna 's vocals on the song and recorded them together with Marcos Tovar . Release and artwork ( edit ) `` I think a lot of people are afraid of being happy because of what others might think of it ... They 're afraid to embrace that and embrace themselves and love themselves and do what they love and do what makes them happy . '' -- Rihanna talking about the lyrical meaning behind `` Diamonds '' for MTV News . On September 12 , 2012 , Def Jam France announced via Twitter that Rihanna would release a new single the following week and that her seventh studio album will be released in November . However , the tweet was shortly deleted and replaced with another clarifying that more information will be given on September 13 . In an interview with iHeartRadio at their annual music festival in September , Rihanna confirmed `` Diamonds '' as her new single and said that it would first be played on American radio beginning September 26 . She described it as an easy - going , but optimistic song that is `` happy and hippy '' rather than dance - oriented and said that the song `` gives me such a great feeling when I listen to it . The lyrics are very hopeful and positive , but it 's about love . '' The single 's cover artwork was revealed on September 24 and depicted Rihanna rolling diamonds in a manner suggestive of joint rolling . On September 26 , Rihanna posted the full lyrics of the song in a PDF on her official website Rihanna7.com . `` Diamonds '' premiered the same day on the Elvis Duran and the Morning Show , and on the following day , it was released as a digital download on the 7 Digital store . In the United Kingdom , the song was released to 7 Digital on September 28 . Def Jam Recordings solicited the single to contemporary hit radio in the United States on October 2 . On November 5 , it was released in Germany as a CD single , which it also contained the song 's Bimbo Jones Vocal Remix . On December 18 , eight digital remixes of the single were digitally released . Composition and lyrical interpretation ( edit ) `` Diamonds '' A 21 - second sample of the chorus of `` Diamonds '' , which has been characterized by critics as a mid-tempo pop , electronic and R&B song . It features drums , heavy synthesizers , a 1980s backbeat , orchestral sounds , and electronic rhythms accompanied with Rihanna 's vocal performance . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Diamonds '' has a length of three minutes and forty - five seconds . Allmusic critic Andy Kellman characterized it as a mid-tempo pop ballad , while Michael Baggs of Gigwise described it as a mid-tempo electronic song . Time Out 's James Manning described the song as a `` somber '' R&B ballad . It features heavy synthesizers , orchestral sounds and electronic rhythms accompanied with Rihanna 's vocal performance . Rolling Stone magazine wrote that `` the track 's production mainly stays out of Rihanna 's way , letting the pop star build hooks with layers of her voice . '' In a review of Unapologetic , Stacy - Ann Ellis of Vibe noted that an improvement in the singer 's singing is evinced by ballads such as `` Diamonds '' and `` Stay '' . According to EMI Music Publishing 's digital sheet music for the song , `` Diamonds '' is composed in the key of B minor and set in common time signature , and has a moderately slow groove of 92 beats per minute . Rihanna 's vocals span from the low note of F ♯ to the high note of F ♯ . Lyrically , `` Diamonds '' is a departure from Rihanna 's recurring themes of unhealthy relationships on her other songs , and contains a prominent concept of love . The first verse introduces the song 's concept : `` Find light in the beautiful sea / I choose to be happy / You and I , you and I / We 're like diamonds in the sky . '' The hook continues this metaphor : `` So shine bright , tonight , you and I / We 're beautiful like diamonds in the sky / Eye to eye , so alive . '' According to Glenn Yoder of The Boston Globe , the song shows Rihanna differently than how she is viewed by the public because of lyrics such as `` I choose to be happy '' and `` We 're like diamonds in the sky '' . James Montgomery of MTV News commented that she embraces the positivity and fulfillment of a realized relationship , particularly with the line `` When you hold me , I 'm alive '' , and admits `` I knew that we 'd become one right away '' . Lindsay DiMattina of Hollywood.com interpreted that Rihanna is crying out for her lover when she sings lines such as , `` When you hold me , I 'm alive , '' and `` At first sight I felt the energy of sun rays / I saw the life inside your eyes . '' The Herald Sun asserted that the lyrics were most likely inspired by Rihanna 's private life . Critical reception ( edit ) In a positive review of the song , Robert Copsey of Digital Spy gave it four out of five stars and praised Rihanna 's direction towards a `` softer and more prolific edge '' . Brittany Lewis of GlobalGrind called `` Diamonds '' a catchy song and felt that it had the potential to be another hit for Rihanna . Glenn Gamboa of Newsday said that , although it does not sound like an emphatic hit , the lyrical content of the song depicts a `` personal shift '' for Rihanna . According to James Montgomery of MTV News , `` Diamonds '' is more positive than previous singles such as `` We Found Love '' and `` Where Have You Been '' , despite its moderate tempo . Lindsey DiMattina of Hollywood.com said that Rihanna 's singing is stronger than ever . Contactmusic 's reviewer described it as a `` laid - back track '' , and suggested that the lyrical content is related to her former boyfriend Chris Brown . In a track - by - track review of Unapologetic , Andrew Hampp of Billboard found the song inspiring and commented that it `` finds Rihanna doing one of her throatiest , most impassioned vocals to date '' . Andy Kellman of Allmusic cited the song as one of the highlights on Unapologetic , and gave it three and a half stars . In a less enthusiastic critique , Jon Caramanica of The New York Times likened `` Diamonds '' to a James Bond movie theme song , but with `` insipid lyrics '' . Jim Farber of the New York Daily News felt that the song is not as evocative as it attempts to be and lacks the sense of mystery and engaging production found on `` We Found Love '' . Kevin Blair of the Irish Independent 's , Independent Woman , was critical of the song for deviating from Rihanna 's previous dance and R&B songs and dismissed it as a `` chugging , faintly misty - eyed , middle of the road pop song '' . Chris Richards of The Washington Post panned the song as a `` power ballad without much power '' . Recognition and accolades ( edit ) Ernest Baker and Lauren Nostro of Complex ranked `` Diamonds '' atop their list of The 10 Best Guilty Pleasure Songs of 2012 and wrote that , although the song is unlike Rihanna 's louder , more anthemic songs , `` apparently the world loves to see a softer side of her , too . '' Black Entertainment Television placed the single at number six on their 50 Best Songs of 2012 list and called it one of Rihanna 's most emotive performances . UK E ! Online 's reviewer named it the fifth best song of the year and said that Rihanna 's vocal performance on the song validates the attention she had received since her breakthrough with `` Umbrella '' . Irish Independent 's Jim Hayes ranked it as the year 's tenth - best song and described it as `` a laid back slow burner that invades and refuses to leave '' . A reviewer from The Huffington Post named `` Diamonds '' one of The 12 Best Songs by Women in 2012 . At the ASCAP Pop Music Awards , the American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP ) recognized it as one of the most performed songs of 2013 and 2014 respectively . `` Diamonds '' received the Billboard accolade for Top R&B Song at the 2013 award ceremony held at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas . At the 2013 BET Awards , the song was nominated for the Coca - Cola Viewer 's Choice accolade , however , it lost to `` Started from the Bottom '' by Drake . It also received nominations for Best International Song at the NRJ Music Awards of 2013 in France and for Hit of the Year at the 2013 Echo Awards in Germany . `` Diamonds '' received a nomination for Best Song at the 2013 MTV Europe Music Awards . Commercial performance ( edit ) North America ( edit ) `` Diamonds '' became Rihanna 's twelfth number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 , tying her with Madonna ( pictured ) and The Supremes as the artists with the fifth-most number ones in the chart 's history . In the US , `` Diamonds '' debuted at number 16 on the Billboard Hot 100 and sold 133,000 copies in its first week . In its fourth week , it climbed to number eight on the chart and became Rihanna 's twenty - third top - ten single . For the week ending December 1 , 2012 , the song became Rihanna 's twelfth number - one on the chart , which ended the nine - week reign of Maroon 5 's `` One More Night '' . With the feat , Rihanna tied Madonna and Supremes as the artists with the fifth-most number ones in the chart 's history . Rihanna also passed Mariah Carey as the female artist to mark 12 number - one songs the fastest on the chart by achieving the feat in six years and seven months , which bested Carey 's stretch of seven years , one month , and two weeks . `` Diamonds '' charted for a second consecutive week atop the Hot 100 , while her album Unapologetic topped the Billboard 200 . As a result , Rihanna became only the second artist of 2012 to top both the Billboard singles and albums charts simultaneously ; the first to do so was English singer Adele . On the Radio Songs chart , `` Diamonds '' debuted at number 28 . In its fourth week , it climbed to number ten , becoming Rihanna 's 19th top ten , breaking a tie with Lil Wayne for the second - best sum in the list 's 22 - year history ; only Mariah Carey ( 23 ) has more . For the issue dated December 15 , the song topped the chart , becoming Rihanna 's tenth number one and placing second for female artists with the most chart toppers , only behind Mariah Carey ( 11 ) . On the Pop Songs chart , `` Diamonds '' debuted at number 29 , extending Rihanna 's lead as the artist with the most appearances on the chart . On October 11 , 2012 , Billboard unveiled new methodology for the Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart , newly factoring digital download sales and streaming data into the 50 - position rankings , along with existing radio airplay data monitored by Nielsen BDS . Due to this , `` Diamonds '' saw a huge leap from number 66 to number one , marking Rihanna 's second single as a lead artist to top the chart ; it topped the chart for fourteen consecutive weeks . `` Diamonds '' topped the Dance Club Songs chart , becoming Rihanna 's nineteenth number one , tying her with Janet Jackson for the second-most number ones in the chart 's 36 - year history . Only Madonna has more ( 43 ) . `` Diamonds '' was certified sextuple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . In Canada , the song debuted at number nine on the Canadian Hot 100 for the issue dated October 13 , 2012 . The song peaked at number one on the issue dated November 24 , 2012 , becoming Rihanna 's sixth single to reach number one on the chart . It remained atop of it for four consecutive weeks . It was certified platinum by Music Canada denoting sales of over 80,000 copies . Europe and oceania ( edit ) `` Diamonds '' made its first chart appearance in Ireland on September 27 , 2012 , where it debuted at number 17 . It reached its peak of number two on October 25 , 2012 . The single debuted at number one on both the United Kingdom 's pop and R&B singles charts on October 7 , 2012 , with over 105,000 copies sold . This gave Rihanna her seventh number - one single in the country . After nine weeks on the pop chart , `` Diamonds '' rose from number ten to three , following Rihanna 's performance of the song on The X Factor the previous week . From its debut , the song remained atop the R&B chart for three consecutive weeks before being deposed of the top spot by Labrinth and Emeli Sandé 's `` Beneath Your Beautiful '' . As of March 2014 , `` Diamonds '' has sold over one million copies in the UK , and became Rihanna 's fourth single to achieve that feat . With that , she became only the second artist to have four million - selling singles in the UK , only behind The Beatles , who have six . The single is the 30th best - selling song of all time by a female artist in the country . `` Diamonds '' debuted at number one in France , becoming Rihanna 's fourth number - one single in the country and remaining at the top spot for three consecutive weeks . `` Diamonds '' also peaked at number one in Germany for ten consecutive weeks , becoming Rihanna 's fifth number - one single in the country and surpassing `` Umbrella '' ( 2007 ) as her longest - running German number - one single . The song was placed at number seven on the German 2012 Year - End singles chart and was certified platinum , denoting sales of 300,000 copies in the country . `` Diamonds '' remained number one in Norway for eleven consecutive weeks , the Czech Republic for eight , Denmark for six , Switzerland for five , Austria for four , Finland for three weeks and Scotland one . `` Diamonds '' entered the New Zealand Singles Chart at number five on October 8 , 2012 . After eight weeks in the top ten , the song peaked at number two . The single has received a double - platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand , denoting sales of 30,000 copies . `` Diamonds '' debuted at number eight on the Australian Singles Chart on October 14 , 2012 . The song reached a peak of number six on November 4 , 2012 . The song has been certified five - times platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association , denoting sales of 350,000 copies . By May 2013 , it had sold over 7.5 million copies worldwide and became one of the best - selling singles of all - time . Music video ( edit ) Background and concept ( edit ) `` With every song it 's a different story , so the visuals are very specific to that story and that world . With ' Diamonds , ' it was just a series of vignettes that we put together to help get the emotion across throughout the song ' cause the song changes and it builds , and there 's no real way that you could do that . '' -- Rihanna explaining the concept for the music video . Rihanna began to film the music video for `` Diamonds '' on October 21 , 2012 , at the Mojave Desert in Lancaster , California . It was directed by her regular collaborator Anthony Mandler , who previously directed her videos for `` Russian Roulette '' ( 2009 ) and `` Man Down '' ( 2011 ) . Photographs of the production leaked to the press the same day and showed Rihanna in a white and black dress in front of a fire . Ethan Sacks of the New York Daily News remarked that she `` looked like a gem on the set of her video shoot . '' Rihanna said that she wanted the video 's abstract scenes to capture the appropriate emotion for the audience . Mandler sought to create a `` wider landscape '' by suggesting and transfiguring ideas for viewers through the video : `` ( T ) hey needed to feel like dream vignettes , like , when you wake up from a dream , you realize what you were dreaming about is not really what it was about , it was about something else . '' He also tried to relate the video 's concept to Rihanna 's personal life : `` What 's truth or fiction ? You know ' Is she drowning , or is she in complete ecstasy ? Are those hands coming apart , or are they finding each other ? ' ... we tried to bring up these deeper questions that relate to song and her life and finding beauty in chaos and finding beauty in pain and finding pain in beauty . '' On November 7 , a behind - the - scenes video was posted on MTV 's official website . It featured Rihanna in a `` leopard - print '' robe as she emerged from a trailer and headed to the shooting set . The scenes were intercut with police officers who chase armed fighters . Rihanna stands in a deserted landscape in the video 's other scenes . The music video for `` Diamonds '' premiered November 8 on MTV . The video was also made available for streaming at Rihanna.MTV.com . It was digitally released on November 14 via the iTunes Store . Synopsis ( edit ) A screenshot from the music video showing Rihanna 's hand intertwined with that of a heavily tattooed man . Some critics believed the arm of the man resembled that of Chris Brown . The music video opens with a view of Rihanna lying in open waters , as other scenes of diamonds being rolled in a manner suggestive of making a joint are intercut -- a scene reminiscent of the single 's artwork . As the video progresses Rihanna is shown running on a highway . In a black - and - white scene , Rihanna licks the joint and begins smoking it . The image fades to black as the song begins . Rihanna performs in the same black - and - white setting while in a black corset . Images of Rihanna on a bed in a room while singing are shown , with objects breaking , curtains falling and roses burning in reverse effect . Rihanna is shown again on the highway , running away from what appears to be the headlights of a chasing car . She then stops as she looks up to the night sky at an aurora view . Throughout the video , Rihanna 's hand is shown intertwined with that of a heavily tattooed man , whose face is not shown in the video . As the second verse starts , Rihanna is shown in a desert where horses run freely . Scenes of a street battle are later shown , depicting burning cars and broken glass around the environment . As the video continues , the singer and her lover 's hands are shown slowly slipping apart , with only their fingertips touching towards the conclusion of the video . The video ends with Rihanna once again floating alone in the open waters . Reception ( edit ) James Montgomery of MTV News called it visually striking and observed a great deal of `` evocative imagery ( glamorous black - and - white close - ups , thick plumes of translucent smoke , oversaturated hill - scapes , artfully silhouetted stallions ) '' . He said that , like the song , the video is by turns garish and very intimate . The website 's Jocelyn Vena thought that it had dreamlike and surrealistic images of Rihanna , who moves through set - ups that are occasionally exceptional . E ! Online 's Bruna Nessif said that the video shows an abundance of elaborate imagery , narratives , and especially a `` mysterious and sexy '' Rihanna . Additionally , she found it obvious that the body of a heavily tattooed man 's arm , which Rihanna clings to desperately , is a reference to Chris Brown . NME magazine observed Rihanna being shown in four environments that represent the four elements of the earth , air , water and fire . Billy Johnson Jr. of Yahoo ! Canada felt the video had failed to capture the song 's vivid celebration of a love affair and stated , `` It seems as though ( Rihanna is ) in chaos , reflecting on happier times . '' Marc Hogan of Spin concluded that the video was a `` confirmation of Rihanna 's awkward segue into adult - contemporary - dom . '' The video for `` Diamonds '' was Vevo 's fourth most - viewed visual of 2013 . As of July 2018 the music video has received over 1.2 billion views on YouTube . and is one of the 80 most viewed videos on the platform . Live performances ( edit ) Rihanna performing `` Diamonds '' during the Diamonds World Tour in 2013 . Rihanna first performed `` Diamonds '' on November 7 , 2012 , at the Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show , where she wore black lingerie with black thigh high stockings and ankle boots ; the show was aired by CBS on December 4 . On November 10 , Rihanna performed the song on Saturday Night Live . New York magazine 's Joe Reid said that her performance was the highlight of the show 's episode and favored the digitized background in particular , which he described as `` overt weirdness '' that was ultimately `` pretty endearing '' . Tess Lynch of Grantland was impressed by Rihanna 's `` exceptional singing '' and wrote that the background imagery was a `` powerful '' and `` crazy spectacle that astonished viewers '' . Lynch agreed with episode host Anne Hathaway , who had said that Rihanna was `` a goddess . '' `` Diamonds '' was included on the set list for Rihanna 's 2012 promotional tour , the 777 Tour . On November 25 , the singer performed the song on series 9 of The X Factor in the UK . The performance featured the singer dressed in a black gown on a square platform . As the chorus began , water effects poured down around her on the outside of the stage . By the final chorus , the water centered into the platform and wet the singer . Hayes of Irish Independent praised the performance and stated that it `` put everything -- and everybody -- else to shame . '' On December 8 , Rihanna performed the song on Wetten , dass ... ? ( `` Wanna bet that ... ? '' ) in Germany . She also performed `` Diamonds '' on La Chanson de l'année ( `` The song of the Year '' ) in France , on December 10 , 2012 , which was broadcast on December 29 , 2012 . She performed the song also on the season three finale of the American television series The Voice . The single was included as the closing song on the set list of Rihanna 's fifth worldwide tour titled the Diamonds World Tour ( 2013 ) . Rihanna performed `` Diamonds '' at the 2013 American Music Awards on November 24 , 2013 , during the acceptance of the Icon Award . The performance featured the singer wearing a long black dress plunged down to her navel and diamond adornments in her hair . She was joined by an orchestra that included a conductor which accompanied her as a rock band produced the beat . Kory Grow of Rolling Stone magazine labeled the performance as `` stunning '' . Additionally , out of a total sixteen performances at the ceremony , he placed Rihanna 's rendition of `` Diamonds '' at number one writing , `` she gave a performance that showed she could live up to the honor '' . Los Angeles Times ' Mikael Wood stated that during the performance Rihanna dominated the stage pointing that she looked like a young version of Grace Jones . The single was included on the set list of Rihanna 's joint 2014 tour with rapper Eminem , The Monster Tour . Rihanna performed `` Diamonds '' on November 11 , 2014 during the Concert for Valor held in Washington , D.C. Rihanna performed the single during her concerts part of the Anti World Tour in 2016 . Cover versions and remixes ( edit ) Rapper Kanye West is featured on the official remix of `` Diamonds '' . On BBC Radio 1 's live lounge , Jessie Ware performed a slightly jazzy version of the song , which Spin magazine 's Marc Hogan said was musically reminiscent of the xx and vocally similar to D'Angelo . Sia Furler , who co-wrote `` Diamonds '' , performed it with a keyboard accompaniment at the Norwegian - American Achievement Ceremony on November 18 . On November 15 , American singer - songwriter Zola Jesus recorded a cover version of `` Diamonds '' . `` Diamonds '' was used in the promotional video of Istanbul 's bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics . Coaches Ricky Martin , Delta Goodrem , Joel Madden and Seal during the second season of The Voice Australia . In 2015 , coaches Jennifer Lopez , Keith Urban and Harry Connick , Jr. covered the song in a mash - up with Bruno Mars ' 2013 single , `` Locked Out of Heaven '' during the final show of the fourteenth season of American Idol . The song was also covered by German metalcore band Any Given Day . `` Diamonds '' was remixed by rapper Flo Rida , whose version was premiered on November 12 by American magazine Rap - Up . He had previously performed on unofficial remixes of Rihanna 's `` We Found Love '' and `` Where Have You Been '' . The official remix of `` Diamonds '' , which featured rapper Kanye West , was released on November 16 as a digital download via SoundCloud and iTunes . West 's verse starts at the beginning of the remix , as he raps lines such as `` We the cause of all the commotion / Your mouth runnin ' by where is you goin ? '' . He also quotes the theme song from The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air , while proclaiming to be `` on his Brad Pitt '' . MTV News ' James Montgomery wrote that `` there 's certainly no shortage of Kanye 's patented swagger , and the new remix also adds some clubby wallop to the laid - back track . '' Henna Kathiya of MTV Rapfix remarked that West adds `` some classic Ye flavor '' to the original song . On December 4 , a new remix leaked online . It featured Eve , who rapped lines such as , `` You glisten so beautiful , priceless / Listen to me , I need you to know / How you can change my whole world . '' Josef Icemen version ( edit ) Swedish artist Josef Icemen covered `` Diamonds '' for his album The Acoustic Sessions 2013 ( 2013 ) . The track got released as a promotional single online which can be found on SoundCloud , Myspace and YouTube . Josef Salvat version ( edit ) `` Diamonds '' Single by Josef Salvat from the album In Your Prime EP Released December 19 , 2014 Format CD single Length 4 : 05 Label Columbia RCA Songwriter ( s ) Sia Furler Benjamin Levin Mikkel Eriksen Tor Hermansen Josef Salvat singles chronology `` Diamonds '' ( 2014 ) `` Open Season '' ( 2014 ) `` Diamonds '' ( 2014 ) `` Open Season '' ( 2014 ) Australian artist Josef Salvat covered `` Diamonds '' in his EP In Your Prime ( 2014 ) . The track became popular after Sony used it in its ad `` Ice Bubbles '' for its new 4K Ultra HD television screen . The Sony ad was filmed in Mount Whisler , Nunavut , Canada using Salvat 's version of `` Diamonds '' . Josef Salvat 's version has reached number 2 on French SNEP Official Singles Charts also making it to number 11 on the German Singles Chart and number 18 on the Belgian Ultratop charts . Charts Chart ( 2014 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 46 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 18 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 11 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 42 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 72 Formats and track listing ( edit ) Digital download `` Diamonds '' -- 3 : 45 CD single `` Diamonds '' -- 3 : 45 `` Diamonds '' ( The Bimbo Jones Vocal Remix ) -- 6 : 16 Digital remix single `` Diamonds '' ( Remix ) ( feat . Kanye West ) -- 4 : 48 Digital US remixes `` Diamonds '' ( Dave Audé 100 Edit ) -- 3 : 38 `` Diamonds '' ( Gregor Salto Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 45 `` Diamonds '' ( The Bimbo Jones Vocal Remix ) -- 6 : 17 `` Diamonds '' ( The Bimbo Jones Downtempo ) -- 3 : 14 `` Diamonds '' ( The Bimbo Jones Vocal Edit ) -- 3 : 14 `` Diamonds '' ( Congorock Remix Extended ) -- 5 : 54 `` Diamonds '' ( Congorock Remix ) -- 5 : 08 `` Diamonds '' ( Jacob Plant Dubstep Remix ) -- 3 : 58 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from the liner notes of Unapologetic . Locations Recorded at Roc the Mic Studios , New York City , New York ; Westlake Recording Studios , Los Angeles , California Mixed at Ninja Club Studios , Atlanta , Georgia . Personnel Songwriting -- Sia Furler , Benjamin Levin , Mikkel Eriksen , Tor Hermansen Production -- Benny Blanco , StarGate Recording -- Mikkel Eriksen , Miles Walker Recording assistant -- Andrew `` Muffman '' Luftman Vocal Production -- Kuk Harrell Vocal Recording -- Kuk Harrell , Marcos Tovar Assistant Engineering -- Blake Mares , Robert Cohen Mixing -- Phil Tan Mixing assistant -- Daniela Rivera Instrumentation -- Benjamin Levin , Mikkel Eriksen , Tor Hermansen Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2012 -- 14 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 6 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders Urban ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Brazil ( Billboard Brasil Hot 100 ) 12 Brazil Hot Pop Songs Bulgaria ( Airplay Top 5 ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 96 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( Billboard Euro Digital Songs ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Media Control Charts ) Greece ( IFPI ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 7 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 9 Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Billboard Japan Hot 100 ) 24 Luxembourg ( Billboard ) Mexico ( Billboard ) Mexico ( Monitor Latino ) 6 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Portugal ( AFP ) Romania ( Airplay 100 ) Romania ( Romania Radio Airplay ) Romania ( Romania TV Airplay ) Russia ( Billboard Hot 50 Airplay ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( IFPI ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 95 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 30 South Korea ( Gaon Chart ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 27 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 14 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Venezuela ( Record Report ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2012 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 32 Australia Urban ( ARIA ) 8 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 19 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 31 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders Urban ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 26 Canadian Hot 100 ( Billboard ) 69 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 9 France ( SNEP ) 10 Germany ( Media Control AG ) 7 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 59 Ireland ( IRMA ) 14 Israel ( Media Forest ) 31 Netherlands ( Mega Single Top 100 ) 20 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 23 Poland ( ZPAV ) 16 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 31 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 30 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 17 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 11 US Billboard Hot 100 94 Chart ( 2013 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 68 Australia Urban ( ARIA ) 9 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 64 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 34 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders Urban ) 11 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 19 Canadian Hot 100 ( Billboard ) 27 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 33 Germany ( Media Control AG ) 52 Israel ( Media Forest ) 11 Italy ( FIMI ) 27 Moldova ( Media Forest ) Netherlands ( Mega Single Top 100 ) 40 Poland ( IFPI Poland ) South Korea ( Gaon International Chart ) 111 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 16 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 27 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 11 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 54 US Billboard Hot 100 27 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 32 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 6 US Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 35 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 6 × Platinum 420,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 15,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Platinum 30,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 80,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 4 × Platinum 120,000 Finland ( Musiikkituottajat ) Platinum 10,000 Germany ( BVMI ) 5 × Gold 750,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 4 × Platinum 120,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Gold 20,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 6 × Platinum 240,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) 4 × Platinum 120,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,200,000 United States ( RIAA ) 6 × Platinum 6,000,000 Venezuela ( APFV ) 3 × Platinum 30,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Radio and release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Ref . Canada September 27 , 2012 Digital download Def Jam Recordings United States Australia September 28 , 2012 Austria Belgium Finland France Germany Italy Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Italy September 30 , 2012 Contemporary hit radio United States October 2 , 2012 Germany November 5 , 2012 CD single United States November 16 , 2012 Digital remix single December 18 , 2012 Digital remixes See also ( edit ) Rihanna portal Book : Unapologetic List of Airplay 100 number ones of the 2010s List of number - one hits of 2012 ( Austria ) List of number - one pop hits of 2012 ( Brazil ) List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 2012 ( Canada ) List of number - one singles of 2012 ( Denmark ) List of number - one singles of 2012 ( Finland ) List of number - one hits of 2012 ( France ) List of number - one hits of 2012 ( Germany ) List of number - one hits of 2013 ( Germany ) List of number - one hits of 2012 ( Norway ) List of number - one hits of 2012 ( Scotland ) List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 2010s List of UK R&B Chart number - one singles of 2012 List of number - one digital songs of 2012 ( U.S. ) List of number - one R&B / hip - hop songs of 2012 ( U.S. ) List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 2012 ( U.S. ) List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 2012 List of Hot 100 Airplay number - one singles of 2012 ( U.S. ) List of number - one dance singles of 2012 ( U.S. ) List of million - selling singles in the United Kingdom References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lynch , Sean ( October 7 , 2012 ) . `` SourceTV : Benny Blanco Talks Producing Rihanna 's ' Diamonds ' '' . 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Retrieved November 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , James ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` Rihanna 's ' Diamonds ' Video Premieres : Watch It Now ! '' . MTV News . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` Rihanna Wanted ' Diamonds ' Video To Give Fans The ' Right Emotion ' '' . MTV News . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna reveals ' Diamonds ' music video -- watch '' . NME . November 9 , 2012 . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna In Distress In `` Diamonds '' Video `` . Yahoo ! News . November 16 , 2012 . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hogan , Marc ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` Rihanna 's ' Diamonds ' Video : ' Unapologetic ' Adult Contemporary '' . Spin . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harp , Justin ( December 6 , 2013 ) . `` Miley Cyrus , Pink , Rihanna in Top 10 most - viewed music videos of 2013 '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna - Diamonds '' . RihannaVEVO . YouTube . November 8 , 2012 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Victoria Secret Fashion Show 2012 -- NYC : Rihanna Performs While Models in Lingerie Flaunt their Curvy Figures ( Photos ) '' . Latin Times . November 8 , 2012 . Retrieved November 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Reid , Joe ( November 11 , 2012 ) . `` Saturday Night Live Recap : Rihanna Is Beautiful Like Fractals in the Sky '' . Vulture . New York Media , LLC . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Tess ( November 12 , 2012 ) . `` SNL Episode 7 : Hathaway Mugs , Rihanna Kills '' . Grantland.com -- Hollywood Prospectus . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ramirez , Erika ( November 15 , 2012 ) . `` Rihanna 's 777 Tour Diary : Day One , Mexico '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna Makes It Rain on ' X Factor ' U.K. '' Rap - Up . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Graham , Beth . `` X Factor ' 12 : Rihanna Performs in the Rain On Results Show '' . Entertainmentwise . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2013 . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Markus Lanz ( host ) ( December 8 , 2012 ) . Wetten , dass ... ? ( Television production ) . Germany : ZDF . Jump up ^ `` SLa Chanson de l'année 2012 : Garou bat Rihanna , Alicia Keys ou M. Pokora , Twitter se révolte ! '' . Melty Buzz . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna Performs ' Diamonds ' On The Voice US Live Final - Video '' . Capital FM . December 19 , 2012 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harrington , Jim ( April 6 , 2013 ) . `` Setlist : Rihanna in San Jose '' . Mercury News . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Grow , Kory ( November 24 , 2013 ) . `` Rihanna Wins First - Ever ' Icon Award ' at American Music Award '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Grow , Kory ( November 25 , 2013 ) . `` Rihanna to TLC : Ranking the American Music Awards Performances '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wood , Mikael ( November 25 , 2013 ) . `` American Music Awards : Watch Rihanna receive Icon Award , do ' Diamonds ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Baltin , Steve ( August 8 , 2014 ) . `` Eminem & Rihanna 's Monster Tour Roars to Life at Rose Bowl : Concert Review '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Locker , Mellisa ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` Concert for Valor : Watch Performances by Rihanna , Eminem , Bruce Springsteen '' . Time . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna Kicks Off ' Anti World Tour ' '' . Rap - Up . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jessie Ware 's Elegantly Understated ' Diamonds ' Joins Growing Rihanna Covers Canon '' . Spin . Retrieved February 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hogan , Marc ( November 29 , 2012 ) . `` Watch Sia Polish Rihanna 's ' Diamonds , ' Which She Co-Wrote '' . Spin . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Listen to Zola Jesus Cover Rihanna 's ' Diamonds ' '' . Pitchfork Media . November 16 , 2012 . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 2020 Olympics - Istanbul , Tokyo and Madrid Promotional Candidate Videos . YouTube . July 3 , 2013 . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Byrnes , Holly ( April 8 , 2013 ) . `` The Voice Australia is back with a whole new pool of talent '' . Adelaide Now . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Jennifer Lopez Cover Rihanna 's ' Diamonds ' '' . Capital FM Xtra . May 14 , 2015 . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Any Given Day - Diamonds '' . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Music : Rihanna F / Flo Rida -- ' Diamonds ( Remix ) ' '' . Rap - Up . November 16 , 2012 . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New Music : Rihanna F / Kanye West -- ' Diamonds ( Remix ) ' '' . Rap - Up . November 16 , 2012 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Diamonds ( Remix ) feat . Kanye West -- Single '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . November 17 , 2012 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Montgomery , James ( November 16 , 2012 ) . `` Kanye West Jumps On Remix Of Rihanna 's ' Diamonds ' '' . MTV News . Retrieved November 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kathiya , Henna ( November 18 , 2012 ) . `` Kanye West Puts His Stamp On Rihanna 's ' Diamonds ' Remix '' . MTV Rapfix . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2013 . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New Music : Eve -- ' Diamonds ( Remix ) ' '' . Rap - Up . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Diamonds ( Cover ) ( Piano Synth Version ) ( Acoustic ) '' . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Diamonds ( Cover ) ( Piano Synth Version ) ( Acoustic ) '' . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Josef Icemen - Diamonds ( Cover ) ( Piano Synth Version ) ( Acoustic ) '' . Retrieved December 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Diamonds : Amazon.de : Musik '' ( in German ) . Amazon.com ( DE ) . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sony 4K Ultra HD -- ' Ice Bubbles ' advert '' . Sony Europe on YouTube . Retrieved December 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sony 4K Ultra HD -- ' Ice Bubbles ' advert - Behind the scenes of ' Ice Bubbles ' - The concept & location '' . Sony Europe on YouTube . Retrieved December 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Charts in France : Musique de la pub Sony Ultra HD 4K : `` Diamonds '' de Rihanna repris par Josef Salvat ( in French ) ^ Jump up to : Lescharts.com : Josef Salvat - `` Diamonds '' page and chart history Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Josef Salvat -- Diamonds '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Josef Salvat -- Diamonds '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Josef Salvat -- Diamonds '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Josef Salvat -- Diamonds '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Josef Salvat -- Diamonds '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ultratop.be -- Rihanna -- Diamonds '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved October 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Rihanna -- Diamonds '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved December 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : BPP , ed . ( February -- March 2013 ) . `` Billboard Brasil Hot 100 Airplay '' . Billboard Brasil ( 38 ) : 84 -- 89 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay Top 5. 12.11. 2012 - 18.11. 2012 Bulgarian Association of Music Producers '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201249 into search . Retrieved December 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201425 into search . Retrieved July 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Euro Digital Songs : December 22 , 2012 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Media Inspector '' . IFPI Greece . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2014 . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved October 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 43 , 2012 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved October 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna -- Diamonds Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved October 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Classifica FIMI ( singoli ) dal 12 / 11 / 2012 al 18 / 11 / 2012 '' ( in Italian ) . FIMI / GfK Digital Download Music Charts . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2013 . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Billboard Hot 100 '' ( in Japanese ) . Billboard Japan . Retrieved October 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Luxembourg Digital Songs October 13 , 2012 '' . Billboard.biz . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2012 . Retrieved October 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico -- Rihanna -- Diamonds '' . Billboard.biz . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2013 . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 General '' . Monitor Latino ( in Spanish ) . Radio Notas . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2013 . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Rihanna '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved February 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Rihanna -- Diamonds '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved September 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top Digital -- Full Track '' ( in Portuguese ) . RTP 1 . AC Nielsen Portugal . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2012 . Retrieved October 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay 100 -- Cristi Nitzu Kiss FM -- 31 March 2013 '' . Kiss FM . Archived from the original on 27 January 2018 . Retrieved 27 January 2018 . Note : User may scroll down the ' Podcasturi ' menu to play or download the respective podcast . Jump up ^ `` Media Forest -- Weekly Charts . Media Forest . 18 February 2013 . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Note : Romanian and international positions are rendered together by the number of plays before resulting an overall chart . Jump up ^ `` Media Forest -- Weekly Charts . Media Forest . 4 March 2013 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Note : Select ' Songs -- TV ' . Romanian and international positions are rendered together by the number of plays before resulting an overall chart . Jump up ^ `` Радиоэфиры '' . Billboard Russia . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2013 . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Radio Top 100 Oficiálna : Diamonds '' ( in Slovak ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved October 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201428 into search . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official singles weekly chart '' ( in Slovenian ) . SloTop50 . Retrieved 14 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gaon Digital Chart '' . Gaon Chart . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Rihanna -- Diamonds '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved November 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Rihanna -- Diamonds '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved November 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Venezuela chart '' ( in English and Spanish ) . Record Report . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2013 . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End Of Year Charts -- Top 100 Singles 2012 '' . ARIA . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2013 . Retrieved January 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End Of Year Charts -- Top 50 Urban Singles 2012 '' . ARIA . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` JAHRESHITPARADE SINGLES 2012 '' ( in German ) . austriancharts.at . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2013 . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop Jaaroverzichten 2012 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Retrieved January 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop Jaaroverzichten 2012 : Urban '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports Annuels 2012 '' ( in French ) . Ultratop . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 Songs : 2012 Year - end '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 50 2012 '' ( in Danish ) . hitlisterne.dk . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 14 . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Classement des 200 premiers Singles Fusionnés par GfK année 2012 '' ( PDF ) ( in French ) . SNEP . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Jahrescharts 2012 '' ( in German ) . MTV Germany . Viacom . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2013 . Retrieved January 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` MAHASZ Rádiós TOP 100 2012 '' ( in Hungarian ) . Mahasz . Retrieved January 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 '' . IRMA . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : The World 's # 1 Music Discovery , Rating , and Purchasing Experience ! Jump up ^ `` Dutch charts portal '' ( in Dutch ) . Mega Single Top 100 . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` END OF YEAR CHARTS 2012 '' . The Official NZ Music Charts . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top digital utworów -- 2012 '' ( in Polish ) . ZPAV . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Canciones Anual 2012 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 01 - 27 . Retrieved January 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2012 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2013 . Retrieved January 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss Year - End 2012 '' ( in German ) . Swiss Singles Chart . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2013 . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Selling Singles of 2012 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 -- Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End Of Year Charts -- Top 100 Singles 2013 '' . ARIA . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2014 . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End Of Year Charts -- Top 50 Urban Singles 2013 '' . ARIA . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2014 . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ JAHRESHITPARADE SINGLES 2013 Archived January 2 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . ( in German ) . austriancharts.at . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop Jaaroverzichten 2013 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2014 . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop Jaaroverzichten 2013 : Urban '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2014 . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports Annuels 2013 '' ( in French ) . Ultratop . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 Songs : Dec 13 , 2013 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 50 2013 '' ( in Danish ) . hitlisterne.dk . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Jahrescharts 2013 '' ( in German ) . MTV Germany . Viacom . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Classifiche annuali top 100 singoli digitali 2013 '' ( PDF ) ( in Italian ) . Federation of the Italian Music Industry . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Yearly Charts 2013 : Moldova '' . Media Forest . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2014 . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch charts portal '' ( in Dutch ) . Mega Single Top 100 . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2014 . Retrieved January 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Recording Industry in Numbers '' ( PDF ) . IFPI. 2015 - 09 - 09 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` GAON DIGITAL CHART : 2013 '' . gaonchart.co.kr . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2014 . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Canciones Anual 2013 '' . Promuiscae.es . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2013 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Swedish Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss Year - End 2013 '' ( in German ) . Swiss Singles Chart . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2014 . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year 2013 '' ( PDF ) . UKChartsPlus . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs : Dec 13 , 2013 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dance Club Songs : 2013 Year - End '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` R&B / Hip - Hop Songs : Dec 13 , 2013 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2015 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Rihanna -- Diamonds '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Enter Rihanna in the field Interpret . Enter Diamonds in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- singles 2013 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Rihanna -- Diamonds '' . Music Canada . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Danish single certifications -- Rihanna -- Diamonds '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . Click on næste to go to page if certification from official website ^ Jump up to : `` Rihanna '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Rihanna -- Diamonds '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- Rihanna -- Diamonds '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Select single under `` Chart '' , enter 2013 in the field `` Year '' . Select ' ' in the field `` Semana '' . Click on `` Search Charts '' Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . Type Rihanna in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select Diamonds and see certification . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Rihanna ; ' Diamonds ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Rihanna -- Diamonds '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Enter Diamonds in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Rihanna -- Diamonds '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ APFV ( November 30 , 2013 ) . `` Certificaciones De Venezuela Del 2013 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . APFV . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Diamonds ( 2012 ) -- Rihanna '' . 7 Digital ( CA ) . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Diamonds ( 2012 ) -- Rihanna '' . 7 Digital ( AU ) . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Diamonds ( 2012 ) -- Rihanna '' ( in German ) . 7 Digital ( AT ) . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Diamonds ( 2012 ) -- Rihanna '' ( in Dutch ) . 7 Digital ( NL - BE ) . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Diamonds ( 2012 ) -- Rihanna '' . 7 Digital ( FI ) . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Diamonds ( 2012 ) -- Rihanna '' ( in French ) . 7 Digital ( FR ) . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Diamonds ( 2012 ) -- Rihanna '' ( in German ) . 7 Digital ( DE ) . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Diamonds ( 2012 ) -- Rihanna '' ( in Italian ) . 7 Digital ( IT ) . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Diamonds ( 2012 ) -- Rihanna '' ( in Dutch ) . 7 Digital ( NL ) . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Diamonds ( 2012 ) -- Rihanna '' . 7 Digital ( NZ ) . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Diamonds ( 2012 ) -- Rihanna '' . 7 Digital ( NO ) . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Diamonds ( 2012 ) -- Rihanna '' ( in Portuguese ) . 7 Digital ( PT ) . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Diamonds ( 2012 ) -- Rihanna '' ( in Spanish ) . 7 Digital ( ES ) . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Diamonds ( 2012 ) -- Rihanna '' . 7 Digital ( SE ) . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 08 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Diamonds ( 2012 ) -- Rihanna '' ( in German ) . 7 Digital ( DE-CH ) . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Torresi , Marziano ( September 30 , 2012 ) . `` Radio , novità musicali 24 settembre -- 30 settembre : Rihanna e Swedish House Mafia '' ( in Italian ) . Musickr.it . Retrieved October 8 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) `` Diamonds '' music video on YouTube `` Diamonds '' ( Lyric Video ) on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Rihanna songs Discography Music of the Sun `` Pon de Replay '' `` If It 's Lovin ' that You Want '' `` You Do n't Love Me ( No , No , No ) '' A Girl like Me `` SOS '' `` Unfaithful '' `` We Ride '' `` Break It Off '' Good Girl Gone Bad `` Umbrella '' `` Do n't Stop the Music '' `` Shut Up and Drive '' `` Hate That I Love You '' `` Rehab '' Good Girl Gone Bad : Reloaded `` Disturbia '' `` Take a Bow '' `` If I Never See Your Face Again '' Rated R `` Wait Your Turn '' `` Hard '' `` Stupid in Love '' `` Rockstar 101 '' `` Russian Roulette '' `` Rude Boy '' `` Te Amo '' `` Cold Case Love '' Loud `` S&M '' `` What 's My Name ? '' `` Cheers ( Drink to That ) '' `` Fading '' `` Only Girl ( In the World ) '' `` California King Bed '' `` Man Down '' `` Raining Men '' `` Complicated '' `` Skin '' `` Love the Way You Lie ( Part II ) '' Talk That Talk `` You da One '' `` Where Have You Been '' `` We Found Love '' `` Talk That Talk '' `` Cockiness ( Love It ) '' `` Birthday Cake '' `` Drunk on Love '' `` Roc Me Out '' `` Watch n ' Learn '' `` Farewell '' `` Do Ya Thang '' `` Fool in Love '' Unapologetic `` Phresh Out the Runway '' `` Diamonds '' `` Numb '' `` Pour It Up '' `` Loveeeeeee Song '' `` Jump '' `` Right Now '' `` What Now '' `` Stay '' `` Nobody 's Business '' `` Love Without Tragedy / Mother Mary '' `` No Love Allowed '' `` Half of Me '' Home `` Towards the Sun '' `` Dancing in the Dark '' Anti `` Consideration '' `` Kiss It Better '' `` Work '' `` Desperado '' `` Needed Me '' `` Love on the Brain '' `` Pose '' `` Sex with Me '' Collaborations `` All of the Lights '' `` Bad ( Remix ) '' `` Ca n't Remember to Forget You '' `` Famous '' `` Fly '' `` Lemon '' `` Live Your Life '' `` Love the Way You Lie '' `` Loyalty '' `` Nothing Is Promised '' `` Numba 1 ( Tide Is High ) '' `` Princess of China '' `` Roll It '' `` Run This Town '' `` Selfish '' `` Stranded ( Haiti Mon Amour ) '' `` Take Care '' `` The Monster '' `` This Is What You Came For '' `` Too Good '' `` Who 's That Chick ? '' `` Wild Thoughts '' Non-album songs `` American Oxygen '' `` Bad Girl '' `` Birthday Cake ( Remix ) '' `` Bitch Better Have My Money '' `` Cockiness ( Love It ) ( Remix ) '' `` FourFiveSeconds '' `` Just Stand Up ! 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who wrote the book mark in the bible

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Gospel_of_Mark&oldid=831159900

Gospel of Mark - wikipedia Gospel of Mark Jump to : navigation , search Books of the New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Acts of the Apostles Epistles Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Apocalypse Revelation New Testament manuscripts The Gospel According to Mark ( Greek : τὸ κατὰ Μᾶρκον εὐαγγέλιον , to kata Markon euangelion ) , is one of the four canonical gospels and one of the three synoptic gospels . It tells of the ministry of Jesus from his baptism by John the Baptist to his death and burial and the discovery of the empty tomb -- there is no genealogy of Jesus or birth narrative , nor , in the original ending at chapter 16 , any post-resurrection appearances . It portrays Jesus as a heroic man of action , an exorcist , a healer , and a miracle worker . Jesus is also the Son of God , but he keeps his identity secret ( the Messianic Secret ) , concealing it in parables so that even the disciples fail to understand . All this is in keeping with prophecy , which foretold the fate of the messiah as suffering servant . The gospel ends , in its original version , with the discovery of the empty tomb , a promise to meet again in Galilee , and an unheeded instruction to spread the good news of the resurrection . Mark probably dates from 66 -- 70 CE . It appears as the second New Testament gospel because it was traditionally thought to be an epitome ( summary ) of Matthew , but most scholars now regard it as the earliest written gospel . They also reject the tradition which ascribes it to Mark the Evangelist , the companion of the apostle Peter , and regard it as the work of an unknown author working with various sources including collections of miracle stories , controversy stories , parables , and a passion narrative . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition and setting 1.1 Composition 1.2 Synoptic problem and historicity 1.3 Setting 1.4 Place in the Christian Church 2 Structure , style and content 2.1 Structure 2.2 Style 2.3 Content 2.4 Ending 3 Theology 3.1 Mark 's gospel theology 3.1. 1 The failure of the disciples 3.1. 2 The charge of magic 3.1. 3 The messianic secret 3.2 Christology : Mark 's understanding of Jesus 3.3 Eschatology and salvation : The meaning of Christ 's death , resurrection and return 4 Comparison with other writings 4.1 Mark and the New Testament 4.2 Sayings unique to Mark 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 7.1 Citations 7.2 Bibliography 8 Further reading 9 External links Composition and setting ( edit ) Mantegna 's St. Mark Composition ( edit ) The two - source hypothesis : Most scholars agree that Mark was the first of the gospels to be composed , and that the authors of Matthew and Luke used it plus a second document called the Q source when composing their own gospels . The blue sections indicate material original to Luke and Matthew . The Gospel of Mark was written anonymously . Early Christian tradition ascribes it to John Mark , a companion and interpreter of the apostle Peter . Hence its author is often called Mark , even though most modern scholars are doubtful of the Markan tradition and instead regard the author as unknown . It was probably written c . AD 66 -- 70 , during Nero 's persecution of the Christians in Rome or the Jewish revolt , as suggested by internal references to war in Judea and to persecution . The author used a variety of pre-existing sources , such as conflict stories ( Mark 2 : 1 -- 3 : 6 ) , apocalyptic discourse ( 4 : 1 -- 35 ) , and collections of sayings ( although not the Gospel of Thomas and probably not the Q source ) . Mark was written in Greek , for a gentile audience ( that they were gentiles is shown by the author 's need to explain Jewish traditions and translate Aramaic terms ) of Greek - speaking Christians : Rome ( Mark uses a number of Latin terms ) , Galilee , Antioch ( third - largest city in the Roman Empire , located in northern Syria ) , and southern Syria have all been offered as alternative places of authorship . The author may have been influenced by Greco - Roman biographies and rhetorical forms , popular novels and romances , and the Homeric epics ; nevertheless , he mentions almost no public figures , makes no allusions to Greek or Roman literature , and takes all his references from the Jewish scriptures , mostly in their Greek versions from the Septuagint . His book is not history in the modern sense , or even in the sense of classical Greek and Roman historians , but `` history in an eschatological or apocalyptic sense , '' depicting Jesus caught up in events at the end of time . Synoptic Problem and historicity ( edit ) Mark the Evangelist , 16th - century Russian icon The gospels of Matthew , Mark and Luke bear a striking resemblance to each other , so much so that their contents can easily be set side by side in parallel columns . The fact that they share so much material verbatim and yet also exhibit important differences has led to a number of hypotheses explaining their interdependence , a phenomenon termed the Synoptic Problem . Traditionally , Mark was thought to be an epitome ( summary ) of Matthew : for example , Augustine of Hippo believed they were written in order , `` first Matthew , then Mark , thirdly Luke , lastly John '' and that Mark followed Matthew as `` his attendant and epitomizer '' . Today , the most widely accepted hypothesis is that Mark was the first gospel ( Marcan Priority ) and was used as a source by both Matthew and Luke , together with considerable additional material . The strongest argument for this is the fact that Matthew and Luke agree with each other in their sequence of stories and events only when they also agree with Mark . The 19th century recognition of Mark as the earliest gospel led to the belief that it must therefore be the most reliable . This conclusion was refuted by two works published in the early decades of the 20th century : in 1901 William Wrede argued that Mark 's sequence of episodes is in fact an artificial construct with theological motivation ; and in 1919 Karl Ludwig Schmidt showed how the links between the episodes are the invention of the writer , thus undermining the gospel 's claim to be a reliable guide to the chronology of Jesus ' mission . The modern consensus is that Mark 's purpose was to present a theological message rather than to write history , but this gospel is nevertheless still seen as the most reliable of the four in terms of its overall description of Jesus 's life and ministry . Setting ( edit ) Christianity began within Judaism , with a Christian `` church '' ( or ἐκκλησία , ekklesia , meaning `` assembly '' ) that arose shortly after his death , when some of his followers claimed to have witnessed him risen from the dead . From the outset , Christians depended heavily on Jewish literature , supporting their convictions through the Jewish scriptures . Those convictions involved a nucleus of key concepts : the messiah , the son of God and the son of man , the Day of the Lord , the kingdom of God . Uniting these ideas was the common thread of apocalyptic expectation : Both Jews and Christians believed that the end of history was at hand , that God would very soon come to punish their enemies and establish his own rule , and that they were at the centre of his plans . Christians read the Jewish scripture as a figure or type of Jesus Christ , so that the goal of Christian literature became an experience of the living Christ . The new movement spread around the eastern Mediterranean and to Rome and further west , and assumed a distinct identity , although the groups within it remained extremely diverse . The gospels were written for an audience already Christian -- their purpose was to strengthen the faith of those who already believed , not to convert unbelievers . Christian `` churches '' were small communities of believers , often based on households ( an autocratic patriarch plus extended family , slaves , freedmen , and other clients ) , and the evangelists often wrote on two levels , one the `` historical '' presentation of the story of Jesus , the other dealing with the concerns of the author 's own day . Thus the proclamation of Jesus in Mark 1 : 14 and the following verses , for example , mixes the terms Jesus would have used as a 1st - century Jew ( `` kingdom of God '' ) and those of the early church ( `` believe '' , `` gospel '' ) . More fundamentally , some scholars believe Mark 's reason for writing was to counter believers who saw Jesus in a Greek way , as wonder - worker ( the Greek term is `` divine man '' ) ; Mark saw the suffering of the messiah as essential , so that the `` Son of God '' title ( the Hellenistic `` divine man '' ) had to be corrected and amplified with the `` Son of Man '' title , which conveyed Christ 's suffering . Other scholars think Mark might have been writing as a Galilean Christian against those Jewish Christians in Jerusalem who saw the Jewish revolt against Rome ( 66 -- 73 CE ) as the beginning of the `` end times '' : for Mark , the Second Coming would be in Galilee , not Jerusalem , and not until the generation following the revolt . Place in the Christian Church ( edit ) Mark was traditionally placed second , and sometimes fourth , in the Christian canon , as a somewhat inferior abridgement of what was regarded as the most important gospel , Matthew . The Church has consequently derived its view of Jesus primarily from Matthew , secondarily from John , and only distantly from Mark . It was only in the 19th century that Mark came to be seen as the earliest of the four gospels , and as a source used by both Matthew and Luke . The hypothesis of Markan priority ( that Mark was written first ) continues to be held by the majority of scholars today , and there is a new recognition of the author as an artist and theologian using a range of literary devices to convey his conception of Jesus as the authoritative yet suffering Son of God . Structure , style and content ( edit ) Detailed content of Mark 1 . Galilean ministry John the Baptist ( 1 : 1 -- 8 ) Baptism of Jesus ( 1 : 9 -- 11 ) Temptation of Jesus ( 1 : 12 -- 13 ) Good News ( 1 : 15 ) First disciples ( 1 : 16 -- 20 ) Capernaum 's synagogue ( 1 : 21 -- 28 ) Peter 's mother - in - law ( 1 : 29 -- 31 ) Exorcising at sunset ( 1 : 32 -- 34 ) A leper ( 1 : 35 -- 45 ) A paralytic ( 2 : 1 -- 2 : 12 ) Calling of Matthew ( 2 : 13 -- 17 ) Fasting and wineskins ( 2 : 18 -- 22 ) Lord of the Sabbath ( 2 : 23 -- 28 ) Man with withered hand ( 3 : 1 -- 6 ) Withdrawing to the sea ( 3 : 7 -- 3 : 12 ) Commissioning the Twelve ( 3 : 13 -- 19 ) Blind mute ( 3 : 20 -- 26 ) Strong man ( 3 : 27 ) Eternal sin ( 3 : 28 -- 30 ) Jesus ' true relatives ( 3 : 31 -- 35 ) Parable of the Sower ( 4 : 1 -- 9 , 13 - 20 ) Purpose of parables ( 4 : 10 -- 12 , 33 - 34 ) Lamp under a bushel ( 4 : 21 -- 23 ) Mote and Beam ( 4 : 24 -- 25 ) Growing seed and Mustard seed ( 4 : 26 -- 32 ) Calming the storm ( 4 : 35 -- 41 ) Demon named Legion ( 5 : 1 -- 20 ) Daughter of Jairus ( 5 : 21 -- 43 ) Hometown rejection ( 6 : 1 -- 6 ) Instructions for the Twelve ( 6 : 7 -- 13 ) Beheading of John ( 6 : 14 -- 29 ) Feeding the 5000 ( 6 : 30 -- 44 ) Walking on water ( 6 : 45 -- 52 ) Fringe of his cloak heals ( 6 : 53 -- 56 ) Discourse on Defilement ( 7 : 1 -- 23 ) Canaanite woman 's daughter ( 7 : 24 -- 30 ) Deaf mute ( 7 : 31 -- 37 ) Feeding the 4000 ( 8 : 1 -- 9 ) No sign will be given ( 8 : 10 -- 21 ) Healing with spit ( 8 : 22 -- 26 ) Peter 's confession ( 8 : 27 -- 30 ) Jesus predicts his death ( 8 : 31 -- 33 , 9 : 30 -- 32 , 10 : 32 -- 34 ) Instructions for followers ( 8 : 34 -- 9 : 1 ) Transfiguration ( 9 : 2 -- 13 ) Possessed boy ( 9 : 14 -- 29 ) Teaching in Capernaum ( 9 : 33 -- 50 ) 2 . Journey to Jerusalem Entering Judea and Transjordan ( 10 : 1 ) On divorce ( 10 : 2 -- 12 ) Little children ( 10 : 13 -- 16 ) Rich young man ( 10 : 17 -- 31 ) Son of man came to serve ( 10 : 35 -- 45 ) Blind Bartimaeus ( 10 : 46 -- 52 ) 3 . Events in Jerusalem Entering Jerusalem ( 11 : 1 -- 11 ) Cursing the fig tree ( 11 : 12 -- 14 , 20 - 24 ) Temple incident ( 11 : 15 -- 19 ) Prayer for forgiveness ( 11 : 25 -- 26 ) Authority questioned ( 11 : 27 -- 33 ) Wicked husbandman ( 12 : 1 -- 12 ) Render unto Caesar ... ( 12 : 13 -- 17 ) Resurrection of the Dead ( 12 : 18 -- 27 ) Great Commandment ( 12 : 28 -- 34 ) Is the Messiah the son of David ? ( 12 : 35 -- 40 ) Widow 's mite ( 12 : 41 -- 44 ) Olivet discourse ( 13 ) Plot to kill Jesus ( 14 : 1 -- 2 ) Anointing ( 14 : 3 -- 9 ) Bargain of Judas ( 14 : 10 -- 11 ) Last Supper ( 14 : 12 -- 26 ) Denial of Peter ( 14 : 27 -- 31 , 66 - 72 ) Agony in the Garden ( 14 : 32 -- 42 ) Kiss of Judas ( 14 : 43 -- 45 ) Arrest ( 14 : 46 -- 52 ) Before the High Priest ( 14 : 53 -- 65 ) Pilate 's court ( 15 : 1 -- 15 ) Soldiers mock Jesus ( 15 : 16 -- 20 ) Simon of Cyrene ( 15 : 21 ) Crucifixion ( 15 : 22 -- 41 ) Entombment ( 15 : 42 -- 47 ) Empty tomb ( 16 : 1 -- 8 ) The Longer Ending ( 16 : 9 -- 20 ) Resurrection appearances ( 16 : 9 -- 13 ) Great Commission ( 16 : 14 -- 18 ) Ascension ( 16 : 19 ) Dispersion of the Apostles ( 16 : 20 ) This box : view talk edit Page from Mark in a Latin bible dated 1486 ( Bodleian Library ) Structure ( edit ) There is no agreement on the structure of Mark . There is , however , a widely recognised break at Mark 8 : 26 -- 31 : before 8 : 26 there are numerous miracle stories , the action is in Galilee , and Jesus preaches to the crowds , while after 8 : 31 there are hardly any miracles , the action shifts from Galilee to gentile areas or hostile Judea , and Jesus teaches the disciples . Peter 's confession at Mark 8 : 27 -- 30 that Jesus is the messiah thus forms the watershed to the whole gospel . A further generally recognised turning point comes at the end of chapter 10 , when Jesus and his followers arrive in Jerusalem and the foreseen confrontation with the Temple authorities begins , leading R.T. France to characterise Mark as a three - act drama . James Edwards in his 2002 commentary points out that the gospel can be seen as a series of questions asking first who Jesus is ( the answer being that he is the messiah ) , then what form his mission takes ( a mission of suffering culminating in the crucifixion and resurrection , events only to be understood when the questions are answered ) , while another scholar , C. Myers , has made what Edwards calls a `` compelling case '' for recognising the incidents of Jesus ' baptism , transfiguration and crucifixion , at the beginning , middle and end of the gospel , as three key moments , each with common elements , and each portrayed in an apocalyptic light . Stephen H. Smith has made the point that the structure of Mark is similar to the structure of a Greek tragedy Style ( edit ) Examples of Mark 's literary style include the use of summaries , in which several stories about Jesus are all wrapped up into one description ( Mark 6 : 55 , 56 ) . Content ( edit ) Jesus is first announced as the messiah and then later as the Son of God ; he is baptised by John and a heavenly voice announces him as the Son of God ; he is tested in the wilderness by Satan ; John is arrested , and Jesus begins to preach the good news of the kingdom of God . Jesus gathers his disciples ; he begins teaching , driving out demons , healing the sick , cleansing lepers , raising the dead , feeding the hungry , and giving sight to the blind ; he delivers a long discourse in parables to the crowd , intended for the disciples , but they fail to understand ; he performs mighty works , calming the storm and walking on water , but while God and demons recognise him , neither the crowds nor the disciples grasp his identity . He also has several run - ins with Jewish law keepers especially in chapters 2 - 3 . Jesus asks the disciples who people say he is , and then , `` but you , who do you say I am ? '' Peter answers that he is the Christ , and Jesus commands him to silence ; Jesus explains that the Son of Man must go to Jerusalem and be killed , but will rise again ; Moses and Elijah appear with Jesus and God tells the disciples , `` This is my son , '' but they remain uncomprehending . Jesus goes to Jerusalem , where he is hailed as one who `` comes in the name of the Lord '' and will inaugurate the `` kingdom of David '' ; he drives those who buy and sell animals from the Temple and debates with the Jewish authorities ; on the Mount of Olives he announces the coming destruction of the Temple , the persecution of his followers , and the coming of the Son of Man in power and glory . A woman perfumes Jesus ' head with oil , and Jesus explains that this is a sign of his coming death ; Jesus celebrates Passover with the disciples , declares the bread and wine to be his body and blood , and goes with them to Gethsemane to pray ; there Judas betrays him to the Jews ; interrogated by the high priest , he says that he is the Christ , the Son of God , and will return as Son of Man at God 's right hand ; the Jewish leaders turn him over to Pilate , who has him crucified as one who claims to be `` king of the Jews '' ; Jesus , abandoned by the disciples , is buried in a rock tomb by a friendly member of the Jewish council . The women who have followed Jesus come to the tomb on Sunday morning ; they find it empty , and are told by a young man in a white robe to go and tell the others that Jesus has risen and has gone before them to Galilee ; `` but they said nothing to anyone , for they were afraid ... '' Ending ( edit ) Further information : Mark 16 The earliest and most reliable manuscripts of Mark end at Mark 16 : 8 , with the women fleeing in fear from the empty tomb : the majority of recent scholars believe this to be the original ending , and this is supported by statements from the early Church Fathers Eusebius and Jerome . Two attempts were made to provide a more satisfactory conclusion . A minority of later manuscripts have what is called the `` shorter ending '' , an addition to Mark 16 : 8 telling how the women told `` those around Peter '' all that the angel had commanded and how the message of eternal life ( or `` proclamation of eternal salvation '' ) was then sent out by Jesus himself . This addition differs from the rest of Mark both in style and in its understanding of Jesus . The overwhelming majority of manuscripts have the `` longer ending '' , Mark 16 : 9 -- 20 , with accounts of the resurrected Jesus , the commissioning of the disciples to proclaim the gospel , and Christ 's ascension . This ending was possibly written in the early 2nd century and added later in the same century . Modern scholars have proposed many explanations for the abrupt original ending , though none with universal acceptance . It could indicate a connection to the theme of the `` Messianic Secret '' . Whatever the case , it is clear that Mark 's Jesus looks forward to a post-death meeting in Galilee , and it is likely that at that meeting , like the final meeting in Galilee that Matthew depicts , Mark 's Jesus would command the disciples to take his message to the nations . Theology ( edit ) First page of the Gospel of Mark : `` The beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ , the Son of God '' , by Sargis Pitsak ( 14th century ) Minuscule 2427 -- `` Archaic Mark '' Mark 's gospel Theology ( edit ) The author introduces his work as `` gospel '' , meaning `` good news '' , a literal translation of the Greek `` evangelion '' -- he uses the word more often than any other writer in the New Testament besides Paul . Paul uses it to mean `` the good news ( of the saving significance of the death and resurrection ) of Christ '' ; Mark extends it to the career of Christ as well as his death and resurrection . Like the other gospels , Mark was written to confirm the identity of Jesus as eschatological deliverer -- the purpose of terms such as `` messiah '' and `` son of God '' . As in all the gospels , the messianic identity of Jesus is supported by a number of themes , including : ( 1 ) the depiction of his disciples as obtuse , fearful and uncomprehending ; ( 2 ) the refutation of the charge made by Jesus ' enemies that he was a magician ; ( 3 ) secrecy surrounding his true identity ( this last is missing from John ) . The failure of the disciples ( edit ) In Mark , the disciples , and especially the Twelve , move from lack of perception of Jesus to rejection of the `` way of suffering '' to flight and denial -- even the women who received the first proclamation of his resurrection can be seen as failures for not reporting the good news . There is much discussion of this theme among scholars . Some argue that the author of Mark was using the disciples to correct `` erroneous '' views in his own community concerning the reality of the suffering messiah , others that it is an attack on the Jerusalem branch of the church for resisting the extension of the gospel to the gentiles , or a mirror of the convert 's usual experience of the initial enthusiasm followed by growing awareness of the necessity for suffering . It certainly reflects the strong theme in Mark of Jesus as the `` suffering just one '' portrayed in so many of the books of the Jewish scriptures , from Jeremiah to Job and the Psalms , but especially in the `` Suffering Servant '' passages in Isaiah . It also reflects the Jewish scripture theme of God 's love being met by infidelity and failure , only to be renewed by God . And in the real - world context in which the gospel was written , the persecutions of the Christians of Rome under Nero , the failure of the disciples and Jesus ' denial by Peter himself would have been powerful symbols of faith , hope and reconciliation . The charge of magic ( edit ) Mark contains twenty accounts of miracles and healings , accounting for almost a third of the gospel and half the first ten chapters , more , proportionally , than in any other gospel . In the gospels as a whole , Jesus ' miracles , prophecies , etc. , are presented as evidence of God 's rule , but Mark 's descriptions of Jesus ' healings are a partial exception to this , as his methods , using spittle to heal blindness ( Mark 8 : 22 -- 26 ) and magic formulae ( `` Talitha cumi , '' 5 : 41 , `` Ephphatha , '' 7 : 34 ) , were those of a magician . This is the charge the Jewish religious leaders bring against Jesus : they say he is performing exorcisms with the aid of an evil spirit ( Mark 3 : 22 ) and calling up the spirit of John the Baptist ( Mark 6 : 14 ) . `` There was ... no period in the history of the ( Roman ) empire in which the magician was not considered an enemy of society , '' subject to penalties ranging from exile to death , says Classical scholar Ramsay MacMullen . All the gospels defend Jesus against the charge , which , if true , would contradict their ultimate claims for him . The point of the Beelzebub incident in Mark ( Mark 3 : 20 -- 30 ) is to set forth Jesus ' claims to be an instrument of God , not Satan . The Messianic secret ( edit ) Main article : Messianic secret In 1901 , William Wrede identified the `` Messianic secret '' -- Jesus ' secrecy about his identity as the messiah -- as one of Mark 's central themes . Wrede argued that the elements of the secret -- Jesus ' silencing of the demons , the obtuseness of the disciples regarding his identity , and the concealment of the truth inside parables , were fictions , and arose from the tension between the Church 's post-resurrection messianic belief and the historical reality of Jesus . There remains continuing debate over how far the `` secret '' originated with Mark and how far he got it from tradition , and how far , if at all , it represents the self - understanding and practices of the historical Jesus . Christology : Mark 's understanding of Jesus ( edit ) See also : Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament Christology means a doctrine or understanding concerning the person or nature of Christ . In the New Testament writings it is frequently conveyed through the titles applied to Jesus . Most scholars agree that `` Son of God '' is the most important of these titles in Mark . It appears on the lips of God himself at the baptism and the transfiguration , and is Jesus ' own self - designation ( Mark 13 : 32 ) . These and other instances provide reliable evidence of how the evangelist perceived Jesus , but it is not clear just what the title meant to Mark and his 1st century audience . Where it appears in the Hebrew scriptures it meant Israel as God 's people , or the king at his coronation , or angels , as well as the suffering righteous man . In Hellenistic culture the same phrase meant a `` divine man '' , a supernatural being . There is little evidence that `` son of God '' was a title for the messiah in 1st century Judaism , and the attributes which Mark describes in Jesus are much more those of the Hellenistic miracle - working `` divine man '' than of the Jewish Davidic messiah . Mark does not explicitly state what he means by `` Son of God '' , nor when the sonship was conferred . The New Testament as a whole presents four different understandings : Jesus became God 's son at his resurrection , God `` begetting '' Jesus to a new life by raising him from the dead -- this was the earliest understanding , preserved in Paul 's Epistle to the Romans , 1 : 3 -- 4 , and in Acts 13 : 33 ; Jesus became God 's son at his baptism , the coming of the Holy Spirit marking him as messiah , while `` Son of God '' refers to the relationship then established for him by God -- this is the understanding implied in Mark 1 : 9 -- 11 ; Matthew and Luke present Jesus as `` Son of God '' from the moment of conception and birth , with God taking the place of a human father ; John , the last of the gospels , presents the idea that the Christ was pre-existent and became flesh as Jesus -- an idea also found in Paul . Mark also calls Jesus `` christos '' ( Christ ) , translating the Hebrew `` messiah , '' ( anointed person ) . In the Old Testament the term messiah ( `` anointed one '' ) described prophets , priests and kings ; by the time of Jesus , with the kingdom long vanished , it had come to mean an eschatological king ( a king who would come at the end of time ) , one who would be entirely human though far greater than all God 's previous messengers to Israel , endowed with miraculous powers , free from sin , ruling in justice and glory ( as described in , for example , the Psalms of Solomon , a Jewish work from this period ) . The most important occurrences are in the context of Jesus ' death and suffering , suggesting that , for Mark , Jesus can only be fully understood in that context . A third important title , `` Son of Man '' , has its roots in Ezekiel , the Book of Enoch , ( a popular Jewish apocalyptic work of the period ) , and especially in Daniel 7 : 13 -- 14 , where the Son of Man is assigned royal roles of dominion , kingship and glory . Mark 14 : 62 combines more scriptural allusions : before he comes on clouds ( Daniel 7 : 13 ) the Son of Man will be seated on the right hand of God ( psalm 110 : 1 ) , pointing to the equivalence of the three titles , Christ , Son of God , Son of Man , the common element being the reference to kingly power . Eschatology and salvation : the meaning of Christ 's death , resurrection and return ( edit ) Eschatology means the study of the end - times , and the Jews expected the messiah to be an eschatological figure , a deliverer who would appear at the end of the age to usher in an earthly kingdom . The earliest Jewish Christian community saw Jesus as a messiah in this Jewish sense , a human figure appointed by God as his earthly regent ; but they also believed in Jesus ' resurrection and exultation to heaven , and for this reason they also viewed him as God 's agent ( the `` son of God '' ) who would return in glory ushering in the Kingdom of God . The term `` Son of God '' likewise had a specific Jewish meaning , or range of meanings , one of the most significant being the earthly king adopted by God as his son at his enthronement , legitimising his rule over Israel . In Hellenistic culture , in contrast , the phrase meant a `` divine man '' , covering legendary heroes like Hercules , god - kings like the Egyptian pharaohs , or famous philosophers like Plato . When the gospels call Jesus `` Son of God '' the intention is to place him in the class of Hellenistic and Greek divine men , the ' sons of God '' who were endowed with supernatural power to perform healings , exorcisms and other wonderful deeds . Mark 's `` Son of David '' is Hellenistic , his Jesus predicting that his mission involves suffering , death and resurrection , and , by implication , not military glory and conquest . This reflects a move away from the Jewish - Christian apocalyptic tradition and towards the Hellenistic message preached by Paul , for whom Christ 's death and resurrection , rather than the establishment of the apocalyptic Jewish kingdom , is the meaning of salvation , the `` gospel '' . Comparison with other writings ( edit ) `` Entering into the sepulchre , they saw a young man sitting on the right side , clothed in a long white garment '' -- Mark 's description of the discovery of the empty tomb ( from the Pericopes of Henry II ) Mark and the New Testament ( edit ) All four gospels tell a story in which Jesus ' death and resurrection are the crucial redemptive events . There are , however , important differences between the four : Unlike John , Mark never calls Jesus `` God '' , or claims that Jesus existed prior to his earthly life ; unlike Matthew and Luke , the author does not mention a virgin birth , and apparently believes that Jesus had a normal human parentage and birth ; unlike Matthew and Luke , he makes no attempt to trace Jesus ' ancestry back to King David or Adam with a genealogy . Christians of Mark 's time expected Jesus to return as Messiah in their own lifetime -- Mark , like the other gospels , attributes the promise to Jesus himself ( Mark 9 : 1 and 13 : 30 ) , and it is reflected in the letters of Paul , in the epistle of James , in Hebrews , and in Revelation . When return failed , the early Christians revised their understanding . Some acknowledged that the Second Coming had been delayed , but still expected it ; others redefined the focus of the promise , the Gospel of John , for example , speaking of `` eternal life '' as something available in the present ; while still others concluded that Jesus would not return at all ( 2 Peter argues against those who held this view ) . Mark 's despairing death of Jesus was changed to a more victorious one in subsequent gospels . Mark 's Christ dies with the cry , `` My God , my God , why have you forsaken me ? '' ; Matthew , the next gospel to be written , repeats this word for word but manages to make clear that Jesus 's death is the beginning of the resurrection of Israel ; Luke has a still more positive picture , replacing Mark 's ( and Matthew 's ) cry of despair with one of submission to God 's will ( `` Father , into your hands I commend my spirit '' ) ; while John , the last gospel , has Jesus dying without apparent suffering in fulfillment of the divine plan . Sayings unique to Mark ( edit ) The Sabbath was made for man , not man for the Sabbath ( Mark 2 : 27 ) . Not present in either Matthew 12 : 1 -- 8 or Luke 6 : 1 -- 5 . This is also a so - called `` Western non-interpolation '' . The passage is not found in the Western text of Mark . People were saying , `` ( Jesus ) has gone out of his mind '' , see also Rejection of Jesus ( Mark 3 : 21 ) . Mark is the only gospel with the combination Mark 4 : 24 -- 25 , the other gospels split them up : Mark 4 : 24 being found in Luke 6 : 38 and Matthew 7 : 2 ; Mark 4 : 25 being found in Matthew 13 : 12 and 25 : 29 , Luke 8 : 18 and 19 : 26 . Parable of the Growing Seed ( 4 : 26 -- 29 ) . Only Mark counts the possessed swine ; there are about two thousand ( Mark 5 : 13 ) . Two consecutive healing stories of women ; both make use of the number twelve ( Mark 5 : 25 and Mark 5 : 42 ) . Only Mark gives healing commands of Jesus in the ( presumably original ) Aramaic : Talitha koum ( Mark 5 : 41 ) , Ephphatha ( Mark 7 : 34 ) . See Aramaic of Jesus . Only place in the New Testament Jesus is referred to as `` the son of Mary '' ( Mark 6 : 3 ) . Mark is the only gospel where Jesus himself is called a carpenter ( Mark 6 : 3 ) ; in Matthew he is called a carpenter 's son ( Matthew 13 : 55 ) . Only place that both names his brothers and mentions his sisters ( Mark 6 : 3 ) ; Matthew has a slightly different name for one brother ( Matthew 13 : 55 ) . The taking of a staff and sandals is permitted in Mark 6 : 8 -- 9 but prohibited in Matthew 10 : 9 -- 10 and Luke 9 : 3 . Only Mark refers to Herod as a king ( Mk 6 : 14 , 24 ) ; Matthew and Luke refer to him ( more properly ) as a tetrarch ( Mt 14 : 1 ; Lk 3 : 19 ; 9 : 7 ) . The longest version of the story of Herodias ' daughter 's dance and the beheading of John the Baptist ( Mark 6 : 14 -- 29 ) . Mark 's literary cycles : 6 : 30 -- 44 -- Feeding of the five thousand ; 6 : 45 -- 56 -- Crossing of the lake ; 7 : 1 -- 13 -- Dispute with the Pharisees ; 7 : 14 -- 23 -- Discourse on Defilement Then : 8 : 1 -- 9 -- Feeding of the four thousand ; 8 : 10 -- Crossing of the lake ; 8 : 11 -- 13 -- Dispute with the Pharisees ; 8 : 14 -- 21 -- Incident of no bread and discourse about the leaven of the Pharisees . Customs that at that time were unique to Jews are explained ( hand , produce , and utensil washing ) : 7 : 3 -- 4 . `` Thus he declared all foods clean '' . 7 : 19 NRSV , not found in the Matthean parallel Matthew 15 : 15 -- 20 . There is no mention of Samaritans Jesus heals using his fingers and spit at the same time : 7 : 33 ; cf . Mark 8 : 23 , Luke 11 : 20 , John 9 : 6 , Matthew 8 : 16 ; see also Exorcism . Jesus lays his hands on a blind man twice in curing him : 8 : 23 -- 25 ; cf. 5 : 23 , 16 : 18 , Acts 6 : 6 , 9 : 17 , 28 : 8 , laying on of hands . Jesus cites the Shema Yisrael : `` Hear O Israel ... '' ( 12 : 29 -- 30 ) ; in the parallels of Matt 22 : 37 -- 38 and Luke 10 : 27 the first part of the Shema ( Deut 6 : 4 ) is absent . Mark points out that the Mount of Olives is across from the temple ( 13 : 3 ) . When Jesus is arrested , a young naked man flees : 14 : 51 -- 52 . A young man in a robe also appears in 16 : 5 -- 7 , see also Secret Gospel of Mark . Mark does not name the High Priest , cf . Matt 26 : 57 , Luke 3 : 2 , Acts 4 : 6 , John 18 : 13 . Witness testimony against Jesus does not agree ( 14 : 56 , 14 : 59 ) . The cock crows `` twice '' as predicted ( Mark 14 : 72 ) . See also Fayyum Fragment . The other Gospels simply record , `` the cock crew '' . Early codices 01 , W , and most Western texts have the simpler version . Pilate 's position ( Governor ) is not specified , 15 : 1 , cf . Matt 27 : 2 , Luke 3 : 1 , John 18 : 28 -- 29 . Simon of Cyrene 's sons are named ( Mark 15 : 21 ) . A summoned centurion is questioned ( Mark 15 : 44 -- 45 ) . The women ask each other who will roll away the stone ( Mark 16 : 3 ) , cf . Matt 28 : 2 -- 7 . A young man sits on the `` right side '' ( Mark 16 : 5 ) , cf . Luke 24 : 4 , John 20 : 12 . Mark is the only canonical gospel with significant various alternative endings ( see Mark 16 , Possible Scenarios ) ; however , most of the contents of the traditional `` Longer Ending '' ( Mark 16 : 9 -- 20 ) are found in other New Testament texts and are not unique to Mark , see Mark 16 # The Longer Ending . The one significant exception is 16 : 18b `` and if they drink any deadly thing '' , it will not harm those who believe , which is unique to Mark . See also ( edit ) Gospel of Mark Chapters Mark 1 Mark 2 Mark 3 Mark 4 Mark 5 Mark 6 Mark 7 Mark 8 Mark 9 Mark 10 Mark 11 Mark 12 Mark 13 Mark 14 Mark 15 Mark 16 Gospel harmony Textual variants in the Gospel of Mark Two - source hypothesis Apocalyptic literature Acts of the Apostles ( genre ) Sanhedrin Trial of Jesus ( reference to Mark ) Secret Gospel of Mark List of Gospels List of omitted Bible verses Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Similar to a rabbinical saying from the 2nd century BC , `` The Sabbath is given over to you ( '' the son of man `` ) , and not you to the Sabbath . '' Misunderstood Passages Jump up ^ The verb katharizo means both `` to declare to be clean '' and `` to purify . '' The Scholars Version has : `` This is how everything we eat is purified '' , Gaus ' Unvarnished New Testament has : `` purging all that is eaten . '' Jump up ^ Willker , Wieland . `` A Textual Commentary on the Greek Gospels . Vol. 2 : Mark , p. 448 '' ( PDF ) . TCG 2007 : An Online Textual Commentary on the Greek Gospels , 5th ed . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 February 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 09 . References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Boring 2006 , pp. 252 -- 53 . ^ Jump up to : Boring 2006 , pp. 1 -- 3 . ^ Jump up to : Perkins 1998 , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Perkins 2009 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Beaver 2009 , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Sanders 1995 , pp. 63 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , pp. 155 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Reddish 2011 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Boring 2006 , pp. 13 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Donahue 2005 , pp. 15 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Donahue 2005 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Augustine of Hippo , Harmony of the Gospels , Book 1 , Chapter 2 Jump up ^ Koester 2000 , pp. 44 -- 46 . ^ Jump up to : Williamson 1983 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Joel 2000 , p. 859 . Jump up ^ Powell 1998 , p. 37 . ^ Jump up to : Lössl 2010 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Gamble 1995 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Collins 2000 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Aune 1987 , p. 59 . ^ Jump up to : Aune 1987 , p. 60 . ^ Jump up to : Aune 1987 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Edwards 2002 , pp. 1 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Twelftree 1999 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Cole 1989 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Cole 1989 , pp. 86 -- 87 . Jump up ^ France 2002 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Edwards 2002 , pp. 38 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Smith 1995 , pp. 209 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Meyer 's NT Commentary on Mark 6 , accessed 8 June 2017 ; Donahue , J.R. and Harrington D.J. , Sacra Pagina : the Gospel of Mark , published by Liturgical Press ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Edwards 2002 , pp. 500 -- 01 . ^ Jump up to : Schröter 2010 , p. 279 . ^ Jump up to : Horsely 2007 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Edwards 2002 , p. 500 . ^ Jump up to : Aune 1987 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Morris 1990 , p. 95 . ^ Jump up to : Aune 1987 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Donahue 2005 , pp. 33 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Twelftree 1999 , p. 57 . ^ Jump up to : Kee 1993 , p. 483 . Jump up ^ Powell 1998 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Welch 2006 , p. 362 . ^ Jump up to : Aune 1987 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Cross & Livingstone 2005 , p. 1083 . Jump up ^ Telford 1999 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Telford 1999 , pp. 38 -- 9 . ^ Jump up to : Telford 1999 , pp. 38 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Donahue 2005 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Ehrman 1993 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , pp. 68 -- 69 . ^ Jump up to : Donahue 2005 , pp. 25 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Edwards 2002 , p. 250 . Jump up ^ Witherington 2001 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Donahue 2005 , pp. 26 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Witherington 2001 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , p. 69 . ^ Jump up to : Telford 1999 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Dunn 2003 , pp. 709 -- 10 . ^ Jump up to : Strecker 2000 , pp. 81 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Dunn 2003 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Telford 1999 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Hurtado 2005 , p. 587 . ^ Jump up to : Burkett 2002 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , pp. 69 -- 70 . ^ Jump up to : Moyise 2013 , p. unpaginated . Jump up ^ Twelftree 1999 , p. 79 . Bibliography ( edit ) Aune , David E. ( 1987 ) . The New Testament in its literary environment . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 25018 - 8 . Beaver , Caurie ( 2009 ) . Mark : A Twice - Told Story . Wipf and Stoc . ISBN 9781608991211 . Boring , M. Eugene ( 2006 ) . Mark : A Commentary . Presbyterian Publishing Corp . ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 22107 - 2 . Brown , Raymond E. ( 1997 ) . An Introduction to the New Testament . Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 24767 - 2 . Burkett , Delbert ( 2002 ) . An introduction to the New Testament and the origins of Christianity . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 00720 - 7 . Cole , R. Alan ( 1989 ) . The Gospel According to Mark : An Introduction and Commentary ( 2 ed . ) . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 0481 - 5 . Collins , Adela Yarbro ( 2000 ) . Cosmology and Eschatology in Jewish and Christian Apocalypticism . Brill . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 11927 - 7 . Cross , Frank L. ; Livingstone , Elizabeth A. , eds. ( 2005 ) ( 1997 ) . `` Messianic Secret '' . The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church ( 3 ed . ) . Oxford University Press . p. 1083 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280290 - 3 . Donahue , John R. ( 2005 ) ( 2002 ) . The Gospel of Mark . Liturgical Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8146 - 5965 - 6 . Dunn , James D.G. ( 2003 ) . Jesus Remembered . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 3931 - 2 . Edwards , James ( 2002 ) . The Gospel According to Mark . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85111 - 778 - 2 . Ehrman , Bart D. ( 1993 ) . The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture : The Effect of Early Christological Controversies on the Text of the New Testament . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 510279 - 6 . Ehrman , Bart D. ( 1 May 2006 ) . Peter , Paul and Mary Magdalene : The Followers of Jesus in History and Legend . Oxford University Press . pp. 6 -- 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 974113 - 7 . Ehrman , Bart D. ( 15 September 2005 ) . Lost Christianities : The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew . Oxford University Press . p. 235 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 975668 - 1 . Most scholars today have abandoned these identifications ... France , R.T. ( 2002 ) . The Gospel of Mark : A Commentary on the Greek text . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 2446 - 2 . Gamble , Harry Y. ( 1995 ) . Books and Readers in the Early Church : A History of Early Christian Texts . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 06918 - 1 . Horsely , Richard A. ( 2007 ) . `` Mark '' . In Coogan , Michael David ; Brettler , Marc Zvi ; Newsom , Carol Ann . The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal / Deuterocanonical Books : New Revised Standard Version . Oxford University Press . pp. 56 -- 92 New Testament . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 528881 - 0 . Hurtado , Larry W. ( 2005 ) ( 2003 ) . Lord Jesus Christ : Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 3167 - 5 . Joel , Marcus ( 2000 ) . Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible . Eerdmans . ISBN 9789053565032 . Kee , Howard Clark ( 1993 ) . `` Magic and Divination '' . In Coogan , Michael David ; Metzger , Bruce M. The Oxford Companion to the Bible . Oxford University Press . pp. 483 -- 84 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 504645 - 8 . Koester , Helmut ( 2000 ) ( 1982 ) . Introduction to the New Testament : History and literature of early Christianity ( 2 ed . ) . Walter de Gruyter . ISBN 978 - 0 - 567 - 16561 - 9 . Lössl , Josef ( 2010 ) . The Early Church : History and Memory . Continuum . ISBN 978 - 0 - 567 - 16561 - 9 . Malbon , Elizabeth Struthers ( 2000 ) . In the Company of Jesus : Characters in Mark 's Gospel . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 9780664222550 . Morris , Leon ( 1990 ) ( 1986 ) . New Testament Theology . Zondervan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 310 - 45571 - 4 . Moyise , Steve ( 2013 ) . Introduction to Biblical Studies . Bloomsbury . ISBN 9780567189264 . Perkins , Pheme ( 1998 ) . `` The Synoptic Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles : Telling the Christian Story '' . In Barton , John . The Cambridge companion to biblical interpretation . Westminster John Knox Press . pp. 241 -- 58 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 48593 - 7 . Perkins , Pheme ( 2009 ) ( 2007 ) . Introduction to the Synoptic Gospels . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 6553 - 3 . Powell , Mark Allan ( 1998 ) . Jesus as a Figure in History : How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 25703 - 3 . Reddish , Mitchell ( 2011 ) . An Introduction to The Gospels . Abingdon Press , 2011 . ISBN 9781426750083 . Sanders , E ( 1995 ) . The Historical Figure of Jesus . Penguin UK . Schröter , Jens ( 2010 ) . `` The Gospel of Mark '' . In Aune , David E. The Historical Jesus : A Comprehensive Guide . Wiley -- Blackwell . pp. 272 -- 95 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 0825 - 6 . Smith , Stephen H. ( 1995 ) . `` A Divine Tragedy : Some Observations on the Dramatic Structure of Mark 's Gospel '' . Novum Testamentum . E.J. Brill , Leiden. 37 ( 3 ) : 209 -- 31 . doi : 10.1163 / 1568536952662709 . JSTOR 1561221 . Strecker , Georg ( 2000 ) . Theology of the New Testament . Walter de Gruyter . ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 22336 - 6 . Telford , William R. ( 1999 ) . The Theology of the Gospel of Mark . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 43977 - 0 . Twelftree , Graham H. ( 1999 ) . Jesus the miracle worker : a historical & theological study . InterVarsity Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8308 - 1596 - 8 . Welch , John W. ( 2006 ) . `` Miracles , Maleficium , and Maiestas in the Trial of Jesus '' . In Charlesworth , James H. Jesus and Archaeology . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 4880 - 2 . Williamson , Lamar ( 1983 ) . Mark . John Knox Press . ISBN 9780664237608 . Witherington , Ben ( 2001 ) . The Gospel of Mark : A Socio - rhetorical Commentary . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 4503 - 0 . Further reading ( edit ) Brown , Raymond E. ( 1994 ) . An Introduction to New Testament Christology . Paulist Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8091 - 3516 - 5 . Crossan , John Dominic ( 2010 ) ( 1998 ) . The Birth of Christianity : Discovering What Happened in the Years Immediately After the Execution of Jesus . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 197815 - 9 . Ehrman , Bart D. ( 2005 ) . Misquoting Jesus . Harper Collins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 085951 - 0 . Ehrman , Bart D. ( 2009 ) . Jesus Interrupted . Harper Collins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 117394 - 3 . Ladd , George Eldon ( 1993 ) . A Theology of the New Testament . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 0680 - 2 . Lane , William L. ( 1974 ) . The Gospel According to Mark : The English Text with Introduction , Exposition and Notes . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 2502 - 5 . Levine , Amy - Jill ( 2001 ) ( 1998 ) . `` Visions of kingdoms : From Pompey to the first Jewish revolt '' . In Coogan , Michael D . The Oxford History of the Biblical World . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 513937 - 2 . Mack , Burton L. ( 1994 ) ( 1993 ) . The Lost Gospel : The Book of Q and Christian origins . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 065375 - 0 . Perrin , Norman ; Duling , Dennis C. ( 1982 ) . The New Testament : An Introduction ( 2 ed . ) . Harcourt Brace Jovanovich . ISBN 978 - 0 - 15 - 565726 - 7 . Schnelle , Udo ( 1998 ) . The History and Theology of the New Testament Writings . Fortress Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8006 - 2952 - 6 . ( M. Eugene Boring translator ) Theißen , Gerd ; Merz , Annette ( 1998 ) . The Historical Jesus : A Comprehensive Guide . Augsburg Fortress . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8006 - 3123 - 9 . Van Linden , Philip ( 1992 ) ( 1989 ) . `` Mark '' . In Karris , Robert J. The Collegeville Bible Commentary : New Testament , NAB . Liturgical Press . pp. 903 -- 35 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8146 - 2211 - 7 . Weeden , Theodore J. ( 1995 ) . `` The Heresy that Necessitated Mark 's Gospel '' . In Telford , William . Interpretation of Mark . Continuum . ISBN 978 - 0 - 567 - 29256 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikiversity has learning resources about Biblical Studies ( NT ) # The Gospels : The Life and Ministry of Jesus Wikiquote has quotations related to : Gospel of Mark Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gospel of Mark . Online translations of the Gospel of Mark Bible Gateway 35 languages / 50 versions at GospelCom.net Unbound Bible 100 + languages / versions at Biola University Online Bible at gospelhall.org Early Christian Writings : Mark in numerous English translations , on - line scholarly resources Mark on Wikisource ( King James version ) Bible : Mark public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions Related articles A Brief Introduction to Mark Resources for the Book of Mark at The Text This Week An Online Textual Commentary on the Greek Gospels by Wieland Willker , including detailed text - critical discussion of the 300 most important variants of the Greek text ( PDF , 411 pages ) and the variant endings ( PDF , 17 pages ) . Catholic Commentary on Sacred Scripture Gospel of Mark , Author Dr. Mary Healy Gospel of Mark Synoptic Gospel Preceded by Gospel of Matthew New Testament Books of the Bible Succeeded by Gospel of Luke Jesus Historicity Chronology of Jesus Genealogy of Jesus Historical Jesus Quest for the historical Jesus portraits sources Josephus on Jesus Tacitus mention Mara bar Serapion letter Historicity Gospels race and appearance Life events Birth Nativity Mary Joseph Flight into Egypt Childhood Unknown years Baptism Temptation Apostles selecting Great Commission Ministry Sermon on the Mount Plain Prayers Lord 's Prayer Parables Miracles Transfiguration Homelessness Last Supper Passion arrest trial Crucifixion sayings on the cross Tomb Resurrection Ascension New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke John Gospel harmony Oral gospel traditions Life of Jesus in the New Testament Historical background of the New Testament New Testament places associated with Jesus Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament Culture Language of Jesus Bibliography Films Christianity Christ Christianity Christology Depictions of Jesus art Jesus in Christianity pre-existence incarnation Relics associated with Jesus Scholastic Lutheran Christology Second Coming Session of Christ Other views Brothers of Jesus Jesuism Jesus in comparative mythology Christ myth theory Jesus in Islam Ahmadiyya Jesus in Scientology Judaism 's view of Jesus in the Talmud Master Jesus Religious perspectives on Jesus Criticism Gospel of Mark Bible Mark 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Places Bethany Bethsaida Capernaum Dalmanutha Galilee Jerusalem Jordan River Judea Nazareth Samaria Sea of Galilee People Andrew Caiaphas Herod Antipas Jesus Christ John the Baptist Joseph of Arimathea Judas Iscariot Mary Mary Magdalene Philip Pontius Pilate Simon Peter Thomas Zebedee Groups Pharisees Sadducees Samaritans Sanhedrin Events Feeding the 5000 Walking on water Last Supper Crucifixion of Jesus Sources Greek Text Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Gospel of Matthew ( chapter 28 ) Gospel of Luke ( chapter 1 ) → ( hide ) Books of the Bible Principal divisions Hebrew Bible / Old Testament Protocanon Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 -- 2 Samuel 1 -- 2 Kings 1 -- 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanon and Apocrypha Catholic Orthodox Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Susanna Song of the Three Children Bel and the Dragon Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Tewahedo Orthodox Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Syriac Letter of Baruch 2 Baruch Psalms 152 -- 155 New Testament Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Revelation Subdivisions Chapters and verses Pentateuch Wisdom Major prophets / Minor prophets Gospels Synoptic Epistles Pauline Johannine Pastoral Catholic Apocalyptic literature Development Old Testament canon New Testament canon Antilegomena Jewish canon Christian canon Manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls Samaritan Pentateuch Septuagint Targum Diatessaron Muratorian fragment Peshitta Vetus Latina Masoretic Text New Testament manuscript categories New Testament papyri New Testament uncials See also Biblical canon Luther 's canon Authorship English Bible translations Other books referenced in the Bible Pseudepigrapha list New Testament apocrypha Studies Synod of Hippo Textual criticism Portal WikiProject Book VIAF : 179823714 GND : 4037658 - 8 BNF : cb120084265 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gospel_of_Mark&oldid=831159900 '' Categories : Gospel of Mark Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2017 Articles containing Greek - language text Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Ænglisc ܐܪܡܝܐ Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം مصرى Mìng - dĕ̤ng - 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how are the waters of hydration eliminated from a hydrated compound

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Hydrate&oldid=821215688

Hydrate - wikipedia Hydrate Jump to : navigation , search This article is about chemical compounds . For hydration in humans or animals , see drinking . In chemistry , a hydrate is a substance that contains water or its constituent elements . The chemical state of the water varies widely between different classes of hydrates , some of which were so labeled before their chemical structure was understood . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chemical nature 1.1 Organic chemistry 1.2 Inorganic chemistry 1.3 Clathrate hydrates 2 Stability 3 See also 4 References Chemical nature ( edit ) Organic chemistry ( edit ) In organic chemistry , a hydrate is a compound formed by the addition of water or its elements to another molecule . For example : ethanol , CH -- CH -- OH , is the product of the hydration reaction of ethene , CH = CH , formed by the addition of H to one C and OH to the other C , and so can be considered as the hydrate of ethene . A molecule of water may be eliminated , for example by the action of sulfuric acid . Another example is chloral hydrate , CCl -- CH ( OH ) , which can be formed by reaction of water with chloral , CCl -- CH =O . Many organic molecules , as well as inorganic molecules , form crystals that incorporate water into the crystalline structure without chemical alteration of the organic molecule ( water of crystallization ) . The sugar trehalose , for example , exists in both an anhydrous form ( melting point 203 ° C ) and as a dihydrate ( melting point 97 ° C ) . Protein crystals commonly have as much as 50 % water content . Molecules are also labeled as hydrates for historical reasons not covered above . Glucose , C H O , was originally thought of as C ( H O ) and described as a carbohydrate . Methanol is often sold as `` methyl hydrate '' , implying the incorrect formula CH OH , while the correct formula is CH -- OH . Inorganic chemistry ( edit ) Main article : water of crystallization Hydrates are inorganic salts `` containing water molecules combined in a definite ratio as an integral part of the crystal '' that are either bound to a metal center or that have crystallized with the metal complex . Such hydrates are also said to contain water of crystallization or water of hydration . If the water is heavy water , where the hydrogen involved is the isotope deuterium , then the term deuterate may be used in place of hydrate . Anhydrous cobalt ( II ) chloride CoCl Cobalt ( II ) chloride hexahydrate CoCl 6H O A colorful example is cobalt ( II ) chloride , which turns from blue to red upon hydration , and can therefore be used as a water indicator . The notation `` hydrated compound ⋅ nH O '' , where n is the number of water molecules per formula unit of the salt , is commonly used to show that a salt is hydrated . The n is usually a low integer , though it is possible for fractional values to occur . For example , in a monohydrate n is one , and in a hexahydrate n is 6 . Numerical prefixes of Greek origin are : Hemi -- 1 / 2 Mono -- 1 Sesqui - 11⁄2 Di -- 2 Tri -- 3 Tetra -- 4 Penta -- 5 Hexa -- 6 Hepta -- 7 Octa -- 8 Nona -- 9 Deca -- 10 Undeca - 11 Dodeca - 12 A hydrate which has lost water is referred to as an anhydride ; the remaining water , if any exists , can only be removed with very strong heating . A substance that does not contain any water is referred to as anhydrous . Some anhydrous compounds are hydrated so easily that they are said to be hygroscopic and are used as drying agents or desiccants . Clathrate hydrates ( edit ) Main article : Clathrate hydrate Clathrate hydrates ( also known as gas hydrates , gas clathrates , etc . ) are water ice with gas molecules trapped within ; they are a form of clathrate . An important example is methane hydrate ( also known as gas hydrate , methane clathrate , etc . ) . Nonpolar molecules such as methane can form clathrate hydrates with water , especially under high pressure . Although there is no hydrogen bonding between water and guest molecules when methane is the guest molecule of the clathrate , guest - host hydrogen bonding often forms when the guest is a larger organic molecule such as tetrahydrofuran . In such cases the guest - host hydrogen bonds result in the formation of L - type Bjerrum defects in the clathrate lattice . Stability ( edit ) The stability of hydrates is generally determined by the nature of the compounds , their temperature , and the relative humidity ( if they are exposed to air ) . See also ( edit ) Deliquescent Efflorescent Hydrational fluid Hygroscopic Mineral hydration Water of crystallization Hemihydrate References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Hydrate '' . Farlex , Inc ( TheFreeDictionary.com ) . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry IUPAC Recommendations 2005 . Table IV Multiplicative Prefixes , p. 258 Jump up ^ Alavi S , Susilo R , Ripmeester JA ( 2009 ) . `` Linking microscopic guest properties to macroscopic observables in clathrate hydrates : guest - host hydrogen bonding '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of Chemical Physics. 130 ( 17 ) : 174501 . Bibcode : 2009JChPh. 130q4501A . doi : 10.1063 / 1.3124187 . PMID 19425784 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrate&oldid=821215688 '' Categories : Hydrates Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 January 2018 , at 02 : 13 . About Wikipedia

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what is the meaning of the word macedonia

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Macedonia_(terminology)&oldid=801810664

Macedonia ( terminology ) - wikipedia Macedonia ( terminology ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the use of the name Macedonia and its derivatives . For specific uses of the term , see Macedonia ( disambiguation ) . The contemporary geographical region of Macedonia is not officially defined by any international organisation or state . In some contexts it appears to span five current sovereign countries : Albania , Bulgaria , Greece , the Republic of Macedonia , and Serbia . For more details see the boundaries and definitions section in Macedonia ( region ) The name `` Macedonia '' is used in a number of competing or overlapping meanings to describe geographical , political and historical areas , languages and peoples in a part of south - eastern Europe . It has been a major source of political controversy since the early 20th century . The situation is complicated because different ethnic groups use different terminology for the same entity , or the same terminology for different entities , with different political connotations . Historically , the region has presented markedly shifting borders across the Balkan peninsula . Geographically , no single definition of its borders or the names of its subdivisions is accepted by all scholars and ethnic groups . Demographically , it is mainly inhabited by four ethnic groups , three of which self - identify as Macedonians : two , a Bulgarian and a Greek one at a regional level , while a third ethnic Macedonian one at a national level . Linguistically , the names and affiliations of languages and dialects spoken in the region are a source of controversy . Politically , the rights to the extent of the use of the name Macedonia and its derivatives has led to a diplomatic dispute between Greece and the Republic of Macedonia . Despite mediation of the United Nations , the dispute is still pending resolution since 1993 , but as a result it was admitted under the provisional reference of the `` former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia '' , sometimes abbreviated as FYROM . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Early history 2.1. 1 Ancient Macedonia 2.1. 2 Roman Macedonia 2.1. 3 Byzantine Macedonia 2.1. 4 Ottoman Macedonia 2.2 Modern history 3 Geography 3.1 Subregions 3.1. 1 Major regions 3.1. 2 Minor regions 4 Demographics 5 Linguistics 6 Politics 6.1 Ethnic Macedonian nationalism 6.2 Greek nationalism 7 Names in the languages of the region 8 Terminology by group 8.1 Bulgarian 8.2 Greek 8.3 Ethnic Macedonian 9 Notes 10 References 10.1 Sources 11 External links Etymology ( edit ) The name Macedonia derives from the Greek Μακεδονία ( Makedonía ) , a kingdom ( later , region ) named after the ancient Macedonians . Their name , Μακεδόνες ( Makedónes ) , is cognate to the Ancient Greek adjective μακεδνός ( makednós ) , meaning `` tall , slim '' . It was traditionally derived from the Indo - European root * mak - , meaning ' long ' or ' slender ' ( attested in Homer , and recorded by Hesychius of Alexandria as a Doric word meaning `` large '' ) , or makros ( ' long , large ' ) , as well as related words in other Indo - European languages . It is commonly explained as having originally meant ' the tall ones ' or ' highlanders ' . However , according to modern research by Robert S.P. Beekes , both terms are of Pre-Greek substrate origin and can not be explained in terms of Indo - European morphology . History ( edit ) Main article : History of the region of Macedonia Historical Macedonia Ancient Macedon Roman Province Byzantine province ( approximate borders ) Ottoman period ( approximate ) Ancient Macedon : Approximate borders of the kingdom before its major expansion , c. 350 BC Roman province ( approximate borders of maximum extent ) . There was also a later diocese of Macedonia . Byzantine province : situated much further east than previous and later units ( approximate borders ) . Ottoman period : During the first four centuries of the Ottoman period , western scholars thought of Macedonia in terms of Greco - Roman geography . The Ottoman Empire did not have an administrative unit by that name . In the early 19th century , the definition of Macedonia by most scholars , approximately matched the contemporary region , with occasional variations . The region of Macedonia has been home to several historical political entities , which have used the name Macedonia ; the main ones are given below . The borders of each of these entities were different . Early history ( edit ) Ancient Macedonia ( edit ) Main article : Macedonia ( ancient kingdom ) Macedonia or Macedon , the ancient kingdom , was centered on the fertile plains west of the Gulf of Salonica ; the first Macedonian state emerged in the 8th or early 7th century BC . Its extent beyond the center varied ; some Macedonian kings could not hold their capital ; Philip II expanded his power until it reached from Epirus , across Thrace to Gallipoli , and from Thermopylae to the Danube . His son Alexander the Great conquered most of the land in southwestern Asia stretching from what is currently Turkey in the west to parts of India in the east . However , while Alexander 's conquests are of major historical importance as having launched the Hellenistic Age , Macedon as a state had no significant territorial gains due to them . Alexander 's kingdom fell apart after his death in 323 BC ; several of his Successors attempted to form a kingdom for themselves in Macedonia ; the kingdom formed by Antigonus Gonatas contained all the land Philip II had started with and controlled much of what is now modern Greece ; it lasted until the Romans divided it into four republics in 168 BC . Roman Macedonia ( edit ) Main article : Macedonia ( Roman province ) See also : Diocese of Macedonia The ancient Romans had two different entities called Macedonia , at different levels . Macedonia was established as a Roman province in 146 BC . Its boundaries were shifted from time to time for administrative convenience , but during the Roman Republic and the Principate it extended west to the Adriatic and south to Central Greece . Under Diocletian , Thessaly , including parts of West Macedonia , was split off to form a new province , and the central and southern Balkan provinces were grouped into the Diocese of Moesia . At some point in the 4th century ( first securely attested in 370 ) this was divided into two new dioceses , the mostly Latin - speaking Diocese of Dacia in the north and the mostly Greek - speaking Diocese of Macedonia in the south . Under Constantine the Great , the western part of the province of Macedonia was also split off to form the new province of Epirus nova . After Constantine 's death , the western Balkans , Macedonia included , became part of the praetorian prefecture of Illyricum . With the exception of a short - lived division between Macedonia Prima in the south and Macedonia Salutaris in the north towards the end of the 4th century ( attested only in the Notitia Dignitatum ) , Macedonia formed a single province until re-divided into southern and northern parts sometime in the late 5th century ( the division is first securely attested in 482 ) , although the province seems to have been reunified by 535 . According to the 6th - century Synecdemus , Macedonia Prima , with Thessalonica as its capital and governed by a consularis , counted 32 cities , and Macedonia Secunda in the north , with Stobi as its capital and governed by a praeses , only eight . The approximate boundary between the two ran on a rough line from north of Bitola ( which belonged to Macedonia Prima ) to the area of Demir Kapija . Byzantine Macedonia ( edit ) Main article : Macedonia ( theme ) During the 7th century , most of the Balkans were overrun by Slavic invasions , which left only the fortified towns and the coasts in the hands of the Greek - speaking Byzantine Empire . `` Macedonia '' was then used for a new theme in the late 8th century under Irene of Athens . Geographically however it was located in Thrace and not in Macedonia , which was under the themes of Thessalonica , Strymon and other smaller commands such as Boleron or Drougoubiteia . Themes were not named geographically and the original sense was `` army '' . They became districts during the military and fiscal crisis of the seventh century , when the Byzantine armies were instructed to find their supplies from the locals , wherever they happened to be . Thus the Armeniac theme was considerably west of Armenia ; the Thracesian Theme was in Asia Minor , not in Thrace . The Macedonian dynasty of the Byzantine Empire acquired its name from its founder , Basil I the Macedonian , an Armenian by descent , who was born in the theme of Macedonia . The interior of Macedonia remained in Slavic and later Bulgarian hands until the campaigns of Basil II , which ended the existence of the Bulgarian state and extended Byzantine authority across the central and northern Balkans . Thereafter Macedonia remained under Byzantine control until the Fourth Crusade ( 1204 ) . A short - lived Latin Kingdom of Thessalonica was established which survived until 1224 , when it was captured by Epirus . Most of Macedonia then came under the control of the Empire of Nicaea in 1246 , although its northern regions remained disputed with the Serbs and the Bulgarians . Most of the region was conquered by the Serbs under Stephen Dushan during the Byzantine civil war of 1341 -- 1347 . Only Thessalonica and its environs remained in Byzantine hands . By the late 14th century , the Ottoman Turks in turn had conquered the region , although Thessalonica held out under Byzantine and later Venetian control until 1430 . Ottoman Macedonia ( edit ) Main article : Ottoman Macedonia See also : Macedonian Struggle and Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization The Ottomans did not keep Macedonia as an administrative unit : since 1864 parts of geographical Macedonia lay in three vilayets , which also comprised some non-Macedonian areas . Northern Macedonia was part of the Kosovo vilayet and then of Skopje ; the Thessaloniki ( south Macedonia ) , and the Monastir ( Central Macedonia ) vilayet were also created . This administrative division lasted until 1912 -- 13 , when Macedonia was divided among the Balkan states . Modern history ( edit ) Main article : History of modern Macedonia See also : Peoples Liberation War of Macedonia and National Liberation Front ( Macedonia ) Since the early stages of the Greek Revolution , the provisional government of Greece claimed Macedonia as part of Greek national territory , but the Treaty of Constantinople ( 1832 ) , which established a Greek independent state , set its northern boundary between Arta and Volos . When the Ottoman Empire started breaking apart , Macedonia was claimed by all members of the Balkan League ( Serbia , Montenegro , Greece and Bulgaria ) , and by Romania . Under the Treaty of San Stefano that ended the Russo - Turkish War , 1877 -- 78 the entire region , except Thessaloniki , was included in the borders of Bulgaria , but after the Congress of Berlin in 1878 the region was returned to the Ottoman Empire . The armies of the Balkan League advanced and occupied Macedonia in the First Balkan War in 1912 . Because of disagreements between the allies about the partition of the region , the Second Balkan War erupted , and in its aftermath the arbitrary region of Macedonia was split into the following entities , that existed or still exist in this region : Macedonia ( as a region of Greece ) refers to three regions in northern Greece , incorporated in 1913 , as a result of the Balkan Wars between the Ottoman Empire and the Balkan League . Macedonia ( as a People 's Republic within Yugoslavia ) used to refer to the People 's Republic of Macedonia established in 1946 , later known as the Socialist Republic of Macedonia , one of the constituent republics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , renamed in 1963 . Between 1929 and 1941 this region was part of Vardar Banovina province in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia . Macedonia ( as a contemporary sovereign state ) refers to the conventional short form name of the Republic of Macedonia , which held a referendum and established its independence from Yugoslavia on 8 September 1991 . Geography ( edit ) Macedonia ( as a current geographical term ) refers to a region of the Balkan peninsula in south - eastern Europe , covering some 60,000 or 70,000 square kilometers . Although the region 's borders are not officially defined by any international organization or state , in some contexts , the territory appears to correspond to the basins of ( from west to east ) the Haliacmon ( Aliákmonas ) , Vardar / Axios and Struma / Strymónas rivers , and the plains around Thessaloniki and Serres . The borders of the wider region of Macedonia as portrayed by different authors between 1843 -- 1927 . Most maps of that period have similar borders , differing slightly from each other ; a few maps restrict the region to its southern part . In a historic context , the term Macedonia was used in various ways . Macedonia was not an administrative division of the Ottoman Empire ; its entire territory was part of the beylerbeylik of Rumelia . The geographer H. R. Wilkinson suggests that the region `` defies definition '' but that many mappers agree `` on its general location '' . Macedonia was well enough defined in 1897 for Gladstone to propose `` Macedonia for the Macedonians '' ; philhellenes argued that the phrase could not be used by a man of impartiallity , while Turcophiles asserted that there are six different kinds of Macedonians , and only Turkish rule could prevail total anarchy in the region . The Balkan nations began to proclaim their rights to it after the Treaty of San Stefano in 1878 and its revision at the Congress of Berlin . Many ethnographic maps were produced in this period of controversy ; these differ primarily in the areas given to each nationality within Macedonia . This was in part a result of the choice of definition : an inhabitant of Macedonia might well have different nationalities depending on whether the basis of classification was denomination , descent , language , self - identification or personal choice . In addition , the Ottoman census , taken on the basis of religion , was misquoted by all sides ; descent , or `` race '' , was largely conjectural ; inhabitants of Macedonia might speak a different language at the market and at home , and the same Slavic dialect might be called Serbian `` with Bulgarian influences '' , Macedonian , or West - Bulgarian . These maps also differed somewhat in the boundaries given to Macedonia . Its only inarguable limits were the Aegean Sea and the Serbian and Bulgarian frontiers ( as of 1885 ) ; where it bordered Old Serbia , Albania , and Thrace ( all parts of Ottoman Rumelia ) was debatable . The Greek ethnographer Nicolaides , the Austrian Meinhard , and the Bulgarian Kǎnčev placed the northern boundary of Macedonia at the Šar Mountains and the Crna hills , as had scholars before 1878 . The Serb Gopčevič preferred a line much further south , assigning the entire region from Skopje to Strumica to `` Old Serbia '' ; and some later Greek geographers have defined a more restricted Macedonia . In addition , maps might vary in smaller details : as to whether this town or that was Macedonian . One Italian map included Prizren , where Nicolaides and Meinhard had drawn the boundary just south of it . On the south and west , Grevena , Korçë , and Konitsa varied from map to map ; on the east , the usual line is the lower Mesta / Nestos river and then north or northwest , but one German geographer takes the line so far west as to exclude Bansko and Nevrokop / Gotse Delchev . Sub-regions ( edit ) The contemporary geographical region of Macedonia is not officially defined by any international organisation or state . In some contexts it appears to span six states : Albania , Bulgaria , Greece , Kosovo , the Republic of Macedonia and Serbia Aegean Macedonia ( or Greek Macedonia ) Pirin Macedonia ( or Bulgarian Macedonia ) Vardar Macedonia ( or the Republic of Macedonia ) Mala Prespa and Golo Bardo ( in Albania ) Gora ( in Kosovo or Serbia ) and Prohor Pchinski ( in Serbia ) The region of Macedonia is commonly divided into three major and two minor sub-regions . The name Macedonia appears under certain contexts on the major regions , while the smaller ones are traditionally referred to by other local toponyms : Major regions ( edit ) The region of Macedonia is commonly split geographically into three main sub-regions , especially when discussing the Macedonian Question . The terms are used in non-partisan scholarly works , although they are also used in ethnic Macedonian literature of an irredentist nature . Aegean Macedonia ( or Greek Macedonia ) is a term that refers to an area in the south of the Macedonia region . The borders of the area are , overall , those of ancient Macedonia in Greece . It covers an area of 34,200 square kilometres ( 13,200 sq mi ) ( for discussion of the reported irredentist origin of this term , see Aegean Macedonia ) . Pirin Macedonia ( or Bulgarian Macedonia ) is an area in the east of the Macedonia region . The borders of the area approximately coincide with those of Blagoevgrad Province in Bulgaria . It covers an area of 6,449 square kilometres ( 2,490 sq mi ) . Vardar Macedonia ( formerly Yugoslav Macedonia ) is an area in the north of the Macedonia region . The borders of the area are those of the Republic of Macedonia . It covers an area of 25,333 square kilometres ( 9,781 sq mi ) . Minor regions ( edit ) In addition to the above named sub-regions , there are also two smaller regions , in Albania and Serbia respectively . These regions are also considered geographically part of Macedonia . They are referred to by ethnic Macedonians as follows , but typically are not so referred to by non-partisan scholars . Mala Prespa and Golo Brdo is a small area in the west of the Macedonia region in Albania , mainly around Lake Ohrid . It includes parts of the Korçë , Pogradec and Devoll districts . These districts in whole occupy about 3,000 square kilometres ( 1,158 sq mi ) , but the area concerned is significantly smaller . Gora ( part of the municipality of Dragaš ) and Prohor Pčinjski are minor parts in the north of the Macedonia region in Serbia . Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographic history of Macedonia The region , as defined above , has a total population of about 5 million . The main disambiguation issue in demographics is the self - identifying name of two contemporary groups . The ethnic Macedonian population of the Republic of Macedonia self - identify as Macedonian on a national level , while the Greek Macedonians self - identify as both Macedonian on a regional , and Greek on a national level . According to the Greek arguments , the ancient Macedonians ' nationality was Greek and thus , the use of the term on a national level lays claims to their history . This disambiguation problem has led to a wide variety of terms used to refer to the separate groups , more information of which can be found in the terminology by group section . Demographic Macedonia Macedonians c. 5 million All inhabitants of the region , irrespective of ethnicity Macedonians c. 1.3 million plus diaspora An ethnic group , more rarely referred to as Macedonian Slavs or Slavomacedonians ( used mostly by Greek authorities to refer to the ethnic Macedonian minority in Greece ) Macedonians c. 2.0 million Citizens of the Republic of Macedonia irrespective of ethnicity Macedonians c. 2.6 million plus diaspora An ethnic Greek regional group , also referred to as Greek Macedonians Macedonians ( unknown population ) A group of antiquity , also referred to as Ancient Macedonians . Macedonians c. 0.3 million A Bulgarian regional group , also referred to as Piriners Macedo - Romanians c. 0.3 million An alternative name for Aromanians The self - identifying Macedonians ( collectively referring to the inhabitants of the region ) that inhabit or inhabited the area are : As an ethnic group , Macedonians refers to the majority ( 64.7 % , 2002 ) of the population of the Republic of Macedonia . Statistics for 2002 indicate the population of ethnic Macedonians within the country as c . 1,300,000 . On the other hand , as a legal term , it refers to all the citizens of the Republic of Macedonia , irrespective of their ethnic or religious affiliation . However , the preamble of the constitution distinguishes between `` the Macedonian people '' and the `` Albanians , Turks , Vlachs , Romanics and other nationalities living in the Republic of Macedonia '' , but for whom `` full equality as citizens '' is provided . As of 2002 the total population of the country is 2,022,547 . As a regional group in Greece , Macedonians refers to ethnic Greeks ( 98 % , 2001 ) living in regions referred to as Macedonia , and particularly Greek Macedonia . This group composes the vast majority of the population of the Greek region of Macedonia . The 2001 census for the total population of the Macedonia region in Greece shows 2,625,681 . The same term in antiquity described the inhabitants of the kingdom of Macedon , including their notable rulers Philip II and Alexander the Great who self - identified as Greeks . As a regional group in Bulgaria , Macedonians refers to the inhabitants of Bulgarian Macedonia , who in their vast majority self - identify as Bulgarians at a national level and as Macedonians at a regional , but not ethnic level . As of 2001 , the total population of Bulgarian Macedonia is 341,245 , while the ethnic Macedonians living in the same region are 3,117 . The Bulgarian Macedonians also self - identify as Piriners ( пиринци , pirintsi ) to avoid confusion with the neighboring ethnic group . Macedo - Romanians can be used as an alternative name for Aromanians , people living throughout the southern Balkans , especially in northern Greece , Albania , the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria , and as an emigrant community in Northern Dobruja , Romania . According to Ethnologue , their total population in all countries is 306,237 . This not very frequent appellation is the only one with the disambiguating portmanteau , both within the members of the same ethnic group and the other ethnic groups in the area . To make matters more confusing , Aromanians are often called `` Machedoni '' by Romanians , as opposed to the citizens of Macedonia , who are called `` Macedoneni '' . The ethnic Albanians living in the region of Macedonia , as defined above , are mainly concentrated in the Republic of Macedonia ( especially in the northwestern part that borders Kosovo and Albania ) , and less in the Albanian minor sub-region of Macedonia around the Lake Ohrid . As of 2002 , the total population of Albanians within the republic is 509,083 or 25.2 % of the country 's total population . Linguistics ( edit ) See also : Political views on the Macedonian language As language is one of the elements tied in with national identity , the same disputes that are voiced over demographics are also found in linguistics . There are two main disputes about the use of the word Macedonian to describe a linguistic phenomenon , be it a language or a dialect : Linguistic Macedonia Macedonian A contemporary Slavic language , also referred to as Slavomacedonian or Macedonian Slavic Macedonian A dialect of Modern Greek , typically simply referred to as Greek , since its differences with the Greek spoken in the rest of Greece are only a few words , phrases and some features of the pronunciation Macedonian A language or dialect of antiquity , possibly a dialect of ancient Greek Macedo - Romanian Another name for the Aromanian language The origins of the Ancient Macedonian language are currently debated . At this time it is not conclusively determined whether the language / dialect was a Greek dialect related to Doric Greek or Aeolic Greek dialects among others , a sibling language of ancient Greek forming a Hellenic ( i.e. Greco - Macedonian ) supergroup , or viewed as an Indo - European language which is a close cousin to Greek ( and perhaps somewhat related to Thracian or Phrygian languages ) . The scientific community generally agrees that , although sources are available ( e.g. Hesychius ' lexicon , Pella curse tablet ) there is no decisive evidence to exclude any of the above hypotheses . Modern Macedonian language , a south Slavic language , is unrelated to the Ancient Macedonian language . It is currently the subject of two major disputes . The first is over the name ( alternative ways of referring to this language can be found in the terminology by group section and in the article Macedonian language naming dispute ) . The second dispute is over the existence of a Macedonian language distinct from Bulgarian , the denial of which is a position supported by nationalist groups , Bulgarian and other linguists and also by many ordinary Bulgarians . Macedonian is also the name of a dialect of Modern Greek , a language of the Indo - European family . Additionally , Macedo - Romanian is an Eastern Romance language , spoken in Southeastern Europe by the Aromanians . Politics ( edit ) See also : Macedonia naming dispute The controversies in geographic , linguistic and demographic terms , are also manifested in international politics . Among the autonomous countries that were formed as a result of the breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s , was the ( until then ) subnational entity of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , by the official name of `` Socialist Republic of Macedonia '' , the others being Serbia , Slovenia , Croatia , Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro . The peaceful break - away of that nation resulted in the change of its name to `` Republic of Macedonia '' . Political Macedonia Μακεδονία ( Macedonia ) ( Macedonia in Greece ) Македонија ( Macedonia ) ( Republic of Macedonia ) Republic of Macedonia is the constitutional name of the sovereign state which occupies the northern part of the geographical region of Macedonia , which roughly coincides with the geographic subregion of Vardar Macedonia . The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia ( FYROM ) is a term used for this state by the main international organisations , including United Nations , European Union , NATO , IMF , WTO , IOC , World Bank , EBRD , OSCE , FIFA , and FIBA . The term was introduced in 1993 by the United Nations , following a naming dispute with Greece . Some countries use this term as a stop - gap measure , pending resolution of the naming dispute . Greece and the Republic of Macedonia each consider this name a compromise : it is opposed by some Greeks for containing the Greek self - identifying name Macedonia , and by many in the Republic of Macedonia for not being the short self - identifying name . Greece uses it in both the abbreviated ( FYROM or ΠΓΔΜ ) and spellout form ( Πρώην Γιουγκοσλαβική Δημοκρατία της Μακεδονίας ) . Macedonia refers also to a geographic region in Greece , which roughly coincides with the southernmost major geographic subregion of Macedonia . It is divided in the three administrative sub-regions ( regions ) of West , Central , and East Macedonia and Thrace . The region is overseen by the Ministry for Macedonia -- Thrace . The capital of Greek Macedonia is Thessaloniki , which is the largest city in the region of Macedonia ; Greeks often call it the `` co-capital '' of Greece . Ethnic Macedonian Nationalism ( edit ) See also : Macedonian nationalism Ethnic Macedonian irredentists following the idea of a `` United Macedonia '' have expressed claims to what they refer to as `` Aegean Macedonia '' ( in Greece ) , `` Pirin Macedonia '' ( in Bulgaria ) , `` Mala Prespa and Golo Bardo '' ( in Albania ) , and `` Gora and Prohor Pčinjski '' ( in Serbia ) . Loring Danforth , a professor of anthropology at Bates College , asserts that ethnic Macedonian nationalists , who are concerned with demonstrating the continuity between ancient and modern Macedonians , deny they are Slavs and claim to be the direct descendants of Alexander the Great and the ancient Macedonians . Danforth stresses , however , that the more moderate Macedonian position , publicly endorsed by Kiro Gligorov , the first president of the Republic of Macedonia , is modern Macedonians have no relation to Alexander the Great , but are a Slavic people whose ancestors arrived in Macedonia in the sixth century AD . Proponents of both the extreme and the moderate Macedonian positions stress that the ancient Macedonians were a distinct non-Greek people . In addition to affirming the existence of the Macedonian nation , Macedonians are concerned with affirming the existence of a unique Macedonian language as well . They thus emphasize that the Macedonian language has a history dating to the Old Church Slavonic used by Saints Cyril and Methodius in the ninth century . Although ethnic Macedonians agree Macedonian minorities exist in Bulgaria and Greece and these minorities have been subjected to harsh policies of forced assimilation , there are two different positions with regard to what their future should be . These were summarized by Danforth : The goal of more extreme Macedonian nationalists is to create a `` free , united , and independent Macedonia '' by `` liberating '' the parts of Macedonia `` temporarily occupied '' by Bulgaria and Greece . More moderate Macedonian nationalists recognize the inviolability of the Bulgarian and Greek borders and explicitly renounce any territorial claims against the two countries . They do , however , demand that Bulgaria and Greece recognize the existence of Macedonian minorities in their countries and grant them the basic human rights they deserve . Schoolbooks and official government publications in the Republic have shown the country as part of an `` unliberated '' whole , although the constitution of the Republic , especially after its amendment in 1995 , does not include any territorial claims . Greek Nationalism ( edit ) See also : Greek nationalism Danforth describes the Greek position on Macedonia as follows : because Alexander the Great and the ancient Macedonians were Greeks , and because ancient and modern Greece are bound in an unbroken line of racial and cultural continuity , it is only Greeks who have the right to identify themselves as Macedonians . According to Danforth , this is why Greeks generally refer to Ethnic Macedonians as `` Skopians '' , a practice comparable to calling Greeks `` Athenians '' . Danforth asserts that the negation of Macedonian identity in Greek nationalist ideology focuses on three main points : the existence of a Macedonian nation , a Macedonian language , and a Macedonian minority in Greece . More specifically , Danforth says : From the Greek nationalist perspective there can not be a Macedonian nation since there has never been an independent Macedonian state : the Macedonian nation is an `` artificial creation '' , an `` invention '' , of Tito , who `` baptized '' a `` mosaic of nationalities '' with the Greek name `` Macedonians '' . Similarly Greek nationalists claim that because the language spoken by the ancient Macedonians was Greek , the Slavic language spoken by the `` Skopians '' can not be called `` the Macedonian language . '' Greek sources generally refer to it as `` the linguistic idiom of Skopje '' and describe it as a corrupt and impoverished dialect of Bulgarian . Finally , the Greek government denies the existence of a Macedonian minority in northern Greece , claiming that there exists only a small group of `` Slavophone Hellenes '' or `` bilingual Greeks '' , who speak Greek and `` a local Slavic dialect '' but have a `` Greek national consciousness '' . Thus from the Greek nationalist perspective the use of the term `` Macedonian '' by the `` Slavs of Skopje '' constitutes a `` felony '' , an `` act of plagiarism '' against the Greek people . Greek nationalists believe that , by calling themselves `` Macedonians '' , the ethnic Macedonians are `` stealing '' a Greek name , `` embezzling '' Greek cultural heritage , and `` falsifying '' Greek history . Greek fears that the use of the name `` Macedonia '' by the ethnic Macedonians will inevitably lead to the assertion of irredentist claims to territory in Greek Macedonia are heightened by fairly recent historical events . From a different point of view , Demetrius Andreas M. - A. Floudas , of Hughes Hall , Cambridge , a leading commentator on the naming dispute from the Greek side , sums up this nationalistic reaction as follows : the Republic of Macedonia was accused of usurping the historical and cultural patrimony of Greece `` in order to furnish a nucleus of national self - esteem for the new state and provide its citizens with a new , distinct , non-Bulgarian , non-Serbian , non-Albanian identity '' . The Republic emerged thus to Greek eyes as a country with a personality crisis , `` a nondescript parasitic state '' that lived off the history of its neighbours , because it allegedly lacked an illustrious past of its own , for the sake of achieving cohesion for what Greeks regarded as an `` unhomogeneous little new nation '' . Floudas criticizes Greek stance as follows : What appeared to go unquestioned in Greece nevertheless was whether there was indeed substance in the claims of FYROM that their citizens do feel members of a distinct ' Macedonian ' nationality . To answer this appropriately , neither the decades of persistent indoctrination ( during Tito 's time ) should be left out of consideration , nor Greece 's violent struggle since 1991 in contrast to her complacency for the 45 years before this . If it was a common bond that the people in Skopje wanted , they found it by claiming this name and rallying the whole population in a united resistance front under a common cause against pugnacious Greece . After this bitter and protracted struggle , even the ones in FYROM who might have not initially been infused with any distinct Macedonian ethnic identity must be feeling very Macedonian now , thanks to Greece As of early 2008 , the official position of Greece , adopted unanimously by the four largest political parties , has made a more moderate shift towards accepting a `` composite name solution '' ( i.e. the use of the name `` Macedonia '' plus some qualifier ) , so as to disambiguate the former Yugoslav Republic from the Greek region of Macedonia and the wider geographic region of the same name . Names in the languages of the region ( edit ) Albanian : Maqedonia Armenian : Մակեդոնիա ( Makedonia ) Aromanian : Machidunia / Machedonia Bulgarian : Македония ( Makedonia ) Georgian : მაკედონია ( Makedonia ) Greek : Μακεδονία ( Makedonia ) Ladino : Makedonia , מקדוניה ‎ Macedonian : Македонија ( Makedonija ) Romany : Makedoniya Serbian : Македонија , Makedonija Serbian ( archaic ) : Маћедонија , Maćedonija Turkish : Makedonya Terminology by group ( edit ) All these controversies have led ethnic groups in Macedonia to use terms in conflicting ways . Despite the fact that these terms may not always be used in a pejorative way , they may be perceived as such by the ethnic group to which they are applied . Both Greeks and ethnic Macedonians generally use all terms deriving from Macedonia to describe their own regional or ethnic group , and have devised several other terms to disambiguate the other side , or the region in general . Bulgarians and ethnic Macedonians seek to deny the self - identification of the Slavic speaking minority in northern Greece , which mostly self - identifies as Greek . Extremists on all sides have been known to fabricate and reproduce falsified information , along with denying genuine information and propagating unscientific and pseudoscientific theories . Certain terms are in use by these groups as outlined below . Any denial of self - identification by any side , or any attribution of Macedonia related terms by third parties to the other side , can be seen as highly offensive . General usage of these terms follows : Bulgarian ( edit ) Gărkomani ( Гъркомани ) is a derogatory term used to refer to the largest portion of the Slavic - speaking minority of Macedonia in Greece who self - identify as Greeks . Macedonian ( Македонец ) is a person originating from the region of Macedonia -- the term has only regional , not ethnic meaning , and it usually means a Bulgarian , or a clarification is made ( Greek , Albanian ... ) . Macedonian ( Македонски ) and the Slavic dialects of Greece are considered dialects of Bulgarian by Bulgarian linguists ; not independent languages or dialects of other languages ( e.g. Serbian ) . This is also the popular view in Bulgaria . The Bulgarian government , therefore , has officially recognized the language merely as `` the constitutional language of the Republic of Macedonia '' . Translations are officially called `` adaptations '' . Macedonism ( Македонизъм ) is the political ideology or simply views that the Slavs of Macedonia are an ethnic group separate from Bulgarians , with their own separate language , history and culture . It is also used to describe what Bulgarians view as the falsification of their history whether by Macedonian or foreign scholars who subscribe to the Macedonist point of view . It carries strong negative connotations . Macedonistics ( Македонистика ) is a term , generally synonymous with disciplines such as study of the origins of the Macedonian language and history of the Macedonian people conducted in the Republic of Macedonia and in former Yugoslavia . It is generally considered in Bulgaria to be a kind of pseudoscience . Macedonist ( Македонист ) is a person ( typically Macedonian Slav ) who believes that Macedonian Slavs are not ethnic Bulgarians but a separate ethnic group , directly descended from the ancient Macedonians . It is a more negatively charged synonym of `` Macedonian nationalist '' . More rarely it is used for someone associated with the study of the origins of the Macedonian language and history of the Macedonian people ( not necessarily from the Republic of Macedonia or Yugoslavia ) , whose studies support the official historical doctrine of the Republic of Macedonia or former Yugoslavia . Sărbomani ( Сърбомани ) is a derogatory term used to refer to people in the Republic of Macedonia self - identifying as Serbian , or having a pro-Serb orientation . It is also used pejoratively by Bulgarians to refer to Macedonians who refuse the Bulgarian national idea . Old Bulgarian ( Старобългарски ) is the name Bulgarians give to the Old Church Slavonic language used in the Ohrid Literary School among others . In contrast , Old Church Slavonic is rarely referred to by ethnic Macedonians as `` Old Macedonian '' or `` Old Slavic '' . Greek ( edit ) Macedonia ( Μακεδονία ) can refer to the region of Macedonia or to Macedonia in Greece depending on the context -- usually the first being disambiguated . Macedonian ( Μακεδόνας ) refers to an ethnically Greek Macedonian . Ancient Macedonian ( Αρχαίος Μακεδόνας ) refers to an Ancient Macedonian . Macedonian Slav , Slavic Macedonian or Slavomacedonian ( Σλαβομακεδόνας ) refers to a member of the Macedonian ethnic group . Macedonian Slavic , Slavic Macedonian or Slavomacedonian ( Σλαβομακεδονικά ) refers to the Macedonian language . Republic of Skopje ( Δημοκρατία των Σκοπίων ) refers to the Republic of Macedonia . State of Skopje ( Κράτος των Σκοπίων ) refers to the Republic of Macedonia . Skopje , or Skopia ( Σκόπια ) refers to either the Republic of Macedonia or its capital city of Skopje . Skopjan , or Skopian ( Σκοπιανός ) refers to a member of the ethnic Macedonian ethnic group living in the Republic or outside it , but not to any group native to Greece . Skopiana or Skopianika ( Σκοπιανά or Σκοπιανικά ) refers to the Macedonian language . Slavophone ( Σλαβόφωνος ) refers to a member of the Slavic speaking minority in Greece . Bulgaroskopian ( Βουλγαροσκοπιανός ) refers to ethnic Macedonians , implying Bulgarians ethnic affiliation . Pseudomacedonian ( Ψευδομακεδόνας ) refers to ethnic Macedonians , and asserts their nationhood is contrived . The last eight terms are often considered offensive in the Republic of Macedonia . Ethnic Macedonian ( edit ) Macedonia ( Македонија ) can refer to either the region of Macedonia or the Republic of Macedonia . Macedonians ( Македонци ) generally refers to the Macedonian ethnic group associated with the Republic of Macedonia , neighbouring countries and abroad . Aegean Macedonia ( Егејска Македонија -- Egejska Makedonija ) refers to Macedonia in Greece ( as defined by the administrative division of Greece ) . Pirin Macedonia ( Пиринска Македонија -- Pirinska Makedonija ) refers to the Blagoevgrad Province of Bulgaria ( as defined by the administrative division of Bulgaria ) . Bugarashi ( бугараши ) or bugarofili ( бугарофили ) are derogatory terms used to refer to people in the Republic of Macedonia self - identifying as Bulgarian , or having a pro-Bulgarian orientation . Egejci ( Егејци ) refers to people living in the Republic of Macedonia and abroad that are originating from Aegean Macedonia ( Greek Macedonia ) , mainly refugees from the Greek Civil War , also knowns as Aegean Macedonians . Grkomani ( гркомани ) is a derogatory term used to refer to the largest portion of the Slavic - speaking minority of Macedonia in Greece who self - identify as Greeks . Srbomani ( србомани ) or srbofili ( србофили ) are derogatory terms used to refer to people in the Republic of Macedonia self - identifying as Serbian , or having a pro-Serb orientation . The first three terms are often considered offensive in Greece . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The constitutional name of the country `` Republic of Macedonia '' and the short name `` Macedonia '' when referring to the country , can be considered offensive by most Greeks , especially inhabitants of the Greek province of Macedonia . The official reasons for this , as described by the Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs , are : `` The choice of the name Macedonia by FYROM directly raises the issue of usurpation of the cultural heritage of a neighbouring country . The name constitutes the basis for staking an exclusive rights claim over the entire geographical area of Macedonia . More specifically , to call only the Slavo - Macedonians Macedonians monopolizes the name for the Slavo - Macedonians and creates semiological confusion , whilst violating the human rights and the right to self - determination of Greek Macedonians . The use of the name by FYROM alone may also create problems in the trade area , and subsequently become a potential springboard for distorting reality , and a basis for activities far removed from the standards set by the European Union and more specifically the clause on good neighbourly relations . The best example of this is to be seen in the content of school textbooks in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia . '' Jump up ^ For an attempt to delineate the boundaries of the region , see Kontogiorgi ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ For the difficulties to determine the national divisions of the population through the Ottoman census , see Jelavich ( 1993 ) . For the Ottoman census and surveys about the population of Macedonia between 1882 -- 1906 , see Shaw ( 1977 ) . Jump up ^ During the Greek Civil War , in 1947 , the Greek Ministry of Press and Information published a book , I Enandion tis Ellados Epivoulis ( `` Designs on Greece '' ) , namely of documents and speeches on the ongoing Macedonian issue , many translations from Yugoslav officials . It reports Josip Broz Tito using the term `` Aegean Macedonia '' on 11 October 1945 in the buildup to the Greek Civil War ; the original document is archived in ' GFM A / 24581 / G2 / 1945 ' . For Athens , the `` new term , Aegean Macedonia '' , ( also `` Pirin Macedonia '' ) , was introduced by Yugoslavs . Contextually , this observation indicates this was part of the Yugoslav offensive against Greece , laying claim to Greek Macedonia , but Athens does not take issue with the term itself . The 1945 date concurs with Bulgarian sources . Further information on this can be found in the article Aegean Macedonia . Jump up ^ Despite a history of use by Bulgarian nationalists , the term `` Pirin Macedonia '' is today regarded as offensive by certain Bulgarians , who assert that it is widely used by Macedonists as part of the irredentist concept of United Macedonia . However , many people in the country also think of the name as a purely geographical term , which it has historically been . Its use is , thus , controversial . Jump up ^ For the conflicts between Serbs and ethnic Macedonians about the Gora region and Proho , see Bugajski ( 1995 ) and Warrander & Knaus ( 2007 ) . ^ Jump up to : Although acceptable in the past , current use of the name `` Slavomacedonian '' in reference to both the ethnic group and the language can be considered pejorative and offensive by ethnic Macedonians living in Greece . The Greek Helsinki Monitor reports : `` ... the term Slavomacedonian was introduced and was accepted by the community itself , which at the time had a much more widespread non-Greek Macedonian ethnic consciousness . Unfortunately , according to members of the community , this term was later used by the Greek authorities in a pejorative , discriminatory way ; hence the reluctance if not hostility of modern - day Macedonians of Greece ( i.e. people with a Macedonian national identity ) to accept it . '' Jump up ^ The abbreviated term `` FYROM '' can be considered offensive when used to refer to the Republic of Macedonia . The spellout of the term , the `` former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia '' , is not necessarily considered offensive , but some ethnic Macedonians may still find it offensive due to their right of self - identification being ignored . The term can also be offensive for Greeks under certain contexts , since it contains the word Macedonia . Jump up ^ Most quotations within the text are from Evangelos Kofos : `` Most precious jewels '' from a Boston Globe article of 5 January 1993 , the others from Nationalism and communism , Thessalonica , 1964 . Jump up ^ Danforth quotes Kofos , telling a foreign reporter , `` It is as if a robber came into my house and stole my most precious jewels -- my history , my culture , my identity . '' Jump up ^ `` During World War II Bulgaria occupied portions of northern Greece , while one of the specific goals of the founders of the People 's Republic of Macedonia in 1944 was `` the unification of the entire Macedonian nation '' , to be achieved by `` the liberation of the other two segments '' of Macedonia . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Μακεδονία , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon , on Perseus Jump up ^ Harper , Douglas . `` Macedonia '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Jump up ^ Beekes , Robert ( 2010 ) , Etymological Dictionary of Greek , II , Leiden , Boston : Brill , p. 894 ^ Jump up to : Wilkinson , H.R. ( 1951 ) . Maps and Politics . Liverpool : Liverpool University Press . pp. ( a ) p. 1 ; ( b ) pp. 2 -- 4 , 99 , 121 ff. ; ( c ) p. 120 ; ( d ) pp. 4 , 99 , 137 ; ( e ) pp. 2 , 4 . LCC DR701. M3 W5 . Jump up ^ Lane Fox , Robin ( 1973 ) . Alexander the Great . London : Allen Lane . pp. 17 , 30 . ISBN 0 - 7139 - 0500 - X . Jump up ^ Rostovtseff , Michael Ivanovitch ( 1926 ) . History of the Ancient World ( translated by James Duff Duff ) . II . Biblo & Tannen Publishers . p. 78 . ISBN 0 - 8196 - 2163 - 3 . 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Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia ( FYROM ) -- The Name Issue . Retrieved July 17 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Poulton ( 2000 ) , p. 14 Jump up ^ Kontogiorgi , Elisabeth ( 2006 ) . `` Macedonia 1870 -- 1922 -- The Regional Context '' . Population Exchange in Greek Macedonia . Oxford University Press . pp. 11 -- 13 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 927896 - 2 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Justin ( 2001 ) . The Ottoman Peoples and the End of Empire . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 340 - 70657 - 0 . Jump up ^ Rossos ( 2008 ) , p. 51 Jump up ^ Wilkinson , H.R. ( 1951 ) . Maps and Politics : a Review of the Ethnographic Cartography of Macedonia . Liverpool : Liverpool University Press . pp. ( a ) p. 1 ; ( b ) pp. 2 -- 4 , 99 , 121 ff. ; ( c ) p. 120 ; ( d ) pp. 4 , 99 , 137 ; ( e ) pp. 2 , 4 . LCC DR701. M3 W5 . Jump up ^ Roessel , David Ernest ( 2002 ) . `` Pet Balkan People '' . In Byron 's Shadow . Oxford University Press . p. 146 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 514386 - 8 . Jump up ^ Erickson , Edward J. 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Skopje : Republic of Macedonia Secretariat of Information . 1997 . p. 14 . ISBN 9989 - 42 - 044 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Official site of the Embassy of the Republic of Macedonia in London '' . An outline of Macedonian history from Ancient times to 1991 . Archived from the original on 13 October 2010 . Retrieved 26 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Floudas , Demetrius Andreas ( 1996 ) . `` A Name for a Conflict or a Conflict for a Name ? An Analysis of Greece 's Dispute with FYROM '' . Journal of Political and Military Sociology. 24 : 285 . Retrieved 24 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia ( FYROM ) -- The Name Issue '' . Hellenic Republic , Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Archived from the original on 8 July 2006 . Retrieved 17 July 2006 . Jump up ^ `` KKE about Kosovo -- FYROM '' ( in Greek ) . Skai News . Retrieved 3 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Shea ( 1997 ) , p. 125 Jump up ^ Arnaiz - Villena , A. ; Dimitroski K. , Pacho A. ; et al. ( 2001 ) . `` HLA genes in Macedonians and the sub-Saharan origin of the Greeks '' . ( theory considered to `` lack scientific merit '' , see below ) . Blackwell Publishing , Inc . pp. 118 -- 127 . doi : 10.1034 / j. 1399 - 0039.2001. 057002118. x . Retrieved 23 July 2006 . Jump up ^ Cavalli - Sforza , Luca , L. ; Risch , N. ; Cavalli - Sforza , L. Luca ( 10 January 2002 ) . `` Comment on the above theory : Dropped genetics paper lacked scientific merit '' . Nature . Nature Publishing Group . 415 ( 6868 ) : 115 . Bibcode : 2002Natur. 415 ... 115R . PMID 11805804 . doi : 10.1038 / 415115b . Retrieved 23 July 2006 . Jump up ^ McKie , Robin ( 25 November 2001 ) . `` Article regarding above theory '' . Journal axes gene research on Jews and Palestinians . London : The Observer International . Retrieved 23 July 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Article : Bulgaria Recognizes Macedonian Language '' ( Press release ) . AIMpress Sofia -- Skopje. 22 February 2006 . Retrieved 25 July 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Rychlík , Jan ( 2007 ) . `` The Consciousness of the Slavonic Orthodox Population in Pirin Macedonia and the Identity of the Population of Moravia and Moravian Slovakia '' . Sprawy Narodowościowe ( 31 ) : 183 -- 197 . Retrieved 11 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Contested Ethnic Identity : The Case of Macedonian Immigrants in Toronto , 1900 - 1996 , Chris Kostov , Peter Lang , 2010 , ISBN 3 - 0343 - 0196 - 0 , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Shea ( 1997 ) , p. 198 ^ Jump up to : Tegopoulos ; Fytrakis , eds. ( 1997 ) . Μείζον Ελληνικό Λεξικό ( `` Mízon Hellinikó Lexikó '' ) . Ekdoseis Armonia A.E. pp. 674 , 1389 . ISBN 960 - 7598 - 04 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` EBLUL and EUROLANG Drop References to `` Slavo - Macedonia Language '' in favor of `` Macedonian Language '' following Criticism by Macedonian Diaspora and Minority Rights NGOs '' ( rtf ) . Greek Helsinki Monitor & Minority Rights Group -- Greece ( MRG - G ) . 13 March 2002 . Retrieved 25 July 2006 . Jump up ^ Nystazopoulou -- Pelekidou , M. ; translated by : Kyzirakos I. ( 1992 ) . The Republic of Skopje and the Northest ( sic ) Geographical Boundaries of Macedonia . The `` Macedonian Question '' : A Historical Review . Ionian University . ISBN 960 - 7260 - 01 - 5 . Retrieved 23 July 2006 . Jump up ^ Archbishop Christodoulos of Athens ( 17 November 2004 ) . `` The Archbishop on the Problem of the Naming of the FYROM '' . Letters . Ecclesia : the official site of the Church of Greece . Retrieved 25 July 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Ο Γιώργος Καρατζαφέρης έβαλε `` στην θέση της '' την Υπουργό Εξωτερικών των Σκοπίων ( in Greek ) . Ελληνικές Γραμμες ( `` Hellenic Lines '' ) . Archived from the original on 1 September 2006 . Retrieved 18 July 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Macedonian in Different Languages '' . geonames.de . Retrieved 19 July 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Hellenic Lines '' ( in Greek ) . Archived from the original on 2 September 2006 . Retrieved 17 July 2006 . Jump up ^ Η επιστροφή των `` Σλαβομακεδόνων '' ( The return of the `` Slavomacedonians '' ) ( in Greek ) . antibaro.gr . Retrieved 10 September 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Maкедонија ( Macedonia ) '' . ЕНЦИКЛОПЕДИЈА Британика ( Encyclopædia Britannica ) ( in Macedonian ) . Скопје : Топер. 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Средба на Македонците од Егејска Македонија во Трново '' ( in Macedonian ) . A1 TV . Retrieved 21 July 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Остварени средби на Претседателот Бранко Црвенковски за време на неговата посета на Канада '' ( in Macedonian ) . Official webpage of the President of the Republic of Macedonia . Archived from the original on 2 February 2008 . Retrieved 21 July 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Кој го ослободи Марјановиќ од вистината ? Кој за што , професорот за `` најодвратните бугараши '' '' ( in Macedonian ) . Tribune . Retrieved 21 July 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Протест на `` Виножито '' и на Македонците Егејци на Меџитлија '' ( in Macedonian ) . A1 TV . Retrieved 21 July 2006 . Jump up ^ Balkanski , Biser . `` Definition of a Gerkoman '' . Canadian Macedonian Internet Community . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 17 July 2006 . Jump up ^ Malinovski , I. ( 23 May 2002 ) . `` '' MARKOVGRAD '' -- Political Thought of the Serbian South `` . Skoplje , FYROM . Retrieved 19 July 2006 . Sources ( edit ) Danforth , Loring M. ( 1995 ) . The Macedonian Conflict : Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 04357 - 4 . Kazhdan , Alexander , ed. ( 1991 ) . Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 504652 - 6 . Poulton , Hugh ( 2000 ) . Who Are the Macedonians ? . Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 21359 - 2 . Roisman , Joseph ; Worthington , Ian ( 2010 ) . A Companion to Ancient Macedonia . John Wiley and Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 7936 - 2 . Rossos , Andrew ( 2008 ) . `` Land and People in the Crossroads '' . Macedonia and the Macedonians . Hoover Press . ISBN 0 - 8179 - 4882 - 1 . Shea , John ( 1997 ) . Macedonia and Greece . McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0228 - 8 . Treadgold , Warren ( 1997 ) . A History of the Byzantine State and Society . Stanford , CA : Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 2630 - 2 . 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who is rosaline and how is she related to the capulets

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Rosaline&oldid=799574985

Rosaline - wikipedia Rosaline Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Rosaline ( disambiguation ) . Rosaline Rosaline in Zeffirelli 's Romeo and Juliet , one of the few films to give her a visible role . Created by William Shakespeare Rosaline ( / ˈrɒzəlɪn / or / ˈrɒzəliːn / ) is an unseen character and niece of Capulet in William Shakespeare 's tragedy Romeo and Juliet ( 1597 ) . Although silent , her role is important . Romeo is at first deeply in love with Rosaline and expresses his dismay at her not loving him back . Romeo first spots Juliet while trying to catch a glimpse of Rosaline at a gathering hosted by the Capulet family . Scholars generally compare Romeo 's short - lived love of Rosaline with his later love of Juliet . The poetry Shakespeare writes for Rosaline is much weaker than that for Juliet . Scholars believe Romeo 's early experience with Rosaline prepares him for his relationship with Juliet . Later performances of Romeo and Juliet have painted different pictures of Romeo and Rosaline 's relationship , as filmmakers have experimented with making Rosaline a more visible character . Contents ( hide ) 1 Role in the play 2 Analysis 2.1 Name 2.2 Rosaline as plot device 2.3 Rosaline and Juliet 3 Performances 4 References Role in the play ( edit ) Before Romeo meets Juliet , he loves Rosaline , Capulet 's niece and Juliet 's cousin . He describes her as wonderfully beautiful : `` The all - seeing sun / ne'er saw her match since first the world begun . '' Rosaline , however , chooses to remain chaste ; Romeo says : `` She hath forsworn to love , and in that vow / Do I live dead that live to tell it now . '' This is the source of his depression , and he makes his friends unhappy ; Mercutio comments : `` That same pale , hard - hearted wench , that Rosaline , torments him so that he will sure run mad . '' Benvolio urges Romeo to sneak into a Capulet gathering where , he claims , Rosaline will look like `` a crow '' alongside the other beautiful women . Romeo agrees , but doubts Benvolio 's assessment . After Romeo sees Juliet his feelings suddenly change : `` Did my heart love till now ? Forswear it , sight / For I ne'er saw true beauty till this night . '' Because their relationship is sudden and secret , Romeo 's friends and Friar Laurence continue to speak of his affection for Rosaline throughout much of the play . Analysis ( edit ) Name ( edit ) `` ... Juliet on the balcony ponders Romeo 's name and likens it to that rose that remains itself whatever it is called . Is Juliet that rose , and , thereby , Rosaline renamed ? '' '' -- Jonathan Goldberg Rosaline is a variant of Rosalind , a name of Old French origin : ( hros = `` horse '' , lind = `` soft , tender '' ) . When it was imported into English it was thought to be from the Latin rosa linda ( `` lovely rose '' ) . Romeo sees Rosaline as the embodiment of the rose because of her name and her apparent perfections . The name Rosaline commonly appears in Petrarchan sonnets , a form of poetry Romeo uses to woo Juliet and to describe both Rosaline and Juliet . Since Rosaline is unattainable , she is a perfect subject for this style ; but Romeo 's attempt at it is forced and weak . By the time he meets Juliet his poetic ability has improved considerably . Gender studies critics have argued that Rosaline 's name suggests that Romeo never really forgets her but rather replaces her with Juliet . Thus , when Juliet cries `` What 's in a name ? A rose by any other name would smell as sweet , '' she is ironically expressing Romeo 's own view of her as a substitute for Rosaline . That is to say , Rosaline , replaced in name only by Juliet , is just as sweet to Romeo . Gender critics also note that the arguments used to dissuade Romeo from pursuing Rosaline are similar to the themes of Shakespeare 's procreation sonnets . In these sonnets Shakespeare urges the man ( who can be equated with Romeo ) to find a woman with whom to procreate -- a duty he owes to society . Rosaline , it seems , is distant and unavailable except in the mind , similarly bringing no hope of offspring . As Benvolio argues , she is best replaced by someone who will reciprocate . Rosaline reveals similarities to the subject of the sonnets when she refuses to break her vow of chastity . Her name may be referred to in the first sonnet when the young man is described as `` beauties Rose . '' This line ties the young man to both Rosaline and Romeo in Juliet 's `` What 's in a name ? '' soliloquy . When Juliet says `` ... that which we call a rose / By any other name would smell as sweet '' , she may be raising the question of whether there is any difference between the beauty of a man and the beauty of a woman . Rosaline is used as a name for only one other Shakespearean character -- the one of the main female figures in Love 's Labours Lost ( 1598 ) , although Rosalind is the name of the main female character in As You Like It . Scholars have found similarities between them : both are described as beautiful , and both have a way of avoiding men 's romantic advances . Rosaline in Love 's Labours Lost constantly rebuffs her suitor 's advances and Romeo 's Rosaline remains distant and chaste in his brief descriptions of her . These similarities have led some to wonder whether they are based on a woman Shakespeare actually knew , possibly the Dark Lady described in his sonnets , but there is no strong evidence of this connection . Rosaline as plot device ( edit ) Analysts note that Rosaline acts as a plot device , by motivating Romeo to sneak into the Capulet party where he will meet Juliet . Without her , their meeting would be unlikely . Rosaline thus acts as the impetus to bring the `` star - cross 'd lovers '' to their deaths -- she is crucial in shaping their fate ( a common theme of the play ) . Ironically , she remains oblivious of her role . Rosaline and Juliet ( edit ) `` Rosaline and Paris ... are the subtlest reflectors of all ... they are cast like a snake 's skin by the more robust reality of Romeo and Juliet . '' -- Ruth Nevo , on the Rosaline - Juliet , Paris - Romeo comparison Literary critics often compare Romeo 's love for Rosaline with his feelings for Juliet . Some see Romeo 's supposed love for Rosaline as childish as compared with his true love for Juliet . Others argue that the apparent difference in Romeo 's feelings shows Shakespeare 's improving skill . Since Shakespeare is thought to have written early drafts of the play in 1591 , and then picked them up again in 1597 to create the final copy , the change in Romeo 's language for Rosaline and Juliet may mirror Shakespeare 's increased skill as a playwright : the younger Shakespeare describing Rosaline , and the more experienced describing Juliet . In this view , a careful look at the play reveals that Romeo 's love for Rosaline is not as petty as usually imagined . Critics also note the ways in which Romeo 's relationship with Rosaline prepares him for meeting Juliet . Before meeting Rosaline , Romeo despises all Capulets , but afterwards looks upon them more favourably . He experiences the dual feelings of hate and love in the one relationship . This prepares him for the more mature relationship with Juliet -- one fraught by the feud between Montagues and Capulets . Romeo expresses the conflict of love and hate in Act 1 , Scene 1 , comparing his love for Rosaline with the feud between the two houses : Here 's much to do with hate , but more with love . Why , then , O brawling love ! O loving hate ! O any thing , of nothing first create ! O heavy lightness ! serious vanity ! Mis - shapen chaos of well - seeming forms ! Feather of lead , bright smoke , cold fire , sick health ! Still - waking sleep , that is not what it is ! This love feel I , that feel no love in this . Dost thou not laugh ? Psychoanalytic critics see signs of repressed childhood trauma in Romeo 's love for Rosaline . She is of a rival house and is sworn to chastity . Thus he is in an impossible situation , one which will continue his trauma if he remains in it . Although he acknowledges its ridiculous nature , he refuses to stop loving her . Psychoanalysts view this as a re-enactment of his failed relationship with his mother . Rosaline 's absence is symbolic of his mother 's absence and lack of affection for him . Romeo 's love for Juliet is similarly hopeless , for she is a Capulet and Romeo pursues his relationship with her ; the difference being that Juliet reciprocates . This does not seem likely seeing as his mother died of grief after his banishment , indicating that she probably loved him deeply . Performances ( edit ) Rosaline has been portrayed in various ways over the centuries . Theophilus Cibber 's 1748 version of Romeo and Juliet replaced references to Rosaline with references to Juliet . This , according to critics , took out the `` love at first sight '' moment at the Capulet feast . In the 1750s , actor and theatre director David Garrick also eliminated references to Rosaline from his performances , as many saw Romeo 's quick replacement of her as immoral . However , in Franco Zeffirelli 's 1968 film version of Romeo and Juliet , Romeo sees Rosaline ( played by Paola Tedesco ) first at the Capulet feast and then Juliet , of whom he becomes immediately enamoured . This scene suggests that love is short and superficial . Rosaline also appears in Renato Castellani 's 1954 film version . In a brief non-Shakespearean scene , Rosaline ( Dagmar Josipovitch ) gives Romeo a mask at Capulet 's celebration , and urges him to leave disguised before harm comes to him . Other filmmakers keep Rosaline off - camera in stricter accordance with Shakespeare 's script . Rosaline also appears in the 2013 film adaptation of Romeo & Juliet . Robert Nathan 's 1966 romantic comedy , Juliet in Mantua , presents Rosaline as a fully developed character . In this sequel , in which Romeo and Juliet did not die , the pair live ten years later in exile in Mantua . After they are forgiven and return to Verona , they learn that Rosaline is now married to County Paris , and both couples must confront their disillusionment with their marriages . Another play , After Juliet , written by Scottish playwright Sharman Macdonald , tells the story of Rosaline after Romeo dies . A main character in this play , she struggles with her loss and turns away the advances of Benvolio , who has fallen in love with her . Macdonald 's daughter , Keira Knightley , played Rosaline in the play 's 1999 premiere . The 2012 young adult novel `` When You Were Mine '' by Rebecca Serle sets Rosaline 's story in a contemporary high school . Rosaline and Romeo ( renamed Rob ) have been best friends since childhood and are just beginning to fall in love when Rosaline 's cousin , Juliet , moves back into town and sets her sights on Rob . Important character in sequel named `` Plague on both your houses ! '' ( 1994 ) by Grigori Gorin . Still Star - Crossed ( 2017 ) -- period drama television series created by Heather Mitchell and based on the book with same name by Melinda Taub . It follows Rosaline ( played by Lashana Lynch ) . She and Benvolio of Montague are betrothed against their will by Prince Escalus , to end the feud between the two families . Both resolve to find a way to end the violence without having the union . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I. 2.99 -- 100 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I. 1.231 -- 232 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. 4.4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I. 2.365 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I. 5.59 -- 60 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Jonathan . Queering the Renaissance . Durham : Duke University Press ( 1994 ) , 221 -- 227 . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 1385 - 5 Jump up ^ `` Rosaline '' . A Dictionary of First Names . Eds . Patrick Hanks , Kate Hardcastle , and Flavia Hodges . Oxford : Oxford University Press ( 2006 ) . Oxford Reference Online . Retrieved 25 June 2007 . Oxford Reference ( Registration required ) Jump up ^ `` Rosalind '' . A Dictionary of First Names . Eds . Patrick Hanks , Kate Hardcastle , and Flavia Hodges . Oxford : Oxford University Press ( 2006 ) . Oxford Reference Online . Retrieved 25 June 2007 . Oxford Reference ( Registration required ) ^ Jump up to : Whittier , Gayle . `` The Sonnet 's Body and the Body Sonnetized in ' Romeo and Juliet ' . '' Shakespeare Quarterly 40.1 ( Apr 1989 ) : 27 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Alan . `` Reading Shakespeare 's Cupid . '' Criticism 47.2 ( Apr 2005 ) : 177 -- 213 . Jump up ^ Act 2 Scene 2 Jump up ^ Clarke , Charles and Mary Clarke . The Shakespeare Key . City : Kessinger Publishing , LLC ( 2007 ) , 651 -- 652 . ISBN 1 - 4304 - 6745 - 2 ^ Jump up to : Gray , Henry David . `` Romeo Rosaline , and Juliet '' . Modern Language Notes 29.7 ( Nov 1914 ) : 209 -- 212 . Jump up ^ Evans , Bertrand . `` The Brevity of Friar Lawrence . '' PMLA 65.5 ( September 1950 ) : 841 -- 865 . Jump up ^ Nevo , Ruth . `` Tragic Form in Romeo and Juliet '' . Elizabethan and Jacobean Drama . Studies in English Literature , 1500 -- 1900 9.2 ( April 1969 ) : 241 -- 258 . Jump up ^ Bowling , Lawrence Edward . `` The Thematic Framework of Romeo and Juliet . '' PMLA 64.1 ( Mar 1949 ) : 208 -- 220 . Jump up ^ Krims , Marvin , `` Romeo 's Childhood Trauma ? -- ' What Fray Was Here ? ' . '' PSYART : A Hyperlink Journal for Psychological Study of the Arts . ( November 1999 ) 3 article no . 991022 . Reprinted in Shakespearean Criticism , Vol. 76 . Jump up ^ Marsden , Jean . The Re-Imagined Text . Lexington : University Press of Kentucky , ( 1995 ) , 87 -- 88 . ISBN 0 - 8131 - 1901 - 4 Jump up ^ Branam , George C. `` The Genesis of David Garrick 's Romeo and Juliet . '' Shakespeare Quarterly 35.2 ( July 1984 ) : 170 -- 179 . Jump up ^ Stone , George Winchester , Jr . `` Romeo and Juliet : The Source of its Modern Stage Career . '' Shakespeare Quarterly 15.2 ( April 1964 ) : 191 -- 206 . Jump up ^ `` Romeo & Juliet ( 1968 ) '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Yahoo !. 2007 . Retrieved 28 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Martin , Jennifer L. `` Tights vs. Tattoos : Filmic Interpretations of ' Romeo and Juliet ' . '' The English Journal 92.1 ( Sep 2002 ) : 41 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Maxwell , Tom ( 20 July 2007 ) . `` Keira 's helpful prompt '' . The Scotsman . Archived from the original on 1 December 2007 . Retrieved 27 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` After Juliet by Sharman McDonald '' . Plays . Acquis . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 27 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Serle , Rebecca . When You Were Mine . New York : Simon Pulse , 2012 . ISBN 1442433132 William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Characters Romeo Juliet Mercutio Tybalt Benvolio Friar Laurence Nurse Paris Rosaline Queen Mab Atomy Sources The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet Pyramus and Thisbe Palace of Pleasure Troilus and Criseyde Ballets Romeo and Juliet ( 1938 , Prokofiev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1962 , Cranko ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , MacMillan ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1977 , Nureyev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , Lavery ) Radio and Juliet ( 2005 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 2007 , Martins ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2008 , Pastor ) Operas Romeo und Julie ( 1776 , Benda ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1796 , Zingarelli ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1825 , Vaccai ) I Capuleti ei Montecchi ( 1830 , Bellini ) Gloria ( 1874 , Cilea ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1867 , Gounod ) A Village Romeo and Juliet ( 1907 , Delius ) Romeo und Julia ( 1940 , Sutermeister ) Musicals The Belle of Mayfair ( 1906 ) West Side Story ( 1957 ) Once on This Island ( 1990 ) Roméo et Juliette , de la Haine à l'Amour ( 2001 ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 2007 ) Classical Beethoven 's String Quartet No. 1 ( c. 1800 ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1839 , Berlioz ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1870 , Tchaikovsky ) On screen 1900 1908 1916 Metro Pictures 1916 Fox 1936 1953 1954 1955 1968 1978 ( TV ) 1992 ( TV ) 2006 2007 2013 Film adaptations English Beneath the 12 - Mile Reef ( 1953 ) Romanoff and Juliet ( 1961 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Gonks Go Beat ( 1965 ) Lonesome Cowboys ( 1968 ) The Secret Sex Lives of Romeo and Juliet ( 1969 ) Romie - 0 and Julie - 8 ( TV ; 1979 ) The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet ( 1982 ) Valley Girl ( 1983 ) Bullies ( 1986 ) China Girl ( 1987 ) Romeo. Juliet ( 1990 ) Tromeo and Juliet ( 1996 ) Love Is All There Is ( 1996 ) Rose by Any Other Name ... ( 1997 ) The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns ( 1999 ) Romeo Must Die ( 2000 ) Brooklyn Babylon ( 2001 ) Pizza My Heart ( TV ; 2005 ) West Bank Story ( 2005 ) Life and Lyrics ( 2006 ) Romeo & Juliet : Sealed with a Kiss ( 2006 ) Rome & Jewel ( 2006 ) David & Fatima ( 2008 ) The Cross Road ( 2008 ) Vicious Circle ( 2008 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Private Romeo ( 2011 ) Warm Bodies ( 2013 ) Make Your Move ( 2013 ) Romeo & Juliet ( 2013 ) Gnomeo & Juliet : Sherlock Gnomes ( 2018 ) Foreign Ambikapathy ( Tamil 1937 ) Romeo and Juliet ( Spanish 1940 ) Les amants de Vérone ( French 1949 ) Romeo , Juliet and Darkness ( Czech 1960 ) Los Tarantos ( Spanish 1963 ) Fury of Johnny Kid ( Italian 1967 ) Ma che musica maestro ( Italian 1971 ) Maro Charitra ( Telugu 1978 ) Mônica e Cebolinha : No Mundo de Romeu e Julieta ( Portuguese 1979 ) Ek Duuje Ke Liye ( Hindi 1981 ) The Sea Prince and the Fire Child ( Japanese 1981 ) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak ( Hindi 1988 ) Saudagar ( Hindi 1991 ) The Phantom Lover ( Mandarin 1995 ) 30 : e november ( Swedish / Spanish 1995 ) Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi ( Telugu 1996 ) Chicken Rice War ( Cantonese / English 2000 ) Kalisundam Raa ( Telugu 2000 ) Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein ( Hindi 2002 ) Bollywood Queen ( English / Hindi 2002 ) Amar te duele ( Spanish 2002 ) Ondagona Baa ( Kannada 2003 ) Mamay ( Ukrainian 2003 ) The District ! ( Hungarian 2004 ) O Casamento de Romeu e Julieta ( Portuguese 2005 ) In Fair Palestine : A Story of Romeo and Juliet ( 2006 ) The Bubble ( Hebrew / Arabic 2006 ) Maro Charitra ( Telugu 2010 ) Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram - Leela ( Hindi 2013 ) Issaq ( Hindi 2013 ) Priyatama ( Marathi 2014 ) Arshinagar ( Bengali 2015 ) TV series Sons and Daughters ( 1982 ) Family and Friends ( 1990 ) Villa Quintana ( 1995 ) Yo amo a Paquita Gallego ( 1998 ) Skin ( 2003 ) A Touch Away ( 2006 ) Dangerous ( 2007 ) Romeo × Juliet ( 2007 ) Romeo y Julieta ( 2007 ) Saints & Sinners ( 2007 ) Harina de otro costal ( 2010 ) Villa Quintana ( 2013 ) Westside ( 2013 pilot ) Star - Crossed ( 2014 ) Still Star - Crossed ( 2017 ) Plays Romanoff and Juliet ( 1956 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2013 ) Songs Lan và Điệp ( 1930s ) `` Montagues and Capulets '' ( 1935 ) `` Fever '' ( 1956 ) Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) `` ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper '' ( 1976 ) `` Angelo '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1981 ) `` Cherish '' ( 1989 ) `` Amor Prohibido '' ( 1994 ) `` Kissing You '' ( 1996 ) `` Exit Music '' ( 1997 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1998 ) `` Starcrossed '' ( 2004 ) `` Peut - être toi '' ( 2006 ) `` Mademoiselle Juliette '' ( 2007 ) `` Love Story '' ( 2008 ) `` Love Me Again '' ( 2013 ) Albums Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) Romeo & Julia ( 2006 ) Tragic Lovers ( 2008 ) Literature Les Chouans The Wandering Jew ( 1844 ) The Stolen Dormouse ( 1941 ) The Faraway Lurs ( 1963 ) Romiette and Julio ( 2001 ) New Moon ( 2006 ) Warm Bodies ( 2010 ) Art Romeo and Juliet : the Tomb Scene ( 1790 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1978 ) Phrases `` Star - crossed '' `` A rose by any other name would smell as sweet '' Story within a story Nicholas Nickleby 1912 film 1947 film 1980 play 2001 film 2002 film The Picture of Dorian Gray 1910 film 1913 film 1915 film 1916 film 1917 film 1918 film 1945 film 1976 TV special 2009 film Harlequinade W Juliet `` Nothing Broken but My Heart '' Panic Button Bare : A Pop Opera `` '' Into the Light '' Bolji život The Sky Is Everywhere Pay as You Exit The White Mercedes She Died a Lady `` Moonshine River '' Rendez - vous Fame `` I Am Unicorn '' The Frog Prince Molly Smart Girls Get What They Want Tumbleweeds `` The Thief of Baghead '' The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke Prince Charming Km. 0 Phileine Says Sorry Hamateur Night `` Say You 'll Be Mine '' Into the Gauntlet Wandering Son K - On ! Foreign stories Adam Khan and Durkhanai Tum Teav Yusuf Khan and Sherbano Solomon & Gaenor Butterfly Lovers Hani and Sheh Mureed Lục Vân Tiên film Teav Aek Layla and Majnun Lovers of Teruel film Lord Saltoun and Auchanachie Ishaqzaade Other Such Tweet Sorrow Romeo and Juliet effect After Juliet `` Upper West Side Story '' ( 2012 ) Millennium Dome Show Inge Sylten and Heinz Drosihn Boys Do n't Cry My Wedding and Other Secrets Donkey in Lahore Upside Down Letters to Juliet Book : Romeo and Juliet Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rosaline&oldid=799574985 '' Categories : Fictional characters introduced in 1597 Fictional Italian people in literature Unseen characters Female Shakespearean characters Characters in Romeo and Juliet Fictional nobility Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2017 Use dmy dates from September 2017 Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 September 2017 , at 15 : 13 . 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who talks for simba in the lion king

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Simba&oldid=844352160

Simba - wikipedia Simba For other uses , see Simba ( disambiguation ) . Simba The Lion King character Simba as he appears as a cub in the first film First appearance The Lion King ( 1994 ) Created by Irene Mecchi Jonathan Roberts Linda Woolverton Voiced by Matthew Broderick ( adult , in 3 films ) Jonathan Taylor Thomas ( cub ) Joseph Williams ( singing , adult ) Jason Weaver ( singing , cub ) Matt Weinberg ( cub in The Lion King 11⁄2 ) Cam Clarke ( various sequels and merchandise ) Rob Lowe ( The Lion Guard ) Donald Glover ( adult in The Lion King ( 2019 film ) JD McCrary ( cub in The Lion King ( 2019 film ) Information Species Lion Gender Male Family Mufasa ( father , deceased ) Sarabi ( mother ) Bunga ( adoptive brother ) Sarafina ( mother - in - law ) Kovu ( son - in - law ) Spouse ( s ) Nala ( wife ) Children Kopa ( son ) Kiara ( daughter ) Kion ( son ) Relatives Scar ( uncle , deceased ) Simba is a fictional character who appears in Disney 's The Lion King franchise . Introduced in Walt Disney Animation 's 32nd animated feature film The Lion King ( 1994 ) , the character subsequently appears in its sequels The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) and The Lion King 11⁄2 ( 2004 ) as well as the upcoming 2019 remake of the original film directed by Jon Favreau . Simba was created by screenwriters Irene Mecchi , Jonathan Roberts and Linda Woolverton . While Mark Henn served as Simba 's supervising animator as a cub , Ruben A. Aquino animated the character as he appears as an adult . Although considered an original character , Simba was inspired by the character Bambi from Disney 's Bambi ( 1942 ) , as well as the stories of Moses and Joseph from the Bible . Additionally , several similarities have been drawn between Simba and Prince Hamlet from William Shakespeare 's Hamlet . In 1997 , The Lion King was adapted into a Broadway musical , with actors Scott Irby - Ranniar and Jason Raize originating the roles of the cub and adult Simbas , respectively . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 Development 2.1 Conception 2.2 Voice 2.3 Characterization and animation 3 Appearances 3.1 The Lion King 3.2 The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride 3.3 The Lion King 11⁄2 3.4 The Lion King ( 2019 ) 3.5 Timon & Pumbaa and television 3.6 The Lion Guard 3.7 Broadway musical 3.8 Miscellaneous 3.8. 1 Books 3.8. 2 Merchandising and video games 3.8. 3 Walt Disney Parks and Resorts 4 Reception and legacy 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Impact and popularity 5 References Name ( edit ) The word ' simba ' is a Swahili word for the lion . It also has other definitions , such as ' king ' . Development ( edit ) Conception ( edit ) Simba was framed for this terrible murder , and on the one hand you can say it was n't his fault , but he was n't a stand - up guy , so a little bit of the theme of the movie is you have to stand up for yourself if you know you 're right . So that idea of redemption , that idea of that day in your life that you have to take responsibility for yourself , that you 're no longer a child , you 're an adult , all those themes resonated with us when we were making the movie and , thankfully , the audience appreciated them , as well . -- Producer Don Hahn on Simba 's role in the film . The idea for The Lion King originated from Disney chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg in 1989 and was originally conceived under the title King of the Jungle . The story , which has been compared to Bambi ( 1942 ) , was jokingly referred to as `` Bambi in Africa '' because of the similarities between the two films and their respective main characters . Co-director Rob Minkoff said that both films are `` more true - life adventure than mythical epic . '' Though considered an original coming - of - age story that follows the life of Simba as he grows up and `` tak ( es ) on the responsibility of adulthood , '' co-directors Roger Allers and Minkoff drew inspiration from other sources . In particular , the biblical figures Moses and Joseph served as creative inspiration for the character . Producer Don Hahn said that , like them , Simba is `` born into royalty , is then exiled , and has to return to claim ( his ) kingdom . '' Several film and entertainment critics have noted similarities and parallels between the stories of The Lion King and William Shakespeare 's tragedy Hamlet , and their protagonists . Allers said that these similarities were not initially intentional and came as a surprise to the filmmakers themselves ; they noticed the similarities only after the story was established and they eventually decided to pursue it . According to Hahn , `` When we first pitched the revised outline of the movie ... someone in the room announced that its themes and relationships were similar to Hamlet . Everyone responded favorably to the idea that we were doing something Shakespearean , so we continued to look for ways to model our film on that all - time classic . '' Screenwriter Jonathan Roberts said that , in a musical , songs are used to convey a character 's emotions and `` I wants . '' Composer Elton John and lyricist Tim Rice wrote the song `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' in order to give Simba a medium through which he can express his desire to become King of the Pride Lands . Roberts said , `` It 's a way for storytellers to move the story and deliver the direction of the character . '' Voice ( edit ) Matthew Broderick . Matthew Broderick provided the speaking voice of Adult Simba . The first actor to be assigned to The Lion King , Broderick learned of the role while he was on vacation in Ireland , where he received a telephone call from his agent informing him that the directors were interested in casting him as Simba . At the time , Broderick was well known for portraying the title character in Ferris Bueller 's Day Off ( 1986 ) . The directors decided to cast him as Simba because they felt that he was `` perfect '' for the role ; according to producer Don Hahn , Broderick 's voice resembled `` the kind of character who could be irresponsible and likeable , but you also felt that he could come back in a very heroic way . '' Jonathan Taylor Thomas , who was starring as Randy Taylor on the television sitcom Home Improvement at the time , was cast as the speaking voice of Young Simba . His appearance and personality would later serve as creative inspiration for supervising animator Mark Henn . Though Broderick is a trained Broadway singer , he was not up to the task , and neither was non-singer Thomas , so Toto lead singer Joseph Williams and actor Jason Weaver were hired to dub their respective singing voices . Williams ' voice is heard on the song `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' . Impressed by Weaver 's performance as a young Michael Jackson in the miniseries The Jacksons : An American Dream , songwriters Elton John and Tim Rice recruited him to record `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' and `` Hakuna Matata '' while the film was still in its early stages of production . As directors , Roger Allers and Rob Minkoff worked closely with the actors in order to ensure credible performances . As is frequently done in animated films , the filmmakers videotaped the actors while they recorded their dialogue , allowing the animators to incorporate their specific mannerisms into the designs of their characters . Characterization and animation ( edit ) When The Lion King was green - lit , its concept and story were not well received by studio employees . To guarantee the release of at least one successful film , Disney CEO Jeffrey Katzenberg divided the studio into two separate projects : The Lion King and Pocahontas ( 1995 ) , with Pocahontas expected to be the more successful of the two . Because of this assumption , the majority of the studio 's more seasoned animators gravitated towards Pocahontas because The Lion King was deemed a `` risk '' , while less experienced animators were assigned to work on The Lion King . Co-director Rob Minkoff received this positively , saying that this decision `` gave a lot of newer animators a chance to step up to leadership roles . '' You ca n't just use your house cat as a model , thinking , `` I can just draw him , only bigger . '' You need to know why a lion is a lion , the difference in movements between a lion , a tiger , a leopard or your house cat . We looked at this film as our Bambi . They had the same approach . Look at the way the deer are drawn in Snow White and the way they drew the deer in Bambi just a few years later . They look like real deer because the artists did their homework . -- Supervising animator Mark Henn on animating Simba . The role of animating Simba was divided between Mark Henn and Ruben A. Aquino . While Henn served as the supervising animator of Simba as a cub , credited as Young Simba , Aquino was placed in charge of animating the character as he appears as an adult . The Lion King was Disney 's first animated feature film to feature absolutely no humans since Robin Hood ( 1973 ) . According to Aquino , animating four - legged creatures is difficult because the artists are faced with the task of drawing `` twice as many legs ... as you do with human characters '' and must also attribute to them both human and animal - like qualities . For assistance , Aquino drew influence from previous animated films that feature four - legged creatures as their main characters , citing Bambi , Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) and The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) as his main sources of inspiration . Simba as he appears as an adult in The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride Before The Lion King , Henn 's experience as a supervising animator was limited to predominantly female characters ; he had just recently completed work on Ariel from The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) , Belle from Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) and Jasmine from Aladdin ( 1992 ) . When he became involved with The Lion King , Henn initially expressed interest in animating the film 's villain , Scar , because he wanted to do `` something different . '' However , producer Don Hahn felt that he was better suited for animating Simba . Henn approaches animating new characters by `` put ( ting himself ) into the character 's situation . '' Simba proved to be a challenge because Henn was faced with the task of creating an animated character who would both appear and behave like a real lion cub . To achieve this , Henn visited zoos , sketched and studied live lion cubs that were brought into the studio for research , and frequently consulted with wildlife experts . When it came time to animate Simba during the `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' musical sequence , Henn felt it essential that the character remain on all fours at all times , despite the fact that he is meant to be dancing . In terms of personality , Henn aimed to depict Simba as a `` cocky , confident character '' at the beginning of the film , who must eventually mature and learn to take responsibility . The animators would often observe and document the voice actors while they recorded their dialogue , using their movements and mannerisms as a visual aid . Actor Jonathan Taylor Thomas , who provided the voice of Young Simba , served as inspiration for the design and personality of Simba . Henn said , `` I loved watching Jonathan Taylor Thomas when he was a boy on Home Improvement , and getting to meet him and observe him . '' Although Aquino was responsible for animating the majority of Simba 's adult sequences , Henn animated the character 's first appearance as an adult that occurs near the end of the `` Hakuna Matata '' musical number . Appearances ( edit ) The Lion King ( edit ) Main article : The Lion King Released in theaters in 1994 , The Lion King marks Simba 's first appearance . All the animals in the Pride Lands gather at the foot of Pride Rock to commemorate the birth of Simba , who will eventually succeed to the throne and take his father Mufasa 's place as king . Furious by the fact that he is no longer next in line , Simba 's jealous uncle Scar refuses to attend the ceremony . While Simba grows into a rambunctious lion cub who frequently boasts about the fact that he will someday rule over the Pride Lands , Scar secretly plots against him . Scar plots regicide and familicide against Simba and Mufasa by luring Simba into a vast gorge , where he triggers a wildebeest stampede . Notified by Scar that Simba is in danger , Mufasa rushes to his aid and manages to place him safely on a ledge . Weakened and unable to pull himself up the steep slope to safety , Mufasa asks his brother for assistance . However , Scar 's true nature is revealed and he betrays Mufasa , throwing him into the gorge where he is killed by the fall . Convinced by Scar that he is responsible for his father 's death , Simba runs away to a distant jungle where he is befriended by Timon and Pumbaa , who teach him to ignore his past and avoid his responsibilities . There , he grows into a handsome young lion , while Scar wreaks havoc on the Pride Lands . When Simba is discovered by his childhood friend named Nala , she confronts him , warning him of Scar 's tyranny and begging him to return home . Afraid of facing his past , Simba refuses until a wise mandrill named Rafiki leads him to Mufasa 's ghost , who convinces him to return home and reclaim his kingdom from Scar . Simba returns to the Pride Lands and finds them barren because their natural resources have been squandered and abused by Scar . After witnessing Scar strike his mother Sarabi , Simba orders Scar to resign . At first thrown by the fact that he is alive , Scar soon regains composure and forces Simba to reveal that he is responsible for Mufasa 's death , while cornering him at the edge of Pride Rock , hoping to subject him to a similar fate as his father . Having grown overconfident , Scar finally reveals to Simba that he killed Mufasa . Furious , Simba tackles Scar and forces him into announcing this to the pride , initiating a battle between Simba 's pride of lionesses , Timon , Pumbaa and Scar 's army of hyenas . Simba eventually defeats Scar and throws him into a pit , where he is cornered and killed by the hyenas , who overheard Scar blame them for what he 'd done . Simba then takes his rightful place as king . When the kingdom returns to its former glory , the animals welcome the birth of King Simba and Queen Nala 's firstborn . The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( edit ) Main article : The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride A direct - to - video sequel released in 1998 , Simba 's Pride takes place shortly after the events of the first film , depicting Simba and Nala as king and queen of the Pride Lands . In a ceremony at Pride Rock , the Pride Lands commemorate the birth of Simba and Nala 's daughter Kiara , whom Simba is overprotective of . He discovers that Kiara has disobeyed him by visiting the forbidden Outlands , home to an enemy pride of Scar 's followers known as the Outsiders , and befriending a young member of the pride named Kovu . After a close confrontation with Kovu 's mother Zira , the leader of the Outsiders and Scar 's most loyal follower , Simba separates the two and reminds Kiara of her responsibilities as the future queen . Meanwhile , Zira plots to manipulate Kovu to exact revenge on Simba for Scar 's death . Several years later , Simba grants an adolescent Kiara 's request to embark on her first hunt , but has Timon and Pumbaa follow her in secret . Realizing this , Kiara rebels and pursue her hunt outside of the Pride Lands , where she nearly falls victim to a wildfire . Kiara is rescued by Kovu , who returns her to the Pride Lands , which is actually part of Zira 's plan to overthrow Simba . Saying that he has left the Outsiders , Kovu asks Simba to let him join his pride . Simba reluctantly accepts , but distrusts Kovu because of his similarities to Scar , and continues to treat him ruthlessly . That night , Simba has a nightmare about attempting to save his father Mufasa from falling into the stampede but is stopped by Scar who turns into Kovu and throws Simba off the cliff into the stampede . While Kiara and Kovu 's friendship continues to grow , Simba , encouraged by Nala , attempts to show Kovu kindness by spending a day with him . Realizing that Kovu is beginning to side with Simba because of his love for Kiara , Zira ambushes and attacks Simba . Convinced by Zira that Kovu is responsible for the ambush , Simba exiles him and forbids Kiara to see him , but she makes her father realize that he is acting irrationally , before leaving to find Kovu . When a battle ensues between the Pride Landers and the Outsiders , Kiara and Kovu arrive and stop them , with Kiara telling them that they are one . When a furious Zira attacks Simba , she is intercepted by Kiara , causing the two to fall over the edge of a cliff . Having landed safely on a ledge , Kiara offers to help Zira , who is struggling to hang on . However , Zira , consumed by her resentment towards Simba , falls to her death . Simba finally approves of Kiara 's love for Kovu and reconciles with his daughter , and accepts the two lions as the future king and queen of the Pride Lands . The Lion King 11⁄2 ( edit ) Main article : The Lion King 11⁄2 In The Lion King 11⁄2 , a direct - to - video followup released in 2004 , Simba appears as a less prominent character because the film 's primary focus is on Timon and Pumbaa 's behind - the - scenes role and involvement in The Lion King , in which they appear as supporting characters . Although the two films technically share the same story and timeline , the plot of The Lion King 11⁄2 focuses more on Timon and Pumbaa . The meerkat and warthog unknowingly coexist alongside Simba , and the story fills in the two characters ' backstories and events that led up to their long - lasting friendship , coinciding with and often initiating the events that affect Simba 's life during the first film . These events include the commemorative bow that occurs during the opening `` Circle of Life '' musical number and the collapsing of the animal tower that takes place during `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King . '' The film also explores , in further detail , the relationship among the three characters as Timon and Pumbaa struggle to raise Simba as adoptive `` parents '' and disapprove of his relationship with Nala , portraying Simba as he grows from an energetic young lion cub , into an incorrigible teenager and , finally , an independent young lion . The Lion King ( 2019 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Lion King ( 2019 film ) In mid-February 2017 , Donald Glover was cast as adult Simba . On November 1 , 2017 , JD McCrary was cast as young Simba . Timon & Pumbaa and television ( edit ) Main article : Timon & Pumbaa ( TV series ) The success of The Lion King and popularity of its characters led to the production of Timon & Pumbaa , an animated television series starring Timon and Pumbaa . Simba makes several appearances , including one episode in which Timon drags him out to try to revive Pumbaa 's lost memory . In the episode `` Congo On Like This , '' Timon and Pumbaa ( especially Timon ) suspect that Simba has reverted to his carnivorous nature . The episode `` Shake Your Djibouti '' again features Simba , when Timon and Pumbaa are forced to train him to protect them from a laboratory monster . Another episode , entitled `` Rome Alone , '' shows Simba being captured by Romans and forced into gladiatorial battle with another lion named Claudius . Simba makes brief appearances in `` Once Upon a Timon '' , `` Zazu 's Off - By - One Day '' , and `` Beethoven 's Whiff '' . He also appears in a music video of `` The Lion Sleeps Tonight '' . Simba was featured as a guest in the animated series House of Mouse , in which he alternates between cub and adult . The Lion Guard ( edit ) Main article : The Lion Guard In January 2016 , a new series called The Lion Guard premiered , following a television pilot film The Lion Guard : Return of the Roar in November 2015 . Set within the time gap in The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride , it features Kion who is the son and youngest child of Simba and Nala , who as the second - born cub , is tasked with assembling a team to protect the Pride Lands . Broadway musical ( edit ) Main article : The Lion King ( musical ) The success of The Lion King led to the production of a Broadway musical based on the film . Directed by Julie Taymor , with a book by Irene Mecchi and Roger Allers , The Lion King premiered at the New Amsterdam Theatre on November 13 , 1997 , where it ran for nine years until being moved to the Minskoff Theatre on June 13 , 2006 . The role of Simba was originated by Scott Irby - Ranniar and Jason Raize , with Irby - Ranniar portraying Young Simba and Raize portraying Adult Simba . Raize auditioned for the role of Adult Simba after hearing that Taymor was looking to cast an actor who was of `` unidentifiable ethnicity . '' Raize revealed in an interview that there was a lot of competition for the role because the musical required `` triple - threat work -- singing , dancing and acting -- that you do n't get to such an extent in other shows . It was more the sense of who can take the challenge and not be daunted by the task . '' Raize , who instantly felt that he `` had a connection with Simba , '' eventually won the role with the approval of Taymor and choreographer Garth Fagan , with Fagan admiring the fact that Raize was `` willing to try , to fail , and then to try again . '' Once cast , Raize found it difficult to maintain Taymor 's `` sense of duality '' because Simba is `` both man and beast . '' He said , `` The tendency is to sacrifice one for the other , but you ca n't . '' Although hundreds of children auditioned for the role of Young Simba , the casting process was far less grueling for Irby - Ranniar who , according to Taymor , simply `` walked in and he had the part . '' Miscellaneous ( edit ) Books ( edit ) In 1994 , a six - volume book set titled The Lion King : Six New Adventures were released . Set after the events of the first film , they featured a cub named Kopa , who was the son of Simba and Nala . Merchandising and video games ( edit ) As part of the franchise 's merchandising , Simba has appeared in various The Lion King - related products . The character 's likeness has been used in and adapted into a variety of items , including plush toys and figurines , clothing , bedding , household decor and appliances . The success of the Broadway musical has also led to its own line of merchandising , including the Simba beanbag doll , based on the character 's appearance and costume in the Broadway show . Since the film 's 1994 debut , Simba has appeared as a playable character in a variety of video game releases , both directly and indirectly associated with the franchise . The character 's first appearance as a video game character was in The Lion King , which was released by Virgin Interactive on November 1 , 1994 , for the video game platforms Super Nintendo Entertainment System , Sega Game Gear , Nintendo Entertainment System and PC . The game follows the plot of the original film and features Simba as both a cub and an adult . On December 28 , 2000 , Activision released The Lion King : Simba 's Mighty Adventure for Game Boy Color and PlayStation . The game encompasses 10 levels and incorporates the plot of both The Lion King and The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride as `` Simba ... matures from a precocious cub to an adult lion . '' Simba also appears as a playable character in Disney Interactive Studios ' Disney 's Extreme Skate Adventure , released on September 3 , 2003 , for Game Boy Advance , PlayStation 2 , GameCube and Xbox , and Disney Friends , released for Nintendo DS on February 26 , 2008 . Additionally , Simba appears in the Square Enix Kingdom Hearts video game franchise as a friend and ally of the series ' main character , Sora . Walt Disney Parks and Resorts ( edit ) Live versions of Simba appear in the Lion King musical and in the parades and shows at the Walt Disney Parks and Resorts . Simba was also the main character in `` Legend of the Lion King , '' a former Fantasyland attraction in Walt Disney World 's Magic Kingdom , which retold the story of the film using fully articulated puppets . Other Disney attractions that have featured Simba include the Mickey 's PhilharMagic 3D show and the Hong Kong Disneyland version of It 's a Small World . He appeared as one of the main characters at Epcot 's Land Pavilion 12 - minute edutainment film Circle of Life : An Environmental Fable , until its closure in 2018 . He currently appears in animatronic form in Festival of the Lion King at Disney 's Animal Kingdom . Reception and legacy ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Actor Matthew Broderick was praised for his performance as Simba . Although The Lion King itself has garnered universal acclaim from film critics , reception towards Simba has been generally mixed . The Christian Science Monitor 's David Sterritt hailed Simba as `` a superbly realized character , '' specifically praising the scene in which the character `` faces discipline by his dad after his adventure with the hyenas . '' Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly wrote that Simba `` has been given a marvelously expressive face '' to the point of which `` He seems more human than the Ken and Barbie types featured in Aladdin and The Little Mermaid . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone described `` the father - son relationship '' shared by Simba and Mufasa as `` movingly rendered , '' while About. com 's David Nusair wrote , `` it 's the touching father / son stuff that lies at the heart of the movie that cements The Lion King 's place as an utterly timeless piece of work . '' James Berardinelli of ReelViews enjoyed the fact that the film focuses more on the story of Simba himself as opposed to the romantic relationship developing between the character and Nala . However , Berardinelli criticized Matthew Broderick 's vocal performance , describing it as `` nondescript . '' Rob Humanick of Slant Magazine hailed the fact that `` it 's never laid on ( Simba ) that his time as king will directly correspond with the eventual passing of his father '' as one of the film 's `` most important facets . '' However , he criticized The Lion King 's characters , describing them as well - designed but `` lazy and troublesome . '' The Austin Chronicle 's Robert Faires felt that Simba and the other Lion King characters , though `` true '' , were simply unoriginal retreads of preceding animated characters who were `` swiped from other Disney cartoons . '' Hal Hinson of The Washington Post gave the character a negative review . Labeling Timon and Pumbaa the only interesting characters in The Lion King , Hinson questioned Simba 's role as the film 's hero . Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times agreed , `` A movie 's heroes may have their names above the title , but often as not it 's the sidekicks who get the real work done . '' Turan went on to pan Simba , describing him as `` irritatingly callow . '' Chris Hick of the Deseret News complained about the fact that Simba and the other `` characters in The Lion King are not as warm and fuzzy as other Disney animated features , '' crediting this with making `` the film a bit tougher to warm ( up ) to . '' ComingSoon.net strongly panned Simba as a lead character , writing , `` typically for Disney animated fare , it 's the hero who is the weak link being both blandly designed and blandly performed . '' Acknowledging the character 's Shakespearean origins , The Baltimore Sun 's Stephen Hunter gave Simba a negative review , writing , `` Alas ... Simba stands in for Hamlet , but he 's a lot less complicated ; in fact , he 's less complicated than Morris the Cat or Sylvester . '' Hunter continued , `` Simba the Exile is even less interesting than Simba the Prince . '' Christopher Null of Contactmusic.com was critical of Weaver 's performance as the singing voice of Young Simba , writing , `` If there 's anything annoying about the film , it 's the singing . Young Simba sounds like a young Michael Jackson ... You almost do n't want him to succeed . '' However , Null reacted more positively towards Broderick 's performance . Despite the character 's mixed reception , several critics have awarded specific praise to Broderick for his portrayal of Simba , including the San Francisco Chronicle 's Peter Stack and The Washington Post 's Desson Howe . Annette Basile of Filmink described Broderick 's performance as `` excellent , '' while Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian called it `` sumptuous . '' Digital Spy 's Mayer Nissim described Broderick 's portrayal of Simba as `` wonderful . '' Impact and popularity ( edit ) During the film 's opening number , `` Circle of Life '' , Rafiki introduces a newborn Simba to the crowd of animals gathered at the foot of Pride Rock by holding him high above their heads while parents Mufasa and Sarabi look on . Since the film 's 1994 release , this scene has grown to iconic status . In November 2002 , singer Michael Jackson sparked controversy by holding his son over the protective railing of a hotel balcony in Berlin . The event was witnessed by a large crowd of spectators who were watching from below . Some sources have claimed that Jackson was harmlessly attempting to emulate the scene from The Lion King . When Kate Middleton , Duchess of Cambridge went into labor with hers and Prince William 's baby in July 2013 , the idea that the couple should reenact the famous scene from The Lion King became quite popular among Twitter users . Radio journalist Darren Simpson reportedly tweeted , `` when your baby arrives please re-enact the scene from the Lion King '' . Shortly after Middleton gave birth to a boy , England native Tommy Peto initiated a petition asking the couple to welcome their baby by having the Archbishop of Canterbury emulate the scene by holding him over the balcony of Buckingham Palace . Ultimately , the idea was deemed `` outside the responsibility of the government '' and was declined . The scene has found itself the subject of both reference and parody in various forms of media , such as in the film George of the Jungle ( 1997 ) . In what is almost an exact replica of the scene , George , portrayed by actor Brendan Fraser , takes the place of both Rafiki and Mufasa by standing at the tip of Pride Rock and presenting his young son to a crowd of onlooking animals , accompanied by wife Ursula , portrayed by Leslie Mann . During the third season finale of Once Upon a Time , the main character Emma Swan asked her parents Snow White and David Nolan if they were going to hold up her yet unnamed baby brother like in The Lion King . Since the release of The Lion King in 1994 , the name `` Simba '' has increased in use and popularity among dog and cat owners . According to Comcast in 2010 , the use of Simba as a dog name reemerged in popularity in 2009 after experiencing a noticeable decline in 2001 , ranking the name ninth out of 10 on its list of `` Top 10 Trendiest Dog Names of the Year . '' In May 2013 , Yahoo ! Lifestyle included the name on its list of `` Trendiest Dog Names . '' According to YouPet , Simba is the 17th most popular cat name out of 100 candidates . Care2 included Simba in its article `` All - around Cool Cat Names , '' while DutchNews.nl reported that Simba ranks among the country 's most popular cat names as of July 2013 . In its list of `` Top Popular Pet Names , '' BabyNames.com placed Simba at number 64 on its list of most popular dog names out of the 100 that were considered . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brakefield , Tom ( 1993 ) . `` Sociable Simba '' . Big Cats : Kingdom of Might . Voyageur Press . p. 55 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89658 - 329 - 0 . 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Foreword . Parody As Film Genre : `` Never Give a Saga an Even Break '' . United States : Greenwood Publishing Group . p . XV . ISBN 978 - 0313261862 . Retrieved 29 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Weisman , Sam ( director ) ( June 16 , 1997 ) . George of the Jungle ( Motion picture ) . United States : Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . Jump up ^ Once Upon a Time , Season 3 , `` Snow Drifts '' Jump up ^ `` VetStreet.com : Top 10 Trendiest Dog Names of the Year '' . Comcast . Comcast . 2010 . Retrieved 6 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Trendiest dog names '' . Yahoo ! Lifestyle . Yahoo ! 7 . May 24 , 2013 . Retrieved 6 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cat Names '' . YouPet , LLC . Retrieved 29 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Udell , Cherise ( December 2 , 2012 ) . `` Cool Cat Names : Vote for Your Favorite '' . Care2 . Care2.com , Inc . Retrieved 29 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Luna most popular name for Dutch dogs and cats '' . DutchNews.nl . DutchNews.nl . July 2 , 2013 . Retrieved 29 July 2013 . 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Retrieved 29 July 2013 . hide The Lion King Films The Lion King ( 1994 ) The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride The Lion King 11⁄2 The Lion King ( 2019 ) Theater The Lion King Television or short films Timon & Pumbaa episodes Wild About Safety The Lion Guard episodes Characters Simba Timon and Pumbaa Nala Scar Music The Lion King `` Circle of Life '' `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' `` Be Prepared '' `` Hakuna Matata '' `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' The Lion King musical `` Endless Night '' `` The Madness of King Scar '' `` Shadowland '' Other Return to Pride Rock `` Love Will Find a Way '' Rhythm of the Pride Lands `` He Lives in You '' Video games The Lion King ( 1994 ) Disney 's Animated Storybook : The Lion King ( 1994 ) Timon & Pumbaa 's Jungle Games ( 1996 ) The Lion King : Simba 's Mighty Adventure ( 2000 ) The Lion King 11⁄2 ( 2003 ) Attractions Circle of Life : An Environmental Fable The Legend of the Lion King Festival of the Lion King The Lion King Celebration Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simba&oldid=844352160 '' Categories : The Lion King characters Kingdom Hearts characters Fictional lions Fictional princes Fictional kings Fictional tribal chiefs Fictional outlaws Fictional characters introduced in 1994 Child characters in animated films Male characters in animation Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Good articles All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Čeština Español فارسی Français ગુજરાતી 한국어 Italiano עברית മലയാളം Nederlands Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi தமிழ் Українська اردو 粵語 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 June 2018 , at 10 : 41 . 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what were the original casinos in las vegas

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Las_Vegas_Strip&oldid=807418182

Las Vegas Strip - wikipedia Las Vegas Strip Jump to : navigation , search `` Vegas Strip '' and `` The Strip '' redirect here . For the TV series , see Vegas Strip ( TV series ) . For other uses , see The Strip ( disambiguation ) . Las Vegas Strip The Strip South Las Vegas Boulevard Clockwise from top : Las Vegas Boulevard , CityCenter , New York - New York , MGM Grand Las Vegas , The Venetian Las Vegas , Bally 's Las Vegas & Paris Las Vegas , Bellagio Length 4.2 mi ( 6.8 km ) 36 ° 07 ′ 11 '' N 115 ° 10 ′ 21 '' W  /  36.119684 ° N 115.172599 ° W  / 36.119684 ; - 115.172599 South end Russell Road North end Sahara Avenue The Las Vegas Strip is a stretch of South Las Vegas Boulevard in Clark County , Nevada , known for its concentration of resort hotels and casinos . The Strip is approximately 4.2 miles ( 6.8 km ) in length , located immediately south of the Las Vegas city limits in the unincorporated towns of Paradise and Winchester . However , the Strip is often referred to as being in Las Vegas . Many of the largest hotel , casino , and resort properties in the world are located on the Las Vegas Strip . Its cityscape is highlighted by its use of contemporary architecture , lights and wide variety of attractions . Its hotels , casinos , restaurants , residential high - rises , entertainment offerings , and skyline have established the Las Vegas Strip as one of the most popular and iconic tourist destinations in the United States , and the world . Most of the Strip has also been designated an All - American Road , and is considered a scenic route at night . Contents ( hide ) 1 Boundaries 2 History 2.1 Early years ( 1930s -- 1990s ) 2.2 Recent years ( 2000 -- present ) 2.3 Future developments 3 Transportation 3.1 Pedestrian traffic 4 Attractions on the Strip 4.1 Golf 4.2 Amusement parks and rides 4.3 Shopping 4.4 Entertainment 4.5 Venues 5 Locations of major landmarks 5.1 Current landmarks 5.2 Former hotel / casino locations 6 Demolished or closed Strip casinos and hotels 7 Gallery 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Boundaries ( edit ) looking north , 2013 Looking south Historically , the casinos that were not in Downtown Las Vegas along Fremont Street were limited to outside the city limits on Las Vegas Boulevard . In 1959 , the Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign was constructed exactly 4.5 miles ( 7.2 km ) outside the city limits . The sign is today located in the median just south of Russell Road , across from the now - demolished Klondike Hotel & Casino , about 0.4 miles ( 0.64 km ) south of the southernmost entrance to Mandalay Bay ( the southernmost casino ) . In the strictest sense , `` the Strip '' refers only to the stretch of Las Vegas Boulevard that is roughly between Sahara Avenue and Russell Road , a distance of 4.2 miles ( 6.8 km ) . However , the term is often used to refer not only to the road but also to the various casinos and resorts that line the road , and even to properties that are not on the road but in proximity . Phrases such as Strip Area , Resort Corridor or Resort District are sometimes used to indicate a larger geographical area , including properties 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) or more away from Las Vegas Boulevard , such as the Hard Rock , Rio , Palms , and Hooters casinos . A long - standing definition considers the Strip 's northern terminus as the SLS , though travel guides typically extend it to include the Stratosphere , 0.4 miles ( 0.64 km ) to the north . Mandalay Bay , located just north of Russell Road , is the southernmost resort considered to be on the Strip ( the Klondike was the southernmost until 2006 , when it was closed , although it was not included in Las Vegas Strip on some definitions and travel guides ) . Because of the number and size of the resorts , the Resort Corridor can be quite wide . Interstate 15 runs roughly parallel and 0.5 to 0.8 miles ( 0.80 to 1.29 km ) to the west of Las Vegas Boulevard for the entire length of the Strip . Paradise Road runs to the east in a similar fashion , and ends at St. Louis Avenue . The eastern side of the Strip is bounded by McCarran International Airport south of Tropicana Avenue . North of this point , the Resort Corridor can be considered to extend as far east as Paradise Road , although some consider Koval Lane as a less inclusive boundary . Interstate 15 is sometimes considered the western edge of the Resort Corridor from Interstate 215 to Spring Mountain Road . North of this point , Industrial Road serves as the western edge . Newer resorts such as South Point and the M Resort are on Las Vegas Boulevard South as distant as 8 miles south of the `` Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas '' sign . Marketing for these casinos usually states that they are on southern Las Vegas Boulevard and not `` Strip '' properties . Southern half of Las Vegas Strip at night with CityCenter construction on the bottom right , 2007 Las Vegas Strip from the south east , 2012 History ( edit ) Early years ( 1930s -- 1990s ) ( edit ) The first casino to be built on Highway 91 was the Pair - o - Dice Club in 1931 , but the first on what is currently the Strip was the El Rancho Vegas , opening on April 3 , 1941 , with 63 rooms . That casino stood for almost 20 years before being destroyed by a fire in 1960 . Its success spawned a second hotel on what would become the Strip , the Hotel Last Frontier , in 1942 . Organized crime figures such as New York 's Bugsy Siegel took interest in the growing gaming center leading to other resorts such as the Flamingo , which opened in 1946 , and the Desert Inn , which opened in 1950 . The funding for many projects was provided through the American National Insurance Company , which was based in the then notorious gambling empire of Galveston , Texas . The Strip in the 1940s . Pictured is the gas station of the Hotel Last Frontier , the second hotel on the Strip . Las Vegas Boulevard South was previously called Arrowhead Highway , or Los Angeles Highway . The Strip was named by Los Angeles police officer and businessman Guy McAfee , after his hometown 's Sunset Strip . Caesars Palace was established in 1966 . In 1968 , Kirk Kerkorian purchased the Flamingo and hired Sahara Hotels Vice President Alex Shoofey as President . Alex Shoofey brought along 33 of Sahara 's top executives . The Flamingo was used to train future employees of the International Hotel , which was under construction . Opening in 1969 , the International Hotel , with 1,512 rooms , began the era of mega-resorts . The International is known as Westgate Las Vegas today . The first MGM Grand Hotel and Casino , also a Kerkorian property , opened in 1973 with 2,084 rooms . At the time , this was one of the largest hotels in the world by number of rooms . The Rossiya Hotel built in 1967 in Moscow , for instance , had 3,200 rooms ; however , most of the rooms in the Rossiya Hotel were single rooms of 118 sq. ft ( roughly 1 / 4 size of a standard room at the MGM Grand Resort ) . On November 21 , 1980 , the MGM Grand suffered the worst resort fire in the history of Las Vegas as a result of electrical problems , killing 87 people . It reopened eight months later . In 1986 , Kerkorian sold the MGM Grand to Bally Manufacturing , and it was renamed Bally 's . The Wet ' n Wild water park opened in 1985 and was located on the south side of the Sahara hotel . The park closed at the end of the 2004 season and was later demolished . The opening of The Mirage in 1989 set a new level to the Las Vegas experience , as smaller hotels and casinos made way for the larger mega-resorts . The Rio and the Excalibur opened in 1990 . These huge facilities offer entertainment and dining options , as well as gambling and lodging . This change affected the smaller , well - known and now historic hotels and casinos , like The Dunes , The Sands , the Stardust , and the Sahara . The lights along the Strip have been dimmed in a sign of respect to six performers and one other major Las Vegas figure upon their deaths . They are Elvis Presley ( 1977 ) , Sammy Davis Jr. ( 1990 ) , Dean Martin ( 1995 ) , George Burns ( 1996 ) , Frank Sinatra ( 1998 ) , former UNLV basketball head coach Jerry Tarkanian ( 2015 ) , and Don Rickles ( 2017 ) . The Strip lights were dimmed later in 2017 as a memorial to victims of a mass shooting at a concert held adjacent to the Strip . In 2005 , Clark County renamed a section of Industrial Road ( south of Twain Avenue ) as Dean Martin Drive , also as a tribute to the famous Rat Pack singer , actor , and frequent Las Vegas entertainer . In an effort to attract families , resorts offered more attractions geared toward youth , but had limited success . The ( current ) MGM Grand opened in 1993 with MGM Grand Adventures Theme Park , but the park closed in 2000 due to lack of interest . Similarly , in 2003 Treasure Island closed its own video arcade and abandoned the previous pirate theme , adopting the new ti name . In addition to the large hotels , casinos and resorts , the Strip is home to a few smaller casinos and other attractions , such as M&M World , Adventuredome and the Fashion Show Mall . Starting in the mid-1990s , the Strip became a popular New Year 's Eve celebration destination . Recent years ( 2000 -- present ) ( edit ) Four - segment panorama of The Cosmopolitan , Bellagio , and Caesars Palace ( left to right ) from the Las Vegas Strip , across from the Bellagio fountains . Gondolas outside of The Venetian . With the opening of Bellagio , Venetian , Palazzo , Wynn and Encore resorts , the strip trended towards the luxurious high end segment through most of the 2000s , while some older resorts added major expansions and renovations , including some de-theming of the earlier themed hotels . High end dining , specialty retail , spas and nightclubs increasingly became options for visitors in addition to gambling at most Strip resorts . There was also a trend towards expensive residential condo units on the strip . In 2004 , MGM Mirage announced plans for CityCenter , a 66 - acre ( 27 ha ) , $7 billion multi-use project on the site of the Boardwalk hotel and adjoining land . It consists of hotel , casino , condo , retail , art , business and other uses on the site . City Center is currently the largest such complex in the world . Construction began in April 2006 , with most elements of the project opened in late 2009 . Also in 2006 , the Las Vegas Strip lost its longtime status as the world 's highest - grossing gambling center , falling to second place behind Macau . In 2012 , the High Roller Ferris wheel and a retail district called The LINQ Promenade broke ground , in an attempt to diversify attractions beyond that of casino resorts . Renovations and rebrandings such as The Cromwell Las Vegas and the SLS Las Vegas continued to transform The Strip in 2014 . The Las Vegas Festival Grounds opened in 2015 . In 2016 , the T - Mobile Arena , The Park , the Lucky Dragon Hotel and Casino , and the Park Theatre opened . Smaller changes and developments are taking place as well . On October 1 , 2017 , a mass shooting incident occurred on the Strip at the Route 91 Harvest country music festival , adjacent to the Mandalay Bay hotel . This incident became the deadliest mass shooting in modern United States history . Future developments ( edit ) CityCenter Las Vegas The Monte Carlo Resort and Casino will undergo a two - year , $450 million makeover to be completed by end of 2018 . The Wynn Resorts board approved phase one of the Wynn Paradise Park . Construction will be phased with the lagoon and beach amenities expected to be completed by early 2019 . Construction of the All Net Resort and Arena is expected to be completed by spring 2020 . Work on the Las Vegas Stadium is planned to begin in 2017 and be completed in time for the 2020 NFL season . Genting Group bought the site of the Stardust in 2013 with plans to build and open Resorts World Las Vegas in 2020 . The unfinished Fontainebleau was sold in August 2017 , but it is not yet known what will happen to it . The unfinished Skyvue ferris wheel is for sale , as is the land of the former La Concha Motel and the site of the New Frontier after plans to build the Alon Las Vegas were abandoned in May 2017 . Transportation ( edit ) The Las Vegas Monorail . RTC Transit ( previously Citizens Area Transit , or CAT ) provides bus service on the Strip with double decker buses known as The Deuce . The Deuce runs between Mandalay Bay at the southern end of the Strip ( and to the Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign and South Strip Transfer Terminal after midnight ) to the Bonneville Transit Center ( BTC ) and the Fremont Street Experience in Downtown Las Vegas , with stops near every casino . RTC also operates an express bus called the Strip and Downtown Express ( SDX ) . This route connects the Strip to the Las Vegas Convention Center and Downtown Las Vegas to the north , with stops at selected hotels and shopping attractions ( Las Vegas Premium Outlets North & South ) . While not on the Strip itself , the Las Vegas Monorail runs on the east side of the Strip corridor from Tropicana Avenue to Sahara Avenue . Several free trams operate on the west side of the Strip : Mandalay Bay Tram connecting the Mandalay Bay , Luxor , and Excalibur Aria Express connecting the Monte Carlo , Crystals ( also stop for Aria ) , and Bellagio Between Treasure Island and The Mirage Prior to CAT bus service beginning operations in 1992 , mass transit on the Strip was provided by a private transit company , Las Vegas Transit . The Strip route was their only profitable route and supported the whole bus system . The Deuce bus ( CAT Enviro500 ) Aria Express Mandalay Bay Tram Pedestrian traffic ( edit ) The Strip traffic during the day , looking north from the MGM Grand . The strip has a number of pedestrian footbridges . Concerning pedestrian safety and to help alleviate traffic congestion at popular intersections , several pedestrian footbridges were erected in 1990s . Some feature designs that match the theme of the nearby resorts . The Tropicana -- Las Vegas Boulevard footbridges were the first to be installed , and based on the success of this project additional footbridges have been built on Las Vegas Boulevard at the Flamingo Road intersection connecting Bellagio , Caesars Palace , Bally 's , and The Cromwell ; between The Mirage / Treasure Island and The Venetian , and at the Las Vegas Boulevard - Spring Mountain and Sands Avenue intersection connecting the Wynn with the Fashion Show Mall , The Palazzo and Treasure Island . The latest to be completed connects Planet Hollywood , CityCenter and The Cosmopolitan at the Harmon Avenue intersection . According to the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority 's annual Las Vegas Visitor Profile Study , only 36 % of people said they walked around the Strip , a figure that is a drop from 2013 ( 52 % ) . Attractions on the Strip ( edit ) Golf ( edit ) Wynn Golf and Country Club In 2000 , Bali Hai Golf Club opened just south of Mandalay Bay and the Strip . In recent years , all golf courses on the Strip but the Desert Inn Golf Course have been removed to make way for building projects . Even though many golf courses along the Strip were being torn down , such as the Tropicana Country Club and the Dunes golf course , developer Steve Wynn , founder of previously owned Mirage Resorts , purchased the Desert Inn and golf course for his new company Wynn Resorts . The Wynn Golf Club is `` ... the only golf course attached to a resort on the Las Vegas Strip ... '' . In 2005 , he opened Wynn Las Vegas , complete with remodeled golf course providing tee times to hotel guests only . In 2016 , a TopGolf opened near the Strip . Amusement parks and rides ( edit ) The strip is home to many amusement parks and rides . These include : Big Shot X-Scream SkyJump Las Vegas Adventuredome The Roller Coaster High Roller Shopping ( edit ) The Forum Shops at Caesar 's Palace Bonanza Gift Shop is billed as the `` World 's Largest Gift Shop '' , with over 40,000 square feet ( 3,700 m ) of shopping space . The Shoppes at The Palazzo feature luxury stores including the only Barneys New York department store in Las Vegas . Fashion Show Mall is adjacent to Treasure Island and opposite Wynn Las Vegas . Grand Canal Shoppes is a luxury mall connected to The Venetian with canals , gondolas and singing gondoliers . The LINQ Promenade is an open - air retail , dining , and entertainment district located between The Linq and Flamingo resorts that began a soft open in January 2014 . It leads from a Strip - side entrance to the High Roller . Miracle Mile Shops is part of the Planet Hollywood hotel . The Forum Shops at Caesars is a luxury mall connected to Caesars Palace , with more than 160 shops and 11 restaurants . Crystals at CityCenter is a luxury high - fashion mall at CityCenter . Harmon Corner is a three story retail center located next to Planet Hollywood with shops and restaurants . Showcase Mall is next to MGM Grand , and displays a 100 - foot Coca - Cola bottle . The Park , a short east - west street between the Monte Carlo and New York - New York resorts is a park - like boulevard lined with retail shops and restaurants , leading to T - Mobile Arena . Entertainment ( edit ) Nevada National Guard assist with New Year 's Eve security The Las Vegas Strip is well known for its lounges , showrooms , theaters and nightclubs ; most of the attractions and shows on the Strip are located on the hotel casino properties . Some of the more popular free attractions visible from the Strip include the water fountains at Bellagio , the volcano at The Mirage , and the Fall of Atlantis and Festival Fountain at Caesars Palace . There are several Cirque du Soleil shows , such as Kà at the MGM Grand , O at Bellagio , Mystère at Treasure Island , Zumanity ( for ages 18 and older ) at New York - New York , Criss Angel Mindfreak at the Luxor , and Michael Jackson : One at Mandalay Bay . Many notable artists have performed in Las Vegas , including Elvis Presley , Frank Sinatra , Judy Garland , Wayne Newton , Liza Minnelli , Dean Martin , Sammy Davis Jr. and Liberace , and in more recent years Celine Dion , Britney Spears , Barry Manilow , Cher , Elton John , Bette Midler , Donny and Marie Osmond , Garth Brooks , Jennifer Lopez , Reba McEntire , Mariah Carey and Olivia Newton - John have had residencies in the various resorts on the Strip . Currently , the only movie theatre directly on the Strip is the 10 - screen Regal Showcase Theatre in the Showcase Mall next to the MGM Grand ( opened in 1997 and operated by Regal Entertainment Group ) . Gambling has become less of a mainstay in recent years with only 4 % of visitors in 2016 saying they came to Las Vegas to gamble , down from 15 % in 2013 , 12 % in 2014 and 10 % in 2015 . Venues ( edit ) The Strip is home to many entertainment venues . Most of the resorts have a showroom , nightclub and / or live music venue on the property and a few have large multipurpose arenas . Major venues include : All Net Resort and Arena ( planned ) The AXIS The Colosseum at Caesars Palace Las Vegas Festival Grounds Las Vegas Stadium ( planned ) Mandalay Bay Events Center MGM Grand Garden Arena T - Mobile Arena Locations of major landmarks ( edit ) Current landmarks ( edit ) For a full list of hotels on the Strip , see List of Las Vegas Strip hotels . North towards Fremont Street ↑ Stratosphere Aztec Inn Allure , Bonanza Gift Shop Sahara Avenue Sahara Avenue Festival Grounds SLS Hilton Grand Vacations Club All Net Resort and Arena ( construction ) Sky Circus Circus Fontainebleau ( construction ) , Turnberry Slots - A-Fun Global Business District ( construction ) Resorts World ( construction ) Guardian Angel Cathedral Desert Inn Road Desert Inn Road Trump , Alon ( abandoned ) Encore Fashion Show Mall Wynn Spring Mountain Road Sands Avenue Treasure Island Palazzo , Sands Expo Venetian Mirage Casino Royale Harrah 's Linq , High Roller Flamingo Caesars Palace Cromwell , Westin Flamingo Road Flamingo Road Bellagio Bally 's Paris Cosmopolitan Planet Hollywood , Elara Harmon Corner Harmon Avenue Harmon Avenue CityCenter ( Aria , Vdara , Mandarin Oriental ) Grand Chateau , Signature Monte Carlo Showcase Mall T - Mobile Arena , New York - New York MGM Grand Tropicana Avenue Tropicana Avenue Excalibur Tropicana , Hooters Luxor Las Vegas Village Delano , Mandalay Bay Skyvue ( abandoned ) Russell Road The Little Church of the West ↓ Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign South towards Interstate 215 Former hotel / casino locations ( edit ) North towards Fremont Street ↑ Vegas World / Million Dollar Casino Jackpot Casino / Money Tree Casino Holy Cow / Foxy 's Firehouse Sahara Avenue Sahara Avenue El Rancho Vegas Sahara / Club Bingo Wet ' n Wild Thunderbird / Silverbird / El Rancho Riviera Westward Ho La Concha Motel Silver City / Riata Stardust / Royal Nevada Desert Inn Road Desert Inn Road Silver Slipper / Golden Slipper New Frontier / Last Frontier / Frontier Desert Inn Spring Mountain Road Sands Avenue Sands Castaways Nob Hill Casino Holiday Casino , Holiday Inn Flamingo Capri / Imperial Palace / Quad O'Sheas Casino Barbary Coast / Bill 's Flamingo Road Flamingo Road Dunes MGM Grand Aladdin / Tally Ho / King 's Crown Boardwalk Harmon Avenue Marina Tropicana Avenue Tropicana Avenue Hacienda Russell Road Glass Pool Inn Klondike / Kona Kai ↓ South towards Interstate 215 Demolished or Closed Strip casinos and hotels ( edit ) Aladdin Hotel & Casino : Opened in 1963 as the Tally Ho , became the King 's Crown in 1965 , the Aladdin in 1966 , and was demolished in 1998 , and reopened in 2000 . In 2007 , the Aladdin was renamed Planet Hollywood . Big Red 's Casino : Opened in 1981 and closed in 1982 . Property developed for CBS Sports World Casino in 1997 . Changed name to Sports World Casino after CBS threatened to sue . Closed in 2001 , now a shopping center . Barbary Coast Hotel and Casino : Closed in 2007 , now The Cromwell . Boardwalk Hotel and Casino : Closed on January 6 , 2006 , demolished May 9 , 2006 to make way for CityCenter . Castaways Hotel and Casino : Opened in 1957 as the San Souci Hotel and became the Castaways in 1963 and was demolished in 1987 . Now The Mirage . Desert Inn : Closed on August 28 , 2000 , demolished in 2004 , now Wynn Las Vegas and Encore Las Vegas ; Desert Inn golf course was retained and improved . Dunes Hotel and Casino : Closed on January 26 , 1993 , demolished in 1993 , now Bellagio . The Dunes golf course is now occupied by parts of Monte Carlo , New York - New York , CityCenter , Cosmopolitan , and T - Mobile Arena . El Rancho ( formerly Thunderbird / Silverbird ) : Closed in 1992 and demolished in 2000 . Now the unfinished Fontainebleau . El Rancho Vegas : Burned down in 1960 . The Hilton Grand Vacations Club timeshare now exists on the south edge of the site where the resort once stood ; the remainder is now the Las Vegas Festival Grounds . Hacienda : Closed in 1996 , demolished in 1996 , now Mandalay Bay . Until 2015 , a separate Hacienda operated outside Boulder City , formerly the Gold Strike Inn . Holiday Casino : Opened in 1973 and closed in 1992 . Now Harrah 's Las Vegas . Holy Cow Casino and Brewery : First micro brewery in Las Vegas . Closed in 2002 , property currently vacant . Imperial Palace Hotel and Casino : Opened in 1959 as the Flamingo Capri and became the Imperial Palace in 1979 and The Quad in 2012 . Now The Linq . Jackpot Casino : Closed in 1977 , now part of Bonanza Gift Shop Klondike Hotel & Casino : Closed in 2006 , demolished in 2008 . Little Caesars Casino : Opened in 1970 and closed in 1994 . Paris Las Vegas now occupies the area . MGM Grand Hotel and Casino : Closed in 1986 and now Bally 's Las Vegas . Money Tree Casino : Closed in 1979 , now Bonanza Gift Shop . Marina Hotel and Casino : Closed , adapted into MGM Grand , now the West Wing of the MGM Grand . New Frontier : Closed July 16 , 2007 , demolished November 13 , 2007 . Currently being redeveloped as Alon Las Vegas . Nob Hill Casino : Opened in 1979 and closed in 1990 . Now Best Western + Casino Royale Riviera Hotel and Casino : Opened in 1955 ; Closed in May 2015 to make way for the Las Vegas Global Business District . Sahara Hotel and Casino : Closed on May 16 , 2011 . Reopened August 23 , 2014 as SLS Las Vegas . Sands Hotel and Casino : Closed on June 30 , 1996 , demolished in 1996 , now The Venetian . Silver City Casino : Closed in 1999 , now the Silver City Plaza Shopping Center . Silver Slipper Casino : Opened in 1950 and closed and demolished in 1988 . It became the parking lot for the New Frontier until its closure and demolition in 2007 . Stardust Resort & Casino : Closed on November 1 , 2006 , demolished on March 13 , 2007 . Currently being redeveloped as Resorts World Las Vegas . Vegas World : Opened in 1979 and closed in 1995 . Now the Stratosphere Las Vegas Westward Ho Hotel and Casino : Closed in 2005 , demolished in 2006 . Currently being redeveloped as Resorts World Las Vegas . Gallery ( edit ) The iconic Welcome to Las Vegas sign was built in 1959 . The Strip in 2009 . A view of the southern end of the Strip . Looking northward from Tropicana Avenue . View of the Strip from the Eiffel Tower of the Paris Las Vegas . Photo taken May 21 , 2010 , a view of the Strip from the Renaissance Hotel . View of Monte Carlo Resort and Casino with City Center in the background The Bellagio Fountains as seen from the hotel The Cosmopolitan The Las Vegas High Roller is the tallest Ferris wheel in the world Las Vegas Boulevard at night Wynn Las Vegas See also ( edit ) Las Vegas portal List of Las Vegas Strip hotels Downtown ( Nevada gaming area ) West Las Vegas References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Google ( June 17 , 2010 ) . `` Overview of the Las Vegas Strip '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Scott A. ( 2007 ) . `` Theming as a Sensory Phenomenon : Discovering the Senses on the Las Vegas Strip '' . In Scott A. Lukas . The Themed Space : Locating Culture , Nation , and Self . Lexington Books . pp. 75 -- 95 . ISBN 0 - 7391 - 2142 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Transportation Deputy Secretary Downey Announces New All - American Roads , National Scenic Byways in 20 States '' ( Press release ) . Federal Highway Administration . June 15 , 2000 . Retrieved June 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas Strip Named All - American Road '' ( Press release ) . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2006 . Retrieved June 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Scenic Byways '' . Scenicnevada.org . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Alia , K. ( 14 August 2015 ) . `` Las Vegas Escorts , Strippers , Erotic Massages '' . Hustling.net . Adult Classifieds . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Joe Schoenmann ( February 3 , 2010 ) . `` Vegas not alone in wanting in on . vegas '' . Las Vegas Sun . Jump up ^ `` County Turns 100 July 1 , Dubbed ' Centennial Day ' '' ( Press release ) . Clark County , Nevada . June 23 , 2009 . Retrieved February 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Newton , Michael ( 2009 ) . Mr. Mob : The Life and Crimes of Moe Dalitz . McFarland . pp. 40 -- 41 . ISBN 9780786453627 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Hal ( 2003 ) . Neon metropolis : how Las Vegas started the twenty - first century . Routledge . p. 16 . ISBN 9780415926133 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas : An Unconventional History '' . American Experience . PBS . Retrieved June 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Lights to Dim On Vegas Strip in Memory of Entertainer With AM - Sammy Davis Jr '' . Associated Press . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UNLV honors Jerry Tarkanian '' . ESPN . Associated Press . February 19 , 2015 . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Strip Lights Dimmed In Fitting Tribute To Rickles '' . Norm. Vegas . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Apgar , Blake ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` Watch the Las Vegas Strip marquees go dark '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Treasure Island Show Symbolizes New Era for Strip Resort '' ( Press release ) . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2008 . Retrieved June 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Barboza , David ( January 24 , 2007 ) . `` Asian Rival Moves Past Las Vegas '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Vegas4Visitors - Coming Soon '' . Vegas4visitors.com . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Dan ; McCarthy , Tom ; McGowan , Michael ( 2017 - 10 - 02 ) . `` Mandalay Bay attack : at least 50 killed in America 's deadliest mass shooting '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Velotta , Richard N. ( June 3 , 2016 ) . `` Monte Carlo will transform to Park MGM in $450 M makeover '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Jeff ( 2017 - 04 - 25 ) . `` Wynn Resorts board gives nod for $1.5 billion lagoon - theme park in Las Vegas , stock pops 4 % on earnings beat '' . CNBC . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Work on Steve Wynn 's Paradise Park to begin late ' 17 or early ' 18 '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . 2017 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` County OKs expanded plans for arena on Las Vegas Strip '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . 2017 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Redesign pushes Resorts World Las Vegas opening date to 2020 '' . LasVegasSun.com. 2017 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Fontainebleau on Las Vegas Strip sells for $600 M '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . 2017 - 08 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Site of stalled SkyVue observation wheel for sale on the south Strip '' . VegasInc.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Half - price sale : Vacant land on north Strip -- $16 M an acre '' . September 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Crown pulls out of Las Vegas market with land sale '' . www.gamblinginsider.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Oskar ( March 11 , 2011 ) . `` Frugal travel : Vegas offers fun at low stakes '' . San Jose Mercury News . Associated Press . Retrieved August 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nordahl , Darrin ( 2002 ) . The Architecture of Mobility : Enhancing the Urban Experience Along the Las Vegas Strip . University of California , Berkeley . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 10 takeaways from the annual Las Vegas Visitor Profile Study '' . www.casinocitytimes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Moran , Craig ( August 2 , 2010 ) . `` Money - losing golf club may become industrial park '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved August 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas Golfing - Wynn Las Vegas & Encore '' . Jump up ^ `` Topgolf will develop multimillion - dollar , three - level center in Overland Park '' . Bizjournals.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Hubble Smith ( September 30 , 2011 ) . `` Portion of Showcase mall sold for $93.5 million '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved July 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New York - New York , Monte Carlo To Be Transformed Into Park - Like District '' . VegasChatter. April 18 , 2013 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas Nightclubs '' . Las Vegas Nightclubs . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Glusac , Elaine ( September 14 , 2007 ) . `` The Unlikely All - Ages Appeal of Las Vegas '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 25 Greatest Headliners in Las Vegas History '' . Las Vegas Weekly . Jump up ^ `` Showcase Theater '' . Fandango.com . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Geer , Carri ( May 25 , 1998 ) . `` CBS Broadcasting , casino settle in trademark dispute '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved August 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas Little Caesar 's Casino Chips including the Sports Book Chips '' . Oldvegaschips.com . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Las Vegas Strip . Schmid , H. ( 2009 ) , Economy of Fascination : Dubai and Las Vegas as Themed Urban Landscapes , Stuttgart ; Berlin : E. Schweizerbart Science Publishers , ISBN 978 - 3 - 443 - 37014 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Route map : Google KML file ( edit help ) Display on Google Maps Template : Attached KML / Las Vegas Strip KML is from Wikidata Las Vegas Strip South end Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign West side casinos Aria Bellagio Caesars Palace Circus Circus Cosmopolitan Excalibur Lucky Dragon Luxor Mandalay Bay The Mirage Monte Carlo New York - New York Resorts World ( proposed ) Slots - A-Fun Stratosphere Treasure Island East side casinos Bally 's Casino Royale Cromwell Encore Flamingo Fontainebleau ( on hold ) Harrah 's The Linq MGM Grand O'Sheas Palazzo Paris Planet Hollywood SLS Tropicana Venetian Wynn Former casinos Boardwalk Castaways Desert Inn Dunes El Rancho El Rancho Vegas Hacienda Klondike Marina New Frontier Riviera Sahara Sands Silver City Silver Slipper Stardust Thunderbird Westward Ho Shopping Crystals Fashion Show Mall The Forum Shops Grand Canal Shoppes Harmon Corner Miracle Mile Shops Showcase Mall Attractions Adventuredome High Roller The Roller Coaster Shark Reef at Mandalay Bay Skyvue T - Mobile Arena Transportation Aria Express The Deuce Las Vegas Monorail Mandalay Bay Tram RTC Transit McCarran Airport Related List of Las Vegas Strip hotels Paradise , Nevada Winchester , Nevada 2017 Las Vegas shooting Strip Gaming Area Las Vegas Valley Las Vegas -- Paradise , NV MSA State of Nevada Transportation Airports McCarran International Airport North Las Vegas Airport Henderson Executive Airport Las Vegas Monorail RTC Transit Amtrak station ( defunct ) Arts and museums 18b The Las Vegas Arts District Southern Nevada Zoological - Botanical Park Symphony Park Smith Center for the Performing Arts Huntridge Theater Lance Burton Theatre Las Vegas Little Theater Smith Center for the Performing Arts The AXIS Museums in Clark County , Nevada Active Boulder City / Hoover Dam Museum Burlesque Hall of Fame Clark County Museum Discovery Children 's Museum Erotic Heritage Museum Howard W. 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where is river narmada located in india map

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Narmada_River&oldid=851078006

Narmada river - wikipedia Narmada river `` Narmada '' redirects here . For other uses , see Narmada ( disambiguation ) . Narmada Reva River Narmada river bank near Jabalpur Country India States Madhya Pradesh , Maharashtra , Gujarat Tributaries - left Burhner River , Banjar River , Sher River , Shakkar River , Dudhi River , Tawa River , Ganjal River , Chhota Tawa River , Kaveri River , Kundi River , Goi River - right Hiran River , Tendoni River , Choral River , Kolar River , Man River , Uri River , Hatni River , Orsang River City Dindori Source Narmada Kund - location Amarkantak Plateau , Anuppur district , Central India , Madhya Pradesh - elevation 1,048 m ( 3,438 ft ) - coordinates 22 ° 40 ′ 0 '' N 81 ° 45 ′ 0 '' E  /  22.66667 ° N 81.75000 ° E  / 22.66667 ; 81.75000 Mouth Gulf of Khambhat ( Arabian Sea ) - location Bharuch District , Gujarat - elevation 0 m ( 0 ft ) - coordinates 21 ° 39 ′ 3.77 '' N 72 ° 48 ′ 42.8 '' E  /  21.6510472 ° N 72.811889 ° E  / 21.6510472 ; 72.811889 Coordinates : 21 ° 39 ′ 3.77 '' N 72 ° 48 ′ 42.8 '' E  /  21.6510472 ° N 72.811889 ° E  / 21.6510472 ; 72.811889 Length 1,312 km ( 815 mi ) approx . Discharge - average 1,447 m / s ( 51,100 cu ft / s ) Discharge elsewhere ( average ) - Garudeshwar 1,216 m / s ( 42,943 cu ft / s ) Maps showing the course of the Narmada , selected tributaries , and the approximate extent of its drainage area The Narmada , also called the Rewa and previously also known as Nerbudda , even Shankari , is a river in central India and the sixth longest river in the Indian subcontinent . It is the third longest river that flows entirely within India , after the Godavari , and the Krishna . It is also known as `` Life Line of Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh '' for its huge contribution to the state of Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh in many ways . Narmada rises from Amarkantak Plateau near Anuppur district . It forms the traditional boundary between North India and South India and flows westwards over a length of 1,312 km ( 815.2 mi ) before draining through the Gulf of Khambhat into the Arabian Sea , 30 km ( 18.6 mi ) west of Bharuch city of Gujarat . It is one of only three major rivers in peninsular India that run from east to west ( longest west flowing river ) , along with the Tapti River and the Mahi River . It is one of the rivers in India that flows in a rift valley , flowing west between the Satpura and Vindhya ranges . The other rivers which flow through rift valley include Damodar River in Chota Nagpur Plateau and Tapti . The Tapti River and Mahi River also flow through rift valleys , but between different ranges . It flows through the states of Madhya Pradesh ( 1,077 km ( 669.2 mi ) ) , and Maharashtra , ( 74 km ( 46.0 mi ) ) , ( 39 km ( 24.2 mi ) ) ( actually along the border between Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra ( 39 km ( 24.2 mi ) ) and then the border between Maharastra and Gujarat ( 74 km ( 46.0 mi ) ) and in Gujarat ( 161 km ( 100.0 mi ) ) . The Periplus Maris Erythraei ( c. 80 AD ) calls it the Nammadus , and the British Raj called it the Nerbudda or Narbada . Narmada ' is a Sanskrit word meaning `` the Giver of Pleasure '' . Contents 1 River regime 2 Narmada basin 3 Geology 4 Significance in Hinduism 5 Facts of the valley 6 Forests and sanctuaries 7 Anthropological and archaeological sites 8 Narmada river development ( NRD ) 9 Early background and dispute 9.1 Sardar Sarovar Dam 9.2 Indirasagar Dam 10 Navigation along the river 11 Gallery 12 See also 13 Bibliography 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links River regime ( edit ) Narmada river in Omkareshwar The River Narmada flows through a gorge of Marble rocks in Bhedaghat Side view of the Dhuandhar Falls seen during the monsoon season . The source of the Narmada is a small reservoir , known as the Narmada Kund , located at Amarkantak on the Amarkantak Plateau in the Anuppur District , Shahdol zone of eastern Madhya Pradesh . The river descends from Sonmud , then falls over a cliff as Kapildhara waterfall and meanders in the hills , flowing through a tortuous course crossing the rocks and islands up to the ruined palace of Ramnagar . Between Ramnagar and Mandla , ( 25 km ( 15.5 mi ) ) , further southeast , the course is comparatively straight with deep water devoid of rocky obstacles . The Banger joins from the left . The river then runs north -- west in a narrow loop towards Jabalpur . Close to this city , after a fall of some ( 9 m ( 29.5 ft ) ) , called the Dhuandhara , the fall of mist , it flows for ( 3 km ( 1.9 mi ) ) , in a deep narrow channel through the magnesium limestone and basalt rocks called the Marble Rocks ; from a width of about 90 m ( 295.3 ft ) , above , it is compressed in this channel of ( 18 m ( 59.1 ft ) ) , only . Beyond this point up to its meeting the Arabian Sea , the Narmada enters three narrow valleys between the Vindhya scarps in the north and the Satpura range in the South . The southern extension of the valley is wider at most places . These three valley sections are separated by the closely approaching line of the scarps and the Satpura hills . Marble rocks alongside Narmada River Emerging from the Marble Rocks the river enters its first fertile basin , which extends about 320 km ( 198.8 mi ) , with an average width of 35 km ( 21.7 mi ) , in the south . In the north , the valley is limited to the Barna -- Bareli plain terminating at Barkhara Hills opposite Hoshangabad . However , the hills again recede in the Kannod plains . The banks are about ( 12 m ( 39.4 ft ) ) high . It is in the first valley of the Narmada that many of its important tributaries from the south join it and bring the waters of the northern slopes of the Satpura Hills . Among them are : the Sher , the Shakkar , the Dudhi , the Tawa ( biggest tributary ) and the Ganjal . The Hiran , the Barna , the Choral , the Karam and the Lohar are the important tributaries joining from the north . Below Handia and Nemawar to Hiran fall ( the deer 's leap ) , the river is approached by hills from both sides . In this stretch the character of the river is varied . The Omkareshwar island , sacred to the Lord Shiva , is the most important river island in Madhya Pradesh . At first , the descent is rapid and the stream , quickening in pace , rushes over a barrier of rocks . The Sikta and the Kaveri join it below the Khandwa plain . At two points , at Mandhar , about 40 km ( 24.9 mi ) below Nemawar , and Dadrai , 40 km ( 24.9 mi ) further down near Punasa , the river falls over a height of about 12 m ( 39.4 ft ) . Narmada River at full flow during monsoon in Bhedaghat . A few kilometres further down near Bareli and the crossing ghat of the Agra to Mumbai road , National Highway 3 , the Narmada enters the Mandleshwar plain , the second basin about 180 km ( 111.8 mi ) long and 65 km ( 40.4 mi ) wide in the south . The northern strip of the basin is only 25 km ( 15.5 mi ) . The second valley section is broken only by Saheshwar Dhara fall . The early course of about 125 km ( 77.7 mi ) up to Markari falls is met with a succession of cataracts and rapids from the elevated table land of Malwa to the low level of Gujarat plain . Towards the west of this basin , the hills draw very close but soon dwindle down . Below Makrai , the river flows between Vadodara district and Narmada district and then meanders through the rich plain of Bharuch district of Gujarat state . The banks are high between the layers of old alluvial deposits , hardened mud , gravels of nodular limestone and sand . The width of the river spans from about 1.5 km ( 0.9 mi ) at Makrai to 3 km ( 1.9 mi ) near Bharuch and to an estuary of 21 km ( 13.0 mi ) at the Gulf of Cambay . An old channel of the river , 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) to 2 km ( 1.2 mi ) south from the present one , is very clear below Bharuch . The Karanjan and the Orsing are the most important tributaries in the original course . The former joins at Rundh and the latter at Vyas in Vadodara district of Gujarat , opposite each other and form a Triveni ( confluence of three rivers ) on the Narmada . The Amaravati and the Bhukhi are other tributaries of significance . Opposite the mouth of the Bhukhi is a large drift called Alia Bet or Kadaria Bet . The tidal rise is felt up to 32 km ( 19.9 mi ) above Bharuch , where the neap tides rise to about a metre and spring tide 3.5 m ( 11.5 ft ) . The river is navigable for vessels of the burthen of 95 tonnes ( i.e. , 380 Bombay candies ) up to Bharuch and for vessels up to 35 tonnes ( 140 Bombay candies ) up to Shamlapitha or Ghangdia . The small vessels ( 10 tonnes ) voyage up to Tilakawada in Gujarat . There are sand bases and shoals at mouth and at Bharuch . The nearby island of Kabirvad , in the Narmada River , features a gigantic Banyan tree , which covers 10,000 square metres ( 2.5 acres ) . its also called mother of madhya pradesh citizens . Narmada basin ( edit ) Railway Bridge on river Narmada at Bharuch , Gujarat The Narmada basin , hemmed between Vindya and Satpura ranges , extends over an area of 98,796 km ( 38,145.3 sq mi ) and lies between east longitudes 72 degrees 32 ' to 81 degrees 45 ' and north latitudes 21 degrees 20 ' to 23 degrees 45 ' lying on the northern extremity of the Deccan Plateau . The basin covers large areas in the states of Madhya Pradesh ( 81 % ) , Gujarat ( 12 % ) and a comparatively smaller area ( 4 % ) in Maharashtra , ( 2 % ) in Chhattisgarh and ( 1 % ) in Andhra Pradesh . In the river course of 1,312 km ( 815.2 mi ) explained above , there are 41 tributaries , out of which 22 are from the Satpura range and the rest on the right bank are from the Vindhya range . Dhupgarh ( 1,350 m ) , near Pachmarhi is the highest point of the Narmada basin . The basin has five well defined physiographic regions . They are : ( 1 ) The upper hilly areas covering the districts of Shahdol , Mandla , Durg , Balaghat and Seoni , ( 2 ) The upper plains covering the districts of Jabalpur , Narsinghpur , Sagar , Damoh , Chhindwara , Hosangabad , Betul , Raisen and Sehore , ( 3 ) The middle plains covering the districts of Khandwa , part of Khargone , Dewas , Indore and Dhar , ( 4 ) The lower hilly areas covering part of the west Nimar , Jhabua , Dhulia , Narmada and parts of Vadodara , and ( 5 ) the lower plains covering mainly the districts of Narmada , Bharuch , and parts of Vadodara . The hill regions are well forested . The upper , middle and lower plains are broad and fertile areas , well suited for cultivation . The Narmada basin mainly consists of black soils . The coastal plains in Gujarat are composed of alluvial clays with a layer of black soils on the surface . The valley experiences extremes of hydrometeorological and climatic conditions with the upper catchment having an annual precipitation in the range of 1,000 mm ( 3.3 ft ) to 1,850 mm ( 6.1 ft ) and with half or even less than half in its lower regions ( 650 mm ( 2.1 ft ) -- 750 mm ( 2.5 ft ) ) ; the diversity of vegetation from lush green in the upper region to dry deciduous teak forest vegetation in the lower region is testimony to this feature . The Irrigation Commission ( 1972 ) identified the Narmada basin in Madhya Pradesh as drought affected and a large part of North Gujarat , Saurashtra and Kutch as semi-arid or arid scarcity regions on account of extreme unreliability of rainfall , rendering them ' chronically ' drought - prone and subject to serious drinking water problems . Geology ( edit ) The Narmada Valley is a graben , a layered block of the Earth 's crust that dropped down relative to the blocks on either side due to ancient spreading of the Earth 's crust . Two normal faults , known as the Narmada North fault and Narmada South fault , parallel to the river 's course , and mark the boundary between the Narmada block and the Vindhya and Satpura blocks or Horsts which rose relative to the Narmada Graben . The Narmada 's watershed includes the northern slopes of the Satpuras , and the steep southern slope of the Vindhyas , but not the Vindhyan tableland , the streams from which flow into the Ganges and Yamuna . The Narmada valley is considered extremely important for palaeontological studies in India . Several dinosaur fossils have been found in the area including Titanosaurus indicus found in 1877 by Richard Lydekker and the recently discovered Rajasaurus narmadensis . Significance in hinduism ( edit ) A scenic view of Maheshwar on the banks of Narmada Omkareshwar temple on the banks of Narmada river To Hindus the Narmada is one of the seven holy rivers of India ; the other six being Ganges , Yamuna , Godavari , Saraswati , Sindhu , and Kaveri . It is believed that a dip in any of these seven rivers washes one 's sins away . According to a legend , the river Ganges , polluted by millions of people bathing in it , assumes the form of a black cow and comes to the Narmada to bathe and cleanse itself in its holy waters . Legends also claim that the Narmada River is younger than the river Ganges and daughter of her . The river was mentioned by Ptolemy in the second century AD as Namade and by the author of the Periplus . The Ramayana , the Mahabharat , and the Puranas refer to it frequently . The Rewa Khand of Vayu Purana and the Rewa Khand of Skanda Purana are entirely devoted to the story of the birth and the importance of the river , and hence Narmada is also called the Rewa . There are many fables about the origin of the Narmada . According to one of them , once Lord Shiva , the Destroyer of the Universe , meditated so hard that he started perspiring . Shiva 's sweat accumulated in a tank and started flowing in the form of a river -- the Narmada . Another legend has it that two teardrops that fell from the eyes of Lord Brahma , the creator of the universe , yielded two rivers -- the Narmada and the Brahmaputra . Legends also say that for Lord Shiva , the Hindu God , the river is especially sacred on account of its origin , and it is often called Shankari , i.e. , daughter of Shankar ( Lord Shiva ) and Goddess Ganga . All the pebbles rolling on its bed are said to take the shape of his emblem with the saying , `` Narmada Ke Kanker utte Sankar '' ( a popular saying in the Hindi belt of India ) , which means that ' pebble stones of Narmada get a personified form of Shiva ' . These lingam shaped stones ( cryptocrytalline quartz ) , called Banalinga also called ( Banashivalingas ) are much sought after for daily worship by the Hindus . The Brihadeeswara Temple in Thanjavur , Tamil Nadu , constructed by Rajaraja Chola , has one of the biggest Banalingas . Adi Shankara met his guru Govinda Bhagavatpada on the banks of the river Narmada . Narmada is also said to have been in love with the Sonbhadra , another river flowing on the Chota Nagpur Plateau . According to the Puranas , the Narmada is also called the Rewa , from its leaping motion ( from the root ' rev ' ) through its rocky bed . Important religious places and Ghats along the course of the river , starting from its origin at Narmadakhund at Amarkantak hill , are a ) the Amarkantak ( in Sanskrit : Neck of Shiva ) or Teertharaj ( the King of Pilgrimages ) , b ) Omkareshwar , Maheshwar , and Mahadeo temples , Nemawar Siddeshwar Mandir in the middle reach of the river -- all named after Shiva , c ) Chausath Yogini ( sixty four yoginis ) temple , d ) Chaubis Avatar temple , e ) and Bhrigu Rishi temple in Bharuch . The Narmada River is also worshipped as mother goddess by Narmadeeya Brahmins . The importance of the Narmada River as sacred is testified by the fact that the pilgrims perform a holy pilgrimage of a parikrama or circumambulation of the river . The Narmada Parikrama , as it is called , is considered to be a meritorious act that a pilgrim can undertake . Many sadhus and pilgrims walk on foot from the Arabian Sea at Bharuch in Gujarat , along the river , to the source in Maikal Mountains ( Amarkantak hills ) in Madhya Pradesh and back along the opposite bank of the river . It is a 2,600 - kilometre ( 1,600 mi ) walk . Important towns of interest in the valley are Jabalpur , Barwani , Hoshangabad , Harda , Narmada Nagar , Omkareshwar , Dewas ( Nemavar , Kity , Pipri ) , Mandla and Maheshwar in Madhya Pradesh , and Rajpipla and Bharuch in Gujarat . Some places of historical interest are Joga Ka Quilla , Chhatri of Baji Rao Peshwa and Bhimbetka , and among the falls are the Dugdhdhara , Dhardi falls , Bheraghat , Dhuandhara , Kapiladhara and Sahastradhara . Facts of the valley ( edit ) In Indian history , Kannada emperor from Chalukya dynasty Pulakeshin II is said to have defeated emperor Harshavardhana of Kannauj on the banks of Narmada . The valley is famous for the gorgeous Maheshwari saris , which are handwoven ; comfortable in warm and cold weather , dressy and yet light ; these saris have a dedicated , select following among Indian women . Forests and sanctuaries ( edit ) Forests of Amarkantak Bark of Lagerstroemia parviflora Tigress with her two cubs in Kanha National Park Teak and India 's best hardwood forests are found in the Narmada River basin and they are much older than the ones in the Himalayas . The lower Narmada River Valley and the surrounding uplands , covering an area of169 , 900 km ( 65,598.8 sq mi ) consists of dry deciduous forests . The ecoregion lies between moister forests to the northeast , southeast , and southwest , which receive greater rainfall from the southeast monsoon , and the drier forests and scrublands of the Deccan to the south and Malwa and Gujarat to the west and northwest . The natural vegetation of the region is a three -- tiered forest . Tectona grandis is the dominant canopy tree , in association with Diospyros melanoxylon , Dhaora ( Anogeissus latifolia ) , Lagerstroemia parviflora , Terminalia tomentosa , Lannea coromandelica , Hardwickia binata and Boswellia serrata . Riparian areas along the regions ' rivers and streams , which receive year -- round water , are home to moist evergreen forests , whose dominant tree species are Terminalia arjuna , Syzygium cumini ( Jambul ) , Syzygium Heyneanum , Salix tetrasperma , Homonoia riparia , and Vitex negundo . The ecoregion is home to 76 species of mammals and to 276 bird species , none of which are endemic . About 30 % of the ecoregion is covered in relatively intact vegetation . The ecoregion includes some large blocks of habitat in the Vindhya and Satpura ranges . About 5 % of the ecoregion lies within protected areas , including Bandhavgarh , Panna , and Sanjay National Parks . Some of the important national parks and wild life sanctuaries in the valley are the following - : Kanha National Park located in the upper reaches of Narmada , about 18 km ( 11.2 mi ) from Mandla , boasts of several wild animals including the Tiger . Two tributaries of Narmada , namely , Hallon and Banjar , flow through this park . It is one of the best National Parks of Asia , which has been described vividly by Rudyard Kipling in his famous creation The Jungle Book . Satpura National Park , set up in 1981 , is located in Hoshangabad district of Madhya Pradesh . Its name is derived from Satpura hill ranges ( Mahadeo hills ) and covers an area of 524 km ( 202.3 sq mi ) and along with the adjoining Bori and Panchmarhi Sanctuaries , provides 1,427 km ( 551.0 sq mi ) of unique central Indian Highland ecosystem . Satpura National Park , being part of a unique ecosystem , is very rich in biodiversity . The fauna comprises tiger , leopard , sambar , chital , bhedki , nilgai , four - horned antelope , chinkara , bison ( gour ) , wild boar , wild dog , bear , black buck , fox , porcupine , flying squirrel , mouse deer , Indian joint squirrel etc . There are a variety of birds . Hornbills and peafowl are the common birds . The flora of the national park consists of mainly sal , teak , tendu , aonla , mahua , bael , bamboo , and a variety of grasses and medicinal plants . Forest areas outside protected areas are also quite rich in floral and faunal diversity . Mandla Plant Fossils National Park , Dindori National fossils park Ghughuya is situated in Dindori district of Madhya Pradesh in India . This national park has plants in fossil form that existed in India anywhere between 40 million and 150 million years ago spread over seven villages of Mandla District ( Ghuguwa , Umaria , Deorakhurd , Barbaspur , Chanti - hills , Chargaon and Deori Kohani ) . The Mandla Plant Fossils National Park is an area that spreads over 274,100 m ( 2,950,387.8 sq ft ) . Such fossils are found in three other villages of the district also , but they lie outside the national park . One theory is that the area in which the fossils are located , i.e. , the Narmada Valley near Mandla , was actually a deep inundation of the sea into peninsular India till the Post - Cambrian Tertiary age , about 40 million years ago . This means that Narmada was a very short river which terminated in the inland sea above Mandla , and that the recession of the sea caused geological disturbances , which created the present rift valley through which the Narmada River and Tapti River flow in their present journey to the Arabian Sea . All this , however , is speculation and conjecture because it is only recently that an interest has developed in the fossils of Mandla and detailed scientific studies are still wanting . The Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve covers part of three civil districts viz. , Hoshangabad , Betul and Chhindwara of Madhya Pradesh . The total area is 4,926.28 km ( 1,902.0 sq mi ) . It envelops three wildlife conservation units viz. , Bori Sanctuary ( 518.00 km2 ) , Satpura National Park ( 524.37 km ( 202.5 sq mi ) ) , and Pachmarhi Sanctuary ( 461.37 km ( 178.1 sq mi ) ) . Satpura National Park comprises the core zone and the remaining area of 4,501.91 km ( 1,738.2 sq mi ) ) , surrounding the core zone serves as buffer zone . The area comprises 511 villages . The area exhibits variety of geological rock and soil formations . There is a wide spectrum of floral and faunal features that occupy the Satpura conservation area . It is one of the oldest forest reserves , which has an established tradition of scientific management of forests . It constitutes a large contiguous forest block that harbours a community of plant and animal species typical of the central highland region . Apart from the above national parks , there are also a number of natural preserves such as the Amarkantak , the Bagh Caves and the Bhedaghat . In compliance of the Environmental Action Plan for the Narmadasagar and Omkareswar HEPs , as per the recommendations of the Wildlife Institute of India three new protected areas may be created , which are , a ) the Narmada National Park ( 496.70 km ) , b ) the Surmanya Sanctuary ( 126.67 km ) and c ) Omkareshwar Sanctuary ( 119.96 km ) comprising a total area of 788.57 km . Shoolpaneshwar Sanctuary in Gujarat , near the Sardar Sarovar dam site , previously called the Dumkal Sloth Bear Sanctuary ( old sanctuary has been expanded four times ) now covers an area of about 607 km ( 234.4 sq mi ) , comprises a major watershed feeding the Sardar Sarovar and Karjan reservoir ( on the Karjan River , a tributary of Narmada in Gujarat ) . It is the habitat of mammals and a variety of birds , including eagles and hawks . Anthropological and archaeological sites ( edit ) Bhimbetka rock painting The Bhimbetka rock shelters are located in a dyke of the Narmada valley at about 45 km ( 28.0 mi ) southeast of Bhopal ( between Bhopal and Hoshangabad highway ) . The walls of these caves contain pre -- historic paintings . The development of the Narmadā river has led to the inundation of some archaeological and architectural sites . The Department of Archaeology , Museums and Archives , Government of Madhya Pradesh , undertook rescue excavations in response , and transplanted a number of temples . An attempt to comprehensively list and publish lost sites has been undertaken by Jürgen Neuss . Narmada river development ( nrd ) ( edit ) The Narmada river has a huge water resources potential , as much as 33,210,000 acre feet ( 40.96 km ) of average annual flow ( more than 90 % of this flow occurring during the monsoon months of June -- September ) , which according to estimates is greater than the combined annual flows of the Ravi , Beas and the Sutlej rivers , which feed the Indus basin . The 75 % dependable flow is 28,000,000 acre feet ( 35 km ) . Till the beginning of planned development in the country was started in 1946 , this huge potential went almost abegging without any effective utilisation thus denying much needed succour to the drought stricken people of the valley , both in Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat . Since then plans have been evolved , debated , finally legally examined and adjudicated by a tribunal , and agitated by NGOs . The Supreme Court has finally intervened to ensure that the implementation of the projects are not halted . Early background and dispute ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Investigations for harnessing the Narmada waters started around the time of independence , when Central Waterways , Irrigation and Navigation Commission ( CWINC ) identified several storage schemes and in 1948 the Khosla Committee prioritised the proposals and named Tawa , Bargi , Punasa and Bharuch projects ( the last three on the main stem of the river ) for preparation of reports . The reports were ready by 1963 . A parallel study of hydropower potential identified 16 sites with a potential of 1300 MW . While the project in Gujarat , the Baruch Weir project ( for which Jawaharlal Nehru laid the foundation stone in 1961 ) went through a series of modifications and improvements with a reformed scheme at Navagam village to extend benefits up to the Rann of Kutch , following the bifurcation of the erstwhile Bombay state into Maharashtra and Gujarat states and Gujarat 's intent to raise the height of the dam at Navagam to maximise storage benefits at the cost of submergence of potential hydropower sites in Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh , there was a dispute between the states . It resulted in an impasse in the implementation of the agreed projects at Navagam in Gujarat , Punasa in Madhya Pradesh and Bargi Dam in Madhya Pradesh and power benefit sharing among the states ; with Madhya Pradesh refusing to ratify the agreements . To break the logjam , a high level Committee was appointed by the Government of India ( GOI ) in September 1964 . In 1965 , the Committee prepared a Master Plan for the basin , which involved construction of 12 major projects in MP and the Navagam Dam in Gujarat . It provided priority to irrigation over power ; irrigation of 2,630 square kilometres ( 1,020 sq mi ) in MP , 400 square kilometres ( 150 sq mi ) in Maharashtra , 460 square kilometres ( 180 sq mi ) in Gujarat and 4,000 square kilometres ( 1,500 sq mi ) in Rajasthan . The storages it recommended in MP involved Bargi , Tawa and Narmadasagar ( Punasa ) while its proposed Navagam high dam would submerge the hydelpower project sites of Jalasindhi ( in Maharashtra ) and Harinphal ( MP ) but without any more submergence than would be caused by the three dams if separately constructed . Gujarat endorsed the proposal , but Maharashtra was not willing to go by it . After intense parleys failed to resolve the problem , the GOI decided to set up the Narmada Water Disputes Tribunal ( NWDT ) in 1969 under the Interstate River Water Disputes Act 1956 to adjudicate on the dispute relating to sharing of water of the interstate Narmada and its valley . Tribunal award . After ten years of deliberations , the Narmada Water Disputes Tribunal ( NWDT ) gave its award in December 1979 . The NWDT , considering the development of the water resources of the basin as a whole , gave its award , allocating share of water and Hydro Power of the Sardar Sarovar Project . The Tribunal 's final order determined the utilisable quantum of Narmada waters to be 27,000,000 acre feet ( 33 km ) at 75 % dependability and allocated it to the four states , as in Table below , including share of power benefits . It also stipulated the share of water when utilisable flow was in excess of 28,000,000 acre feet ( 35 km ) . The Navagam dam height was fixed at full reservoir level ( FRL ) 460 feet ( 140 m ) with a maximum water level of EL feet . The Full Supply Level of the Navagam canal was fixed at 300 feet ( 91 m ) . The costsharing formula among the states and the consequent requirement of release of regulated releases from the Narmada Sagar dam by MP was also spelt out . The resettlement and rehabilitation package was also clearly specified with all costs to be borne by Gujarat for all resettlement and rehabilitation work of people affected in the three states and also for relocating any ancient or historic monuments , places of worship or idols likely to suffer submergence . Party States Allocated share of water % share of power Madhya Pradesh 18,250,000 acre feet ( 22.51 km ) 57 Gujarat 9,000,000 acre feet ( 11 km ) 16 Maharashtra 250,000 acre feet ( 0.31 km ) 27 Rajasthan 500,000 acre feet ( 0.62 km ) Nil Total 28,000,000 acre feet ( 35 km ) 100 The uniqueness of this Award is that a non-riparian state -- Rajasthan -- has been allocated a share of Narmada waters , for meeting the water requirements of the drought prone districts of Barmer and Jalore , which have no other source of dependable water . The work on the project did not start soon since extensive studies were undertaken for project designing and with World Bank getting involved with funding studies and project costs ( Loan agreement with GOI of $450 million was signed in May 1985 ) , the Resettlement and Rehabilitation ( R&R ) package was substantially revised , over and above what was set in the NWDT , and environmental studies had to be undertaken , but the environmental and forest clearances for the projects from the newly formed Ministry of Environment and Forests ( MoE&F ) involved extensive interministerial and inter departmental discussions ( within the central govt and with state governments ) for a substantial period and it was only in June 1987 ( almost 8 years after the NWDT award was given in December 1979 ) that the MoE&F gave a conditional approval to the Sardar Sarovar and Narmada Sagar Projects . The forest clearance was given in September 1987 for Sardar Sarovar only . The clearance also required the work to be done pari passu with the construction of the dams and the filling of the reservoir . In the meantime , the Narmada Control Authority ( NCA ) , an inter-State Administrative Authority and the Sardar Sarovar Construction Advisory Committee ( SSCAC ) were set up in 1980 by the Govt. of India in compliance of the NWDT award ; the former organisation was set up in December 1980 as body corporate with representatives from the four party states and India , as a machinery to implement the decisions and directions of the NWDT and the later organisation was set up in Sept. 1980 as a statutory body to ensure efficient , economical and timely execution of the Unit I ( dam and appurtenant works ) and Unit III ( hydropower works ) of the Sardar Sarovar Project ( SSP ) . A Review Committee consisting of the Union Minister for Irrigation ( now substituted by Union Minister for Water Resources ) as its Chairperson and the Chief Ministers of Madhya Pradesh , Maharashtra , Gujarat and Rajasthan as its members is also in position to review the decisions of the NCA and the SSCAC , as required . For monitoring and implementation of various environmental activities effectively , independent machinery of the Environment Sub-Group is functioning since Nov. 1987 under NCA . Similarly , for monitoring the progress of the resettlement and rehabilitation of project affected people , R&R subgroup is also functioning under the NCA . At the state level , Sardar Sarovar Narmada Nigam Limited ( SSNL ) in Gujarat has the mandate to implement and manage the Sardar Sarovar multipurpose project . In Madhya Pradesh , the Narmada Valley Development Authority ( NVDA ) is vested the responsibility for implementation of the projects . The overall plan for development ultimately conceived involves 30 major dams including Sardar Sarovar ( 21 irrigation , 5 hydropower , and 4 multipurpose ) , some 135 medium dams , and over three minor dams in M.P along the main stem of the river and its 41 tributaries to utilise its allocated share of 18,250,000 acre feet ( 22.51 km ) before 2025 ( within 45 years of the NWDT award ) . In addition to power generation and irrigation within the basin , water was allocated for domestic and industrial water uses and for multipurpose transbasin diversions to Son River and Tons River basins in eastern MP , drought prone areas of Saurashtra , Kutch , northern mainland in Gujarat , and southern Rajasthan . Irrigation benefits to the extent of about 40,000 square kilometres ( 15,000 sq mi ) to 50,000 square kilometres ( 19,000 sq mi ) ( of drought prone and scarcity areas ) and power generation of 2,600 MW were also envisaged . Thus , the Narmada River development is envisaged as a multi state program for development of hydropower and irrigation dams and their associated irrigation networks . In 1961 , the original project envisaged irrigation of almost 2 million acres ( 8,100 km ) in West India at a cost of $100 million . By 2011 , it had escalated to $3 billion . Layout of Water Resources Development Projects in the Narmada Basin in Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh Even though the tribunal award resolved the initial issue of water sharing , but the height of dam , benefit sharing and the mode of settlement of affected people caused serious difficulties in implementation , particularly of the Sardar Sarovar dam ( the terminal dam on the river ) . Affected people agitated under the banner of the dedicated NGO , The Narmada Bachao Andolan ( NBA ) . The NBA followed up by Public Interest Litigation ( PIL ) in the Supreme Court of India . The NBA questioned the benefits claimed from the major projects , challenged the resettlement and rehabilitation packages for project affected people of the reservoir submergence and canal affected zones and its implementation . It also rejected the environmental impact assessments made and the remedial actions taken by the project authorities . The challenge created worldwide attention to the major development activity planned in the valley . It urged the World Bank to withdraw from the project and the intense worldwide pressure resulted in the Bank mounting an Independent Review Mission ( IRM ) called the Morse Mission to review the SSP . However , the IRM 's report was neither accepted by the Government of India or the World Bank . Finally Government of India decided to terminate further drawing from a remaining $180 million World Bank credit from the Bank with the firm resolution that the project would be completed within the national resources . The Supreme Court has also deliberated on this issue for several years but finally upheld the Tribunal Award and allowed the construction to proceed , subject to conditions . The Court introduced a mechanism to monitor the progress of resettlement pari passu with the raising of the height of the dam through Grievance Redressal Authorities ( GRA ) in each of the party states . The court 's decision referred in this document , given in the year 2000 , after 7 years of deliberations , has paved the way for completing the project to attain full envisaged benefits . The Supreme Court judgement was by two of a three judge panel . The third judge , SP Bharucha , dissented with the two other judges ' verdict Justice Bharucha stated , `` Considering the magnitude of rehabilitation , involving a large percentage of tribals , loss of extensive forest area rich in biological diversity , enormous environmental cost of the project and considering the fact that the basic data on vital aspects are still not available there could be but one conclusion , that the project ( s ) are not ready for approval ... '' The construction of the two multipurpose major projects , the Sardar Sarvoar in Gujarat and Indira Sagar in Madhya Pradesh , with the two interdependent to attain full envisaged benefits , is in progress and substantial partial benefits have already been achieved . Hence , details of these two projects are elaborated below . Sardar Sarovar dam ( edit ) Main article : Sardar Sarovar Dam Sardar Sarovar Dam , Gujarat , partially completed ( up to E.L. 121.92 m ) Largest lined canal in the world , Sardar Sarovar Project The dam has attained a height of EL. 121.92 m , the crest level of the spillway . The gates are yet to be erected to attain the FRL of EL 138.68 m for which clearance is required from the Supreme Court after the Grievance Redressal Committee submits its report on completion of R & R up to that elevation . Top level of dam to be attained is EL 146.50 m . Subsequent to the Tribunal award and approval to the project in 1987 by the Ministry of Water Resources with due clearances from the ministry , implementation of the Sardar Sarovar Project ( SSP ) was taken up as the terminal project on the main stem of the Narmada , in Gujarat , to use the share of allocated water to Gujarat and Rajasthan . The concrete gravity dam of 1,210 metres ( 3,970 ft ) length and 163 metres ( 535 ft ) height above foundation with storage capacity of 7,700,000 acre feet ( 9.5 km ) and reservoir length of 214 kilometres ( 133 mi ) extending into Gujarat , Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh is designed to provide an annual irrigation of 18,000 square kilometres ( 6,900 sq mi ) in Gujarat ( covering 3360 villages of 62 talukas in 14 districts ) , 4,260 square kilometres ( 1,640 sq mi ) in Rajasthan and hydel power generation of 1450 MW . As a result of construction of the dam , over 48,269 families ( 7000 families were assessed in 1979 by the Tribunal ) will be affected , as per the latest figures of NCA , in the three States spread over 244 villages ( 4 fully and 240 partially , 39369 in MP in 192 villages , 4163 in Maharshtra in 33 villages and 4737 in Gujarat in 19 villages ) ; the total area affected being 375.33 square kilometres ( 144.92 sq mi ) . The submergence area is broadly divided into two areas . First is fully tribal , which covers the initial reach of about 100 or so villages , which are almost 100 % tribal and hilly . They include all the 33 villages of Maharashtra ( in Nadurbar District ) , all 19 of Gujarat and many of the Madhya Pradesh . The second part of the submergence area is the mixed population area on the Nimad plains , with a very well developed economy that is well connected to the mainstream . Considered as the largest water resources project of India in terms of benefits , some of the special features of the project are the following : the spillway discharging capacity , at 3,070,000 cu ft / s ( 87,000 m / s ) , is the third highest in the world With 1133 m3 / s ( 40,000 ft3 / s ) capacity at the head regulator and 532 kilometres ( 331 mi ) length ( 458 kilometres ( 285 mi ) in Gujarat and 74 kilometres ( 46 mi ) in Rajasthan ) with 75,000 kilometres ( 47,000 mi ) length of distribution system including field channel , the Narmada Main Canal is the largest irrigation canal in the world . The project aims at supplying 3571 , 000 m3 / day of drinking water ( 2900 , 000 m3 / day for domestic consumption and 671,000 m3 / day for industrial consumption ) to 8215 villages and 135 towns in Gujarat , which are suffering from acute shortage of water . Also , the project aims to provide drinking water facilities to a population of about 1,371,000 in 1107 villages and two towns in Jalore district and Barmer district of Rajasthan . It has the lowest ratio of submergence to area irrigated , 1.65 % of CCA against an average of 4 to 5 % of other major irrigation projects . All six units of River Bed Power House ( RBPH ) have been commissioned successfully by June 2006 and are in operation . All five units of Canal Head Power House ( CHPH ) have been commissioned successfully by late December 2004 and are in operation . The main irrigation canal has been substantially constructed for a length of 357 kilometres ( 222 mi ) . Water has been let into the canal for partial irrigation and water supply needs . Further construction is in progress . Indirasagar dam ( edit ) Main article : Indirasagar Dam Indirasagar Dam partially completed in 2008 Indira Sagar canal for irrigation The Indira Sagar Project ( ISP ) at Punasa is one of the 30 major projects proposed in the Narmada basin with the largest storage capacity in the country . The project is located near Punasa village , in Khandwa District , Madhya Pradesh . This Multipurpose River Valley Project envisages construction of a concrete gravity dam , 653 metres ( 2,142 ft ) long and 92 metres ( 302 ft ) high with gross storage capacity of the reservoir of 12.22 km ( 9,910,000 acre ⋅ ft ) and live storage of 9.75 km ( 7,900,000 acre ⋅ ft ) to provide an annual irrigation potential of 1,690 km2 and a generation of 1000 MW of hydropower . The project also ensures supply of 60,000 acre ⋅ ft ( 74,000,000 m ) of drinking water to rural areas in Khandwa district . In accordance with NWDT award , an annual regulated flow of 8,120,000 acre ⋅ ft ( 10.02 km ) shall be released to the Sardar Sarovar Project ( SSP ) , ex-Maheshwar Project . The operation of Indira Sagar Project will be carried out in such a way as to facilitate the regulation of Sardar Sarovar . The dam and the powerhouse have been completed , but storage has been restricted up to EL 260 m under orders of the High Court , Jabalpur from R&R consideration . All the units of the powerhouse have been commissioned and generation of power from the eight units of 125 MW capacity , each commenced from Jan 2004 . The irrigation component of the project is under a fairly advance stage of implementation . Other completed and under construction projects Existing irrigation projects in the Narmada are the 1 ) Matiyari ( 1992 ) , 2 ) Rani Avantibai Sagar ( 1988 ) , 3 ) Barna ( 1978 ) , 4 ) Tawa ( 1992 -- 93 ) , 5 ) Sukta ( 1984 ) all in Madhya Pradesh , and Karjan project in Gujarat . Projects under implementation are the 1 ) Bargi diversion , 2 ) Kolar , 3 ) Man , 4 ) Omkareshwar multipurpose ( 520 MW , commissioned in Nov. 2007 ) and 5 ) Maheshwar ( 400 MW ) A large number of medium and small projects have been completed , and many more are under implementation , as conceived under the overall Master Plan . Navigation along the river ( edit ) The river is partially navigable in the estuary reach around Bharuch but the river has never been a transport artery . The idea for inland navigation emanated with NWDT giving its award for the two main dams -- the Sardar Sarovar in Gujarat 180 kilometres ( 110 mi ) from the coast and the Narmada Sagar in Madhya Pradesh -- the two dams separated by a river distance of about 900 kilometres ( 560 mi ) , and the plans to build two other dams in between on the main stem of the river . A feasibility study has been carried out for navigating the Narmada from the sea up to Hoshangabad -- a distance of 639 kilometres ( 397 mi ) -- or even up to Jabalpur a further distance of 309 kilometres ( 192 mi ) , upstream . The main challenge in these studies is the arrangements to be planned to negotiate the Maheswar , Indira Sagar , Omkareswar , and Sardar Sarovar projects . As such , the navigation option is still open and probably can only be pursued after all the above dams are completed and other implications examined . As Varghese states , `` The notion of seeing barge -- trains plying the river up to Hoshangabad or Jabalpur is not far -- fetched . They could become major inland ports . '' Gallery ( edit ) Photos of some of the dams and other connected structures in the Narmada basin . Jobat dam Omkareswar project -- canal aqueduct at Barwaha Sardar Sarovar Canal with flow Dhuandhar falls at dusk See also ( edit ) List of rivers of India Narmada Pushkaram Afroz Ahmad 3rd Narmada Bridge Bibliography ( edit ) Srivastava Pankaj ( 2007 ) . Jungle Rahe taki Narmada Bahe . ( Hindi ) . Narmada Conservation Initiative , Indore . Weir , Shelagh . The Gonds of central India : The Material Culture of the Gonds of Chhindwara District , Madhya Pradesh . London : British Museum , 1973 Geoffrey Waring Maw ( 1991 ) . Narmada , the life of a river . Marjorie Sykes . Yoginder K. Alagh ; Mahesh T. Pathak ; D.T. Buch ( 1995 ) . Narmada and Environment : An Assessment . Har - Anand Publications . K. Sankaran Unni ( 1996 ) . Ecology of River Narmada . APH Publishing . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7024 - 765 - 4 . Singh Bal Hartosh ( 2013 ) . Water close over us : A journey along the Narmada . HarperCollins India . ISBN 9350297051 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kumar , Rakesh ; Singh , R.D. ; Sharma , K.D. ( 2005 - 09 - 10 ) . `` Water Resources of India '' ( PDF ) . Current Science . Bangalore : Current Science Association . 89 ( 5 ) : 794 -- 811 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Narmada Basin Station : Garudeshwar '' . UNH / GRDC . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Nerbudda '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 19 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 388 . Jump up ^ `` 33 Major rivers of India and their origin Holy Indian Rivers Important '' . Prasant Bhatt. 2018 - 05 - 06 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Narmada Valley Development Authority , NVDA , Government of Madhya Pradesh , Narmada Basin , Narmada Water Dispute '' . Nvda.nic.in. 16 July 1985 . Archived from the original on 28 May 2014 . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Narmada River '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Narmada Control Authority '' . NCA . Retrieved 21 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` paragraph 42 '' . Ntz.info . Retrieved 21 March 2013 . Jump up ^ 11th edition of Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ `` Monier Williams Sanskrit - English Dictionary '' . Sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 3 : Drainage System '' . India : Physical Environment . NCERT . March 2006 . p. 27 . ISBN 81 - 7450 - 538 - 5 . Jump up ^ Chadhar , Mohanlal ( 2017 ) , Amarakantak kshetra ka puravaibhava , SSDN , Publisher and Distributor , New Delhi , ISBN 978 - 93 - 8357 - 509 - 1 Jump up ^ `` Gujarat '' . traveliteindia.com . Archived from the original on 14 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` A short history of the Sardar Sarovar Dam on river Narmada '' . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 4 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Narmada river '' . Answers.com . Retrieved 21 March 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived 10 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived 20 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Valmiki Ramayana -- Kishkindha Kanda '' . Valmikiramayan.net . Retrieved 21 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Famous rivers of Madhya Pradesh '' . Indiasite.com . Archived from the original on 26 January 2013 . Retrieved 21 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Elgood , Heather ( 1999 ) . Hinduism and the Religious Arts . New York : Cassell . p. 47 . ISBN 0 - 304 - 70739 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Narmadāparikramā - Circumambulation of the Narmadā River '' . Brill . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Narmada River '' . Mukti4u2.dk . Retrieved 21 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Narmada Control Authority '' . NCA . Retrieved 21 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Word - AD021full. doc '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 21 March 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Archived 19 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Narmada Control Authority '' . NCA. 3 June 1987 . Retrieved 21 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` India Travel guide '' . India.traveltoworld.com . Retrieved 21 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Department of Archaeology '' . Mparchaeology.org . Archived from the original on 27 December 2013 . Retrieved 24 December 2013 . Jump up ^ J. Neuss ( 2012 ) . `` On the Loss of Cultural Heritage in the Narmada Valley '' . Berliner Indologische Studien . pp. 195 -- 248 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Narmada Control Authority : Homepage '' . Nca.gov.in . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ Winning the Future by B.G. Varghese. ( 1994 ) . ISBN 81 - 220 - 0357 - 5 Jump up ^ `` Final Order and Decision of the Tribunal '' ( PDF ) . Sscac.gov.in . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 March 2009 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Archived 3 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 6 ) Jump up ^ ( 7 ) Archived 3 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Further reading ( edit ) Narmada Waters Dispute Tribunal Award ( NWDTA ) Reports of Irrigation Commission , 1972 . A River Sutra , by Gita Mehta . Vintage Books , 1994 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 75247 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Narmada River . Narmada.org Maanarmada.org Hydrography of Madhya Pradesh Rivers Betwa Chambal Dhasan Gambhir Jamni Kali Sindh Kanhan Katni Ken Kwari Mahi Narmada Pahuj Parbati Pench Purna Shipra Sindh Son Sunar Tamsa or Tons Tapti Tawa Wainganga Wardha Lakes Bhimkund Bhoj Wetland Tawa Reservoir Bhojtal Yashwant Sagar Waterfalls Bahuti Chachai Gatha Keoti Pandav Purwa Rajat Prapat Raneh Dams Bansagar Bargi Bhadbhada Gandhi Sagar Indirasagar Madikheda Omkareshwar Rajghat Tigra Related topics Godavari basin Narmada basin Son basin Hydrography of surrounding areas Uttar Pradesh Chhattisgarh Maharashtra Gujarat Rajasthan Hydrography of Maharashtra Rivers Adan Banganga Bhima Bindusara Dahisar Daman Ganga Darna Dnyanganga Girna Godavari Gomai Indravati Indrayani Kadva Karha Kolar Koyna Krishna Kundali Kundalika Mithi Mula Mula - Mutha Mutha Narmada Nira Oshiwara Painganga Panchganga Panzara Patalganga Pavana Poisar Pranahita Purna ( Tapti tributary ) Purna ( Godavari tributary ) Savitri Shahanur Shivana Sindphana Tansa Tapti Tasso Ulhas Vaan Vashishti Wainganga Wardha Waterfalls Kune Devkund Pandavgad Thoseghar Lingmala Dugarwadi Vihigaon Dhobi Marleshwar Amboli Ghat Baneshwar Randha Sahasrakund Lakes Gorewada Khindsi Lonar crater Rankala Salim Ali Shivaji / Shivsagar Talao Pali Upvan Venna Talwat Hidkal Bhigwan Mahakali Sandhur Dams Bhandardara Bhatghar Bhushi Chaskaman Dhom Hetwane Itiadoh Kanher Jayakwadi Khadakwasla Kolkewadi Koyna Mulshi Navegaon Nilwande Panshet Pawna Susri Tansa Temghar Tilari Totladoh Ujjani Vaitarna Varasgaon Veer Vihar Yeldari Waghur Walwan Related topics Godavari basin Narmada basin Krishna basin Hydrography of surrounding areas Gujarat Madhya Pradesh Chhattisgarh Andhra Pradesh Karnataka Narmada basin Rivers Narmada Sunar Tawa Dams , barrages Narmada Canal Bargi Dam Indirasagar Dam Omkareshwar Dam Sardar Sarovar Dam Tawa Reservoir Narmada Valley Development Authority Geographical features / regions Marble Rocks Dhuandhar Falls Deccan Plateau Gulf of Khambhat Satpura Range Malwa Bori Reserve Forest Bori Wildlife Sanctuary Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve Kanha Tiger Reserve Satpura National Park Mandla Plant Fossils National Park Bagh Caves Bhimbetka rock shelters Riparian districts Madhya Pradesh Anuppur Shahdol Mandla Balaghat Seoni Jabalpur Narsinghpur Sagar Damoh Chhindwara Harda Hosangabad Betul Raisen Sehore Khandwa Khargone Dewas Indore Dhar Jhabua Maharashtra Dhule Gujarat Narmada Vadodara Bharuch Languages / people Indo - Aryan languages Hindi Bhili Khandeshi Marathi Gujarati Controversies Narmada Bachao Andolan Transport NH 3 NH 7 NH 8 Jabalpur -- Bhusaval section Bhopal -- Nagpur section Other basins Mahanadi -- Brahmani -- Baitarani Damodar Godavari Kosi Son Hydrography of Gujarat Rivers Aji Ambika Auranga Bhadar Bhukhi Bhurud Chirai Chok Dai - minsar Daman Ganga Dhadhar Dnyanganga Fulki Gajansar Ghela Girna Gomai Hiran Kali Kalubhar Kankawati Kareshwar Kayla Keri Khalkhalio Khari Kharod Khokhra Kim Kolak Machchu Machchundri Mahi Malan Malan ( Gir ) Mindhola Mitiyativali Nagmati Nara Narmada Nayra Ozat Padalio Panzara Par Pur Purna Rangmati Rav Raval Rukmavati Rupen Rupen ( Gir ) Sabarmati Sai Sang Sangavadi saraswati Shahi Shetrunji Sukhbhadar Sunar Suvi Tapti Tawa Und Utavali Vaan Vegdi Vishwamitri West Banas Lakes Damodar Kund Hamirsar Lake Kankaria Narayan Sarovar Thol Lake Vastrapur Lake Dams Ajwa Dantiwada dam Dharoi dam Dholidhaja Kalpasar Kamleshwar Nayka Sardar Sarovar Ukai Bridges Ellis Bridge Golden Bridge Nehru Bridge Subhash Bridge Related topics Narmada basin Ocean Arabian Sea Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Khambhat Hydrography of surrounding areas Rajasthan Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Pakistan BNF : cb13606127c ( data ) GND : 4200521 - 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what is the purpose of court of appeals

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Court of Appeals of the Philippines - wikipedia Court of Appeals of the Philippines Jump to : navigation , search Court of Appeals of the Philippines Hukuman ng Apelasyon ng Pilipinas Seal of the Court of Appeals of the Philippines Established February 1 , 1936 Country Philippines Location Manila , Cebu City and Cagayan de Oro City Composition method Presidential appointment from the short - list submitted by the Judicial and Bar Council Authorized by Constitution of the Philippines Website ca.judiciary.gov.ph Philippines This article is part of a series on the politics and government of the Philippines Constitution ( show ) Charter Change Laws and legal codes Legislature ( show ) Congress Senate Senate President Aquilino Pimentel III House of Representatives Speaker Pantaleon Alvarez Districts Party - list representation Local legislatures ARMM Regional Legislative Assembly Provinces Cities Municipalities Barangays Executive ( show ) President of the Philippines Rodrigo Duterte Vice President of the Philippines Leni Robredo Cabinet Executive departments Local government Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court Chief Justice Maria Lourdes Sereno Court of Appeals Court of Tax Appeals Sandiganbayan Ombudsman Regional Trial Courts Barangay justice Constitutional commissions ( show ) Civil Service Commission Commission on Elections Commission on Audit Commission on Human Rights Elections ( show ) Recent elections General : 2007 2013 2016 Political parties ( show ) Lakas Liberal Nacionalista NPC NUP PDP -- Laban UNA Administrative divisions ( show ) Capital Regions Provinces Cities Municipalities Barangays Poblacions Sitios Puroks Related topics ( show ) Foreign relations Human rights Taxation Other countries Atlas The Court of Appeals of the Philippines ( Filipino : Hukuman ng Apelasyon ng Pilipinas ) is the Philippines ' second - highest judicial court , just after the Supreme Court . The court consists of 69 Associate Justices and 1 Presiding Justice . Under the Constitution , the Court of Appeals ( CA ) `` reviews not only the decisions and orders of the Regional Trial Courts nationwide but also those of the Court of Tax Appeals , as well as the awards , judgments , final orders or resolutions of , or authorized by 21 Quasi-Judicial Agencies exercising quasi-judicial functions mentioned in Rule 43 of the 1997 Rules of Civil Procedure , plus the National Amnesty Commission ( Pres . Proclamation No. 347 of 1994 ) and Office of the Ombudsman ( Fabian v. Desierto , 295 SCRA 470 ) . Under RA 9282 , which elevated the CTA to the same level of the CA , CTA en banc decisions are now subject to review by the Supreme Court instead of the CA ( as opposed to what is currently provided in Section 1 , Rule 43 of the Rules of Court ) . Added to the formidable list are the decisions and resolutions of the National Labor Relations Commission ( NLRC ) which are now initially reviewable by this court , instead of a direct recourse to the Supreme Court , via petition for certiorari under Rule 65 ( St. Martin Funeral Homes v. NLRC , 295 SCRA 414 ) '' . The Court of Appeals building is located at Maria Orosa Street , Ermita in Manila . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Fire 3 Incumbent Justices 4 Former Justices 5 Court of Appeals Presiding Justices of the Philippines 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Flag of the Court of Appeals Organized on February 1 , 1936 , the Court of Appeals was initially composed of Justice Pedro Concepcion as the first Presiding Judge and 10 Appellate Judges appointed by the President with the consent of the Commission on Appointments of the National Assembly . It had exclusive appellate jurisdiction of all cases not falling under the original and exclusive appellate jurisdiction of the 7 - man Supreme Court . Its decisions in those cases were final , except when the Supreme Court upon petition for certiorari on questions of law required that the case be certified to it for review . It had also original jurisdiction to issue writs of mandamus , prohibition , injunction , certiorari , habeas corpus and all other auxiliary writs in aid of its appellate jurisdiction . The Court then sat either en banc or in two divisions , one of 6 and another of 5 Judges . The appellate Judges had the same qualifications as those provided by the Constitution for Supreme Court Justices . In March 1938 , the appellate Judges were named Justices and their number increased from 11 to 15 , with three divisions of 5 under Commonwealth Act No. 259 . On December 24 , 1941 , the membership of the Court was further increased to 19 Justices under Executive Order No. 395 . Court of Appeals The Court functioned during the Japanese occupation , 1941 - 44 . But in March 1945 , due to abnormal conditions at the time , the Court was abolished by President Sergio Osmeña through Executive Order No. 37 . The end of World War II restored the democratic processes in the country . On October 4 , 1946 , Republic Act No. 52 was passed recreating the Court with a Presiding Justice and fourteen ( 14 ) Associate Justices . They composed 5 divisions of 3 Justices each . On August 23 , 1956 , the Court membership was expanded to 18 Justices per Republic Act No. 1605 . The number was hiked to 24 Justices as decreed by Republic Act No. 5204 approved on June 15 , 1968 . Ten years later , the unabated swelling of its dockets called for a much bigger Court of 45 Justices under Presidential Decree No. 1482 of June 10 , 1978 . Then came the Judiciary Reorganization on January 17 , 1983 through Executive Order No. 864 of President Marcos . The Court was renamed Intermediate Appellate Court and its membership enlarged to 51 Justices . However , only thirty - seven ( 37 ) Justices were appointed . On July 28 , 1986 , President Aquino issued Executive Order No. 33 restoring the original name of the Court of Appeals with a Presiding Justice and fifty ( 50 ) Associate Justices . On February 23 , 1995 , R.A. No. 7902 was passed expanding the jurisdiction of the Court effective March 18 , 1995 . On December 30 , 1996 , R.A. No. 8246 created six ( 6 ) more divisions in the Court , thereby increasing its membership from 51 to 69 Justices . These additional divisions - 3 for Visayas and 3 for Mindanao paved the way for the appellate court 's regionalization . The CA in the Visayas sits in Cebu City while Cagayan de Oro City is home to the CA for Mindanao . On August 18 , 2007 , Atty . Briccio Joseph Boholst , president of IBP -- Cebu City Chapter , opposed the abolition of the CA in Cebu City , for it will cause inconvenience for both litigants and lawyers . Supreme Court Associate Justice Ruben Reyes was tasked to investigate and submit recommendation to the High Tribunal because of the alleged massive graft and corruption of justices , especially in the issuance of temporary restraining orders ( TRO 's ) . On February 1 , 2011 , the Court celebrated its 75th Anniversary . The current ACAE ( Association of The Court of Appeals Employees ) President is Edwin S. Avanceña . Fire ( edit ) On July 26 , 2007 , Fire hits CA main building , from the room of Associate Justice Edgardo Sundiam at the fourth floor . Thick smoke was coming out of the building as the fire continued to rage amid strong winds blowing , raising fears that the flames would become stronger . Incumbent Justices ( edit ) Name of Court of Appeals Justices Position Date of Appointment Date of Birth Date of Retirement Divisions Rank Vacante Presiding Justice 01 ch . Hon . REMEDIOS A. SALAZAR - FERNANDO Acting Presiding Justice ( since July 12 , 2017 ) May 21 , 1999 ( as Associate Justice ) September 2 , 1953 September 2 , 2023 02 ch . Hon . ROSMARI D. CARANDANG Associate Justice March 10 , 2003 January 9 , 1952 January 9 , 2022 03 ch . Hon . JOSE C. REYES , JR Associate Justice July 18 , 2003 September 18 , 1950 September 18 , 2020 04 ch . Hon . FERNANDA LAMPAS - PERALTA Associate Justice February 9 , 2004 June 16 , 1960 June 16 , 2030 05 ch . 5 Hon . MAGDANGAL M. DE LEON Associate Justice February 9 , 2004 August 19 , 1948 August 19 , 2018 06 ch . 6 Hon . JAPAR B. DIMAAMPAO Associate Justice March 15 , 2004 December 27 , 1963 December 27 , 2033 07 ch . 7 Hon . CELIA C. LIBREA - LEAGOGO Associate Justice March 15 , 2004 December 15 , 1950 December 15 , 2020 08 ch . 8 Hon . MARIFLOR PUNZALAN - CASTILLO Associate Justice March 15 , 2004 September 21 , 1954 September 21 , 2024 09 ch . 9 Hon . SESINANDO E. VILLON Associate Justice March 15 , 2004 July 16 , 1949 July 16 , 2019 10 ch . 10 Hon . RAMON M. BATO , JR . Associate Justice March 15 , 2004 August 27 , 1958 August 27 , 2028 11 ch . 11 Hon . ROMULO V. BORJA Associate Justice March 15 , 2004 September 11 , 1948 September 11 , 2018 21 ch . 12 Hon . EDGARDO A. CAMELLO Associate Justice March 15 , 2004 May 19 , 1952 May 19 , 2022 22 ch . 13 Hon . NORMANDIE B. PIZARRO Associate Justice January 24 , 2005 February 7 , 1949 February 7 , 2019 12 ch . 14 Hon . APOLINARIO D. BRUSELAS , JR . Associate Justice August 1 , 2005 May 6 , 1956 May 6 , 2026 13 ch . 15 Hon . RAMON R. GARCIA Associate Justice August 31 , 2005 May 10 , 1954 May 10 , 2024 14 ch . 16 Hon . RICARDO R. ROSARIO Associate Justice September 12 , 2005 October 15 , 1958 October 15 , 2028 15 ch . 17 Hon . MARLENE GONZALES - SISON Associate Justice May 8 , 2006 February 28 , 1956 February 28 , 2026 16 ch . 18 Hon . ROMEO F. BARZA Associate Justice May 8 , 2006 August 2 , 1949 August 2 , 2019 17 ch . 19 Hon . PRISCILLA BALTAZAR - PADILLA Associate Justice May 31 , 2006 July 2 , 1958 July 2 , 2028 01 Member 20 Hon . MARIO V. LOPEZ Associate Justice May 31 , 2006 June 4 , 1955 June 4 , 2025 02 Member 21 Hon . STEPHEN C. CRUZ Associate Justice December 14 , 2006 August 3 , 1950 August 3 , 2020 03 Member 22 Hon . JANE AURORA C. LANTION Associate Justice December 14 , 2006 January 9 , 1950 January 9 , 2020 04 Member 23 Hon . ELIHU A. YBAÑEZ Associate Justice May 15 , 2007 November 2 , 1951 November 2 , 2021 05 Member 24 Hon . FRANCHITO N. DIAMANTE Associate Justice August 8 , 2007 October 4 , 1951 October 4 , 2021 06 Member 25 Hon . AMY C. LAZARO - JAVIER Associate Justice August 29 , 2007 November 16 , 1956 November 16 , 2026 07 Member 26 Hon . FLORITO S. MACALINO Associate Justice January 4 , 2008 August 23 , 1952 August 23 , 2022 08 Member 27 Hon . EDGARDO T. LLOREN Associate Justice January 4 , 2008 August 8 , 1951 August 8 , 2021 23 ch . 28 Hon . EDGARDO L. DELOS SANTOS Associate Justice May 5 , 2008 June 12 , 1952 June 12 , 2022 18 ch . 29 Hon . RODIL V. ZALAMEDA Associate Justice September 5 , 2008 August 2 , 1963 August 2 , 2033 09 Member 30 Hon . MANUEL M. BARRIOS Associate Justice June 15 , 2009 November 29 , 1952 November 29 , 2022 10 Member 31 Hon . SAMEUL H. GAERLAN Associate Justice June 15 , 2009 December 19 , 1958 December 19 , 2028 11 Member 32 Hon . DANTON Q. BUESER Associate Justice June 15 , 2009 March 14 , 1951 March 14 , 2021 12 Member 33 Hon . LEONCIA REAL - DIMAGIBA Associate Justice June 15 , 2009 December 1 , 1947 December 1 , 2017 13 Member 34 Hon . EDWIN D. SORONGON Associate Justice October 30 , 2009 October 29 , 1954 October 29 , 2024 14 Member 35 Hon . RAMON A. CRUZ Associate Justice October 30 , 2009 August 25 , 1957 August 25 , 2027 15 Member 36 Hon . SOCORRO B. INTING Associate Justice October 30 , 2009 January 7 , 1955 January 7 , 2025 16 Member 37 Hon . MYRA GARCIA - FERNANDEZ Associate Justice February 16 , 2010 June 24 , 1963 June 24 , 2033 17 Member 38 Hon . EDUARDO B. PERALTA , JR . Associate Justice February 16 , 2010 September 29 , 1962 September 29 , 2032 01 Member 39 Hon . RAMON PAUL L. HERNANDO Associate Justice February 16 , 2010 August 27 , 1966 August 27 , 2036 02 Member 40 Hon . NINA G. ANTONIO - VALENZUELA Associate Justice February 24 , 2010 December 13 , 1963 December 13 , 2033 03 Member 41 Hon . GABRIEL T. INGLES Associate Justice February 24 , 2011 February 27 , 1952 February 27 , 2022 19 ch . 42 Hon . VICTORIA ISABEL A. PAREDES Associate Justice March 1 , 2011 July 1 , 1954 July 1 , 2024 04 Member 43 Hon . PAMELA ANN ABELLA - MAXINO Associate Justice March 1 , 2011 October 3 , 1956 October 3 , 2026 20 ch . 44 Hon . CARMELITA SALANDANAN - MANAHAN Associate Justice March 15 , 2011 March 22 , 1949 March 22 , 2019 05 Member 45 Hon . ZENAIDA T. GALAPATE - LAGUILLES Associate Justice March 15 , 2011 December 18 , 1962 December 18 , 2032 06 Member 46 Hon . PEDRO B. CORALES Associate Justice November 11 , 2011 April 29 , 1957 April 29 , 2027 07 Member 47 Hon . MARILYN B. LAGURA - YAP Associate Justice February 3 , 2012 May 29 , 1957 May 29 , 2027 18 Member 48 Hon . MARIA ELISA SEMPIO DIY Associate Justice February 16 , 2012 April 25 , 1966 April 25 , 2036 08 Member 49 Hon . MA . LUISA QUIJANO - PADILLA Associate Justice May 17 , 2012 January 18 , 1950 January 18 , 2020 09 Member 50 Hon . RENATO C. FRANCISCO Associate Justice May 17 , 2012 August 20 , 1948 August 20 , 2018 10 Member 51 Hon . JHOSEP Y . LOPEZ Associate Justice May 17 , 2012 February 8 , 1963 February 8 , 2033 11 Member 52 Hon . MARIE CHRISTINE B. AZCARRAGA - JACOB Associate Justice September 14 , 2012 January 15 , 1956 January 15 , 2026 12 Member 53 Hon . OSCAR V. BADELLES Associate Justice September 14 , 2012 April 20 , 1954 April 20 , 2024 13 Member 54 Hon . HENRI JEAN PAUL B. INTING Associate Justice September 14 , 2012 September 4 , 1957 September 4 , 2027 14 Member 55 Hon . EDWARD B. CONTRERAS Associate Justice February 26 , 2013 August 8 , 1954 August 8 , 2024 15 Member 56 Hon . MARIA FILOMENA D. SINGH Associate Justice March 13 , 2014 June 25 , 1966 June 25 , 2036 19 Member 57 Hon . PABLITO A. PEREZ Associate Justice March 13 , 2014 January 15 , 1957 January 15 , 2027 20 Member 58 Hon . RAFAEL M. SANTOS Associate Justice March 13 , 2014 February 16 , 1960 February 16 , 2030 18 Member 59 Hon . GERMANO FRANCISCO D. LEGASPI Associate Justice January 8 , 2015 January 29 , 1969 January 29 , 2039 19 Member 60 Hon . RONALDO B. MARTIN Associate Justice May 5 , 2015 October 8 , 1964 October 8 , 2034 20 Member 61 Hon . GERALDINE C. FIEL - MACARAIG Associate Justice November 6 , 2015 March 25 , 1963 March 25 , 2033 21 Member 62 Hon . GABRIEL T. ROBENIOL Associate Justice November 6 , 2015 June 7 , 1961 June 7 , 2031 22 Member 63 Hon . PERPETUA T. ATAL - PAÑO Associate Justice November 6 , 2015 September 20 , 1956 September 20 , 2026 23 Member 64 Hon . RUBEN REYNALDO G. ROXAS Associate Justice November 6 , 2015 March 30 , 1962 March 30 , 2032 21 Member 65 Hon . LOUIS P. ACOSTA Associate Justice March 2 , 2017 June 21 , 1961 June 21 , 2031 22 Member 66 Hon . TITA MARILYN B. PAYOYO - VILLORDON Associate Justice June 28 , 2017 September 16 , 1959 September 16 , 2029 23 Member 67 Vacante Associate Justice 68 Vacante Associate Justice 69 Former Justices ( edit ) Name of Former Court of Appeals Justices Position Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Hon . Ma . Alicia Austria - Martinez Associate Justice as March 5 , 1992 Presiding Justice as July 27 , 2001 April 9 , 2002 Appointment SC JUSTICE Hon . Ruben T. Reyes Associate Justice as March 22 , 1994 Presiding Justice as January 2006 August 2 , 2007 Appointment SC JUSTICE Hon . Conrado M. Vasquez , Jr . Associate Justice as March 22 , 1994 Presiding Justice as November 28 , 2007 January 6 , 2010 Hon . Portia Aliño - Hormachuelos Associate Justice as August 28 , 1995 Presiding Justice as January 6 , 2010 July 23 , 2011 Hon . Martin S. Villarama , Jr . Associate Justice March 11 , 1998 November 6 , 2009 Appointment SC JUSTICE Hon . Andres B. Reyes , Jr . Associate Justice as May 21 , 1999 Presiding Justice as February 22 , 2010 July 12 , 2017 Appointment SC JUSTICE Hon . Bienvenido L. Reyes Associate Justice August 8 , 2000 August 20 , 2011 Appointment SC JUSTICE Hon . Josefina Guevara - Salonga Associate Justice August 22 , 2000 February 14 , 2012 Hon . Rebecca De Guia - Salvador Associate Justice August 22 , 2000 January 31 , 2015 Early Retirement Hon . Juan Q. Enriquez , Jr . Associate Justice August 22 , 2000 June 20 , 2012 Hon . Mariano C. del Castillo Associate Justice August 27 , 2001 July 29 , 2009 Appointment SC JUSTICE Hon . Amelita G. Tolentino Associate Justice August 27 , 2001 July 4 , 2014 Hon . Mario L. Guariña III Associate Justice August 27 , 2001 November 11 , 2011 Hon . Sergio Pestaño Associate Justice August 27 , 2001 February 28 , 2007 Hon . Danilo Pine Associate Justice April 15 , 2002 December 27 , 2005 Hon . Edgardo F. Sundiam Associate Justice April 15 , 2002 February 28 , 2007 Hon . Lucas P. Bersamin Associate Justice April 15 , 2002 April 3 , 2009 Appointment SC JUSTICE Hon . Regalado E. `` Dodong '' Maambong Associate Justice April 15 , 2002 January 2 , 2009 Hon . Noel G. Tijam Associate Justice March 10 , 2003 March 8 , 2017 Appointment SC JUSTICE Hon . Hakim S. Abdulwahid Associate Justice March 10 , 2003 June 12 , 2015 Hon . Arsenio J. Magpale Associate Justice March 10 , 2003 July 16 , 2007 Hon . Jose C. Mendoza Associate Justice July 4 , 2003 January 4 , 2010 Appointment SC JUSTICE Hon . Rosalinda Asuncion - Vicente Associate Justice July 16 , 2003 November 23 , 2013 Hon . Arturo D. Brion Associate Justice July 16 , 2003 March 17 , 2008 Appointment DOLE Secretary Hon . Aurora Santiago - Lagman Associate Justice February 9 , 2004 January 16 , 2008 Hon . Vicente S.E. Veloso Associate Justice February 9 , 2004 January 7 , 2015 Hon . Vicente Q. Roxas Associate Justice February 9 , 2004 June 12 , 2008 Hon . Isaias P. Dicdican Associate Justice March 15 , 2004 July 4 , 2015 Hon . Santiago J. Ranada , Jr . Associate Justice March 15 , 2004 November 20 , 2006 Hon . Arcangelita M. Romilla - Lontok Associate Justice March 15 , 2004 March 18 , 2010 Hon . Lucenito N. Tagle Associate Justice March 15 , 2004 June 26 , 2008 Hon . Monina Arevalo - Zenarosa Associate Justice March 15 , 2004 August 22 , 2009 Hon . Estela Perlas - Bernabe Associate Justice March 15 , 2004 September 16 , 2011 Appointment SC Justice Hon . Teresita Dy - Liacco Flores Associate Justice March 15 , 2004 March 31 , 2011 Hon . Pampio A. Abarintos Associate Justice March 15 , 2004 December 14 , 2013 Hon . Arturo G. Tayag Associate Justice March 15 , 2004 March 2 , 2010 Hon . Vicente L. Yap Associate Justice March 15 , 2004 August 22 , 2006 Hon . Rodrigo F. Lim , Jr . Associate Justice March 15 , 2004 October 25 , 2011 Hon . Enrico A. Lanzanas Associate Justice January 24 , 2005 April 19 , 2008 Hon . Myrna Dimaranan - Vidal Associate Justice January 24 , 2005 December 20 , 2009 Hon . Sixto Marella , Jr . Associate Justice May 4 , 2006 February 1 , 2010 Hon . FRANCISCO P. ACOSTA Associate Justice December 14 , 2006 April 2 , 2017 Hon . Michael P. Elbinias Associate Justice December 14 , 2006 November 26 , 2014 Died November 26 , 2014 Hon . Antonio Villamor Associate Justice May 4 , 2006 July 4 , 2012 Hon . Agustin S. Dizon Associate Justice May 4 , 2006 June 24 , 2008 Hon . Ruben C. Ayson Associate Justice May 5 , 2008 September 19 , 2011 Hon . LEONCIA REAL - DIMAGIBA Associate Justice June 15 , 2009 December 1 , 2017 Hon . AGNES REYES - CARPIO Associate Justice October 30 , 2009 December 1 , 2016 Hon . Angelita D. Alberto - Gacutan Associate Justice October 30 , 2009 December 3 , 2013 Early Retirement Hon . Abraham B. Borreta Associate Justice March 1 , 2011 August 23 , 2012 Died August 23 , 2012 Hon . Melchor Quirino C. Sadang Associate Justice March 15 , 2011 January 6 , 2017 Early Retirement Court of Appeals Presiding Justices of the Philippines ( edit ) No . Name of Court of Appeals Presiding Justice Term of Office 56 Acting Presiding Justice REMEDIOS A. SALAZAR - FERNANDO July 12 , 2017 - present 55 Andres B. Reyes , Jr . February 22 , 2010 - July 12 , 2017 Appointment SC Justice 54 Portia Aliño Hormachuelos JANUARY 7 , 2010 - FEBRUARY 21 , 2010 53 Conrado M. Vasquez , Jr August 3 , 2007 - JANUARY 6 , 2010 52 Ruben T. Reyes DECEMBER 23 , 2005 - August 1 , 2007 Appointment SC Justice 51 Godardo A. Jacinto SEPTEMBER 17 , 2005 - DECEMBER 22 , 2005 50 Romeo A. Brawner , Sr . JANUARY 28 , 2005 - SEPTEMBER 16 , 2005 49 Eubulo G. Verzola OCTOBER 15 , 2004 - JANUARY 27 , 2005 ( 47 ) Cancio C. Garcia APRIL 11 , 2002 - OCTOBER 14 , 2004 Appointment SC Justice 48 Alicia Austria - Martinez JUNE 30 , 2001 - APRIL 11 , 2002 Appointment SC Justice 47 Cancio C. Garcia MARCH 15 , 2001 - JUNE 29 , 2001 46 Salome A. Montoya DECEMBER 7 , 1999 - MARCH 14 , 2001 45 Jainal D. Rasul OCTOBER 16 , 1999 - DECEMBER 6 , 1999 44 Jesus M. Elbinias FEBRUARY 5 , 1999 - OCTOBER 15 , 1999 43 Jorge S. Imperial January 4 , 1999 - FEBRUARY 4 , 1999 42 Arturo B. Buena January 27 , 1998 - January 3 , 1999 Appointment SC Justice 41 Fidel P. Purisima AUGUST 4 , 1997 - January 26 , 1998 Appointment SC Justice 40 Nathanael P. De Pano , Jr . JUNE 28 , 1994 - AUGUST 3 , 1997 39 Vicente V. Mendoza MARCH 22 , 1994 - JUNE 10 , 1994 Appointment SC Justice ( 36 ) Santiago M. Kapunan SEPTEMBER 7 , 1993 - JANUARY 10 , 1994 Appointment SC Justice 38 Serafin E. Camilon MAY 21 , 1993 - AUGUST 16 , 1993 ( 36 ) Santiago M. Kapunan FEBRUARY 27 , 1993 - MAY 20 , 1993 37 Lorna S. Lombos - De La Fuente DECEMBER 3 , 1992 - FEBRUARY 26 , 1993 36 Santiago M. Kapunan AUGUST 13 , 1992 - DECEMBER 1 , 1992 35 Jose A.R. Melo December 3 , 1991 - AUGUST 12 , 1992 Appointment SC Justice 34 Rodolfo A. Nocon December 2 , 1988 - December 2 , 1991 ( 32 ) Oscar R. Victoriano APRIL 20 , 1988 - OCTOBER 17 , 1988 33 Carolina Griño - Aquino JANUARY 31 , 1987 - APRIL 19 , 1988 32 Oscar R. Victoriano JANUARY 13 , 1987 - JANUARY 30 , 1987 31 Emilio A. Gancayco AUGUST 1 , 1986 - JANUARY 12 , 1987 ( 29 ) Ramon G. Gaviola , Jr . FEBRUARY 22 , 1984 - JULY 31 , 1986 30 Buenaventura S. De La Fuente JANUARY 18 , 1983 - FEBRUARY 21 , 1984 29 Ramon G. Gaviola , Jr . APRIL 22 , 1980 - JANUARY 17 , 1983 28 Lourdes P. San Diego SEPTEMBER 4 , 1979 - APRIL 21 , 1980 27 Andres C. Reyes , Sr . JANUARY 2 , 1978 - SEPTEMBER 3 , 1979 26 Magno S. Gatmaitan APRIL 29 , 1976 - JANUARY 1 , 1978 25 Antonio G. Lucero MAY 7 , 1973 - APRIL 28 , 1976 24 Juan P. Enriquez JULY 1 , 1972 - MAY 6 , 1973 23 Salvador V. Esguerra JANUARY 17 , 1970 - JULY 1 , 1972 22 Julio Villamor September 16 , 1968 - January 24 , 1970 21 Francisco Capistrano JULY 5 , 1967 - September 16 , 1968 20 Eugenio Angeles JULY 1 , 1966 - JULY 4 , 1967 19 Fred Ruiz Castro JANUARY 23 , 1966 - JUNE 30 , 1966 Appointment SC Justice 18 Conrado V. Sanchez September 12 , 1964 - JANUARY 23 , 1966 17 Jose P. Bengzon JUNE 18 , 1962 - September 12 , 1964 16 Querube Makalintal May 22 , 1961 - May 23 , 1962 Appointment SC Justice 15 Dionisio De Leon OCTOBER 1960 - April 28 , 1961 14 Jose Ma . Paredes August 15 , 1959 - August 18 , 1960 13 Jose Gutierrez David MAY 22 , 1957 - August 14 , 1959 12 Alfonso Felix APRIL 18 , 1956 - July 24 , 1956 11 Pastor Endencia JUNE 30 , 1952 - APRIL 18 , 1956 10 Pompeyo Diaz NOVEMBER 10 , 1952 - FEBRUARY 1954 09 Roberto Concepcion MAY 7 , 1952 - NOVEMBER 9 , 1952 Appointment SC Justice 08 Alejo Labrador OCTOBER 20 , 1950 - April 22 , 1952 07 Fernando Jugo JANUARY 6 , 1950 - October 20 , 1950 06 Luis P. Torres August 21 , 1948 - August 20 , 1949 05 Marcelino R. Montemayor NOVEMBER 2 , 1946 - August 20 , 1948 04 Jose G. Generoso December 28 , 1941 - May 10 , 1943 03 Ricardo Parás JULY 1940 - December 28 , 1941 02 Antonio Horrilleno FEBRUARY 15 , 1937 - JULY 1940 01 Pedro Concepción JANUARY 20 , 1936 - FEBRUARY 14 , 1937 Back view of the Court Old and new building New ( Annex ) building Our Lady of the Most Holy Rosary of La Naval de Manila at the 76th Anniversary of the Court of Appeals of the Philippines See also ( edit ) Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines Court of Tax Appeals of the Philippines Sandiganbayan Philippines Political history of the Philippines Constitution of the Philippines References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Manila Bulletin , IBP Cebu City opposes abolition of CA Cebu Jump up ^ mb.com.ph , Court of Appeals 75th Anniversary Archived 2011 - 07 - 21 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ GMA NEWS.TV , Fire hits CA main office Sources History of the Court of Appeals External links ( edit ) Philippines : Gov.Ph : About the Philippines -- Justice category The Philippines Court of Appeals -- Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Court_of_Appeals_of_the_Philippines&oldid=804463916 '' Categories : Court of Appeals of the Philippines Appellate courts Courts in the Philippines Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing Tagalog - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Македонски Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 04 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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when is dragon ball super coming out in english

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_Dragon_Ball_Super_episodes&oldid=816060577

List of Dragon Ball Super episodes - wikipedia List of Dragon Ball Super episodes Jump to : navigation , search Promotional artwork Dragon Ball Super is a Japanese anime television series produced by Toei Animation that began airing on July 5 , 2015 on Fuji TV . It is the first Dragon Ball television series featuring a new storyline in 18 years . Storywise , the series retells the events of the last two Dragon Ball Z films , Battle of Gods and Resurrection ' F ' , which themselves follow the events of Dragon Ball Z . Afterwards , the series proceeds to tell an original story about the exploration of other universes , the reemergence of Future Trunks , and a new threat to his Earth known as Goku Black and a Supreme Kai from Universe 10 named Zamasu . Later , the Z Fighters participate in a universal tournament held by Zeno - sama to decide the fate of multiple universes . If they lose in the universal tournament , then their entire universe will be erased . Thirteen pieces of theme music are used : two opening themes and eleven ending themes . For the first 76 episodes , the opening theme is `` Chōzetsu ☆ Dynamic ! '' ( 超絶 ☆ ダイナミック ! , Chōzetsu Dainamikku , `` Excellent Dynamic ! '' ) performed by Kazuya Yoshii of The Yellow Monkey . The lyrics were penned by Yukinojo Mori who has written numerous songs for the Dragon Ball series . Beginning with episode 77 , the second opening theme is `` Limit - Break x Survivor '' ( 限界 突破 × サバイバー , Genkai Toppa x Sabaibā ) by Kiyoshi Hikawa . Mori wrote the lyrics for the rock number `` Genkai Toppa x Survivor '' and Takafumi Iwasaki composed the music . For the first 12 episodes , the ending theme is `` Hello Hello Hello '' ( ハロー ハロー ハロー , Harō Harō Harō ) by Japanese rock band Good Morning America . The second ending theme song for episodes 13 to 25 is `` Starring Star '' ( スターリング スター , Sutāringu Sutā ) by Key Talk . The third ending theme song for episodes 26 to 36 is `` Usubeni '' ( 薄 紅 , `` Light Pink '' ) by Lacco Tower . The fourth ending theme song for episodes 37 to 49 is `` Forever Dreaming '' ( フォーエバー ドリーミング , Fōebā Dorīmingu ) by Czecho No Republic . The fifth ending theme song for episodes 50 to 59 is `` Yokayoka Dance '' ( よかよか ダンス , Yokayoka Dansu , `` It 's Fine Dance '' ) by idol group Batten Showjo Tai . The sixth ending theme for episodes 60 to 72 is `` Chao Han Music '' ( 炒飯 MUSIC , Chāhan Myūjikku ) by Arukara . The seventh ending theme from episodes 73 to 83 is `` Aku no Tenshi to Seigi no Akuma '' ( 悪 の 天使 と 正義 の 悪魔 , An Evil Angel and the Righteous Devil ) by THE COLLECTORS . The eighth ending theme from episodes 84 to 96 is `` Boogie Back '' by Miyu Innoue . The ninth ending theme from episodes 97 to 108 is `` Haruka '' by Lacco Tower . Beginning with episode 109 , the tenth ending theme is `` By A 70cm Square Window '' by the rock band RottenGraffty . The eleventh ending theme is `` Lagrima '' by OnePixecel . The anime episodes are being released on Japanese Blu - ray and DVD sets that contain twelve episodes each . The first set was released on December 2 , 2015 . The second set was released on March 2 , 2016 . The third set was released on July 2 , 2016 . The fourth set was released on October 10 , 2016 . Dragon Ball Super received an English - language dub that premiered on the Toonami channel in Southeast Asia and India in January 2017 . The series has been aired in Israel on Nickelodeon and in Portugal on SIC . Toei Animation Europe announced that Dragon Ball Super would be broadcast in France , Italy , Spain , and English - speaking Africa in Fall 2016 . An official English sub of the series would be simulcasted legally on Crunchyroll , Daisuki.net , and Anime Lab beginning October 22 , 2016 . Funimation announced the company acquired the rights to the series and will be producing an English dub . As well as officially announcing the dub , it was also announced they will be simulcasting the series on their streaming platform , FunimationNow . Funimation 's English dub of Dragon Ball Super started airing on Adult Swim 's Toonami block starting January 7 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episode list 2.1 Season 1 : God of Destruction Beerus 2.2 Season 2 : Golden Frieza 2.3 Season 3 : Universe 6 2.4 Season 4 : `` Future '' Trunks 2.5 Season 5 : Universe Survival 3 Blu - ray and DVD release 3.1 Region 1 ( North America ) 3.2 Region 2 ( Japan ) 4 Notes 5 References Series overview Season Saga Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired God of Destruction Beerus 14 July 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 05 ) October 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 11 ) Golden Frieza 13 October 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 18 ) January 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 17 ) Universe 6 19 January 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 24 ) June 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 05 ) `` Future '' Trunks 30 June 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 12 ) January 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 29 ) 5 Universe Survival TBA February 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 05 ) TBA Episode list Season 1 : God of Destruction Beerus Overall No . Saga No . English translation / Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate `` The Peace Reward - Who Will Get the 100 Million Zeni ? '' / `` A Peacetime Reward : Who Gets the 100,000,000 Zeni ? ! '' `` Heiwa no hōshū - ichioku Zenī wa dare no te ni ! ? '' ( 平和 の 報酬 1 億 ゼニー は 誰 の 手 に ! ? ) July 5 , 2015 January 7 , 2017 After Son Goku defeated the dangerous Majin Buu , peace has returned to Earth . Chi - Chi wants Goku to get a job , so he works as a farmer . Son Goten and his friend Trunks search for a gift for his sister - in - law Videl , who is married to his older brother , Son Gohan . The two consider jewelry and makeup , but they are unable to afford anything . Goten and Trunks head for the hot springs in the woods to bottle up some mineral water instead . While there , they are attacked by a giant snake , which they manage to scare away . For his purported role in saving Earth from Majin Buu , Mr. Satan has been awarded with 100 million Zeni that he does not want . He decides to give the money to one of the fighters . Goku gives the money to Chi - Chi , so she would let him train . Meanwhile , somewhere in the depths of space , Beerus , the God of Destruction , has awakened from his slumber . Keen on battling the worthy opponent that appeared to him in his visions , Beerus and his attendant , Whis , set out to discover who this opponent is . `` To the Promised Resort ! Vegeta Goes on a Family Trip ? ! '' / `` To the Promised Resort ! Vegeta Takes a Family Trip ! '' `` Yakusoku no rizōto e ! Bejīta ga kazoku ryokō ! ? '' ( 約束 の リゾート へ ! ベジータ が 家族 旅行 ! ? ) July 12 , 2015 January 14 , 2017 Goku goes to King Kai 's planet to train with King Kai . Meanwhile , Vegeta , Bulma , and Trunks take a family trip to a resort . Bulma and Trunks are enjoying the family time together , while Vegeta is bothered by the fact that Goku gets to train . Fed up with what he considers a waste of time , Vegeta flies away and heads back to Capsule Corporation to train . Somewhere in space , Beerus and Whis scour an alien planet in search of dinosaur meat . They are confronted by the planet 's strongest dweller , but he proves to be no match for them . Shortly afterwards , Beerus destroys the planet in order to have another vision of his destined opponent -- the Super Saiyan God . `` Where 's the Rest of the Dream ? ! In Search of the Super Saiyan God ! '' / `` Where Does the Dream Pick Up ? Find the Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Yume no tsuzuki wa doko da ! ? Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo o sagase ! '' ( 夢 の 続き は どこ だ ! ? 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド を 探せ ! ) July 19 , 2015 January 21 , 2017 Fearing what might happen knowing that the God of Destruction is awake , the Old Supreme Kai and Supreme Kai urge King Kai to ensure that Goku never finds out about Beerus . However , Goku overhears the conversation and becomes curious . Back in his temple , Beerus and Whis continue their search for the Super Saiyan God . They soon learn of Goku and his feats . Beerus and Whis decide to pay him and King Kai a visit . Meanwhile , back on Earth , Goku 's friends and family members begin gathering on the cruise ship for Bulma 's birthday party except for Vegeta who is still training to overpower Goku and everyone else in the universe . `` Aim for the Dragon Balls ! Pilaf Gang in Action ! '' / `` Bid for the Dragon Balls ! Pilaf and Crew 's Impossible Mission ! '' `` Mezase Doragon Bōru ! Pirafu ichimi no dai - sakusen ! '' ( 目指せ ドラゴンボール ! ピラフ 一味 の 大 作戦 ! ) August 2 , 2015 January 28 , 2017 With all guests now gathered except for Goku and Vegeta , Bulma 's birthday party gets underway . Trunks shows Goten where his mother hid the bingo tournament grand prize -- the Dragon Balls . Not far off from the ship , the Pilaf Gang are now poor and hungry . They are trying to get by until they find the Dragon Balls and make their wishes come true . When his Dragon Radar picks up a signal coming from Bulma 's ship , Pilaf and his henchmen hastily board the ship with Trunks and Goten 's help . Meanwhile , on his planet , King Kai explains to Goku who and what Beerus exactly is and that for every benevolent God there must be a malevolent one in order to keep the universe in balance . Just as he finishes , Beerus and Whis arrive . 5 5 `` The Ultimate Fight on King Kai 's Planet ! Goku vs. the God of Destruction Beerus '' / `` Showdown on King Kai 's World ! Goku vs. Beerus the Destroyer ! '' `` Kaiō - sei no kessen ! Gokū VS Hakaishin Birusu '' ( 界 王 星 の 決戦 ! 悟空 VS 破壊 神 ビルス ) August 9 , 2015 February 4 , 2017 Beerus and Whis arrive on King Kai 's planet and detect Goku 's presence . While he is initially disappointed that Goku does not know what a `` Super Saiyan God '' is , he agrees to test his strength in a sparring match . Goku attempts to fight him in all of the Super Saiyan transformations , but Beerus effortlessly defeats him in two strikes . Beerus and Whis head for Earth shortly afterwards , while King Kai uses his telepathy to warn Vegeta ahead of their arrival . 6 6 `` Do n't Anger the God of Destruction ! Excitement at the Birthday Party '' / `` Do n't Anger the Destroyer ! A Heart - Pounding Birthday Party ! '' `` Hakaishin o okoraseru na ! Doki - doki tanjō pātī '' ( 破壊 神 を 怒ら せる な ! ドキドキ 誕生 パーティー ) August 16 , 2015 February 11 , 2017 Beerus and Whis arrive on Earth , where Bulma 's birthday party is underway . Initially , Vegeta is paralyzed by Beerus ' presence . He recalls a childhood encounter with the deity a long time ago when Beerus visited Planet Vegeta and threatened his father , King Vegeta . Shortly afterwards , Bulma pops up . She invites Beerus and Whis to join the party . The two gladly accept her offer and quickly become enamored with the Earth 's cuisine . They start mingling with the other guests , while Vegeta tries his best to ensure that Beerus remains calm . Whis soon learns of pudding , which he finds to be extraordinarily delicious . Whis urges Beerus to have some too . It turns out that Majin Buu had taken the remaining pudding cups for himself and refuses to share . Angered by Majin Buu 's insolence , Beerus attacks him . 7 7 `` How Dare You Hurt My Bulma ! Vegeta 's Sudden , Angry Shift ? ! '' / `` How Dare You Do That To My Bulma ! Vegeta 's Metamorphosis of Fury ? '' `` Yokumo ore no Buruma o ! Bejīta ikari no totsuzenhen'i ! ? '' ( よく も オレ の ブルマ を ! ベジータ 怒り の 突然 変異 ! ? ) August 23 , 2015 February 18 , 2017 Beerus effortlessly disposes of Majin Buu , while Vegeta stands by in awe . Vegeta tries to persuade Beerus to calm down and enjoy himself , but he refuses to listen . Trunks and Goten fuse into Gotenks and attack to no avail . Powerless to do anything else , Gotenks starts insulting Beerus for which he is promptly punished . Piccolo , Tien Shinhan , and Android 18 try taking on Beerus with little success . Majin Buu attacks again , but he is unable to land a single hit . While observing the battle , Dende realizes what Beerus actually is and immediately informs Piccolo . Before Piccolo is able to warn him , Gohan powers up and charges towards Beerus . Using Majin Buu as a weapon , Beerus repels Gohan and takes them both out . Being the last one standing , Vegeta confronts Beerus , but he is swiftly brought to the ground . Beerus tells Vegeta that he is disappointed with him since he is just as weak as his father was . Just as Beerus is about to finish Vegeta , Bulma walks up and slaps him for ruining her party . Beerus retaliates in similar fashion . Seeing Bulma struck infuriates Vegeta . He explodes and powers up immensely . 8 8 `` Goku Arrives ! A Last Chance from Beerus Sama ? ! '' / `` Goku Makes an Entrance ! A Last Chance from Lord Beerus ? '' `` Gokū kenzan ! Birusu - sama kara no rasuto chansu ! ? '' ( 悟空 見参 ! ビルス 様 から の ラスト チャンス ! ? ) August 30 , 2015 February 25 , 2017 Having powered up , Vegeta charges towards Beerus . He manages to land a few punches before Beerus , who was using only a fraction of his power , knocks him out . Just as he is about to destroy Earth , Beerus has a sudden idea . He decides to give the Earthlings another chance at saving Earth . Meanwhile , fearing for their lives , the Pilaf Gang disembark Bulma 's ship on a rowboat and sail away . Thinking he is the same as Majin Buu because of his pink hue , Beerus picks Oolong out of the crowd and challenges him to a game of rock -- paper -- scissors to decide the fate of the Earth . Oolong manages to draw twice , but Beerus eventually wins and proceeds to power up his attack . Just as Beerus is about to fire , Goku chimes in and says he has thought of a way to find out about the Super Saiyan God . He will summon and ask Shenron about it . 9 9 `` Sorry for the Wait , Beerus Sama . The Super Saiyan God Is Finally Born ! '' / `` Thanks for Waiting , Lord Beerus ! A Super Saiyan God is Born At Last ! '' `` O matase , Birusu - sama . Tsuini Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo tanjō ! '' ( お 待た せ 、 ビルス 様 . ついに 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド 誕生 ! ) September 6 , 2015 March 4 , 2017 Goku gathers the Dragon Balls together and summons Shenron , who is startled by Beerus ' presence . Shenron quickly explains that the Super Saiyan God is not a person , but it is a legendary transformation that only kindhearted Saiyans can achieve by fusing their power together . The Saiyans attempt to transform Goku , but they fail as they are one Saiyan short . Growing tired of waiting , Beerus starts preparing his attack to destroy the planet . Suddenly , Videl jumps in front of the Saiyans . She says that there is one more Saiyan who might be able to help them , who happens to be her and Gohan 's unborn child . The Saiyans and Videl attempt the transformation again and manage to transform Goku into the Super Saiyan God . 10 10 `` Unleash It , Goku ! The Power of the Super Saiyan God ! ! '' / `` Show Us , Goku ! The Power of a Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Misero Gokū ! Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo no pawā ! ! '' ( 見せろ 悟空 ! 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド の 力 ( パワー ) ! ! ) September 13 , 2015 March 11 , 2017 Goku is now a Super Saiyan God . He confronts Beerus . Goku is amazed by the immense power his body has gained with the transformation . He is initially unable to fully grasp its newfound potential . Fighting with Beerus , Goku manages to grow gradually into his new form . Seeing as how Goku might turn out to be a worthy adversary after all , Beerus decides it is time for them to unleash their true power and have a real battle of Gods . 11 11 `` Let 's Keep Going , Beerus Sama ! Our Battle of Gods ! '' / `` Let 's Keep Going , Lord Beerus ! The Battle of Gods ! '' `` Tsudukeyō ze Birusu - sama ! Kami to kami no tatakai o ! '' ( 続け よう ぜ ビルス 様 ! 神 と 神 の 戦い を ! ) September 20 , 2015 March 18 , 2017 Having somewhat got a grip on the Super Saiyan God form , Goku initially manages to keep up with Beerus . He soon realizes that his opponent is still not fighting at his maximum . It is revealed that Beerus is doing so only to motivate Goku to catch up with him . To that end , Beerus drags Goku to space , where he swiftly knocks him out . Goku comes crashing down back to Earth and ends up in an ocean . Amazed by such power , Goku gets excited and powers up . He heals himself in the process . Willing to have another go , Goku flies out of the ocean and dashes towards Beerus . 12 12 `` The Universe Crumbles ? ! Clash ! God of Destruction vs. Super Saiyan God '' / `` The Universe Will Shatter ? Clash ! Destroyer vs. Super Saiyan God '' `` Uchū ga kudakeru ! ? Gekitotsu ! Haikaishin VS Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo ! '' ( 宇宙 が 砕ける ! ? 激突 ! 破壊 神 VS 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド ! ) September 27 , 2015 March 25 , 2017 Goku and Beerus continue to fight in space . As both of them power up and clash , the universe begins to crumble under the power of the gods . Celestial bodies blow up due to the shock waves . Meanwhile , Old Supreme Kai reveals to the younger Supreme Kai that with three more blows the whole universe would be destroyed along with Beerus and Goku . When Goku lands the third clash with Beerus , he unknowingly stops the universe 's collapse by balancing Beerus ' attack with his own . Beerus gets enraged and uses his atomic bomb attack on Goku . Goku uses the Super Saiyan God energy to power up his Kamehameha attack to keep Beerus ' attack at bay . 13 13 `` Goku , Go Beyond Super Saiyan God '' / `` Goku , Surpass Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Gokū yo , Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo o koete ike ! '' ( 悟空 よ 、 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド を 越え て 行け ! ) October 4 , 2015 April 8 , 2017 The Supreme Kais are surprised that the universe is still intact following the battle , but they fear the worst is still to come . On Earth , Vegeta , Whis , and the others are still standing by while watching the battle . Whis is surprised by the Super Saiyan God 's power and its ability to keep up with his trainee . In space , Goku struggles to keep up with Beerus ' attack , which ultimately ends up in a massive explosion that blinds everyone on Earth . Shortly after , the light clears out , which reveals everything to be as it was prior to the explosion . Beerus explains that he used his full power to negate the explosion , which saved the universe . Seeing it as a perfect opportunity to boast , Mr. Satan arranges to have himself be falsely credited with saving the planet yet again . Despite being at his limit , Goku remains calm , which annoys the God of Destruction . Beerus thinks Goku might have a strategy that he has been hiding , which Goku promptly denies . Goku says that everything he had been doing was improvised as they fought . The Gods quickly power up and continue fighting , but this time both are at their limit . As soon as they start , Goku loses his Super Saiyan God aura and reverts to the ordinary Super Saiyan form . Upon noticing that , Beerus decides to quit . He thinks it is pointless to fight an ordinary Super Saiyan . However , Goku does not notice and keeps going at it . Whis is able to sense Goku 's mortal energy . Whis assumes that the battle has concluded and that Goku has lost . However , Piccolo begs to differ . Surprised that Goku is still able to hit him even after losing his Super Saiyan God form , Beerus surmises that Goku 's body has adjusted to the Super Saiyan God power . This made him stronger in his ordinary form . With or without the Super Saiyan God form , Goku proclaims that it is still him that Beerus is up against . Beerus and Goku resume their battle of Gods . Note : This episode was originally scheduled to air on April 1 , 2017 , but an unannounced change in schedule on April Fools ' Day supplanted a new Dragon Ball Super episode with the premiere of the third season of Rick and Morty , which aired repeatedly from 8 PM to midnight . 14 14 `` This Is Every Ounce of Power I Have ! The Battle of Gods ' Conclusion ! '' / `` This Is All the Power I 've Got ! A Settlement Between Gods '' `` Kore ga ora no arittake no chikarada ! Ketchaku ! Kami to kami '' ( これが オラ の ありったけ の 力 だ ! 決着 ! 神 と 神 ) October 11 , 2015 April 15 , 2017 Now with only a Super Saiyan form at his disposal , Goku powers up and attacks but to no avail , as Beerus knocks him out effortlessly . With Goku knocked out , Beerus prepares to destroy the Earth . In a final effort to stop Beerus , Goku once again powers up and charges his Kamehameha attack . Goku manages to prevent Beerus ' attack , but he completely depletes what was left of his energy in the process . He comes crashing down to Earth onto Bulma 's ship , where Vegeta manages to catch him . Beerus lands on the planet shortly after to finish what he started , but he suddenly falls asleep . Whis explains that Goku must have tired Beerus out , and that by the time he wakes up he will have forgotten about their trip to Earth . Beerus was faking his sudden sleep because the Earth 's food convinced him to spare the planet . Beerus and Whis leave for Beerus ' planet . With Earth safe again , Goku decides to relax and enjoy the party . Season 2 : Golden Frieza Overall No . Saga No . English translation / Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 15 `` Make a Miracle , Satan the Hero ! A Challenge from Outer Space ! '' / `` Valiant Mr. Satan , Work a Miracle ! A Challenge from Outer Space ! '' `` Yūsha Satan yo kiseki o okose ! Uchū kara no chōsenjō ! ! '' ( 勇者 サタン よ 奇跡 を 起こせ ! 宇宙 から の 挑戦 状 ! ! ) October 18 , 2015 April 22 , 2017 With Earth no longer in danger , Goku and the others return to their ordinary lives . Chi - Chi tells Goku she has already spent the 100 million Zeni received from Mr. Satan . She orders Goku to leave training behind and find a job so he can support the family . Meanwhile , Mr. Satan 's self - promotion goes awry when a group of aliens land in the city . The aliens reveal that they are ambassadors who wish to thank and reward whoever defeated Beerus and thus protected their planet from destruction . Before he is given the reward , Mr. Satan is asked to demonstrate his godlike power against the alien 's mightiest champion in a sparring match . Knowing that he does not stand a chance , Mr. Satan quickly scampers away to safety and calls for help , but no one answers him . Suddenly , Goku arrives at the scene in need of Mr. Satan 's help . Mr. Satan arranges to have Goku fight for him instead . Just before the fight , Goku spots Chi - Chi and immediately runs away to avoid being scolded for disobeying her . Mr. Satan is left to confront the alien champion on his own . Suddenly , the cynophobic aliens spot Mr. Satan 's dog and run away in fear . With the aliens gone , the crowd praises Mr. Satan , whom they think saved them and Earth yet again . 16 `` Vegeta Becomes an Apprentice ? ! Winning Whis Over ! '' / `` Vegeta Becomes a Student ? ! Win Over Whis ! '' `` Bejīta ga deshi'iri ! ? Uisu o kōryakuse yo ! '' ( ベジータ が 弟子入り ! ? ウイス を 攻略 せよ ! ) October 25 , 2015 April 29 , 2017 Chi - Chi still has Goku doing work out on the farm . Instead of working , Goku decides to rest and falls asleep . Krillin flies in and wakes up Goku . Krillin is very surprised to hear that Goku is still on Earth and not training with King Kai . He reminisces about his training with Goku under Master Roshi and the power level difference between them since they were children . Curious to see how large the gap is , Krillin tells Goku to punch him with all his power . A reluctant Goku tries to change Krillin 's mind . Goku ends up punching Krillin anyway , which sends Krillin flying into a boulder . Shortly afterwards , Goku heads home . Android 18 treats Krillin 's wounds . Krillin states that he misses martial arts and wishes to start training again . Meanwhile , Vegeta is seen in the wastelands standing determined . He states his intent to surpass Goku without the aid of others . Elsewhere , Whis and Bulma are having lunch together . Whis is enjoying all the food Bulma is having her chef make . While they dine , Bulma asks Whis to protect Earth from Beerus in case he ever shows up again . Vegeta arrives and sees Whis . He asks Whis to see Beerus , but Whis refuses to do so . Whis tells Vegeta that he is Beerus ' martial arts teacher . Whis informs Vegeta that with the proper tutelage he could one day surpass Goku . Vegeta bows and kneels before Whis and begs to become his student . An unimpressed Whis walks past him . Vegeta decides to convince Whis by giving him the tastiest food on Earth . After several failed attempts , Vegeta finally impresses Whis with a cup of instant noodle . Before Vegeta heads off with Whis to train on Beerus ' planet , Bulma hands him new battle armor . Whis and Vegeta arrive on Beerus ' planet . Whis prepares to train Vegeta . 17 `` Pan Is Born ! And Goku Goes on a Training Trip ? ! '' / `` Pan is Born ! And Goku Goes on a Training Journey ? ! '' `` Pan tanjō ! Soshite Gokū wa shugyō no tabi he ! ? '' ( パン 誕生 ! そして 悟空 は 修行 の 旅 へ ! ? ) November 1 , 2015 May 6 , 2017 Pan has been born . While most of her family members and friends think that she should be taught martial arts , Chi - Chi is revolted by the very idea . She believes that Pan should be raised to be a lady and not a mindless fighter like her grandfather Goku . Everyone tries to persuade Chi - Chi to change her mind but to no avail . Bulma accidentally mentions that Vegeta has been away training with Whis for six months , which shocks Goku . After some time , Whis returns to Earth to enjoy more of the food Earth has to offer . Goku approaches Whis and asks to become his pupil . Whis accepts Goku 's plea . Whis thinks it is the perfect time for Goku to join Vegeta in training . Just as the two are about to depart , Chi - Chi runs up and stops Goku from leaving . Despite her wishes , Goku ends up leaving with Whis . Chi - Chi has a sudden change of heart . She says that Goku will return once he gets hungry anyway . 18 `` I 'm Here , Too ! Training Begins on Beerus ' Planet ! '' / `` I 'm Here , Too ! Training Commences on Beerus ' World ! '' `` Ora mo kita zo ! Birusu - sei de shugyō kaishi da ! '' ( オラ も 来 た ぞ ! ビルス 星 で 修行 開始 だ ! ) November 8 , 2015 May 13 , 2017 Goku and Whis arrive on Beerus ' planet , where Vegeta is tasked with housekeeping . Goku is surprised to learn that Vegeta has gotten considerably stronger training under Whis . Goku wants to start his training right away . Before he is allowed to train , Whis orders him to help Vegeta with the chores including changing Beerus ' bed sheets without waking him up . Goku and Vegeta promptly do their chores and start their training with Whis . Whis ' training routine quickly wears Goku out . He falls asleep . Vegeta , who is willing to surpass Goku at any cost , keeps on training . The next day , Whis decides to have a sparring match with his apprentices in order to gauge their speed . The two prove to be no match for Whis . Goku and Vegeta are too slow to land a single hit on Whis . Somewhere in space , surviving members of Frieza 's army are led by Sorbet . They continue with their effort of resurrecting their leader . Not far off , mysterious beings from a different universe named Champa ( シャンパ , Shanpa ) and Vados ( ヴァドス , Vadosu ) continue their search for Beerus . 19 5 `` Despair Rises ! The Emperor of Evil , Frieza , Resurrected ! '' / `` Despair Redux ! The Return of the Evil Emperor , Frieza ! '' `` Zetsubō futatabi ! Aku no teiō Furīza no fukkatsu ! '' ( 絶望 ふたたび ! 悪 の 帝王 ・ フリーザ の 復活 ! ) November 15 , 2015 May 20 , 2017 Goku and Vegeta continue their training under Whis on Beerus ' planet . Meanwhile , Sorbet and his assistant Tagoma ( タゴマ ) depart their ship and head for Earth in order to find the Dragon Balls , which they intend to resurrect their leader Frieza . They run into the Pilaf Gang , who had collected all seven Dragon Balls just before their arrival . Sorbet coerces Pilaf into summoning Shenron . At first , Shenron refuses to revive Frieza because he sees it as pointless given his current state , where Frieza was cut in pieces just as he was when Future Trunks killed him . Tagoma suggests using their advanced healing technology to make Frieza intact again . Sorbet has Frieza resurrected . Sorbet and Tagoma collect all of Frieza 's pieces and return to their ship . Frieza is completely renewed shortly afterwards . 20 6 `` Jaco 's Warning ! Frieza and His 1000 Troops Approach '' / `` A Warning from Jaco ! Frieza and 1,000 Soldiers Close In '' `` Jako kara no keikoku ! Semari kuru Furīza to 1000 - ri no heishi - tachi ! '' ( ジャコ から の 警告 ! 迫り 来る フリーザ と 1000 人 の 兵士 達 ) November 22 , 2015 June 3 , 2017 Once restored , Frieza plans revenge against Goku and Future Trunks . Tagoma objects to Frieza 's plans , but Frieza promptly subdues him . When Frieza finds out that Goku has gotten much stronger since they last met , he decides to train in order to become more powerful . Since Frieza 's power was inborn , he reveals that he had never felt the need to train a day in his life before now . Four months pass before Frieza and his army head for Earth . All the while , Goku and Vegeta continue their training under Whis . Jaco the Galactic Patrolman travels to Earth to inform Bulma that Frieza had been revived . Frieza will be approaching Earth shortly with an army of one thousand soldiers . With Frieza 's army fast approaching , Bulma gathers the remaining fighters to fight Frieza 's army in hopes of holding out until Goku and Vegeta make it back to Earth . 21 7 `` The Start of Revenge ! The Malice of Frieza Army Strikes Gohan ! '' / `` The Start of Vengeance ! The Frieza Force 's Malice Strikes Gohan ! '' `` Fukushū no hajimari ! Furīza - gun no akuiga satoshi Gohan outsu ! '' ( 復讐 の 始まり ! フリーザ 軍 の 悪意 が 悟 飯 を 撃つ ! ) November 29 , 2015 June 10 , 2017 Frieza and his army arrive on Earth , where Gohan , Piccolo , Krillin , Master Roshi , Tien , and Jaco have gathered to hold out until Goku and Vegeta return . Frieza says that he has waited a long time to have his revenge and that he wishes to face Goku . Seeing as how Goku is not present to help , Frieza orders his army to attack the Earthlings . His army proves to be no match for the fighters even for Krillin , who had given up fighting . Disappointed with his lackluster army , Frieza orders Sorbet to send in his elite soldier , Shisami ( シサミ ) , to take out Gohan . Suddenly , Tagoma fires a beam at Shisami and Gohan , which kills the former and badly injures the latter . Sorbet is surprised by Tagoma 's newfound power , which he had achieved through training with Frieza . Frieza promises Tagoma the command of his army if he takes out the Earthlings . He accepts and prepares to fight the Earthlings . Meanwhile , Goku and Vegeta are oblivious to what is happening on Earth . They continue their training under Whis on Beerus ' planet . 22 8 `` Change ! An Unexpected Return ! His Name is Ginyu ! ! '' `` Chēnji ! Masaka no fukkatsu ! Sono na wa Ginyū ! ! '' ( チェーンジ ! まさかの 復活 ! その 名 は ギニュー ! ! ) December 6 , 2015 June 17 , 2017 Tagoma powers up and confidently approaches his opponents . Piccolo is instantly outmatched . Gohan blasts Tagoma , which causes him to fly several yards away . As the dust settles , Tagoma reveals himself to be unharmed . Suddenly , Gotenks arrives and headbutts Tagoma . Everybody is shocked to see this . While Tagoma is struggling to recuperate from Gotenks ' attack , Captain Ginyu , who is in his frog form , pounces close to him and inscribes a message in the gravel . Tagoma accidentally sets off Ginyu 's signature move , and the two swap bodies . Ginyu rapidly adjusts to his new body 's immense power and assaults all of his rivals simultaneously . Bulma , Trunks , and Goten attempt to contact Whis , which bewilders Jaco . While fighting Gohan , Ginyu appears to have the upper hand until Gohan transforms into a Super Saiyan and defeats him . When Gohan shows mercy to Ginyu , Frieza becomes enraged and repeatedly fires multiple blasts at Gohan . Before Frieza can kill Gohan , Piccolo steps in to save him . 23 9 `` The Earth ! Gohan ! Absolute Peril ! Hurry and Get Here , Son Goku ! ! '' / `` Earth ! Gohan ! Both on the Ropes ! Hurry and Get Here , Goku ! ! '' `` Chikyū ga ! Gohan ga ! Zettaizetsumei ! Hayaku kite kure Son Gokū ! ! '' ( 地球 が ! 悟 飯 が ! 絶 体 絶命 ! 早く 来 て くれ 孫悟空 ! ! ) December 13 , 2015 June 24 , 2017 Piccolo takes Frieza 's attack to save Gohan and dies in the process . On Beerus ' planet , Beerus desires more pizza . Whis gets an invitation from Bulma for a strawberry dessert . As Whis telepathically contacts her , she reveals Frieza 's revival and Piccolo 's death to him . Initially shocked to realize that Frieza is revived , Goku and Vegeta get set to fight Frieza . As Whis says it would take some time to reach Earth , Goku resorts to instant transmission on Beerus ' advice . Goku realizes that instant transmission is impossible due to the large distance between Earth and Beerus ' planet . Nevertheless , Goku tries to search for someone 's energy on Earth . On Earth , Gohan powers up to his maximum limit . This helps Goku to identify an energy source to perform instant transmission . Goku and Vegeta arrive on Earth in the nick of time to save Gohan . Vegeta executes Ginyu . As Goku and Frieza meet after a long time , Frieza transforms into his final form in a fit to demonstrate his new power . This results in the death of all his men except for Sorbet , who is at a considerable distance . Perplexed by Frieza 's new power , Goku prepares to engage in a battle . 24 10 `` Clash ! Frieza vs. Son Goku ; This Is The Result of My Training ! '' / `` Clash ! Frieza vs. Goku ! This is the Result of My Training ! '' `` Gekitotsu ! Furīza VS Son Gokū ; Kore ga ora no shugyō no seikada ! '' ( 激突 ! フリーザ VS 孫悟空 これが オラ の 修行 の 成果 だ ! ) December 20 , 2015 July 8 , 2017 The battle between Goku and Frieza begins . They fight on even ground , and neither one is able to inflict significant damage to the other . Frieza resorts to attacking Krillin and Bulma . When Goku tries to save them , he is caught off guard when Frieza lands several blows on him . Vegeta grows impatient due to the constant rambling by both fighters . He charges at Goku in frustration and asks him to give it all he has . Goku takes Vegeta 's request into account and convinces Frieza to power up to his maximum . When Frieza calls out to Goku to show his full power , Goku transforms into a Super Saiyan Blue . 25 11 `` An All - Out Battle ! The Revenge of Golden Frieza ! '' / `` A Full - Throttle Battle ! The Vengeful Golden Frieza '' `` Zenkai Batoru ! Fukushū no Gōruden Furīza '' ( 全開 バトル ! 復讐 の ゴールデン フリーザ ) December 27 , 2015 July 15 , 2017 After briefly testing Goku 's new transformation , Frieza transforms into a new gold - colored form , tersely named as Golden Frieza . After expressing how impressed they are by each - other 's progress , Goku and Frieza engage in a fierce battle . Meanwhile , Whis informs Bulma of their arrival on Earth in a few minutes but , on their way to Earth , Beerus and Whis encounter the God of Destruction of Universe Six , Champa , and his assistant , Vados . After having a short conversation with Champa and Vados , Beerus and Whis finally arrive on the battlefield . While eating Bulma 's delicious dessert , Beerus and Whis acknowledge that Frieza has indeed become significantly stronger and that Goku seems to have a tough time keeping up with Golden Frieza . Still not use to his newest form , Goku struggles to keep up with Golden Frieza 's speed and prowess , eventually getting pummeled into the ground . 26 12 `` A Glint of Hope Shines Through in a Crisis ! Time to Fight Back , Son Goku ! '' / `` A Chance Appears in a Tight Spot ! Launch a Counteroffensive , Goku ! '' `` Dai pinchi ni shōki ga mieta ! Hangeki kaishida Son Gokū ! '' ( 大 ピンチ に 勝機 が 見え た ! 反撃 開始 だ 孫悟空 ! ) January 10 , 2016 July 22 , 2017 Frieza and Goku continue their protracted battle with Frieza landing more blows on Goku than can be returned . Unable to match Frieza 's raw power , Goku manages to withstand and dodge Frieza 's attacks . Goku and Vegeta notice that Frieza is progressively losing stamina and that his power level is dropping , though Frieza himself fails to notice this . Vegeta urges Goku to quickly finish Frieza off before he has a chance to recover , or he will step up and do so himself . After Goku and Frieza exchange some sarcastic banter , they power up again and continue their fight . Frieza still has the upper hand , but Goku realizes he only needs to stall Frieza long enough for his weakness to reappear . After a fully powered Frieza unleashes a barrage of attacks , he quickly becomes tired and starts running out of breath , with hus attacks no longer hurting Goku . Frieza finally realizes his weakness ; a lack of endurance , as his Golden form exhausts more energy than he can produce . Goku explains this is because Frieza rushed to Earth immediately after achieving the Golden form without giving himself enough time to master it . Frieza agonizes over his failed chance at revenge in combat , but mouths a few inaudible words to Sorbet for assistance . Goku tells Frieza to leave Earth while he still can - but to everyone 's surprise , a laser beam pierces Goku 's chest from behind , fired from Sorbet 's ray gun . Stomping on Goku 's chest wound to make him scream , Frieza gloats about his backup strategy to have Goku let his guard down , mocking him by claiming Goku 's overconfidence prevents him from being the strongest fighter . Before Frieza can unleash his killing shot on Goku , Vegeta fires at Frieza and announces that it is his turn to fight . 27 13 `` The Earth Explodes ? ! The Deciding Kamehameha '' / `` The Earth Explodes ? A Decisive Kamehameha ! '' `` Chikyū bakuhatsu ! ? Ketchaku no kamehameha '' ( 地球 爆発 ! ? 決着 の かめ はめ 波 ) January 17 , 2016 July 29 , 2017 Goku is critically injured , but Vegeta intervenes before Frieza can deliver a killing blow . When Krillin attempts to deliver Goku a Senzu Bean , Frieza attempts to blast him - but Vegeta redirects the blast to Sorbet , killing him . Afterwards , Vegeta demonstrates his own ability to transform into a Super Saiyan Blue . Frieza attempts to land a hit on Vegeta , but he fails to do so and quickly finds himself completely outmatched by Vegeta . Enraged and humiliated , Frieza refuses to accept defeat and , while Vegeta powers up a killing shot , Frieza instead fires an attack at the Earth and destroys it out from under them . Whis protects Goku and the others , but Vegeta and everyone else on the planet are killed - with Whis suspecting Frieza survived and escaped through his ability to breathe in space . As Goku laments his failure to stop Frieza and protect Earth , Whis offers to turn back time by a couple of minutes and allow Goku one last chance . The moment is reset to the end of Vegeta and Frieza 's battle , allowing Goku just enough time to charge up a Kamehameha attack and kill Frieza , saving the world . Later , the group gathers at Capsule Corporation , where Piccolo is revived with the Namekian Dragon Balls . Shaken by his helplessness against Frieza , Gohan tells Piccolo that he intends to resume his training so that he can protect his loved ones , which Piccolo is delighted to hear . Season 3 : Universe 6 Overall No . Saga No . English translation Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 28 `` The God of Destruction from Universe 6 - His Name Is Champa ! '' / `` The 6th Universe 's Destroyer ! His Name is Champa ! '' `` Dai - 6 uchū no hakaishin - Sono na wa Shanpa '' ( 第 6 宇宙 の 破壊 神 その 名 は シャンパ ) January 24 , 2016 August 5 , 2017 As Goku and Vegeta continue their vigorous training , Champa and Vados abruptly arrive on Beerus ' planet . After a small skirmish between Beerus and Champa , everyone settles down to eat some food . Formal introductions are exchanged , where Champa is introduced as Beerus ' twin brother and Vados as Whis ' older sister . An argument erupts concerning which universe 's food is superior . This leaves Goku and Vegeta bewildered . Whis explains that there are twelve universes . When two universes add up to thirteen , each universe compliments each other such as the sixth and the seventh universe . After Vados discovers that Universe Six 's Earth has been destroyed through warfare , Champa proposes a tournament between Universe Six and Seven to determine who acquires the Earth of Universe Seven . Beerus protests the idea . He believes it is impossible to do so . Champa ascertains that it is doable by using the Super Dragon Balls , which the Namekian Dragon Balls were trimmed from . At the current moment , Champa has six of them . Goku informs Beerus and Champa that Bulma is capable of locating the final Super Dragon Ball necessary to perform the wish . With tensions mounted , Beerus accepts Champa 's proposal . 29 `` The Martial Arts Match Has Been Decided ! The Team Captain Is Stronger Than Goku '' / `` Combat Matches Are a Go ! The Captain Is Someone Stronger Than Goku '' `` Kakutō shiai kaisai kettei ! Shushō wa Gokū yori tsuyoi yatsu '' ( 格闘 試合 開催 決定 ! 主将 は 悟空 より も 強い ヤツ ) January 31 , 2016 August 12 , 2017 Champa decides to host the tournament on a vacated nameless planet located between Universe Six and Universe Seven . Goku suggests the rules be similar to that of the Tenkaichi Budokai tournaments held on Earth . Vegeta recommends a written exam be implemented in order to prevent insensitive beings lacking knowledge of the regulations from participating . The tournament is scheduled to begin several days after the encounter between Beerus and Champa . On Earth , Whis requests that Bulma use her Dragon Radar in order to obtain the final Super Dragon Ball . Contrary to this , Bulma believes it would be easier to simply summon Shenron to locate it instead . Shenron reveals that tracking down the Super Dragon Balls is beyond his power . Meanwhile , Vados selects a portion of the nameless planet and transforms it into the tournament 's arena . After judging Whis ' students , Champa realizes he should also enlist a Saiyan onto his team . Beerus explains that Goku is merely the second strongest opponent he has ever faced . He proceeds to take off to inform Monaka ( モナカ ) , the strongest warrior he has ever fought , of the tournament . The next morning , Bulma finishes constructing the Super Dragon Radar . She intends to collect the Super Dragon Balls of Universe Seven before Beerus can use them to wish for total annihilation of the entire world . 30 `` A Review Before the ' Martial Arts Match ' - Who Are the Last Two Members ? ! '' / `` A Run - Through For the Competition ! Who Are the Last Two Members ? '' `` '' Kakutō '' shiai e no o sarai - Nokori futari no menbā wa dareda ! ? '' ( 「 格闘 試合 」 へ の お さらい 残り 二 人 の メンバー は 誰 だ ! ? ) February 7 , 2016 August 19 , 2017 Goku and Vegeta meet up with Krillin , who goes with them to recruit Majin Buu as the fourth combatant of the Universe Seven team . Although Majin Buu is reluctant due to his hatred of Beerus , he agrees when Goku promises him a wish from the Super Dragon Balls , which he plans on giving to Mr. Satan . Goten and Trunks try to join , but they are denied by Vegeta because their use of fusion is illegal . The group finds Piccolo training with Gohan . They recruit Piccolo as the fifth and final member . Gohan considers joining the team , but he can not participate due to a business meeting on the day of the tournament . Beerus and the others think back over recent events . Beerus and Whis contemplate the intentions behind Champa 's plans . A series of flashbacks recapping the series is shown up to Frieza 's demise . 31 `` Off to Zuno Sama 's ! Find Out Where Super Dragon Balls Are ! '' / `` Off to See Master Zuno ! Find Out Where the Super Dragon Balls Are ! '' `` Zunō - sama no moto e ! Sūpā Doragon Bōru no arika o kikidase ! '' ( ズノー 様 の も と へ ! 超 ( スーパー ) ドラゴンボール の あり か を 聞き 出せ ! ) February 14 , 2016 August 26 , 2017 Bulma and Jaco travel to meet an omniscient alien , Zunō - sama ( ズノー 様 ) , to ask him about the Super Dragon Balls . After arriving on Zunō - sama 's planet , the duo encounters a spacefaring criminal named Burpman ( ゲップマン , Geppuman ) , who is wanted for leaving a restaurant without paying the bill . As a reward for subduing the criminal , Zunō - sama 's attendants allow Bulma and Jaco to skip the lengthy waiting list and seek Zunō - sama 's advice right away . Bulma unwittingly wastes two of her three questions , but she does glean information on the radius and other properties of the Super Dragon Balls . This includes the fact that they were formerly scattered across both Universe Six and Universe Seven . 32 5 `` The Match Begins ! Let 's All Go to the `` Nameless Planet '' ! '' / `` The Matches Begin ! We 're All Off to the `` Planet With No Name ! '' '' `` Shiaikaishi da ! Min'na de `` Namae no nai hoshi '' e ! '' ( 試合 開始 だ ! みんな で 「 名前 の ない 星 」 へ ! ) February 21 , 2016 September 9 , 2017 On Earth , everyone gathers for the trip to the tournament . Goku and Vegeta arrive after having trained in the Hyperbolic Time Chamber for three years . After stopping at Beerus ' planet to get both him and Monaka , everyone proceeds to go to the tournament . The group meets their competition who are all somewhat unusual . This includes a Saiyan with a radically different history as well as a fighter who looks like Frieza . After the written test , the Universe Seven team is left one team member down because Majin Buu falls asleep . Majin Buu is deemed unfit and disqualified . Beerus decides that Monaka will go last . After a round of rock - paper - scissors , it is decided that Goku will fight first , followed by Piccolo , and then Vegeta . Goku and his competitor named Botamo ( ボタモ ) , who is a giant bear - like creature , enter the tournament ring . 33 6 `` Behold , Universe 6 ! This Is the Super Saiyan ? Son Goku ! '' / `` Surprise , 6th Universe ! This is Super Saiyan Goku ! '' `` Odoroke Dai - 6 uchū yo ! Kore ga Sūpā Saiya - jin ・ Son Gokū da ! '' ( 驚け 第 6 宇宙 よ ! これが 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ・ 孫悟空 だ ! ) February 28 , 2016 September 16 , 2017 The fight between Goku and Botamo commences . Goku takes a while to warm up due to having overeaten during the trip . Although Goku seems faster and more well trained than Botamo , none of the hits that he lands seem to have an effect . Botamo seems content to simply take the punishment . Urged by Vegeta to think before he acts , Goku drags Botamo to the side of the ring and throws him out . This results in a win for Universe Seven . The next match begins almost immediately . The Frieza look alike named Frost ( フロスト , Furosuto ) is Goku 's next opponent . In direct contrast to Frieza , Frost is a kind and beloved hero in Universe Six who looks forward to a challenge . Goku surprises Frost with knowledge of his transformations . Frost assumes a form that mirrors Frieza 's third form . Goku mentions his ability to transform as well . He transforms into a Super Saiyan . Frost responds by transforming into his final form . Frost seems greatly outmatched by Goku even in his final transformation . Suddenly , a strange effect comes over Goku that severely weakens him and allows Frost a chance to strike . Frost knocks Goku out of the ring , which stuns everyone from Universe Seven . 34 7 `` Piccolo vs. Frost - Put It All on the Special Beam Cannon ! '' / `` Piccolo vs. Frost - Stake It All on the Special Beam Cannon ! '' `` Pikkoro VS Furosuto - Makankōsappō ni subete o kakero ! '' ( ピッコロ VS フロスト 魔 貫 光 殺 砲 に すべて を かけろ ! ) March 6 , 2016 September 23 , 2017 Frost beats Goku by knocking him out of the ring . Piccolo walks up to Frost to face him next . Piccolo charges his signature attack while simultaneously evading Frost 's attacks . To buy himself time to charge his attack , Piccolo creates clones of himself to distract Frost . Frost quickly disposes of decoys and charges at Piccolo . After a bout of close combat , Frost defeats Piccolo with a power blast . Before the referee could rule in Frost 's favor , Jaco chimes in claiming that Frost had been cheating all along . The referee examines Frost and finds that he had been using a forbidden tool . Champa is initially outraged to find that Frost had cheated . Champa decides to forgive and help him in his universe if Frost continues to play by the rules . Frost reveals that he set up the attacks on the planets he saved . The referee declares Piccolo the winner until Vegeta steps in and says that he wishes to face Frost . 35 8 `` Turn Rage into Strength ! Vegeta 's Full - On Battle ! '' / `` Turn Your Anger Into Strength ! Vegeta 's Full - Bore Battle '' `` Ikari o chikara ni kaero ! Bejīta no zenkai batoru '' ( 怒り を 力 に 変えろ ! ベジータ の 全開 バトル ) March 20 , 2016 September 30 , 2017 Frost cockily announces his intent to utterly defeat Vegeta in combat with the presentation of yet another weapon . Both parties agree that the match should not be regulated by the standard rules of the tournament in order to avoid disqualification and allow the combatants to fight at their full power . Vegeta mercilessly assaults Frost and sends him flying out of the barrier . Vegeta declares that he did not kill Frost because he was not going to stoop down to the latter 's level . Beerus discovers that Goku was also affected by Frost 's weapon , and he proceeds to convince the referee to allow Goku to return to the competition . Goku protests the turn order because he desperately wants to see Monaka in combat . Beerus explains that Monaka , as his trump card , must fight last . This prompts a hushed remark from Whis concerning Monaka 's `` true colors '' . Vados generates a new barrier around the ring as the referee announces a new rule , where any contact an individual makes with the barrier automatically disqualifies them . Meanwhile , Frost attempts to steal the tournament winnings and escape in Champa 's transportation cube . Frost is stunned by a purple humanoid , Hit ( ヒット , Hitto ) , in the process . Hit takes the unconscious Frost back to the arena . The next match begins . Vegeta faces off against the robot Magetta ( マゲッタ ) . The audience begins to dispute over Magetta 's eligibility because of the fact that Magetta can spit lava . Magetta is declared eligible because the lava is just his saliva . Magetta 's volcanic fumes engulf the barrier and cause Vegeta to perspire rapidly and breathe heavily from the extreme heat . 36 9 `` An Unexpected Desperate Battle ! Vegeta 's Furious Explosion ! '' / `` An Unexpectedly Uphill Battle ! Vegeta 's Great Blast of Fury ! '' `` Masaka no dai kusen ! Bejīta ikari no dai bakuhatsu ! '' ( まさかの 大 苦戦 ! ベジータ 怒り の 大 爆発 ! ) March 27 , 2016 October 7 , 2017 Vegeta continues his battle with Magetta . He is struggling against the rising temperatures in the enclosed arena . Vegeta tries to win quickly , but Magetta endures and counters his attacks . Magetta follows it with a punch that sends Vegeta flying toward the ground . After nearly being disqualified through by going out of bounds , Vegeta powers up in anger and destroys the barrier of the arena . He blasts Magetta and forces him to the very edge of the stage . However , Vegeta is unable to knock Magetta off the stage . After Vegeta insults Magetta , he loses his will to fight . Magetta is knocked out of the ring . 37 10 `` Do n't Forget Your Saiyan Pride ! Vegeta vs. the Saiyan of Universe 6 ! '' / `` Do n't Forget Your Saiyan Pride ! Vegeta vs The 6th Universe 's Saiyan ! '' `` Saiya - jin no hokori o wasureruna ! Bejīta VS Dai - 6 uchū no Saiya - jin '' ( サイヤ 人 の 誇り を 忘れる な ! ベジータ VS 第 6 宇宙 の サイヤ 人 ) April 3 , 2016 October 14 , 2017 Vegeta faces a slim and short Saiyan from Universe Six , Cabba ( キャベ ) , in the following round . Unlike their Universe Seven counterparts , Saiyans of Universe Six are heroic and kind . They are known as benevolent galactic protectors . Vegeta and Cabba are initially equally matched . After Vegeta pushes Cabba to power up , Cabba admits he can not do it . Cabba asks for Vegeta to teach him how to transform . This seemingly enrages Vegeta . Vegeta transforms into a Super Saiyan and begins to mercilessly beat Cabba . Vegeta threatens Cabba . He says he will kill him and destroy his planet if he forfeits . An enraged Cabba suddenly transforms and goes on the offensive . Vegeta reveals the Super Saiyan transformation is unlocked through drawing on one 's inner anger . Vegeta 's actions were intended to bring about that transformation . Vegeta quickly powers up even more and knocks Cabba out with a single punch . After the fight , Cabba thanks Vegeta for telling him about his untapped potential . Vegeta brushes him off and tells him not to forget his Saiyan pride . Vegeta also tells Cabba to surpass all other Saiyans . Cabba acknowledges Vegeta 's advice and walks off the stage . With Universe Six now down to their last fighter , Champa is still unconcerned as he is certain his hit man , Hit , will be able to settle the score . 38 11 `` The Ultimate Warrior of Universe 6 ! Assassin Hit Appears ! ! '' / `` The 6th Universe 's Mightiest Warrior ! Engage the Assassin Hit ! '' `` Dai - 6 uchū saikyō no senshi ! Koroshi ya Hitto kenzan ! ! '' ( 第 6 宇宙 最強 の 戦士 ! 殺し 屋 ヒット 見参 ! ! ) April 10 , 2016 October 21 , 2017 Vegeta and Hit start their battle . To Vegeta 's surprise , he is unable to land a single blow on Hit due to his superior speed . Eventually , Vegeta is struck by a heavy blow and collapses . Hit is declared the winner of the match . Suddenly , it is revealed that Hit used a `` time - skipping '' technique , where he gets to time travel and be the only person able to move for a split second . Goku walks up to battle Hit . Initially , Hit overpowers Goku , which prompts him to ask Goku to surrender . Goku refuses and says he used the time to figure out how Hit 's technique works . Goku predicts Hit 's moves and evades his attacks . Hit claims that Goku 's foresight was just a fluke and that he will not be able to use it again . However , Goku is able to foresee Hit 's attacks and defend himself . Goku proposes that both of them fight at their full power . Hit concurs and withdraws . Shortly afterwards , both start preparing for their next fight . 39 12 `` The Advanced `` Time - Skip '' Fights Back ? ! Will It Come Forth ? Goku 's New Technique ! '' / `` A Developed `` Time Skip '' Counterstrike ? Here Comes Goku 's New Move ! '' `` Seichōshita `` toki tobashi '' no hangeki ! ? Deru ka ! ? Gokū no aratana waza ! '' ( 成長 した `` 時 とばし '' の 反撃 ! ? 出る か ! ? 悟空 の 新た な 技 ! ) April 17 , 2016 November 4 , 2017 Goku and Hit both power up before the match . Goku is finally able to counter Hit 's time - manipulating attacks , which displeases Hit . Hit tries to power up even more , but Goku prevents him . Soon after , Hit manages to counter Goku 's blows , while he simultaneously grows even stronger . Badly hurt , Goku hits the ground . Champa tells Hit to finish off Goku , but Hit refuses to obey his order . Goku manages to get back on his feet , and the two resume their fight . Goku is soon backed into a corner and resorts to his Kaiō - ken technique , which greatly increases his strength and speed . Having powered up , Goku begins pummeling and blasting Hit , who manages to evade most of the attacks with ease . 40 13 `` At Last , It Comes to an End ! Is the Winner Beerus ? Or is it Champa ? '' / `` A Decision at Last ! Is the Winner Beerus ? Or is it Champa ? '' `` Tsuini ketchaku ! Shōsha wa Birusu ? Soretomo Shanpa ? '' ( ついに 決着 ! 勝者 は ビルス ? それとも シャンパ ? ) April 24 , 2016 November 11 , 2017 Goku and Hit fight to an indecisive stalemate . Neither side is able to gain ground against the other . Goku requests that the rules of the fight be waived so that Hit can use his assassination techniques freely . Champa and Beerus argue over this decision . During their argument , Goku jumps out of the fighting stage . He forfeits the match . Goku argues that he would have been unable to continue due to the strain on his body brought on by his Kaiō - ken technique . Shortly afterwards , Monaka faces Hit . Monaka is scared to fight . Monaka punches Hit and wins the fight . Hit throws the fight as repayment for Goku enabling him to surpass his limits . With Hit defeated , the Universe Seven team is declared the winner of the tournament . Just as the festivities are about to conclude , Grand Zenō ( 全 王 ) , a mysterious `` King of Universes '' , appears in the center of the fighting stage . 41 14 `` Come , God of Dragons - And Pretty Please Grant My Wish ! '' / `` Come Forth , Divine Dragon ! And Grant My Wish , Peas and Carrots ! '' `` Ide deyo kami no ryū - soshite negai o kanaete chonmage ! '' ( 出 で よ 神 の 龍 そして 願い を 叶え て ちょんまげ ! ) May 1 , 2016 November 18 , 2017 Grand Zenō announces that he will organize a martial arts tournament for all twelve universes . Goku disrespectfully approaches and talks to Grand Zenō . Grand Zenō is amused , and everyone else is discomforted . Champa scolds his team for losing and orders them to train for the upcoming tournament . Shortly afterwards , Champa and his team leave . Beerus asks the Earthlings to find the Super Dragon Balls . Android 18 notices that all Super Dragon Balls are clumped together on the radar , and Monaka deduces that the planet they have been fighting on is actually the seventh Super Dragon Ball . Beerus , Goku , and the others leave for the location of all seven Super Dragon Balls . Once they are there , Whis summons Super Shenron ( スーパー シェンロン , Chāo Shénlóng ) , which is a more powerful version of Shenron . Unknown to anyone else , Beerus secretly wishes to have Universe Six 's Earth restored back to normal . Vados informs Champa what Beerus wished for . Whis leaves Beerus and Monaka on Beerus ' planet and departs for Earth . Monaka is revealed to be an ordinary mail deliveryman , who is an aspiring fighter . Beerus rewards Monaka with money for his help motivating Goku and Vegeta . Goku , Vegeta , and the others from Earth return home . 42 15 `` Trouble at the Victory Celebration ! Showdown at Last ? ! Monaka vs. Son Goku ! '' / `` A Chaotic Victory Party ! Showdown at Last ? Monaka vs. Goku ! '' `` Haran no shukushō kai ! Tsuini taiketsu ! ? Monaka VS Son Gokū ! '' ( 波乱 の 祝勝 会 ! 遂に 対決 ! ? モナカ VS 孫悟空 ) May 8 , 2016 December 2 , 2017 With the tournament completed , Bulma decides to hold a celebration party at the Capsule Corporation . She also decides to invite Monaka . Bulma considers Monaka to be the real winner of the tournament . Beerus and Whis are opposed to Bulma 's idea as they believe that Goku would want to fight Monaka if he were to attend . Ultimately , Monaka does attend . Beerus decides to tell everyone besides Goku about Monaka 's secret . Monaka is not nearly as powerful as everyone believes him to be . Goten and Trunks suggest that Beerus disguise himself as Monaka and fight Goku in Monaka 's place . Beerus agrees to the plan and disguises himself . Pu'ar also shape - shifts itself into Beerus to act as a decoy . Shortly afterwards , Goku and a disguised Beerus begin their fight . Following a brief clash , Whis interrupts the battle . Everyone carries on with the festivities . 43 16 `` Goku 's `` Ki '' is Out of Control ? ! Looking After Pan is A Lot of Trouble ! '' / `` Goku 's Energy is Out of Control ? The Struggle to Look After Pan '' `` Gokū no `` Ki '' ga seigyo funō ! ? Pan no osewa de shikuhakku ! '' ( 悟空 の 「 気 」 が 制御 不能 ! ? パン の お世話 で 四苦八苦 ) May 15 , 2016 December 9 , 2017 Due to overexerting himself during the tournament , Goku has problems controlling his energy . He decides to take a break and relax in order to get his strength back . While Gohan and Videl are out , Goku and his family babysit Pan . That morning , Pilaf , Shu , and Mai plan to attack Goku , while he is asleep . They end up fleeing in terror and bring Pan along with them . Inside their ship , Pilaf accidentally launches them into the stratosphere . The pressure from the launch destroys their ship , but Pan is able to fly back home with her captives in tow . On their way home , Goku 's family is relieved to find Pan even though they remain ignorant of her exploits . 44 17 `` Seal of Planet Potofu - Secret of the Superhuman Water Is Unleashed ! '' / `` The Seal of Planet Po - tau - feu ! Secrets of the Unleashed Superhuman Water ! '' `` Potofu sei no fūin toki hanatareta - `` Chōjin sui '' no himitsu ! '' ( ポトフ 星 の 封印 解き放た れ た `` 超人 水 '' の 秘密 ! ) May 22 , 2016 December 16 , 2017 While Monaka delivers a package to Bulma , Goten and Trunks sneak into his delivery truck and are accidentally taken to Planet Po - tau - feu . A group of space bandits are led by a teal humanoid Gryll ( グリル , Guriru ) . They attempt to steal a key to an item called the Superhuman Water ( 超人 水 , Chōjin Mizu ) from an elder named Potaji ( ポタジ ) . The bandits succeed and are absorbed and cloned by the purple viscous liquid . At Bulma 's request , Vegeta and Jaco arrive on the planet to search for the children . Shortly after they arrive , the liquid absorbs and clones Vegeta . 45 18 `` Vegeta Disappears ? ! The Threat of Duplicated Vegeta ! '' / `` Vegeta is Disappearing ? ! The Terror of the Clone Vegeta ! '' `` Bejīta ga kieru ! ? Fukusei bejīta no kyōi ! '' ( ベジータ が 消える ! ? 複製 ベジータ の 脅威 ! ) May 29 , 2016 January 6 , 2018 Vegeta is powerless due to the purple viscous liquid cloning and absorbing his powers . The liquid is revealed to be a sentient being known as Komeson ( コメソン ) . Superhuman Water is just one of its many names known throughout the universe . Vegeta and the rest flee from the cloned Vegeta and the space bandits . They learn from Potaji that the original will disappear once cloned . Goten and Trunks attempt to defeat the clone before that happens . Goku is fully recovered while training on King Kai 's planet . He senses that Goten and Trunks are in danger and teleports to Goten 's side . Goku prepares to fight the cloned Vegeta . 46 19 `` Goku vs. Duplicated Vegeta ! Who 's Gonna Win ? ! '' / `` Goku vs Clone Vegeta ! Who Will Win ? '' `` Gokū VS fukusei Bejīta ! Katsu no wa dotchida ! ? '' ( 悟空 VS 複製 ベジータ ! 勝つ の は どっち だ ! ? ) June 5 , 2016 January 13 , 2018 Goku and the cloned Vegeta begin their battle . Each side holds its own . Vegeta tells Goku that he can not beat him with attacks like that . The cloned Vegeta backs Goku into a corner . Goku teleports behind his opponent and lands a blow on him , which briefly turns the battle in his favor . Vegeta starts getting frustrated that his clone is failing to dodge certain attacks and begins cheering for the clone when it knocks Goku away . Trunks reminds Vegeta that if they do not defeat the clone , Vegeta would die . Vegeta attempts to attack the clone himself , but he fails to do any damage . Frustrated , Vegeta criticizes both his clone and Goku . Goku begins wondering whose side Vegeta is on . He and the cloned Vegeta quickly power up , and the two continue their fight . Jaco points out that Vegeta is even more transparent than before . Potaji tells Vegeta to use Komeson to gain time . Trunks wonders if there might be another way to save Vegeta in case their plan fails . Potaji suggests that the Komeson should be destroyed to weaken the clones it had created . Trunks , Goten , Potaji , and Jaco fly away to retrieve the weapon . Meanwhile , Goku manages to fight off cloned Vegeta . Vegeta is frustrated that it is Goku who is fighting the clone and not him . The fight causes a destructive shock wave . Komeson takes advantage of this and quickly attacks Trunks . Vegeta feels that Trunks is in trouble and tries to reach him . Monaka accidentally steps on Komeson 's core behind him , which damages it along with its clones . Potaji notes that even though the core was destroyed , time has run out and Vegeta is disappearing . Realizing this is his last chance , Goku destroys the cloned Vegeta . As a result , Vegeta 's body regenerates and Potaji reseals Komeson . Goku thanks Monaka for his help and says that he would have been beaten by the cloned Vegeta if it were not for him . With the Planet Potofu saved and the threat destroyed , Goku and the others return to Earth . Meanwhile , in an annihilated alternate timeline , Future Trunks looks to destroy a new threat that has been terrorizing his world . Season 4 : `` Future '' Trunks Overall No . Saga No . English translation Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 47 `` An SOS from the Future ! A Dark New Enemy Emerges ! ! '' / `` An SOS from the Future ! A New Dark Enemy Emerges ! `` Mirai kara no esuōesu ! Kuroki arata na teki arawaru ! '' ( 未来 から の SOS ! 黒き 新た な 敵 現 る ! ! ) June 12 , 2016 January 20 , 2018 In an alternate timeline , Future Trunks is hiding from a mysterious enemy that has been terrorizing the Future Earth . He meets with his mother in their hideout , Future Bulma , who is relieved that he survived . She is revealed to have been working on the time machine for their trip to find help . Just as they are about to leave , an explosion destroys Future Bulma 's equipment . Seeing as they are in danger , Future Bulma urges Future Trunks to leave without her . Shortly after , a mysterious enemy demolishes the hideout . Future Bulma is killed by falling debris following the explosion , but Future Trunks manages to escape . Back in the present timeline , Goku is showing his new farm to Chi - Chi and Goten . Piccolo arrives shortly after at Goku 's request . Goku says he wants to use his work as a way to train . While Goku and Piccolo are having a harvesting competition , on Beerus ' planet , Vegeta is training with Whis . Goku notices this and teleports to them . Beerus asks if Goku brought him a gift , and Goku gives him a ball of lettuce he grabbed during his contest with Piccolo . Beerus enjoys the lettuce , but he considers it inadequate . Meanwhile , in the alternate timeline , Future Trunks meets up with Future Mai . Future Trunks tells her that his mother has sacrificed herself so he could escape and return to the past and save his world . Back on Beerus ' planet , Goku , Vegeta , Beerus , and Whis discuss Zenō , who is the `` King of Universes '' . Beerus says that Zenō is the most powerful being there is . Whis says that Zenō is also able to erase entire universes as there has originally been more than there are at present . In the alternate timeline , Future Trunks and Future Mai are eating and resting . They discuss about going back 17 years in the past , where Future Trunks ' friends would be . They make their way to Capsule Corporation . They stumble upon a vortex in the sky out of which arrives the mysterious enemy that the two have been running away from . Future Trunks tells Future Mai to go on ahead as he draws his sword . He tries to face the enemy but to no avail . In order to save Future Trunks and give him a chance to escape , Future Mai acts as a decoy . Future Mai is hit by the enemy 's blast and seemingly killed on the spot . Future Trunks is enraged and looks at the enemy , who is revealed to be a Goku look - alike being named Goku Black ( ゴクウ ブラック , Gokū Burakku ) . 48 `` Hope ! ! Once More Awaken in the Present , Trunks '' / `` Hope ! ! Again ! Trunks Wakes Up in the Present ! '' `` Kibō ! ! Futatabi - Imade mezame yo Torankusu '' ( HOPE ( き ぼう ) ! ! 再び 現在 で 目覚めよ トランクス ) June 19 , 2016 January 27 , 2018 Goku Black taunts Future Trunks as he could not save any of his family or friends . Future Trunks powers up to Super Saiyan to fight Goku Black , but he is outmatched . He distracts Goku Black with an energy attack and quickly boards the Time Capsule and escapes 17 years into the past . Goku Black is frustrated that he can not find Trunks in the future timeline . Meanwhile in the present timeline , Trunks is studying in class along with Pilaf 's Gang . During a recess break , Trunks feels strange and looks at the sky to observe the Time Capsule arriving with Future Trunks inside . He immediately calls for his mother Bulma . Bulma contacts Vegeta and Goku who are training on Beerus ' planet . Bulma asks Trunks to power up in order for Goku to be able to teleport himself and Vegeta to their location . Whis and Beerus also arrive to see Future Trunks . Vegeta asks Goku to get some Senzu beans . Goku goes to Korin 's place to get some Senzu beans . Future Trunks regains consciousness thanks to the Senzu bean . Upon spotting Goku , Future Trunks recalls Goku Black 's attacks and immediately charges towards Goku , which shocks everyone around . 49 `` A Message from the Future - Goku Black Strikes ! '' / `` Mirai kara no messēji - Gokū Burakku shūrai ! '' ( 未来 から の メッセージ ゴクウ ブラック 襲来 ! ) June 26 , 2016 TBA Goku manages to fight off Future Trunks . Bulma manages to calm down Future Trunks . Future Trunks gets clued in as to where he had ended up . He is also introduced to Beerus and Whis . Future Trunks apologizes to Goku for attacking him . He tells him he looks just like an enemy he was after . Both Goku and Vegeta are intrigued by this enemy . They decide to help him . Meanwhile in an alternate timeline , Goku Black is searching for Future Trunks . Realizing Future Trunks escaped using a time - traveling machine , Goku Black decides to go after him . Goku and Future Trunks decide to have a quick fight to determine each other 's power . Goku easily defeats Future Trunks , but Future Trunks warns Goku that Goku Black is a lot more powerful . While Goku and Future Trunks practice , a portal opens above them . Goku Black comes out of the portal and introduces himself . 50 `` Goku vs. Black ! The Closed Path to the Future '' / `` Gokū VS Burakku ! Tozasareta mirai e no michi '' ( 悟空 VS ブラック ! 閉ざさ れ た 未来 へ の 道 ) July 3 , 2016 TBA Goku Black arrives in the past . Future Trunks decides to fight Goku Black , but Vegeta stops him . Curious to know how powerful Goku Black really is , Goku decides to fight him . Neither of them seems to be particularly interested in their fight . Goku decides to transform into a Super Saiyan . Goku Black proves to be no match for powered - up Goku . Future Trunks wonders why Goku does not simply destroy his opponent . Goku Black tries to power up but before he is able to , Goku thwarts him . While Goku and Goku Black fight , the time portal starts to disappear . It also starts dragging Goku Black towards itself . Goku Black realizes this . He destroys the Time Machine as soon as he had been dragged into it , which prevents others to return to the future . With Goku Black suddenly gone , Goku wonders where his enemy could have disappeared . Whis explains that Goku Black used a time - traveling method only Supreme Kai know about . Bulma decides to search for the other Time Machine that Cell used to travel back in time . Just as Goku Black reappears in the future timeline , Mai regains consciousness . 51 5 `` Feelings That Travel Beyond Time - Trunks and Mai '' / `` Toki o koeta omoi - Torankusu to Mai '' ( 時 を こえ た 想い トランクス と マイ ) July 10 , 2016 TBA Bulma finds the Time Machine that Cell used to travel to the past and promptly gathers the team to repair it . While Future Trunks is waiting for Bulma to finish the repairs , Goku heads off to King Kai 's planet to train . Future Trunks and Mai discuss their counterparts from alternate timelines . Future Trunks explains to Mai that Future Mai was a leader of Earth 's resistance movement who died fighting to protect the planet . He also mentions Goku Black 's ultimate goal , which is to rid the world of humans who are seen as inferior beings . Determined to find Goku Black , Beerus and Whis search for the villain 's energy signature . Meanwhile , Goku Black is surprised that he had grown stronger fighting Goku . He seeks to fight him again to become even stronger . 52 6 `` Teacher and Student Reunited - Son Gohan and `` Future '' Trunks '' / `` Shitei saikai - Son Gohan to `` Mirai '' Torankusu '' ( 師弟 再会 孫 悟 飯 と `` 未来 '' トランクス ) July 17 , 2016 TBA Bulma and her team are still repairing the Time Machine . Piccolo and Krillin are mending the damages in the wake of Goku 's fight with Goku Black . Piccolo mentions that Gohan had changed since he is not the pupil he had trained years ago . He is dissatisfied with the fact that Gohan decided to abandon his training to become a scholar . Future Trunks is surprised by Piccolo 's point of view . Piccolo and Krillin suggest that Future Trunks should meet their timeline 's Gohan . Future Trunks meets Gohan at the latter 's house , and the two discuss their shared future . Gohan introduces Future Trunks to his family . Shortly after , Future Trunks leaves for the Capsule Corporation . Meanwhile , Goku , Beerus , and Whis travel to an alternate universe , where they had detected Goku Black 's energy . 53 7 `` Uncover Black 's Identity ! To the Sacred World of the Kais ! '' / `` Burakku no shōtai o abake ! Iza dai 10 uchū no kaiōshin kai e ! '' ( ブラック の 正体 を 暴け ! いざ 第 10 宇宙 の 界 王 神 界 へ ! ) July 31 , 2016 TBA Goku , Beerus , and Whis arrive to Universe Ten . They meet the Supreme Kai beings called Zamasu ( ザマス ) , an apprentice Supreme Kai , and Gowasu ( ゴワス ) , Zamasu 's master . Gowasu shows to be a kind hearted Supreme Kai who loves all creation , while Zamasu despises mortals , specifically humans . Goku is excited by the idea of fighting a Supreme Kai . He asks Zamasu to spar with him . Zamasu objects to fighting Goku , but he is asked to fight by his master . Zamasu is baffled to learn that he is no match for Goku . Beerus and Whis realize that the energy they had detected is actually that of Zamasu . Goku , Beerus , and Whis head back to Universe Seven 's Earth . Meanwhile on Earth , Krillin introduces Future Trunks to his wife , Android 18 , and his daughter , Marron . 54 8 `` The One Who Inherits the Saiyan Blood - Trunk 's Resolve '' / `` Saiya - jin no chiohikumono - Torankusu no ketsui '' ( サイヤ 人 の 血 を ひく 者 トランクス の 決意 ) August 7 , 2016 TBA Bulma and her team put the finishing touches to the rebuilt Time Machine . Meanwhile , Vegeta wants to test Future Trunks ' power to see how strong his son had become . Future Trunks proves to be no match for Vegeta at his full power . Future Trunks is outmatched in every way . However , Future Trunks finds this fact reassuring . Knowing how powerful Vegeta and Goku have become , he is certain that Goku Black will not be much of a threat . Vegeta is disappointed and angry with Future Trunks . Vegeta believes that Saiyans should continually strive to grow stronger and not only when enemies present themselves . On Beerus ' planet , Beerus and Whis are about to eat dinner . Suddenly , Zenō contacts them and tells them that he wishes to meet Goku , which shocks Beerus and Whis . 55 9 `` I Want to See Son Goku - Zen - Oh Sama 's Summoning ! '' / `` Son Gokū ni aitai no ne - Zenō - sama kara no yobidashi ! '' ( 孫悟空 に 会 いたい の ね 全 王様 から の よびだし ! ) August 21 , 2016 TBA Whis and Beerus are worried over Zenō - sama 's request to meet Goku and what it could mean for their universe . They do not want Goku to meet Zenō - sama out of fear that he would come across as crude and offensive . Whis and Beerus reluctantly decide to heed Zenō - sama 's request . They tell Goku to keep quiet about their plans regarding Goku Black and time - traveling . In Universe Ten on Planet Babari ( 惑星 ババリ , Wakusei Babari ) , Zamasu kills one of the natives after it tried to attack them . Gowasu scolds his student and says such behavior goes against his teaching of maintaining the balance between good and evil . Zamasu flouts that mindset and argues that the only way to maintain balance is to eradicate mortals . As Zamasu stands in the wind , rose petals start to whirl around him , which gives an allusion to distinctive red energy of Goku Black . Goku and the others arrive to Zenō - sama 's sanctuary . Zenō - sama says that all he wanted was a friend to play with when he feels like having fun . Goku promises that he will find more friends for him to play with . Before Goku leaves , Zenō - sama gives him a button and says to press it if Goku ever wants to summon him . Shortly afterwards , Goku and the others leave for Earth , where the Time Machine has been repaired . Goku , Vegeta , and Future Trunks arrive into Future Trunks ' alternate timeline . As soon as they arrive , Goku is attacked by the Earth 's resistance forces who mistook him for Goku Black . 56 10 `` Rematch With Goku Black ! Super Saiyan Rosé Appears '' / `` Saisen Gokū Burakku ! Sūpā Saiya - jin Roze tōjō ! ! '' ( 再戦 ゴクウ ブラック ! 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ロゼ 登場 ! ! ) August 28 , 2016 TBA Future Trunks quickly pacifies the resistance fighters . He explains that he has returned with Goku and Vegeta to defeat Goku Black . The fighters reveal that Future Mai has left them with an action plan in case Goku Black appears . Future Trunks , Goku , and Vegeta leave and meet Future Mai at her hideout . Future Mai explains that after she managed to escape , she stumbled on a group of resistance members who took her in . However , their refuge was soon attacked and destroyed by Goku Black . Goku spots Future Yajirobe ( 未来 の ヤジロベー , Mirai no Yajirobē ) , who Future Trunks believed to be dead in the resistance 's ranks . Future Yajirobe reveals that his life was saved by a Senzu bean , which Korin had given him . Vegeta states that he plans to take on Goku Black alone this time . Goku suggests that they play a game of Rock - paper - scissors to decide who gets to fight first . Vegeta accepts the proposal and wins . Meanwhile , Goku Black is wandering the desolate ruins of Earth . Future Trunks , Goku , and Vegeta suddenly appear near him . Vegeta powers up and engages Goku Black who seems to be completely uninterested . Goku Black transforms into a pink - haired Super Saiyan and fights Vegeta . He dubs the form Super Saiyan Rose ( 超 サイヤ 人 ロゼ , Sūpā Saiya - jin Roze ) following Goku 's naming pattern . Goku Black tells Vegeta that their fight only made him stronger . Vegeta and Goku Black exchange a few blows . Vegeta knocks him away . Vegeta charges in to attack again . Goku Black uses his ki to form an energy blade on his hand and stabs Vegeta in the chest , which critically wounds him . Goku quickly powers up and charges at Goku Black . As the two fight , Future Trunks thinks they are evenly matched , but Vegeta notices that Goku Black has an advantage over Goku as well . Just as Goku Black begins charging his attack , Zamasu appears and stops the fight . He urges Goku Black to allow him to kill Goku just as they have agreed . 57 11 `` The God With the Immortal Body - Zamasu Descends '' / `` Fujimi no karada o motsu kami - Zamasu kōrin '' ( 不死身 の 体 を 持つ 神 ザマス 降臨 ) September 4 , 2016 TBA Zamasu appears unexpectedly from the sky . He states that he and Goku Black are `` kindred spirits '' who want a world without mortals . Goku challenges Zamasu to a fight and Zamasu accepts . During the fight , Goku Black suddenly comes between Goku and Zamasu and smashes Goku into a corner . Future Trunks appears and attacks Goku Black . Goku Black uses Goku 's Kamehameha blast at Goku and Future Trunks . They fail to dodge it . As Goku Black and Zamasu use their combined power to finish off Goku and Future Trunks , Vegeta steps in and saves the two . Vegeta himself gets badly wounded . Future Yajirobe swoops in to rescue wounded Goku and Future Trunks and takes them to a safer location . Before Goku Black and Zamasu are able to finish off Vegeta , Future Mai and the resistance soldiers intervene and rescue Vegeta . Goku and the others return to their timeline using the Time Machine . Future Mai and Future Yajirobe are left behind . 58 12 `` Zamasu and Black - The Mystery of the Two Deepens '' / `` Zamasu to Burakku - Fukamaru futari no nazo '' ( ザマス と ブラック 深まる 二 人 の 謎 ) September 11 , 2016 TBA Wanting to learn more about the Super Dragon Balls , Zamasu visits Zunō - sama 's planet . Under duress , Zunō - sama explains exactly how the Super Dragon Balls work and where they are . At Capsule Corporation , Bulma nurses Goku , Vegeta , and Future Trunks back to health . Beerus and Whis arrive with Supreme Kai . After listening to what happened in the alternate timeline , Whis posits a theory as to what exactly Zamasu is planning . He believes that , after losing to Goku , Zamasu became obsessed with Goku and his incredible power . Zamasu needed an ally as powerful as Goku to achieve his goal of obliterating mortals . Goku Black was therefore supposed to be a copy of Goku and created using the Super Dragon Balls . Whis also adds his earlier theory about how Goku Black is able to time travel using Supreme Kai 's method . He believes that their timeline 's Zamasu is the one who is going to kill Gowasu and give Goku Black the time - traveling device known as the Time Ring ( 時 の 指輪 , Toki no yubiwa ) . Supreme Kai takes Goku , Beerus , and Whis to Universe Ten to warn Gowasu , while Vegeta stays behind . They arrive to the Supreme Kai Realm ( 界 王 神 界 , Kaiōshin Kai ) , where they meet Gowasu . Gowasu explains that Zamasu has left on what he called an important mission . Goku tries to warn Gowasu of what Zamasu has done in the future , but Beerus promptly silences him . They wonder if Gowasu noticed anything wrong with his apprentice . Gowasu mentions the doubts Zamasu has had regarding the role of the Supreme Kai and their relationship with mortals , but it should not be a cause for concern . Just as Gowasu finishes , Zamasu arrives . 59 13 `` Protect Supreme Kai Gowasu - Destroy Zamasu ! '' / `` Kaiōshin Gowasu o mamore - Zamasu o hakai seyo ! '' ( 界 王 神 ゴワス を 守れ ザマス を 破壊 せよ ! ) September 25 , 2016 TBA Whis gifts Gowasu with rice cakes and says that he and the others did not mean to disturb Zamasu and him . They leave shortly after . While they are in space , Whis uses his staff to eavesdrop on Gowasu and Zamasu . They watch as Zamasu kills Gowasu . Whis turns back time so that Goku can save Gowasu . Zamasu claims he did not plan on killing Gowasu , but Whis tells him otherwise . Angered that his plan has failed , Zamasu tries to kill Goku . Beerus saves Goku and kills Zamasu . With the present day Zamasu killed , Goku and the others decide to track down Goku Black . In the alternate timeline , Zamasu and Goku Black are discussing Goku Black 's power . 60 14 `` Back to the Future - Goku Black 's Identity Is Revealed ! ! '' / `` Futatabi mirai e - Akasareru Gokū Burakku no shōtai ! ! '' ( 再び 未来 へ 明かさ れる ゴクウ ブラック の 正体 ! ! ) October 2 , 2016 TBA With Zamasu defeated , Beerus is convinced that Future Trunks ' timeline has become peaceful once again . Although hesitant , Future Trunks decides to go back to his timeline to make sure that is the case . Goku , Vegeta , and Bulma accompany him . As soon as they arrive , they realize that nothing has changed . Future Zamasu and Goku Black learn of Goku and the others ' return . The two groups meet shortly after . Goku Black reveals himself to be the version of Zamasu who successfully killed Gowasu and was apparently erased by Whis ' time powers ; he had protected himself by using the Time Ring . Afterwards , he stole the body of his timeline 's Goku with the wish granted by the Super Dragon Balls . Goku Black used its potential to grow stronger than Goku himself . 61 15 `` Zamasu 's Ambition - The Awful `` Zero Mortal Plan '' Is Revealed '' / `` Zamasu no yabō - Katarareru kyōfu no `` Ningen 0 keikaku '' '' ( ザマス の 野望 語 られる 恐怖 の 『 人間 0 計画 』 ) October 9 , 2016 TBA Future Zamasu reveals himself to be Zamasu from Future Trunks ' alternate timeline , who used the Super Dragon Balls in this timeline to wish for immortality . Goku fights Goku Black and Future Zamasu , but he is outmatched by the two villains . Goku Black tells Goku that after taking over his body , he killed Chi - Chi and Goten just to spite him . Enraged , Goku takes on both of the villains . He is initially able to hold his own , but he is soon overpowered and knocked out . With Goku defeated , Future Trunks and Vegeta are backed into a corner . Future Zamasu holds Future Trunks and his constant time - traveling responsible for thwarting his plan to eradicate all mortals . This infuriates Future Trunks , who explodes and transforms into an immensely powerful new form of Super Saiyan . 62 16 `` I 'll Protect the World ! Trunks ' Furious Super Power Explodes ! ! '' / `` Sekai wa ore ga mamoru ! Torankusu ikari no sūpā pawā sakuretsu ! ! '' ( 世界 は オレ が 守る ! トランクス 怒り の 超 ( スーパー ) パワー 炸裂 ! ! ) October 16 , 2016 TBA While Future Trunks ' new form is enough to match Goku Black , Future Trunks is still unable to deal the death blow . Future Trunks tells Vegeta to take Goku back to the past , while he faces their opponents . Goku Black attempts to prevent them from escaping , but he fails to do so . Goku , Vegeta , and Bulma arrive in the present . Vegeta explains what happened in Future Trunks ' timeline and Goku Black 's origin to Beerus and Whis . Believing they had done their part , Beerus and Whis leave . Meanwhile , Chi - Chi and Gohan meet with Krillin to ask if he knows where Goku went . Krillin hesitates and dodges the question . They leave for Bulma 's house to ask her the same question . Once there , they meet Goku in bandages . With everyone present , Piccolo thinks of a new plan . He proposes using Evil Containment Wave ( 魔 封 波 , Mafūba ) , which is an ancient technique used to seal demons in jars . Wondering what the Evil Containment Wave is , Goku quickly teleports to Kame House . Goku spends the night at Master Roshi 's house training to master the Evil Containment Wave , while Vegeta trains in the Hyberbolic Time Chamber . 63 17 `` Do n't Disrespect Saiyan Cells ! Vegeta 's Heroic Battle Begins ! ! '' / `` Saiya - jin no saibō o kegasu na ! Bejīta no sōzetsu batoru kaien ! ! '' ( サイヤ 人 の 細胞 を 汚す な ! ベジータ の 壮絶 バトル 開演 ! ! ) October 23 , 2016 TBA Before Goku Black and Zamasu are able to kill him , Future Trunks is saved by the resistance . Future Yajirobe informs Future Trunks that Mai has found Goku Black 's hideout . Future Trunks leaves for the hideout . Mai tries to shoot Goku Black , but she misses her shot . Just as Goku Black and Zamasu try to retaliate , Future Trunks intervenes in the nick of time . Future Trunks fights the two again without success . Goku and Vegeta arrive just in time to save him . Goku Black destroys the Time Machine , but Bulma manages to salvage what was left by dousing the fire . Gowasu and Supreme Kai arrive from the past to stop Zamasu from going on a killing spree . Goku Black and Future Zamasu explain that they killed all of the Supreme Kais in the future timeline ; during the conversation , it is revealed that Whis and those like him are actually angels . Goku Black tries to kill Gowasu , but Goku and Vegeta stop him . Goku fights Future Zamasu , while Vegeta battles Goku Black . Bulma begins repairing the Time Machine and asks Future Trunks to prepare the seal , which Goku has brought to seal Zamasu . Vegeta gets the upper hand over Goku Black due to his latest training , which he interprets as a tipping point in his latent power that he possesses as the Prince of Saiyans . 64 18 `` Revere Him ! Praise Him ! Fusion Zamasu 's Explosive Birth ! ! '' / `` Agameyo ! Tataeyo ! Gattai Zamasu bakutan ! ! '' ( 崇めよ ! 讃えよ ! 合体 ザマス 爆誕 ! ! ) October 30 , 2016 TBA Vegeta continues to overpower Goku Black . Future Zamasu attempts to intervene , but Goku cuts him off . Goku Black realizes that Vegeta 's increased power comes from his anger and uses that method to increase his own power . Goku Black distracts Goku and Vegeta by creating many energy duplicates of himself to confuse them , while Future Zamasu goes after Future Trunks , Mai , and Bulma . Bulma attempts to buy time for Future Trunks to prepare the Evil Containment Wave by flirting with Future Zamasu . However , he sees through her trick and knocks her out . This angers Future Trunks , who powers up to his new Super Saiyan form and uses the Evil Containment Wave on Future Zamasu . The Evil Containment Wave works on Future Zamasu , who is sealed within the jar . However , in the present , Master Roshi realizes that he forgot to give Goku the paper amulet that would make the seal permanent . As a result , the seal fails and Future Zamasu breaks out of the jar , which weakened him . Goku Black goes to help him , and Goku and Vegeta follow in pursuit . Realizing that they have underestimated their enemies , Goku Black and Future Zamasu use their Potarra Earrings to fuse into a single immensely powerful being known as Fusion Zamasu . 65 19 `` Is This the Final Judgement ? ! The Ultimate Power of the Absolute God '' / `` Saigo no shipan ka ! ? Zettai shin no kyūkyoku no pawā '' ( 最後 の 審判 か ! ? 絶対 神 の 究極 の 力 ( パワー ) ) November 6 , 2016 TBA Fusion Zamasu explains that he possesses the immortality of Future Zamasu as well as Goku Black 's Saiyan ability to grow stronger from each fight . He shows off his power and devastates the Earth in the process . Meanwhile , Future Trunks decides to rejoin the fight , while Mai and Bulma are working on the Time Machine . Goku and Vegeta fight Fusion Zamasu , but they are easily defeated . Future Trunks joins the fight , but he is also overpowered . Fusion Zamasu begins charging up an enormous ki blast known as the Holy Wrath to destroy the planet . Future Trunks uses a last - ditch Galick Gun attack to hold him off . Vegeta joins the clash with his own all - out Galick Gun . Surprisingly , their combined attack overpowers Fusion Zamasu 's attack and saves the Earth . However , Fusion Zamasu survives unscathed . Vegeta barely saves Future Trunks from a deadly attack by Fusion Zamasu . Vegeta gets knocked out by the blast . Fusion Zamasu charges a second attack , but Goku rejoins the fight and counters it with his Kamehameha attack . 66 20 `` The Climactic Battle ! The Miraculous Power of a Relentless Warrior ! '' / `` Kessen ! Akiramenai senshi - tachi no kiseki no pawā ! '' ( 決戦 ! あきらめ ない 戦士 たち の 奇跡 の 力 ( パワー ) ! ) November 13 , 2016 TBA Goku puts all of his power into his Kamehameha , which is able to pierce through Fusion Zamasu 's attack and stop him from destroying Earth . In the wake of the explosion , Goku is exhausted , and Fusion Zamasu is injured . When Fusion Zamasu grabs him , Goku overpowers him using his Kaio - ken technique , and knocks Fusion Zamasu back temporarily . However , Goku 's use of the Kaio - ken drains all of his energy , and he collapses . Fusion Zamasu regains consciousness and powers up , but he still does not heal properly . Vegeta wonders why Fusion Zamasu is not healing . Gowasu explains that Fusion Zamasu must be mortal since Goku Black was as well . Goku decides that the only way they can win is for him and Vegeta to fuse using Supreme Kai 's Potarra Earrings . Vegeta initially refuses until Gowasu explains that a Potarra fusion that does not involve a Kai only lasts for one hour . Goku and Vegeta fuse to become Vegito . Vegito powers up to Super Saiyan Blue and begins fighting Fusion Zamasu . Vegito quickly gains the advantage , but Fusion Zamasu grows even stronger . Gowasu explains that Zamasu 's mutation is a result of his anger manifesting in physical form . Meanwhile , Bulma and Mai finish repairing the Time Machine . Mai gives Future Trunks his broken sword , which inspires him to keep fighting . Future Trunks uses his power to restore the sword . Vegito and Fusion Zamasu continue fighting . Vegito is winning until his fusion abruptly breaks . Fusion Zamasu begins to pummel Goku and Vegeta until Future Trunks arrives to help . Future Trunks unknowingly begins gathering energy from all living things on Earth . With this new power , Future Trunks runs his sword through Fusion Zamasu and cuts him in half . 67 21 `` With New Hope ! ! In Our Hearts - Farewell , Trunks '' / `` Aratana kibō ! ! O mune ni - saraba Torankusu '' ( 新た な HOPE ( き ぼう ) ! ! を 胸 に さらば トランクス ) November 20 , 2016 TBA Fusion Zamasu expresses his disbelief that a mortal could defeat him and then disintegrates . However , as everyone exchanges congratulations , Fusion Zamasu 's essence returns and begins spreading over the entire planet . Gowasu explains that Zamasu has cast off his physical form and is trying to physically merge his spirit and energy with the entire universe . Zamasu begins raining destruction down on the Earth and annihilates everything and everyone on the planet except Goku and the others . Zamasu 's power is even felt in the present timeline , where Beerus and Whis sense it . Goku looks for another Senzu bean in his pocket , but instead he finds the button that Zenō - sama gave him in the present timeline . Goku presses the button and Future Zenō - sama appears . After Goku explains the situation , Future Zenō - sama decides to erase the future timeline due to the corruption that Zamasu has caused . Gowasu and Supreme Kai teleport away , while Goku and the others escape using the Time Machine . Future Zenō - sama erases the entire future timeline and Fusion Zamasu . After the others return to the present , Goku and Future Trunks return to what is left of the future timeline . They retrieve Future Zenō - sama and bring him back to the present with them . Goku and Whis bring Future Zenō - sama to meet the present Zenō - sama , which fulfills Goku 's promise to provide the present Zenō - sama with a friend to play with . Whis also meets another angel , the Great Priest ( 大 神官 , Daishinkan ) , who is revealed to be his father , and invites him to visit Universe Seven . In the aftermath , Whis devises a solution for Future Trunks and Future Mai . Whis explains that they can return to the future timeline before Zamasu became a threat , which would create a new and safe version of the future timeline with the price of there being two duplicates of both Future Trunks and Future Mai living in the new timeline . Future Trunks and Future Mai accept Whis ' solution and use the time machine to travel to their new future . 68 22 `` Come Forth , Shenron ! Whose Wish Will Be Granted ? ! '' / `` Ideyo Shenlong ! Kanaeru negai wa dare no mono ! ? '' ( いでよ 神龍 ( シェンロン ) ! 叶える 願い は 誰 の もの ! ? ) November 27 , 2016 TBA Bulma is secretly trying to build a new Time Machine , but she has so far been unsuccessful . Goku decides to gather the Dragon Balls and use them to revive King Kai . However , Bulma wants to use them to acquire a rare mineral that she needs for the Time Machine , which can only be found at the Earth 's core . Wanting to taste more Earth food , Beerus and Whis return to Earth . Bulma takes them to a seafood restaurant and attempts to keep them from finding out about the Time Machine as they had previously forbidden her from making another Time Machine . Goku gathers the Dragon Balls and summons Shenron . Before Goku can make his wish , several others show up who want to make their respective wishes . As the others are all fighting over the wishes , Gohan arrives with Pan , who is sick and suffering from a severe fever . Goku and the others immediately allow Gohan to use one of the two wishes to heal Pan . After Gohan and Pan leave , the others resume fighting over the remaining wish . Bulma manages to talk everyone else out of making wishes by solving their problems herself . Goku still insists on getting his wish granted . Bulma agrees , but she convinces Goku to go to the Earth 's core and retrieve the rare mineral she needs in exchange for letting him use the wish . Beerus and Whis finish eating and leave the restaurant . They spot Shenron and promptly go to the scene , and they find Goku at the Earth 's core . Having deduced that Bulma is trying to make another Time Machine , Beerus destroys both the mineral and the Time Machine . Just as Goku is about to make his wish , the Dragon Balls deactivate and scatter around the Earth . Goku promises to revive King Kai as soon as the Dragon Balls reactivate . 69 23 `` Goku vs. Arale ! A Ridiculous Battle Will End the Earth ? ! '' / `` Gokū VS Arare ! Hachamechabatoru de Chikyū ga owaru ! ? '' ( 悟空 VS アラレ ! ハチャメチャ バトル で 地球 が 終わる ! ? ) December 4 , 2016 TBA Vegeta , Bulma , and Trunks attend a science competition that Bulma is participating in , which is hosted by Mr. Satan , while Goku is hired to work security for the event . Dr. Senbei Norimaki of Penguin Village , who has created a device that can create any item its user can think of out of thin air , wins the award . Dr. Norimaki 's nemesis , Dr. Mashirito , appears as a ghost , and reveals that he has used a chemical called Playtine - X to gain control over Norimaki 's powerful robot daughter , Arale Norimaki . Vegeta attempts to stop Arale , but her overwhelming strength and seeming ability to defy the laws of physics are too much for him . She sends him flying into the distance . Goku transforms into Super Saiyan Blue and begins fighting Arale . They initially seem to be evenly matched , but it becomes apparent that their battle could easily destroy the Earth . Dr. Norimaki is able to use his new invention to distract Arale temporarily . Meanwhile , Bulma uses the invention to conjure up a mass of delicious food , which immediately attracts Beerus , who had been taking a nap . Dr. Mashirito confronts Beerus , who promptly obliterates him . Beerus also easily overpowers Arale . Just as Beerus is about to destroy her , the food he has eaten causes him severe stomach pain , which prompts him to rush home with Whis immediately . Shortly after , Dr. Norimaki and Arale leave and return home . Goku and Arale agree to fight again in the future . 70 24 `` Champa 's Challenge ! This Time We Fight with Baseball ! ! '' / `` Shanpa kara no chōsen - jō ! Kondo wa yakyū de shōbuda ! ! '' ( シャンパ から の 挑戦 状 ! 今度 は 野球 で 勝負 だ ! ! ) December 11 , 2016 TBA Champa contacts Beerus and challenges him to a game of baseball ( 野球 , Yakyū ) as a way of reconciling Universes Six and Seven . The baseball game is arranged to be held on Universe Seven 's Earth . Champa explains to Vados that he intends to use the game as an opportunity to steal food from Earth . The game begins with Goku initially unsuccessful as the pitcher for Beerus ' team due to his lack of experience . Yamcha , who has extensive experience playing baseball , steps up and gives the Universe Seven team an advantage . However , he is injured several times over the course of the game by Vegeta , who is playing on the Universe Six team with Champa . Champa and Beerus end up fighting , which almost destroys the planet . Whis and Vados intervene and call the game off . Vados reveals that Yamcha , despite his injuries , made it to home plate and scored a run before the game was called off , thereby winning the game for Universe Seven . Champa and his team return to Universe Six . Champa has seemingly forgotten his goal of stealing Universe Seven 's Earth 's food , as he has already become obsessed with training to prepare for a rematch . 71 25 `` The Death of Goku ! The Guaranteed Assassination Mission '' / `` Gokū shisu ! Zettai shikkō no ansatsu ninrai ! '' ( 悟空 死す ! 絶対 執行 の 暗殺 任 頼 ) December 18 , 2016 TBA Goku begins acting strangely . He admits to Gohan and Goten that he thinks someone wants to kill him . Meanwhile , in Universe Six , Hit carries out an assassination mission by killing a crime boss . His next target is revealed to be Goku . Goku senses Hit coming and flies to a remote area so that their fight would not put anyone else in danger . Hit arrives to kill Goku . Goku charges at Hit , but he can not hit him . Hit seemingly kills Goku with a single blow to the chest and disappears just before Piccolo , Gohan , and Goten arrive and find Goku 's body . 72 26 `` Will There Be a Counterattack ? ! The Invisible Killing Strike ! ! '' / `` Hangeki naruka ! ? Mienai koroshi no waza ! ! '' ( 反撃 なる か ! ? 見え ない 殺し の 技 ! ! ) December 25 , 2016 TBA Piccolo tries to revive Goku to no avail , but Goku had fired an energy blast in the air shortly before he was killed , reviving him . Goku learns that Hit 's assassination technique is an invisible energy blast . Goku shocks Hit by being the first person to ever dodge this technique , but he is still unable to land a blow on Hit and remains at a disadvantage . Meanwhile , Champa and Vados come to see the fight . They are later joined by Vegeta , Beerus , and Whis . Vados explains how Hit is able to use his secret technique , which makes him seemingly untouchable . In the midst of the battle , Goku fires his Kamehameha attack , which proves to be powerful enough to knock out both Hit and himself . In the aftermath , Goku reveals to Vegeta , Champa , and Beerus that he had hired Hit , because he wanted to fight him at full strength , and that Whis and Vados were involved in his plan as well . 73 27 `` Gohan 's Misfortune ! An Unexpected Great Saiyaman Movie ? ! '' / `` Gohan no sainan ! Gurētosaiyaman masakano eiga ka ! ? '' ( 悟 飯 の 災難 ! グレート サイヤマン まさかの 映画 化 ! ? ) January 8 , 2017 TBA Mr. Satan reveals to Videl and Gohan that he is starring in a new superhero film : `` Great Saiyaman vs. Mister Satan '' ! As Videl , Gohan , and Pan check out the film set , the lead in the film -- - a famous but self - absorbed actor named Barry Kahn -- becomes enamored with Videl and tries to woo her . Videl rejects Barry in front of the entire film crew , which angers him . Seeking revenge on Videl for his humiliation , Barry convinces Gohan to take over as the main stuntman for the film in order to embarrass and potentially maim him . As Gohan is the real Great Saiyaman , he uses his powers to easily take on the role . Gohan later dons the suit again for a fight against a pair of bank robbers . When the film crew accuses Gohan of using the suit and stopping the bank robbery , Bulma bails him out . However , Gohan 's identity is accidentally revealed to Cocoa , who is a starlet in the film . Cocoa blackmails Gohan into flying her around the city . Meanwhile , Jaco chases after a being known as Watagashi ( 綿 餓死 ) , which is an extraterrestrial parasitic criminal that possesses its hosts . Suspecting that `` The Great Saiyaman '' might be the host of Watagashi , Jaco attacks Gohan with a vaporizing cannon . 74 28 `` For the Ones He Loves ! The Unbeatable Great Saiyaman ! ! '' / `` Aisuru mono no tame ni ! Fukutsu no Gurēto Saiyaman ! ! '' ( 愛する ものの ため に ! 不屈 の グレート サイヤマン ! ! ) January 15 , 2017 TBA Gohan manages to dodge Jaco 's cannon blast and learns of Watagashi 's ability to possess its hosts . Cocoa brings Gohan back to her apartment to rehearse , but she hides the fact that she was forced by Barry to let photos be taken of the pair for the tabloids . She has a secret change of heart and does not let the photos get taken in her room . When the pair go to the roof the next morning , Barry gets the pictures of Gohan getting a kiss from Cocoa and revealing himself as Great Saiyaman . Barry immediately brings the photos to Videl in an attempt to expose Gohan as a cheater . As he tries to woo Videl again , she sees through Barry 's act and refuses his advances . Watagashi finds and possesses Barry by turning him into a powerful monster in the process . The possessed Barry dispatches Gohan and kidnaps Pan . He seeks a final showdown with Gohan . Barry proves formidable . Gohan is nearly killed in the struggle . Videl and Pan express complete faith in Gohan 's desire to protect them and call out for his aid . Gohan transforms into `` Super Great Saiyaman '' and knocks out Barry , which separates him from Watagashi in the process . The film becomes a hit . Cocoa blackmails Barry into keeping Gohan 's secret with the knowledge that Barry was the monster that attacked the city . Now seeing him as less of a threat , Jaco lets Watagashi escape . 75 29 `` Goku and Krillin Back to the Old Training Grounds '' / `` Gokū to Kuririn - Natsukashi no shugyō no ba e '' ( 悟空 と クリリン 懐かし の 修行 の 場 へ ) January 22 , 2017 TBA Goku seeks a sparring partner to train with , but he laments being unable to find a suitable opponent . On Goten 's suggestion , Goku goes to ask Krillin , who is still working as a police officer . Krillin is grazed by a bullet during a shootout with a pair of burglars , but they are easily disarmed by Goku . Krillin declines Goku 's offer to spar . He knows he would be no challenge for Goku and that he has given up martial arts for good . Krillin is chastised by Android 18 , who says the strong man she fell in love could never be harmed by a bullet . Her words lead Krillin to reconsider Goku 's offer and ultimately accepts it . The two leave for Master Roshi 's to train as they did when they were children . Krillin proves to be no match for Goku even though Goku is wearing a heavy suit as a handicap . Sensing Krillin 's self - doubt and believing that a different approach is needed , Master Roshi sends his students on a race to a heavily forested island to recover a rare herb . As a reward , Master Roshi offers to teach the winner a secret technique that can immensely increase the user 's strength . On the island , Goku and Krillin meet Fortuneteller Baba . They tell her about Master Roshi 's challenge . Interested to see what will happen , Baba decides to observe the race using her crystal ball . Goku and Krillin venture into the forest in search of the herb . As they enter , a heavy fog rolls in , where familiar foes emerge . 76 30 `` Defeat These Terrifying Enemies ! Krillin 's Fighting Spirit Returns ! '' / `` Kowa teki o uchiyabure ! Kuririn no tōshi futatabi ! '' ( 恐 敵 を 打ち破れ ! クリリン の 闘志 ふたたび ! ) January 29 , 2017 TBA Android 18 arrives at Master Roshi 's house and searches for Krillin . Master Roshi and Fortuneteller Baba explain that Krillin and Goku have entered the `` Forest of Terror , '' which is a place where they have to face illusions of enemies that they had battled before . Master Roshi intended this exercise as a way to help Krillin overcome his lack of confidence . In the forest , Krillin is terrified by what he sees . Among the group of illusions are Tambourine , Frieza , Dabura , and Majin Buu , where all of them previously killed or seriously wounded Krillin . Overcome with fear , Krillin attempts to abandon the race and fly out of the forest . The trees move to block the entrance , which leave Goku and Krillin stranded . The illusions attack and separate Goku and Krillin . Krillin finds himself surrounded by the illusions , but his attacks only make them stronger . After slicing one in half , he discovers that they are powered by his own energy . He heeds Master Roshi 's training and calms himself down , which weakens the illusions . As a final challenge , Fortuneteller Baba summons an illusion of Super Shenron , which immediately ensnares Goku . Krillin quickly arrives and frees him . The two of them use a combined Kamehameha blast to destroy the illusion . The illusions turn into the rare herbs that Master Roshi wanted . Goku and Krillin return to Master Roshi 's house with bags full of the herb . Master Roshi admits that there is actually no secret technique . Krillin , who has regained his confidence , disagrees . Goku and Krillin soon leave . Krillin returns home , where Android 18 shaves his head . This signals Krillin 's decision to pick up his martial arts training once again . Season 5 : Universe Survival Overall No . Saga No . English translation Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 77 `` Let 's Do It , Zen - Oh Sama ! The All - Universe Martial Arts Tournament ! ! '' `` Yarou ze Zenō - sama ! Uchū ichi Budō - kai ! ! '' ( や ろう ぜ 全 王様 ! 宇宙 一 武道 会 ! ! ) February 5 , 2017 TBA The Present Zenō - sama and Future Zenō - sama are playing a game together in their realm , but both have become bored with their monotonous routine . Meanwhile , Goku heads to a local farmer 's market to sell his produce and get Chi - Chi off his back about making money . On the way home , he is ambushed by some robbers . Goku defeats them , but he is injured in the process . Deciding that he has grown rusty , Goku and Goten decide to train with Whis . They head to the Capsule Corporation building , where Bulma reveals she is pregnant with her and Vegeta 's second child . Goten remains behind to train with Trunks . Vegeta declines to accompany Goku so that he can be with Bulma when she gives birth . Goku heads to Beerus ' planet alone . While training with Whis , Goku remembers Zenō - sama 's intention to hold a multiverse martial arts tournament . Heedless of Beerus and Whis ' warnings , Goku uses Zenō - sama 's button to head to his realm and convince both Zenō - samas to hold the tournament . When he returns to Beerus ' planet , Beerus angrily berates Goku and explains that Zenō - sama 's naive and innocent nature combined with his extreme power makes him a danger to the multiverse . Beerus threatens to kill Goku if he steps out of line again . Goku , Beerus , and Whis head to the Sacred World of the Kais , where the Great Priest arrives . He tells the group to assemble their ten most powerful warriors to compete in the `` Tournament of Power '' ( 力 の 大会 , Chikara no Taikai ) . 78 `` The Gods of Every Universe in Shock ? ! Losers Erased in the Tournament of Power '' `` Zen uchū no kami - sama mo don hiki ! ? Maketara shōmetsu `` Chikara no taikai '' '' ( 全 宇宙 の 神様 も ドン 引き ! ? 負け たら 消滅 「 力 の 大会 」 ) February 12 , 2017 TBA The Great Priest explains the details of the `` Tournament of Power '' and states that it will be held on `` the World of Void '' . It is a place of `` infinite nothingness '' , where the competitors can fight without limits . The tournament champion will be granted a wish by the Super Dragon Balls , while the losers and their respective universes will be completely erased from existence . Everyone is horrified by this harsh penalty . Goku suggests asking Zenō - sama to ignore it , but Whis advises against this . Whis tells Goku that Zenō - sama has already made up his mind and attempting to change it could be dangerous . Beerus demands that Goku takes responsibility for asking Zenō - sama to hold the tournament in the first place . Goku declares that he will defeat any opponent he faces . The Great Priest also reveals that Universes 7 and 9 are to have a smaller exhibition tournament for Future Zenō - sama 's benefit . Each universe is to name three fighters . Goku sets off to recruit teammates . After Vegeta refuses , Goku recruits Gohan and Majin Buu , who is accompanied by Mr. Satan to represent Universe 7 . Goku also explains the potential penalty to Gohan . Gohan tells Goku to keep the stakes a secret to prevent mass panic . Back at Zenō - sama 's palace , all the gods from all 12 universes gather . The Great Priest explains the purpose of the Zen Exhibition Match . He alludes to the possibility of Zenō - sama erasing the fighters that he deems unfit for the tournament . In the first round , Majin Buu is to fight Basil ( バジル , Bajiru ) , a humanoid canine fighter from Universe 9 . 79 `` Universe 9 's Basil the Kicker VS Universe 7 's Majin Buu ! ! '' `` Dai kyu uchū keri no Bajiru basasu Dai nana uchū Majinbū ! ! '' ( 第 9 宇宙 蹴り の バジル VS 第 7 宇宙 魔 人 ブウ ! ! ) February 19 , 2017 TBA Basil quickly gains the upper hand and beats down Majin Buu , who is not taking the fight seriously and thinks of it as a game . Goku goads Basil into showing his full power to get Majin Buu 's attention , which leads to Basil using his ultimate attack . As Roh ( ロウ , Rō ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 9 , claims victory , Majin Buu emerges with a hole in his stomach , but he is otherwise unmoved . Basil and Roh are shocked to see this . Mr. Satan is injured during the attack . He tells Majin Buu to beat Basil before falling unconscious . This enrages Majin Buu to the point , where he effortlessly beats Basil and knocks him out of the ring . However , since neither Zenō - sama is satisfied with the fight , Basil is allowed to get back into the ring . Roh gives Basil a drug that makes him far more powerful . Although Beerus demands that Basil is disqualified for obvious cheating , Zenō - sama is entertained by this and allows the fight to continue . The Great Priest announces that the rules will be improvised as the tournament goes along . Basil overpowers Majin Buu and seemingly beats him , which causes Roh to prematurely gloat about the superiority of Universe 9 . However , Majin Buu emerges unscathed and launches a full power attack at Basil . This knocks him out and clinches Universe 7 the victory . As the Universe 9 team laments Basil 's loss , Basil 's second oldest brother Lavender ( ラベンダ , Rabenda ) says that if he is allowed to kill his opponent , which Bergamo gives him permission to do , he can win his match . Gohan volunteers to fight Lavender . 80 `` Awaken Your Sleeping Battle Spirit ! Son Gohan 's Fight ! ! '' `` Nemutta tōshi o yobisamase ! Son Gohan no tatakai ! ! '' ( 眠っ た 闘志 を 呼び覚ませ ! 孫 悟 飯 の 闘い ! ! ) February 26 , 2017 TBA As their battle begins , Lavender spits a poison mist into Gohan 's eyes and blinds him . Shin offers Gohan a Senzu bean to cure the poison , but Gohan refuses and says he wants to fight with his strength alone . Unable to see , Gohan uses his other senses to track Lavender and scores several blows . Lavender counters by levitating , which eliminates the sound of his footsteps . Gohan responds by powering up to Super Saiyan and bouncing his own ki off of Lavender 's body , which uses it as a kind of active radar . Powering up also causes the poison to spread rapidly through Gohan 's body . Lavender mounts a comeback . In desperation , Gohan grabs hold of Lavender and launches a kamikaze attack . He drives both of their bodies into the ring at high speed . Lavender is knocked out , but Gohan is so weakened by the poison that he can not continue . With both fighters down , the match is declared a tie . After Goku feeds Gohan a Senzu bean , the Great Priest announces to those in attendance that all universes that lose the Tournament of Power will be erased with their respective gods as well . However , Universes 1 , 5 , 8 , and 12 will be exempt from erasure as will the Angels from all universes because their inhabitants are particularly strong . Zeno - sama had long believed that there were too many universes . He was planning to erase most of them anyway , but the tournament will afford one of the weaker universes the chance to be spared . With the announcement concluded , the ring is repaired in preparation for the final exhibition match where Goku will fight Bergamo ( ベルガモ , Berugamo ) , Basil 's oldest brother who is also a humanoid canine . 81 5 `` Bergamo the Crusher Vs Son Goku ! Which One Wields the Limitless Power ? ! '' `` Tsubushi no Berugamo VS Son Gokū ! Aotenjō no tsuyosa wa dotchida ! ? '' ( 潰し の ベルガモ VS 孫悟空 ! 青 天井 の 強 さ は どっち だ ! ? ) March 5 , 2017 TBA Before their battle begins , Bergamo denounces Goku before the assembled gods . Bergamo pleads with Zenō - sama to rescind the rule that the universes that lose the Tournament of Power be erased . Zenō - sama agrees on the condition that Bergamo beats Goku in an all out battle . Great Priest states that if Goku holds back to cancel the erasure , Zenō - sama will immediately erase all of the universes . Both Goku and Bergamo agree to the terms . When the fight begins , Bergamo invites Goku to hit him and leaves himself exposed . Goku obliges and strikes Bergamo several times , but Bergamo absorbs the energy of Goku 's attacks . He grows stronger and physically larger . Goku continues to attack , which causes Bergamo to grow so large that the ring begins to buckle under his weight . Goku transforms to Super Saiyan Blue , which shocks the gods and quickly overwhelms Bergamo with a Kaioken powered Kamehameha . Bergamo claims every universe participating in the Tournament of Power will seek vengeance on Goku for making them face erasure , but Goku relishes the idea of such a challenge . The Zen Exhibition Match comes to a close and the Tournament of Power will soon begin . The universe with the most fighters remaining or the last fighter standing will be declared the winner . Suddenly , a mysterious fighter from Universe 11 named Toppo ( トッポ ) appears and challenges Goku to a battle . Goku , who is unsatisfied after his short fight with Bergamo , agrees to fight Toppo . 82 6 `` Never Forgive Son Goku ! Toppo the Warrior of Justice Intrudes ! ! '' `` Son Gokū yurusumaji ! Seigi no senshi Toppo ran'nyū ! ! ! '' ( 孫悟空 許す まじ ! 正義 の 戦士 トッポ 乱入 ! ! ) March 19 , 2017 TBA After obtaining Zenō - sama 's blessing to proceed , Goku and Toppo begin their battle . Toppo quickly gains the upper hand and dislocates Goku 's shoulder . Goku responds by attacking with a flurry of blows , but Toppo manages to grab Goku in a powerful bear hug . He begins squeezing the life out of Goku , which forces Goku to turn Super Saiyan Blue to escape . Goku gains the upper hand in this form and damages Toppo with a Kamehameha . Just as the two power up even more , the Great Priest puts an end to the fight . As Toppo leaves , he reveals to Goku that Universe 11 has a warrior even stronger than him named Jiren ( ジレン ) . The Great Priest begins creating a martial arts arena suitable for the Tournament of Power . In the Sacred World of the Kais , Beerus and Goku get into an argument over Goku 's constant relaxed and negligent attitude , which Whis breaks up . The group agrees to convene at the Capsule Corporation to discuss their future strategy . 83 7 `` Form the Universe 7 Representing Team ! Who are the Strongest Ten ? ! '' `` Dai - 7 uchū daihyō chīmu o kessei seyo ! Saikyō no 10 - ri wa dareda ? '' ( 第 7 宇宙 代表 チーム を 結成 せよ ! 最強 の 10 人 は 誰 だ ! ? ) March 26 , 2017 TBA Goku and the others arrive at Capsule Corporation . They discuss who should be on the team . Goku immediately suggests Monaka , but Beerus tells him that Monaka is sick and can not participate . Goku and Gohan agree on Vegeta , Piccolo , Krillin , Master Roshi , No. 18 , and No. 17 , which would bring the total number of fighters up to nine . Trunks and Goten are ruled out due to their inexperience . They proceed to ask Vegeta , who has been thinking of a name for his second child . Vegeta refuses to participate . He says he will not fight , while Bulma is pregnant . Whis uses his time warping ability to birth the baby sooner than expected in order to get Vegeta to agree to the fight . Everyone celebrates the baby 's birth . Trunks is slightly disappointed he has a sister because he wanted to train with a younger brother . As soon as the baby is handed to Vegeta , he develops an attachment to her . Bulma names the baby Bulla even though Vegeta hoped to give her the Saiyan name Eschalot . However , Vegeta quickly accepts Bulla 's name . Goku leaves to recruit members and heads to Krillin 's house . 84 8 `` Son Goku the Recruiter Invites Krillin and No. 18 '' `` Sukautoman Son Gokū - Kuririn to 18 - gō o izanau '' ( スカウト マン 孫悟空 クリリン と 18 号 を 誘う ) April 2 , 2017 TBA Goku and Gohan arrive at Krillin 's house and ask him and No. 18 to join the Tournament of Power . No. 18 convinces Krillin to participate in order to put his newfound martial arts training to use . No. 18 is reluctant to join herself . She quickly suspects Goku and Gohan of hiding something from them , but Goku convinces her that the secret is a 10 million Zeni reward , which convinces her to participate . Gohan decides to test Krillin in a sparring match on the coast . After Gohan overpowers him in hand to hand combat , Krillin swiftly defeats Gohan by blinding him with his new move named Solar Flare x 100 and knocking him into the sea . Goku is excited by Krillin 's new power . He challenges him to a sparring match as well . They relocate to a building owned by Mr. Satan , where Krillin 's strategies make up for the gap in power , forcing Goku to go Super Saiyan . Goku then transforms into his Super Saiyan Blue form , and he and Krillin have a Kamehameha clash . As Goku increases his power and starts to overpower Krillin , No. 18 intervenes and blocks Goku 's Kamehameha , just as Krillin collapses from exhaustion . She justifies herself by noting that the Tournament of Power will be a battle royal and that Goku can not expect to fight one - on - one all the time . Goku concedes the match and realizes he will have to adjust his tactics in order to win the Tournament of Power . No. 18 reveals that No. 17 is currently working at a wildlife reserve , but she does not know where . Goku decides to ask Dende to find No. 17 . 85 9 `` The Universes Begin to Make Their Moves Their Individual Motives '' `` Ugokidasu uchū - sorezore no omowaku '' ( 動き出す 宇宙 - それぞれ の 思惑 ) April 9 , 2017 TBA Gohan leaves to recruit Piccolo , while Goku prepares to head to the Lookout . He encounters Majin Buu and Mr. Satan training . Goku discovers that Buu has lost weight and has gotten much slimmer in appearance . The two spar together . Buu defeats Goku by overwhelming him with ki blasts and knocking him out of the fighting stage . Meanwhile , Khai ( カイ ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 11 , gathers all of the Supreme Kais involved in the tournament except for Universe 7 's , who is ostracized due to Goku 's involvement with the creation of the tournament . Khai asks his fellow Supreme Kais to request that Zenō - sama cancel the erasure of the universes , but they are all too afraid of his wrath to do so . Champa gathers all the Gods of Destruction involved in the tournament except Beerus after finding out about the Supreme Kai 's meeting , and they discuss Goku . Toppo recruits his fellow Pride Troopers Kahseral ( カーセラル , Kāseraru ) and Dyspo ( ディスポ , Disupo ) . Champa recruits Cabba and demands he find more powerful Saiyans . Goku meets Dende and Mr. Popo at the Lookout and learns No. 17 's location . Gohan prepares to train with Piccolo . 86 10 `` Fist Cross for the First Time ! Android # 17 VS Son Goku ! ! '' `` Hajimete majiwaru kobushi ! Jinzōningen Jūnana - gō VS Son Gokū ! ! '' ( 初めて 交わる 拳 ! 人造 人間 17 号 VS 孫悟空 ! ! ) April 16 , 2017 TBA On their way to the island where No. 17 is working , Dende explains that since the conclusion of the Cell Games , No. 17 has started a family and gotten far stronger . Dende also reveals that Kid Buu has reincarnated as a young Earthling with massive fighting potential and asks Goku to train him when he is old enough . They reach the island as Goku arrives just in time to witness No. 17 defeat a group of armed poachers . As they introduce themselves to each other , a large army of poachers arrive . Goku and No. 17 team up to subdue them all . Afterwards , No. 17 explains that the poachers are after the last Minotaurus in order to steal its rare and valuable horns . The two decide to have a sparring match . No. 17 evenly matches Super Saiyan Goku , which causes him to turn Super Saiyan Blue . Goku launches a Kamehameha at No. 17 , who easily deflects it with an energy shield . The two go toe - to - toe until No. 17 ends the match in order to avoid catching the island in the crossfire . Goku and No. 17 acknowledge that they were both holding back in the fight . Afterwards , Goku attempts to convince him to join the Tournament of Power , but No. 17 is uninterested . He remains indifferent even when Goku reveals that the losing universes will be erased . Meanwhile , alien poachers arrive on Earth and they set their sights on the Minotaurus . 87 11 `` Hunt the Poachers ! Goku and No. 17 's United Front ! ! '' `` Mitsuryō - dan o kare ! Gokū to Jūnana - gō no kyōtō ! ! '' ( 密漁 団 を 狩れ ! 悟空 と 17 号 の 共闘 ! ! ) April 23 , 2017 TBA Goku entices No. 17 with a wish on the Super Dragon Balls . As he begins to consider Goku 's offer , the alien poachers arrive and abduct all of the island 's animals . Goku uses his Instant Transmission to teleport himself and No. 17 aboard their ship before it can escape . After defeating some of the poachers , No. 17 sets off to defeat the leader , while Goku remains behind to battle the rest of the poachers . No. 17 confronts and easily defeats the leader . Goku catches up just as the leader pulls out a switch and threatens to self - destruct if he is not released immediately . No. 17 smashes him out of a window , which vents both of them into deep space . Goku manages to use his Instant Transmission to teleport all three of them to King Kai 's world . Dende contacts Goku and informs him that the leader 's threat was a bluff . Afterwards , Goku and No. 17 return the animals to their rightful homes . Jaco arrives to arrest the alien poachers . No. 17 decides to leave his island in the hands of Goten and Trunks and accepts Goku 's offer to fight in the Tournament of Power . He hopes to use the Super Dragon Balls to wish for an expensive boat and travel the world with his family . 88 12 `` Gohan and Piccolo Teacher and Pupil Clash in Max Training ! '' `` Gohan to Pikkoro Shitei gekitotsu no Genkai shugyō ! '' ( 悟 飯 と ピッコロ 師弟 激突 の 限界 修業 ! ) April 30 , 2017 TBA Gohan and Piccolo engage in intense training . Piccolo explains that Goku has already informed him about the potential erasure of the universe and that he is going to participate in the Tournament of Power . He points out that Gohan 's over eagerness to protect his loved ones is making him reckless . Gohan transforms into a Super Saiyan , and the two continue to spar . Meanwhile , Cabba heads to the residence of his retired captain and mentor , Renso ( レンソウ ) . Cabba asks him to join Universe 6 's team for the Tournament of Power , but Renso refuses due to an injury to his leg . Renso suggests his sister , Caulifla ( カリフラ , Karifura ) , instead , who he claims is even stronger than him . Back in Universe 7 , Piccolo removes his weighted clothes to go all out and quickly defeats Gohan . Piccolo explains that Gohan has a tendency to become arrogant when he has the advantage in battle . After being encouraged by Piccolo , Gohan manages to reach the level of power he had against Super Buu . The two fight again , and Gohan successfully severs Piccolo 's arm . However , Piccolo blasts him in the back with the severed arm and defeats Gohan , which proves Piccolo 's point about Gohan 's overconfidence . That night , Piccolo vows to push Gohan to new heights of power . They both agree to work on combination moves . 89 13 `` An Unknown Beauty Appears ! The Tenshin - Style Dojo 's Mystery ? ! '' `` Arawareta nazo no bijo ! Tenshin - ryū Dōjō no kai ! ? '' ( 現れ た 謎 の 美女 ! 天津 流 道場 の 怪 ! ? ) May 7 , 2017 TBA Goku heads to Master Roshi 's island , where Oolong informs him that Tien and Chiaotzu have started a martial arts dojo , and that Roshi has headed there to act as a special instructor . Goku decides to make Tien the tenth member of the team , and heads off to recruit him and Roshi . At Tien 's dojo , a woman named Yurin ( ユーリン , Yūrin ) with a grudge against Tien arrives and requests to join the dojo . Although Tien denies her because her motivation of beauty was unfit for his dojo , Roshi drags Yurin off to ogle her . Goku arrives and asks Tien to join the Tournament of Power , but , even after Goku bribes him with 10 million Zeni , Tien refuses . Yurin escapes Roshi 's advances and uses witchcraft to drive Tien 's students on a rampage throughout town . Goku , Tien , Chiaotzu , and Roshi arrive at the village , where Yurin confronts them . Yurin explains that she is a former classmate of Tien 's during his time at the Crane School and that she swore revenge on him after he left the school and refused to fight her . Meanwhile , Cabba sways Caulifla into joining Universe 6 's team by promising to teach her how to become a Super Saiyan . Back on Earth , while Goku , Chiaotzu , and Tien cure the students of their brainwashing , Roshi battles Yurin . He lowers his guard after catching a glimpse of Yurin 's panties , which allows her to brainwash him . The brainwashed Roshi quickly defeats Tien , but Goku intervenes . While Chiaotzu temporarily disables Yurin , Goku subdues Roshi with a Kamehameha and cures him of the brainwashing . Tien orders Yurin to apologize to everyone she hurt and offers her a place at his dojo . Tien decides to join the Tournament of Power because he believes that the 10 million Zeni Goku promised will repair the village . After hearing about the 10 million Zeni , Master Roshi quickly agrees to join as well . 90 14 `` See The Wall That Must Be Passed ! Goku vs Gohan '' `` Koerubeki kabe o misuete ! Gokū bāsasu Gohan '' ( 超える べき 壁 を 見据え て ! 悟空 VS 悟 飯 ) May 14 , 2017 TBA As Gohan finishes training with Piccolo , they go to meet with Goku , Master Roshi , and Tien . At Gohan 's request , Goku and Tien have a fight against Gohan and Piccolo to practice for the tournament . Although Tien views this as a practice match and wants to avoid injuring anyone , Gohan and Goku take the fight seriously . As Gohan fights both his father and Tien , Piccolo spends the time charging a strong technique , which ultimately destroys the mountain fighting stage when it is launched . Tien calls the match off on the grounds that the fighting stage is now destroyed . Although Goku agrees , Gohan requests to have a one - on - one fight against his father . Goku accepts , and Gohan powers up while Goku goes Super Saiyan 2 . Although Goku has the upper hand for much of the fight , Gohan turns the tables and begins to overpower Goku . Gohan begs Goku to use his full power . Goku responds by becoming a Super Saiyan Blue and using his Kaio - Ken technique , then defeats Gohan with a single blow . Impressed with his son 's improvement , Goku assigns Gohan as the leader of their Universe 7 team . Meanwhile , Rumsshi ( ラムーシ , Ramūshi ) recruits a powerful fighter named Murichim ( ムリチム , Murichimu ) and his companions to represent Universe 10 in the tournament . 91 15 `` Which Universe Will Survive ? ! The Strongest Warriors Are Gathering ! ! '' `` Kachinokoru no wa dono Uchū da ! ? Zokuzoku to tsudou Saikyō no senshi - tachi ! ! '' ( 勝ち残る の は どの 宇宙 だ ! ? 続々 と 集う 最強 の 戦士 たち ! ! ) May 21 , 2017 TBA The Zenō - samas are suffering from extreme boredom again . They decide to observe the universes ' progress in assembling their strongest warriors . In Universe 7 , Vegeta prepares to enter the Hyperbolic Time Chamber for some intense training . Goku spars with Whis in Vegeta 's gravity chamber . Master Roshi and Puar train to remove Roshi 's weakness to seduction techniques , which fails miserably . In Universe 9 , word has spread of the potential erasure of their universe . The populace has descended into anarchy . The three canine brothers have been unable to find any other fighters . In Universe 6 , Hit tracks down the destitute Frost and forces him to join the Tournament of Power , while he relieves him of his poison needles in the process . In Universe 11 , Toppo 's comrade Kahseral is delayed from joining when he aids a cat stuck in a tree . In Universe 2 , a magical girl named Brianne de Chateau ( ブリアン ・ デ ・ シャトー , Burian de Shatō ) transforms into her alter ego named Ribrianne ( リブリアン , Riburian ) and auditions for a spot in the tournament . In Universe 10 , Murichim and his comrades record a dance video to improve team spirit . Back in Universe 7 , Mr. Satan calls and unexpectedly reveals that Majin Buu has fallen into a deep sleep and can not join the tournament , which horrifies everyone . 92 16 `` Emergency Development ! The Incomplete Ten Members ! ! '' `` Kinkyū jitai hassei ! Sorowanai jū nin no menbā ! ! '' ( 緊急 事態 発生 ! そろわ ない 10 人 の メンバー ! ! ) May 28 , 2017 TBA Goku races to Mr. Satan 's house , where he proves unable to wake Majin Buu from his hibernation . Meanwhile , all of Universe 7 's remaining warriors except Master Roshi and No. 17 gather at the Capsule Corporation . After Krillin brings up the 10 million Zeni prize that Goku had bribed him , Piccolo and Gohan reveal to Krillin , No. 18 , and Tien that the prize of 10 million Zeni was a lie and that the universe will be erased if they lose . When Goku returns , Krillin berates him and threatens to withdraw from the team along with No. 18 . After Goku fails to convince them otherwise , Beerus swiftly threatens Krillin into staying , while Bulma agrees to pay out the promised reward . In Universe 6 , Cabba takes Caulifla to a deserted wasteland to teach her how to become a Super Saiyan . As Caulifla 's protégée , Kale ( ケール , Kēru ) , observes them , Cabba ineffectually attempts to provoke Caulifla in order to make her transform . When that fails , he teaches her to focus her energy on an area in her back . Caulifla successfully transforms into a Super Saiyan . Caulifla tests her newfound power and agrees to join Universe 6 's team for the Tournament of Power . She beckons Kale over to attempt the transformation herself . In Universe 11 , Kahseral arrives at the Pride Trooper headquarters , where he and Toppo agree to leave the universe in their trainees ' hands so they can participate in the tournament . In Universe 3 , two cyborg warriors named Nigrisshi ( ニグリシ , Nigrisshi ) and Narirama ( ナリラマ , Narirāma ) display their upgrades for the tournament to Universe 3 's God of Destruction Mosco ( モスコ , Mosuko ) , Supreme Kai Ea ( エア ) , and Angel Campari ( カンパーリ , Kanpāri ) . Back in Universe 7 , Goku and his friends are unable to figure out who can replace Buu . When Beerus claims they have no suitable fighters because Goku destroyed the Frieza Force , Goku is inspired to recruit Frieza , which shocks everyone . 93 17 `` You 're The Tenth Warrior ! Goku Goes To See Frieza ! ! '' `` Jū ninme no senshi wa omē da ! Gokū Furīza no moto e ! ! '' ( 10 人目 の 戦士 はお め え だ ! 悟空 フリーザ の も と へ ! ! ) June 4 , 2017 TBA Goku 's idea is met with much hesitance from his comrades . He explains that he intends to have Fortuneteller Baba resurrect Frieza for 24 hours to fight in the tournament . If Frieza betrays them then either he or Vegeta can defeat him . Goku 's friends reluctantly agree , and he sets out to the afterlife . The Universe 7 team are unaware that a spy from Universe 4 is observing them . In Universe 6 , Cabba and Caulifla attempt to teach Kale how to turn into a Super Saiyan but to no avail . Kale begins to despair over her own uselessness , and it enrages her enough to trigger her transformation into an extremely powerful Berserker Super Saiyan . Kale immediately goes berserk and attacks Cabba . Caulifla quickly deduces that Kale is jealous of her and Cabba 's perceived relationship . She denies having any sort of feelings for Cabba . Kale calms down and collapses in Caulifla 's arms . Cabba , who is impressed by Kale 's power , decides to add her to Universe 6 's team . Back in Universe 7 , Goku arrives in the afterlife and receives King Yemma 's permission to visit Frieza . He explains about the Tournament of Power and asks Frieza to join them . Frieza agrees to aid him on the condition that he be properly resurrected with Earth 's Dragon Balls . When Goku hesitates to agree , Frieza goads him by playing to his desire to see how powerful Frieza can become . Goku accepts his terms . In Universe 4 , Ganos ( ガノス , Ganosu ) reports Universe 7 's latest actions to Universe 4 's God of Destruction Quitela ( キテラ , Kitera ) and Supreme Kai Kuru ( クル ) . Quitela immediately begins making plans to counter Beerus . 94 18 `` The Emperor of Evil Returns ! A Reception of Mysterious Assassins ? ! '' `` Aku no Teiō fukkatsu ! Demukaeru Nazo no Shikaku - tachi ! ? '' ( 悪 の 帝王 復活 ! 出迎える 謎 の 刺客 たち ! ? ) June 11 , 2017 TBA Quitela contacts Universe 9 's God of Destruction Sidra ( シドラ , Shidora ) and informs him that Universe 7 is planning to use Frieza to assassinate their rivals before the tournament begins and that the only way to counter them is to kill them first . Sidra and Roh agree to have Frieza killed . Meanwhile , Goku returns to the Capsule Corporation to update everyone on his success . As Master Roshi completes his training at Korin 's tower , Krillin and No. 18 head to No. 17 's island to pick him up and drop off Goten , Trunks , and Marron . Goku goes to Fortuneteller Baba 's home , where she completes the ritual to resurrect Frieza . As Goku and Frieza prepare to depart , an army of assassins arrives to claim their heads . Despite the time pressure , Frieza wounds the assassins ' leader , transforms into his Golden form , and prepares for battle . 95 19 `` The Worst ! The Most Evil ! Frieza 's Rampage ! ! '' `` Saikyō ! Saiaku ! Furīza Ōabare ! ! '' ( 最 凶 ! 最悪 ! フリーザ 大 暴れ ! ! ) June 18 , 2017 TBA Frieza explains to Goku that he spent his recent incarceration in Hell undergoing intense mental training to overcome the stamina issues that plagued him during his previous battles with the Z - Fighters . He quickly slaughters most of the assassins , which horrifies Goku . The assassins ' leader , who has been directly empowered by Sidra , attacks Frieza with Sidra 's power , but Frieza manages to overcome and hijack the attack . Frieza spitefully uses the attack on Goku and traps him . Frieza tortures and kills the assassins until they reveal that Roh and Sidra hired them . Frieza contacts Universe 9 and offers his services as a defector . Roh and Sidra begin arguing about whether or not to accept him . Roh fears Frieza 's psychopathic and treasonous nature , while Sidra wants his power . Sidra is confident he could kill him if he stepped out of line . Their argument buys time for Beerus and Whis to arrive and rescue Goku . Frieza cuts the connection . He begins making plans to use the Tournament of Power to manipulate the gods to suit his own ends . Goku and Frieza have a brief sparring match , which ends in a draw . Goku , Frieza , Beerus , and Whis return to the Capsule Corporation . The Universe 7 team prepare to travel to the World of Void for the Tournament of Power . 96 20 `` The Time Is Here ! To The World Of Void For The Fate Of The Universe ! ! '' `` Toki wa kita ! Uchū no Meiun o kake Mu no Kai e ! ! '' ( 時 は きた ! 宇宙 の 命運 を かけ 無 の 界 へ ! ! ) June 25 , 2017 TBA In the World of Void , Universes 1 , 5 , and 8 's Gods of Destruction Iwne ( イワン , Iwan ) , Arack ( アラク , Araku ) , and Liquiir ( リキュール , Rikīru ) have a brief exhibition match to test the durability of the Tournament of Power 's fighting stage . Afterwards , the Great Priest forces them all to clean up their mess and fix the stage . In Universe 7 , Gohan and Shin 's strategy is to have the team members stick together to conserve energy and use strength of numbers to defeat anyone who attacks them . This suggestion offends Goku and Vegeta 's Saiyan pride . Whis transports the team to the World of Void . All of the other universes arrive . Frieza and Frost befriend each other and agree to work together , while Goku singles out Jiren as a potential rival due to his extreme power . As the Great Priest introduces each team , Universe 4 seemingly has only 8 warriors on their team , which confuses most of Universe 7 , except for Tien , who tells No. 18 that he can sense a faint presence . After a speech from the Zenō - samas , the 80 warriors prepare for battle . 97 21 `` Survive ! The Tournament of Power Begins at Last ! ! '' `` Ikinokore ! Tsui ni kaimaku Chikara no Taikai ! ! '' ( 生き残れ ! ついに 開幕 「 力 の 大会 」 ! ! ) July 2 , 2017 TBA The Great Priest reminds everyone of the rules and officially starts the tournament . A massive free - for - all ensues . Goku targets Toppo , but he is intercepted by Ganos . Disregarding Gohan 's plan as well , No. 17 , No. 18 , Vegeta , and Frieza all jump into the fray . Universe 3 gains an early advantage when Narirama unleashes a spinning attack designed to knock its opponents off the stage , but Hit and Basil disable it . Universe 10 's Lilibeu ( リリベウ , Ririberu ) attacks Basil , but Basil successfully knocks her off the stage . Meanwhile , the five Universe 7 warriors who stayed together are confronted by a gang of warriors from varying universes , but Universe 7 uses teamwork to fend them off . Basil nearly defeats Universe 10 's Napapa , but Napapa is able to push his attacks away at the last moment . As Goku is pursuing Toppo , he comes face to face with Jiren until Universe 4 's Nink ( ニンク , Ninku ) outflanks Goku by grappling and dragging him towards the edge of the stage with the intention of jumping off with him . Goku turns Super Saiyan Blue and knocks Nink off the stage . As Goku reverts back to his normal form to conserve energy , Basil , Lavender , Bergamo , and two other Universe 9 warriors surround him with 47 minutes remaining in the tournament . 98 22 `` Oh , Uncertainty ! A Universe Despairs ! ! '' `` Ā mujou ! Zetsubō suru Uchū ! ! '' ( あぁ 無常 ! 絶望 する 宇宙 ! ! ) July 9 , 2017 TBA Roh orders his warriors to attack Goku to avenge their defeat at the Zen Exhibition Match . Goku is forced to avoid fighting at his fullest in order to conserve stamina for later in the tournament . He fights Team Universe 9 , where the Trio de Dangers brothers manage to overwhelm him thanks to their teamwork . Vegeta notices Goku 's plight and reinforces him . Roh sends over three more fighters . Team Universe 9 is able to push Goku and Vegeta to the brink until Vegeta tricks Lavender and Hop ( ソレル , Hoppu ) into accidentally hitting each other . Goku and Vegeta take advantage of the confusion to defeat five of the Universe 9 warriors . No. 18 and Frieza each defeat Sorrel ( ソレル , Soreru ) and Roselle . Only Basil , Lavender , and Bergamo remain in the tournament for Team Universe 9 . Goku and Vegeta push them to the edge of the stage . The brothers use a combination beam as a last ditch effort , but Goku and Vegeta power up to Super Saiyan Blue and knock them off the stage with a Final Kamehameha . With all 10 members defeated , Universe 9 is eliminated from the tournament . As a result , the Zenō - samas erase Universe 9 , Roh , Sidra , and all of their fighters . This amuses Universe 9 's angel Mojito ( モヒイト , Mohi'ito ) and horrifies everyone else . 99 23 `` Show Them ! Krillin 's True Power ! ! '' `` Misetsukero ! Kuririn no sokojikara ! ! '' ( 見せつけろ ! クリリン の 底力 ! ! ) July 16 , 2017 TBA As the other warriors recover from the shock of Universe 9 's erasure , No. 17 reminds No. 18 that they have infinite stamina due to their cyborg bodies and have no reason to hold back . Vegeta tries to fight Hit , but he is blocked by Botamo , who is immune to damage . Vegeta manages to pick Botamo up and nearly throws him off the stage , but Magetta stops him at the last moment . Meanwhile , Universe 10 's Jium ( ジウム , Jiumu ) attacks Gohan and his friends . Jium is swiftly defeated by Master Roshi . Universe 4 's Shosa ( ショイサ , Shōsa ) tricks No. 18 into lowering her guard by faking his own death and nearly knocks her off the stage with a barrage of ki blasts . Krillin rescues No. 18 , and the two defeat Shosa with a powerful combination attack . They are challenged by Universe 4 's Majora ( マジョラ ) , who is a blind fighter that uses his powerful sense of smell to locate his enemies in battle . Although Majora proves to be stronger than Krillin , Krillin disables his nose by throwing his smelly shoe at him and knocks him off the stage . Krillin boasts about his victory , which allows Frost to knock him off with a single blow . Beerus and Shin berate Krillin for his carelessness with 43 minutes remaining in the tournament . 100 24 `` Out Of Control ! The Savage Berserker Awakens ! ! '' `` Daibōsō ! Mezame araburu Kyōsenshi ! ! '' ( 大 暴走 ! 目覚め 荒 ぶる 狂 戦士 ! ! ) July 23 , 2017 TBA As Universe 7 recovers from Krillin 's defeat , Cabba defeats Nigrisshi and Universe 10 's Murisam ( ムリサーム ) and confronts Vegeta . Hit blows off Narirama 's limbs and uses his time skip ability to dodge his ultimate attack . He flicks him off the stage . Meanwhile , Kale is disabled by Universe 10 's Napapa and Methiop ( メチオープ ) . They knock her unconscious and attempt to throw her off the stage , but Caulifla rescues her and defeats Napapa . The two confront Goku , and Caulifla knocks away Universe 2 's Jimeze ( ジーミズ , Jimizu ) and demands to know how to become a Super Saiyan Blue . Goku refuses , and Caulifla transforms into an Ultra Super Saiyan . However , her increased muscle mass cripples her speed and allows Goku to counterattack . With Goku 's aid , Caulifla manages to become a Super Saiyan 2 , and the two resume their fight . As Kale watches them , she is once again consumed by her feelings of uselessness and transforms into her Berserker Super Saiyan form . Hit uses his time skip to save Caulifla from getting caught in the crossfire . Kale flies into a jealous rage and attacks Goku for allegedly stealing Caulifla from her . Kale easily overwhelms Goku and forces him to power up to Super Saiyan Blue . He unleashes a powerful Kamehameha , but Kale powers through it unharmed . As Piccolo realizes she has lost control of her power , Kale begins firing ki blasts at everything in sight and defeats Methiop . When Universe 11 's Vuon ( ブーオン , Būon ) attempts to stop her , Kale defeats him as well . Jiren knocks her unconscious with a single ki blast . As Hit and Caulifla retreat with Kale , Goku challenges Jiren . 101 25 `` The Impending Warriors of Justice ! The Pride Troopers ! ! '' `` Semari kuru seigi no senshi ! Puraido Torūpāsu ! ! '' ( 迫り くる 正義 の 戦士 ! プライド ・ トルーパス ! ! ) July 30 , 2017 TBA As Goku prepares to fight Jiren , Toppo suddenly ambushes him with a barrage of ki blasts . Toppo and Jiren decide to retreat and conserve their stamina . This leaves Goku to be dealt with by Kahseral and their fellow Pride Troopers Tupper ( タッパー , Tappā ) , Zoiray ( ゾイレー , Zoirē ) , Cocotte ( ココット , Kokotto ) , and Kettol . The five declare their intent to defeat Caulifla and Kale to avenge Vuon 's defeat . The two are forced to form a temporary alliance with Goku . Meanwhile , Master Roshi and Tien team up to defeat Universe 3 's The Preecho ( ザ ・ プリーチョ ) . They regroup with Gohan , Piccolo , Vegeta , and Frieza , where he has defeated Murichim . The Pride Troopers push Goku , Caulifla , and Kale to the brink , but No. 17 and No. 18 rescue them . No. 18 and Goku defeat Tupper , while No. 17 easily overpowers Kahseral . The remaining Pride Troopers regroup and focus their assault on the wounded Caulifla and Kale . Cocotte seals them in a separate dimension to ensure that Goku , No. 17 , and No. 18 do not interfere . As the four beat Caulifla , Kale 's self - hatred causes her to return to the Berserker Super Saiyan form , but she remains in control of herself this time . Caulifla and Kale use an extremely powerful combination ki blast to defeat Kahseral , Zoiray , and Kettol . Cocotte seals herself in a mini-dimension to avoid the blast , but No. 18 simply throws it off , eliminating Cocotte . Goku allows Caulifla and Kale to retreat so he can fight them at their full strength after they rest . The group is unaware that Brianne is observing them . 102 26 `` The Power of Love Explodes ? ! Universe 2 's Little Witch Warriors ! ! '' `` Ai no chikara ga dai bakuhatsu ! ? dai ni uchu majo - kko senshi ! ! '' ( 愛 の 力 が 大 爆発 ! ? 第 2 宇宙 の 魔女 っ 子 戦士 ! ! ) August 6 , 2017 TBA Brianne and her companions Sanka Ku ( サンカ ・ クー , Sanka Kū ) and Su Roas ( スー ・ ロース , Sū Rōsu ) announce themselves to the other fighters and begin to transform into their magical girl alter - egos . No. 17 blasts them before they can transform , but Brianne , Goku , and Toppo berate him for his dishonorable tactics and browbeat him into allowing them to transform , much to Beerus ' dismay . They assume their alter - egos Ribrianne , Kakunsa ( カクンサ , Kakunsa ) , and Rozie ( ロージィ , Rōjī ) and barrage the arena with a powerful love - based attack that brainwashes some of the fighters . Universe 7 's mental discipline allows them to overcome its effects . Gohan 's group elects to split up and fight independently . Vegeta attacks Ribrianne , who counters with a rolling attack that knocks out Universe 10 's Jirasen ( ジラセン ) . Rozie attacks Goku with a flurry of blows that grows more powerful the longer she keeps it up , while Kakunsa battles No. 17 with her animalistic fighting style . No. 17 baits her into overextending herself and stuns her with a barrier . He attempts to knock her out of the stage , but her teammate Vikal ( ビカル , Bikaru ) rescues her . No. 17 decides to stop holding back and swiftly eliminates Vikal . He also eliminates Kakunsa with a powerful ki blast . Enraged by his actions , Ribrianne powers up and prepares to battle No. 17 . 103 27 `` Gohan , Show No Mercy ! Showdown With Universe 10 ! ! '' `` Gohan yo hijōnare ! Dai ju uchu to no kessen ! ! '' ( 悟 飯 よ 非情 なれ ! 第 10 宇宙 と の 決戦 ! ! ) August 13 , 2017 TBA Ribrianne and No. 17 fiercely attack each other , while Rozie begins to overwhelm Goku 's defenses . She surrounds him with ki balls and attempts to blow him up , but No. 17 protects him with a barrier . Goku , who has studied Rozie 's techniques , hits her with a powerful ki blast . As he and No. 17 corner Rozie and Ribrianne , Jimeze arrives and rescues them with instant transmission . Elsewhere , Botamo challenges Gohan on Champa 's orders . As Piccolo and Goku observe , Gohan attacks with a flurry of blows , which apparently have no effect . However , Gohan 's attacks begin to lift Botamo off the ground and renders him unable to defend himself , allowing Gohan to knock him off the stage . Universe 10 's Obuni ( オブニ ) and Rubalt ( ルバルト , Rubaruto ) appear to challenge Gohan and Piccolo . Jimeze defeats Universe 10 's Jilcol ( ジルコル Jirukoru ) . With 8 warriors eliminated , Gowasu accepts his imminent demise , while Rumsshi remains defiant . Obuni shifts his ki away from his body to render himself impossible to detect and wounds Gohan . Rubalt initially has the upper hand against Piccolo , but Piccolo uses his Hellzone Grenade attack to knock out Rubalt , leaving Universe 10 with only Obuni . Obuni begins to overwhelm Gohan , which makes Gowasu want to cling to life again . Gohan powers up and powers through one of Obuni 's punches . He counterattacks Obuni 's moves by locating and hitting Obuni after he gets hit . Obuni pauses the fight to show his respect for Gohan , but refuses to lose for the sake of Universe 10 . Gohan battles and defeats Obuni with a Kamehameha . All of Universe 10 's fighters have been eliminated . Right before Universe 10 is annihilated , Gohan discovers a locket containing a picture of Obuni and his wife and child . Gohan and Universe 10 's angel , Cus ( クス , Kusu ) , mourn Universe 10 's erasure . 104 28 `` The Ultimate High Speed Battle Begins ! Goku and Hit Join Forces ! ! '' `` Chōzetsu kōsoku batoru boppatsu ! Gokū to hitto no kyōdō sensen ! ! '' ( 超絶 光速 バトル 勃発 ! 悟空 と ヒット の 共同 戦線 ! ! ) August 20 , 2017 TBA Dyspo challenges Hit and uses his incredible speed to overwhelm Hit 's Time Skip . Everyone quickly deduces that Dyspo is listening for the sound of Hit 's body tensing up to determine when he is about to attempt to use Time Skip . Hit resorts to fighting him conventionally , but he is pushed to the edge of the stage . Toppo deduces that Hit has adjusted to Dyspo 's fighting style and is luring him into a trap . Toppo sends fellow pride trooper Kunshi ( クンシー , Kunshī ) to back him up . Before Dyspo can land the finishing blow , Hit suddenly turns intangible and sends Dyspo over the edge . However , Kunshi uses ropes made of his energy to pull Dyspo back onto the stage before he is eliminated . The two launch a renewed assault against Hit and drive him into a corner . Before they can finish him off , Goku interferes and rescues Hit . Goku uses his Super Saiyan God form to counter Dyspo 's speed , while Hit uses his assassination technique to injure Kunshi . The two switch places . Hit uses a fake Time Skip to throw Dyspo off and wound him , while Goku overwhelms Kunshi with his Super Saiyan Blue form . Hit attempts to eliminate Dyspo , but Kunshi rescues him again . Kunshi charges Hit , who turns intangible and knocks him off the stage . Dyspo retreats and regroups with his allies . Toppo abandons all notions of justice and decides to focus on survival . Hit decides not to battle Goku as thanks for lending a hand . Goku and Hit vow to settle the score if they both make it to the end of the tournament . 105 29 `` A Desperate Battle ! Master Roshi 's Sacrifice ! ! '' `` Funsen ! Mutenroshi inochi o Moyasu ! ! '' ( 奮戦 ! 武 天 老師 命 を 燃やす ! ! ) August 27 , 2017 TBA Master Roshi quietly observes the battles from afar . He is challenged by an attractive warrior from Universe 4 , Caway ( キャウェイ , Kyauei ) , who attempts to seduce him . However , Caway 's attempts to attack him brings him back to his senses . Roshi destroys her energy weapon , powers up , and drives her to jump off the stage . Roshi is next challenged by Dercori ( ダーコリ , Dākori ) , who is a talisman - wielding warrior from Universe 4 . She uses her talismans to confound Roshi with illusions and trap him in a single spot . Roshi uses the Evil Containment Wave to seal her in a small bottle and throw her off the arena . Quitela and Beerus get into an argument about the legality of the move , which is defused when both Zenō - samas rule in Roshi 's favor . Ganos , who is enraged at Roshi for eliminating his friends , challenges him and powers up into an avian form . Initially , Roshi is able to use his experience to predict , evade , and counter Ganos ' attacks . However , Ganos is able to grow more powerful the longer a fight drags on . He rallies and delivers a fierce series of blows to Roshi . Roshi attempts to hypnotize Ganos into falling asleep , but he attacks himself to wake himself up . Ganos demands that Roshi accept his limits and give up , but Roshi refuses . He unleashes a Max Power Kamehameha that defeats Ganos . However , the effort is too much for Roshi 's body to handle , and he collapses . Goku races over to him and successfully defibrillates him with his ki . Goku escorts Roshi to safety . 106 30 `` Find Him ! Death Match With An Invisible Attacker ! ! '' `` Mikiwamero ! Sugata naki atakkā to no shitō ! ! '' ( 見極めろ ! 姿 なき アタッカー と の 死闘 ! ! ) September 3 , 2017 TBA Goku brings Master Roshi to an isolated part of the stage and leaves him to rest at his request . Gohan and Piccolo are confronted by Universe 6 's Dr. Rota ( Dr. ロタ , Dokutā Rota ) , but Rota is shot down by a sniper before he can reveal his ability . Gohan and Piccolo are unable to find the location of the sniper until they find a red orb on the ground . It is revealed that the sniper , Universe 2 's Prum ( プラン , Puran ) , can see through these orbs . The lasers ricochet off of the orbs so that his true location is a secret . Piccolo tries to create a smokescreen in order to blur the vision , but Prum can still see them via their heat signatures . Prum shoots Piccolo and destroys both of his arms , which forces him to painfully regenerate them . Gohan and Piccolo realize that the orbs depend on heat signatures and blast the surrounding area to create multiple heat signatures . Prum responds by coming out of his hiding spot and blasting the entire area . Gohan and Piccolo are forced into hiding . Tien analyzes Dr. Rota and deduces that he was hit by a sniper as Goku and Vegeta arrive . Vegeta berates Tien , who warns them about Prum , but Vegeta arrogantly brushes it off until he is almost incapacitated by one of Prum 's blasts . As Goku and Tien observe Prum , they deduce that there is another shooter from behind as Prum is merely reflecting the blasts . Vegeta and Goku go after Prum , while Tien goes to save Gohan and Piccolo . Goku and Vegeta try to attack Prum , but their ki blasts are reflected off of his body . Tien navigates through the field of blasts and confronts the true sniper , Prum 's teammate Hermila ( ハーミラ , Hāmira ) . Realizing that Prum can deflect ki blasts and not physical attacks , Vegeta and Goku throw giant boulders at him . Tien uses his Multi-form technique in order to buy himself time against Hermila , but three of his clones are shot down . The fourth and final Tien defeats Hermila . Just as Tien is about to eliminate him , Hermila shoots the ground underneath Tien 's feet and knocks him off the stage . However , Tien 's other three clones come back and drag Hermila down with them . Tien and Hermila are eliminated from the tournament . Although Beerus praises Tien for forcing the battle into a draw , Tien is noticeably upset about being defeated . As Prum is confronted by Vegeta , Dr. Rota comes back and attacks Prum as revenge for shooting him . Shortly after , Vegeta eliminates Prum and Dr. Rota from the tournament . 107 31 `` Revenge `` F '' The Cunning Trap ? ! '' `` Fukushū no Efu ! Shikakerareta Kōkatsu na Wana ! ? '' ( 復讐 の 「 F 」 ! しかけ られ た 狡猾 な 罠 ! ? ) September 17 , 2017 TBA Frost recalls how Champa promised to pardon his crimes if he humiliated and defeated Universe 7 . Elsewhere , Universe 3 's Maji Kayo confronts Universe 11 's remaining warriors . He entraps Dyspo with his liquid body , but Jiren effortlessly defeats him with a single blow . As Master Roshi attempts to recover from his previous fights , Frost corners and attacks him . Goku sees this and tries to rush to his aid , but he is confronted by Ribrianne . Roshi hits Frost with a flurry of blows and attempts to use the Evil Containment Wave , but the strain proves too much for him . He flubs the attack . Frost barrages Roshi with ki blasts and sends an attack towards Vegeta , which provokes him . Vegeta interferes before Frost can finish Roshi . Magetta arrives to reinforce Frost , and the two battle Vegeta . Frost goads Roshi into using the Evil Containment Wave on Magetta despite the risk of killing himself . When Roshi falls for it , Frost reflects the attack and seals Vegeta into a bottle . With the last of his strength , Roshi uses a small ki blast to destroy the bottle and free Vegeta . Vegeta immediately turns Super Saiyan Blue , and Frost flees . Vegeta knocks Magetta off the stage and tells Roshi to drop out so he can receive medical attention . Roshi jumps off the stage , and he is given a Senzu Bean . Beerus admits that Roshi has earned his respect . 108 32 `` Frieza and Frost ! Conjoined Malice ? ! '' `` Furīza to Furosuto ! Majiwaru Akui ! ? '' ( フリーザ と フロスト ! 交わる 悪意 ! ? ) September 24 , 2017 TBA As Goku battles Ribrianne , the gods of the top four universes speculate on who will win the tournament . Meanwhile , Gohan is confronted by Jimeze . Jimeze makes use of his Instant Transmission technique to confound and damage Gohan . As he prepares to finish him , Frieza intervenes . When Frieza does not immediately attack Jimeze , Universe 7 's spectators speculate he may intend to betray and defeat Gohan so he can seize the wish on the Super Dragon Balls for himself . Frieza steps aside and allows Jimeze to continue his fight with Gohan . Jimeze corners Gohan again and attempts to finish him , but Frieza destroys his attack with a ki blast . Enraged , Jimeze attacks Frieza , who swiftly tortures and eliminates him . Frost appears and declares his intention to defeat Gohan , and Frieza admits that the two intend to work together in order to exact revenge on the Saiyans . Frieza battles Gohan , who counterattacks . Frieza uses his Golden form to knock out Gohan . However , instead of eliminating him , he double - crosses and eliminates Frost . Gohan admits that he immediately figured out Frieza 's plan and played along with him . An enraged Frost attempts to attack Frieza from the spectator stands , but Zenō - sama erases him , who explains this is forbidden and Universe 6 would be erased upon a second offence . Meanwhile , Goku continues to battle Ribrianne . 109 33 `` The Ultimate Enemy Approaches Goku ! Now , Let Loose ! The Killer Spirit Bomb ! ! '' `` Goku ni Semaru Saikyo no Teki ! Ima Koso Hanate ! Hisassu no Genki - Dama ! ! '' ( 悟空 に 迫る 最強 の 敵 ! 今 こそ 放 て ! 必殺 の 元気 玉 ! ! ) October 8 , 2017 TBA Ribrianne declares her intention to use the wish to become a love goddess adored by all beings using the Super Dragon Balls . Goku considers using the wish to benefit his family or meet a strong opponent . Ribrianne absorbs the love of her teammates and becomes Super Ribrianne . She attacks Goku with several ki blasts , and he counters by turning Super Saiyan Blue and knocking her away . Ribrianne lands near Jiren , and Goku sees him and prepares to finally battle him . Universe 11 's God of Destruction , Belmod , telepathically orders Jiren to defeat Goku . Belmod hopes to demoralize the other universes by defeating the strongest fighter besides Jiren himself . Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue Kaioken x20 , but that proves to be no match for Jiren 's overwhelming power . Goku begins powering up a Spirit Bomb , and all of his teammates except Vegeta lend him their energy . Despite the time it takes to charge the attack , Jiren agrees to wait for him to complete it . Ribrianne attempts to attack Goku from behind , but she is stopped by Vegeta . Goku completes the Spirit Bomb and throws it , but Jiren deflects it . The two engage in a struggle to take control of the Spirit Bomb . This forces Goku to use Super Saiyan Blue Kaioken x20 to keep up . However , Jiren prevails and begins to overwhelm Goku with his own attack . 110 34 `` Son Goku Wakes ! New Level of the Awakened ! ! '' `` Son Gokū kakusei ! Mezameshi mono no aratanaru gokui ! ! '' ( 孫悟空 覚醒 ! 目覚め し 者 の 新た なる 極意 ! ! ) October 8 , 2017 TBA Goku rallies himself and pushes the Spirit Bomb back towards Jiren , which locks him in a stalemate . Whis realizes that Jiren is at least as powerful as a God of Destruction . As the two struggle to overpower each other , the Spirit Bomb suddenly condenses into a small black ball , which absorbs Goku and causes him to vanish . The Great Priest rules that since Goku 's own attack apparently vaporized him , Jiren will not be disqualified for destroying him . As the Zenō - samas prepare to eliminate Goku , he suddenly reappears and reaches a new level of power . Goku resumes the fight , and he is able to go toe - to - toe with Jiren . Whis theorizes Goku must have absorbed the Spirit Bomb and unlocked an ability called Ultra Instinct ( 身勝手 の 極意 , Migatte no Goku'i ' ) . Goku uses another powerful attack in an attempt to eliminate Jiren , but he fails and exhausts his newfound power . Jiren knocks him away , and Hit attempts to take advantage of the opportunity and attacks Jiren . Vegeta demands to know what happened to Goku before preparing to fight Ribrianne , while Frieza appears to corner Goku and aim an attack at him . 111 35 `` The Surreal Supreme Battle ! Hit vs Jiren ! ! '' `` I jigen no kyokuchi batoru ! Hitto basasu Jiren ! ! '' ( 異 次元 の 極致 バトル ! ヒット VS ジレン ! ! ) October 15 , 2017 TBA Instead of killing the defenseless Goku , Frieza shares with him some of his energy and repays his act of mercy during their fight on Planet Namek . Meanwhile , Hit uses his time - skip powers against Jiren , but his attacks fail to connect . Goku spectates the battle , but he is ambushed by Saonel ( サオネル , Saoneru ) and Pirina ( ピリナ , Pirina ) , Namekians from Universe 6 , who are confronted by Gohan and Piccolo . Elsewhere , Vegeta fights Ribrianne , and he is easily overpowering her in his base form until Rozie interferes and retreats with Ribrianne . Ribrianne loses hope due to the gap in power , but Rozie motivates her . Meanwhile , Hit keeps attacking Jiren to no avail , but he is able to react and block most of Jiren 's punches . After being knocked back , Hit sneaks up behind Jiren and lands a strong punch on his heart . He knocks Jiren to the edge of the ring after a brief struggle . Hit uses his own time - skip powers continually on Jiren to stop his movement . Realizing that he can not hold Jiren for long , Hit urges Cabba , Caulifla , and Kale to keep fighting for Universe 6 . Hit pools all his energy in a final attack to defeat him , but Jiren stops Hit 's attack only with his glare . Jiren breaks free and eliminates Hit . As the Tournament of Power reaches its midway point , Jiren begins to meditate . He is certain that there are no other warriors strong enough to fight him . Jiren leaves the fight to Toppo and Dyspo . Viara ( ビアラ , Biara ) and Katopesla ( カトペスラ , Katopesura ) of Universe 3 attempt to attack him while meditating , but Jiren 's energy alone is enough to push them back . 112 36 `` A Saiyan 's Vow ! Vegeta 's Resolution ! ! '' `` Saiya - jin no chikai ! Bejīta no kakugo ! ! '' ( サイヤ 人 の 誓い ! ベジータ の 覚悟 ! ! ) October 22 , 2017 TBA Despite his exhaustion and low energy , Goku is determined to keep fighting . However , he is suddenly targeted by Koitsukai ( コイツカイ , Koitukai ) , Panchia ( パンチア , Panchia ) , and Bollarator ( ボラレータ , Borarēta ) of Universe 3 . Gohan and Piccolo want to help him , but they are distracted by their own battle with Saonel and Pilina . Caulifla and Kale are discussing the battle between Goku and Jiren , when they are confronted by Monna ( モンナ , Monna ) , a female warrior from Universe 4 . Caulifla faces off against Monna , but Cabba appears and takes her place . He instructs Caulifla and Kale to retreat for now . Cabba turns Super Saiyan and battles Monna , but he is initially overpowered . Monna almost knocks Cabba off the stage , but Vegeta intervenes and catches him before he can fall . Vegeta and Cabba both promise that , if either of them wins the tournament , the winner will use the Super Dragon Balls to restore the other 's erased universe and its inhabitants . Newly inspired , Cabba fights Monna again , but he is losing until he taps into his anger and unlocks Super Saiyan 2 . With his new power , Cabba easily defeats and eliminates Monna . However , Frieza appears , fights Cabba , and easily eliminates him as well . Frieza reveals that he plans to win the tournament in order to use the Super Dragon Balls to control the gods . Meanwhile , Vegeta decides to challenge Jiren , but he is intercepted by Toppo . The two battle each other . Vegeta ends up meeting up with Goku , who is still having difficulty with his three opponents . However , Caulifla intervenes and knocks Koitsukai , Borareta , and Pancea away before powering up to Super Saiyan 2 and challenging Goku herself . 113 37 `` With Great Joy ! The Repeat Battle - Crazy Saiyan Fight ! ! '' `` Kiki to Shite ! Sentō - kyō Saiya - jin Batoru Futatabi ! ! '' ( 嬉々 として ! 戦闘 狂 サイヤ 人 バトル 再び ! ! ) October 29 , 2017 TBA Caulifla demands that Goku fight her and teach her how to unlock Super Saiyan 3 so that she can become strong enough to win the tournament . She begins fighting Goku , who does not initially power up beyond his base form . However , Goku 's superior martial arts skills allow him to keep up with her even in her Super Saiyan 2 form . Eventually , she is able to adapt to his moves , which forces Goku to power up to Super Saiyan 2 himself . The two of them fight evenly for some time . Goku later calls in Kale to join the battle . His superior power and skill enables him to fight them both at once , but they are able to match him by working together . They land a massive combined attack on him , but Goku powers up to Super Saiyan 3 and easily deflects their attacks . However , Goku lacks the stamina to maintain that form and reverts to Super Saiyan 2 . Kale 's desire to become stronger inadvertently causes her to transform into her Berserker Super Saiyan form again . 114 38 `` Intimidating Passion ! The Birth of a New Super Warrior ! ! '' `` Kiki semaru ! Aratana chō sen - shi no bakutan ! ! '' ( 鬼気 せまる ! 新た な 超 戦士 の 爆誕 ! ! ) November 5 , 2017 TBA Vegeta continues his battle with Toppo , while Caulifla is able to help Kale regain control of her Berserker form . Caulifla and Kale battle Goku together and are able to hold him off . Meanwhile , Frieza is confronted by Katopesla , but they are interrupted by Goku 's battle with Caulifla and Kale . Frieza wants to fight Caulifla and Kale , but Goku insists that he will fight them himself . Frieza backs down and watches the fight . The three Saiyans resume their battle . After unsuccessfully attempting to use Instant Transmission as a strategy , Goku powers up to his Super Saiyan God form and easily overpowers the two of them . As Goku prepares to eliminate Caulifla and Kale with a powerful Kamehameha , it is revealed that the girls were given a pair of Potara earrings by Fuwa , Universe 6 's Supreme Kai . They use the earrings and fuse to become a single being with immense power , who takes the name Kefla ( ケフラ , Kefura ) . 115 39 `` Goku VS Kefla ! Super Saiyan Blue Defeated ? ! '' `` Gokū vāsasu Kefura ! Sūpāsaiya - jin Burū Yabureru ! ? '' ( 悟空 VS ケフラ ! 超 サイヤ 人 ブルー 敗れる ! ? ) November 12 , 2017 TBA As Vegeta continues to fight Toppo , Gohan and Piccolo are engaged with Saonel and Pirina . No. 18 is attacked by Katopesla , but she is saved by No. 17 . Meanwhile , Goku continues his fight with Kefla . The Zenōs approve Kefla 's use of the Potara earrings . The other universes consider giving the Potara to their warriors as well . Pell ( ペル , Peru ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 2 , gives his Potara to Rabanra ( ラバンラ , Rabanra ) and Zarbuto ( ザーブト , Zābuto ) , but the earrings are destroyed by Kefla charging through them to continue fighting Goku . The battle becomes intense with Kefla gaining the upper hand . Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue , but Kefla counters by powering up to Super Saiyan . However , Goku uses the Kaio - ken and regains the advantage . He appears to be winning , but Kefla lands a sneak attack that knocks him out of Super Saiyan Blue . She prepares to eliminate him , but Goku unexpectedly reawakens Ultra Instinct again and easily dodges her attacks . 116 40 `` The Sign of a Comeback ! Ultra Instinct 's Huge Explosion ! ! '' `` Gyakuten no kizashi ! Migatte no gokui ga dai bakuhatsu ! ! '' ( 逆転 の 兆し ! 身勝手 の 極意 が 大 爆発 ! ! ) November 19 , 2017 TBA To counter Goku 's increase in power , Kefla powers up to Super Saiyan 2 , and the two of them face off . Goku still easily dodges Kefla 's attacks , but his own attacks are not enough to take her down . When Goku launches his attacks , it interferes with his concentration and prevents him from using Ultra Instinct to its full potential . Jiren senses the energy from their battle , which prompts him to awaken from his meditation and rejoin Toppo and Dyspo . Vegeta realizes that Ultra Instinct is the level of skill that Whis was training him and Goku to attain . Vegeta decides that he must reach it too . Goku begins running low on stamina . He declares that he will end the fight with his next attack . Kefla panics and unleashes a multitude of deadly energy beams . Her ultimate attack devastates the ring , but Goku easily dodges her blasts while charging a Kamehameha . Goku jumps into the air . Kefla focuses all of her power into a single blast and launches it at him . She takes advantage of his apparent inability to dodge . However , he back flips and uses the charge up energy to slide over her attack and launches his Kamehameha at point - blank range . Goku blasts Kefla out of the ring and eliminates her . Her Potara earrings shatter , and she splits back into Kale and Caulifla . With both of them eliminated , Saonel and Pirina are the only remaining warriors from Team Universe 6 . NOTE : This episode is dedicated in memory of Hiromi Tsuru , who passed away on November 16 , 2017 . 117 41 `` Showdown of Love ! Androids VS Universe 2 ! ! '' `` Ai no daikessen ! Jinzōningen VS Dai ni uchū ! ! '' ( 愛 の 大 決戦 ! 人造 人間 VS 第 2 宇宙 ! ! ) November 26 , 2017 TBA Goku is left exhausted from his battle with Kefla . He is confronted by all five remaining warriors from Universe 2 . Gohan and Piccolo try to help him , but they are intercepted by Saonel and Pirina . Elsewhere , Vegeta faces off against Katopesla and tries to unlock Ultra Instinct against him . However , he is unsuccessful and resorts to his normal fighting style . Vegeta easily overpowers Katopesla . Rozie and Ribrianne launch a combined attack at Goku , but No. 17 and No. 18 arrive in time to deflect it . The androids battle Rozie and Ribrianne . No. 17 defeats and eliminates Rozie , while No. 18 knocks Ribrianne out of her powered - up transformation . This causes her to revert into Brianne . Brianne is able to catch No. 18 in an energy trap , while her comrades from Universe 2 send their love to her . This allows Brianne to transform into a giant manifestation version of her Super Ribrianne form . No. 18 almost gives up until her love for Krillin and Marron gives her the determination to break free of Ribrianne 's trap . With No. 17 's help , No. 18 blasts through Ribrianne 's giant form and eliminates her . Brianne realizes that she lost because of No. 18 's strong love for Krillin , while Goku faces off against Zirloin ( ザーロイン , Zāroin ) , Zarbuto , and Rabanra of Universe 2 . 118 42 `` Accelerated Tragedy Vanishing Universes ... '' `` Kasokusuru Higeki Kieyuku Uchū ... '' ( 加速 する 悲劇 消え ゆく 宇宙 ... ) December 3 , 2017 TBA Goku battles against Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra from Universe 2 , while Gohan and Piccolo are fighting against Saonel and Pirina . Saonel and Pirina 's power suddenly increases , and it is revealed that they had each fused with many Namekians from their universe before coming to the tournament , which greatly increased their own powers . No. 17 and No. 18 join Goku to help in the battle against the remaining Universe 2 warriors . It is revealed that Universe 2 's angel , Sour ( サワア , Sawaa ) , has been broadcasting the tournament to the populace of their universe . Universe 2 's inhabitants channel their love to Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra , who are able to transform into forms similar to Ribrianne , Rozie , and Kakunsa 's transformed states . Goku , No. 17 , and No. 18 battle Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra , while Gohan and Piccolo continue fighting Saonel and Pirina . The Universe 2 trio unleash a legendary Universe 2 technique , the Pretty Black Hole , which traps and threatens to sink Goku , No. 17 , and No. 18 through the fighting stage . Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue and breaks through the Pretty Black Hole with a Kamehameha that eliminates Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra , while Gohan and Piccolo blast Saonel and Pirina off the ring with a powerful combined attack that eliminates them as well . With all of their fighters eliminated , both Universe 2 and Universe 6 are erased . Brianne leads the Universe 2 team in a final happy moment before their erasure , while Cabba wishes Vegeta good luck . Champa taunts Beerus before being erased . Beerus remains impassive in the face of his brother 's erasure . Vegeta faces off against Katopesla and warns him that he is in a bad mood . 119 43 `` Unavoidable ? ! The Fierce Stealth Attack ! ! '' `` Kaihi funō ! ? Suterusu kōgeki no mōi ! ! '' ( 回避 不能 ! ? ステルス 攻撃 の 猛威 ! ! ) December 10 , 2017 TBA Vegeta overpowers Katopesla and drives him to the edge of the ring . Katopesla is able to catch himself , but he is pushed over the edge and eliminated by an unseen force . Vegeta and Gohan are attacked by the same force , but Vegeta is able to stop himself from going over the edge , while Piccolo catches Gohan . No. 18 is attacked by the invisible fighter , who is revealed to be one of the missing Universe 4 fighters , Gamisaras ( ガミサラス , Gamisarasu ) . Gohan creates a cloud of dust that coats Gamisaras , which allows Piccolo to see him and then easily eliminates Gamisaras . Undaunted , Quitela orders the remaining Universe 4 fighters to step up their game . Shantza ( シャンツァ , Shantsa ) generates a dome that envelops the Universe 7 team and manifests illusions of the defeated fighters from the erased universes . However , Piccolo spots Shantza and blasts him off the ring , which eliminates him and destroys the illusions . Universe 4 's last fighter , Damon ( ダモン , Damon ) , is also assumed to be invisible since no one can see him . Piccolo is able to sense Damon 's attacks , but he proves unable to hit Damon , who knocks him out of the ring and eliminates him . No. 17 discovers the truth and exposes Damon as a tiny bug - like creature rather than an invisible person , which explains why none of the fighters were able to hit him . To solve this problem , Goku repeatedly punches the ring and creates shock waves that launch Damon into the air , which cancels out his agility and allows No. 17 to hit him with energy blasts . No. 17 traps Damon in a miniature force field and kicks him out of the ring to eliminate him . With all of their fighters eliminated , Universe 4 is promptly erased . Only three universes are left . Twelve minutes remain in the tournament . 120 44 `` The Perfect Survival Tactic ! Universe 3 's Menacing Assassin ! ! '' `` Kanpeki na seizon senryaku ! Dai san uchū kyōi no shikaku ! ! '' ( 完璧 なる 生存 戦略 ! 第 3 宇宙 脅威 の 刺客 ! ! ) December 17 , 2017 TBA Following the elimination of Universe 4 , the remaining fighters from Universe 3 take the offensive against Universe 7 . While Viara is defeated and eliminated by No. 17 and No. 18 's combined efforts , Paparoni ( パパロニ , Paparoni ) sends Panchia , Koitsukai , and Bollarator to attack Goku , Gohan , and Vegeta . To help Goku and Vegeta save their energy to confront Universe 11 , Gohan decides to face the three robots alone . He gains the upper hand until Paparoni has them combine together into a much stronger robot called Koichiarator ( コイチアレータ , Koichiarēta ) . Koichiarator overpowers Gohan until Goku and Vegeta step in . The two distract the enemy , while Gohan charges and strikes with an attack powerful enough to defeat it . With his robots defeated , Paparoni refuses to surrender and declares that he will unleash his trump card on Universe 7 . 121 45 `` All - Out War ! The Ultimate Quadruple Merge vs Universe 7 's Full Scale Attack ! ! '' December 24 , 2017 TBA Blu - ray and DVD release Region 1 ( North America ) Name Date Discs Episodes Part One July 25 , 2017 01 -- 13 Part Two October 3 , 2017 14 -- 26 Part Three February 20 , 2018 27 -- 39 Region 2 ( Japan ) Name Date Discs Episodes Box 1 December 2 , 2015 1 -- 12 Box 2 March 2 , 2016 13 -- 24 Box 3 July 2 , 2016 25 -- 36 Box 4 October 4 , 2016 37 -- 48 Box 5 January 6 , 2017 49 -- 60 Box 6 April 4 , 2017 61 -- 72 Box 7 August 2 , 2017 73 -- 84 Box 8 October 3 , 2017 85 -- 96 Box 9 January 6 , 2018 97 - 108 Box 10 April 3 , 2018 109 - 120 Box 11 July 3 , 2018 121 - 133 Notes ^ Jump up to : Episodes 109 and 110 aired together as a 1 - hour television special . ^ Jump up to : English titles per Crunchyroll . ^ Jump up to : English dub titles per Funimation . References Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super TV Anime Debuts on July 5 '' . Anime News Network . June 4 , 2015 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kazuya Yoshii , Good Morning America to Perform Theme Songs For Dragon Ball Super '' . Anime News Network . May 19 , 2015 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gods And Heroes Of `` Dragon Ball Super - Universal Survival Arc '' Gathered For New Opening Preview Shots `` . Crunchyroll . February 4 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super 's New Opening Sequence Previewed in Screenshots '' . Anime News Network . February 4 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VIDEO : KEYTALK Performs New ED Song for `` Dragon Ball Super '' `` . Crunchyroll . October 1 , 2015 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super To Introduce A New Theme This April '' . attackofthefanboy . March 17 , 2016 . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Batten Showjo Tai Performs New Dragon Ball Super Ending Theme '' . Anime News Network . June 19 , 2016 . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rock Band Arukara Performs New Dragon Ball Super Ending Theme '' . Anime News Network . September 21 , 2016 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE COLLECTORS Perform New `` Dragon Ball Super '' Ending Theme `` . Crunchyroll . December 6 , 2016 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spring 's `` Dragon Ball Super '' End Theme Revealed `` . Crunchyroll . March 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Miyu Inoue Sings New Dragon Ball Super Ending Theme Song '' . Anime News Network . March 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lacco Tower Returns For New `` Dragon Ball Super '' Ending `` . Crunchyroll . June 5 , 2017 . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dragon Ball Super ' To Get New Ending '' . Comicbook . September 13 , 2017 . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RottenGraffty To Perform New `` Dragon Ball Super '' Ending `` . Crunchyroll . September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Announces New Ending Theme '' . Comicbook . December 18 , 2018 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blu - ray ・ DVD 情報 ドラゴンボール 超 東映 アニメーション ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Toonami Snaps up ' Dragon Ball Super ' '' . Animation World Network . November 10 , 2015 . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` DRAGON BALL SUPER , READY FOR EMEA TAKEOVER WITH TURNER '' . www.toei-animation.com . Toei Animation Europe . October 10 , 2016 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barder , Ollie ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Dragon Ball Super ' Will Start Airing In Europe This Fall , Still No Word On A US Release '' . Forbes . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Dragon Ball Super English Sub Announced '' . IGN . Ziff Davis , LLC . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super to Simulcast on Crunchyroll , Daisuki , AnimeLab ( Updated ) '' . Anime News Network . Anime News Network . October 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' DRAGON BALL SUPER '' SUBTITLED EPISODES BEGIN STREAMING TODAY ON FUNIMATIONNOW WITH NEW SIMULCAST EPISODES STARTING NOVEMBER 5 , 2016 . Funimation to Produce English Dub of New Series `` . Funimation . Funimation . November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Licenses Dragon Ball Super , Plans English Dub '' . Anime News Network . Anime News Network . November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Toonami : Hope you 're sitting down for this ... '' Facebook . December 7 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super -- Universe Survival Saga -- Official PV 1 ( SUB ) '' . Funimation . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dragon Ball Super Universe Survival arc jump festa 17 promo video '' . kanzenshuu . December 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : あらすじ ドラゴンボール 超 ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Listings Grid , TV Guide and TV Schedule , Where to Watch TV Shows - Screener '' . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Julia Alexander ( April 3 , 2017 ) , Samurai Jack gets left behind for Rick and Morty , and no one 's happy about it , retrieved April 3 , 2017 Jump up ^ Rick and Morty Twitter account ( April 1 , 2017 ) , New Episode of RICK AND MORTY airing NOW thru MIDNIGHT ( ET / PT ) and ONLINE at http://www.adultswim.com/streams , archived from the original on May 7 , 2017 , retrieved May 7 , 2017 Jump up ^ Toonami News ( @ ToonamiNews ) ( 7 December 2017 ) . `` NEWS : # Toonami will be doing a Cowboy Bebop marathon on Saturday , December 23 starting at 10 : 30 PM - 4 AM '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Toonami News ( @ ToonamiNews ) ( 7 December 2017 ) . `` News : Toonami will also be having a # DragonBallSuper New Years Weekend marathon on Saturday December 30 from 10 : 30p ... '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu - ray Part 1 '' . FUNimation . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu - ray Part 2 '' . FUNimation . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu - ray Part 3 '' . FUNimation . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 1 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 2 '' ( in Urdu ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 3 '' ( in e ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 4 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 5 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 6 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 7 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 8 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 9 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 10 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 11 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . September 30 , 2017 . ( hide ) Dragon Ball by Akira Toriyama Media Manga chapters Dragon Ball Z Dragon Ball episodes Z episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 9 GT episodes Kai episodes Super episodes Films and TV specials Video games Soundtracks Characters Goku Bulma Yamcha Krillin Tien Shinhan Piccolo Gohan Vegeta Frieza Trunks Android 17 Android 18 Cell Majin Buu Beerus Zamasu Related Dr. Slump Neko Majin Episode of Bardock Jaco the Galactic Patrolman Portal Anime and manga portal Dragon Ball portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Dragon_Ball_Super_episodes&oldid=816060577 '' Categories : Dragon Ball episode lists Hidden categories : CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Urdu - language sources ( ur ) CS1 maint : Unrecognized language Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar Português ไทย Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 00 : 18 . 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where does the penobscot river start and end

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Penobscot_River&oldid=798401030

Penobscot river - wikipedia Penobscot river Jump to : navigation , search Penobscot River The Penobscot River watershed Country United States Physical characteristics Main source Maine River mouth Penobscot Bay sea level 44 ° 26 ′ N 68 ° 50 ′ W  /  44.44 ° N 68.83 ° W  / 44.44 ; - 68.83 Coordinates : 44 ° 26 ′ N 68 ° 50 ′ W  /  44.44 ° N 68.83 ° W  / 44.44 ; - 68.83 Length 109 miles ( 175 km ) Discharge Average rate : 12,080 cu ft / s ( 342 m / s ) Basin features Basin size 8,610 sq mi ( 22,300 km ) Tributaries Left : East Branch Penobscot River , Mattawamkeag River Right : West Branch Penobscot River , Piscataquis River Panorama of the Penobscot River in Millinocket , Maine The Penobscot River / pəˈnɒbskət / is a 109 - mile - long ( 175 km ) river in the U.S. state of Maine . Including the river 's West Branch and South Branch increases the Penobscot 's length to 264 miles ( 425 km ) , making it the second longest river system in Maine and the longest entirely in the state . Its drainage basin contains 8,610 square miles ( 22,300 km ) . It arises from four branches in several lakes in north - central Maine , which flow generally east . After the uniting of the West Branch with the East Branch at Medway ( 45 ° 36 ′ 14 '' N 68 ° 31 ′ 52 '' W  /  45.604 ° N 68.531 ° W  / 45.604 ; - 68.531  ( Penobscot River source ) ) , the Penobscot flows 109 miles ( 175 km ) south , past the city of Bangor , where it becomes navigable . Also at Bangor is the tributary Kenduskeag Stream . It empties into the Atlantic Ocean in Penobscot Bay . It is home to the Penobscot people that live on Indian Island . The United States government maintains three river flow gages on the Penobscot river . The first is on the East Branch in Grindstone ( an unincorporated settlement approximately 10 miles ( 16 km ) south of Stacyville ) ( 45 ° 43 ′ 49 '' N 68 ° 35 ′ 22 '' W  /  45.73028 ° N 68.58944 ° W  / 45.73028 ; - 68.58944  ( Grindstone ) ) where the rivershed is 1,086 square miles ( 2,810 km ) . Flow here has ranged from 400 to 1,300 cubic feet per second ( 37 m / s ) . The second is in West Enfield ( 45 ° 14 ′ 12 '' N 68 ° 38 ′ 57 '' W  /  45.23667 ° N 68.64917 ° W  / 45.23667 ; - 68.64917  ( West Enfield ) ) where the rivershed is 6,671 square miles ( 17,280 km ) . Flow here has ranged from 4,410 to 9,660 cubic feet per second ( 274 m / s ) . The third is in Eddington ( 45 ° 14 ′ 12 '' N 68 ° 38 ′ 57 '' W  /  45.23667 ° N 68.64917 ° W  / 45.23667 ; - 68.64917  ( Eddington ) ) , 0.4 miles ( 0.64 km ) downstream from the Veazie Dam where the rivershed is 7,764 square miles ( 20,110 km ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Norumbega 1.2 Navigation 1.3 French colony 1.4 British colony 1.5 American Revolution and modern history 2 Angling the Penobscot River 3 Popular culture 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Bucksport Harbor , about 1905 View near Winterport about 1906 Norumbega ( edit ) Most historians have accepted the Penobscot region as Jean Allefonsce 's source for Norumbega , though the matter was hotly contested by some nineteenth century antiquarians , who argued that the name should be identified with their own river or region . Navigation ( edit ) The Penobscot River was an early trade corridor to interior Maine from the Atlantic coast . Ocean ships could navigate upstream to Bangor . The cities of Rockland , Belfast , Brewer and Bangor , and the towns of Rockport , Camden , Northport , Searsport , Stockton Springs , Castine , Bucksport , Frankfort , Winterport , Orrington , and Hampden developed adjacent to the Penobscot River estuary . The river upstream of Bangor became an important transportation corridor for log driving to bring wooden logs and pulpwood from interior forests to sawmills and paper mills built to use water power where the city of Howland and the towns of Veazie , Orono , Old Town , Milford , Passadumkeag , West Enfield , Lincoln , Winn , Mattawamkeag , Medway , and Millinocket developed . French colony ( edit ) The first European known to have explored the river was the Portuguese Estêvão Gomes in 1524 , followed by the Frenchman Samuel de Champlain in 1605 . A few years later French Jesuit priests came among the Penobscot people as missionaries and converted them to Catholicism . The French settlement of Pentagouet , now Castine , was founded at the point where the river becomes Penobscot Bay , and the Penobscot people made a permanent settlement at Indian Old Town , Maine on an island above the head of navigation , around the Catholic mission . Throughout the first half of the 17th centuries , these were likely the only permanent settlements on the river , although the Penobscots considered the entire river and bay their hunting ground and maintained other seasonal villages along its banks . In 1669 , the Mohawk tribe made raids from the west that were very destructive to the Penobscot people . During Father Rale 's War , the English settlers in Massachusetts also sent periodic raiding parties to the Penobscot , destroying the primary native village in 1723 . In a treaty of 1752 , however , Massachusetts laid claim to the entire Penobscot watershed , and in 1759 the Pownall Expedition , led by Governor Thomas Pownall , established Fort Pownall on Cape Jellison in what is now Stockton Springs . This signaled the beginning of English domination , and the incorporation of the Penobscot River valley into New England . The Penobscot at Bangor , Maine Penobscot Narrows and Fort Knox in 2007 British colony ( edit ) The first permanent English settler on the river was Joshua Treat ( 1726 -- 1802 ) , who was initially the armorer and translator at Fort Pownall . His oldest son , Joshua Treat , Jr. , built a log house and sawmill at Marsh Bay in what is now Frankfort , and other members of their extended family , joined by additional settlers from Massachusetts and New Hampshire , pushed ever further up - river , eventually restricting the Penobscot people to Indian Island Old Town , Maine , the present Penobscot Indian Reservation . American revolution and modern history ( edit ) During the American Revolutionary War , the river and bay were the site of the disastrous 1779 Penobscot Expedition , where an entire American fleet was destroyed in a botched attempt to retake Maine from the British . During the War of 1812 , the British again invaded Maine and defeated an American force at the Battle of Hampden , sacking the town of Bangor in the process . To prevent this from happening a third time , and because the nearby boundary between the United States and British Canada was still contested into the 1840s , the Federal government in 1844 began constructing a huge granite fort , Fort Knox , opposite the town of Bucksport , near the mouth of the river . The fort never fired a shot in anger , but remains one of the Penobscot 's major man - made landmarks . In the 19th century the river was a conduit for the transport of logs from Maine 's Great North Woods , to be sawn into lumber at mills around Old Town and Orono , and transported on ships from Bangor , at the head of tide . ( The average high tide at Bangor is 13 feet ( 4 m ) as of 2009 . ) A secondary economic use made of the river late in the century was as a source of sawn ice for urban markets . In the 20th century , lumbering was largely supplanted by papermaking , in the form of large wood pulp and paper mills located all along the river from Millinocket and East Millinocket in the north , to South Brewer and Bucksport in the south . Wood pulp and paper mills create dioxins as a byproduct of the chlorine bleaching process in making paper . This substance was discharged from seven mills located close to the Tribal community of Penobscot people , along the Penobscot river . Dioxins , which are highly potent toxic chemicals that may cause cancer and other health problems , were being poured daily into this adjacent river , the Penobscot . A Penobscot woman , Rebecca Sockbeson , a Penobscot , is quoted saying that her people have survived on fish from this river , but `` now we are dying from it . '' She continued on to say that `` neither dioxin nor cancer is indigenous to the Penobscot people , however they are both pervasive in my tribal community . '' The health and survival of the Penobscot people is further threatened by the impact that persistent organic pollutants ( POPs ) have on reproduction and the health of their children . Sockbeson concludes that a treaty is required to ensure that `` the breast and spoon we feed our babies with is not filled with cancer , diabetes , learning disabilities , and attention deficit ( disorder ) . '' The development of cheap hydropower also attracted other types of light manufacturing , like textiles and shoes . In the 21st century , with the continuing decline of the Maine paper industry , and the divestiture of its woodlands , the Penobscot watershed is becoming more and more associated with recreational use ( fishing , hunting , boating , and tourism ) and less with manufacturing . Demolition began on the Great Works Dam in 2012 , and the Veazie Dam in 2013 . A fish ladder has also been installed at Milford Dam . This has led to an increase in the number of Atlantic Salmon , Shad , and other fish species in the river . The river viewed from the Penobscot Narrows Bridge Observatory as it empties in Penobscot Bay ( 2013 ) In 1931 the Waldo - Hancock Bridge was opened to carry US Route 1 across the river at the Penobscot Narrows between Prospect , in Waldo County , and Verona Island just below Bucksport . That bridge was closed and replaced in 2006 by the Penobscot Narrows Bridge , a 2,120 foot long , $85,000,000 structure with 135 feet between the water and the bridge 's deck , and the original bridge was subsequently demolished in 2013 . The new bridge also features an observatory open to the public located 420 feet above the surface of the river in the support tower on the Waldo County side . It is the only bridge observatory in the United States , and only one of four bridge observatories in the world . The two 447 foot tall granite towers of the bridge are patterned after the Washington Monument which had been largely built with granite quarried from nearby Mt . Waldo . Angling the Penobscot river ( edit ) Angling , especially fly fishing , has always been popular on the river . The West Branch is known as a world class landlocked salmon river , while the East Branch is known for its smallmouth bass fishery . In 2008 , the Atlantic Salmon Commission opened the main stem of the river to catch and release fly fishing for Atlantic salmon . The West Branch is home to many types of fish such as landlocked salmon and Brook Trout . There are many deep pools within the river , due to the many slate ledges , making the river ideal for fishing from shore , though there are still areas that are good for canoe fishing . The river is great for a day fishing trip , however there are a few campsites located sporadically around for people who wish to stay more than one day . With the Ripogenus Dam by Chesuncook Lake , the West Branch is able to sustain the large landlocked salmon found there , with twelve miles of heavy rapids , deep runs , large pools , and slower moving water in some sections . Baxter State Park to the north adds to the natural beauty of the area , and natural protection as well . Some of the river 's rapids are class IV or even V , making this one of the roughest rivers in the area , which attracts many whitewater rafters . Until 1971 the West Branch was the main thoroughfare for the Great Northern Paper Company to sluice its logs to its mill in Millinocket , Maine . In 1971 Great Northern opened the Golden Road ( Maine ) for transporting the logs . The road parallels the river . The paper industry has been greatly diminished and the Millinocket mill is in the process of being torn down . The road now is extensively used by sportsmen on the river . As for which flies hatch when ( in order to use the right flies ) , May to June are usually when mayflies begin their first hatch . Caddisflies also start their massive hatch around this time , but it can extend into the fall at times . Stoneflies tend to hatch throughout the season , and often lead to very big catches . In the West Branch , fishermen are often required to use a variety of different techniques in order to catch the elusive fish . Popular culture ( edit ) Henry David Thoreau published an account of travelling up the Penobscot from Bangor in 1846 , to climb Mount Katahdin in his work , Ktaadn . Author Stephen King placed his fictional town of Derry , Maine on the Penobscot . The Penobscot is also featured in the film adaptation of the Tom Clancy novel The Hunt for Red October as the location chosen in which to hide the Soviet Typhoon class submarine from spy satellites . A portion of the Annie Proulx novel Barkskins takes place in Penobscot bay . See also ( edit ) List of Maine rivers Waldo - Hancock Bridge Penobscot Narrows Bridge Fort Knox References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Discharge for West Enfield ^ Jump up to : U.S. Geological Survey . National Hydrography Dataset high - resolution flowline data . The National Map Archived 2012 - 04 - 05 at WebCite , accessed June 22 , 2011 Jump up ^ USGS 01029500 East Branch Penobscot River at Grindstone , Maine . U.S. Geological Survey . 10 October 2009 . Accessed 10 October 2009 . Jump up ^ USGS 01034500 Penobscot River at West Enfield , Maine . U.S. Geological Survey . 10 October 2009 . Accessed 10 October 2009 . Jump up ^ G.J. Stewart ; J.P. Nielsen ; J.M. Caldwell ; A.R. Cloutier ( 2002 ) . `` Water Resources Data -- Maine , Water Year 2001 '' ( PDF ) . Water Resources Data -- Maine , Water Year 2001 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 18 , 2005 . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ John Fiske , The Dutch and Quaker Colonies in America ( NY : 1899 ) p. 70 : `` the most common opinion is that the Penobscot was the River of Norumbega , with a village on its bank somewhere up country , where European skippers traded with the natives for furs '' . Fiske argued for the Hudson being Norumbega . Jump up ^ DeLorme Mapping Company The Maine Atlas and Gazetteer ( 13th edition ) ( 1988 ) ISBN 0 - 89933 - 035 - 5 maps 15 , 23 , 33 , 43&44 Jump up ^ `` Tidal Station Locations and Ranges '' . NOAA . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Johansen , Bruce E. ( 2003 ) . Indigenous Peoples and Environmental Issues . Westport , CT : Greenwood Press . pp. 367 -- 368 . ISBN 9780313323980 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Murray ( 24 October 2016 ) . `` Taking Down Dams and Letting the Fish Flow '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 24 October 2016 . Jump up ^ The Penobscot River Bridge Observatory Archived 2013 - 08 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . Maine Department of Transportation Jump up ^ Kreh , Lefty ; Middleton , Harry ( 1993 ) . Lefty 's Favorite Fly Fishing Waters - Volume One - United States . Birmingham , Alabama : Odysseus Editions . pp. 13 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Rules of the Atlantic Salmon Commission Archived 2009 - 03 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Penobscot River . http://www.visitmaine.com/attractions/outdoor_recreation_sports_adventure/fishing/river_country/rivers/penobscot_river/ Jump up ^ Penobscot River Fishing . http://www.maineriverguides.com/penobscot-river-fishing External links ( edit ) `` Penobscot River '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . 30 September 1980 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 18 . Real - time river flow data at Eddington -- height only . Godfrey , John E. * The Ancient Penobscot , or Panawanskek . as transcribed from The HISTORICAL MAGAZINE and Notes and Queries concerning The Antiquities , History , and Biography of America . ( Third Series , Vol . I , No. II ; Whole Number , Vol . XXI , No. II ) February , 1872 . ( Morrisina , N.Y. , Henry B. Dawson ) pp. 85 -- 92 ( illustrated & annotated ) `` Joshua Treat , The Pioneer Settler on Penobscot River . '' The Bangor Historical Magazine , Vol. IV , No. 9 - 10 , pp. 169 -- 176 April , 1889 . USGS River Basin Info `` The Penobscot River Restoration Project '' National Weather Service forecast of river levels and flow . ( hide ) Penobscot River Watershed Tributaries Dead River East Branch Mattawamkeag River East Branch Penobscot River East Branch Piscataquis River East Branch Pleasant River Kenduskeag Stream Little Seboeis River Mattawamkeag River Middle Branch Pleasant River Molunkus Stream Narramissic River North Branch Marsh River North Branch Penobscot River Orland River Passadumkeag River Piscataquis River Pleasant River Sebec River Seboeis River South Branch Marsh River South Branch Penobscot River Stillwater River West Branch Mattawamkeag River West Branch Penobscot River West Branch Piscataquis River West Branch Pleasant River Lakes Allagash Lake Canada Falls Lake Caucomgomoc Lake Chamberlain Lake Chesuncook Lake Cold Stream Pond Debsconeag Lakes Grand Lake Seboeis Jo - Mary Lakes Lobster Lake Lower Wilson Pond Matagamon Lake Mattawamkeag Lake Millinocket Lake Nahmakanta Lake Nicatous Lake Lake Onawa Pemadumcook Chain of Lakes Pleasant Lake Pushaw Lake Ragged Lake Rainbow Lake Schoodic Lake Sebec Lake Seboeis Lake Seboomook Lake South Twin Lake Telos Lake Toddy Pond Upper Wilson Pond Towns Abbot Bangor Bradley Brewer Brooks Brownville Bucksport Burlington Carmel Charleston Danforth Dover - Foxcroft East Millinocket Eddington Enfield Frankfort Guilford Hampden Haynesville Hermon Howland Hudson Island Falls Kenduskeag Kingman Lee Levant Lincoln Macwahoc Mattawamkeag Medway Milford Millinocket Milo Monson Oakfield Old Town Orland Orono Orrington Passadumkeag Patten Prospect Sangerville Sherman Smyrna Springfield Veazie Verona Winn Winterport Wytopitlock Landmarks Bangor and Aroostook Railroad Baxter State Park Fort Knox Gero Island Great Northern Paper Company Great Works Dam Hundred - Mile Wilderness Katahdin Iron Works Maine Central Railroad Monson Railroad Mount Katahdin North Maine Woods Orono Dam Peaks - Kenny State Park Penobscot Indian Island Reservation Penobscot Narrows Bridge and Observatory Ripogenus Gorge Stillwater Dam University of Maine Veazie Dam Waldo -- Hancock Bridge Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penobscot_River&oldid=798401030 '' Categories : Penobscot River Rivers of Maine North Maine Woods Penobscot Bay Rivers of Hancock County , Maine Rivers of Penobscot County , Maine Rivers of Piscataquis County , Maine Rivers of Somerset County , Maine Bangor , Maine Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata Pages using infobox river with `` basin countries '' parameter Talk Navigation Contents About Wikipedia Català Чӑвашла Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 1 September 2017 , at 18 : 19 . 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who is the longest running character on general hospital

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=General_Hospital_cast_members&oldid=845976758

General Hospital cast members - Wikipedia General Hospital cast members Parts of this article ( those related to Recurring cast ) need to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( October 2017 ) General Hospital is an American television soap opera , airing on ABC . Created by Frank and Doris Hursley , the serial premiered on April 1 , 1963 . The longest - running cast member is Leslie Charleson , who has portrayed Dr. Monica Quartermaine since August 17 , 1977 , also making her one of the longest - tenured actors in American soap operas . Former cast member Rachel Ames was previously the series ' longest - running cast member , portraying Audrey Hardy from 1964 to 2007 , and making guest appearances in 2009 and 2013 , the latter for the series ' fiftieth anniversary . Ames made a special appearance on October 30 , 2015 . Actors Genie Francis and Kin Shriner , who portray Laura Spencer and Scott Baldwin , are the second and third longest - running cast members , having joined General Hospital in February and August 1977 , respectively . Actress Jacklyn Zeman -- who portrays Bobbie Spencer -- is the fourth longest - running cast member , joining the serial in December 1977 . Actress Jane Elliot , who joined the serial in June 1978 as Tracy Quartermaine , is the fifth longest - running cast member , joining General Hospital in June 1978 until her departure in May 2017 . Former cast member Anthony Geary , who portrayed Luke Spencer , was the sixth longest - running cast member , having joined General Hospital in November 1978 . The following list is of cast members who are currently on the show : the main and recurring cast members , or those who are debuting , departing or returning to the series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current cast members 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Recurring cast 2 Cast changes 2.1 Departing 3 See also 4 References 4.1 Citations 5 External links Current cast members Main cast Actor Character Duration Vinessa Antoine Jordan Ashford 2014 -- Maurice Benard Sonny Corinthos 1993 -- Tamara Braun Carly Corinthos 2001 -- 05 , 2014 Kim Nero 2017 -- Steve Burton Jason Morgan 1991 -- 2012 , 2017 -- Matt Cohen Griffin Munro 2016 -- William deVry Julian Jerome 2013 -- Chad Duell Michael Corinthos 2010 -- Michael Easton John McBain 2012 -- 13 Stephen Clay 2013 Silas Clay 2013 -- 15 Hamilton Finn 2016 -- Hayley Erin Kiki Jerome 2015 -- Nancy Lee Grahn Alexis Davis 1996 -- Elizabeth Hendrickson Margaux Dawson 2018 -- Rebecca Herbst Elizabeth Webber 1997 -- Jessie Brewer 2015 Roger Howarth Todd Manning 2012 -- 13 Franco Baldwin 2013 -- Finola Hughes Anna Devane 1985 -- 91 , 1995 , 2006 -- 08 , 2012 -- Liesl Obrecht 2013 Alex Devane 2017 Chloe Lanier Patricia Spencer 2015 Nelle Benson 2016 -- Lisa LoCicero Olivia Falconeri 2008 -- Billy Miller Jason Morgan 2014 -- 17 Andrew Cain 2017 -- Kelly Monaco Sam Morgan 2003 -- Alicia Montenegro 2005 Emme Rylan Lulu Spencer Falconeri 2013 -- Michelle Stafford Nina Reeves 2014 -- Garren Stitt Oscar Nero 2017 -- Kirsten Storms Maxie Jones 2005 -- 11 , 2012 -- B.J. Jones 2009 Donnell Turner Curtis Ashford 2015 -- Maura West Ava Jerome 2013 -- Laura Wright Carly Corinthos 2005 -- Lena Spencer 2015 Dominic Zamprogna Dante Falconeri 2009 -- Recurring cast Actor Character Duration Bradford Anderson Damian Spinelli 2006 -- Patricia Bethune Nurse Mary Pat 2018 -- Sally Brown James West 2018 -- Ryan Carnes Lucas Jones 2004 -- 05 , 2014 -- Phil Brewer 2015 Leslie Charleson Monica Quartermaine 1977 -- Derk Cheetwood Max Giambetti 2002 -- Drew Cheetwood Milo Giambetti 2006 -- Celesta DeAstis Avery Jerome 2018 Francesca 2018 -- James DePaiva David Bensch 2017 -- Risa Dorken Amy Driscoll 2016 -- Sonya Eddy Epiphany Johnson 2006 -- Scarlett Fernandez Charlotte Cassadine 2016 -- Lily Fisher Georgie Spinelli 2017 -- Genie Francis Laura Spencer 1977 -- 84 , 1993 -- 2002 , 2006 , 2008 , 2013 , 2015 -- Max Gail Mike Corbin 2018 -- Kathleen Gati Liesl Obrecht 2012 -- Carla Hall Cook II 2018 -- Nathaniel Harris Sergeant Robinson 2006 -- Carolyn Hennesy Diane Miller 2007 -- Lynn Herring Lucy Coe 1986 -- 2001 , 2004 , 2012 -- Verity Jann Leo Falconeri 2015 -- Wally Kurth Ned Ashton 1991 -- 2007 , 2012 -- Michael Leone Cameron Spencer 2013 -- Jon Lindstrom Ryan Chamberlain 1992 -- 95 Kevin Collins 1993 -- 2001 , 2004 , 2013 -- Christine Lozano Christi Limg 2012 -- Robin Mattson Heather Webber 1980 -- 83 , 2004 , 2012 -- Patty McCormack Monica Quartermaine 2018 -- Eden McCoy Josslyn Jacks 2015 -- Kimberly McCullough Robin Scorpio - Drake 1985 -- 2000 , 2004 -- O'Neill Monahan Rocco Falconeri 2017 -- Anthony Montgomery Aaron 2011 Andre Maddox 2015 -- Haley Pullos Molly Lansing 2009 -- Wes Ramsey Peter August 2017 -- James Read Gregory Chase 2018 -- Tequan Richmond TJ Ashford 2012 -- Tristan Rogers Robert Scorpio 1980 -- 92 , 1995 , 2006 , 2008 , 2012 -- 16 , 2018 -- Marc Anthony Samuel Felix DuBois 2012 -- Brytni Sarpy Valerie Spencer 2015 -- Ava & Grace Scarola Avery Jerome 2014 -- Brooklyn Rae Silzer Emma Drake 2011 -- Parry Shen Brad Cooper 2013 -- Kin Shriner Scott Baldwin 1977 -- 83 , 1987 -- 93 , 1998 , 2000 -- 04 , 2007 -- 08 , 2013 -- Suanne Spoke Rita Ferlito 2017 -- Deborah Strang Betsy Frank 2017 -- James Patrick Stuart Valentin Cassadine 2016 -- Josh Swickard Harrison Chase 2018 -- Chris Van Etten Chet Driscoll 2017 -- Kristina Wagner Felicia Scorpio 1984 -- 2005 , 2007 -- 08 , 2012 -- Robert Palmer Watkins Dillon Quartermaine 2015 -- Vernee Watson - Johnson Stella Henries 2017 -- TK Weaver Danny Morgan 2016 -- Hudson West Jake Spencer 2016 -- John J. York Mac Scorpio 1991 -- James Meadows 1998 Jacklyn Zeman Bobbie Spencer 1977 -- 2010 , 2013 -- Cast changes Departing Actor Character Date Ref . Patty McCormack Monica Quartermaine TBA 2018 Dominic Zamprogna Dante Falconeri See also List of previous General Hospital cast members List of General Hospital characters References Citations Jump up ^ `` Character Monica Quartermaine Biography '' . General Hospital . United States : ABC Daytime . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2012 . Retrieved September 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Newcomb , Roger ( August 17 , 2013 ) . `` Today in Soap Opera History ( August 17 ) '' . We Love Soaps . United States : Blogger . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rachel Ames to appear on GH '' . About.com . New York City : IAC . October 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Well , Hello , Audrey ! '' . ABC Soaps In Depth . United States : Bauer Publications . 19 ( 45 ) : 11 . November 9 , 2015 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ SOD ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` RACHEL AMES RETURNS TO GH '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , Lynda ( February 21 , 1977 ) . `` Frank Plans To Divorce Nancy ; Mac Moves Back With Rachel '' . The Soaps . Toledo Blade . Toledo , Ohio : Block Communications . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hart , Marla ( March 10 , 1993 ) . `` Seeing ` General Hospital ' Through Good Times And Ill '' . Chicago Tribune . Chicago : tronc , inc . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J. ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` Jackie Zeman headed back to General Hospital '' . SoapCentral . United States : Soap Central Live . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Reed , Jon - Michael ( June 14 , 1978 ) . `` ' Cliff Hangers ' Keeping Viewers Tuned In '' . Star - Banner . Ocala , Florida : New Media Investment Group . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Jane Elliot Set to Leave General Hospital '' . Daytime Confidential . United States : Confidential Media , Inc . ( SAY Media ) . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ SOD ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Jane Elliot Leaving GH '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ SOD ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` GH ANNOUNCES JANE ELLIOT 'S FINAL AIRDATE '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ West , Abby ( March 31 , 2008 ) . `` Tony Geary Reflects on 30 Years of GH '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York City : EW.com . Time Inc . Retrieved September 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ SOD ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` GH Taps New Oscar '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ SOD ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` GH BABY NEWS '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Soaps SheKnows ( May 21 , 2018 ) . `` General Hospital Comings & Goings '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Eades , Chris ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Who Is Nurse Francesca on GENERAL HOSPITAL ? - Meet Celesta DeAstis ! '' . ABC Soaps In Depth . United States : Bauer Media Group . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Eades , Chris ( June 11 , 2018 ) . `` Who Plays Georgie on GENERAL HOSPITAL ? -- Meet Lily Fisher ! '' . ABC Soaps In Depth . United States : Bauer Media Group . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` General Hospital Brings Back Sonny 's Dad -- Find Out Who 's Playing Him '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ SOD ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` The Chew 's Carla Hall Guests On GH '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Soaps SheKnows ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` General Hospital Comings & Goings '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Soaps.com ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` Recast : O'Neill Monahan in as General Hospital 's Rocco '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mulcahy Jr. , Kevin ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` Anthony Montgomery Joins ' General Hospital ' as Dr. Andre Maddox '' . We Love Soaps . United States : Blogger . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( May 30 , 2018 ) . `` James Read to GH as Finn and Chase 's Dad '' . Michael Fairman TV . United States : The Michael Fairman Company . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ SOD ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` James Read to GH '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Soaps.com ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` GENERAL HOSPITAL COMINGS & GOINGS '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Soaps.com ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` GENERAL HOSPITAL COMINGS & GOINGS '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Soaps.com ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` GENERAL HOSPITAL COMINGS & GOINGS '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eades , Chris ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Who Plays Curtis ' Aunt Stella on General Hospital ? -- Meet Vernee Watson ! '' . ABC Soaps In Depth . United States : Bauer Media Group . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eades , Chris ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` GENERAL HOSPITAL 's TK Weaver Makes an Unexpected Connection With Fellow Child Star Nicolas Bechtel ! '' . ABC Soaps In Depth . United States : Bauer Media Group . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ SOD ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` Exclusive ! GH Taps Patty McCormack as Temporary Monica '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ SOD ( June 14 , 2018 ) . `` It 's Official : Dominic Zamprogna Done at GH '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . 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Quartermaine Alan Quartermaine Dillon Quartermaine Edward Quartermaine Emily Quartermaine Skye Chandler Quartermaine Tracy Quartermaine Madeline Reeves Sabrina Santiago Holly Sutton - Scorpio Jennifer Smith Lucky Spencer Luke Spencer Cole Thornhart Justus Ward Mary Mae Ward Lesley Webber Heather Webber Steven Webber Nathan West Britt Westbourne Johnny Zacchara Character lists 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Children Hardy / Webber Scorpio / Jones Spencer Quartermaine Cassadine Jerome Corinthos Lord Cramer Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=General_Hospital_cast_members&oldid=845976758 '' Categories : General Hospital Lists of actors by soap opera television series Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia articles in need of updating from October 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 June 2018 , at 12 : 39 . 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what is the common name for salicylic acid

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Salicylic_acid&oldid=840835559

Salicylic acid - wikipedia Salicylic acid Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that Salicylic acid ( medical use ) be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since December 2017 . Salicylic acid Names Preferred IUPAC name 2 - Hydroxybenzoic acid Identifiers CAS Number 69 - 72 - 7 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image ChEBI CHEBI : 16914 ChEMBL ChEMBL424 ChemSpider 331 DrugBank DB00936 ECHA InfoCard 100.000. 648 EC Number 200 - 712 - 3 IUPHAR / BPS 4306 KEGG D00097 PubChem CID 338 RTECS number VO0525000 UNII O414PZ4LPZ InChI ( show ) InChI = 1S / C7H6O3 / c8 - 6 - 4 - 2 - 1 - 3 - 5 ( 6 ) 7 ( 9 ) 10 / h1 - 4 , 8H , ( H , 9 , 10 ) Key : YGSDEFSMJLZEOE - UHFFFAOYSA - N InChI = 1 / C7H6O3 / c8 - 6 - 4 - 2 - 1 - 3 - 5 ( 6 ) 7 ( 9 ) 10 / h1 - 4 , 8H , ( H , 9 , 10 ) Key : YGSDEFSMJLZEOE - UHFFFAOYAQ SMILES ( show ) c1ccc ( c ( c1 ) C ( = O ) O ) O Properties Chemical formula C H O Molar mass 138.12 g mol Appearance Colorless to white crystals Odor Odorless Density 1.443 g / cm ( 20 ° C ) Melting point 158.6 ° C ( 317.5 ° F ; 431.8 K ) Boiling point 200 ° C ( 392 ° F ; 473 K ) decomposes 211 ° C ( 412 ° F ; 484 K ) at 20 mmHg Sublimation conditions Sublimes at 76 ° C Solubility in water 1.24 g / L ( 0 ° C ) 2.48 g / L ( 25 ° C ) 4.14 g / L ( 40 ° C ) 17.41 g / L ( 75 ° C ) 77.79 g / L ( 100 ° C ) Solubility Soluble in ether , CCl , benzene , propanol , acetone , ethanol , oil of turpentine , toluene Solubility in benzene 0.46 g / 100 g ( 11.7 ° C ) 0.775 g / 100 g ( 25 ° C ) 0.991 g / 100 g ( 30.5 ° C ) 2.38 g / 100 g ( 49.4 ° C ) 4.4 g / 100 g ( 64.2 ° C ) Solubility in chloroform 2.22 g / 100 mL ( 25 ° C ) 2.31 g / 100 mL ( 30.5 ° C ) Solubility in methanol 40.67 g / 100 g ( − 3 ° C ) 62.48 g / 100 g ( 21 ° C ) Solubility in olive oil 2.43 g / 100 g ( 23 ° C ) Solubility in acetone 39.6 g / 100 g ( 23 ° C ) log P 2.26 Vapor pressure 10.93 mPa Acidity ( pK ) 1 = 2.97 ( 25 ° C ) 2 = 13.82 ( 20 ° C ) UV - vis ( λ ) 210 nm , 234 nm , 303 nm ( 4 mg % in ethanol ) Magnetic susceptibility ( χ ) − 72.23 10 cm / mol Refractive index ( n ) 1.565 ( 20 ° C ) Thermochemistry Std enthalpy of formation ( Δ H ) − 589.9 kJ / mol Std enthalpy of combustion ( Δ H ) 3.025 MJ / mol Pharmacology ATC code A01AD05 ( WHO ) B01AC06 ( WHO ) D01AE12 ( WHO ) N02BA01 ( WHO ) S01BC08 ( WHO ) Hazards Safety data sheet MSDS GHS pictograms GHS signal word Danger GHS hazard statements H302 , H318 GHS precautionary statements P280 , P305 + 351 + 338 Eye hazard Severe irritation Skin hazard Mild irritation NFPA 704 0 Flash point 157 ° C ( 315 ° F ; 430 K ) closed cup Autoignition temperature 540 ° C ( 1,004 ° F ; 813 K ) Lethal dose or concentration ( LD , LC ) : LD ( median dose ) 480 mg / kg ( mice , oral ) Related compounds Related compounds Methyl salicylate , Benzoic acid , Phenol , Aspirin , 4 - Hydroxybenzoic acid , Magnesium salicylate , Choline salicylate , Bismuth subsalicylate , Sulfosalicylic acid Except where otherwise noted , data are given for materials in their standard state ( at 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) , 100 kPa ) . Y verify ( what is ? ) Infobox references Salicylic acid ( from Latin salix , willow tree ) is a lipophilic monohydroxybenzoic acid , a type of phenolic acid , and a beta hydroxy acid ( BHA ) . It has the formula C H O . This colorless crystalline organic acid is widely used in organic synthesis and functions as a plant hormone . It is derived from the metabolism of salicin . In addition to serving as an important active metabolite of aspirin ( acetylsalicylic acid ) , which acts in part as a prodrug to salicylic acid , it is probably best known for its use as a key ingredient in topical anti-acne products . The salts and esters of salicylic acid are known as salicylates . It is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines , the most important medications needed in a basic health system . Contents ( hide ) 1 Uses 1.1 Medicine 1.2 Manufacturing 1.3 Chemistry 1.4 Other uses 2 Safety 3 Production 4 History 5 Dietary sources 6 Plant hormone 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Uses ( edit ) Medicine ( edit ) Main article : Medical uses of salicylic acid Cotton pads soaked in salicylic acid can be used to chemically exfoliate skin Salicylic acid as a medication is used most commonly to help remove the outer layer of the skin . As such , it is used to treat warts , psoriasis , acne , ringworm , dandruff , and ichthyosis . As with other hydroxy acids , salicylic acid is a key ingredient in many skincare products for the treatment of seborrhoeic dermatitis , acne , psoriasis , calluses , corns , keratosis pilaris , acanthosis nigricans , ichthyosis and warts . Manufacturing ( edit ) Salicylic acid is used in the production of other pharmaceuticals , including 4 - aminosalicylic acid , sandulpiride , and landetimide ( via Salethamide ) . Salicylic acid was one of the original starting materials for making acetylsalicylic acid ( aspirin ) in 1897 . Bismuth subsalicylate , a salt of bismuth and salicylic acid , is the active ingredient in stomach relief aids such as Pepto - Bismol , is the main ingredient of Kaopectate and `` displays anti-inflammatory action ( due to salicylic acid ) and also acts as an antacid and mild antibiotic '' . Other derivatives include methyl salicylate used as a liniment to soothe joint and muscle pain and choline salicylate used topically to relieve the pain of mouth ulcers . Chemistry ( edit ) Salicylic acid has the formula C H ( OH ) COOH , where the OH group is ortho to the carboxyl group . It is also known as 2 - hydroxybenzoic acid . It is poorly soluble in water ( 2 g / L at 20 ° C ) . Aspirin ( acetylsalicylic acid or ASA ) can be prepared by the esterification of the phenolic hydroxyl group of salicylic acid with the acetyl group from acetic anhydride or acetyl chloride . Salicylic acid can also be prepared using the Kolbe - Schmitt reaction . Other Uses ( edit ) Salicylic acid is used as a food preservative , a bactericidal and an antiseptic . Sodium salicylate is a useful phosphor in the vacuum ultraviolet spectral range , with nearly flat quantum efficiency for wavelengths between 10 and 100 nm . It fluoresces in the blue at 420 nm . It is easily prepared on a clean surface by spraying a saturated solution of the salt in methanol followed by evaporation . Safety ( edit ) As a topical agent and as a beta - hydroxy acid ( and unlike alpha - hydroxy acids ) , salicylic acid is capable of penetrating and breaking down fats and lipids , causing moderate chemical burns of the skin at very high concentrations . It may damage the lining of pores if the solvent is alcohol , acetone or an oil . Over-the - counter limits are set at 2 % for topical preparations expected to be left on the face and 3 % for those expected to be washed off , such as acne cleansers or shampoo . 17 % and 27 % salicylic acid , which is sold for wart removal , should not be applied to the face and should not be used for acne treatment . Even for wart removal , such a solution should be applied once or twice a day -- more frequent use may lead to an increase in side - effects without an increase in efficacy . Some people are hypersensitive to salicylic acid and related compounds . Production ( edit ) Salicylic acid is biosynthesized from the amino acid phenylalanine . In Arabidopsis thaliana it can be synthesized via a phenylalanine - independent pathway . Sodium salicylate is commercially prepared by treating sodium phenolate ( the sodium salt of phenol ) with carbon dioxide at high pressure ( 100 atm ) and high temperature ( 390 K ) -- a method known as the Kolbe - Schmitt reaction . Acidification of the product with sulfuric acid gives salicylic acid : It can also be prepared by the hydrolysis of aspirin ( acetylsalicylic acid ) or methyl salicylate ( oil of wintergreen ) with a strong acid or base . History ( edit ) Main article : History of aspirin White willow ( Salix alba ) is a natural source of salicylic acid Hippocrates , Galen , Pliny the Elder and others knew that willow bark could ease pain and reduce fevers . It was used in Europe and China to treat these conditions . This remedy is mentioned in texts from ancient Egypt , Sumer and Assyria . The Cherokee and other Native Americans used an infusion of the bark for fever and other medicinal purposes . In 2014 , archaeologists identified traces of salicylic acid on 7th century pottery fragments found in east central Colorado . The Reverend Edward Stone , a vicar from Chipping Norton , Oxfordshire , England , noted in 1763 that the bark of the willow was effective in reducing a fever . The active extract of the bark , called salicin , after the Latin name for the white willow ( Salix alba ) , was isolated and named by the German chemist Johann Andreas Buchner in 1828 . A larger amount of the substance was isolated in 1829 by Henri Leroux , a French pharmacist . Raffaele Piria , an Italian chemist , was able to convert the substance into a sugar and a second component , which on oxidation becomes salicylic acid . Salicylic acid was also isolated from the herb meadowsweet ( Filipendula ulmaria , formerly classified as Spiraea ulmaria ) by German researchers in 1839 . While their extract was somewhat effective , it also caused digestive problems such as gastric irritation , bleeding , diarrhea and even death when consumed in high doses . Dietary sources ( edit ) Salicylic acid occurs in plants as free salicylic acid and its carboxylated esters and phenolic glycosides . Several studies suggest that humans metabolize salicylic acid in measurable quantities from these plants ; one study found that vegetarians not taking aspirin had urinary levels of salicylic acid comparable to those of patients taking 75 mg of aspirin per day , while the non-vegetarians had levels roughly one - quarter that of vegetarians . Dietary sources of salicylic acid and their interaction with drugs such as aspirin have not been well studied . Ongoing clinical studies of patients with aspirin - induced asthma have shown some benefits of a diet low in salicylic acid . Dietary salicylic acid may be partially responsible for the health benefits of a plant - based diet . Studies on the salicylic content of foods are sparse and have produced distinctly different results , creating controversy . Possible causes for the discrepancies include uncontrolled and often unreported factors such as cultivation area , crop species , and harvest methods , as well as inherent issues with the studies such as poor extraction and measurement procedures and limited or low - accuracy equipment . A recent study using best practice measurement methodology significantly reduced intra-sample measurement variability but has not yet been replicated or extended . Some results have been consistently reported . Meat , poultry , fish , eggs , oils , dairy products , sugar , cereals , and flour all have little to no salicylates . Measurable levels of salicylic acid have been found in fruits , vegetables , herbs , spices , nuts , and teas . Plant hormone ( edit ) Salicylic acid is a phenolic phytohormone and is found in plants with roles in plant growth and development , photosynthesis , transpiration , ion uptake and transport . SA is involved in endogenous signaling , mediating in plant defense against pathogens . It plays a role in the resistance to pathogens by inducing the production of pathogenesis - related proteins . It is involved in the systemic acquired resistance in which a pathogenic attack on one part of the plant induces resistance in other parts . The signal can also move to nearby plants by salicylic acid being converted to the volatile ester methyl salicylate . See also ( edit ) Methyl salicylate Trolamine salicylate Salsalate References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry : IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013 ( Blue Book ) . Cambridge : The Royal Society of Chemistry . 2014 . p. 64 . doi : 10.1039 / 9781849733069 - FP001 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85404 - 182 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Haynes , William M. , ed. ( 2011 ) . CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics ( 92nd ed . ) . Boca Raton , FL : CRC Press . p. 3.306 . ISBN 1439855110 . ^ Jump up to : `` Salicylic acid '' . ^ Jump up to : CID 338 from PubChem ^ Jump up to : Atherton Seidell ; William F. Linke ( 1952 ) . Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds : A Compilation of Solubility Data from the Periodical Literature . Supplement . Van Nostrand . Jump up ^ Salicyclic acid . Drugbank.ca . Retrieved on 2012 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Salicylic acid '' . ^ Jump up to : Sigma - Aldrich Co. , Salicylic acid . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 19th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines ( April 2015 ) '' ( PDF ) . WHO. April 2015 . Retrieved May 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Salicylic acid '' . Drugs.com . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ WHO Model Formulary 2008 ( PDF ) . World Health Organization . 2009 . p. 310 . ISBN 9789241547659 . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Madan RK ; Levitt J ( April 2014 ) . `` A review of toxicity from topical salicylic acid preparations '' . J Am Acad Dermatol. 70 ( 4 ) : 788 -- 92 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jaad. 2013.12. 005 . PMID 24472429 . Jump up ^ Schrör , Karsten ( 2016 ) . Acetylsalicylic Acid ( 2 ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 9 -- 10 . ISBN 9783527685028 . Jump up ^ `` Bismuth subsalicylate '' . PubChem . United States National Institutes of Health . Retrieved 24 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Salicilyc acid '' . inchem.org . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of Salicylic acid '' . MedicineNet.com . Jump up ^ Samson , James ( 1976 ) . Techniques of Vacuum Ultraviolet Spectroscopy . Wiley , . Jump up ^ salicylic acid 17 % Topical Liquid . Kaiser Permanente Drug Encyclopedia . Accessed 28 Sept 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hydrolysis of ASA to SA '' . Retrieved July 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Norn , S. ; Permin , H. ; Kruse , P.R. ; Kruse , E. ( 2009 ) . `` ( From willow bark to acetylsalicylic acid ) '' . Dansk Medicinhistorisk Årbog ( in Danish ) . 37 : 79 -- 98 . PMID 20509453 . Jump up ^ `` Willow bark '' . University of Maryland Medical Center . University of Maryland . Retrieved 19 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Daniel R. ( Summer 2009 ) . `` Aspirin : Turn of the Century Miracle Drug '' . Chemical Heritage Magazine . Chemical Heritage Foundation . 27 ( 2 ) : 26 -- 30 . Retrieved 24 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Hemel , Paul B. and Chiltoskey , Mary U. Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History , Sylva , NC : Herald Publishing Co. ( 1975 ) ; cited in Dan Moerman , A Database of Foods , Drugs , Dyes and Fibers of Native American Peoples , Derived from Plants . ( 1 ) A search of this database for `` salix AND medicine '' finds 63 entries . Jump up ^ `` 1,300 - Year - Old Pottery Found in Colorado Contains Ancient ' Natural Aspirin ' '' . Jump up ^ Stone , Edmund ( 1763 ) . `` An Account of the Success of the Bark of the Willow in the Cure of Agues '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London . 53 : 195 -- 200 . doi : 10.1098 / rstl. 1763.0033 . Jump up ^ Buchner , A. ( 1828 ) . `` Ueber das Rigatellische Fiebermittel und über eine in der Weidenrinde entdeckte alcaloidische Substanz ( On Rigatelli 's antipyretic ( i.e. , anti-fever drug ) and on an alkaloid substance discovered in willow bark ) '' . Repertorium für die pharmacie ... Bei J.L. Schrag . pp. 405 -- . Noch ist es mir aber nicht geglückt , den bittern Bestandtheil der Weide , den ich Salicin nennen will , ganz frei von allem Färbestoff darzustellen . '' ( I have still not succeeded in preparing the bitter component of willow , which I will name salicin , completely free from colored matter Jump up ^ See : Leroux , H. ( 1830 ) . `` Mémoire relatif à l'analyse de l'écorce de saule et à la découverte d'un principe immédiat propre à remplacer le sulfate de quinine '' ) ( Memoir concerning the analysis of willow bark and the discovery of a substance immediately likely to replace quinine sulfate ) `` . Journal de chimie médicale , de pharmacie et de toxicologie . Chez Béchet jeune. 6 : 340 -- 342 . A report on Leroux 's presentation to the French Academy of Sciences also appeared in : Mémoires de l'Académie des sciences de l'Institut de France . Institut de France . 1838 . pp. 20 -- . Jump up ^ Piria ( 1838 ) `` Sur de neuveaux produits extraits de la salicine '' ( On new products extracted from salicine ) , Comptes rendus ... 6 : 620 -- 624 . On page 622 , Piria mentions `` Hydrure de salicyle '' ( hydrogen salicylate , i.e. , salicylic acid ) . Jump up ^ Jeffreys , Diarmuid ( 2005 ) . Aspirin : the remarkable story of a wonder drug . New York : Bloomsbury . pp. 38 -- 40 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58234 - 600 - 7 . Jump up ^ Löwig , C. ; Weidmann , S. ( 1839 ) . `` III . Untersuchungen mit dem destillierten Wasser der Blüthen von Spiraea Ulmaria ( III . Investigations of the water distilled from the blossoms of Spiraea ulmaria ) . Löwig and Weidman called salicylic acid Spiräasaure ( spiraea acid ) '' . Annalen der Physik und Chemie ; Beiträge zur organischen Chemie ( Contributions to organic chemistry ) . J.A. Barth. ( 46 ) : 57 -- 83 . ^ Jump up to : Malakar , Sreepurna ; Gibson , Peter R. ; Barrett , Jacqueline S. ; Muir , Jane G. ( 1 April 2017 ) . `` Naturally occurring dietary salicylates : A closer look at common Australian foods '' . Journal of Food Composition and Analysis . 57 : 31 -- 39 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jfca. 2016.12. 008 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , JR ; Peter , R ; Baxter , GJ ; Robson , J ; Graham , AB ; Paterson , JR ( 28 May 2017 ) . `` Urinary excretion of salicyluric and salicylic acids by non-vegetarians , vegetarians , and patients taking low dose aspirin '' . Journal of Clinical Pathology. 56 ( 9 ) : 651 -- 653 . doi : 10.1136 / jcp. 56.9. 651 . ISSN 0021 - 9746 . PMC 1770047 . PMID 12944546 . Jump up ^ Race , Sharla ( 2012 ) . `` Salicylate in Food '' . The Salicylate Handbook : Your Guide to Understanding Salicylate Sensitivity . Sharla Race . ISBN 9781907119040 . Jump up ^ `` Food Guide '' . Salicylate Sensitivity . Jump up ^ Sommer , Doron D. ; Rotenberg , Brian W. ; Sowerby , Leigh J. ; Lee , John M. ; Janjua , Arif ; Witterick , Ian J. ; Monteiro , Eric ; Gupta , Michael K. ; Au , Michael ; Nayan , Smriti ( April 2016 ) . `` A novel treatment adjunct for aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease : the low - salicylate diet : a multicenter randomized control crossover trial '' . International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology. 6 ( 4 ) : 385 -- 391 . doi : 10.1002 / alr. 21678 . Jump up ^ Greger , Michael . `` Inflammation , Diet , and `` Vitamin S '' NutritionFacts.org `` . NutritionFacts.org . Jump up ^ `` Salicylates in foods '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ Vlot , A. C ; Dempsey , D. A ; Klessig , D. F ( 2009 ) . `` Salicylic Acid , a multifaceted hormone to combat disease '' . Annual Review of Phytopathology. 47 : 177 -- 206 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. phyto. 050908.135202 . PMID 19400653 . Jump up ^ Hayat , S. & Ahmad , A. ( 2007 ) . Salicylic Acid -- A Plant Hormone . Springer . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 5183 - 2 . Jump up ^ Van Huijsduijnen , R.A.M.H. ; Alblas , S.W. ; De Rijk , R.H. ; Bol , J.F. ( 1986 ) . `` Induction by Salicylic Acid of Pathogenesis - related Proteins or Resistance to Alfalfa Mosaic Virus Infection in Various Plant Species '' . Journal of General Virology. 67 ( 10 ) : 2135 -- 2143 . doi : 10.1099 / 0022 - 1317 - 67 - 10 - 2135 . Jump up ^ Taiz , L. and Zeiger , Eduardo ( 2002 ) Plant Physiology , 3rd Edition , Sinauer Associates , p. 306 , ISBN 0878938230 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Salicylic acid . Salicylic acid MS Spectrum Safety MSDS data International Chemical Safety Cards CDC / NIOSH ( 2 ) English Translation of Hermann Kolbe 's seminal 1860 German article in Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie . English title : ' On the syntheses of salicylic acid ' ; German title `` Ueber Synthese der Salicylsäure '' . Acne - treating agents ( D10 ) Antibacterial Azelaic acid Benzoyl peroxide 8 - Hydroxyquinoline Blue light therapy Tea tree oil Keratolytic Glycolic acid Salicylic acid Sulfur Benzoyl peroxide Anti-inflammatory Nicotinamide Ibuprofen Aspirin Red light therapy Antibiotics Clindamycin Dapsone Erythromycin Sulfacetamide Tetracyclines ( Lymecycline Minocycline Doxycycline ) Hormonal Antiandrogens Bicalutamide Cyproterone acetate Drospirenone Flutamide Spironolactone ) Estrogens Estradiol Ethinylestradiol Retinoids Adapalene Isotretinoin Motretinide Tazarotene Tretinoin Other Benzamycin Epristeride Mesulfen Pelretin Stridex Tioxolone Combinations Adapalene / benzoyl peroxide Benzoyl peroxide / clindamycin Clindamycin / tretinoin Erythromycin / isotretinoin Sulfacetamide / sulfur WHO - EM Withdrawn from market Clinical trials : Phase III Never to phase III Ancient anaesthesia Plants / animals Aconitum ( aconite ) Atropa belladonna ( belladonna ) Cannabis medical use Castoreum Coca Conium ( hemlock ) Datura innoxia ( thorn - apple ) Datura metel ( devil 's trumpet ) Hyoscyamus niger ( henbane ) Lactucarium Mandragora officinarum ( mandrake ) Opium Saussurea ( saw - wort ) Willow People Abulcasis Avenzoar Avicenna Celsus Dioscorides Galen Hippocrates Rhazes Sabuncuoğlu Sushrutha Theophrastus Zhang Compounds Aconitine Atropine Cocaine Coniine Hyoscine Δ9 - THC Hyoscyamine Morphine Salicylate Antifungals ( D01 and J02 ) Wall / membrane Ergosterol inhibitors Azoles ( lanosterol 14α - demethylase inhibitors ) Imidazoles Topical : bifonazole butoconazole chlormidazole clotrimazole croconazole eberconazole econazole fenticonazole flutrimazole isoconazole ketoconazole luliconazole miconazole neticonazole omoconazole oxiconazole sertaconazole sulconazole tioconazole Systemic : ketoconazole Triazoles Topical : efinaconazole fluconazole fosfluconazole terconazole Systemic : fluconazole hexaconazole isavuconazole itraconazole posaconazole voriconazole Unknown : albaconazole ravuconazole Thiazoles Topical : abafungin Polyene antimycotics ( ergosterol binding ) Topical : hamycin natamycin nystatin Systemic : amphotericin B , hamycin Squalene monooxygenase inhibitors Allylamines Topical : naftifine terbinafine Systemic : terbinafine Benzylamines Topical : butenafine Others Topical : amorolfine β - glucan synthase inhibitors echinocandins ( anidulafungin biafungin caspofungin cilofungin micafungin ) Intracellular Pyrimidine analogues / thymidylate synthase inhibitors flucytosine Mitotic inhibitors griseofulvin Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase inhibitors tavaborole Others bromochlorosalicylanilide chlorophetanol chlorphenesin ciclopirox crystal violet dimazole ethylparaben haloprogin polynoxylin potassium iodide salicylic acid selenium disulfide sodium thiosulfate sulbentine taurolidine ticlatone tolciclate tolnaftate tribromometacresol undecylenic acid Whitfield 's ointment citronella oil lemon grass lemon myrtle orange oil patchouli tea tree oil PCP : atovaquone dapsone pentamidine WHO - EM Withdrawn from market Clinical trials : Phase III Never to phase III Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) ( primarily M01A and M02A , also N02BA ) Pyrazolones / Pyrazolidines Aminophenazone Ampyrone Azapropazone Clofezone Difenamizole Famprofazone Feprazone Kebuzone Metamizole Mofebutazone Morazone Nifenazone Oxyphenbutazone Phenazone Phenylbutazone Propyphenazone Sulfinpyrazone Suxibuzone Salicylates Aspirin ( acetylsalicylic acid ) Aloxiprin Benorylate Carbasalate calcium Diflunisal Dipyrocetyl Ethenzamide Guacetisal Magnesium salicylate Methyl salicylate Salsalate Salicin Salicylamide Salicylic acid ( salicylate ) Sodium salicylate Acetic acid derivatives and related substances Aceclofenac Acemetacin Alclofenac Amfenac Bendazac Bromfenac Bumadizone Bufexamac Diclofenac Difenpiramide Etodolac Felbinac Fenclozic acid Fentiazac Indometacin Indometacin farnesil Isoxepac Ketorolac Lonazolac Oxametacin Prodolic acid Proglumetacin Sulindac Tiopinac Tolmetin Zomepirac Oxicams Ampiroxicam Droxicam Isoxicam Lornoxicam Meloxicam Piroxicam Tenoxicam Propionic acid derivatives ( profens ) Alminoprofen Benoxaprofen Carprofen Dexibuprofen Dexketoprofen Fenbufen Fenoprofen Flunoxaprofen Flurbiprofen Ibuprofen Ibuproxam Indoprofen Ketoprofen Loxoprofen Miroprofen Naproxen Oxaprozin Pirprofen Suprofen Tarenflurbil Tepoxalin Tiaprofenic acid Vedaprofen COX - inhibiting nitric oxide donator : Naproxcinod N - Arylanthranilic acids ( fenamates ) Azapropazone Clonixin Etofenamate Flufenamic acid Flunixin Meclofenamic acid Mefenamic acid Morniflumate Niflumic acid Tolfenamic acid Flutiazin Coxibs Apricoxib Celecoxib Cimicoxib Deracoxib Etoricoxib Firocoxib Lumiracoxib Mavacoxib Parecoxib Robenacoxib Rofecoxib Valdecoxib Other Aminopropionitrile Benzydamine Chondroitin sulfate Diacerein Fluproquazone Glucosamine Glycosaminoglycan Hyperforin Nabumetone Nimesulide Oxaceprol Proquazone Superoxide dismutase / Orgotein Tenidap Items listed in bold indicate initially developed compounds of specific groups . WHO - EM Withdrawn drugs . Veterinary use medications . Analgesics ( N02A , N02B ) Opioids Opiates / opium Codeine ( + paracetamol , + aspirin ) Morphine ( + naltrexone ) Opium Laudanum Paregoric Semisynthetic Acetyldihydrocodeine Benzylmorphine Buprenorphine ( + naloxone ) Desomorphine Diamorphine ( heroin ) Dihydrocodeine ( + paracetamol ) Dihydromorphine Ethylmorphine Hydrocodone ( + paracetamol , + ibuprofen , + aspirin ) Hydromorphinol Hydromorphone Nicocodeine Nicodicodeine Nicomorphine Oxycodone ( + paracetamol , + aspirin , + ibuprofen , + naloxone , + naltrexone ) Oxymorphone Thebacon Synthetic Alfentanil Alphaprodine Anileridine Butorphanol Carfentanil Dextromoramide Dextropropoxyphene Dezocine Fentanyl ( + fluanisone ) Ketobemidone Levorphanol Lofentanil Meptazinol Methadone Nalbuphine NFEPP Pentazocine Pethidine ( meperidine ) Phenadoxone Phenazocine Piminodine Piritramide Propiram Remifentanil Sufentanil Tapentadol Tilidine Tramadol Paracetamol - type Acetanilide Bucetin Butacetin Paracetamol ( acetaminophen ) Parapropamol Phenacetin Propacetamol NSAIDs Propionates Fenoprofen Flurbiprofen Ibuprofen Ketoprofen Naproxen Oxaprozin Oxicams Meloxicam Piroxicam Acetates Diclofenac Indometacin Ketorolac Nabumetone Sulindac Tolmetin COX - 2 inhibitors Celecoxib Etoricoxib Lumiracoxib Parecoxib Rofecoxib Valdecoxib Fenamates Meclofenamic acid Mefenamic acid Salicylates Aspirin ( acetylsalicylic acid ) ( + paracetamol / caffeine ) Benorylate Diflunisal Ethenzamide Magnesium salicylate Salicin Salicylamide Salsalate Wintergreen ( methyl salicylate ) Pyrazolones Aminophenazone Ampyrone Metamizole ( dipyrone ) Nifenazone Phenazone Propyphenazone ( + paracetamol / caffeine ) Others Glafenine Cannabinoids Cannabidiol Cannabis Nabilone Nabiximols Tetrahydrocannabinol ( dronabinol ) Ion channel modulators Calcium blockers Gabapentin Gabapentin enacarbil Pregabalin Ziconotide Sodium blockers Carbamazepine Lacosamide Local anesthetics ( e.g. , cocaine , lidocaine ) Mexiletine Nefopam Tricyclic antidepressants ( e.g. , amitriptyline ) Na 1.7 / 1.8 - selective : DSP - 2230 Funapide PF - 05089771 Raxatrigine Potassium openers Flupirtine Myorelaxants Carisoprodol Chlorzoxazone Cyclobenzaprine Mephenoxalone Methocarbamol Orphenadrine Others Analgesic adjuvant Analgecine Camphor Capsaicin Clonidine Ketamine Menthol Methoxyflurane Nefopam Proglumide Tricyclic antidepressants ( e.g. , amitriptyline ) WHO - EM Withdrawn from market Clinical trials : Phase III Never to phase III Plant hormones Abscisic acid Auxins Cytokinins Ethylene Gibberellins Brassinosteroids Florigen Jasmonates Karrikins Plant peptide hormones Polyamine Salicylic acid Strigolactones Salicylates Salicylic acid Aspirin Aloxiprin Methyl salicylate Magnesium salicylate Ethyl salicylate Bismuth subsalicylate Sodium salicylate Salicylamide Salicin Benorilate Salsalate Ethenzamide Diflunisal Trolamine salicylate Homosalate Salicylmethylecgonine Octyl salicylate Aluminon Benzyl salicylate Copper aspirinate Potassium salicylate Phenolic acids ( C6 - C1 ) and their glycosides Monohydroxybenzoic acids 3 - Hydroxybenzoic acid 4 - Hydroxybenzoic acid Salicylic acid ( 2 - Hydroxybenzoic acid ) Glycosides p - Hydroxybenzoic acid glucoside Acetylated Methylparaben ( Methyl p - hydroxybenzoic acid ) Dihydroxybenzoic acids 2 , 3 - Dihydroxybenzoic acid ( Hypogallic acid ) 2 , 4 - Dihydroxybenzoic acid 2 , 5 - Dihydroxybenzoic acid ( Gentisic acid ) 2 , 6 - Dihydroxybenzoic acid 3 , 4 - Dihydroxybenzoic acid ( Protocatechuic acid ) 3 , 5 - Dihydroxybenzoic acid Acetylated Ethyl protocatechuate Orsellinic acid Trihydroxybenzoic acids Gallic acid Phloroglucinol carboxylic acid Glycosides Bergenin Norbergenin Theogallin Chebulic acid Acetylated Ethyl gallate Eudesmic acid Methyl gallate Syringic acid Prostanoid signaling modulators Receptor ( ligands ) DP ( D ) DP Agonists : Prostaglandin D Treprostinil Antagonists : Asapiprant Laropiprant Vidupiprant DP Agonists : Indometacin Prostaglandin D Antagonists : ADC - 3680 AZD - 1981 Bay U3405 Fevipiprant MK - 1029 MK - 7246 QAV - 680 Ramatroban Setipiprant Timapiprant TM30089 Vidupiprant EP ( E ) EP Agonists : Beraprost Enprostil Iloprost ( ciloprost ) Latanoprost Lubiprostone Misoprostol Prostaglandin E ( alprostadil ) Prostaglandin E ( dinoprostone ) Sulprostone Antagonists : AH - 6809 ONO - 8130 SC - 19220 SC - 51089 SC - 51322 EP Agonists : Butaprost Misoprostol Prostaglandin E ( alprostadil ) Prostaglandin E ( dinoprostone ) Treprostinil Antagonists : AH - 6809 PF - 04418948 TG 4 - 155 EP Agonists : Beraprost Carbacyclin Cicaprost Enprostil Iloprost ( ciloprost ) Isocarbacyclin Latanoprost Misoprostol Prostaglandin D Prostaglandin E ( alprostadil ) Prostaglandin E ( dinoprostone ) Remiprostol Sulprostone Antagonists : L - 798106 EP Agonists : Lubiprostone Misoprostol Prostaglandin E ( alprostadil ) Prostaglandin E ( dinoprostone ) TCS - 2510 Antagonists : Grapiprant GW - 627368 L - 161982 ONO - AE3 - 208 Unsorted Agonists : 16 , 16 - Dimethyl Prostaglandin E Aganepag Carboprost Evatanepag Gemeprost Nocloprost Omidenepag Prostaglandin F ( dinoprost ) Simenepag Taprenepag FP ( F ) Agonists : Alfaprostol Bimatoprost Carboprost Cloprostenol Enprostil Fluprostenol Latanoprost Prostaglandin D Prostaglandin F ( dinoprost ) Sulotroban Tafluprost Travoprost Unoprostone IP ( I ) Agonists : ACT - 333679 AFP - 07 Beraprost BMY - 45778 Carbacyclin Cicaprost Iloprost ( ciloprost ) Isocarbacyclin MRE - 269 NS - 304 Prostacyclin ( prostaglandin I , epoprostenol ) Prostaglandin E ( alprostadil ) Ralinepag Selexipag Taprostene TRA - 418 Treprostinil Antagonists : RO1138452 TP ( TX ) Agonists : Carbocyclic thromboxane A I - BOP Thromboxane A U-46619 Vapiprost Antagonists : 12 - HETE 13 - APA AA - 2414 Argatroban Bay U3405 BMS - 180,291 Daltroban Domitroban EP - 045 GR - 32191 ICI - 185282 ICI - 192605 Ifetroban Imitrodast L - 655240 L - 670596 Linotroban Mipitroban ONO - 3708 ONO - 11120 Picotamide Pinane thromboxane A Ramatroban Ridogrel S - 145 Samixogrel Seratrodast SQ - 28,668 SQ - 29,548 Sulotroban Terbogrel Terutroban TRA - 418 Unsorted Arbaprostil Ataprost Ciprostene Clinprost Cobiprostone Delprostenate Deprostil Dimoxaprost Doxaprost Ecraprost Eganoprost Enisoprost Eptaloprost Esuberaprost Etiproston Fenprostalene Flunoprost Froxiprost Lanproston Limaprost Luprostiol Meteneprost Mexiprostil Naxaprostene Nileprost Nocloprost Ornoprostil Oxoprostol Penprostene Pimilprost Piriprost Posaraprost Prostalene Rioprostil Rivenprost Rosaprostol Spiriprostil Tiaprost Tilsuprost Tiprostanide Trimoprostil Viprostol Enzyme ( inhibitors ) COX ( PTGS ) Salicylic acids : Aloxiprin Aspirin ( acetylsalicylic acid ) Benorilate ( benorylate ) Carbasalate calcium Diflusinal Dipyrocetyl Ethenzamide Guacetisal Magnesium salicylate Mesalazine ( 5 - aminosalicylic acid ) Methyl salicylate Salacetamide Salicin Salicylamide Salicylate ( salicylic acid ) Salsalate Sodium salicylate Triflusal ; Acetic acids : Aceclofenac Acemetacin Aclofenac Amfenac Alclofenac Bendazac Bromfenac Bufexamac Bumadizone Cinmetacin Clometacin Diclofenac Difenpiramide Etodolac Felbinac Fenclofenac Fentiazac Glucametacin Indometacin ( indomethacin ) Indometacin farnesil Ketorolac Lonazolac Mofezolac Nabumetone Oxametacin Oxindanac Proglumetacin Sulindac Sulindac sulfide Tolmetin Zidometacin Zomepirac ; Propionic acids : Alminoprofen Benoxaprofen Bucloxic acid ( blucloxate ) Butibufen Carprofen Dexibuprofen Dexindoprofen Dexketoprofen Fenbufen Fenoprofen Flunoxaprofen Flurbiprofen Ibuprofen Ibuproxam Indoprofen Ketoprofen Loxoprofen Miroprofen Naproxen Naproxcinod Oxaprozin Pirprofen Pranoprofen Suprofen Tarenflurbil Tepoxalin Tiaprofenic acid ( tiaprofenate ) Vedaprofen ; Anthranilic acids ( fenamic acids ) : Etofenamic acid ( etofenamate ) Floctafenic acid ( floctafenate ) Flufenamic acid ( flufenamate ) Meclofenamic acid ( meclofenamate ) Mefenamic acid ( mefenamate ) Morniflumic acid ( morniflumate ) Niflumic acid ( niflumate ) Talinflumic acid ( talinflumate ) Tolfenamic acid ( tolfenamate ) ; Pyrazolones : Azapropazone Dipyrone Isopyrin Oxyphenbutazone Phenylbutazone ; Enolic acids ( oxicams ) : Ampiroxicam Droxicam Enolicam Isoxicam Lornoxicam Meloxicam Piroxicam Tenoxicam ; 4 - Aminoquinolines : Antrafenine Floctafenine Glafenine ; Quinazolines : Fluproquazone Proquazone ; Aminonicotinic acids : Clonixeril Clonixin Flunixin ; Sulfonanilides : Flosulide Nimesulide ; Aminophenols ( anilines ) : Acetanilide AM - 404 ( N - arachidonoylaminophenol ) Bucetin Paracetamol ( acetaminophen ) Parapropamol Phenacetin Propacetamol ; Selective COX - 2 inhibitors ( coxibs ) : Apricoxib Celecoxib Cimicoxib Deracoxib Etoricoxib Firocoxib Lumiracoxib Mavacoxib Parecoxib Polmacoxib Robenacoxib Rofecoxib Tilmacoxib Valdecoxib ; Others / unsorted : Anitrazafen Clobuzarit Curcumin DuP - 697 FK - 3311 Flumizole FR - 122047 Glimepiride Hyperforin Itazigrel L - 655240 L - 670596 Licofelone Menatetrenone ( vitamin K ) NCX - 466 NCX - 4040 NS - 398 Pamicogrel Resveratrol Romazarit Rosmarinic acid Rutecarpine Satigrel SC - 236 SC - 560 SC - 58125 Tenidap Tiflamizole Timegadine Trifenagrel Tropesin PGD S Retinoids Selenium ( selenium tetrachloride , sodium selenite , selenium disulfide ) PGES HQL - 79 PGFS Bimatoprost PGI S Tranylcypromine TXAS Camonagrel Dazmegrel Dazoxiben Furegrelate Isbogrel Midazogrel Nafagrel Nicogrelate Ozagrel Picotamide Pirmagrel Ridogrel Rolafagrel Samixogrel Terbogrel U63557A Others Precursors : Linoleic acid γ - Linolenic acid ( gamolenic acid ) Dihomo - γ - linolenic acid Diacylglycerol Arachidonic acid Prostaglandin G Prostaglandin H See also Receptor / signaling modulators Leukotriene signaling modulators Nuclear receptor modulators GND : 4178954 - 4 LCCN : sh85116754 NDL : 00570211 Pharmacy and pharmacology portal Medicine portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salicylic_acid&oldid=840835559 '' Categories : Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Antiseptics Salicylic acids Plant hormones Anti-acne preparations Monohydroxybenzoic acids World Health Organization essential medicines Chelating agents Hidden categories : PubChem ID ( CID ) same as Wikidata CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) Articles to be merged from December 2017 All articles to be merged ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata Chembox having GHS data Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes Chembox image size set Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 45 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 May 2018 , at 13 : 46 . 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where does water go after it enters a storm drain

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Storm_drain&oldid=834226571

Storm drain - wikipedia Storm drain Jump to : navigation , search This article is about tunnels that carry runoff from urban streets . For the early sewers designed to carry both waste and storm water , see Combined sewer . For the modern sewer system that carries waste , see Sanitary sewer . Storm drain with its pipe visible beneath it due to construction work A storm drain , storm sewer ( U.S. and Canada ) , surface water drain / sewer ( United Kingdom ) , or stormwater drain ( Australia and New Zealand ) is designed to drain excess rain and ground water from impervious surfaces such as paved streets , car parks , parking lots , footpaths , sidewalks , and roofs . Storm drains vary in design from small residential dry wells to large municipal systems . Drains are fed by street gutters on most motorways , freeways and other busy roads , as well as towns in areas which experience heavy rainfall , flooding and coastal towns which experience regular storms . Even the gutters from houses and buildings can be connected to the storm drain . Many storm drainage systems are designed as gravity sewers draining untreated storm water into rivers or streams . As a result , it is not acceptable to pour certain types of chemicals into the drains . Storm drains are often unable to manage the quantity of rain that falls during heavy rains and / or storms . When storm drains are inundated , basement and street flooding can occur . In many areas , detention tanks are required to be installed inside a property and are used to temporarily hold rainwater runoff during heavy rains and restrict the outlet flow to the public sewer . This lessens the risk of the public sewer being overburdened during heavy rain . Some storm drains lead to a mixing of stormwater ( rainwater ) with sewage , either intentionally -- in the case of combined sewers -- or unintentionally . Contents ( hide ) 1 Nomenclature 2 Function 2.1 Inlet 2.2 Piping 2.3 Outlet 3 Environmental impacts 3.1 Water quantity 3.2 Water quality 3.3 Mosquito breeding 4 Relationship to sanitary sewer systems 4.1 Combined sewers 5 Regulations and local building codes 5.1 Examples 6 Exploration 7 Residence 8 History 9 Gallery 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Nomenclature ( edit ) There are several related terms which are used differently in American and British English : American English British English Comments Combined sewer A sewer designed and intended to serve as a sanitary sewer and a storm sewer , or as an industrial sewer and a storm sewer . Same as American English Stormwater mixed with sewage Storm sewer , Surface water sewer , or surface sewer A sewer designed and intended to carry only storm waters , surface runoff , street wash waters , and drainage . A sewer designed and intended to carry only rainwater runoff . Only stormwater Stormwater bypass Same as British English A combined sewer discharge pipeline intended to bypass wastewater treatment plants during a peak runoff events . Stormwater mixed with sewage Road channel See roadside ditch A roadside channel to prevent uncontrolled runoff along roadway surfaces . Only stormwater Road gully See roadside ditch Consists of a gully grating on a chamber that connects to a surface water sewer / drain , ditch , or watercourse Only stormwater Roadside ditch A roadside channel to prevent uncontrolled runoff along roadway surfaces . See road gully Only stormwater Function ( edit ) American - style curbside storm drain receiving urban runoff Inlet ( edit ) Full view of a storm drain ( Ontario , Canada ) There are two main types of stormwater drain ( highway drain or road gully in the UK ) inlets : side inlets and grated inlets . Side inlets are located adjacent to the curb ( kerb ) and rely on the ability of the opening under the backstone or lintel to capture flow . They are usually depressed at the invert of the channel to improve capture capacity . Many inlets have gratings or grids to prevent people , vehicles , large objects or debris from falling into the storm drain . Grate bars are spaced so that the flow of water is not impeded , but sediment and many small objects can also fall through . However , if grate bars are too far apart , the openings may present a risk to pedestrians , bicyclists , and others in the vicinity . Grates with long narrow slots parallel to traffic flow are of particular concern to cyclists , as the front tire of a bicycle may become stuck , causing the cyclist to go over the handlebars or lose control and fall . Storm drains in streets and parking areas must be strong enough to support the weight of vehicles , and are often made of cast iron or reinforced concrete . Old German storm drain in Küstrin ( now Kostrzyn nad Odrą in Poland ) Some of the heavier sediment and small objects may settle in a catchbasin , or sump , which lies immediately below the outlet , where water from the top of the catchbasin reservoir overflows into the sewer proper . The catchbasin serves much the same function as the `` trap '' in household wastewater plumbing in trapping objects . In the United States , unlike the plumbing trap , the catchbasin does not necessarily prevent sewer gases such as hydrogen sulfide and methane from escaping . However , in the United Kingdom , where they are called gully pots , they are designed as true water - filled traps and do block the egress of gases and rodents . Most catchbasins will contain stagnant water during the drier parts of the year , and can , in warm countries , be used by mosquitos for breeding . Larvicides or disruptive larval hormones , sometimes released from `` mosquito biscuits '' , have been used to control mosquito breeding in catchbasins . Mosquitoes may be physically prevented from reaching the standing water or migrating into the sewer proper by the use of an `` inverted cone filter '' . Another method of mosquito control is to spread a thin layer of oil on the surface of stagnant water , interfering with the breathing tubes of mosquito larvae . The performance of catchbasins at removing sediment and other pollutants depends on the design of the catchbasin ( for example , the size of the sump ) , and on routine maintenance to retain the storage available in the sump to capture sediment . Municipalities typically have large vacuum trucks that perform this task . Catchbasins act as a first - line pretreatment for other treatment practices , such as retention basins , by capturing large sediments and street litter from urban runoff before it enters the storm drainage pipes . A storm sewer under the main road empties into a bigger open channel Piping ( edit ) Pipes can come in many different cross-sectional shapes ( rectangular , square , bread - loaf - shaped , oval , inverted pear - shaped , egg shaped , and most commonly , circular ) . Drainage systems may have many different features including waterfalls , stairways , balconies and pits for catching rubbish , sometimes called Gross Pollutant Traps ( GPTs ) . Pipes made of different materials can also be used , such as brick , concrete , high - density polyethylene or galvanized steel . Fibre reinforced plastic is being used more commonly for drain pipes and fittings . Outlet ( edit ) Most drains have a single large exit at their point of discharge ( often covered by a grating ) into a canal , river , lake , reservoir , sea or ocean . Other than catchbasins , typically there are no treatment facilities in the piping system . Small storm drains may discharge into individual dry wells . Storm drains may be interconnected using slotted pipe , to make a larger dry well system . Storm drains may discharge into man - made excavations known as recharge basins or retention ponds . Environmental Impacts ( edit ) Water quantity ( edit ) Storm drains are often unable to manage the quantity of rain that falls during heavy rains and / or storms . When storm drains are inundated , basement and street flooding can occur . Unlike catastrophic flooding events , this type of urban flooding occurs in built - up areas where man - made drainage systems are prevalent . Urban flooding is the primary cause of sewer backups and basement flooding which can affect properties year after year . Clogged drains can also contribute to flooding by the obstruction of storm drains . Communities or cities can help reduce this by cleaning leaves from the storm drains which can result in ponding or flooding into yards . Snow in the winter can also clog drains when there is an unusual amount of rain in the winter and snow is plowed atop storm drains . Runoff into storm sewers can be minimized by including sustainable urban drainage systems ( UK term ) or low impact development or green infrastructure practices ( US terms ) into municipal plans . To reduce stormwater from rooftops , flows from eaves troughs ( rain gutters and downspouts ) may be infiltrated into adjacent soil , rather than discharged into the storm sewer system . Storm water runoff from paved surfaces can be directed to unlined ditches ( sometimes called swales or bioswales ) before flowing into the storm sewers , again to allow the runoff to soak into the ground . Permeable paving materials can be used in building sidewalks , driveways and in some cases , parking lots , to infiltrate a portion of the stormwater volume . In many areas , detention tanks are required to be installed inside a property and are used to temporarily hold rainwater runoff during heavy rains and restrict the outlet flow to the public sewer . This lessens the risk of the public sewer being overburdened during heavy rain . An overflow outlet may also be utilized which connects higher on the outlet side of the detention tank . This overflow would prevent the detention tank from completely filling up . By restricting the flow of water in this way and temporarily holding the water in a detention tank public sewers are far less likely to become surcharged . Water Quality ( edit ) Main article : Urban runoff The first flush from urban runoff can be extremely dirty . Storm water may become contaminated while running down the road or other impervious surface , or from lawn chemical run - off , before entering the drain . Lack of proper storm drains and sewer systems in Kalibari community in Mymensingh , Bangladesh - a common situation in urban slums in developing countries Water running off these impervious surfaces tends to pick up gasoline , motor oil , heavy metals , trash and other pollutants from roadways and parking lots , as well as fertilizers and pesticides from lawns . Roads and parking lots are major sources of nickel , copper , zinc , cadmium , lead and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( PAHs ) , which are created as combustion byproducts of gasoline and other fossil fuels . Roof runoff contributes high levels of synthetic organic compounds and zinc ( from galvanized gutters ) . Fertilizer use on residential lawns , parks and golf courses is a significant source of nitrates and phosphorus . Separation of undesired runoff can be achieved by installing devices within the storm sewer system . These devices are relatively new and can only be installed with new development or during major upgrades . They are referred to as oil - grit separators ( OGS ) or oil - sediment separators ( OSS ) . They consist of a specialized manhole chamber , and use the water flow and / or gravity to separate oil and grit . Mosquito breeding ( edit ) See also : Mosquito control Catch basins are commonly designed with a sump area below the outlet pipe level which is a reservoir for water and debris to help prevent the pipe from clogging . Unless they are constructed with permeable bottoms to allow water to infiltrate into the underlying soil , this subterranean basin can become a perfect mosquito breeding area because it is cool , dark , and retains stagnant water for long periods of time . Combined with standard grates which have holes large enough for mosquitoes to enter and leave the basin , this is a major problem in mosquito control . Basins can be filled with concrete up to the pipe level to prevent this reservoir from forming . Without proper maintenance , the functionality of the basin is questionable , as these catch basins are most commonly not cleaned annually as is needed to make them perform as designed . The trapping of debris serves no purpose because once filled they operate as if no basins were present , but continue to allow a shallow area of water retention for the breeding of mosquito . Moreover , even if cleaned and maintained , the water reservoir remains filled , accommodating the breeding of mosquitoes . Relationship to sanitary sewer systems ( edit ) Sign alerting public to avoid dumping waste into storm drains Typical signage embedded in pavement next to a storm drain in Boston , in the United States Storm drains are separate and distinct from sanitary sewer systems . The separation of storm sewers from sanitary sewers helps to prevent sewage treatment plants becoming overwhelmed by infiltration / inflow during a rainstorm , which can result in untreated sewage being discharged into the environment . Many storm drainage systems are designed to drain the storm water , untreated , into rivers or streams . Many local governments conduct public awareness campaigns about this , lest waste be dumped into the storm drain system . In the city of Cleveland , Ohio , for example , all new catch basins installed have inscriptions on them not to dump any waste , and usually include a fish imprint as well . Trout Unlimited Canada recommends that a yellow fish symbol be painted next to existing storm drains . Combined sewers ( edit ) Main article : Combined sewer Cities that installed their sewage collection systems before the 1930s typically used single piping systems to transport both urban runoff and sewage . This type of collection system is referred to as a combined sewer system ( CSS ) . The cities ' rationale when combined sewers were built was that it would be cheaper to build just a single system . In these systems a sudden large rainfall that exceeds sewage treatment capacity will be allowed to overflow directly from the storm drains into receiving waters via structures called combined sewer overflows . Storm drains are typically at shallower depths than combined sewers ; because , while storm drains are designed to accept surface runoff from streets , combined sewers were designed to also accept sewage flows from buildings with basements . New York City , Washington DC , Seattle and other cities with combined systems have this problem due to a large influx of storm water after every heavy rain . Some cities have dealt with this by adding large storage tanks or ponds to hold the water until it can be treated . Chicago has a system of tunnels , collectively called the Deep Tunnel , underneath the city for storing its stormwater . In many areas detention tanks or roof detention systems are required to be installed for a property and are used to temporarily hold rainwater runoff during heavy rains and restrict the outlet flow to the public sewer . This lessens the risk of the public sewer being overburdened during a heavy rain . An overflow outlet may also be utilized which connects higher on the outlet side of the detention tank . This overflow would prevent the detention tank from completely filling up . By restricting the flow of water in this way and temporarily holding the water in a detention tank or by roof detention public sewers are far less likely to become surcharged . Regulations and local building codes ( edit ) Building codes and local government ordinances vary greatly on the handling of storm drain runoff . New developments might be required to construct their own storm drain processing capacity for returning the runoff to the water table and bioswales may be required in sensitive ecological areas to protect the watershed . In the United States , cities , suburban communities and towns with over 10,000 population are required to obtain discharge permits for their storm sewer systems , under the Clean Water Act . The Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) issued stormwater regulations for large cities in 1990 and for other communities in 1999 . The permits require local governments to operate stormwater management programs , covering both construction of new buildings and facilities , and maintenance of their existing municipal drainage networks . Many municipalities have revised their local ordinances covering management of runoff . State government facilities , such as roads and highways , are also subject to the stormwater management regulations . Many local municipalities have placed ordinances for both commercial and residential stormwater management practices to be designed , implemented , and approved before an occupancy permit is released . Examples ( edit ) Southeastern Los Angeles County installed thousands of stainless steel , full - capture trash devices on their road drains in 2011 . Exploration ( edit ) Main article : Urban exploration An international subculture has grown up around the exploration of stormwater drains . Societies such as the Cave Clan regularly explore the drains underneath cities . This is commonly known as `` urban exploration '' , but is also known as draining when in specific relation to storm drains . Residence ( edit ) See also : Mole people , Underclass , and Underground living In several large American cities , homeless people live in storm drains . At least 300 people live in the 200 miles of underground storm drains of Las Vegas , many of them making a living finding unclaimed winnings in the gambling machines . An organization called Shine a Light was founded in 2009 to help the drain residents after over 20 drowning deaths occurred in the preceding years . A man in San Diego was evicted from a storm drain after living there for nine months in 1986 . History ( edit ) Ancient Roman gully hole in Ostia Antica in Italy Archaeological studies have revealed use of rather sophisticated stormwater runoff systems in ancient cultures . For example , in Minoan Crete approximately 4000 years before present , cities such as Phaistos were designed to have storm drains and channels to collect precipitation runoff . At Cretan Knossos , storm drains include stone - lined structures large enough for a person to crawl through . Other examples of early civilizations with elements of stormwater drain systems include early people of Mainland Orkney such as Gurness and the Brough of Birsay in Scotland . Gallery ( edit ) A storm drain discharging into the River Brent in the UK . Iron Cove Creek , Sydney , Australia . Inside of a large reinforced concrete box storm drain in Mississauga , Ontario , Canada . Storm drain in Obertraun , Austria . Storm drain overflowing in Durham , North Carolina . 114 '' pipe installation ; Pipe : 114 '' aluminized type 2 ; Flow : 25 cubic meters / second ; This is a storm drain in Guasave , Mexico . The inlet to a storm drain in Markeaton , Derby allowing a river to overflow into the storm drain . Inside the Markeaton Interceptor Storm Relief Culvert Old storm drain in Kutná Hora , the Czech Republic See also ( edit ) Urban runoff Water pollution Pervious concrete roads References ( edit ) Jump up ^ King , compiled by James J. ( 1995 ) . The environmental dictionary : and regulatory cross reference ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Wiley . p. 121 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 11995 - 4 . Jump up ^ King , compiled by James J. ( 1995 ) . The environmental dictionary : and regulatory cross reference ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Wiley . p. 668 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 11995 - 4 . Jump up ^ Amimoto , Perry Y. ( 1981 ) . Erosion and Sediment Control Handbook . State of California . p. 109 . Jump up ^ Kerb Inlet , Local Government & Municipal Knowledge Base , accessed February 6 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` technotes '' ( PDF ) . Maryland Transportation Technology Transfer Center . Jump up ^ Drainage Superstore , Weight load classes for channel drainage , storm drains and gully grates , accessed April 27 , 2017 Jump up ^ Field , Richard and Daniel Sullivan. Wet - Weather Flow in the Urban Watershed : Technology and Management , p. 109 , at Google Books Jump up ^ http://www.cnt.org/media/CNT_PrevalenceAndCostOfUrbanFlooding.pdf Jump up ^ `` Tips to Reduce Flooding -- Seattle Public Utilities '' . www.seattle.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Tim . `` Mpls . preps for possible flooding on Christmas '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Brattebo , B.O. ; Booth , D.B. ( 2003 ) . `` Long - Term Stormwater Quantity and Quality Performance of Permeable Pavement Systems '' ( PDF ) . Water Research . 37 : 4369 -- 4376 . doi : 10.1016 / S0043 - 1354 ( 03 ) 00410 - X . Jump up ^ Water Environment Federation , Alexandria , VA ; and American Society of Civil Engineers , Reston , VA . `` Urban Runoff Quality Management . '' WEF Manual of Practice No. 23 ; ASCE Manual and Report on Engineering Practice No. 87 . 1998 . ISBN 1 - 57278 - 039 - 8 . Chapter 1 . Jump up ^ G. Allen Burton , Jr. , Robert Pitt ( 2001 ) . Stormwater Effects Handbook : A Toolbox for Watershed Managers , Scientists , and Engineers . New York : CRC / Lewis Publishers . ISBN 0 - 87371 - 924 - 7 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Chapter 2 . Jump up ^ Shoemaker , Leslie ; Lahlou , Mohammed ; Doll , Amy ; Cazenas , Patricia ( 2002 ) . `` Fact Sheet -- Oil / Grit Separator Units '' . Stormwater Best Management Practices in an Ultra-Urban Setting : Selection and Monitoring . Washington , DC : U.S. Federal Highway Administration . Jump up ^ Clinical Medicine & Research February 1 , 2005 vol. 3 no . 1 3 - 12 . Jump up ^ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) , Washington , DC . `` Public Education and Outreach on Stormwater Impacts . '' 2008 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Trout Unlimited , Calgary , AB . `` How does Yellow Fish Road Work ? '' Accessed 2011 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Burrian , Steven J. , et al. ( 1999 ). `` The Historical Development of Wet - Weather Flow Management . '' EPA , National Risk Management Research Laboratory , Cincinnati , OH . Document No . EPA / 600 / JA - 99 / 275 . Jump up ^ EPA . `` Combined Sewer Overflow ( CSO ) Control Policy . '' Federal Register , 59 FR 18688 . April 19 , 1994 . Jump up ^ Metcalf & Eddy , Inc. ( 1972 ) . Wastewater Engineering . New York : McGraw - Hill . p. 119 . Jump up ^ American City & County ( 1996 ) . `` Chicago digs deep to better manage stormwater . '' 1996 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Water Watch NYC , New York , NY ( 2008 - 07 - 14 ). `` Green Roof -- Blue Roof . '' Jump up ^ U.S. Water Quality Act of 1987 , Pub. L. 100 - 4 , 101 Stat. 69 , 33 U.S.C. § 1342 ( p ) , February 4 , 1987 . Jump up ^ EPA . `` Stormwater Discharges From Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems ( MS4s ) . '' 2009 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Woelkers , David A. ( 2002 ) . `` Tidal Wave : Stormwater Ordinances as a BMP for Phase II . '' Stormwater , September -- October 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Tons of L.A. River trash will be captured before it hits the sea '' Los Angeles Times . November 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Adams , Guy ( 14 September 2009 ) . `` Subterranean home of Las Vegas 's losers '' . The Independent . Retrieved 21 May 2010 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Matt ( 2007 ) . Beneath the Neon : Life and Death in the Tunnels of Las Vegas . Huntington Press . ISBN 0 - 929712 - 39 - 0 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 17 April 1986 ) . `` Sewer loser '' . Beaver Country Times . Retrieved 21 May 2010 . Jump up ^ C. Michael Hogan ( 2007 ) . `` Knossos fieldnotes . '' Modern Antiquarian . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Storm drain . EPA - Combined Sewer Overflows EPA Storm Drain Stenciling Project Guidelines 7 Steps to Clean Water from Great Lakes Green Initiative ( example of a local public awareness program ) Stormwater management structures Treatment / Containment Biofilter Constructed wetland Detention basin Green roof Media filter Oil - grit separator Retention basin Stormwater detention vault Stormwater harvesting Flow control Continuous Monitoring and Adaptive Control Flood control channel Flow control structure Hydrodynamic separator Storm drain Infiltration Bioretention Bioswale Dry well Infiltration basin Percolation trench Permeable paving Sewerage Types Combined sewer Decentralized wastewater system Drain - waste - vent system Effluent sewer Force main Gravity sewer Outfall Sanitary sewer Simplified sewerage Storm drain Vacuum sewer Construction materials Asbestos cement pipe Brickwork Cast iron pipe Concrete pipe Culvert Interceptor ditch Plastic pipe Reinforced concrete Steel pipe Vitrified clay pipe Related equipment Chopper pumps Combined sewer overflow Grease trap Grinder pump Manhole Lift station Sewage pumping Sewer dosing unit Sewer gas destructor lamp Stormwater detention vault Submersible pump Sump pump Trap Problems Biogenic sulfide corrosion Blocked Sewer First flush Infiltration / Inflow Sanitary sewer overflow Sewer fly Sewer gas Sewer rat Liquids transported Blackwater ( waste ) Greywater Industrial wastewater Sewage Stormwater Wastewater Wastewater Sources Acid mine drainage Ballast water Bathroom Blackwater ( coal ) Blackwater ( waste ) Boiler blowdown Brine Combined sewer Cooling tower Cooling water Fecal sludge Greywater Infiltration / Inflow Industrial effluent Ion exchange Leachate Manure Papermaking Produced water Return flow Reverse osmosis Sanitary sewer Septage Sewage Sewage sludge Toilet Urban runoff Quality indicators Adsorbable organic halides Biochemical oxygen demand Chemical oxygen demand Coliform index Dissolved oxygen Heavy metals pH Salinity Temperature Total dissolved solids Total suspended solids Turbidity Treatment options Activated sludge Aerated lagoon Agricultural wastewater treatment API oil - water separator Carbon filtration Chlorination Clarifier Constructed wetland Decentralized wastewater system Extended aeration Facultative lagoon Fecal sludge management Filtration Imhoff tank Industrial wastewater treatment Ion exchange Membrane bioreactor Reverse osmosis Rotating biological contactor Secondary treatment Sedimentation Septic tank Settling basin Sewage sludge treatment Sewage treatment Sewer mining Stabilization pond Trickling filter Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation UASB Vermifilter Wastewater treatment plant Disposal options Combined sewer Evaporation pond Groundwater recharge Infiltration basin Injection well Irrigation Marine dumping Marine outfall Reclaimed water Sanitary sewer Septic drain field Sewage farm Storm drain Surface runoff Vacuum sewer Infrastructure Bridge Canal Causeway Dam Drainage Footbridge Interchange Levee Overpass Road Skyway Storm drain Tunnel See also : Architecture Arena Civil engineering Construction Playground Stadium Theatre Urban park Streets and roadways Types of road Limited - access Freeway / Motorway Dual carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway Elevated highway By country Australia Brazil China Croatia Czech Republic Germany Greece Hong Kong India Ireland Italy Pakistan Portugal Spain United Kingdom United States Main roads Arterial road Collector road County highway Express - collector setup Farm - to - market road Highway Link road Two - lane expressway 2 + 1 road 2 + 2 road Parkway Super two Trunk road Highway systems by country Local roads Alley Backroad Bicycle boulevard Boulevard Country lane Dead end Driveway Frontage road Green lane Main street Primitive road Road Side road Single carriageway Single - track road Street Sunken lane Other terms Channelization Concurrency Detour Hierarchy of roads Private highway Route number Special route Business route Street hierarchy Toll road Road junctions Interchanges ( grade - separated ) Cloverleaf Diamond Free - flow Directional T Diverging diamond Parclo Raindrop Roundabout Single - point urban ( SPUI ) Stack Three - level diamond Trumpet Intersections ( at - grade ) 3 - way junction Bowtie Box junction Continuous flow Hook turn Jughandle Michigan left Offset T - intersection Protected intersection Quadrant roadway Right - in / right - out ( RIRO ) Roundabout Seagull intersection Split intersection Superstreet Texas U-turn Traffic circle Turnaround Surfaces Asphalt concrete Bioasphalt Brick Chipseal Cobblestone Concrete Reinforced concrete Corduroy Crocodile cracking Crushed stone Diamond grinding of pavement Dirt Full depth recycling Glassphalt Gravel Ice Macadam Pavement milling Permeable Plank Rubberized asphalt Sealcoat Sett Stamped asphalt Tarmac Texture Road hazards Aquaplaning Black ice Bleeding Crosswind Dead Man 's Curve Expansion joint Fog Ford Hairpin turn Level crossing Manhole cover Oil spill Oversize load Pothole Road debris Road slipperiness Road train Roadkill Rockfall Rut Speed bump Storm drain Washboarding Washout Whiteout Space and time allocation Barrier transfer machine Bicycle lane Climbing lane Complete streets Contraflow lane Contraflow lane reversal High - occupancy toll lane High - occupancy vehicle lane Lane Living street Managed lane Median / Central reservation Motorcycle lane Passing lane Pedestrian crossing Pedestrian zone Refuge island Reversible lane Road diet Road verge Runaway truck ramp Shared space Sidewalk / Pavement Shoulder Street running railway Traffic calming Traffic directionality Traffic island Traffic lanes Traffic signal preemption Unused highway Wide outside lane Woonerf Demarcation Bollard Botts ' dots Cable barrier Cat 's eye ( road ) Concrete step barrier Constant - slope barrier Curb F - Shape barrier Guard rail Jersey barrier Kassel kerb Noise barrier Raised pavement marker Road surface marking Rumble strip Traffic barrier Traffic cone Structures Bridge Causeway Overpass / Flyover Underpass / Tunnel Glossary of road transport terms Road types by features Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Storm_drain&oldid=834226571 '' Categories : Drainage Environmental engineering Flood control Hydraulic engineering Subterranea ( geography ) Stormwater management Road hazards Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская Català Deutsch Español 한국어 Italiano Lietuvių Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Українська 粵語 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 15 : 56 . 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how do they determine home court advantage in the nba finals

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=2018_NBA_Playoffs&oldid=857079653

2018 NBA playoffs - wikipedia 2018 NBA playoffs 2018 NBA Playoffs Dates April 14 -- June 8 , 2018 Season 2017 -- 18 Teams 16 Defending champions Golden State Warriors Champions Golden State Warriors ( 6th title ) Runners - up Cleveland Cavaliers ( 5th finals appearance ) Semifinalists Boston Celtics Houston Rockets ← 2017 2019 → The 2018 NBA Playoffs was the postseason tournament of the National Basketball Association 's 2017 -- 18 season . The playoffs began on April 14 , 2018 and ended on June 8 at the conclusion of the 2018 NBA Finals . Contents 1 Overview 2 Format 3 Playoff qualifying 3.1 Eastern Conference 3.2 Western Conference 4 Playoff bracket 5 First round 5.1 Eastern Conference 5.1. 1 ( 1 ) Toronto Raptors vs. ( 8 ) Washington Wizards 5.1. 2 ( 2 ) Boston Celtics vs. ( 7 ) Milwaukee Bucks 5.1. 3 ( 3 ) Philadelphia 76ers vs. ( 6 ) Miami Heat 5.1. 4 ( 4 ) Cleveland Cavaliers vs. ( 5 ) Indiana Pacers 5.2 Western Conference 5.2. 1 ( 1 ) Houston Rockets vs. ( 8 ) Minnesota Timberwolves 5.2. 2 ( 2 ) Golden State Warriors vs. ( 7 ) San Antonio Spurs 5.2. 3 ( 3 ) Portland Trail Blazers vs. ( 6 ) New Orleans Pelicans 5.2. 4 ( 4 ) Oklahoma City Thunder vs. ( 5 ) Utah Jazz 6 Conference Semifinals 6.1 Eastern Conference Semifinals 6.1. 1 ( 1 ) Toronto Raptors vs. ( 4 ) Cleveland Cavaliers 6.1. 2 ( 2 ) Boston Celtics vs. ( 3 ) Philadelphia 76ers 6.2 Western Conference Semifinals 6.2. 1 ( 1 ) Houston Rockets vs. ( 5 ) Utah Jazz 6.2. 2 ( 2 ) Golden State Warriors vs. ( 6 ) New Orleans Pelicans 7 Conference Finals 7.1 Eastern Conference Finals 7.1. 1 ( 2 ) Boston Celtics vs. ( 4 ) Cleveland Cavaliers 7.2 Western Conference Finals 7.2. 1 ( 1 ) Houston Rockets vs. ( 2 ) Golden State Warriors 8 2018 NBA Finals : ( E4 ) Cleveland Cavaliers vs. ( W2 ) Golden State Warriors 9 Statistical leaders 10 Media coverage 10.1 Television 11 References 12 External links Overview ( edit ) The Houston Rockets entered the playoffs with their best regular - season record in franchise history and appeared in their sixth consecutive postseason . The Golden State Warriors entered their sixth consecutive postseason , tying their franchise streak of 6 straight postseason appearances since the league 's first six years of existence ( 1946 -- 47 to 1951 -- 52 ) . The San Antonio Spurs entered their 21st consecutive postseason . The Toronto Raptors also finished with a franchise record for single - season victories , winning 59 games and finished with the best record in the Eastern Conference . The Minnesota Timberwolves qualified for the playoffs for the first time since 2004 and snapped the league 's longest active streak of seasons without a playoff appearance . The Philadelphia 76ers qualified for the playoffs for the first time since 2012 . Game 7 between the Boston Celtics and the Milwaukee Bucks ensured a 19th - straight postseason in which at least one Game 7 was played ; 1999 was the most recent postseason to not feature a Game 7 . Game 6 of the Celtics - Bucks series was the last game played at the Bradley Center . Game 2 of the Raptors vs Cavaliers series was the last game before the Air Canada Centre renames to Scotiabank Arena . For the first time since 1979 both Conference Finals series went to a deciding Game 7 . In both Conference Finals series , the road teams won both Game 7s . In the other two instances in which both Conference Finals series went to a Game 7 , the home team won each Conference Finals Game 7 in the 1963 and 1979 Playoffs . This was also the first time a team was swept in the NBA Finals since 2007 . Like in 2007 , the Cleveland Cavaliers were also the team that got swept in the 2018 NBA Finals . Format ( edit ) Further information : NBA playoffs § Format Within each conference , the eight teams with the most wins qualify for the playoffs . The seedings are based on each team 's record . Each conference 's bracket is fixed ; there is no reseeding . All rounds are best - of - seven series ; the team that has four wins advances to the next round . All rounds , including the NBA Finals , are in a 2 -- 2 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 format . Home court advantage in any round does not necessarily belong to the higher - seeded team , but instead to the team with the better regular season record . If two teams with the same record meet in a round , standard tiebreaker rules are used . The rule for determining home court advantage in the NBA Finals is winning percentage , then head to head record , followed by record vs. opposite conference . Playoff qualifying ( edit ) On March 7 , 2018 , the Toronto Raptors became the first team to clinch a playoff spot . On March 30 , 2018 , the Houston Rockets clinched the Western Conference ending a three - year run by the Golden State Warriors as the top seed . The Rockets clinched the best record in the NBA a day later on March 31 , 2018 . For the first time since the 1996 -- 97 NBA season , two teams played their last game against each other for the 8th and final spot in the playoffs . The Minnesota Timberwolves defeated the Denver Nuggets 112 -- 106 in overtime to clinch the final playoff seed in the West . This also ended Minnesota 's 13 - year drought without a playoff appearance having last played in 2003 -- 04 season . For the first time since the 2010 -- 11 NBA season , the Los Angeles Clippers would miss the postseason following a loss to the Denver Nuggets on April 7 , 2018 . This is the first time since 1960 that none of the teams from Los Angeles , New York , and Chicago made the playoffs . Eastern Conference ( edit ) Toronto Raptors , Atlantic Division champions , Eastern Conference regular season champions -- 59 wins Boston Celtics -- 55 wins Philadelphia 76ers -- 52 wins Cleveland Cavaliers , Central Division champions -- 50 wins Indiana Pacers -- 48 wins Miami Heat , Southeast Division champions -- 44 wins Milwaukee Bucks -- 44 wins Washington Wizards -- 43 wins Western Conference ( edit ) Houston Rockets , Southwest Division champions , Western Conference regular season champions , NBA regular season champions -- 65 wins Golden State Warriors , Pacific Division champions -- 58 wins Portland Trail Blazers , Northwest Division champions -- 49 wins Oklahoma City Thunder -- 48 wins Utah Jazz -- 48 wins New Orleans Pelicans -- 48 wins San Antonio Spurs -- 47 wins Minnesota Timberwolves -- 47 wins Playoff bracket ( edit ) Teams in bold advanced to the next round . The numbers to the left of each team indicate the team 's seeding in its conference , and the numbers to the right indicate the number of games the team won in that round . The division champions are marked by an asterisk . Teams with home court advantage , the higher seeded team , are shown in italics . First Round Conference Semifinals Conference Finals NBA Finals E1 Toronto * E8 Washington E1 Toronto * 0 E4 Cleveland * E4 Cleveland * E5 Indiana E4 Cleveland * Eastern Conference E2 Boston E3 Philadelphia E6 Miami * E3 Philadelphia E2 Boston E2 Boston E7 Milwaukee E4 Cleveland * 0 W2 Golden State * W1 Houston * W8 Minnesota W1 Houston * W5 Utah W4 Oklahoma City W5 Utah W1 Houston * Western Conference W2 Golden State * W3 Portland * 0 W6 New Orleans W6 New Orleans W2 Golden State * W2 Golden State * W7 San Antonio * Division winner Bold Series winner Italic Team with home - court advantage This bracket : view talk edit First round ( edit ) Note : All times listed are in EDT ( UTC − 4 ) . Eastern Conference ( edit ) ( 1 ) Toronto Raptors vs. ( 8 ) Washington Wizards ( edit ) ESPN , SN1 April 14 5 : 30 pm Boxscore Washington Wizards 106 , Toronto Raptors 114 Scoring by quarter : 23 -- 28 , 36 -- 27 , 26 -- 31 , 21 -- 28 Pts : John Wall 23 Rebs : Markieff Morris 11 Asts : John Wall 15 Pts : Serge Ibaka 23 Rebs : Serge Ibaka 12 Asts : Kyle Lowry 9 Raptors leads series , 1 - 0 Air Canada Centre , Toronto , Ontario Attendance : 19,937 Referees : Scott Foster , Tony Brothers , Pat Fraher NBA TV , TSN April 17 7 : 00 pm Boxscore Washington Wizards 119 , Toronto Raptors 130 Scoring by quarter : 27 -- 44 , 31 -- 32 , 32 -- 24 , 29 -- 30 Pts : John Wall 29 Rebs : Kelly Oubre Jr. 5 Asts : John Wall 9 Pts : DeMar DeRozan 37 Rebs : Jonas Valančiūnas 14 Asts : Kyle Lowry 12 Raptors leads series , 2 - 0 Air Canada Centre , Toronto , Ontario Attendance : 20,242 Referees : Mike Callahan , Courtney Kirkland , Tom Washington ESPN2 , TSN April 20 8 : 00 pm Boxscore Toronto Raptors 103 , Washington Wizards 122 Scoring by quarter : 29 -- 30 , 32 -- 39 , 21 -- 32 , 21 -- 21 Pts : DeMar DeRozan 23 Rebs : Serge Ibaka 6 Asts : Kyle Lowry 8 Pts : Beal , Wall 28 each Rebs : Otto Porter 8 Asts : John Wall 14 Raptors leads series , 2 - 1 Capital One Arena , Washington , D.C. Attendance : 20,356 Referees : Ken Mauer , James Williams , Gary Zielinski TNT , SN1 April 22 6 : 00 pm Boxscore Toronto Raptors 98 , Washington Wizards 106 Scoring by quarter : 30 -- 22 , 21 -- 18 , 29 -- 40 , 18 -- 26 Pts : DeMar DeRozan 35 Rebs : Serge Ibaka 10 Asts : DeMar DeRozan 6 Pts : Bradley Beal 31 Rebs : three players 6 each Asts : John Wall 14 Series tied at , 2 - 2 Capital One Arena , Washington , D.C. Attendance : 20,356 Referees : Derrick Stafford , Derrick Collins , Josh Tiven NBA TV , TSN April 25 7 : 00 pm Boxscore Washington Wizards 98 , Toronto Raptors 108 Scoring by quarter : 24 -- 23 , 23 -- 25 , 31 -- 31 , 20 -- 29 Pts : John Wall 26 Rebs : Marcin Gortat 12 Asts : John Wall 9 Pts : DeMar DeRozan 32 Rebs : Jonas Valančiūnas 13 Asts : Kyle Lowry 10 Raptors leads series , 3 - 2 Air Canada Centre , Toronto , Ontario Attendance : 19,987 Referees : Marc Davis , Mark Ayotte , John Goble ESPNews / NBA TV , SN1 April 27 7 : 00 pm Boxscore Toronto Raptors 102 , Washington Wizards 92 Scoring by quarter : 20 -- 30 , 30 -- 23 , 23 -- 25 , 29 -- 14 Pts : Kyle Lowry 24 Rebs : Jonas Valančiūnas 12 Asts : Kyle Lowry 6 Pts : Bradley Beal 32 Rebs : Markieff Morris 15 Asts : John Wall 8 Toronto wins series , 4 -- 2 Capital One Arena , Washington , D.C. Attendance : 20,356 Referees : James Capers , Sean Corbin , Zach Zarba Regular - season series show Tied 2 -- 2 in the regular - season series November 5 , 2017 Recap Washington Wizards 107 , Toronto Raptors 96 Air Canada Centre , Toronto , Ontario November 19 , 2017 Recap Washington Wizards 91 , Toronto Raptors 100 Air Canada Centre , Toronto , Ontario February 1 , 2018 Recap Toronto Raptors 119 , Washington Wizards 122 Capital One Arena , Washington , D.C. March 2 , 2018 Recap Toronto Raptors 102 , Washington Wizards 95 Capital One Arena , Washington , D.C. This was the second playoff meeting between these two teams , with the Wizards winning the first meeting . Previous playoffs series show Washington leads 1 -- 0 in all - time playoff series 2015 Toronto Raptors 0 , Washington Wizards 4 2015 Eastern Conference First Round ( 2 ) Boston Celtics vs. ( 7 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( edit ) TNT April 15 1 : 00 pm Boxscore Milwaukee Bucks 107 , Boston Celtics 113 ( OT ) Scoring by quarter : 17 -- 29 , 30 -- 15 , 19 -- 26 , 33 -- 29 , Overtime : 8 -- 14 Pts : Giannis Antetokounmpo 35 Rebs : Giannis Antetokounmpo 13 Asts : Giannis Antetokounmpo 7 Pts : Al Horford 24 Rebs : Al Horford 12 Asts : three players 4 each Celtics leads series , 1 - 0 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts Attendance : 18,624 Referees : Mike Callahan , Brian Forte , Jason Phillips TNT April 17 8 : 00 pm Boxscore Milwaukee Bucks 106 , Boston Celtics 120 Scoring by quarter : 22 -- 33 , 29 -- 27 , 24 -- 30 , 31 -- 30 Pts : Giannis Antetokounmpo 30 Rebs : Giannis Antetokounmpo 9 Asts : Giannis Antetokounmpo 8 Pts : Jaylen Brown 30 Rebs : Jayson Tatum 7 Asts : Terry Rozier 8 Celtics leads series , 2 - 0 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts Attendance : 18,624 Referees : Marc Davis , Mark Ayotte , Sean Wright ESPN April 20 9 : 30 pm Boxscore Boston Celtics 92 , Milwaukee Bucks 116 Scoring by quarter : 12 -- 27 , 23 -- 31 , 32 -- 27 , 25 -- 31 Pts : Al Horford 16 Rebs : Greg Monroe 12 Asts : Terry Rozier 9 Pts : Khris Middleton 23 Rebs : Khris Middleton 8 Asts : Khris Middleton 7 Celtics leads series , 2 - 1 Bradley Center , Milwaukee , Wisconsin Attendance : 18,717 Referees : Scott Foster , Sean Corbin , Courtney Kirkland ABC April 22 1 : 00 pm Boxscore Boston Celtics 102 , Milwaukee Bucks 104 Scoring by quarter : 17 -- 24 , 18 -- 27 , 32 -- 24 , 35 -- 29 Pts : Jaylen Brown 34 Rebs : Aron Baynes 11 Asts : Terry Rozier 8 Pts : Giannis Antetokounmpo 27 Rebs : Antetokounmpo , Parker 7 each Asts : Antetokounmpo , Bledsoe 5 each Series tied at , 2 - 2 Bradley Center , Milwaukee , Wisconsin Attendance : 18,717 Referees : Ed Malloy , Brent Barnaky , Tom Washington NBA TV April 24 7 : 00 pm Boxscore Milwaukee Bucks 87 , Boston Celtics 92 Scoring by quarter : 15 -- 23 , 22 -- 25 , 24 -- 24 , 26 -- 20 Pts : Khris Middleton 23 Rebs : Giannis Antetokounmpo 10 Asts : Giannis Antetokounmpo 9 Pts : Al Horford 22 Rebs : Al Horford 14 Asts : Terry Rozier 5 Celtics leads series , 3 - 2 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts Attendance : 18,624 Referees : Ken Mauer , Pat Fraher , James Williams TNT April 26 8 : 00 pm Boxscore Boston Celtics 86 , Milwaukee Bucks 97 Scoring by quarter : 24 -- 22 , 15 -- 26 , 26 -- 26 , 21 -- 23 Pts : Jayson Tatum 22 Rebs : Al Horford 10 Asts : Terry Rozier 5 Pts : Giannis Antetokounmpo 31 Rebs : Giannis Antetokounmpo 14 Asts : Matthew Dellavedova 6 Series tied at , 3 - 3 Bradley Center , Milwaukee , Wisconsin Attendance : 18,717 Referees : Mike Callahan , Tony Brothers , David Guthrie TNT April 28 8 : 00 pm Boxscore Milwaukee Bucks 96 , Boston Celtics 112 Scoring by quarter : 17 -- 30 , 25 -- 20 , 25 -- 31 , 29 -- 31 Pts : Khris Middleton 32 Rebs : Giannis Antetokounmpo 9 Asts : Giannis Antetokounmpo 5 Pts : Horford , Rozier 26 each Rebs : Al Horford 8 Asts : Terry Rozier 9 Boston wins series , 4 -- 3 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts Attendance : 18,624 Referees : Derrick Stafford , John Goble , Josh Tiven Regular - season series show Tied 2 -- 2 in the regular - season series October 18 , 2017 Recap Milwaukee Bucks 108 , Boston Celtics 100 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts October 26 , 2017 Recap Boston Celtics 96 , Milwaukee Bucks 89 UW -- Milwaukee Panther Arena , Milwaukee , Wisconsin December 4 , 2017 Recap Milwaukee Bucks 100 , Boston Celtics 111 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts April 3 , 2018 Recap Boston Celtics 102 , Milwaukee Bucks 106 Bradley Center , Milwaukee , Wisconsin This was the sixth playoff meeting between these two teams , with the Celtics winning four of the first five meetings . Previous playoff series show Boston leads 4 -- 1 in all - time playoff series Boston Celtics 4 , Milwaukee Bucks 3 1974 NBA Finals Boston Celtics 0 , Milwaukee Bucks 4 1983 Eastern Conference Semifinals 1984 Boston Celtics 4 , Milwaukee Bucks 1 1984 Eastern Conference Finals 1986 Boston Celtics 4 , Milwaukee Bucks 0 1986 Eastern Conference Finals Boston Celtics 4 , Milwaukee Bucks 3 1987 Eastern Conference Semifinals ( 3 ) Philadelphia 76ers vs. ( 6 ) Miami Heat ( edit ) ESPN April 14 8 : 00 pm Boxscore Miami Heat 103 , Philadelphia 76ers 130 Scoring by quarter : 35 -- 29 , 25 -- 27 , 18 -- 34 , 25 -- 40 Pts : Kelly Olynyk 26 Rebs : Olynyk , Winslow 7 each Asts : Kelly Olynyk 5 Pts : J.J. Redick 28 Rebs : Ersan İlyasova 14 Asts : Ben Simmons 14 76ers leads series , 1 - 0 Wells Fargo Center , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Attendance : 20,617 Referees : Marc Davis , Bill Kennedy , Bill Spooner TNT April 16 8 : 00 pm Boxscore Miami Heat 113 , Philadelphia 76ers 103 Scoring by quarter : 22 -- 29 , 34 -- 13 , 30 -- 33 , 27 -- 28 Pts : Dwyane Wade 28 Rebs : Johnson , Wade 7 each Asts : Kelly Olynyk 6 Pts : Ben Simmons 24 Rebs : Ersan İlyasova 11 Asts : Ben Simmons 8 Series tied at , 1 - 1 Wells Fargo Center , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Attendance : 20,753 Referees : Scott Foster , Tony Brothers , Karl Lane TNT April 19 7 : 00 pm Boxscore Philadelphia 76ers 128 , Miami Heat 108 Scoring by quarter : 37 -- 33 , 26 -- 31 , 33 -- 30 , 32 -- 14 Pts : Joel Embiid 23 Rebs : Ben Simmons 12 Asts : Ben Simmons 7 Pts : Goran Dragić 23 Rebs : Justise Winslow 10 Asts : Goran Dragić 8 76ers leads series , 2 - 1 American Airlines Arena , Miami , Florida Attendance : 19,812 Referees : James Capers , Tony Brown , Kane Fitzgerald TNT April 21 2 : 30 pm Boxscore Philadelphia 76ers 106 , Miami Heat 102 Scoring by quarter : 26 -- 26 , 30 -- 35 , 23 -- 22 , 27 -- 19 Pts : J.J. Redick 24 Rebs : Ben Simmons 13 Asts : Ben Simmons 10 Pts : Dwyane Wade 25 Rebs : Hassan Whiteside 13 Asts : Josh Richardson 7 76ers leads series , 3 - 1 American Airlines Arena , Miami , Florida Attendance : 19,804 Referees : Mike Callahan , Jason Phillips , Kevin Scott TNT April 24 8 : 00 pm Boxscore Miami Heat 91 , Philadelphia 76ers 104 Scoring by quarter : 21 -- 23 , 25 -- 23 , 20 -- 34 , 25 -- 24 Pts : Kelly Olynyk 18 Rebs : Kelly Olynyk 8 Asts : Kelly Olynyk 6 Pts : J.J. Redick 27 Rebs : Joel Embiid 12 Asts : Ben Simmons 6 Philadelphia wins series , 4 -- 1 Wells Fargo Center , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Attendance : 21,171 Referees : Derrick Stafford , Eric Lewis , Josh Tiven With the win , the Sixers won their first playoff series since 2012 . Regular - season series show Tied 2 -- 2 in the regular - season series February 2 , 2018 Recap Miami Heat 97 , Philadelphia 76ers 103 Wells Fargo Center , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania February 14 , 2018 Recap Miami Heat 102 , Philadelphia 76ers 104 Wells Fargo Center , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania February 27 , 2018 Recap Philadelphia 76ers 101 , Miami Heat 102 American Airlines Arena , Miami , Florida March 8 , 2018 Recap Philadelphia 76ers 99 , Miami Heat 108 American Airlines Arena , Miami , Florida This was the second playoff meeting between these two teams , with the Heat winning the first meeting . Previous playoffs series show Miami leads 1 -- 0 in all - time playoff series 2011 Philadelphia 76ers 1 , Miami Heat 4 2011 Eastern Conference First Round ( 4 ) Cleveland Cavaliers vs. ( 5 ) Indiana Pacers ( edit ) ABC April 15 3 : 30 pm Boxscore Indiana Pacers 98 , Cleveland Cavaliers 80 Scoring by quarter : 33 -- 14 , 22 -- 24 , 18 -- 27 , 25 -- 15 Pts : Victor Oladipo 32 Rebs : Myles Turner 8 Asts : Darren Collison 6 Pts : LeBron James 24 Rebs : Kevin Love 17 Asts : LeBron James 12 Pacers leads series , 1 - 0 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio Attendance : 20,562 Referees : Zach Zarba , Bennie Adams , John Goble TNT April 18 7 : 00 pm Boxscore Indiana Pacers 97 , Cleveland Cavaliers 100 Scoring by quarter : 18 -- 33 , 28 -- 25 , 21 -- 16 , 30 -- 26 Pts : Victor Oladipo 22 Rebs : Thaddeus Young 6 Asts : Collison , Oladipo 6 each Pts : LeBron James 46 Rebs : LeBron James 12 Asts : LeBron James 5 Series tied at , 1 - 1 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio Attendance : 20,562 Referees : Ed Malloy , David Guthrie , Eric Lewis ESPN April 20 7 : 00 pm Boxscore Cleveland Cavaliers 90 , Indiana Pacers 92 Scoring by quarter : 31 -- 20 , 26 -- 20 , 12 -- 23 , 21 -- 29 Pts : LeBron James 28 Rebs : LeBron James 12 Asts : LeBron James 8 Pts : Bojan Bogdanović 30 Rebs : Myles Turner 10 Asts : Victor Oladipo 7 Pacers leads series , 2 - 1 Bankers Life Fieldhouse , Indianapolis , Indiana Attendance : 17,923 Referees : Derrick Stafford , Derrick Collins , Josh Tiven TNT April 22 8 : 30 pm Boxscore Cleveland Cavaliers 104 , Indiana Pacers 100 Scoring by quarter : 30 -- 24 , 30 -- 26 , 20 -- 28 , 24 -- 22 Pts : LeBron James 32 Rebs : LeBron James 13 Asts : LeBron James 7 Pts : Domantas Sabonis 19 Rebs : Thaddeus Young 16 Asts : Darren Collison 8 Series tied at , 2 - 2 Bankers Life Fieldhouse , Indianapolis , Indiana Attendance : 17,923 Referees : Ken Mauer , Pat Fraher , Rodney Mott TNT April 25 7 : 00 pm Boxscore Indiana Pacers 95 , Cleveland Cavaliers 98 Scoring by quarter : 25 -- 23 , 31 -- 26 , 17 -- 32 , 22 -- 17 Pts : Domantas Sabonis 22 Rebs : Victor Oladipo 12 Asts : Cory Joseph 6 Pts : LeBron James 44 Rebs : James , Love 10 each Asts : LeBron James 8 Cavaliers leads series , 3 - 2 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio Attendance : 20,562 Referees : James Capers , Bill Kennedy , Bill Spooner LeBron James capped off his heroic Game 5 performance with a game - winning 3 at the buzzer to put the Cavaliers up 3 - 2 in the series . This was the fourth time James has hit a game - winning buzzer beater in the playoffs . ESPN April 27 8 : 00 pm Boxscore Cleveland Cavaliers 87 , Indiana Pacers 121 Scoring by quarter : 26 -- 29 , 21 -- 28 , 20 -- 35 , 20 -- 29 Pts : LeBron James 22 Rebs : Kevin Love 7 Asts : LeBron James 7 Pts : Victor Oladipo 28 Rebs : Victor Oladipo 13 Asts : Victor Oladipo 10 Series tied at , 3 - 3 Bankers Life Fieldhouse , Indianapolis , Indiana Attendance : 17,923 Referees : Marc Davis , Jason Phillips , Sean Wright ABC April 29 1 : 00 pm Boxscore Indiana Pacers 101 , Cleveland Cavaliers 105 Scoring by quarter : 19 -- 31 , 24 -- 23 , 31 -- 22 , 27 -- 29 Pts : Victor Oladipo 30 Rebs : Victor Oladipo 12 Asts : Victor Oladipo 6 Pts : LeBron James 45 Rebs : Tristan Thompson 10 Asts : LeBron James 7 Cleveland wins series , 4 -- 3 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio Attendance : 20,562 Referees : Scott Foster , Tony Brothers , Kane Fitzgerald Regular - season series show Indiana won 3 -- 1 in the regular - season series November 1 , 2017 Recap Indiana Pacers 124 , Cleveland Cavaliers 107 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio December 8 , 2017 Recap Cleveland Cavaliers 102 , Indiana Pacers 106 Bankers Life Fieldhouse , Indianapolis , Indiana January 12 , 2018 Recap Cleveland Cavaliers 95 , Indiana Pacers 97 Bankers Life Fieldhouse , Indianapolis , Indiana January 26 , 2018 Recap Indiana Pacers 108 , Cleveland Cavaliers 115 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio This was the third playoff meeting between these two teams , with each team winning one series . Previous playoffs series show Tied 1 -- 1 in all - time playoff series 1998 Cleveland Cavaliers 1 , Indiana Pacers 3 1998 Eastern Conference First Round 2017 Indiana Pacers 0 , Cleveland Cavaliers 4 2017 Eastern Conference First Round Western Conference ( edit ) ( 1 ) Houston Rockets vs. ( 8 ) Minnesota Timberwolves ( edit ) TNT April 15 9 : 00 pm Boxscore Minnesota Timberwolves 101 , Houston Rockets 104 Scoring by quarter : 21 -- 27 , 26 -- 27 , 25 -- 22 , 29 -- 28 Pts : Andrew Wiggins 18 Rebs : Karl - Anthony Towns 12 Asts : Jeff Teague 8 Pts : James Harden 44 Rebs : Clint Capela 12 Asts : James Harden 8 Rockets leads series , 1 - 0 Toyota Center , Houston , Texas Attendance : 18,055 Referees : Ken Mauer , Tony Brown , James Williams TNT April 18 9 : 30 pm Boxscore Minnesota Timberwolves 82 , Houston Rockets 102 Scoring by quarter : 23 -- 18 , 17 -- 37 , 18 -- 25 , 24 -- 22 Pts : Nemanja Bjelica 16 Rebs : Karl - Anthony Towns 10 Asts : Jones , Wiggins 3 each Pts : Chris Paul 27 Rebs : Clint Capela 16 Asts : Chris Paul 8 Rockets leads series , 2 - 0 Toyota Center , Houston , Texas Attendance : 18,055 Referees : Derrick Stafford , Pat Fraher , Mark Lindsay ESPN April 21 7 : 30 pm Boxscore Houston Rockets 105 , Minnesota Timberwolves 121 Scoring by quarter : 28 -- 27 , 23 -- 25 , 24 -- 35 , 30 -- 34 Pts : James Harden 29 Rebs : Clint Capela 11 Asts : James Harden 7 Pts : Jimmy Butler 28 Rebs : Karl - Anthony Towns 16 Asts : Jeff Teague 8 Rockets leads series , 2 - 1 Target Center , Minneapolis , Minnesota Attendance : 18,978 Referees : Marc Davis , Kevin Cutler , Bill Kennedy TNT April 23 8 : 00 pm Boxscore Houston Rockets 119 , Minnesota Timberwolves 100 Scoring by quarter : 21 -- 21 , 29 -- 28 , 50 -- 20 , 19 -- 31 Pts : James Harden 36 Rebs : Clint Capela 17 Asts : Chris Paul 6 Pts : Karl - Anthony Towns 22 Rebs : Karl - Anthony Towns 15 Asts : Butler , Teague 5 each Rockets leads series , 3 - 1 Target Center , Minneapolis , Minnesota Attendance : 18,978 Referees : James Capers , Mark Ayotte , David Guthrie TNT April 25 9 : 30 pm Boxscore Minnesota Timberwolves 104 , Houston Rockets 122 Scoring by quarter : 26 -- 25 , 33 -- 30 , 15 -- 30 , 30 -- 37 Pts : Karl - Anthony Towns 23 Rebs : Karl - Anthony Towns 14 Asts : Jeff Teague 7 Pts : Clint Capela 26 Rebs : Clint Capela 15 Asts : James Harden 12 Houston wins series , 4 -- 1 Toyota Center , Houston , Texas Attendance : 18,055 Referees : Zach Zarba , Brian Forte , Sean Wright Regular - season series show Houston won 4 -- 0 in the regular - season series January 18 , 2018 Recap Minnesota Timberwolves 98 , Houston Rockets 116 Toyota Center , Houston , Texas February 13 , 2018 Recap Houston Rockets 126 , Minnesota Timberwolves 108 Target Center , Minneapolis , Minnesota February 23 , 2018 Recap Minnesota Timberwolves 102 , Houston Rockets 120 Toyota Center , Houston , Texas March 18 , 2018 Recap Houston Rockets 129 , Minnesota Timberwolves 120 Target Center , Minneapolis , Minnesota This was the second playoff meeting between these two teams , with the Rockets winning the first meeting . Previous playoffs series show Houston leads 1 -- 0 in all - time playoff series 1997 Minnesota Timberwolves 0 , Houston Rockets 3 1997 Western Conference First Round ( 2 ) Golden State Warriors vs. ( 7 ) San Antonio Spurs ( edit ) ABC April 14 3 : 00 pm Boxscore San Antonio Spurs 92 , Golden State Warriors 113 Scoring by quarter : 17 -- 28 , 24 -- 29 , 22 -- 29 , 29 -- 27 Pts : Rudy Gay 15 Rebs : Rudy Gay 6 Asts : Pau Gasol 4 Pts : Klay Thompson 27 Rebs : Durant , Green 8 each Asts : Draymond Green 11 Warriors leads series , 1 - 0 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California Attendance : 19,596 Referees : James Capers , Kane Fitzgerald , Ron Garretson TNT April 16 10 : 30 pm Boxscore San Antonio Spurs 101 , Golden State Warriors 116 Scoring by quarter : 25 -- 23 , 28 -- 24 , 22 -- 33 , 26 -- 36 Pts : LaMarcus Aldridge 34 Rebs : LaMarcus Aldridge 12 Asts : five players 3 each Pts : Kevin Durant 32 Rebs : Iguodala , McGee 7 each Asts : Durant , Green 6 each Warriors leads series , 2 - 0 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California Attendance : 19,596 Referees : Ed Malloy , Brent Barnaky , Eric Lewis TNT April 19 9 : 30 pm Boxscore Golden State Warriors 110 , San Antonio Spurs 97 Scoring by quarter : 26 -- 23 , 26 -- 23 , 32 -- 26 , 26 -- 25 Pts : Kevin Durant 26 Rebs : Kevin Durant 9 Asts : Draymond Green 7 Pts : LaMarcus Aldridge 18 Rebs : LaMarcus Aldridge 10 Asts : Aldridge , Murray 4 each Warriors leads series , 3 - 0 AT&T Center , San Antonio , Texas Attendance : 18,418 Referees : Zach Zarba , Rodney Mott , Sean Wright ABC April 22 3 : 30 pm Boxscore Golden State Warriors 90 , San Antonio Spurs 103 Scoring by quarter : 22 -- 30 , 20 -- 26 , 29 -- 21 , 19 -- 26 Pts : Kevin Durant 34 Rebs : Draymond Green 18 Asts : Draymond Green 9 Pts : LaMarcus Aldridge 22 Rebs : LaMarcus Aldridge 10 Asts : Ginóbili , Mills 5 each Warriors leads series , 3 - 1 AT&T Center , San Antonio , Texas Attendance : 18,418 Referees : Scott Foster , Tony Brothers , Brian Forte TNT April 24 10 : 30 pm Boxscore San Antonio Spurs 91 , Golden State Warriors 99 Scoring by quarter : 20 -- 22 , 18 -- 27 , 27 -- 30 , 26 -- 20 Pts : LaMarcus Aldridge 30 Rebs : LaMarcus Aldridge 12 Asts : Manu Ginóbili 7 Pts : Kevin Durant 25 Rebs : Draymond Green 19 Asts : Draymond Green 7 Golden State wins series , 4 -- 1 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California Attendance : 19,596 Referees : Mike Callahan , Tony Brown , Jason Phillips Regular - season series show Golden State won 3 -- 1 in the regular - season series November 2 , 2017 Recap Golden State Warriors 112 , San Antonio Spurs 92 AT&T Center , San Antonio , Texas February 10 , 2018 Recap San Antonio Spurs 105 , Golden State Warriors 122 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California March 8 , 2018 Recap San Antonio Spurs 107 , Golden State Warriors 110 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California March 19 , 2018 Recap Golden State Warriors 75 , San Antonio Spurs 89 AT&T Center , San Antonio , Texas This was the fourth playoff meeting between these two teams , with the Warriors winning two of the first three meetings . Previous playoff series show Golden State leads 2 -- 1 in all - time playoff series 1991 Golden State Warriors 3 , San Antonio Spurs 1 1991 Western Conference First Round 2013 Golden State Warriors 2 , San Antonio Spurs 4 2013 Western Conference Semifinals 2017 Golden State Warriors 4 , San Antonio Spurs 0 2017 Western Conference Finals ( 3 ) Portland Trail Blazers vs. ( 6 ) New Orleans Pelicans ( edit ) ESPN April 14 10 : 30 pm Boxscore New Orleans Pelicans 97 , Portland Trail Blazers 95 Scoring by quarter : 21 -- 18 , 24 -- 18 , 30 -- 27 , 22 -- 32 Pts : Anthony Davis 35 Rebs : Anthony Davis 14 Asts : Rajon Rondo 17 Pts : C.J. McCollum 19 Rebs : Ed Davis 13 Asts : Damian Lillard 7 Pelicans leads series , 1 - 0 Moda Center , Portland , Oregon Attendance : 19,882 Referees : Ed Malloy , Eric Lewis , Mark Lindsay TNT April 17 10 : 30 pm Boxscore New Orleans Pelicans 111 , Portland Trail Blazers 102 Scoring by quarter : 25 -- 23 , 29 -- 36 , 33 -- 19 , 24 -- 24 Pts : Jrue Holiday 33 Rebs : Anthony Davis 13 Asts : Holiday , Rondo 9 each Pts : C.J. McCollum 22 Rebs : Al - Farouq Aminu 15 Asts : C.J. McCollum 6 Pelicans leads series , 2 - 0 Moda Center , Portland , Oregon Attendance : 20,066 Referees : Zach Zarba , Sean Corbin , John Goble NBA TV April 19 9 : 00 pm Boxscore Portland Trail Blazers 102 , New Orleans Pelicans 119 Scoring by quarter : 20 -- 36 , 25 -- 28 , 25 -- 27 , 32 -- 28 Pts : C.J. McCollum 22 Rebs : Al - Farouq Aminu 8 Asts : Maurice Harkless 4 Pts : Nikola Mirotić 30 Rebs : Anthony Davis 11 Asts : Rajon Rondo 11 Pelicans leads series , 3 - 0 Smoothie King Center , New Orleans , Louisiana Attendance : 18,551 Referees : Mike Callahan , Jason Phillips , Tom Washington TNT April 21 5 : 00 pm Boxscore Portland Trail Blazers 123 , New Orleans Pelicans 131 Scoring by quarter : 25 -- 26 , 31 -- 32 , 31 -- 42 , 36 -- 31 Pts : C.J. McCollum 38 Rebs : Jusuf Nurkić 11 Asts : Damian Lillard 6 Pts : Anthony Davis 47 Rebs : Davis , Mirotić 11 each Asts : Rajon Rondo 16 New Orleans wins series , 4 -- 0 Smoothie King Center , New Orleans , Louisiana Attendance : 18,544 Referees : James Capers , Kane Fitzgerald , Ron Garretson The Pelicans completed a sweep of the Trail Blazers for their 1st series win in the playoffs since the 2008 NBA Playoffs against the Dallas Mavericks as the New Orleans Hornets . Regular - season series show Tied 2 -- 2 in the regular - season series October 24 , 2017 Recap New Orleans Pelicans 93 , Portland Trail Blazers 103 Moda Center , Portland , Oregon December 2 , 2017 Recap New Orleans Pelicans 123 , Portland Trail Blazers 116 Moda Center , Portland , Oregon January 12 , 2018 Recap Portland Trail Blazers 113 , New Orleans Pelicans 119 Smoothie King Center , New Orleans , Louisiana March 27 , 2018 Recap Portland Trail Blazers 107 , New Orleans Pelicans 103 Smoothie King Center , New Orleans , Louisiana This was the first playoff meeting between the Trail Blazers and Pelicans . ( 4 ) Oklahoma City Thunder vs. ( 5 ) Utah Jazz ( edit ) TNT April 15 6 : 30 pm Boxscore Utah Jazz 108 , Oklahoma City Thunder 116 Scoring by quarter : 25 -- 25 , 23 -- 29 , 24 -- 27 , 36 -- 35 Pts : Donovan Mitchell 27 Rebs : Donovan Mitchell 10 Asts : Ricky Rubio 5 Pts : Paul George 36 Rebs : Russell Westbrook 13 Asts : Russell Westbrook 8 Thunder leads series , 1 - 0 Chesapeake Energy Arena , Oklahoma City , Oklahoma Attendance : 18,203 Referees : Derrick Stafford , David Guthrie , Josh Tiven NBA TV April 18 8 : 00 pm Boxscore Utah Jazz 102 , Oklahoma City Thunder 95 Scoring by quarter : 26 -- 25 , 27 -- 21 , 21 -- 33 , 28 -- 16 Pts : Donovan Mitchell 28 Rebs : Derrick Favors 16 Asts : Ricky Rubio 9 Pts : Russell Westbrook 19 Rebs : Paul George 10 Asts : Russell Westbrook 13 Series tied at , 1 - 1 Chesapeake Energy Arena , Oklahoma City , Oklahoma Attendance : 18,203 Referees : Ken Mauer , James Williams , Gary Zielinski ESPN April 21 10 : 00 pm Boxscore Oklahoma City Thunder 102 , Utah Jazz 115 Scoring by quarter : 30 -- 22 , 23 -- 36 , 22 -- 31 , 27 -- 26 Pts : Paul George 23 Rebs : Russell Westbrook 11 Asts : Russell Westbrook 9 Pts : Ricky Rubio 26 Rebs : Rudy Gobert 12 Asts : Ricky Rubio 10 Jazz leads series , 2 - 1 Vivint Smart Home Arena , Salt Lake City , Utah Attendance : 18,306 Referees : Zach Zarba , Bennie Adams , John Goble TNT April 23 10 : 30 pm Boxscore Oklahoma City Thunder 96 , Utah Jazz 113 Scoring by quarter : 30 -- 24 , 22 -- 34 , 21 -- 32 , 23 -- 23 Pts : Paul George 32 Rebs : Russell Westbrook 14 Asts : Russell Westbrook 3 Pts : Donovan Mitchell 33 Rebs : Rudy Gobert 10 Asts : Ricky Rubio 8 Jazz leads series , 3 - 1 Vivint Smart Home Arena , Salt Lake City , Utah Attendance : 18,306 Referees : Marc Davis , Bill Kennedy , Bill Spooner NBA TV April 25 9 : 30 pm Boxscore Utah Jazz 99 , Oklahoma City Thunder 107 Scoring by quarter : 34 -- 29 , 22 -- 12 , 22 -- 37 , 21 -- 29 Pts : Jae Crowder 27 Rebs : Ricky Rubio 12 Asts : Ricky Rubio 7 Pts : Russell Westbrook 45 Rebs : Russell Westbrook 15 Asts : Russell Westbrook 7 Jazz leads series , 3 - 2 Chesapeake Energy Arena , Oklahoma City , Oklahoma Attendance : 18,203 Referees : Ed Malloy , Kane Fitzgerald , Tom Washington The Thunder trailed by as much as 25 points in the 3rd quarter . However , Russell Westbrook and Paul George combined for 47 second - half points to help keep their season alive . The Thunder outscored the Jazz 61 - 28 since the comeback started with 8 : 32 left in the 3rd quarter . The 25 - point rally was their largest in franchise history and one of the biggest comebacks for a team facing elimination in playoff history . ESPN April 27 10 : 30 pm Boxscore Oklahoma City Thunder 91 , Utah Jazz 96 Scoring by quarter : 22 -- 18 , 19 -- 23 , 29 -- 37 , 21 -- 18 Pts : Russell Westbrook 46 Rebs : Steven Adams 15 Asts : Paul George 8 Pts : Donovan Mitchell 38 Rebs : Rudy Gobert 13 Asts : Joe Ingles 5 Utah wins series , 4 -- 2 Vivint Smart Home Arena , Salt Lake City , Utah Attendance : 18,306 Referees : Scott Foster , Ron Garretson , Eric Lewis Regular - season series show Oklahoma City won 3 -- 1 in the regular - season series October 21 , 2017 Recap Oklahoma City Thunder 87 , Utah Jazz 96 Vivint Smart Home Arena , Salt Lake City , Utah December 5 , 2017 Recap Utah Jazz 94 , Oklahoma City Thunder 100 Chesapeake Energy Arena , Oklahoma City , Oklahoma December 20 , 2017 Recap Utah Jazz 79 , Oklahoma City Thunder 107 Chesapeake Energy Arena , Oklahoma City , Oklahoma December 23 , 2017 Recap Oklahoma City Thunder 103 , Utah Jazz 89 Vivint Smart Home Arena , Salt Lake City , Utah This was the fifth playoff meeting between the SuperSonics / Thunder franchise and the Jazz , but the first since the Seattle SuperSonics relocated to Oklahoma City and became the Thunder in 2008 . The two teams have split their previous four playoff matchups . Previous playoffs series show Tied 2 -- 2 in all - time playoff series 1992 Seattle SuperSonics 1 , Utah Jazz 4 1992 Western Conference Semifinals 1993 Seattle SuperSonics 3 , Utah Jazz 2 1993 Western Conference First Round Seattle SuperSonics 4 , Utah Jazz 3 1996 Western Conference Finals 2000 Seattle SuperSonics 2 , Utah Jazz 3 2000 Western Conference First Round Conference semifinals ( edit ) Note : All times listed are in EDT ( UTC − 4 ) . Eastern Conference semifinals ( edit ) ( 1 ) Toronto Raptors vs. ( 4 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( edit ) TNT , TSN May 1 8 : 00 pm Boxscore Cleveland Cavaliers 113 , Toronto Raptors 112 ( OT ) Scoring by quarter : 19 -- 33 , 38 -- 27 , 25 -- 27 , 23 -- 18 , Overtime : 8 -- 7 Pts : LeBron James 26 Rebs : Kevin Love 13 Asts : LeBron James 13 Pts : DeMar DeRozan 22 Rebs : Jonas Valančiūnas 21 Asts : Kyle Lowry 10 Cavaliers leads series , 1 - 0 Air Canada Centre , Toronto , Ontario Attendance : 19,954 Referees : Derrick Stafford , Pat Fraher , John Goble ESPN , SN1 May 3 6 : 00 pm Boxscore Cleveland Cavaliers 128 , Toronto Raptors 110 Scoring by quarter : 26 -- 29 , 35 -- 34 , 37 -- 24 , 30 -- 23 Pts : LeBron James 43 Rebs : Kevin Love 11 Asts : LeBron James 14 Pts : DeMar DeRozan 24 Rebs : Jonas Valančiūnas 12 Asts : Kyle Lowry 8 Cavaliers leads series , 2 - 0 Air Canada Centre , Toronto , Ontario Attendance : 20,127 Referees : Ken Mauer , Kane Fitzgerald , Brian Forte ABC , SN1 May 5 8 : 30 pm Boxscore Toronto Raptors 103 , Cleveland Cavaliers 105 Scoring by quarter : 19 -- 24 , 21 -- 31 , 25 -- 24 , 38 -- 26 Pts : Kyle Lowry 27 Rebs : Jonas Valančiūnas 11 Asts : Kyle Lowry 7 Pts : LeBron James 38 Rebs : Kevin Love 16 Asts : LeBron James 7 Cavaliers leads series , 3 - 0 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio Attendance : 20,562 Referees : Mike Callahan , Courtney Kirkland , Josh Tiven LeBron James capped off a 38 - point performance with a mid-range fadeaway bank shot at the buzzer to lead the Cavs to a commanding 3 -- 0 series lead . TNT , TSN May 7 8 : 30 pm Boxscore Toronto Raptors 93 , Cleveland Cavaliers 128 Scoring by quarter : 26 -- 30 , 21 -- 33 , 25 -- 37 , 21 -- 28 Pts : Jonas Valančiūnas 18 Rebs : DeRozan , Valančiūnas 5 each Asts : Kyle Lowry 10 Pts : LeBron James 29 Rebs : LeBron James 8 Asts : LeBron James 11 Cleveland wins series , 4 -- 0 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio Attendance : 20,562 Referees : Marc Davis , Tony Brown , David Guthrie Regular - season series show Cleveland won 2 -- 1 in the regular - season series January 11 , 2018 Recap Cleveland Cavaliers 99 , Toronto Raptors 133 Air Canada Centre , Toronto , Ontario March 21 , 2018 Recap Toronto Raptors 129 , Cleveland Cavaliers 132 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio April 3 , 2018 Recap Toronto Raptors 106 , Cleveland Cavaliers 112 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio This was the third playoff meeting between these two teams , with Cleveland winning the first two meetings . Previous playoffs series show Cleveland leads 2 -- 0 in all - time playoff series 2016 Toronto Raptors 2 , Cleveland Cavaliers 4 2016 Eastern Conference Finals 2017 Toronto Raptors 0 , Cleveland Cavaliers 4 2017 Eastern Conference Semifinals ( 2 ) Boston Celtics vs. ( 3 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( edit ) TNT April 30 8 : 00 pm Boxscore Philadelphia 76ers 101 , Boston Celtics 117 Scoring by quarter : 22 -- 25 , 23 -- 31 , 30 -- 31 , 26 -- 30 Pts : Joel Embiid 31 Rebs : Joel Embiid 13 Asts : Ben Simmons 6 Pts : Terry Rozier 29 Rebs : Terry Rozier 8 Asts : Marcus Smart 9 Celtics leads series , 1 - 0 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts Attendance : 18,624 Referees : Marc Davis , Ed Malloy , Bill Spooner TNT May 3 8 : 30 pm Boxscore Philadelphia 76ers 103 , Boston Celtics 108 Scoring by quarter : 31 -- 22 , 25 -- 29 , 19 -- 28 , 28 -- 29 Pts : J.J. Redick 23 Rebs : Joel Embiid 14 Asts : Ben Simmons 7 Pts : Jayson Tatum 21 Rebs : Al Horford 12 Asts : Terry Rozier 9 Celtics leads series , 2 - 0 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts Attendance : 18,624 Referees : Mike Callahan , Jason Phillips , Sean Wright ESPN May 5 5 : 00 pm Boxscore Boston Celtics 101 , Philadelphia 76ers 98 ( OT ) Scoring by quarter : 19 -- 20 , 29 -- 31 , 21 -- 17 , 20 -- 21 , Overtime : 12 -- 9 Pts : Jayson Tatum 24 Rebs : Aron Baynes 10 Asts : Jayson Tatum 4 Pts : Joel Embiid 22 Rebs : Joel Embiid 19 Asts : Ben Simmons 8 Celtics leads series , 3 - 0 Wells Fargo Center , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Attendance : 20,758 Referees : Derrick Stafford , Pat Fraher , John Goble TNT May 7 6 : 00 pm Boxscore Boston Celtics 92 , Philadelphia 76ers 103 Scoring by quarter : 22 -- 21 , 21 -- 26 , 22 -- 29 , 27 -- 27 Pts : Jayson Tatum 20 Rebs : Al Horford 10 Asts : Jayson Tatum 4 Pts : Dario Šarić 25 Rebs : Embiid , Simmons 13 each Asts : McConnell , Simmons 5 each Celtics leads series , 3 - 1 Wells Fargo Center , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Attendance : 20,936 Referees : Scott Foster , Tony Brothers , Sean Corbin TNT May 9 8 : 00 pm Boxscore Philadelphia 76ers 112 , Boston Celtics 114 Scoring by quarter : 24 -- 25 , 28 -- 36 , 30 -- 22 , 30 -- 31 Pts : Embiid , Šarić 27 each Rebs : Joel Embiid 12 Asts : McConnell , Simmons 6 each Pts : Jayson Tatum 25 Rebs : Aron Baynes 9 Asts : Marcus Smart 6 Boston wins series , 4 -- 1 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts Attendance : 18,624 Referees : James Capers , Tom Washington , Zach Zarba Regular - season series show Boston won 3 -- 1 in the regular - season series October 20 , 2017 Recap Boston Celtics 102 , Philadelphia 76ers 92 Wells Fargo Center , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania November 30 , 2017 Recap Philadelphia 76ers 97 , Boston Celtics 108 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts January 11 , 2018 Recap Boston Celtics 114 , Philadelphia 76ers 103 The O2 Arena , London , United Kingdom January 18 , 2018 Recap Philadelphia 76ers 89 , Boston Celtics 80 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts This was the 21st playoff meeting between these two teams , with the Celtics winning 12 of the first 20 meetings . Previous playoffs series show Boston leads 12 -- 8 in all - time playoff series 1953 Boston Celtics 2 , Syracuse Nationals 0 1953 Eastern Division Semifinals 1954 Boston Celtics 0 , Syracuse Nationals 2 1954 Eastern Division Round Robin Semifinals 1954 Boston Celtics 0 , Syracuse Nationals 2 1954 Eastern Division Finals 1955 Boston Celtics 1 , Syracuse Nationals 3 1955 Eastern Division Finals 1956 Boston Celtics 1 , Syracuse Nationals 2 1956 Eastern Division Semifinals 1957 Boston Celtics 3 , Syracuse Nationals 0 1957 Eastern Division Finals 1959 Boston Celtics 4 , Syracuse Nationals 3 1959 Eastern Division Finals 1961 Boston Celtics 4 , Syracuse Nationals 1 1961 Eastern Division Finals 1965 Boston Celtics 4 , Philadelphia 76ers 3 1965 Eastern Division Finals 1966 Boston Celtics 4 , Philadelphia 76ers 1 1966 Eastern Division Finals 1967 Boston Celtics 1 , Philadelphia 76ers 4 1967 Eastern Division Finals 1968 Boston Celtics 4 , Philadelphia 76ers 3 1968 Eastern Division Finals 1969 Boston Celtics 4 , Philadelphia 76ers 1 1969 Eastern Division Semifinals 1977 Boston Celtics 3 , Philadelphia 76ers 4 1977 Eastern Conference Semifinals 1980 Boston Celtics 1 , Philadelphia 76ers 4 1980 Eastern Conference Finals 1981 Boston Celtics 4 , Philadelphia 76ers 3 1981 Eastern Conference Finals 1982 Boston Celtics 3 , Philadelphia 76ers 4 1982 Eastern Conference Finals 1985 Boston Celtics 4 , Philadelphia 76ers 1 1985 Eastern Conference Finals 2002 Boston Celtics 3 , Philadelphia 76ers 2 2002 Eastern Conference First Round 2012 Boston Celtics 4 , Philadelphia 76ers 3 2012 Eastern Conference Semifinals Western Conference semifinals ( edit ) ( 1 ) Houston Rockets vs. ( 5 ) Utah Jazz ( edit ) ABC April 29 3 : 30 pm Boxscore Utah Jazz 96 , Houston Rockets 110 Scoring by quarter : 21 -- 34 , 18 -- 30 , 29 -- 22 , 28 -- 24 Pts : Crowder , Mitchell 21 each Rebs : Rudy Gobert 9 Asts : Ingles , Mitchell 5 each Pts : James Harden 41 Rebs : Clint Capela 12 Asts : James Harden 7 Rockets leads series , 1 - 0 Toyota Center , Houston , Texas Attendance : 18,055 Referees : James Capers , Tom Washington , Zach Zarba TNT May 2 8 : 00 pm Boxscore Utah Jazz 116 , Houston Rockets 108 Scoring by quarter : 36 -- 28 , 28 -- 27 , 22 -- 30 , 30 -- 23 Pts : Joe Ingles 27 Rebs : Rudy Gobert 14 Asts : Donovan Mitchell 11 Pts : James Harden 32 Rebs : Clint Capela 11 Asts : James Harden 11 Series tied at , 1 - 1 Toyota Center , Houston , Texas Attendance : 18,055 Referees : Scott Foster , Bennie Adams , Tony Brothers ESPN May 4 10 : 30 pm Boxscore Houston Rockets 113 , Utah Jazz 92 Scoring by quarter : 39 -- 22 , 31 -- 18 , 23 -- 25 , 20 -- 27 Pts : Gordon , Harden 25 each Rebs : Clint Capela 8 Asts : James Harden 12 Pts : Royce O'Neale 17 Rebs : Rudy Gobert 9 Asts : Raulzinho Neto 4 Rockets leads series , 2 - 1 Vivint Smart Home Arena , Salt Lake City , Utah Attendance : 18,306 Referees : Marc Davis , Ron Garretson , Ed Malloy TNT May 6 8 : 00 pm Boxscore Houston Rockets 100 , Utah Jazz 87 Scoring by quarter : 30 -- 23 , 28 -- 25 , 21 -- 17 , 21 -- 22 Pts : Chris Paul 27 Rebs : Clint Capela 15 Asts : Chris Paul 6 Pts : Donovan Mitchell 25 Rebs : Rudy Gobert 10 Asts : Joe Ingles 4 Rockets leads series , 3 - 1 Vivint Smart Home Arena , Salt Lake City , Utah Attendance : 18,306 Referees : Ken Mauer , Bill Kennedy , James Williams TNT May 8 8 : 00 pm Boxscore Utah Jazz 102 , Houston Rockets 112 Scoring by quarter : 16 -- 21 , 30 -- 33 , 32 -- 21 , 24 -- 37 Pts : Donovan Mitchell 24 Rebs : Rudy Gobert 9 Asts : Donovan Mitchell 9 Pts : Chris Paul 41 Rebs : Chris Paul 7 Asts : Chris Paul 10 Houston wins series , 4 -- 1 Toyota Center , Houston , Texas Attendance : 18,055 Referees : Mike Callahan , John Goble , Eric Lewis Regular - season series show Houston won 4 -- 0 in the regular - season series November 5 , 2017 Recap Utah Jazz 110 , Houston Rockets 137 Toyota Center , Houston , Texas December 7 , 2017 Recap Houston Rockets 112 , Utah Jazz 101 Vivint Smart Home Arena , Salt Lake City , Utah December 18 , 2017 Recap Utah Jazz 99 , Houston Rockets 120 Toyota Center , Houston , Texas February 26 , 2018 Recap Houston Rockets 96 , Utah Jazz 85 Vivint Smart Home Arena , Salt Lake City , Utah This was the eighth playoff meeting between these two teams , with the Jazz winning five of the first seven meetings . Previous playoffs series show Utah leads 5 -- 2 in all - time playoff series 1985 Houston Rockets 2 , Utah Jazz 3 1985 Western Conference First Round 1994 Houston Rockets 4 , Utah Jazz 1 1994 Western Conference Finals 1995 Houston Rockets 3 , Utah Jazz 2 1995 Western Conference First Round 1997 Houston Rockets 2 , Utah Jazz 4 1997 Western Conference Finals 1998 Houston Rockets 2 , Utah Jazz 3 1998 Western Conference First Round 2007 Houston Rockets 3 , Utah Jazz 4 2007 Western Conference First Round 2008 Houston Rockets 2 , Utah Jazz 4 2008 Western Conference First Round ( 2 ) Golden State Warriors vs. ( 6 ) New Orleans Pelicans ( edit ) TNT April 28 10 : 30 pm Boxscore New Orleans Pelicans 101 , Golden State Warriors 123 Scoring by quarter : 34 -- 35 , 21 -- 41 , 19 -- 27 , 27 -- 20 Pts : Anthony Davis 21 Rebs : Anthony Davis 10 Asts : Rajon Rondo 11 Pts : Klay Thompson 27 Rebs : Draymond Green 15 Asts : Draymond Green 11 Warriors leads series , 1 - 0 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California Attendance : 19,596 Referees : Ken Mauer , Bill Kennedy , James Williams TNT May 1 10 : 30 pm Boxscore New Orleans Pelicans 115 , Golden State Warriors 121 Scoring by quarter : 29 -- 27 , 26 -- 31 , 31 -- 30 , 29 -- 33 Pts : Anthony Davis 25 Rebs : Anthony Davis 15 Asts : Rajon Rondo 12 Pts : Kevin Durant 29 Rebs : Draymond Green 9 Asts : Draymond Green 12 Warriors leads series , 2 - 0 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California Attendance : 19,596 Referees : Mike Callahan , Jason Phillips , Sean Wright ESPN May 4 8 : 00 pm Boxscore Golden State Warriors 100 , New Orleans Pelicans 119 Scoring by quarter : 21 -- 30 , 35 -- 32 , 19 -- 30 , 25 -- 27 Pts : Klay Thompson 26 Rebs : Draymond Green 12 Asts : Draymond Green 9 Pts : Anthony Davis 33 Rebs : Anthony Davis 18 Asts : Rajon Rondo 21 Warriors leads series , 2 - 1 Smoothie King Center , New Orleans , Louisiana Attendance : 18,551 Referees : Scott Foster , Mark Ayotte , Eric Lewis ABC May 6 3 : 30 pm Boxscore Golden State Warriors 118 , New Orleans Pelicans 92 Scoring by quarter : 37 -- 22 , 24 -- 32 , 33 -- 19 , 24 -- 19 Pts : Kevin Durant 38 Rebs : Durant , Green 9 each Asts : Draymond Green 9 Pts : Anthony Davis 26 Rebs : Anthony Davis 12 Asts : Rajon Rondo 6 Warriors leads series , 3 - 1 Smoothie King Center , New Orleans , Louisiana Attendance : 18,513 Referees : James Capers , Tom Washington , Zach Zarba TNT May 8 10 : 30 pm Boxscore New Orleans Pelicans 104 , Golden State Warriors 113 Scoring by quarter : 26 -- 32 , 30 -- 27 , 19 -- 36 , 29 -- 18 Pts : Anthony Davis 34 Rebs : Anthony Davis 19 Asts : Jrue Holiday 11 Pts : Stephen Curry 28 Rebs : Draymond Green 14 Asts : Draymond Green 9 Golden State wins series , 4 -- 1 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California Attendance : 19,596 Referees : Derrick Stafford , Ed Malloy , Josh Tiven Regular - season series show Golden State won 3 -- 1 in the regular - season series October 20 , 2017 Recap Golden State Warriors 128 , New Orleans Pelicans 120 Smoothie King Center , New Orleans , Louisiana November 25 , 2017 Recap New Orleans Pelicans 95 , Golden State Warriors 110 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California December 4 , 2017 Recap Golden State Warriors 125 , New Orleans Pelicans 115 Smoothie King Center , New Orleans , Louisiana April 7 , 2018 Recap New Orleans Pelicans 126 , Golden State Warriors 120 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California This was the second meeting in the playoffs between the two teams , with the Warriors winning the first meeting . Previous playoffs series show Golden State leads 1 -- 0 in all - time playoff series 2015 New Orleans Pelicans 0 , Golden State Warriors 4 2015 Western Conference First Round Conference Finals ( edit ) Main article : NBA Conference Finals Note : All times listed are in EDT ( UTC − 4 ) . Eastern Conference Finals ( edit ) ( 2 ) Boston Celtics vs. ( 4 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( edit ) ABC May 13 3 : 30 pm Boxscore Cleveland Cavaliers 83 , Boston Celtics 108 Scoring by quarter : 18 -- 36 , 17 -- 25 , 29 -- 17 , 19 -- 30 Pts : Kevin Love 17 Rebs : Tristan Thompson 11 Asts : LeBron James 9 Pts : Jaylen Brown 23 Rebs : Marcus Morris 10 Asts : Terry Rozier 8 Celtics leads series , 1 - 0 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts Attendance : 18,624 Referees : Marc Davis , Pat Fraher , John Goble ESPN May 15 8 : 30 pm Boxscore Cleveland Cavaliers 94 , Boston Celtics 107 Scoring by quarter : 27 -- 23 , 28 -- 25 , 22 -- 36 , 17 -- 23 Pts : LeBron James 42 Rebs : Kevin Love 15 Asts : LeBron James 12 Pts : Jaylen Brown 23 Rebs : Al Horford 10 Asts : Marcus Smart 9 Celtics leads series , 2 - 0 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts Attendance : 18,624 Referees : Mike Callahan , Derrick Stafford , Sean Wright ESPN May 19 8 : 30 pm Boxscore Boston Celtics 86 , Cleveland Cavaliers 116 Scoring by quarter : 17 -- 32 , 24 -- 29 , 22 -- 26 , 23 -- 29 Pts : Jayson Tatum 18 Rebs : Al Horford 7 Asts : Marcus Smart 6 Pts : LeBron James 27 Rebs : Kevin Love 14 Asts : LeBron James 12 Celtics leads series , 2 - 1 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio Attendance : 20,562 Referees : James Capers , Josh Tiven , Zach Zarba ESPN May 21 8 : 30 pm Boxscore Boston Celtics 102 , Cleveland Cavaliers 111 Scoring by quarter : 18 -- 34 , 35 -- 34 , 23 -- 21 , 26 -- 22 Pts : Jaylen Brown 25 Rebs : Al Horford 7 Asts : Terry Rozier 11 Pts : LeBron James 44 Rebs : Tristan Thompson 12 Asts : four players 3 each Series tied at , 2 - 2 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio Attendance : 20,562 Referees : Scott Foster , Bill Kennedy , Eric Lewis ESPN May 23 8 : 30 pm Boxscore Cleveland Cavaliers 83 , Boston Celtics 96 Scoring by quarter : 19 -- 32 , 23 -- 21 , 18 -- 23 , 23 -- 20 Pts : LeBron James 26 Rebs : LeBron James 10 Asts : LeBron James 5 Pts : Jayson Tatum 24 Rebs : Al Horford 12 Asts : Terry Rozier 6 Celtics leads series , 3 - 2 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts Attendance : 18,624 Referees : Ken Mauer , Ed Malloy , Jason Phillips ESPN May 25 8 : 30 pm Boxscore Boston Celtics 99 , Cleveland Cavaliers 109 Scoring by quarter : 25 -- 20 , 18 -- 34 , 30 -- 29 , 26 -- 26 Pts : Terry Rozier 28 Rebs : Al Horford 9 Asts : Marcus Smart 8 Pts : LeBron James 46 Rebs : LeBron James 11 Asts : LeBron James 9 Series tied at , 3 - 3 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio Attendance : 20,562 Referees : Mike Callahan , John Goble , Derrick Stafford ESPN May 27 8 : 30 pm Boxscore Cleveland Cavaliers 87 , Boston Celtics 79 Scoring by quarter : 18 -- 26 , 21 -- 17 , 20 -- 13 , 28 -- 23 Pts : LeBron James 35 Rebs : LeBron James 15 Asts : LeBron James 9 Pts : Jayson Tatum 24 Rebs : Marcus Morris 12 Asts : Marcus Smart 7 Cleveland wins series , 4 -- 3 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts Attendance : 18,624 Referees : Marc Davis , James Capers , Zach Zarba It marked the first time since the 1987 -- 88 season that the Celtics made two consecutive Conference Finals . Their loss at home after leading 3 -- 2 in the series was first time since 2009 . Fifth time road team wins game 7 after home team wins first six games . LeBron James becomes the first non-Celtic to advance to 8 consecutive NBA Finals . Regular - season series show Cleveland won 2 -- 1 in the regular - season series October 17 , 2017 Recap Boston Celtics 99 , Cleveland Cavaliers 102 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio January 3 , 2018 Recap Cleveland Cavaliers 88 , Boston Celtics 102 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts February 11 , 2018 Recap Cleveland Cavaliers 121 , Boston Celtics 99 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts This was the eighth playoff meeting between these two teams , with the Celtics winning four of the first seven meetings . Previous playoff series show Boston leads 4 -- 3 in all - time playoff series 1976 Boston Celtics 4 , Cleveland Cavaliers 2 1976 Eastern Conference Finals 1985 Boston Celtics 3 , Cleveland Cavaliers 1 1985 Eastern Conference First Round 1992 Cleveland Cavaliers 4 , Boston Celtics 3 1992 Eastern Conference Semifinals 2008 Boston Celtics 4 , Cleveland Cavaliers 3 2008 Eastern Conference Semifinals Cleveland Cavaliers 2 , Boston Celtics 4 2010 Eastern Conference Semifinals 2015 Cleveland Cavaliers 4 , Boston Celtics 0 2015 Eastern Conference First Round 2017 Cleveland Cavaliers 4 , Boston Celtics 1 2017 Eastern Conference Finals Western Conference Finals ( edit ) ( 1 ) Houston Rockets vs. ( 2 ) Golden State Warriors ( edit ) TNT May 14 9 : 00 pm Boxscore Golden State Warriors 119 , Houston Rockets 106 Scoring by quarter : 29 -- 30 , 27 -- 26 , 31 -- 24 , 32 -- 26 Pts : Kevin Durant 37 Rebs : Draymond Green 9 Asts : Draymond Green 9 Pts : James Harden 41 Rebs : Chris Paul 11 Asts : James Harden 7 Warriors leads series , 1 - 0 Toyota Center , Houston , Texas Attendance : 18,055 Referees : Scott Foster , Tony Brothers , Tom Washington TNT May 16 9 : 00 pm Boxscore Golden State Warriors 105 , Houston Rockets 127 Scoring by quarter : 21 -- 26 , 29 -- 38 , 29 -- 31 , 26 -- 32 Pts : Kevin Durant 38 Rebs : Stephen Curry 7 Asts : Stephen Curry 7 Pts : Gordon , Harden 27 each Rebs : Capela , Harden 10 each Asts : Ariza , Paul 6 each Series tied at , 1 - 1 Toyota Center , Houston , Texas Attendance : 18,119 Referees : Ken Mauer , David Guthrie , Ed Malloy TNT May 20 8 : 00 pm Boxscore Houston Rockets 85 , Golden State Warriors 126 Scoring by quarter : 22 -- 31 , 21 -- 23 , 24 -- 34 , 18 -- 38 Pts : James Harden 20 Rebs : Chris Paul 10 Asts : James Harden 9 Pts : Stephen Curry 35 Rebs : Draymond Green 17 Asts : Durant , Green 6 each Warriors leads series , 2 - 1 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California Attendance : 19,596 Referees : Marc Davis , Sean Corbin , Jason Phillips TNT May 22 9 : 00 pm Boxscore Houston Rockets 95 , Golden State Warriors 92 Scoring by quarter : 19 -- 28 , 34 -- 18 , 17 -- 34 , 25 -- 12 Pts : James Harden 30 Rebs : P.J. Tucker 16 Asts : Harden , Paul 4 each Pts : Stephen Curry 28 Rebs : Draymond Green 13 Asts : Draymond Green 8 Series tied at , 2 - 2 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California Attendance : 19,596 Referees : Mike Callahan , Kane Fitzgerald , Derrick Stafford TNT May 24 9 : 00 pm Boxscore Golden State Warriors 94 , Houston Rockets 98 Scoring by quarter : 17 -- 23 , 28 -- 22 , 27 -- 26 , 22 -- 27 Pts : Kevin Durant 29 Rebs : Draymond Green 15 Asts : Stephen Curry 6 Pts : Eric Gordon 24 Rebs : Clint Capela 14 Asts : Chris Paul 6 Rockets leads series , 3 - 2 Toyota Center , Houston , Texas Attendance : 18,208 Referees : James Capers , Eric Lewis , Zach Zarba TNT May 26 9 : 00 pm Boxscore Houston Rockets 86 , Golden State Warriors 115 Scoring by quarter : 39 -- 22 , 22 -- 29 , 16 -- 33 , 9 -- 31 Pts : James Harden 32 Rebs : Clint Capela 15 Asts : James Harden 9 Pts : Klay Thompson 35 Rebs : Draymond Green 10 Asts : Draymond Green 9 Series tied at , 3 - 3 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California Attendance : 19,596 Referees : Ken Mauer , David Guthrie , Ed Malloy Golden State rallied from a 17 - point first quarter deficit by outscoring Houston 64 -- 25 in the second half to force a Game 7 . The Rockets ' 25 second - half points tied a franchise record low for scoring in any half in the postseason . TNT May 28 9 : 00 pm Boxscore Golden State Warriors 101 , Houston Rockets 92 Scoring by quarter : 19 -- 24 , 24 -- 30 , 33 -- 15 , 25 -- 23 Pts : Kevin Durant 34 Rebs : Draymond Green 13 Asts : Stephen Curry 10 Pts : James Harden 32 Rebs : P.J. Tucker 12 Asts : Gordon , Harden 6 each Golden State wins series , 4 -- 3 Toyota Center , Houston , Texas Attendance : 18,055 Referees : Scott Foster , Mike Callahan , Derrick Stafford Regular - season series show Houston won 2 -- 1 in the regular - season series October 17 , 2017 Recap Houston Rockets 122 , Golden State Warriors 121 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California January 4 , 2018 Recap Golden State Warriors 124 , Houston Rockets 114 Toyota Center , Houston , Texas January 20 , 2018 Recap Golden State Warriors 108 , Houston Rockets 116 Toyota Center , Houston , Texas This was the third playoff meeting between these two teams , with the Warriors winning the first two meetings . Previous playoffs series show Golden State leads 2 -- 0 in all - time playoff series 2015 Golden State Warriors 4 , Houston Rockets 1 2015 Western Conference Finals 2016 Golden State Warriors 4 , Houston Rockets 1 2016 Western Conference First Round 2018 NBA Finals : ( e4 ) Cleveland Cavaliers vs. ( w2 ) Golden State Warriors ( edit ) Main article : 2018 NBA Finals Note : All times listed are in EDT ( UTC − 4 ) . ABC May 31 9 : 00 pm Boxscore Cleveland Cavaliers 114 , Golden State Warriors 124 ( OT ) Scoring by quarter : 30 -- 29 , 26 -- 27 , 22 -- 28 , 29 -- 23 , Overtime : 7 -- 17 Pts : LeBron James 51 Rebs : Kevin Love 13 Asts : LeBron James 8 Pts : Stephen Curry 29 Rebs : Draymond Green 11 Asts : Green , Curry 9 each Warriors leads series , 1 - 0 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California Attendance : 19,596 Referees : Ken Mauer , Tony Brothers , Ed Malloy ABC June 3 8 : 00 pm Boxscore Cleveland Cavaliers 103 , Golden State Warriors 122 Scoring by quarter : 28 -- 32 , 18 -- 27 , 34 -- 31 , 23 -- 32 Pts : LeBron James 29 Rebs : Kevin Love 10 Asts : LeBron James 13 Pts : Stephen Curry 33 Rebs : Kevin Durant 9 Asts : Stephen Curry 8 Warriors leads series , 2 - 0 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California Attendance : 19,596 Referees : Mike Callahan , David Guthrie , Derrick Stafford ABC June 6 9 : 00 pm Boxscore Golden State Warriors 110 , Cleveland Cavaliers 102 Scoring by quarter : 28 -- 29 , 24 -- 29 , 31 -- 23 , 27 -- 21 Pts : Kevin Durant 43 Rebs : Kevin Durant 13 Asts : Draymond Green 9 Pts : Lebron James 33 Rebs : Kevin Love 13 Asts : Lebron James 11 Warriors leads series , 3 - 0 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio Attendance : 20,562 Referees : Marc Davis , John Goble , Zach Zarba ABC June 8 9 : 00 pm Boxscore Golden State Warriors 108 , Cleveland Cavaliers 85 Scoring by quarter : 34 -- 25 , 27 -- 27 , 25 -- 13 , 22 -- 20 Pts : Stephen Curry 37 Rebs : Kevin Durant 12 Asts : Kevin Durant 10 Pts : LeBron James 23 Rebs : Kevin Love 9 Asts : LeBron James 8 Golden State wins series , 4 -- 0 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio Attendance : 20,562 Referees : Scott Foster , James Capers , Jason Phillips Regular - season series show Golden State won 2 -- 0 in the regular - season series December 25 , 2017 Recap Cleveland Cavaliers 92 , Golden State Warriors 99 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California January 15 , 2018 Recap Golden State Warriors 118 , Cleveland Cavaliers 108 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio This was the fourth meeting in the NBA Finals between these two teams , with the Warriors winning two of the first three meetings . Previous playoffs series show Golden State leads 2 -- 1 in all - time playoff series 2015 Golden State Warriors 4 , Cleveland Cavaliers 2 2015 NBA Finals 2016 Golden State Warriors 3 , Cleveland Cavaliers 4 2016 NBA Finals 2017 Cleveland Cavaliers 1 , Golden State Warriors 4 2017 NBA Finals Statistical leaders ( edit ) Game High Average Player Team High Player Team Avg . GP Points LeBron James Cleveland Cavaliers 51 LeBron James Cleveland Cavaliers 34.0 21 Rebounds Jonas Valančiūnas Toronto Raptors 21 Anthony Davis New Orleans Pelicans 13.4 9 Assists Rajon Rondo New Orleans Pelicans 21 Rajon Rondo New Orleans Pelicans 12.2 9 Steals Josh Richardson Miami Heat 7 Victor Oladipo Indiana Pacers 2.43 7 Blocks John Henson Clint Capela Milwaukee Bucks Houston Rockets 6 Anthony Davis New Orleans Pelicans 2.33 9 Media coverage ( edit ) Television ( edit ) ESPN , TNT , ABC , and NBA TV will broadcast the playoffs nationally in the United States . In the first round , regional sports networks affiliated with the teams can also broadcast the games , except for games televised on ABC . Throughout the first two rounds , TNT televised games Sunday through Thursday , ESPN televised games Thursday and Friday , and ABC televised selected games on Saturday and Sunday , usually in the afternoon . NBA TV has aired select weekday games in the first round . ESPN will be televising the Eastern Conference Finals , while the Western Conference Finals will be televised by TNT . ABC will have exclusive television rights to the NBA Finals for the 16th consecutive year . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Toronto Raptors become first team in 2017 - 18 season to clinch playoff berth '' . NBA.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Conway , Tyler . `` Rockets Clinch No. 1 Seed in Western Conference , End Warriors ' 3 - Year Streak '' . BleacherReport.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Walder , Chris . `` Rockets clinch NBA 's best record , home - court advantage throughout playoffs '' . MSN.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Katie Nelson ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` Timberwolves clinch playoffs , end 13 - year postseason drought '' . Armchairallamericans.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bucholtz , Andrew ( 5 April 2018 ) . `` This could be the first NBA playoffs since 1960 without New York , Los Angeles and Chicago , which might pose ratings issues '' . Awful Announcing . Retrieved 3 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Raptors beat Pacers to clinch No. 1 in East , set record for franchise wins '' . Sportsnet . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Celtics clinch playoff spot with win over Minnesota Timberwolves '' . NBA.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nathan , Alec . `` 76ers Clinch Eastern Conference Playoff Berth with Pacers ' Win vs. Heat '' . BleacherReport.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Tim . `` Cavaliers Clinch Playoff Berth After Pistons Lose to Rockets '' . BleacherReport.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` James , Love lead Cavs past Knicks to 50th win , Central title '' . ESPN.com . AP . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Oladipo helps Pacers top Heat in OT to clinch playoff spot '' . USAToday.com . AP . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Barry . `` Heat makes playoffs , but internal reaction not what one player expected '' . MiamiHerald.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Newport , Kyle . `` Bucks Clinch Playoff Berth with Pistons ' Loss to 76ers '' . BleacherReport.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Zach . `` Wizards clinch playoff berth in Wall 's return , 107 - 93 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Feigen , Jonathan . `` Rockets clinch playoff spot with rout of Mavericks '' . Chron.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rockets beat Clippers , clinch Southwest Division title '' . NYDailyNews.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Rockets clinch No. 1 seed in Western Conference playoffs '' . NBA.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Clinch Sixth Consecutive NBA Playoff Berth '' . NBA.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Clinch Fourth - Straight Pacific Division Title '' . NBA.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Blazers clinch playoff spot , then beat Grizzlies 113 - 98 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Blazers claim No. 3 seed with 102 - 93 win over Utah '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Thunder clinch : Oklahoma City runs past Miami 115 - 93 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Vejar , Alex . `` Jazz clinch playoff spot in crowded Western Conference '' . ABCNews.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Guillory , William . `` Pelicans clinch playoff berth with win over Clippers '' . NOLA.com . The Times - Picayune . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gay , Ginobili lead Spurs over Kings to clinch playoff berth '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Butler , Towns lead T - wolves past Nuggets in OT , to playoffs '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Team Rivalry Finder -- Toronto Raptors versus Washington Wizards ( Playoffs ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Team Rivalry Finder -- Boston Celtics versus Milwaukee Bucks ( Playoffs ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Team Rivalry Finder -- Miami Heat versus Philadelphia 76ers ( Playoffs ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Team Rivalry Finder -- Cleveland Cavaliers versus Indiana Pacers ( Playoffs ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Team Rivalry Finder -- Houston Rockets versus Minnesota Timberwolves ( Playoffs ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Team Rivalry Finder -- Golden State Warriors versus San Antonio Spurs ( Playoffs ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Team Rivalry Finder -- Portland Trail Blazers versus New Orleans Pelicans ( Playoffs ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Team Rivalry Finder -- Oklahoma City Thunder versus Utah Jazz ( Playoffs ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Team Rivalry Finder -- Cleveland Cavaliers versus Toronto Raptors ( Playoffs ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Team Rivalry Finder -- Boston Celtics versus Philadelphia 76ers ( Playoffs ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Team Rivalry Finder -- Houston Rockets versus Utah Jazz ( Playoffs ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Team Rivalry Finder -- Golden State Warriors versus New Orleans Pelicans ( Playoffs ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Team Rivalry Finder -- Cleveland Cavaliers versus Boston Celtics ( Playoffs ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Team Rivalry Finder -- Houston Rockets versus Golden State Warriors ( Playoffs ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors versus Cleveland Cavaliers ( Playoffs ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 NBA PLAYOFFS SCHEDULE ON ESPN / ABC AND TURNER '' . Sportsmediawatch.com . Retrieved April 15 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal NBA Official Website NBA playoffs List of playoff series Conference Finals Finals 60 Greatest Playoff Moments Game sevens Streaks Droughts Records Scoring Leaders Assists Leaders 3 Pt Leaders Rebound Leaders WNBA playoffs 1940s 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990s 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2017 -- 18 NBA season by team Draft Summer League All - Star Game Playoffs Finals Transactions G League Eastern Atlantic Boston Brooklyn New York Philadelphia Toronto Central Chicago Cleveland Detroit Indiana Milwaukee Southeast Atlanta Charlotte Miami Orlando Washington Western Northwest Denver Minnesota Oklahoma City Portland Utah Pacific Golden State L.A. Clippers L.A. Lakers Phoenix Sacramento Southwest Dallas Houston Memphis New Orleans San Antonio Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_NBA_Playoffs&oldid=857079653 '' Categories : 2017 -- 18 NBA season National Basketball Association playoffs Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Ελληνικά Español Français Italiano Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 12 : 41 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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what is accord and satisfaction in contractual terms

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Accord and satisfaction - wikipedia Accord and satisfaction Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Accord and satisfaction is a contract law concept about the purchase of the release from a debt obligation . It is one of the methods by which parties to a contract may terminate their agreement . The release is completed by the transfer of valuable consideration that must not be the actual performance of the obligation itself . The accord is the agreement to discharge the obligation and the satisfaction is the legal `` consideration '' which binds the parties to the agreement . A valid accord does not discharge the prior contract ; instead it suspends the right to enforce it in accordance with the terms of the accord contract , in which satisfaction , or performance of the contract will discharge both contracts ( the original and the accord ) . If the creditor breaches the accord , then the debtor will be able to bring up the existence of the accord in order to enjoin any action against him . If a person is sued over an alleged debt , that person bears the burden of proving the affirmative defense of accord and satisfaction . Contents ( hide ) 1 Illustration 2 Consideration 3 See also 4 References Illustration ( edit ) Contract law Part of the common law series Contract formation Offer and acceptance Posting rule Mirror image rule Invitation to treat Firm offer Consideration Implication - in - fact Collateral contract Defenses against formation Lack of capacity Duress Undue influence Illusory promise Statute of frauds Non est factum Contract interpretation Parol evidence rule Contract of adhesion Integration clause Contra proferentem Excuses for non-performance Mistake Misrepresentation Frustration of purpose Impossibility Impracticability Illegality Unclean hands Unconscionability Accord and satisfaction Rights of third parties Privity of contract Assignment Delegation Novation Third - party beneficiary Breach of contract Anticipatory repudiation Cover Exclusion clause Efficient breach Deviation Fundamental breach Remedies Specific performance Liquidated damages Penal damages Rescission Quasi-contractual obligations Promissory estoppel Quantum meruit Related areas of law Conflict of laws Commercial law Other common law areas Tort law Property law Wills , trusts , and estates Criminal law Evidence Accord and satisfaction is a settlement of an unliquidated debt . For example , a builder is contracted to build a homeowner a garage for $35,000 . The contract called for $17,500 prior to starting construction , to disburse $10,000 during various stages of construction , and to make a final payment of $7,500 at completion . At completion , the homeowner complained about inferior work quality and refused to make the final payment . After a mutual settlement agreement , the builder accepted $4,000 as full payment . Thereby , a new contract was formed by offer , acceptance , and consideration . The consideration is that for a $3,500 savings , the homeowner gives up that which he is entitled , a well - constructed garage . The builder gives up his right to full price to avoid suit for inferior performance . When accord and settlement has occurred , the homeowner and builder have given up his right to sue for more money under this settlement agreement . Another example would be where a lender agrees to lend $100,000 at 5.0 % interest for 30 years , and at the closing the loan documents are all drawn up for a loan with a 6.0 % interest rate . If the lender agrees to reduce the closing costs by an extra $1000 and the borrowers agree , then there has been an accord and satisfaction . If the borrowers later sue for breach of contract , the settlement ( offer and acceptance of the $1000 ) constitutes an accord and satisfaction and is a valid defense to the borrower 's lawsuit . The accord agreement must be transacted on a new agreement . It must therefore have the essential terms of a contract , ( parties , subject matter , time for performance , and consideration ) . If there is a breach of the accord there will be no `` satisfaction '' which will give rise to a breach of accord . In this instance the non-offending party has the right to sue under either the original contract or the accord agreement . Consideration ( edit ) In an accord contract it is typical that the consideration supplied is less than bargained for in the original contract . In accord contracts that require an amount of consideration that is less than the original , the consideration must be of a different type , i.e. instead of money , debtor offers a car or a boat . See also ( edit ) Foakes v. Beer - an old leading case on the exception of accord and satisfaction where the debt was not in dispute D & C Builders Ltd v Rees - where the creditor accepted the offer under duress Pinnel 's Case - where the payment of a lesser amount was to be paid before the debt fell due Hirachand Punumchand v Temple - where the offeree was a 3rd party ( the debtor 's father ) Part performance - related legal concept Jacob & Young , Inc. v. Kent , 230 N.Y. 239 , ( N.Y. App . 1921 ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Duke , Jeannie Paterson , Andrew Robertson , Arlen ( 2012 ) . Contract : cases and materials ( 12th ed . ) . Rozelle , N.S.W. : Thomson Reuters ( Professional ) Australia Limited . ISBN 9780455229461 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Accord_and_satisfaction&oldid=767867019 '' Categories : Debt Contract law Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Հայերեն Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2017 , at 11 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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where do you expect to find a composite cone volcano

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Stratovolcano&oldid=826429959

Stratovolcano - wikipedia Stratovolcano Jump to : navigation , search Mount Vesuvius near Naples , Italy , erupted in 79 AD . The last eruption of this stratovolcano occurred in March 1944 . A stratovolcano , also known as a composite volcano , is a conical volcano built up by many layers ( strata ) of hardened lava , tephra , pumice , and volcanic ash . Unlike shield volcanoes , stratovolcanoes are characterized by a steep profile and periodic explosive eruptions and effusive eruptions , although some have collapsed craters called calderas . The lava flowing from stratovolcanoes typically cools and hardens before spreading far due to high viscosity . The magma forming this lava is often felsic , having high - to - intermediate levels of silica ( as in rhyolite , dacite , or andesite ) , with lesser amounts of less - viscous mafic magma . Extensive felsic lava flows are uncommon , but have travelled as far as 15 km ( 9.3 mi ) . Stratovolcanoes are sometimes called `` composite volcanoes '' because of their composite layered structure built up from sequential outpourings of eruptive materials . They are among the most common types of volcanoes , in contrast to the less common shield volcanoes . Two famous stratovolcanoes are Krakatoa , best known for its catastrophic eruption in 1883 and Vesuvius , famous for its destruction of the towns Pompeii and Herculaneum in 79 CE . Both eruptions claimed thousands of lives . In modern times , Mount Saint Helens and Mount Pinatubo have erupted catastrophically . Existence of stratovolcanoes has not been proved on other terrestrial bodies of the solar system with one exception . Their existence was suggested for some isolated massifs on Mars , e.g. , Zephyria Tholus . Contents ( hide ) 1 Creation 2 Hazards 2.1 Ash 2.2 Lava 2.3 Volcanic bombs 2.4 Mudflows 3 Climatic effects 4 See also 5 References Creation Cross-section of subduction zone and associated stratovolcano See also : Igneous rock Stratovolcanoes are common at subduction zones , forming chains along plate tectonic boundaries where oceanic crust is drawn under continental crust ( continental arc volcanism , e.g. Cascade Range , central Andes ) or another oceanic plate ( island arc volcanism , e.g. Japan , Aleutian Islands ) . The magma forming stratovolcanoes rises when water trapped both in hydrated minerals and in the porous basalt rock of the upper oceanic crust is released into mantle rock of the asthenosphere above the sinking oceanic slab . The release of water from hydrated minerals is termed `` dewatering '' , and occurs at specific pressures and temperatures for each mineral , as the plate descends to greater depths . The water freed from the rock lowers the melting point of the overlying mantle rock , which then undergoes partial melting and rises due to its lighter density relative to the surrounding mantle rock , and pools temporarily at the base of the lithosphere . The magma then rises through the crust , incorporating silica - rich crustal rock , leading to a final intermediate composition . When the magma nears the top surface , it pools in a magma chamber under or within the volcano . There , the relatively low pressure allows water and other volatiles ( mainly CO , SO , Cl , and H O ) dissolved in the magma to escape from solution , as occurs when a bottle of carbonated water is opened , releasing CO . Once a critical volume of magma and gas accumulates , the obstacle ( rock blockage ) of the volcanic cone is overcome , leading to a sudden explosive eruption . Hazards Mount Etna on the island of Sicily , in Italy . Mount Fuji on Honshu ( top ) and Mount Unzen on Kyushu ( bottom ) , two of Japan 's stratovolcanoes . In recorded history , explosive eruptions at subduction zone ( convergent - boundary ) volcanoes have posed the greatest hazard to civilizations . Subduction - zone stratovolcanoes , such as Mount St. Helens , Mount Etna and Mount Pinatubo , typically erupt with explosive force : the magma is too stiff to allow easy escape of volcanic gases . As a consequence , the tremendous internal pressures of the trapped volcanic gases remain in the pasty magma . Following the breaching of the magma chamber , the magma degasses explosively . The gases and water gush out with speed and force . Since 1600 CE , nearly 300,000 people have been killed by volcanic eruptions . Most deaths were caused by pyroclastic flows and mudflows , deadly hazards that often accompany explosive eruptions of subduction - zone stratovolcanoes . Pyroclastic flows are fast - moving , avalanche - like , ground - hugging , incandescent mixtures of hot volcanic debris , ash , lava fragments and superheated gases that can travel at speeds in excess of 160 km / h ( 100 mph ) . Around 30,000 people were killed by pyroclastic flows during the 1902 eruption of Mont Pelée on the island of Martinique in the Caribbean . In March & April 1982 , three explosive eruptions of El Chichón Volcano in the State of Chiapas , southeastern Mexico , caused the worst volcanic disaster in that country 's history . Villages within 8 km ( 5 mi ) of the volcano were destroyed by pyroclastic flows , killing more than 2,000 people . Two Decade Volcanoes that erupted in 1991 provide examples of stratovolcano hazards . On June 15 , Mount Pinatubo spewed an ash cloud 40 km ( 25 mi ) into the air and produced huge pyroclastic flows and lahar flows that devastated a large area around the volcano . Pinatubo , located 90 km ( 56 mi ) from Manila , had been dormant for 600 years before the 1991 eruption , which ranks as one of the largest eruptions in the 20th century . Also in 1991 , Japan 's Unzen Volcano , located on the island of Kyushu about 40 km ( 25 mi ) east of Nagasaki , awakened from its 200 - year slumber to produce a new lava dome at its summit . Beginning in June , repeated collapse of this erupting dome generated ash flows that swept down the mountain 's slopes at speeds as high as 200 km / h ( 120 mph ) . Unzen is one of more than 75 active volcanoes in Japan ; an eruption in 1792 killed more than 15,000 people -- the worst volcanic disaster in the country 's history . The A.D. 79 Plinian eruption of Mount Vesuvius , a stratovolcano looming adjacent to Naples , completely covered the ancient cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum with deposits of pyroclastic surges and lava flows . The death toll ranged between 13,000 and 26,000 , yet the exact death toll remains unknown . Mount Vesuvius is recognized as one of the most dangerous volcanoes , jointly because of its potential for powerful explosive eruptions and the high population density of the area ( totaling about 3 million people ) around its perimeter . Ash Snow - like blanket of Mount Pinatubo 's ashfall deposits of June 15 , 1991 . Main article : Volcanic ash Apart from possibly affecting the climate , volcanic clouds from explosive eruptions also pose a serious hazard to aviation safety . For example , during the 1982 eruption of Galunggung in Java , British Airways Flight 9 flew into the ash cloud , suffering temporary engine failure and structural damage . During the past two decades , more than 60 airplanes , mostly commercial jetliners , have been damaged by in - flight encounters with volcanic ash . Some of these encounters have resulted in the power loss of all engines , necessitating emergency landings . Luckily , to date no crashes have happened because of jet aircraft flying into volcanic ash . Ashfall is a threat to health when inhaled , and is also a threat to property with enough accumulation . An accumulation of 30 cm ( 12 in ) is sufficient to cause most buildings to collapse . Dense clouds of hot volcanic ash , caused by the collapse of an eruptive column or by being laterally expelled from the partial collapse of a volcanic edifice or lava dome during an explosive eruption , can produce devastating pyroclastic flows which can wipe out everything in their paths . Lava Mayon Volcano producing lava flows during its eruption on December 29 , 2009 . Main article : Lava Lava flows from stratovolcanoes are generally not a significant threat to people because the highly viscous lava moves slowly enough for people to move out of the path of flow . The lava flows are more of a threat to property . However , not all stratovolcanoes erupt viscous , blocky lava . Mount Nyiragongo is very dangerous because its magma has an unusually low silica content , making it quite fluid . Fluid lavas are typically associated with the formation of broad shield volcanoes such as those of Hawaii , but Nyiragongo has very steep slopes down which lava can flow at up to 100 km / h ( 60 mph ) . Lava flows could melt down ice and glaciers that accumulated on the volcano 's crater and upper slopes , generating massive lahar flows . Rarely , generally fluid lava could also generate a massive lava fountain , while lava of thicker viscosity can solidify within the vent , creating a block which can result in highly explosive eruptions . Volcanic bombs Main article : Volcanic bomb Volcanic bombs are extrusive igneous rocks ranging from the size of books to small cars , that are explosively ejected from stratovolcanoes during their climactic eruptive phases . These `` bombs '' can travel over 20 km ( 12 mi ) away from the volcano , and present a risk to buildings and living things while traveling at very high speeds ( hundreds of kilometers / miles per hour ) through the air . Most bombs do not themselves explode on impact , but rather carry enough force so as to have destructive effects as if they exploded . Mudflows Main article : Lahar Mudflows ( also called debris flows or lahars , a Javanese term for volcanic mudflows ) are mixtures of volcanic debris and water . The water usually comes from two sources : rainfall or the melting of snow and ice by hot volcanic debris , such as lava . Depending on the proportion and temperature of water to volcanic material , mudflows can range from fast - flowing , soupy floods to thick , gooey flows that have the consistency of wet concrete . As mudflows sweep down the steep sides of stratovolcanoes , they have the strength and speed to flatten or bury everything in their paths . Hot ash , lava flows and pyroclastic surges from the 1985 eruption of Nevado del Ruiz in Colombia melted snow and ice atop the 5,321 meter - high Andean volcano . The ensuing mudflows buried the nearby city of Armero , killing 25,000 people . Climatic effects Paluweh eruption as seen from space As per the above examples , while the Unzen eruptions have caused deaths and considerable local damage in the historic past , the impact of the June 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo was global . Slightly cooler - than - usual temperatures were recorded worldwide , and brilliant sunsets and intense sunrises were attributed to the particulates , this eruption lofted high into the stratosphere . The aerosol that formed from the sulfur dioxide ( SO ) , carbon dioxide ( CO ) and other gasses dispersed around the world . The SO mass in this cloud -- about 22 million tons -- combined with water ( both of volcanic and stratospheric origin ) formed droplets of sulfuric acid , blocking a portion of the sunlight from reaching the troposphere and ground . The cooling in some regions is thought to have been as much as 0.5 ° C. An eruption the size of Mount Pinatubo tends to affect the weather for a few years ; the material injected into the stratosphere gradually drops into the troposphere , where it is washed away by rain and cloud precipitation . A similar , but extraordinarily more powerful phenomenon occurred in the cataclysmic April 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora on Sumbawa Island in Indonesia . The Mount Tambora eruption is recognized as the most powerful eruption in recorded history . Its volcanic cloud lowered global temperatures by as much as 3.5 ° C. In the year following the eruption , most of the Northern Hemisphere experienced sharply cooler temperatures during the summer . In parts of Europe , Asia and North America , 1816 was known as the `` Year Without a Summer '' , which caused a considerable agricultural distress and a brief but bitter famine . See also List of stratovolcanoes Cinder cone Mountain building Orogeny Pyroclastic shield volcano References Jump up ^ This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Geological Survey document : `` Principal Types of Volcanoes '' . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Garibaldi volcanic belt : Garibaldi Lake volcanic field '' . Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes . Geological Survey of Canada . 2009 - 04 - 01 . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 27 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Barlow , Nadine ( 2008 ) . Mars : an introduction to its interior , surface and atmosphere . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521852265 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Emily M. ; Head , James W. ( 1 August 2001 ) . `` Ancient Martian volcanoes in the Aeolis region : New evidence from MOLA data '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 106 ( E8 ) : 17505 . doi : 10.1029 / 2000JE001322 . ^ Jump up to : This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Geological Survey document : Kious , W. Jacquelyne ; Tilling , Robert I. `` Plate tectonics and people '' . ( hide ) Volcanoes Types Caldera Cinder cone Complex volcano Cryovolcano Fissure vent Lava cone Lava dome Maar Mud volcano Parasitic cone Pyroclastic cone Pyroclastic shield Rootless cone Shield volcano Somma volcano Stratovolcano Subglacial volcano Submarine volcano Supervolcano Volcanic cone Volcanic rocks Agglomerate Andesite Basalt Basaltic andesite Benmoreite Blairmorite Dacite Felsite Komatiite Latite Leucitite Nephelinite Obsidian Phonolite Phonotephrite Rhyodacite Rhyolite Tephriphonolite Trachyandesite Trachybasalt Trachyte Tuff Lists and groups Hotspot Lists of volcanoes Decade Volcanoes Volcanic arc Volcanic belt Volcanic field monogenetic polygenetic Commons Portal WikiProject GND : 4201644 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stratovolcano&oldid=826429959 '' Categories : Stratovolcanoes Volcanic landforms Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States Geological Survey CS1 maint : Unfit url Wikipedia semi-protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 52 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 01 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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what caused the dodo bird to become extinct

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Dodo&oldid=834509188

Dodo - wikipedia Dodo Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Dodo ( disambiguation ) . Dodo Temporal range : Holocene Dodo skeleton cast and model based on modern research , at Oxford University Museum of Natural History Conservation status Extinct ( 1662 ) ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Aves Order : Columbiformes Family : Columbidae Subfamily : † Raphinae Genus : † Raphus Brisson , 1760 Species : † R. cucullatus Binomial name Raphus cucullatus ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Location of Mauritius ( in blue ) Synonyms Struthio cucullatus Linnaeus , 1758 Didus ineptus Linnaeus , 1766 The dodo ( Raphus cucullatus ) is an extinct flightless bird that was endemic to the island of Mauritius , east of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean . The dodo 's closest genetic relative was the also extinct Rodrigues solitaire , the two forming the subfamily Raphinae of the family of pigeons and doves . The closest living relative of the dodo is the Nicobar pigeon . A white dodo was once thought to have existed on the nearby island of Réunion , but this is now thought to have been confusion based on the Réunion ibis and paintings of white dodos . Subfossil remains show the dodo was about 1 metre ( 3 ft 3 in ) tall and may have weighed 10.6 -- 17.5 kg ( 23 -- 39 lb ) in the wild . The dodo 's appearance in life is evidenced only by drawings , paintings , and written accounts from the 17th century . Because these vary considerably , and because only some illustrations are known to have been drawn from live specimens , its exact appearance in life remains unresolved , and little is known about its behaviour . Though the dodo has historically been considered fat and clumsy , it is now thought to have been well - adapted for its ecosystem . It has been depicted with brownish - grey plumage , yellow feet , a tuft of tail feathers , a grey , naked head , and a black , yellow , and green beak . It used gizzard stones to help digest its food , which is thought to have included fruits , and its main habitat is believed to have been the woods in the drier coastal areas of Mauritius . One account states its clutch consisted of a single egg . It is presumed that the dodo became flightless because of the ready availability of abundant food sources and a relative absence of predators on Mauritius . The first recorded mention of the dodo was by Dutch sailors in 1598 . In the following years , the bird was hunted by sailors and invasive species , while its habitat was being destroyed . The last widely accepted sighting of a dodo was in 1662 . Its extinction was not immediately noticed , and some considered it to be a mythical creature . In the 19th century , research was conducted on a small quantity of remains of four specimens that had been brought to Europe in the early 17th century . Among these is a dried head , the only soft tissue of the dodo that remains today . Since then , a large amount of subfossil material has been collected on Mauritius , mostly from the Mare aux Songes swamp . The extinction of the dodo within less than a century of its discovery called attention to the previously unrecognised problem of human involvement in the disappearance of entire species . The dodo achieved widespread recognition from its role in the story of Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland , and it has since become a fixture in popular culture , often as a symbol of extinction and obsolescence . Contents ( hide ) 1 Taxonomy 1.1 Evolution 1.2 Etymology 2 Description 2.1 Contemporary descriptions 2.2 Contemporary depictions 3 Behaviour and ecology 3.1 Diet 3.2 Reproduction and development 4 Relationship with humans 4.1 Dodos transported abroad 4.2 Extinction 5 Physical remains 5.1 17th - century specimens 5.2 Subfossil specimens 6 The white dodo 7 Cultural significance 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Footnotes 9.2 Sources 10 External links Taxonomy Skull in the Zoological Museum of Copenhagen , examination of which led to the dodo being classified as a pigeon in 1842 The dodo was variously declared a small ostrich , a rail , an albatross , or a vulture , by early scientists . In 1842 , Danish zoologist Johannes Theodor Reinhardt proposed that dodos were ground pigeons , based on studies of a dodo skull he had discovered in the collection of the Natural History Museum of Denmark . This view was met with ridicule , but was later supported by English naturalists Hugh Edwin Strickland and Alexander Gordon Melville in their 1848 monograph The Dodo and Its Kindred , which attempted to separate myth from reality . After dissecting the preserved head and foot of the specimen at the Oxford University Museum and comparing it with the few remains then available of the extinct Rodrigues solitaire ( Pezophaps solitaria ) they concluded that the two were closely related . Strickland stated that although not identical , these birds shared many distinguishing features of the leg bones , otherwise known only in pigeons . Sketch of the Oxford head made before it was dissected in 1848 Strickland and Melville established that the dodo was anatomically similar to pigeons in many features . They pointed to the very short keratinous portion of the beak , with its long , slender , naked basal part . Other pigeons also have bare skin around their eyes , almost reaching their beak , as in dodos . The forehead was high in relation to the beak , and the nostril was located low on the middle of the beak and surrounded by skin , a combination of features shared only with pigeons . The legs of the dodo were generally more similar to those of terrestrial pigeons than of other birds , both in their scales and in their skeletal features . Depictions of the large crop hinted at a relationship with pigeons , in which this feature is more developed than in other birds . Pigeons generally have very small clutches , and the dodo is said to have laid a single egg . Like pigeons , the dodo lacked the vomer and septum of the nostrils , and it shared details in the mandible , the zygomatic bone , the palate , and the hallux . The dodo differed from other pigeons mainly in the small size of the wings and the large size of the beak in proportion to the rest of the cranium . Throughout the 19th century , several species were classified as congeneric with the dodo , including the Rodrigues solitaire and the Réunion solitaire , as Didus solitarius and Raphus solitarius , respectively ( Didus and Raphus being names for the dodo genus used by different authors of the time ) . An atypical 17th - century description of a dodo and bones found on Rodrigues , now known to have belonged to the Rodrigues solitaire , led Abraham Dee Bartlett to name a new species , Didus nazarenus , in 1852 . Based on solitaire remains , it is now a synonym of that species . Crude drawings of the red rail of Mauritius were also misinterpreted as dodo species ; Didus broeckii and Didus herberti . For many years the dodo and the Rodrigues solitaire were placed in a family of their own , the Raphidae ( formerly Dididae ) , because their exact relationships with other pigeons were unresolved . Each was also placed in its own monotypic family ( Raphidae and Pezophapidae , respectively ) , as it was thought that they had evolved their similarities independently . Osteological and DNA analysis has since led to the dissolution of the family Raphidae , and the dodo and solitaire are now placed in their own subfamily , Raphinae , within the family Columbidae . Evolution 1848 lithograph of the Oxford specimen 's foot , which has been sampled for genetic studies In 2002 , American geneticist Beth Shapiro and colleagues analysed the DNA of the dodo for the first time . Comparison of mitochondrial cytochrome b and 12S rRNA sequences isolated from a tarsal of the Oxford specimen and a femur of a Rodrigues solitaire confirmed their close relationship and their placement within the Columbidae . The genetic evidence was interpreted as showing the Southeast Asian Nicobar pigeon ( Caloenas nicobarica ) to be their closest living relative , followed by the crowned pigeons ( Goura ) of New Guinea , and the superficially dodo - like tooth - billed pigeon ( Didunculus strigirostris ) from Samoa ( its scientific name refers to its dodo - like beak ) . This clade consists of generally ground - dwelling island endemic pigeons . The following cladogram shows the dodo 's closest relationships within the Columbidae , based on Shapiro et al. , 2002 : Goura victoria ( Victoria crowned pigeon ) Caloenas nicobarica ( Nicobar pigeon ) Pezophaps solitaria ( Rodrigues solitaire ) Raphus cucullatus ( dodo ) Didunculus strigirostris ( tooth - billed pigeon ) A Nicobar pigeon , the closest living relative of the dodo A similar cladogram was published in 2007 , inverting the placement of Goura and Dicunculus and including the pheasant pigeon ( Otidiphaps nobilis ) and the thick - billed ground pigeon ( Trugon terrestris ) at the base of the clade . The DNA used in these studies was obtained from the Oxford specimen , and since this material is degraded , and no usable DNA has been extracted from subfossil remains , these findings still need to be independently verified . Based on behavioural and morphological evidence , Jolyon C. Parish proposed that the dodo and Rodrigues solitaire should be placed in the Gourinae subfamily along with the Groura pigeons and others , in agreement with the genetic evidence . In 2014 , DNA of the only known specimen of the recently extinct spotted green pigeon ( Caloenas maculata ) was analysed , and it was found to be a close relative of the Nicobar pigeon , and thus also the dodo and Rodrigues solitaire . The 2002 study indicated that the ancestors of the dodo and the solitaire diverged around the Paleogene - Neogene boundary . The Mascarene Islands ( Mauritius , Réunion , and Rodrigues ) , are of volcanic origin and are less than 10 million years old . Therefore , the ancestors of both birds probably remained capable of flight for a considerable time after the separation of their lineage . The Nicobar and spotted green pigeon were placed at the base of a lineage leading to the Raphinae , which indicates the flightless raphines had ancestors that were able to fly , were semi-terrestrial , and inhabited islands . This in turn supports the hypothesis that the ancestors of those birds reached the Mascarene islands by island hopping from South Asia . The lack of mammalian herbivores competing for resources on these islands allowed the solitaire and the dodo to attain very large sizes and flightlessness . Despite its divergent skull morphology and adaptations for larger size , many features of its skeleton remained similar to those of smaller , flying pigeons . Another large , flightless pigeon , the Viti Levu giant pigeon ( Natunaornis gigoura ) , was described in 2001 from subfossil material from Fiji . It was only slightly smaller than the dodo and the solitaire , and it too is thought to have been related to the crowned pigeons . Etymology Landscape with Birds , showing a dodo in the lower right , Roelant Savery , 1628 One of the original names for the dodo was the Dutch `` Walghvogel '' , first used in the journal of Vice Admiral Wybrand van Warwijck , who visited Mauritius during the Second Dutch Expedition to Indonesia in 1598 . Walghe means `` tasteless '' , `` insipid '' , or `` sickly '' , and vogel means `` bird '' . The name was translated into German as Walchstök or Walchvögel , by Jakob Friedlib . The original Dutch report titled Waarachtige Beschryving was lost , but the English translation survived : On their left hand was a little island which they named Heemskirk Island , and the bay it selve they called Warwick Bay ... Here they taried 12 . daies to refresh themselues , finding in this place great quantity of foules twice as bigge as swans , which they call Walghstocks or Wallowbirdes being very good meat . But finding an abundance of pigeons & popinnayes ( parrots ) , they disdained any more to eat those great foules calling them Wallowbirds , that is to say lothsome or fulsome birdes . Labelled sketch from 1634 by Sir Thomas Herbert , showing a broad - billed parrot ( `` Cacato '' ) , a red rail ( `` Hen '' ) , and a dodo Another account from that voyage , perhaps the first to mention the dodo , states that the Portuguese referred to them as penguins . The meaning may not have been derived from penguin ( the Portuguese referred to them as `` fotilicaios '' at the time ) , but from pinion , a reference to the small wings . The crew of the Dutch ship Gelderland referred to the bird as `` Dronte '' ( meaning `` swollen '' ) in 1602 , a name that is still used in some languages . This crew also called them `` griff - eendt '' and `` kermisgans '' , in reference to fowl fattened for the Kermesse festival in Amsterdam , which was held the day after they anchored on Mauritius . The etymology of the word dodo is unclear . Some ascribe it to the Dutch word dodoor for `` sluggard '' , but it is more probably related to Dodaars , which means either `` fat - arse '' or `` knot - arse '' , referring to the knot of feathers on the hind end . The first record of the word Dodaars is in Captain Willem Van West - Zanen 's journal in 1602 . The English writer Sir Thomas Herbert was the first to use the word dodo in print in his 1634 travelogue , claiming it was referred to as such by the Portuguese , who had visited Mauritius in 1507 . Another Englishman , Emmanuel Altham , had used the word in a 1628 letter , in which he also claimed the origin was Portuguese . The name `` dodar '' was introduced into English at the same time as dodo , but was only used until the 18th century . As far as is known , the Portuguese never mentioned the bird . Nevertheless , some sources still state that the word dodo derives from the Portuguese word doudo ( currently doido ) , meaning `` fool '' or `` crazy '' . It has also been suggested that dodo was an onomatopoeic approximation of the bird 's call , a two - note pigeon - like sound resembling `` doo - doo '' . The Latin name cucullatus ( `` hooded '' ) was first used by Juan Eusebio Nieremberg in 1635 as Cygnus cucullatus , in reference to Carolus Clusius 's 1605 depiction of a dodo . In his 18th - century classic work Systema Naturae , Carl Linnaeus used cucullatus as the specific name , but combined it with the genus name Struthio ( ostrich ) . Mathurin Jacques Brisson coined the genus name Raphus ( referring to the bustards ) in 1760 , resulting in the current name Raphus cucullatus . In 1766 , Linnaeus coined the new binomial Didus ineptus ( meaning `` inept dodo '' ) . This has become a synonym of the earlier name because of nomenclatural priority . Description Dodo among Indian birds , by Ustad Mansur , c. 1625 ; perhaps the most accurate depiction of a live dodo As no complete dodo specimens exist , its external appearance , such as plumage and colouration , is hard to determine . Illustrations and written accounts of encounters with the dodo between its discovery and its extinction ( 1598 -- 1662 ) are the primary evidence for its external appearance . According to most representations , the dodo had greyish or brownish plumage , with lighter primary feathers and a tuft of curly light feathers high on its rear end . The head was grey and naked , the beak green , black and yellow , and the legs were stout and yellowish , with black claws . A study of the few remaining feathers on the Oxford specimen head showed that they were pennaceous rather than plumaceous ( downy ) and most similar to those of other pigeons . Subfossil remains and remnants of the birds that were brought to Europe in the 17th century show that dodos were very large birds , up to 1 m ( 3 ft 3 in ) tall . The bird was sexually dimorphic ; males were larger and had proportionally longer beaks . Weight estimates have varied from study to study . In 1993 , Bradley C. Livezey proposed that males would have weighed 21 kilograms ( 46 lb ) and females 17 kilograms ( 37 lb ) . Also in 1993 , Andrew C. Kitchener attributed a high contemporary weight estimate and the roundness of dodos depicted in Europe to these birds having been overfed in captivity ; weights in the wild were estimated to have been in the range of 10.6 -- 17.5 kg ( 23 -- 39 lb ) , and fattened birds could have weighed 21.7 -- 27.8 kg ( 48 -- 61 lb ) . A 2011 estimate by Angst and colleagues gave an average weight as low as 10.2 kg ( 22 lb ) . This has also been questioned , and there is still controversy over weight estimates . A 2016 study estimated the weight at 10.6 to 14.3 kg ( 23 to 32 lb ) , based on CT scans of composite skeletons . It has also been suggested that the weight depended on the season , and that individuals were fat during cool seasons , but less so during hot . The skull of the dodo differed much from those of other pigeons , especially in being more robust , the bill having a hooked tip , and in having a short cranium compared to the jaws . The upper bill was nearly twice as long as the cranium , which was short compared to those of its closest pigeon relatives . The openings of the bony nostrils were elongated along the length of the beak , and they contained no bony septum . The cranium ( excluding the beak ) was wider than it was long , and the frontal bone formed a dome - shape , with the highest point above the hind part of the eye sockets . The skull sloped downwards at the back . The eye sockets occupied much of the hind part of the skull . The sclerotic rings inside the eye were formed by eleven ossicles ( small bones ) , similar to the amount in other pigeons . The mandible was slightly curved , and each half had a single fenestra ( opening ) , as in other pigeons . Right half of the Oxford specimen 's head The dodo had about nineteen presynsacral vertebrae ( those of the neck and thorax , including three fused into a notarium ) , sixteen synsacral vertebrae ( those of the lumbar region and sacrum ) , six free tail ( caudal ) vertebrae , and a pygostyle . The neck had well - developed areas for muscle and ligament attachment , probably to support the heavy skull and beak . On each side , it had six ribs , four of which articulated with the sternum through sternal ribs . The sternum was large , but small in relation to the body compared to those of much smaller pigeons that are able to fly . The sternum was highly pneumatic , broad , and relatively thick in cross-section . The bones of the pectoral girdle , shoulder blades , and wing bones were reduced in size compared to those of flighted pigeon , and were more gracile compared to those of the Rodrigues solitaire , but none of the individual skeletal components had disappeared . The carpometacarpus of the dodo was more robust than that of the solitaire , however . The pelvis was wider than that of the solitaire and other relatives , yet was comparable to the proportions in some smaller , flighted pigeons . Most of the leg bones were more robust than those of extant pigeons and the solitaire , but the length proportions were little different . Many of the skeletal features that distinguish the dodo and the Rodrigues solitaire , its closest relative , from pigeons have been attributed to their flightlessness . The pelvic elements were thicker than those of flighted pigeons to support the higher weight , and the pectoral region and the small wings were paedomorphic , meaning that they were underdeveloped and retained juvenile features . The skull , trunk and pelvic limbs were peramorphic , meaning that they changed considerably with age . The dodo shared several other traits with the Rodrigues solitaire , such as features of the skull , pelvis , and sternum , as well as their large size . It differed in other aspects , such as being more robust and shorter than the solitaire , having a larger skull and beak , a rounded skull roof , and smaller orbits . The dodo 's neck and legs were proportionally shorter , and it did not possess an equivalent to the knob present on the solitaire 's wrists . Contemporary descriptions Painting of a dodo head by Cornelis Saftleven from 1638 , the last known original depiction Most contemporary descriptions of the dodo are found in ship 's logs and journals of the Dutch East India Company vessels that docked in Mauritius when the Dutch Empire ruled the island . These records were used as guides for future voyages . Few contemporary accounts are reliable , as many seem to be based on earlier accounts , and none were written by scientists . One of the earliest accounts , from van Warwijck 's 1598 journal , describes the bird as follows : Blue parrots are very numerous there , as well as other birds ; among which are a kind , conspicuous for their size , larger than our swans , with huge heads only half covered with skin as if clothed with a hood . These birds lack wings , in the place of which 3 or 4 blackish feathers protrude . The tail consists of a few soft incurved feathers , which are ash coloured . These we used to call ' Walghvogel ' , for the reason that the longer and oftener they were cooked , the less soft and more insipid eating they became . Nevertheless their belly and breast were of a pleasant flavour and easily masticated . One of the most detailed descriptions is by Sir Thomas Herbert in A Relation of Some Yeares Travaille into Afrique and the Greater Asia from 1634 : First here only and in Dygarrois ( Rodrigues ) is generated the Dodo , which for shape and rareness may antagonize the Phoenix of Arabia : her body is round and fat , few weigh less than fifty pound . It is reputed more for wonder than for food , greasie stomackes may seeke after them , but to the delicate they are offensive and of no nourishment . Her visage darts forth melancholy , as sensible of Nature 's injurie in framing so great a body to be guided with complementall wings , so small and impotent , that they serve only to prove her bird . The halfe of her head is naked seeming couered with a fine vaile , her bill is crooked downwards , in midst is the thrill ( nostril ) , from which part to the end tis a light green , mixed with pale yellow tincture ; her eyes are small and like to Diamonds , round and rowling ; her clothing downy feathers , her train three small plumes , short and inproportionable , her legs suiting her body , her pounces sharpe , her appetite strong and greedy . Stones and iron are digested , which description will better be conceived in her representation . Contemporary depictions Compilation of the Gelderland sketches from 1601 of live and recently killed dodos The travel journal of the Dutch ship Gelderland ( 1601 -- 1603 ) , rediscovered in the 1860s , contains the only known sketches of living or recently killed specimens drawn on Mauritius . They have been attributed to the professional artist Joris Joostensz Laerle , who also drew other now - extinct Mauritian birds , and to a second , less refined artist . Apart from these sketches , it is unknown how many of the twenty or so 17th - century illustrations of the dodos were drawn from life or from stuffed specimens , which affects their reliability . All post-1638 depictions appear to be based on earlier images , around the time reports mentioning dodos became rarer . Differences in the depictions led authors such as Anthonie Cornelis Oudemans and Masauji Hachisuka to speculate about sexual dimorphism , ontogenic traits , seasonal variation , and even the existence of different species , but these theories are not accepted today . Because details such as markings of the beak , the form of the tail feathers , and colouration vary from account to account , it is impossible to determine the exact morphology of these features , whether they signal age or sex , or if they even reflect reality . Dodo specialist Julian Hume argued that the nostrils of the living dodo would have been slits , as seen in the Gelderland , Cornelis Saftleven , Crocker Art Gallery , and Ustad Mansur images . According to this claim , the gaping nostrils often seen in paintings indicate that taxidermy specimens were used as models . Most depictions show that the wings were held in an extended position , unlike flighted pigeons , but similar to ratites such as the ostrich and kiwi . The famous Edwards 's Dodo , painted by Savery in 1626 The traditional image of the dodo is of a very fat and clumsy bird , but this view may be exaggerated . The general opinion of scientists today is that many old European depictions were based on overfed captive birds or crudely stuffed specimens . It has also been suggested that the images might show dodos with puffed feathers , as part of display behaviour . The Dutch painter Roelant Savery was the most prolific and influential illustrator of the dodo , having made at least ten depictions , often showing it in the lower corners . A famous painting of his from 1626 , now called Edwards 's Dodo as it was once owned by the ornithologist George Edwards , has since become the standard image of a dodo . It is housed in the Natural History Museum , London . The image shows a particularly fat bird and is the source for many other dodo illustrations . An Indian Mughal painting rediscovered in St. Petersburg in the 1950s shows a dodo along with native Indian birds . It depicts a slimmer , brownish bird , and its discoverer A. Iwanow and dodo specialist Julian Hume regard it as one of the most accurate depictions of the living dodo ; the surrounding birds are clearly identifiable and depicted with appropriate colouring . It is believed to be from the 17th century and has been attributed to artist Ustad Mansur . The bird depicted probably lived in the menagerie of Mughal Emperor Jahangir , located in Surat , where English traveller Peter Mundy also claimed to have seen two dodos sometime between 1628 and 1633 . In 2014 , another Indian illustration of a dodo was reported , but it was found to be derivative of an 1836 German illustration . Behaviour and ecology Dodo preening itself in the lower left of a Savery painting from 1626 Little is known of the behaviour of the dodo , as most contemporary descriptions are very brief . Based on weight estimates , it has been suggested the male could reach the age of 21 , and the female 17 . Studies of the cantilever strength of its leg bones indicate that it could run quite fast . The legs were robust and strong to support the bulk of the bird , and also made it agile and manoeuvrable in the dense , pre-human landscape . Though the wings were small , well - developed muscle scars on the bones show that they were not completely vestigial , and may have been used for display behaviour and balance ; extant pigeons also use their wings for such purposes . Unlike the Rodrigues solitaire , there is no evidence that the dodo used its wings in intraspecific combat . Though some dodo bones have been found with healed fractures , it had weak pectoral muscles and more reduced wings in comparison . The dodo may instead have used its large , hooked beak in territorial disputes . Since Mauritius receives more rainfall and has less seasonal variation than Rodrigues , which would have affected the availability of resources on the island , the dodo would have less reason to evolve aggressive territorial behaviour . The Rodrigues solitaire was therefore probably the more aggressive of the two . 1601 map of a bay on Mauritius ; the small D on the far right side marks where dodos were found The preferred habitat of the dodo is unknown , but old descriptions suggest that it inhabited the woods on the drier coastal areas of south and west Mauritius . This view is supported by the fact that the Mare aux Songes swamp , where most dodo remains have been excavated , is close to the sea in south - eastern Mauritius . Such a limited distribution across the island could well have contributed to its extinction . A 1601 map from the Gelderland journal shows a small island off the coast of Mauritius where dodos were caught . Julian Hume has suggested this island was l'île aux Benitiers in Tamarin Bay , on the west coast of Mauritius . Subfossil bones have also been found inside caves in highland areas , indicating that it once occurred on mountains . Work at the Mare aux Songes swamp has shown that its habitat was dominated by tambalacoque and Pandanus trees and endemic palms . The near - coastal placement and wetness of the Mare aux Songes led to a high diversity of plant species , whereas the surrounding areas were drier . Many endemic species of Mauritius became extinct after the arrival of humans , so the ecosystem of the island is badly damaged and hard to reconstruct . Before humans arrived , Mauritius was entirely covered in forests , but very little remains of them today , because of deforestation . The surviving endemic fauna is still seriously threatened . The dodo lived alongside other recently extinct Mauritian birds such as the flightless red rail , the broad - billed parrot , the Mascarene grey parakeet , the Mauritius blue pigeon , the Mauritius owl , the Mascarene coot , the Mauritian shelduck , the Mauritian duck , and the Mauritius night heron . Extinct Mauritian reptiles include the saddle - backed Mauritius giant tortoise , the domed Mauritius giant tortoise , the Mauritian giant skink , and the Round Island burrowing boa . The small Mauritian flying fox and the snail Tropidophora carinata lived on Mauritius and Réunion , but vanished from both islands . Some plants , such as Casearia tinifolia and the palm orchid , have also become extinct . Diet Savery sketch of three dodos from c. 1626 , Crocker Art Gallery A 1631 Dutch letter ( long thought lost , but rediscovered in 2017 ) is the only account of the dodo 's diet , and also mentions that it used its beak for defence . The document uses word - play to refer to the animals described , with dodos presumably being an allegory for wealthy mayors : The mayors are superb and proud . They presented themselves with an unyielding , stern face and wide open mouth , very jaunty and audacious of gait . They did not want to budge before us ; their war weapon was the mouth , with which they could bite fiercely . Their food was raw fruit ; they were not dressed very well , but were rich and fat , therefore we brought many of them on board , to the contentment of us all . In addition to fallen fruits , the dodo probably subsisted on nuts , seeds , bulbs , and roots . It has also been suggested that the dodo might have eaten crabs and shellfish , like their relatives the crowned pigeons . Its feeding habits must have been versatile , since captive specimens were probably given a wide range of food on the long sea journeys . Oudemans suggested that as Mauritius has marked dry and wet seasons , the dodo probably fattened itself on ripe fruits at the end of the wet season to survive the dry season , when food was scarce ; contemporary reports describe the bird 's `` greedy '' appetite . France Staub suggested that they mainly fed on palm fruits , and he attempted to correlate the fat - cycle of the dodo with the fruiting regime of the palms . Skeletal elements of the upper jaw appear to have been rhynchokinetic ( movable in relation to each other ) , which must have affected its feeding behaviour . In extant birds , such as frugivorous ( fruit - eating ) pigeons , kinetic premaxillae help with consuming large food items . The beak also appears to have been able to withstand high force loads , which indicates a diet of hard food . In 2016 , the first 3D endocast was made from the brain of the dodo ; examination found that though the brain was similar to that of other pigeons in most respects , the dodo had a comparatively large olfactory bulb . This gave the dodo a good sense of smell , which may have aided in locating fruit and small prey . Dodo and its gizzard stone by Carolus Clusius from 1605 , copied from an illustration in the journal of Jacob van Neck Several contemporary sources state that the dodo used Gastroliths ( gizzard stones ) to aid digestion . The English writer Sir Hamon L'Estrange witnessed a live bird in London and described it as follows : About 1638 , as I walked London streets , I saw the picture of a strange looking fowle hung out upon a clothe and myselfe with one or two more in company went in to see it . It was kept in a chamber , and was a great fowle somewhat bigger than the largest Turkey cock , and so legged and footed , but stouter and thicker and of more erect shape , coloured before like the breast of a young cock fesan , and on the back of a dunn or dearc colour . The keeper called it a Dodo , and in the ende of a chymney in the chamber there lay a heape of large pebble stones , whereof hee gave it many in our sight , some as big as nutmegs , and the keeper told us that she eats them ( conducing to digestion ) , and though I remember not how far the keeper was questioned therein , yet I am confident that afterwards she cast them all again . It is not known how the young were fed , but related pigeons provide crop milk . Contemporary depictions show a large crop , which was probably used to add space for food storage and to produce crop milk . It has been suggested that the maximum size attained by the dodo and the solitaire was limited by the amount of crop milk they could produce for their young during early growth . Tambalacoque seeds at Naturalis Biodiversity Center In 1973 , the tambalacoque , also known as the dodo tree , was thought to be dying out on Mauritius , to which it is endemic . There were supposedly only 13 specimens left , all estimated to be about 300 years old . Stanley Temple hypothesised that it depended on the dodo for its propagation , and that its seeds would germinate only after passing through the bird 's digestive tract . He claimed that the tambalacoque was now nearly coextinct because of the disappearance of the dodo . Temple overlooked reports from the 1940s that found that tambalacoque seeds germinated , albeit very rarely , without being abraded during digestion . Others have contested his hypothesis and suggested that the decline of the tree was exaggerated , or seeds were also distributed by other extinct animals such as Cylindraspis tortoises , fruit bats or the broad - billed parrot . According to Wendy Strahm and Anthony Cheke , two experts in the ecology of the Mascarene Islands , the tree , while rare , has germinated since the demise of the dodo and numbers several hundred , not 13 as claimed by Temple , hence discrediting Temple 's view as to the dodo and the tree 's sole survival relationship . It has been suggested that the broad - billed parrot may have depended on dodos and Cylindraspis tortoises to eat palm fruits and excrete their seeds , which became food for the parrots . Anodorhynchus macaws depended on now - extinct South American megafauna in the same way , but now rely on domesticated cattle for this service . Reproduction and development As it was flightless and terrestrial and there were no mammalian predators or other kinds of natural enemy on Mauritius , the dodo probably nested on the ground . The account by François Cauche from 1651 is the only description of the egg and the call : I have seen in Mauritius birds bigger than a Swan , without feathers on the body , which is covered with a black down ; the hinder part is round , the rump adorned with curled feathers as many in number as the bird is years old . In place of wings they have feathers like these last , black and curved , without webs . They have no tongues , the beak is large , curving a little downwards ; their legs are long , scaly , with only three toes on each foot . It has a cry like a gosling , and is by no means so savoury to eat as the Flamingos and Ducks of which we have just spoken . They only lay one egg which is white , the size of a halfpenny roll , by the side of which they place a white stone the size of a hen 's egg . They lay on grass which they collect , and make their nests in the forests ; if one kills the young one , a grey stone is found in the gizzard . We call them Oiseaux de Nazaret . The fat is excellent to give ease to the muscles and nerves . Replica of an alleged dodo egg in a reconstructed nest , East London Museum Cauche 's account is problematic , since it also mentions that the bird he was describing had three toes and no tongue , unlike dodos . This led some to believe that Cauche was describing a new species of dodo ( `` Didus nazarenus '' ) . The description was most probably mingled with that of a cassowary , and Cauche 's writings have other inconsistencies . A mention of a `` young ostrich '' taken on board a ship in 1617 is the only other reference to a possible juvenile dodo . An egg claimed to be that of a dodo is stored in the museum of East London , South Africa . It was donated by Marjorie Courtenay - Latimer , whose great aunt had received it from a captain who claimed to have found it in a swamp on Mauritius . In 2010 , the curator of the museum proposed using genetic studies to determine its authenticity . It may instead be an aberrant ostrich egg . Diagram showing life history events of a dodo ; blue is Austral summer Because of the possible single - egg clutch and the bird 's large size , it has been proposed that the dodo was K - selected , meaning that it produced a low number of altricial offspring , which required parental care until they matured . Some evidence , including the large size and the fact that tropical and frugivorous birds have slower growth rates , indicates that the bird may have had a protracted development period . The fact that no juvenile dodos have been found in the Mare aux Songes swamp may indicate that they produced little offspring , that they matured rapidly , that the breeding grounds were far away from the swamp , or that the risk of miring was seasonal . A 2017 study examined the histology of thin - sectioned dodo bones , modern Mauritian birds , local ecology , and contemporary accounts , to recover information about the life history of the dodo . The study suggested that dodos bred around August , after having potentially fattened themselves , corresponding with the fat and thin cycles of many vertebrates of Mauritius . The chicks grew rapidly , reaching robust , almost adult , sizes , and sexual maturity before Austral summer or the cyclone season . Adult dodos which had just bred moulted after Austral summer , around March . The feathers of the wings and tail were replaced first , and the moulting would have completed at the end of July , in time for the next breeding season . Different stages of moulting may also account for inconsistencies in contemporary descriptions of dodo plumage . Relationship with humans 1601 engraving showing Dutch activities on the shore of Mauritius and , at ( 2 ) on the left , the first published depiction of a dodo Mauritius had previously been visited by Arab vessels in the Middle Ages and Portuguese ships between 1507 and 1513 , but was settled by neither . No records of dodos by these are known , although the Portuguese name for Mauritius , `` Cerne ( swan ) Island '' , may have been a reference to dodos . The Dutch Empire acquired Mauritius in 1598 , renaming it after Maurice of Nassau , and it was used for the provisioning of trade vessels of the Dutch East India Company henceforward . The earliest known accounts of the dodo were provided by Dutch travelers during the Second Dutch Expedition to Indonesia , led by admiral Jacob van Neck in 1598 . They appear in reports published in 1601 , which also contain the first published illustration of the bird . Since the first sailors to visit Mauritius had been at sea for a long time , their interest in these large birds was mainly culinary . The 1602 journal by Willem Van West - Zanen of the ship Bruin - Vis mentions that 24 -- 25 dodos were hunted for food , which were so large that two could scarcely be consumed at mealtime , their remains being preserved by salting . An illustration made for the 1648 published version of this journal , showing the killing of dodos , a dugong , and possibly Mascarene grey parakeets , was captioned with a Dutch poem , here in Hugh Strickland 's 1848 translation : 1648 engraving showing the killing of dodos ( centre left , erroneously depicted as penguin - like ) and other animals now extinct from Mauritius For food the seamen hunt the flesh of feathered fowl , They tap the palms , and round - rumped dodos they destroy , The parrot 's life they spare that he may peep and howl , And thus his fellows to imprisonment decoy . Some early travellers found dodo meat unsavoury , and preferred to eat parrots and pigeons ; others described it as tough but good . Some hunted dodos only for their gizzards , as this was considered the most delicious part of the bird . Dodos were easy to catch , but hunters had to be careful not to be bitten by their powerful beaks . The appearance of the dodo and the red rail led Peter Mundy to speculate , 230 years before Charles Darwin 's theory of evolution : Of these 2 sorts off fowl afforementionede , For oughtt wee yett know , Not any to bee Found out of this Iland , which lyeth aboutt 100 leagues From St. Lawrence . A question may bee demaunded how they should bee here and Not elcewhere , beeing soe Farer From other land and can Neither fly or swymme ; whither by Mixture off kindes producing straunge and Monstrous formes , or the Nature of the Climate , ayer and earth in alltring the First shapes in long tyme , or how . Dodos transported abroad Painting of a specimen in the collection of Emperor Rudolph II in Prague , by Jacob Hoefnagel , early 1600s The dodo was found interesting enough that living specimens were sent to Europe and the East . The number of transported dodos that reached their destinations alive is uncertain , and it is unknown how they relate to contemporary depictions and the few non-fossil remains in European museums . Based on a combination of contemporary accounts , paintings , and specimens , Julian Hume has inferred that at least eleven transported dodos reached their destinations alive . Hamon L'Estrange's description of a dodo that he saw in London in 1638 is the only account that specifically mentions a live specimen in Europe . In 1626 Adriaen van de Venne drew a dodo that he claimed to have seen in Amsterdam , but he did not mention if it were alive , and his depiction is reminiscent of Savery 's Edwards 's Dodo . Two live specimens were seen by Peter Mundy in Surat , India , between 1628 and 1634 , one of which may have been the individual painted by Ustad Mansur around 1625 . In 1628 , Emmanuel Altham visited Mauritius and sent a letter to his brother in England : Adriaen van de Venne 's 1626 depiction of a dodo Right wo and lovinge brother , we were ordered by ye said councell to go to an island called Mauritius , lying in 20d. of south latt. , where we arrived ye 28th of May ; this island having many goates , hogs and cowes upon it , and very strange fowles , called by ye portingalls Dodo , which for the rareness of the same , the like being not in ye world but here , I have sent you one by Mr. Perce , who did arrive with the ship William at this island ye 10th of June . ( In the margin of the letter ) Of Mr. Perce you shall receive a jarr of ginger for my sister , some beades for my cousins your daughters , and a bird called a Dodo , if it live . Whether the dodo survived the journey is unknown , and the letter was destroyed by fire in the 19th century . The earliest known picture of a dodo specimen in Europe is from a c. 1610 collection of paintings depicting animals in the royal menagerie of Emperor Rudolph II in Prague . This collection includes paintings of other Mauritian animals as well , including a red rail . The dodo , which may be a juvenile , seems to have been dried or embalmed , and had probably lived in the emperor 's zoo for a while together with the other animals . That whole stuffed dodos were present in Europe indicates they had been brought alive and died there ; it is unlikely that taxidermists were on board the visiting ships , and spirits were not yet used to preserve biological specimens . Most tropical specimens were preserved as dried heads and feet . One dodo was reportedly sent as far as Nagasaki , Japan in 1647 , but it was long unknown whether it arrived . Contemporary documents first published in 2014 proved the story , and showed that it had arrived alive . It was meant as a gift , and , despite its rarity , was considered of equal value to a white deer and a bezoar stone . It is the last recorded live dodo in captivity . Extinction Savery 's The Paradise from 1626 with a dodo in the lower right corner Like many animals that evolved in isolation from significant predators , the dodo was entirely fearless of humans . This fearlessness and its inability to fly made the dodo easy prey for sailors . Although some scattered reports describe mass killings of dodos for ships ' provisions , archaeological investigations have found scant evidence of human predation . Bones of at least two dodos were found in caves at Baie du Cap that sheltered fugitive slaves and convicts in the 17th century , which would not have been easily accessible to dodos because of the high , broken terrain . The human population on Mauritius ( an area of 1,860 km or 720 sq mi ) never exceeded 50 people in the 17th century , but they introduced other animals , including dogs , pigs , cats , rats , and crab - eating macaques , which plundered dodo nests and competed for the limited food resources . At the same time , humans destroyed the forest habitat of the dodos . The impact of the introduced animals on the dodo population , especially the pigs and macaques , is today considered more severe than that of hunting . Rats were perhaps not much of a threat to the nests , since dodos would have been used to dealing with local land crabs . It has been suggested that the dodo may already have been rare or localised before the arrival of humans on Mauritius , since it would have been unlikely to become extinct so rapidly if it had occupied all the remote areas of the island . A 2005 expedition found subfossil remains of dodos and other animals killed by a flash flood . Such mass mortalities would have further jeopardised a species already in danger of becoming extinct . Yet the fact that the dodo survived hundreds of years of volcanic activity and climactic changes shows the bird was resilient within its ecosystem . Frederick William Frohawk 's restoration from Walter Rothschild 's 1907 book Extinct Birds Some controversy surrounds the date of their extinction . The last widely accepted record of a dodo sighting is the 1662 report by shipwrecked mariner Volkert Evertsz of the Dutch ship Arnhem , who described birds caught on a small islet off Mauritius , now suggested to be Amber Island : These animals on our coming up to them stared at us and remained quiet where they stand , not knowing whether they had wings to fly away or legs to run off , and suffering us to approach them as close as we pleased . Amongst these birds were those which in India they call Dod - aersen ( being a kind of very big goose ) ; these birds are unable to fly , and instead of wings , they merely have a few small pins , yet they can run very swiftly . We drove them together into one place in such a manner that we could catch them with our hands , and when we held one of them by its leg , and that upon this it made a great noise , the others all on a sudden came running as fast as they could to its assistance , and by which they were caught and made prisoners also . Pieter van den Broecke 's 1617 drawing of a dodo , a one - horned sheep , and a red rail The dodos on this islet may not necessarily have been the last members of the species . The last claimed sighting of a dodo was reported in the hunting records of Isaac Johannes Lamotius in 1688 . Statistical analysis of these records by Roberts and Solow gives a new estimated extinction date of 1693 , with a 95 % confidence interval of 1688 -- 1715 . The authors also pointed out that because the last sighting before 1662 was in 1638 , the dodo was probably already quite rare by the 1660s , and thus a disputed report from 1674 by an escaped slave can not be dismissed out of hand . Anthony Cheke pointed out that some descriptions after 1662 use the names `` Dodo '' and `` Dodaers '' when referring to the red rail , indicating that they had been transferred to it after the disappearance of the dodo itself . Cheke therefore points to the 1662 description as the last credible observation . A 1668 account by English traveller John Marshall , who used the names `` Dodo '' and `` Red Hen '' interchangeably for the red rail , mentioned that the meat was `` hard '' , which echoes the description of the meat in the 1681 account . Even the 1662 account has been questioned by Errol Fuller , as the reaction to distress cries matches what was described for the red rail . Until this explanation was proposed , a description of `` dodos '' from 1681 was thought to be the last account , and that date still has proponents . Recently accessible Dutch manuscripts indicate that no dodos were seen by settlers in 1664 -- 1674 . It is unlikely the issue will ever be resolved , unless late reports mentioning the name alongside a physical description are rediscovered . The IUCN Red List accepts Cheke 's rationale for choosing the 1662 date , taking all subsequent reports to refer to red rails . In any case , the dodo was probably extinct by 1700 , about a century after its discovery in 1598 . The Dutch left Mauritius in 1710 , but by then the dodo and most of the large terrestrial vertebrates there had become extinct . Even though the rareness of the dodo was reported already in the 17th century , its extinction was not recognised until the 19th century . This was partly because , for religious reasons , extinction was not believed possible until later proved so by Georges Cuvier , and partly because many scientists doubted that the dodo had ever existed . It seemed altogether too strange a creature , and many believed it a myth . The bird was first used as an example of human - induced extinction in Penny Magazine in 1833 , and have since been referred to as an `` icon '' of extinction . Physical remains 17th - century specimens Leg and skull fragments in the National Museum of Prague The only extant remains of dodos taken to Europe in the 17th century are a dried head and foot in the Oxford University Museum of Natural History , a foot once housed in the British Museum but now lost , a skull in the University of Copenhagen Zoological Museum , and an upper jaw and leg bones in the National Museum , Prague . The last two were rediscovered and identified as dodo remains in the mid-19th century . Several stuffed dodos were also mentioned in old museum inventories , but none are known to have survived . Apart from these remains , a dried foot , which belonged to the Dutch professor Pieter Pauw , was mentioned by Carolus Clusius in 1605 . Its provenance is unknown , and it is now lost , but it may have been collected during the Van Neck voyage . 1848 lithograph of the Oxford specimen 's skull The only known soft tissue remains , the Oxford head ( specimen OUM 11605 ) and foot , belonged to the last known stuffed dodo , which was first mentioned as part of the Tradescant collection in 1656 and was moved to the Ashmolean Museum in 1659 . It has been suggested that this might be the remains of the bird that Hamon L'Estrange saw in London , the bird sent by Emanuel Altham , or a donation by Thomas Herbert . Since the remains do not show signs of having been mounted , the specimen might instead have been preserved as a study skin . Many sources state that the museum burned the stuffed dodo around 1755 because of severe decay , saving only the head and leg . Statute 8 of the museum states `` That as any particular grows old and perishing the keeper may remove it into one of the closets or other repository ; and some other to be substituted . '' The deliberate destruction of the specimen is now believed to be a myth ; it was removed from exhibition to preserve what remained of it . This remaining soft tissue has since degraded further ; the head was dissected by Strickland and Melville , separating the skin from the skull in two halves . The foot is in a skeletal state , with only scraps of skin and tendons . Very few feathers remain on the head . It is probably a female , as the foot is 11 % smaller and more gracile than the London foot , yet appears to be fully grown . The specimen was exhibited at the Oxford museum from at least the 1860s and until 1998 , where - after it was mainly kept in storage to prevent damage . Casts of the head can today be found in many museums worldwide . 1848 lithograph of the London foot The dried London foot , first mentioned in 1665 , and transferred to the British Museum in the 18th century , was displayed next to Savery 's Edwards 's Dodo painting until the 1840s , and it too was dissected by Strickland and Melville . It was not posed in a standing posture , which suggests that it was severed from a fresh specimen , not a mounted one . By 1896 it was mentioned as being without its integuments , and only the bones are believed to remain today , though its present whereabouts are unknown . The Copenhagen skull ( specimen ZMUC 90 - 806 ) is known to have been part of the collection of Bernardus Paludanus in Enkhuizen until 1651 , when it was moved to the museum in Gottorf Castle , Schleswig . After the castle was occupied by Danish forces in 1702 , the museum collection was assimilated into the Royal Danish collection . The skull was rediscovered by J.T. Reinhardt in 1840 . Based on its history , it may be the oldest known surviving remains of a dodo brought to Europe in the 17th century . It is 13 mm ( 0.51 in ) shorter than the Oxford skull , and may have belonged to a female . It was mummified , but the skin has perished . The front part of a skull ( specimen NMP P6V - 004389 , a syntype of this species ) in the National Museum of Prague was found in 1850 among the remains of the Böhmisches Museum . Other elements supposedly belonging to this specimen have been listed in the literature , but it appears only the partial skull was ever present . It may be what remains of one of the stuffed dodos known to have been at the menagerie of Emperor Rudolph II , possibly the specimen painted by Hoefnagel or Savery there . Subfossil specimens Skeleton Richard Owen assembled from bones found in the Mare aux Songes , Natural History Museum , London Until 1860 , the only known dodo remains were the four incomplete 17th - century specimens . Philip Burnard Ayres found the first subfossil bones in 1860 , which were sent to Richard Owen at the British Museum , who did not publish the findings . In 1863 , Owen requested the Mauritian Bishop Vincent Ryan to spread word that he should be informed if any dodo bones were found . In 1865 , George Clark , the government schoolmaster at Mahébourg , finally found an abundance of subfossil dodo bones in the swamp of Mare aux Songes in Southern Mauritius , after a 30 - year search inspired by Strickland and Melville 's monograph . In 1866 , Clark explained his procedure to The Ibis , an ornithology journal : he had sent his coolies to wade through the centre of the swamp , feeling for bones with their feet . At first they found few bones , until they cut away herbage that covered the deepest part of the swamp , where they found many fossils . The swamp yielded the remains of over 300 dodos , but very few skull and wing bones , possibly because the upper bodies were washed away or scavenged while the lower body was trapped . The situation is similar to many finds of moa remains in New Zealand marshes . Most dodo remains from the Mare aux Songes have a medium to dark brown colouration . Clark 's reports about the finds rekindled interest in the bird . Sir Richard Owen and Alfred Newton both wanted to be first to describe the post-cranial anatomy of the dodo , and Owen bought a shipment of dodo bones originally meant for Newton , which led to rivalry between the two . Owen described the bones in Memoir on the Dodo in October 1866 , but erroneously based his reconstruction on the Edwards 's Dodo painting by Savery , making it too squat and obese . In 1869 he received more bones and corrected its stance , making it more upright . Newton moved his focus to the Réunion solitaire instead . The remaining bones not sold to Owen or Newton were auctioned off or donated to museums . In 1889 , Théodor Sauzier was commissioned to explore the `` historical souvenirs '' of Mauritius and find more dodo remains in the Mare aux Songes . He was successful , and also found remains of other extinct species . Skeleton assembled from subfossils found in 2006 , Naturalis In 2005 , after a hundred years of neglect , a part of the Mare aux Songes swamp was excavated by an international team of researchers ( International Dodo Research Project ) . To prevent malaria , the British had covered the swamp with hard core during their rule over Mauritius , which had to be removed . Many remains were found , including bones of at least 17 dodos in various stages of maturity ( though no juveniles ) , and several bones obviously from the skeleton of one individual bird , which have been preserved in their natural position . These findings were made public in December 2005 in the Naturalis museum in Leiden. 63 % of the fossils found in the swamp belonged to turtles of the extinct Cylindraspis genus , and 7.1 % belonged to dodos , which had been deposited within several centuries , 4,000 years ago . Subsequent excavations suggested that dodos and other animals became mired in the Mare aux Songes while trying to reach water during a long period of severe drought about 4,200 years ago . Furthermore , cyanobacteria thrived in the conditions created by the excrements of animals gathered around the swamp , which died of intoxication , dehydration , trampling , and miring . Though many small skeletal elements were found during the recent excavations of the swamp , few were found during the 19th century , probably owing to the employment of less refined methods when collecting . Subfossil bones rediscovered in the Grant Museum in 2011 Louis Etienne Thirioux , an amateur naturalist at Port Louis , also found many dodo remains around 1900 from several locations . They included the first articulated specimen , which is the first subfossil dodo skeleton found outside the Mare aux Songes , and the only remains of a juvenile specimen , a now lost tarsometatarsus . The former specimen was found in 1904 in a cave near Le Pouce mountain , and is the only known complete skeleton of an individual dodo . Thirioux donated the specimen to the Museum Desjardins ( now Natural History Museum at Mauritius Institute ) . Thrioux 's heirs sold a second mounted composite skeleton ( composed of at least two skeletons , with a mainly reconstructed skull ) to the Durban Museum of Natural Science in South Africa in 1918 . Together , these two skeletons represent the most completely known dodo remains , including bone elements previously unrecorded ( such as knee - caps and various wing bones ) . Though some contemporary writers noted the importance of Thrioux 's specimens , they were not scientifically studied , and were largely forgotten until 2011 , when sought out by a group of researchers . The mounted skeletons were laser scanned , from which 3 - D models were reconstructed , which became the basis of a 2016 monograph about the osteology of the dodo . In 2006 , explorers discovered a complete skeleton of a dodo in a lava cave in Mauritius . This was only the second associated skeleton of an individual specimen everfound , and the only one in recent times . Worldwide , 26 museums have significant holdings of dodo material , almost all found in the Mare aux Songes . The Natural History Museum , American Museum of Natural History , Cambridge University Museum of Zoology , the Senckenberg Museum , and others have almost complete skeletons , assembled from the dissociated subfossil remains of several individuals . In 2011 , a wooden box containing dodo bones from the Edwardian era was rediscovered at the Grant Museum at University College London during preparations for a move . They had been stored with crocodile bones until then . The white dodo Savery painting with a whitish dodo in the lower right , 1611 The supposed `` white dodo '' ( or `` solitaire '' ) of Réunion is now considered an erroneous conjecture based on contemporary reports of the Réunion ibis and 17th - century paintings of white , dodo - like birds by Pieter Withoos and Pieter Holsteyn that surfaced in the 19th century . The confusion began when Willem Ysbrandtszoon Bontekoe , who visited Réunion around 1619 , mentioned fat , flightless birds that he referred to as `` Dod - eersen '' in his journal , though without mentioning their colouration . When the journal was published in 1646 , it was accompanied by an engraving of a dodo from Savery 's `` Crocker Art Gallery sketch '' . A white , stocky , and flightless bird was first mentioned as part of the Réunion fauna by Chief Officer J. Tatton in 1625 . Sporadic mentions were subsequently made by Sieur Dubois and other contemporary writers . Baron Edmond de Sélys Longchamps coined the name Raphus solitarius for these birds in 1848 , as he believed the accounts referred to a species of dodo . When 17th - century paintings of white dodos were discovered by 19th - century naturalists , it was assumed they depicted these birds . Anthonie Cornelis Oudemans suggested that the discrepancy between the paintings and the old descriptions was that the paintings showed females , and that the species was therefore sexually dimorphic . Some authors also believed the birds described were of a species similar to the Rodrigues solitaire , as it was referred to by the same name , or even that there were white species of both dodo and solitaire on the island . Pieter Holsteyn 's painting of a white dodo , mid-1600s The Pieter Withoos painting , which was discovered first , appears to be based on an earlier painting by Pieter Holsteyn , three versions of which are known to have existed . According to Hume , Cheke , and Valledor de Lozoya , it appears that all depictions of white dodos were based on Roelant Savery 's 1611 painting Landscape with Orpheus and the animals , or on copies of it . The painting shows a whitish specimen and was apparently based on a stuffed specimen then in Prague ; a walghvogel described as having a `` dirty off - white colouring '' was mentioned in an inventory of specimens in the Prague collection of the Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II , to whom Savery was contracted at the time ( 1607 -- 1611 ) . Savery 's several later images all show greyish birds , possibly because he had by then seen another specimen . Cheke and Hume believe the painted specimen was white , owing to albinism . Valledor de Lozoya has instead suggested that the light plumage was a juvenile trait , a result of bleaching of old taxidermy specimens , or simply artistic license . In 1987 , scientists described fossils of a recently extinct species of ibis from Réunion with a relatively short beak , Borbonibis latipes , before a connection to the solitaire reports had been made . Cheke suggested to one of the authors , Francois Moutou , that the fossils may have been of the Réunion solitaire , and this suggestion was published in 1995 . The ibis was reassigned to the genus Threskiornis , now combined with the specific epithet solitarius from the binomial R. solitarius . Birds of this genus are also white and black with slender beaks , fitting the old descriptions of the Réunion solitaire . No fossil remains of dodo - like birds have ever been found on the island . Cultural significance John Tenniel 's 1865 illustration of Alice and the Dodo The dodo 's significance as one of the best - known extinct animals and its singular appearance led to its use in literature and popular culture as a symbol of an outdated concept or object , as in the expression `` dead as a dodo , '' which has come to mean unquestionably dead or obsolete . Similarly , the phrase `` to go the way of the dodo '' means to become extinct or obsolete , to fall out of common usage or practice , or to become a thing of the past . `` Dodo '' is also a slang term for a stupid , dull - witted person , as it was supposedly stupid and easily caught . The dodo appears frequently in works of popular fiction , and even before its extinction , it was featured in European literature , as symbol for exotic lands , and of gluttony , due to its apparent fatness . In 1865 , the same year that George Clark started to publish reports about excavated dodo fossils , the newly vindicated bird was featured as a character in Lewis Carroll 's Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland . It is thought that he included the dodo because he identified with it and had adopted the name as a nickname for himself because of his stammer , which made him accidentally introduce himself as `` Do - do - dodgson '' , his legal surname . The book 's popularity made the dodo a well - known icon of extinction . Dodo depicted on 1971 Mauritius 10 Rupees The dodo is used as a mascot for many kinds of products , especially in Mauritius . It appears as a supporter on the coat of arms of Mauritius , on Mauritius coins , is used as a watermark on all Mauritian rupee banknotes , and features as the background of the Mauritian immigration form . A smiling dodo is the symbol of the Brasseries de Bourbon , a popular brewer on Réunion , whose emblem displays the white species once thought to have lived there . The dodo is used to promote the protection of endangered species by environmental organisations , such as the Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust and the Durrell Wildlife Park . The Center for Biological Diversity gives an annual ' Rubber Dodo Award ' , to `` those who have done the most to destroy wild places , species and biological diversity '' . In 2011 , the nephiline spider Nephilengys dodo , which inhabits the same woods as the dodo once did , was named after the bird to raise awareness of the urgent need for protection of the Mauritius biota . Two species of ant from Mauritius have been named after the dodo : Pseudolasius dodo in 1946 and Pheidole dodo in 2013 . A species of isopod from a coral reef off Réunion was named Hansenium dodo in 1991 . The name dodo has been used by scientists naming genetic elements , honoring the dodo 's flightless nature . A fruitfly gene within a region of a chromosome required for flying ability was named `` dodo '' . In addition , a defective transposable element family from Phytophthora infestans was named DodoPi as it contained mutations that eliminated the element 's ability to jump to new locations in a chromosome . Previously unpublished 17th - century illustration of a dodo sold at Christie 's in 2009 In 2009 , a previously unpublished 17th - century Dutch illustration of a dodo went for sale at Christie 's and was expected to sell for £ 6,000 . It is unknown whether the illustration was based on a specimen or on a previous image . It sold for £ 44,450 . The poet Hilaire Belloc included the following poem about the dodo in his Bad Child 's Book of Beasts from 1896 : The Dodo used to walk around , And take the sun and air . The sun yet warms his native ground -- The Dodo is not there ! The voice which used to squawk and squeak Is now for ever dumb -- Yet may you see his bones and beak All in the Mu - se - um . See also List of recently extinct birds List of African animals extinct in the Holocene Holocene extinction References Footnotes ^ Jump up to : IUCN Red List 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hume , Cheke & McOran - Campbell 2009 . Jump up ^ Reinhardt 1842 -- 1843 . 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The Holocene. 25 ( 5 ) : 758 -- 771 . doi : 10.1177 / 0959683614567886 . Jump up ^ Gillespie & Clague 2009 , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Richards 2012 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Claessens , L.P.A.M. ; Hume , J.P. ( 2016 ) . `` Provenance and history of the Thirioux dodos '' . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 35 ( sup1 ) : 21 -- 28 . doi : 10.1080 / 02724634.2015. 1111896 . Jump up ^ Claessens , L.P.A.M. ; Meijer , H.J.M. ; Hume , J.P. ; Rijsdijk , K.F. ( 2016 ) . `` Anatomy of the Dodo ( Raphus cucullatus L. , 1758 ) : An Osteological Study of the Thirioux Specimens : Preface '' . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 35 ( sup1 ) : 1 -- 2 . doi : 10.1080 / 02724634.2015. 1127721 . Jump up ^ Middleton , G.J. ; Hume , J.P. ( 2016 ) . `` The discovery of a Dodo Raphus cucullatus Linn . ( Aves , Columbiformes ) in a highland Mauritian lava cave '' . Helictite. 42 : 13 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Fuller 2002 , pp. 123 -- 129 . Jump up ^ Kennedy 2011 . Jump up ^ Cheke & Hume 2008 , p. 30 . 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Oryx. 51 ( 3 ) : 471 -- 476 . doi : 10.1017 / S0030605316000041 . Jump up ^ Cheke & Hume 2008 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Bhookhun 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Pesticide Peddler Monsanto Wins 2015 Rubber Dodo Award '' ( Press release ) . Center for Biological Diversity. 5 November 2015 . Retrieved 18 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Kuntner & Agnarsson 2011 . Jump up ^ Donisthorpe , H.S.J.K. ( 1946 ) . `` New species of ants ( Hym. , Formicidae ) from the island of Mauritius '' ( PDF ) . Annals and Magazine of Natural History . 12 ( 95 ) : 776 -- 782 . doi : 10.1080 / 00222934508654782 . Jump up ^ Fischer , G. ; Fisher , B.L. ( 2013 ) , `` A revision of Pheidole Westwood ( Hymenoptera : Formicidae ) in the islands of the Southwest Indian Ocean and designation of a neotype for the invasive Pheidole megacephala '' , Zootaxa , 3683 ( 4 ) : 301 -- 356 , doi : 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3683.4. 1 Jump up ^ Müller , H.G. ( 1991 ) . Stenetriidae from coral reefs at Reunion Island , southern Indian Ocean . 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Archives of Natural History . 29 : 109 -- 118 . doi : 10.3366 / anh. 2002.29. 1.109 . BBC ( 28 February 2002 ) . `` DNA yields dodo family secrets '' . BBC News . London . Retrieved 7 September 2006 . BBC ( 20 November 2003 ) . `` Scientists pinpoint dodo 's demise '' . BBC News . London . Retrieved 7 September 2006 . Belloc , H. ( 1896 ) . The Bad Child 's Book of Beasts . London : Duckworth . BirdLife International ( 2012 ) . `` Raphus cucullatus '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2013.2 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved 7 April 2014 . Brom , T.G. ; Prins , T.G. ( June 1989 ) . `` Microscopic investigation of feather remains from the head of the Oxford dodo , Raphus cucullatus '' . Journal of Zoology. 218 ( 2 ) : 233 -- 246 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1989. tb02535. x . Cheke , A.S. ( 1987 ) . `` The legacy of the dodo -- conservation in Mauritius '' . Oryx. 21 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 36 . doi : 10.1017 / S0030605300020457 . Cheke , Anthony S. ( 2004 ) . `` The Dodo 's last island '' ( PDF ) . Royal Society of Arts and Sciences of Mauritius . Retrieved 12 May 2012 . Cheke , A.S. ( 2006 ) . `` Establishing extinction dates -- the curious case of the Dodo Raphus cucullatus and the Red Hen Aphanapteryx bonasia '' . Ibis. 148 : 155 -- 158 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1474 - 919X. 2006.00478. x . Cheke , Anthony S. ; Hume , Julian Pender ( 2008 ) . Lost Land of the Dodo : an Ecological History of Mauritius , Réunion & Rodrigues . New Haven and London : T. & A.D. Poyser . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7136 - 6544 - 4 . Christie 's ( 2009 ) . `` Dutch School , 17th Century ; A dodo '' . Christies.com . Retrieved 12 May 2012 . Clark , George ( April 1866 ) . `` Account of the late Discovery of Dodos ' Remains in the Island of Mauritius '' . Ibis. 8 ( 2 ) : 141 -- 146 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1474 - 919X. 1866. tb06082. x . ISSN 0019 - 1019 . Cocks , T. ( 2006 ) . `` Natural disaster may have killed dodos '' . Reuters . Retrieved 30 August 2006 . 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( 2003 ) . `` The journal of the flagship Gelderland -- dodo and other birds on Mauritius 1601 '' . Archives of Natural History . 30 ( 1 ) : 13 -- 27 . doi : 10.3366 / anh. 2003.30. 1.13 . Hume , Julian Pender ; Martill , David M. ; Dewdney , Christopher ( June 2004 ) . `` Palaeobiology : Dutch diaries and the demise of the dodo '' . Nature . 429 ( 6992 ) : 1 p following 621 . Bibcode : 2004Natur. 429 ... H . doi : 10.1038 / nature02688 . PMID 15190921 . Hume , Julian Pender ( 2005 ) . `` Contrasting taphofacies in ocean island settings : the fossil record of Mascarene vertebrates '' . Proceedings of the International Symposium `` Insular Vertebrate Evolution : the Palaeontological Approach '' . Monografies de la Societat d'Història Natural de les Balears. 12 : 129 -- 144 . Hume , J.P. ( 2006 ) . `` The History of the Dodo Raphus cucullatus and the Penguin of Mauritius '' ( PDF ) . Historical Biology . 18 ( 2 ) : 69 -- 93 . doi : 10.1080 / 08912960600639400 . ISSN 0891 - 2963 . 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( 2004 ) . `` The hAT - like DNA transposon DodoPi resides in a cluster of retro - and DNA transposons in the stramenopile Phytophthora infestans '' . Molecular Genetics and Genomics. 271 ( 5 ) : 577 -- 585 . doi : 10.1007 / s00438 - 004 - 1004 - x . PMID 15098122 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Bhookhun , D.P. ( 2006 ) . `` Mauritius : Footprints From the Past '' . Expresser 's . Retrieved 26 September 2006 . ( subscription required ) Witmer , M.C. ; Cheke , A.S. ( May 1991 ) . `` The Dodo and the Tambalacoque Tree : An Obligate Mutualism Reconsidered '' . Oikos. 61 ( 1 ) : 133 -- 137 . doi : 10.2307 / 3545415 . JSTOR 3545415 . Worthy , T.H. ( 2001 ) . `` A giant flightless pigeon gen . Et sp . Nov . And a new species of Ducula ( Aves : Columbidae ) , from Quaternary deposits in Fiji '' . Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand . 31 ( 4 ) : 763 -- 794 . doi : 10.1080 / 03014223.2001. 9517673 . External links Find more aboutDodoat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Data from Wikidata Taxonomy from Wikispecies Painting the dodo : Two - minute video about Julian Hume 's modern interpretation of Roelant Savery 's Dodo Aves3D -- Raphus cucullatus : Interactive 3D scans of various dodo elements How humanity first killed the dodo , then lost it as well , BBC , 2016 Birds ( class : Aves ) Anatomy Bird anatomy Flight Eggs Feathers Plumage Beak Vision Dactyly Preen gland Behaviour Singing Intelligence Migration Sexual selection Lek mating Seabird breeding Incubation Brood parasites Nesting Hybrids Evolution Origin of birds Origin of flight Evolution of birds Darwin 's finches Seabirds Fossil birds Archaeopteryx Omnivoropterygiformes Confuciusornithiformes Enantiornithes Chaoyangiiformes Patagopterygiformes Ambiortiformes Songlingornithiformes Apsaraviformes Gansuiformes Ichthyornithiformes Hesperornithes Lithornithiformes Dinornithiformes Aepyornithiformes Gastornithiformes Human interaction Ringing Ornithology Bird collections Birdwatching Bird feeding Conservation Aviculture Waterfowl hunting Cockfighting Pigeon racing Falconry Pheasantry Egg collecting Ornithomancy Lists Families and orders Genera Glossary of bird terms List by population Lists by region Recently extinct birds Late Quaternary prehistoric birds Notable birds Individuals Fictional Neornithes Palaeognathae Struthioniformes ( ostriches ) Rheiformes ( rheas ) Tinamiformes ( tinamous ) Apterygiformes ( kiwis ) Casuariiformes ( emus and cassowaries ) Neognathae Galloanserae ( fowls ) Anseriformes ( waterfowls ) Anatidae ( ducks ) Anatinae Anserinae swans true geese Aythyinae Dendrocygninae Merginae Oxyurinae Plectropterinae Stictonettinae Tadorninae Thalassorninae Anhimidae Anhima Chauna Anseranatidae Anatalavis Anseranas Galliformes ( landfowls - gamebirds ) Cracidae Cracinae Oreophasinae Penelopinae Megapodidae Aepypodius Alectura Eulipoa Leipoa Macrocephalon Megapodius Talegalla Numididae Acryllium Agelastes Guttera Numida Odontophoridae Callipepla Colinus Cyrtonyx Dactylortyx Dendrortyx Odontophorus Oreortyx Philortyx Rhynchortyx Phasianidae Meleagridinae Perdicinae Phasianinae ( pheasants and relatives ) Tetraoninae Neoaves Columbea Columbimorphae Columbiformes ( doves and pigeons ) Mesitornithiformes ( mesites ) Pteroclidiformes ( sandgrouses ) Mirandornithes Phoenicopteriformes ( flamingos ) Podicipediformes ( grebes ) Passerea Otidimorphae Cuculiformes ( cuckoos ) Musophagiformes ( turacos ) Otidiformes ( bustards ) Strisores Caprimulgiformes ( nightjars and relatives ) Steatornithiformes Podargiformes Apodiformes ( swifts and hummingbirds ) Opisthocomiformes Opisthocomiformes ( hoatzin ) Cursorimorphae Charadriiformes ( gulls and relatives ) Gruiformes ( cranes and relatives ) Phaethontimorphae Phaethontiformes ( tropicbirds ) Eurypygiformes ( kagu and sunbittern ) Aequornithes Gaviiformes ( loons or divers ) Sphenisciformes ( penguins ) Procellariiformes ( albatrosses and petrels ) Ciconiiformes ( storks ) Suliformes ( cormorants and relatives ) Pelecaniformes ( pelicans and relatives ) Australaves Cariamiformes ( seriemas and relatives ) Falconiformes ( falcons and relatives ) Psittaciformes ( parrots ) Passeriformes ( perching birds ) Afroaves Cathartiformes ( New World vultures and condors ) Accipitriformes ( eagles and hawks ) Strigiformes ( owls ) Coliiformes ( mousebirds ) Trogoniformes ( trogons and quetzals ) Leptosomatiformes ( cuckoo roller ) Bucerotiformes ( hornbills and hoopoes ) Coraciiformes ( kingfishers and rollers ) Piciformes ( woodpeckers and relatives ) Portal Outline Birds portal Animals portal Biology portal Mauritius portal Madagascar portal Extinction portal Paleontology portal Taxon identifiers Wd : Q43502 ADW : Raphus_cucullatus ARKive : raphus - cucullatus BioLib : 21894 eBird : dodo1 EoL : 1049951 Fossilworks : 92329 GBIF : 2496198 iNaturalist : 2713 ITIS : 555609 IUCN : 22690059 NCBI : 187135 LCCN : sh85038757 GND : 4150705 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dodo&oldid=834509188 '' Categories : IUCN Red List extinct species Birds described in 1758 Bird extinctions since 1500 Birds of Mauritius Extinct animals of Mauritius Extinct birds of Indian Ocean islands Extinct flightless birds National symbols of Mauritius Raphinae Species made extinct by human activities Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus Species endangered by invasive species Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles containing Latin - language text CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use British English from September 2012 Use dmy dates from July 2012 Featured articles Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - 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what is the point in no mans sky

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=No_Man%27s_Sky&oldid=856426980

No Man 's Sky - wikipedia No Man 's Sky No Man 's Sky The cover art for No Man 's Sky , showcasing the Atlas at the top centre Developer ( s ) Hello Games Publisher ( s ) Hello Games Director ( s ) Sean Murray Grant Duncan Ryan Doyle David Ream Producer ( s ) Gareth Bourn Designer ( s ) Will Braham Artist ( s ) Aaron Andrews Beau Lamb Grant Duncan Jacob Golding Levi Naess Composer ( s ) 65daysofstatic Platform ( s ) PlayStation 4 Microsoft Windows Xbox One Release PlayStation 4 NA : 9 August 2016 EU : 10 August 2016 Microsoft Windows WW : 12 August 2016 Xbox One WW : 24 July 2018 Genre ( s ) Action - adventure , survival Mode ( s ) Single - player , multiplayer No Man 's Sky is an action - adventure survival game developed and published by the indie studio Hello Games . It was released worldwide for PlayStation 4 and Microsoft Windows in August 2016 , and for Xbox One in July 2018 . The game is built around four pillars : exploration , survival , combat , and trading . Players are free to perform within the entirety of a procedurally generated deterministic open world universe , which includes over 18 quintillion planets . Through the game 's procedural generation system , planets have their own ecosystems with unique forms of flora and fauna , and various sentient alien species may engage the player in combat or trade within planetary systems . Players advance in the game by mining for resources to power and improve their spacecraft , tools , and spacesuit for survival , buying and selling resources using credits earned by documenting flora and fauna , and otherwise seeking out the mystery around the Atlas , an entity at the center of the universe . The founder of Hello Games , Sean Murray , had wanted to create a game that captured the sense of exploration and optimism of science fiction writings and art of the 1970s and 1980s with No Man 's Sky . The game was developed over three years by a small team at Hello Games with promotional and publishing help from Sony Interactive Entertainment . The game was seen as an ambitious project by a small team by the gaming media , and Murray and Hello Games drew significant attention leading to its release . At release , the game was found to be lacking several features that Murray had previously stated would be present , particularly multiplayer capabilities , though Murray had tried to downplay expectations prior to launch . Critically , the game received a wide range of mixed reviews , with some praising the technical achievements of the procedurally generated universe , while others considered the gameplay lacklustre and repetitive . Additionally , the lack of promised features , and Hello Games ' lack of communication in the months following the launch , created backlash from its player base . The promotion and marketing for No Man 's Sky became a subject of debate , and the video game industry has used No Man 's Sky as an example of missteps to avoid in marketing . Hello Games has remained committed to improving and expanding the game , while it continued to have a cult following of players . Since the initial criticism , the game has received multiple major content updates that have introduced numerous previously missing features , which has generally improved its overall reception . Contents 1 Gameplay 1.1 Post-release updates 1.2 No Man 's Sky Next 2 Plot 3 Development 4 Release 4.1 Promotion and marketing 4.2 Intellectual property issues 4.3 Pre-release and release issues 4.4 Future 5 Reception 5.1 Pre-release 5.2 Release 5.3 Soundtrack 6 Issues over promotion 6.1 During development 6.2 At release 6.3 Subsequent updates 6.4 Influence 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Gameplay ( edit ) No Man 's Sky allows players to explore planets with procedurally generated flora and fauna No Man 's Sky is an action - adventure survival game played from a first or third person perspective that allows players to engage in four principal activities : exploration , survival , combat , and trading . The player takes the role of a specimen of alien humanoid planetary explorer , known in game as the Traveller , in an uncharted universe . They start on a random planet near a crashed spacecraft at the edge of the galaxy , and are equipped with a survival exosuit with a jetpack , and a `` multitool '' that can be used to scan , mine and collect resources as well as to attack or defend oneself from creatures and hostile forces . The player can collect , repair , and refuel the craft , allowing them to travel about the planet , between other planets and space stations in the local solar system , engage in space combat with alien factions , or make hyperspace jumps to other star systems . While the game is open ended , the player may follow the guidance of the entity known as the Atlas to head towards the centre of the galaxy . The defining feature of No Man 's Sky is that nearly all parts of the galaxy , including stars , planets , flora and fauna on these planets , and sentient alien encounters , are created through procedural generation using deterministic algorithms and random number generators from a single seed number . This 64 - bit value leads to there being over 18 quintillion ( 1.8 × 10 ) planets to explore within the game . Very little data is stored on the game 's servers , as all elements of the game are created through deterministic calculations when the player is near them , assuring that other players will see the same elements as another player by travelling to the same location in the galaxy . The player may make temporary changes on planets , such as mining resources , but these changes are not tracked once the player leaves that vicinity . Only some `` significant '' changes , such as destroying a space station , are tracked for all players on the game 's servers . The game uses different servers for the PlayStation 4 and Windows versions . Through exploration , the player is credited with `` units '' , the in - game currency , by observing not - yet - seen planets , alien bases , flora and fauna in their travels . If the player is first to discover one of these , they can earn additional units by uploading this information to the Atlas , as well as having their name credited with the discovery to be seen by other players through the game 's servers . Players also have the opportunity to rename these features at this point within limits set by a content filter . No Man 's Sky can be played offline , but interaction with the Atlas requires online connectivity . The player must assure the survival of the Traveller , as many planets have dangerous atmospheres such as extreme temperatures , toxic gases , and dangerous storms . Though the player can seek shelter at alien bases or underground caves , these environments will wear away at the exosuit 's shielding and armour and can kill the Traveller , thus the player must collect resources necessary for survival . By collecting blueprints , the player can use resources to craft upgrades to their exosuit , multitool , and spacecraft to make survival easier , with several of these upgrades working in synergistic manners to improve the survivability and capabilities of the Traveller . Each of these elements have a limited number of slots for both upgrades and resource space , requiring the player to manage their inventories and feature sets , though the player can either gain new slots for the exosuit or purchase new ships and multitools with more slots . Many features of the exosuit , multitool , and spacecraft need to be refuelled after prolonged use , using collected resources as a fuel source . Better equipment , and the blueprints and resources to craft that equipment , are generally located closer to the centre of the galaxy , providing a driver for the player . While on a planet , the Traveller may be attacked by hostile creatures . They also may be attacked by Sentinels , a self - replicating robot force that patrols the planets and takes action against those that take the planet 's resources . The player can fend these off using the weapons installed on the multitool . The game uses a `` wanted level '' similar to that of the Grand Theft Auto series ; low wanted levels may cause small drones to appear which may be easily fought off , while giant walking machines can assault the player at higher wanted levels . While in space , the Traveller may be attacked by pirates seeking their ship 's cargo , or by alien factions with whom they have a poor reputation . Here , the player can use the ship 's weapon systems to engage in these battles . Should the Traveller die on a planet , they will be respawned at their last save point without their exosuit 's inventory ; the player can recover these materials if the player can reach the last death location . If the Traveller dies in space , they will similarly respawn at the local system 's space station , but having lost all the goods aboard their ship . Again , these goods can be recovered by travelling to the point at which the player died in space , but with the added uncertainty of pirates claiming the goods first . Each star system has a space station where the Traveller can trade resources , multitools , and ships , and interact with one or more aliens from three different races that populate the galaxy . The player may also find active or abandoned alien bases on planets that offer similar functions . Each alien race has their own language , presented as a word - for - word substitution which initially will be nonsense to the player . By frequent communications with that race , as well as finding monoliths scattered on planets that act as Rosetta stones , the player can better understand these languages and perform proper actions when interacting with the alien non-player characters , gaining favour from the alien and its race for future trading and combat . Consequentially , improper responses to aliens may cause them to dislike the Traveller , and their space - bound fleets may attack the Traveller on sight . The game includes a free market galactic store accessible at space stations or alien bases , where some resources and goods have higher values in some systems compared to others , enabling the player to profit on resource gathering and subsequent trade . No Man 's Sky is primarily designed as a single - player game , though discoveries can be shared to all players via the Steam Workshop , and friends can track each other on the game 's galactic map . Hello Games ' Sean Murray stated that one might spend about forty hours of game - time to reach the centre of the galaxy if they did not perform any side activities , but he also fully anticipated that players would play the game in a manner that suits them , such as having those that might try to catalogue the flora and fauna in the universe , while others may attempt to set up trade routes between planets . Players can track friends on the galactic map and the system maps . Due to limited multiplayer aspects , Sony does not require PlayStation 4 users to have a PlayStation Plus subscription to play the game online . Post-release updates ( edit ) A large update released in November 2016 , known as the `` Foundation Update '' , added the ability for the player to define a planet as a `` home planet '' , and construct a base on that planet from modular components created from collected resources . Once constructed , the player can then immediately return to their base via teleportation from a space station in the rest of the galaxy . The base supports adding special stations , such as research terminals , that can be manned by one of the sentient aliens , which can help to unlock additional base components and blueprints , tend to harvesting flora for resources , and other aspects . The player may opt to tear down the base and relocate to a different home planet at any time . The player also has abilities to construct devices such as automatic mineral drills in the field . The player is able to purchase starship freighters , which serve both as a space - bound base , with similar base - building and construction options as the planetary base , and as additional storage capacity that collected resources can be transferred . The Foundation update also adds in two new play modes , with the original gameplay considered as the third , default mode . Survival mode is similar to standard gameplay but the difficulty is much higher -- atmospheric effects have larger impact on the exosuit 's armour , alien creatures are more hostile , Sentinels are more alert and deadly , and resources tend to be sparse . If a player should die in Survival mode , they must restart without being able to recover their lost progress , though they still possess their credits , alien language progress , and known blueprints . Creative mode removes much of the mechanics that can kill the player 's character , and gives them unlimited resources for constructing bases . A second update released in March 2017 , known as the `` Path Finder Update '' , added several new features to the game . Among these included the ability to share bases with other players , as well as new vehicles called exocraft to help in exploration . The exocraft can be built on the player 's set home planet , and called upon on any other planet via a minor update released a few days afterwards . The update also contained a permadeath option that wipes the player 's progress completely on death ; support for Steam Workshop for user modifications on the Windows version ; new base building features and materials , ship and multitool classes and support for PlayStation 4 Pro enhanced graphics . A third update , titled `` The Atlas Rises , '' was released in August 2017 . It included significant contributions to the game 's story mode , added an estimated 30 hours of narrative , and added procedurally - generated missions . The player can use portals to quickly transport across the game 's galaxy . A limited online cooperative mode , called `` Joint Exploration '' , allows for up to 16 players to explore the same planet and use voice chat and text commands to communicate to others in close proximity , seeing each other as glowing spheres , but otherwise they can not directly interact with each other ; Hello Games called it an `` important first step into the world of synchronous co-op '' . The update was preceded by several weeks of a `` Waking Titan '' alternate reality game . No Man 's Sky Next ( edit ) The fourth major update , titled No Man 's Sky Next , was released for Windows and PlayStation 4 on 24 July 2018 ; this also coincided with No Man 's Sky 's release on Xbox One which included all updates including Next . Additionally , the Next update will include support for Tencent 's WeGame distribution platform in China , which Hello Games says hosts a significant number of No Man 's Sky players . No Man 's Sky Next is a significant update to the game that Hello Games considered to be more representative of the game they wanted to release in 2016 . The update will include a full multiplayer experience , allowing up to four players to create and customize their in - game avatar and to join as allies to explore planets and star systems and build bases together , or as opponents to fight against each other . Bases are no longer limited to specific spots on a planet and now can be built nearly anywhere , including underwater , and such bases will be visible to all other players of the game ( on their respective platform ) . Players will be able to assemble fleets of starships to be used to send out on various missions . The game 's engine has gotten a significant overhaul in how planets are procedurally generated as well as how they are rendered to the player . At launch , the GOG.com version of No Man 's Sky Next lacked the multiplayer component , a feature that Hello Games expects to add later in the year to work with the GOG Galaxy software , but otherwise had all new content . As a result GOG offered refunds within a limited window for anyone that had bought the game regardless of when that purchase was made . Following `` Next '' , Hello Games plans to be more interactive with the community and provide more frequent updates , including weekly content with special events with community - driven goals that will provide all players with in - game currency to purchase in - game items , but otherwise free to all players and without microtransactions . Additionally , Hello Games launched the Galactic Atlas , a website that players can upload information about interesting discoveries they found in - game for other players to explore themselves . Plot ( edit ) The player character , known as the Traveller , wakes up on a remote planet near their crashed spacecraft . They receive a message from an entity called `` The Atlas '' that offers its guidance , directing the character to make the necessary repairs to the spacecraft and collecting the resources needed to fuel a hyperspace jump to another solar system . En route , they encounter individual members of three alien species , the Gek , the Korvax , and the Vy'keen , that inhabit the galaxy . As the Traveller moves towards other systems , they are alerted to a presence of a space anomaly in a nearby system . Travelling there they find a special space station ( `` space anomaly '' ) where two aliens wait for them , Priest Entity Nada and Specialist Polo . Nada and Polo have knowledge beyond what other aliens in the galaxy appear to possess , including being able to speak without translation to the Traveller . They are able to guide the Traveller towards meeting Atlas , either by directing them to the location of a nearby Atlas Interface , or to a black hole that can quickly take the Traveller closer to the centre of the galaxy . The Traveller investigates the Interfaces to find themselves in direct communication with the Atlas which wants them to continue to explore and collect information all while moving towards the centre , where the Atlas entity appears to be . The Atlas judges the Traveller 's progress , and grants it an Atlas Stone if it deems the Traveller worthy . The Traveller continues on its journey , continuing to gain help from Nada and Polo and Atlas Stones from other Interfaces . As the Traveller progresses , they become aware that they , like Nada and Polo , are different from the other sentient beings in the galaxy , having some sense of the universe 's construction and nature . It is revealed that the galaxy itself exists as a computer simulation managed by the Atlas , the Traveller an entity created by the Atlas to explore the simulation , while Nada and Polo were `` errors '' that had become self - aware of being in a simulation and isolated themselves in the anomaly to help others . Ultimately , the Traveller reaches the galaxy 's centre , finding another Atlas Interface . The Traveller presents the Interface with the Atlas Stones they have obtained , upon which the Atlas creates a new star and solar system , as well as creating another new Traveller entity to restart the exploration . The current Traveller is released , free to explore on its own , while from the player 's view , they are placed in control of this new Traveller , effectively restarting the game . Development ( edit ) Main article : Development of No Man 's Sky No Man 's Sky represented Hello Games ' vision of a broad , attention - getting game that they wanted to pursue while they secured their financial well being through the Joe Danger series of games . The game 's original prototype was worked on by Hello Games ' Sean Murray , who wanted to create a game about the spirit of exploration inspired by the optimistic science fiction of Isaac Asimov , Arthur C. Clarke and Robert Heinlein , and the cover artwork of these works in the 1970s and 1980s . Development expanded into a small four - person team prior to its first teaser in December 2013 . About a dozen developers worked on the game in the three years leading up to its release , with Sony Interactive Entertainment providing promotional and marketing support . Sony formally announced the title during their press conference at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2014 , the first independently - developed game to be presented at the Expo 's centrepiece events . The game 's engine employs several deterministic algorithms such as parameterised mathematical equations that can mimic a wide range of geometry and structure found in nature . Art elements created by human artists are used and altered as well . The game 's audio , including ambient sounds and its underlying soundtrack , also uses procedural generation methods from base samples created by audio designer Paul Weir and the British musical group 65daysofstatic . Release ( edit ) Lead director Sean Murray at the 2017 Game Developers Conference Promotion and marketing ( edit ) No Man 's Sky was first revealed at the VGX Awards in December 2013 , and subsequently gained significant attention from the gaming press . Hello Games sought help from a publisher and got the interest of Sony Interactive Entertainment ( then Sony Computer Entertainment ) . Sony offered to provide development funding but Hello Games only requested financial assistance for promotion and publication . Sony presented the game at their media event during Electronic Entertainment Expo 2014 ( E3 ) ; until that point , no independently - developed game has been demonstrated during these centre - stage events . Rumors circulated in the lead - up to the 2015 Paris Games Week in October 2015 that No Man 's Sky would be released alongside Sony 's press conference , but Murray and Sony denied these rumours . Instead , Sony used their press conference to announce the game 's expected release in June 2016 for the PlayStation 4 . The game 's scheduled release during the week of 21 June 2016 was announced in March 2016 , along with the onset of pre-orders for both PlayStation 4 and Windows versions . Hello Games also announced that the PlayStation 4 version would also be available in both a standard and `` Limited Edition '' retail release , published by Sony , alongside the digital version . About a month before this planned release , Sony and Hello Games announced that the game would be delayed until August 2016 , with Murray opting to use the few extra weeks as `` some key moments needed extra polish to bring them up to our standards '' . Hello Games opted not to present at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2016 in June 2016 so as to devote more time to polishing the game , with Murray noting that due to the structure of the game , `` we get one shot to make this game and we ca n't mess it up . '' The game had gone gold on 7 July 2016 , and was officially released on 9 August 2016 . The release date in the United Kingdom , originally slated for 12 August and two days after the rest of Europe , was later pushed up to 10 August due in part to a new deal Sony arranged with retailers to allow for simultaneous release in both regions . Two weeks before release , the worldwide Windows version release was pushed out a few days , to 12 August 2016 . Murray stated through Twitter that they felt the best experience for players would be a simultaneous worldwide release on the Windows platform , something they could not control with the retail aspects that were associated with the regional PlayStation 4 market , and thus opted to hold back the Windows release to make this possible . They also used the few extra days to finish additional technical features that they wanted to include at the Windows launch , such as multiple monitor widescreen support . The limited edition retail version includes an art book and a comic written by Dave Gibbons , James Swallow and Angus McKie ; Sony previously expressed interest in companion fiction for the game 's release , and Murray had engaged with Gibbons on developing such a work . Swallow also helped with some of the in - game narrative . A limited - run `` Explorer 's Edition '' for the Windows version , published by iam8bit , included a miniature replica of one of the game 's spacecraft alongside other materials . Sony released a limited edition bundle with No Man 's Sky and a custom face plate for the PlayStation 4 in Europe . The New Yorker featured No Man 's Sky in their 2015 New Yorker Festival as part of their inaugural Tech@Fest event , highlighting topics on the intersection of culture and technology . On 2 October 2015 , Murray made an appearance and gave a demonstration of the game on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert , an American television late - night talk show . In the weeks leading up to the game 's release , Sony released a set of four videos , each focused on the principal activities of the game : exploring , fighting , trading , and surviving . Sony Interactive Entertainment Europe also released a television advertisement for the game featuring comedian Bill Bailey . Intellectual property issues ( edit ) Hello Games had been in legal negotiations with Sky plc over the trademark on the word `` Sky '' used for No Man 's Sky , a trademark Sky had previously defended against Microsoft 's choice of `` Skydrive '' . The issue was ultimately settled in June 2016 , allowing Hello Games to continue to use the name . A few weeks before the game 's launch , No Man 's Sky was claimed to be using the superformula based on work done by Dr. Johan Gielis in 2003 , and subsequently patented by Gielis under the Dutch company Genicap which Gielis founded and serves as Chief Research Officer . Murray had mentioned the superformula while describing the procedural generation aspects of the game in an interview with The New Yorker during development . Genicap anticipates developing a software tool using the superformula for their own product that they can see being used in video game development , which Hello Games would be infringing on if they had used the superformula in the game . The company states they have attempted to reach out to Hello Games to ask them about its use for No Man 's Sky but have not received anything back . Genicap said they did not want to stop the launch of No Man 's Sky , considered the game to be `` very impressive '' , and that they would like to talk more with Hello Games to exchange knowledge with them , but `` if the formula is used we 'll need to have a talk '' . Murray replied that No Man 's Sky does not use the superformula , and was working to arrange a meeting with Genicap to discuss the situation and their respective mathematics . Pre-release and release issues ( edit ) Two weeks before the official release , a Reddit user was able to purchase a leaked copy of the game for the PlayStation 4 from eBay for roughly $1,250 , and started posting various videos of their experiences in the game . Other users also claimed to have leaked copies , and began sharing their own gameplay videos . Some of these reports included negative elements about the game , including frequent crashes and a much - shorter time to `` complete '' the game by reaching the centre of the virtual galaxy than Hello Games had claimed , leading many fans to express concern and frustration that the game might not be as good as they anticipated . In response , Murray asked fans waiting for the game to avoid these spoilers , stating `` We 've spent years filling No Man 's Sky with surprises . You 've spent years waiting . Please do n't spoil it for yourself . '' Some retailers broke the street date , as several players , including journalists at Kotaku and Polygon , streamed their starting playthroughs of the game starting from 5 August 2016 . Polygon noted that Sony had not issued any review embargoes for the game at this point . Hello Games reset the servers for the game just prior to 9 August 2016 so as to give all players a clean slate . Prior to official release , Sony requested sites to take down videos from early copies , citing that due to the nature of the game , they considered that Hello Games ' vision of the game would only be met once a day - one patch was made available at release . Some of these video takedowns had accidentally included users discussing the game but without using these pre-release footage videos , a situation that Murray and Sony worked to resolve . The day - one patch , which Hello Games had been at work at since the game went gold in July , altered several aspects of how the procedurally generated universe was created , such that existing saves from previous copies would no longer work . This patch also removed an exploit that was observed by pre-release players that allowed them to complete the game much faster than anticipated . Commentators noted that the patch would substantially change the aspects of the game previously critiqued by aforementioned early players , and believed some of the changes were made specifically to address these concerns . Concern was raised by the fan community when OpenCritic , a review aggregator site , stated that there were going to be no review copies of the game prior to the public release and a review embargo that would end on the date of release . The lack of review copies is a general sign within the industry that there are concerns by the developers or publishers that a game may not live up to expectations and thus indicates that they want to minimise any impact reviews may have prior to release . However , both OpenCritic and Sony later affirmed there would be pre-release review copies and that they were waiting on a pre-release patch before sending these out to journalists . Eurogamer noted that they had expected to have review copies by 5 August , but these were pushed until 8 August so as to get the day - one patch in place , a situation they attributed to the certification process required by Sony for any games on their service . Because of the late arrival of the review copies , and the size of the game , critics presented their reviews `` in progress '' over several days , omitting a final review score until they had completed enough of the game to their satisfaction . At launch , a number of software bugs affected both the PlayStation 4 and Windows versions . A game - breaking bug occurred with an in - game pre-order bonus spaceship players could collect that would potentially strand them on a planet , and a resource duplication exploit could significantly reduce the time needed to reach the game 's endings . The Windows version also garnered several reports of poor graphics rendering , framerates , and the inability to even start the game . Within a day , Hello Games had identified several of the common issues and issued patches while working to provide better technical support and resolve other issues . Murray stated that their initial patches for both systems would be `` focused on customer support '' before moving onto adding in new features . Future ( edit ) Murray has offered the potential to extend the game through downloadable content that , because of the procedural generation systems used , would likely be in the form of added features rather than new content . For example , with release of the day one patch , Hello Games has pointed to base building and the ability to purchase freighters as planned additions to the game . Murray anticipates all updates will be freely available , but did not rule out that some yet - planned features may require them to charge for the content . Former Sony executive Shahid Ahmad , who led Sony 's efforts to get No Man 's Sky , stated that Hello Games had a planned schedule of updates for the game as early as 2013 . The game 's first major content patch , called the `` Foundation Update '' , was released in November 2016 and added the ability for planet - side base - building , interstellar freighter purchases with similar base - building customisation , as well as an open Creative mode . It also includes a Survival mode , which reduces the availability of resources and makes encounters with hostiles more difficult , and makes various other improvements . Murray did suggest the possibility of releasing modding tools for Windows players to alter the game , though noted that they would be limited , and would not allow players to create new planets in the game , for example . About a week after the Windows release players had already started to examine the game 's files and create unofficial mods , with at least one mod - sharing website offering these for distribution . Hello Games have since provided patches that help to support these user mods . Murray stated in an interview with IGN prior to release that VR `` would be a really good fit '' for No Man 's Sky , as the immersive experience could create `` really intense moments within a game '' . Murray also commented on the potential for a remastering of No Man 's Sky for a system with more hardware capabilities , suggesting that they would be able to both increase the texture resolution and the degree of complexity of the flora and fauna on the planets . Reception ( edit ) Pre-release ( edit ) The first introduction of No Man 's Sky at the 2013 VGX awards was considered to be the best aspect of the awards presentation . Its expanded coverage at E3 2014 was also met with similar praise , with several critics considering it to have `` stolen the show '' . The title won the show 's `` Best Original Game '' and `` Best Independent Game '' by a panel of game critics , as well as receiving the `` Special Commendation for Innovation '' title . Release ( edit ) Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic ( PS4 ) 71 / 100 ( PC ) 61 / 100 ( XONE ) 77 / 100 Review scores Publication Score Destructoid 7 / 10 EGM 7 / 10 Game Informer 7.5 / 10 Game Revolution GameSpot 7 / 10 GamesRadar+ IGN 6 / 10 PC Gamer ( US ) 64 / 100 Polygon 6 / 10 VideoGamer.com 6 / 10 The Guardian Metro 6 / 10 PC Magazine Time US Gamer Upon release , No Man 's Sky received `` mixed or average '' reviews from critics , according to review aggregator Metacritic , with the later release on Xbox One receiving `` generally favorable reviews '' . While many praised the technical achievement of No Man 's Sky 's procedurally - generated universe , several found that the nature of the game can become repetitive and monotonous , with the survival gameplay elements being lacklustre and tedious . As summarised by Jake Swearingen in New York , `` You can procedurally generate 18.6 quintillion unique planets , but you ca n't procedurally generate 18.6 quintillion unique things to do . '' Some of the game 's criticism stemmed from the limitations of what procedural generation can bring to a game . While the engine can produce a vast array of different planets , it is built atop a finite number of predetermined assets , such as basic creature shapes or planetary biomes , and one quickly exhausts these core assets even with the variations allowed by procedural generation . An evaluation of the game 's code showed that Hello Games had the foresight to enable new predetermined assets to be added into the game through updates , which Gamasutra 's Alissa McAloon suggested that with more artists to provide more content , Hello Games or third - parties could exponentially expand the perceived uniqueness of each planet . Kate Compton , who worked on the procedural generation elements of Spore , called this issue `` procedural oatmeal '' , in that while you can pour a near infinite number of bowls of oatmeal with various differences , the end result still will look like a bowl of oatmeal . Compton noted that No Man 's Sky lacks a quality of perceptual uniqueness , a problem that other game researchers are looking to try to solve to provide a more crafted but still procedurally generated experience to the player , placing less emphasis on the vastness of potential outcomes as No Man 's Sky 's marketing relied on . Polygon 's Ben Kuchera hypothesised that No Man 's Sky could follow the same route as Destiny , a 2014 game that , at release , received lukewarm reviews as it lacked much of the potential that its developers and publishers had claimed in marketing , but became highly praised after several major updates . Kuchera referred to Hello Games ' statements regarding new features , downloadable content , and tracking what players are interested in as evidence that No Man 's Sky would evolve over time . Within a day of the game 's official launch , Hello Games reported that more than 10 million distinct species were registered by players , exceeding the estimated 8.7 million species identified to date on Earth . On the first day of the Windows release , No Man 's Sky saw more than 212,000 concurrent players on Steam , exceeding the largest number of concurrent players for most other games , including other 2016 releases such as XCOM 2 and Dark Souls III . Chart - Track reported that sales of the physical release of No Man 's Sky in the United Kingdom during the first week was the second - largest PlayStation 4 launch title published by Sony , following Uncharted 4 , and the fifth highest across all publishers and Sony formats . However , a week later , these numbers had dropped significantly ; the concurrent player count on Steam fell under 23,000 , and United Kingdom sales fell by 81 % in the second week . The number of concurrent players on Steam fell to around 2,100 by the end of September 2016 . While player dropoff after release is common in games , the dropoff rate for No Man 's Sky was considered unusually high . Steam Spy reported that No Man 's Sky had the third - highest `` hype factor '' , a statistical measure of concurrent player dropoff from publicly - available reports , of all games released on Steam from the start of 2016 to August of that year . The game was the top downloaded title from the PlayStation Store in the month of August 2016 . Physical sales of No Man 's Sky across both PlayStation 4 and Windows in August 2016 made it the second - highest selling game in North America by revenue that month , according to NPD Group . SuperData Research stated that for the month of August 2016 , No Man 's Sky was the second highest grossing game in digital sales across all consoles , and sixth - highest for PC . Steam developer Valve Corporation reported that No Man 's Sky was one of the top twelve highest - grossing revenue games available on the platform during 2016 , while Steam Spy estimated that more than 823,000 copies were sold in 2016 for a total gross revenue of more than $43 million . With the release of `` Next '' and the Xbox One version of the title in July 2018 , SuperData reported No Man 's Sky was the sixth top - selling console game globally for the month , bringing in around US $24 million across all platforms . No Man 's Sky won the Innovation Award and was nominated for the Best Technology Award for the 2017 Game Developers Choice Awards . Murray and other members of Hello Games had attended the Game Developers Conference , but had not expected to win anything given the game 's reputation by that point , and opted to go elsewhere for dinner when they were named the winners of the Innovation Award . The game was nominated for the Excellence in Technical Achievement for the 2017 SXSW Gaming Awards . The title was also named for the British Game award for the 13th British Academy Games Awards . PC Gamer named No Man 's Sky its Best Ongoing Game award in 2017 , and Shacknews considered it the Best Comeback in 2017 , both praising the updates added in the year since its launch that had improved how one interacted with the game . Soundtrack ( edit ) The game 's official soundtrack , Music for an Infinite Universe by 65daysofstatic , was released on 5 August 2016 , and received positive reviews from music critics . Andrew Webster of The Verge described the soundtrack as an extension of past 65daysofstatic albums , particularly from Wild Light , but with a greater science - fiction vibe to it , considering the track `` Asimov '' to be like `` taking flight into a Chris Foss painting '' . Sam Walker - Smart for Clash rated the album 8 out of 10 , considered the album one of 65daysofstatic 's best , and that it was `` apocalyptic , transcendental and drenched in a sense of pure epic - ness '' . Issues over promotion ( edit ) Since its reveal at the 2013 VGX show and over the course of its development , the potential of No Man 's Sky had been widely promoted across the video game industry and created a great deal of hype . Matt Kamen of Wired UK called No Man 's Sky `` perhaps one of , if not the , most hyped indie titles in the history of gaming '' . Much of the attention has been drawn to the massive scope realised by the procedural generation of the game , and the relatively small size of the Hello Games ' team behind it . No Man 's Sky was seen as a potential industry - changing title , challenging the status quo of triple - A game development , which according to Peckham , had become `` rich and complacent '' . The game had been considered to have similar potential to impact the game industry as Minecraft , though in contrast , The Atlantic 's David Sims opined that Minecraft 's relevance took several years to develop , while No Man 's Sky was burdened with expectations from the start . No Man 's Sky has been considered by Nathan Lawrence of IGN as a mainstream - friendly space flight simulator game , providing controls that were `` simple to learn and fascinating to plumb '' compared to Elite : Dangerous and Star Citizen while still offering engaging gameplay . During development ( edit ) The concepts behind No Man 's Sky , allowing for a `` grail - like feedback loop '' around the exploration of near - infinite space according to Time 's Matt Peckham , created a great amount of anticipation for the game from gamers , as such lofty goals were often seen as a dare for them to challenge . In a specific example , Hello Games had first claimed their system would achieve 4.3 billion planets ( 2 ) through the use of a 32 - bit key ; when players expressed doubt that this scope could be done , Hello Games altered their approach to use a 64 - bit number as to create 18 quintillion planets to prove otherwise . Many commentators compared No Man 's Sky to 2008 's Spore by Maxis , which had promised similar ambitions to use procedural generation to construct new creatures and worlds . However , by release , the extent of the use of procedural generation was scaled back during the course of production , and the resulting game was not as well - received as anticipated . Murray was aware that some critics were applying caution to their view of No Man 's Sky due to their previous experiences with Spore . Kris Graft for Gamasutra commented that many players and journalists had both high expectations for the game as well as wide expectations , with some believing that it would be , among other aspects , the `` best space sim '' , the `` best multiplayer action shooter '' , and the `` best pure exploration game '' . Ars Technica 's Kyle Orland found that unlike Spore or Fable which had `` saturation PR campaigns that promised revolutionary and industry - changing gameplay features '' which failed to be present in the final releases , Hello Games ' statements about No Man 's Sky were `` relatively restrained and realistic about what they were promising '' . Orland surmises that many players and journalists `` layer ( ed ) their own expectations onto the game 's gaps '' from what Hello Games actually claimed . Vlambeer 's founder Rami Ismail considered the strength of the marketing campaign by Hello Games and Sony to generate interest in the game , calling the pitch using the concept of magnitudes and scale rather than absolutes as `` a little masterclass in explaining an abstract concept to the largest possible audience '' ; Polygon 's Ben Kuchera agreed on this point , but considered that the marketing may have gotten away from Sony and Hello Games since players did not have a concrete understanding of the game 's limitations prior to launch . Murray himself was aware of the `` unrealistic , intangible level of excitement '' that fans had of the game and given that they had been waiting three years to play it , would be expecting it to be perfect . He countered that he felt he and Hello Games tried to be `` reasonably open and honest about what the game is '' all throughout the marketing cycle to set expectations . On the day before the official release , Murray cautioned players that No Man 's Sky may not have been `` the game you imagined from those trailers '' and instead that the title was meant as a `` very very chill game '' , giving players a universe - sized sandbox that makes you feel as if you `` stepped into a sci - fi book cover '' ; Murray believed the game would have a `` super divisive '' response from players due to some of these expectations . No Man 's Sky developed a dedicated fan - base before its release , with many congregating in a subreddit to track and share information published about the game . Sam Zucchi writing for Kill Screen proposed that the players anxiously awaiting No Man 's Sky were a kind of religion , putting faith in Hello Games to be able deliver an experience that has otherwise never been offered by video games before , the ability to explore a near - infinite universe . Following the news of the game 's delay from June to August 2016 , Murray , along with Kotaku writer Jason Schreier , who first reported on the rumour of the delay , received a number of death threats in response , which Murray publicly responded to in good humor . The situation was seen by other journalists as a growing issue between the pre-release hype created by marketing for video games , and the excited nature of the fans of these games even before their release . New Statesman 's Phil Hartup considered that when marketing for a game drives a need for any type of news by those anxious to play the game , disappointing news such as delays could readily lead to online fans reacting in a paranoid manner against marketing expectations . Phil Owen writing for TheWrap blamed such issues on the video game marketers , as the field had become less about selling a game and more about creating a cult - like following for the game and `` weaponizing fandom '' . At release ( edit ) In addition to its mixed response from critics , player reaction to the release version of No Man 's Sky was generally negative in response to several issues at the game 's launch , buoyed by early reactions from those that had played the game before its official release . Users expressed concern with the apparent lack of features and other issues associated with the PlayStation 4 launch , while many players on the Windows version via Steam and GOG.com gave the game negative reviews due to the poor graphics capabilities or inability to launch the game . Players were also disappointed at the apparent lack of features that Hello Games and Sony had stated in earlier announcements and interviews would be included in the game ; a list initially compiled by members of the No Man 's Sky subreddit consisting of all such features appeared around a week after launch . By October 2016 , the game had one of the worst user - based ratings on Steam , with an aggregate `` mostly negative '' average from more than 70,000 users . At the 2017 Game Developers Conference , Murray admitted they have far underestimated the number of players that would initially get the game ; using estimates from Inside and Far Cry : Primal , both released just before No Man 's Sky , the studio had expected about 10,000 concurrent players at launch , but in actuality saw over 500,000 players across both PlayStation 4 and Windows , with about half coming from the Windows side . This overwhelmed their expected server capacity and overloaded their support team with bug reports and technical help , leading to the noted problems with communications within the release window . At the same event , Hello Games announced that they had started their own support programme , known as `` Hello Labs '' , which will help fund and support the developers of games using procedural generation , or otherwise experimental gameplay . Murray stated they anticipate funding one or two games at a time , and that one title was already part of the programme at the time of announcement . One of the more significant features that appeared to be absent from the release version of No Man 's Sky was its multiplayer capabilities . Hello Games had stated during development that No Man 's Sky would include multiplayer elements , though the implementation would be far from traditional methods as one would see in a massive multiplayer online game , to the point where Murray has told players to not think of No Man 's Sky as a multiplayer game . Because of the size of the game 's universe , Hello Games estimated that more than 99.9 % of the planets would never be explored by players , and that the likelihood of meeting another player through chance encounters is nearly zero . Murray had stated in a 2014 interview that No Man 's Sky would include a matchmaking system that is similar to that used for Journey when such encounters do occur ; each online player would have an `` open lobby '' that any players in their in - universe proximity would enter and leave . This approach was envisioned to provide `` cool moments '' for players as they encounter each other , but not meant to support gameplay like player versus environment or fully cooperative modes . According to Murray in 2018 , Hello Games had worked to try to keep this light multiplayer element in the game though the final part of their development cycle , but found that it was very difficult to include , and opted to remove it for the game 's release , believing that with the size of the game 's universe , only a few players would end up experiencing it . Questions regarding the multiplayer aspects of No Man 's Sky were raised a day following the official release on the PlayStation 4 . Two players attempted to meet at a location in the game 's virtual universe after one player recognised the other upon seeing their username attached to a planetary discovery . Despite confirming they had been at the same spot on the same planet outside of the game through their respective Twitch.tv streams , they could not see each other . Furthering this was the discovery that European copies of the limited edition packaging used a sticker to cover the PEGI online play icon . Journalists noted a number of potential reasons why the players may not have encountered each other , including the users being on separate instances or server problems reported by Hello Games at launch , though some opined that this may have been a feature removed before launch . Hello Games noted that they have had `` far more '' players than they expected at launch and are bringing on more people to help support the game along with patching the critical issues at the game 's launch , but they have not made a direct statement on the multiplayer situation as of September 2016 . Outside of patch notes , Hello Games had effectively gone silent on social media right after the game 's release up until the announcement of the Foundation update in late November 2016 . Murray , who used the Hello Games ' Twitter account with some frequency before release , had not been visible online for the first two months following the game 's release . In the announcement of this update , Hello Games admitted to being `` quiet '' but have been paying attention to the various criticisms levelled at the game . Schreier from Kotaku and Ben Kuchera of Polygon commented that some of the negative player reaction was due to a lack of clarification on these apparently missing features from either Hello Games or Sony in the weeks just after release , with Kuchera further stating that with the silence from either company , `` the loudest , most negative voices are shouting unopposed '' and leading to a strong negative perception of the game . Kuchera later wrote that many of the issues in the lead - up and follow - up to No Man 's Sky 's release , whether by choice or happenstance , provide many lessons on the importance of proper public relations . Kuchera specifically pointed to the decision to withhold review copies and an apparent lack of public relations ( PR ) to manage statements relating to what features would be in the game . Kuchera also noted that many people had taken the hype generated by the press only to be disappointed by the final game , and that consumers did have ways to evaluate the game following its release before they purchased the title . Sony president Shuhei Yoshida admitted that Hello Games did not have `` a great PR strategy '' for No Man 's Sky , in part for lacking a dedicated PR staff to manage expectations , but still support the developers as they continue to patch and update the game . Jesse Signal , writing for the Boston Globe noted that some of the hype for No Man 's Sky may be attributed to game journalists themselves for getting too excited about the game , positing `` Had journalists asked certain questions at certain times , perhaps it would have been more difficult for Hello Games to make promises it could n't deliver on . '' The lack of features in the release version of the game became a point of contention , with many players using the Steam and GOG.com review pages , along with Metacritic reviews , to give it poor ratings . Sean Murray received a great deal of online criticism from players , including accusations of lying . A Reddit user temporarily took down the documented list of removed features after he received messages that congratulated him on `` really sticking it to these ' dirtbag ' devs '' , which was not his intention in publishing the list ; he wanted no part of the anger towards Hello Games . The subreddit forum had become hostile due to a lack of updates from Hello Games or Sony , leading one moderator to delete the subreddit due to the toxicity of the comments , later undoing that action on further review . In an interview in July 2018 , Murray stated that the period following No Man 's Sky ' release was difficult for him and the studio due to the fan backlash that included numerous death and bomb threats during that period that forced the studio to be in constant contact with Scotland Yard . Murray stated of that period , `` I find it really personal , and I do n't have any advice for dealing with it . '' The Hello Games ' Twitter account had been hacked into in October 2016 and used to post the message `` No Man 's Sky was a mistake '' among other tweets before the companies regained control of it , leading to confusion and additional drama within the community . Users sought refunds for the game via both Sony and Valve outside of the normal time allowance for claiming such refunds by their policies , citing the numerous bugs within the game and / or the lack of features , and while some players claim to have received such refunds , both companies have reemphasised their refund policies in response to the volume of refund requests . Game journalist Geoff Keighley , who had been in discussions with Murray and Hello Games throughout the development , had expressed concern to Murray in the year leading up to release , according to Keighley in September 2016 . He said he was `` internally conflicted '' about the state of the game near its release , recognising that many of the features that Murray had been talking about were not going to make it , and compared Murray to Peter Molyneux who had overpromised on a vision for his games that ultimately fell short . Keighley had expressed to Murray his concern that the $60 price tag was a bit steep for the current state of the game and recommended that they take an early access approach instead . According to Keighley , Murray said he did n't want to be around Keighley any more as he was `` a little too negative about the game and ( Keighley ) 's assessment of where the team was at '' . Keighley felt that Murray could not `` rip off that band - aid '' and explain exactly what had made it and had to be cut for the game prior to release , and in the end appeared to `` disrespect his audience '' . As such , Keighley sympathised with those that felt they were misled by the marketing . Keighley rekindled the relationship with Murray since launch , and anticipated discussing more of what happened near release with him . Sony Chairman Shawn Layden , in November 2016 , stated that Hello Games had an `` incredible vision '' and a `` very huge ambition '' for No Man 's Sky , and that the developers are still working to update the game to bring it to what they wanted , adding that `` sometimes you just do n't get all the way there at the first go '' . Layden further expressed that from Sony 's side , they recognised that they `` do n't want to stifle ambition '' and force a specific style of play onto their games . In September 2016 , the Advertising Standards Authority ( ASA ) of the United Kingdom , following on `` several complaints '' , began an investigation into the promotion of No Man 's Sky . The ASA has authority to require publishers to remove offending advertising materials if they are found in violation of ASA standards . In the No Man 's Sky complaints directed at Hello Games and Valve , the ASA specifically evaluated materials used on the Steam store page to promote the game that demonstrate features that do not appear to be a part of the final game , but has also reviewed other official promotional outlets including the game 's official YouTube channel . Several game industry lawyers , speaking to PC Gamer , noted that while the ASA has successfully taken action in previous cases of false advertising , demonstrating such for a procedurally - generated game of No Man 's Sky scope may be difficult since it is impossible to play the entire game to prove something does not exist . The lawyers also noted that most of what Murray and other Hello Games members said outside of any official promotional channels , such as interviews or through social media , can not be taken as part of the game 's advertising , further limiting the claims that the ASA can act on . The ASA ruled in November 2016 that the Steam storepage advertising of No Man 's Sky was not in breach of their standards , attributing the used footage and screenshots to be reasonable representative of the average player 's experience with a procedurally - generated game , and dismissed the submitted complaints ; the ASA further ruled that as Valve has no control over what Hello Games included on the store page , they were not liable for the material either . Subsequent updates ( edit ) On 25 November 2016 , Hello Games announced it was planning on bringing a large update , known as the Foundation Update , to the game , stating that `` We have been quiet , but we are listening and focusing on improving the game that our team loves and feels so passionately about . '' Hello Games had not mentioned a release window , and many journalists were surprised when the update was released just two days later . The update was generally well received by journalists , that while not fully satisfying all the features that seemed to have been promised for the game , helped to push the game into the right direction in anticipation of future major patches . The update had drawn back some players that had previously turned their back to the game and created a better reception across some players , while others still remained disappointed from the game 's initial release problems . By the time of the third major update , `` Atlas Rises '' , a year after initial release , many felt the game was now much better and approaching what they had expected . Wired 's Julie Muncy said that the ability of the updates to No Man 's Sky demonstrates the game can be more organic , adding significant new features that can dramatically change the feel of the game . In retrospective following the patch , journalists generally commended Hello Games for staying quiet about the exact details of the update until just prior to its release to avoid the same situation that the game got on its initial release . Gamasutra named Hello Games one of its top ten developers for 2016 not only for the technical achievements within No Man 's Sky , but also for not collapsing amid the anger directed at the company and instead keeping to making improvements to the game . Influence ( edit ) The discontinuity between No Man 's Sky expectations and its initially - released product are considered a milestone in video game promotion , with many sources considering how to properly promote a game in a `` post No Man 's Sky world '' . The situation around No Man 's Sky 's promotion using screenshots and videos that were not from the game 's final state ( a practice known as `` bullshots '' ) led to discussion among developers , publishers , and journalists of how to best showcase upcoming games without being deceptive to the audience . Keighley , who felt some responsibility for the No Man 's Sky situation , announced that all games that will be shown during The Game Awards 2016 ceremony would be more focused on gameplay of near - completed titles , using a Let 's Play - type format , rather than allowing for scripted or pre-rendered videos . Several journalists attribute a change in Valve 's Steam storefront policies in November 2016 , requiring all game screenshots and videos to be from the final product , as a response to the No Man 's Sky situation . The failure of No Man 's Sky 's promotional aspects has affected other space simulation and open world games that are based on the premise of providing a vast ranging sandbox for players , as players have become wary of the broad claims that these games might make . Novaquark , the developers of the upcoming open - world Dual Universe , found themselves struggling to complete their Kickstarter funding in the months immediately after No Man 's Sky 's release , but have recognised the need to be open and transparent to potential funders on what the game will and will not have . Fenix Fire , the developers of the space exploration game Osiris : New Dawn , used the various question - and - answers that Sean Murray had to handle during the pre-release period to gauge what players were looking for in such games and guide development of their own game . According to a report from Kotaku , BioWare had envisioned that Mass Effect : Andromeda would use procedural generation for creating a universe to explore prior to No Man 's Sky 's announcement , and further pushed for this following the excitement for No Man 's Sky once it was announced , but could not get the procedural generation to work well with the Frostbite 3 game engine , and had to scrap these plans by 2015 . Eurogamer 's Wesley Yin - Poole observed that following No Man 's Sky problematic release , developers appear to be `` keeping their cards close to their chests for fear of failing to deliver on a promise that never should have slipped out in the first place '' ; as an example , he stated that Rare 's Sea of Thieves , whereas having only been promoted through obscure videos that left too many questions to potential players in its earlier stages , has started an `` Insider '' programme in December 2016 to provide limited alpha - testing access and more concrete gameplay videos . Similarly , Compulsion Games , who premiered their game We Happy Few at PAX East 2015 to similar hype as No Man 's Sky , worked to backtrack on perceived expectations of their game after seeing what had happened to No Man 's Sky at its launch . Specifically , Compulsion , a small developer , found that many were treating their title as a AAA release , and wanted to be clear what the game was to be , deciding to use the early access approach to provide transparency . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The game lacked multiplayer features at launch , but was added with the `` Next '' update in August 2018 . See description of multiplayer features and issues found with multiplayer after release for details . Jump up ^ Specifically , the number of planets is 2 or 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Sarkar , Samit ( 1 April 2016 ) . `` A brief tour of a tiny corner of No Man 's Sky '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on 1 April 2016 . Retrieved 1 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` No Man 's Sky sheds light on the dark side of what you can do in its vast universe '' . Edge . GamesRadar. 16 September 2015 . Archived from the original on 26 September 2015 . 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Archived from the original on 12 August 2016 . Retrieved 9 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Meghan ( 17 June 2015 ) . `` 10 Things We Learned About No Man 's Sky '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 21 June 2015 . Retrieved 21 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Carboni , Anthony ( 10 December 2013 ) . `` No Man 's Sky : Procedurally Generating Science Fiction for the Next - Generation -- First Look Interview '' . Revision3 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2013 . Retrieved 18 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Parkin , Simon ( 22 July 2014 ) . `` No Man 's Sky : A Vast Game Crafted by Algorithms '' . MIT Technology Review . Retrieved 5 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Machkovech , Sam ( 3 March 2016 ) . `` No Man 's Sky finally charts its star path with major gameplay reveal '' . Ars Technica . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Cork , Jeff ( 8 December 2014 ) . `` Galactic Map Puts Scale Of No Man 's Sky In Perspective '' . Game Informer . 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External links ( edit ) Official website BNF : cb17088991b ( data ) VIAF : 2756148122894395200007 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No_Man%27s_Sky&oldid=856426980 '' Categories : 2016 video games Faster - than - light travel in fiction Indie video games Video games about extraterrestrial life Open world video games PlayStation 4 games PlayStation 4 Pro enhanced games Science fiction video games Space MOGs Steam Workshop games Survival video games Video games developed in the United Kingdom Video games set on fictional planets Video games using Havok Video games using procedural generation Video games with voxel graphics Windows games Xbox One games Xbox One X enhanced games Hidden categories : Use British English from January 2018 Use dmy dates from January 2018 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių مصرى Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2018 , at 03 : 22 ( UTC ) . 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where is bone marrow found what does it do for the body

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Bone_marrow&oldid=825171915

Bone marrow - wikipedia Bone marrow Jump to : navigation , search For the use of animal bone marrow as human food , see Bone marrow ( food ) . Bone Marrow Details System Immune system ( Lymphatic system ) ( Endocrine system ) Identifiers Latin Medulla ossium MeSH D001853 TA A13. 1.01. 001 FMA 9608 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) Bone marrow is a semi-solid tissue which may be found within the spongy or cancellous portions of bones . In birds and mammals , bone marrow is the primary site of new blood cell production or hematopoiesis . It is composed of hematopoietic cells , marrow adipose tissue , and supportive stromal cells . On average , bone marrow constitutes 4 % of the total body mass of humans ; in an adult having 65 kilograms of mass ( 143 lb ) , bone marrow typically accounts for approximately 2.6 kilograms ( 5.7 lb ) . Human marrow produces approximately 500 billion blood cells per day , which join the systemic circulation via permeable vasculature sinusoids within the medullary cavity . All types of hematopoietic cells , including both myeloid and lymphoid lineages , are created in bone marrow ; however , lymphoid cells must migrate to other lymphoid organs ( e.g. thymus ) in order to complete maturation . Bone marrow transplants can be conducted to treat severe diseases of the bone marrow , including certain forms of cancer such as leukemia . Additionally , bone marrow stem cells have been successfully transformed into functional neural cells , and can also potentially be used to treat illnesses such as inflammatory bowel disease . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Hematopoietic components 1.2 Stroma 2 Function 2.1 Mesenchymal stem cells 2.2 Bone marrow barrier 2.3 Lymphatic role 2.4 Compartmentalization 3 Society and culture 4 Clinical significance 4.1 Disease 4.2 Imaging 4.3 Histology 4.4 Donation and transplantation 4.4. 1 Harvesting 5 Fossil record 6 See also 7 References 8 External links 9 Further reading Structure ( edit ) The composition of marrow is dynamic , as the mixture of cellular and non-cellular components ( connective tissue ) shifts with age and in response to systemic factors . In humans , marrow is colloquially characterized as `` red '' or `` yellow '' marrow ( Latin : medulla ossium rubra , Latin : medulla ossium flava , respectively ) depending on the prevalence of hematopoetic cells vs fat cells . While the precise mechanisms underlying marrow regulation are not understood , compositional changes occur according to stereotypical patterns . For example , a newborn baby 's bones exclusively contain hematopoietically active `` red '' marrow , and there is a progressive conversion towards `` yellow '' marrow with age . In adults , red marrow is found mainly in the central skeleton , such as the pelvis , sternum , cranium , ribs , vertebrae and scapulae , and variably found in the proximal epiphyseal ends of long bones such as the femur and humerus . In circumstances of chronic hypoxia , the body can convert yellow marrow back to red marrow to increase blood cell production . Hematopoietic components ( edit ) Hematopoietic precursor cells : promyelocyte in the center , two metamyelocytes next to it and band cells from a bone marrow aspirate . At the cellular level , the main functional component of bone marrow includes the progenitor cells which are destined to mature into blood and lymphoid cells . Marrow contains hematopoietic stem cells which give rise to the three classes of blood cells that are found in circulation : white blood cells ( leukocytes ) , red blood cells ( erythrocytes ) , and platelets ( thrombocytes ) . Cellular constitution of the red bone marrow parenchyma Group Cell type Average fraction Reference range Myelopoietic cells Myeloblasts 0.9 % 0.2 -- 1.5 Promyelocytes 3.3 % 2.1 -- 4.1 Neutrophilic myelocytes 12.7 % 8.2 -- 15.7 Eosinophilic myelocytes 0.8 % 0.2 -- 1.3 Neutrophilic metamyelocytes 15.9 % 9.6 -- 24.6 Eosinophilic metamyelocytes 1.2 % 0.4 -- 2.2 Neutrophilic band cells 12.4 % 9.5 -- 15.3 Eosinophilic band cells 0.9 % 0.2 -- 2.4 Segmented neutrophils 7.4 % 6.0 -- 12.0 Segmented eosinophils 0.5 % 0.0 -- 1.3 Segmented basophils and mast cells 0.1 % 0.0 -- 0.2 Erythropoietic cells Pronormoblasts 0.6 % 0.2 -- 1.3 Basophilic normoblasts 1.4 % 0.5 -- 2.4 Polychromatic normoblasts 21.6 % 17.9 -- 29.2 Orthochromatic normoblast 2.0 % 0.4 -- 4.6 Other cell types Megakaryocytes < 0.1 % 0.0 - 0.4 Plasma cells 1.3 % 0.4 - 3.9 Reticular cells 0.3 % 0.0 - 0.9 Lymphocytes 16.2 % 11.1 - 23.2 Monocytes 0.3 % 0.0 - 0.8 Stroma ( edit ) The stroma of the bone marrow includes all tissue not directly involved in the marrow 's primary function of hematopoiesis . Stromal cells may be indirectly involved in hematopoiesis , providing a microenvironment that influences the function and differentiation of hematopoeietic cells . For instance , they generate colony stimulating factors , which have a significant effect on hematopoiesis . Cell types that constitute the bone marrow stroma include : fibroblasts ( reticular connective tissue ) macrophages , which contribute especially to red blood cell production , as they deliver iron for hemoglobin production . adipocytes ( fat cells ) osteoblasts ( synthesize bone ) osteoclasts ( resorb bone ) endothelial cells , which form the sinusoids . These derive from endothelial stem cells , which are also present in the bone marrow . Function ( edit ) Mesenchymal stem cells ( edit ) Main article : Mesenchymal stem cell The bone marrow stroma contains mesenchymal stem cells ( MSCs ) , also known as marrow stromal cells . These are multipotent stem cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types . MSCs have been shown to differentiate , in vitro or in vivo , into osteoblasts , chondrocytes , myocytes , marrow adipocytes and beta - pancreatic islets cells . Bone marrow barrier ( edit ) The blood vessels of the bone marrow constitute a barrier , inhibiting immature blood cells from leaving the marrow . Only mature blood cells contain the membrane proteins , such as aquaporin and glycophorin , that are required to attach to and pass the blood vessel endothelium . Hematopoietic stem cells may also cross the bone marrow barrier , and may thus be harvested from blood . Lymphatic role ( edit ) The red bone marrow is a key element of the lymphatic system , being one of the primary lymphoid organs that generate lymphocytes from immature hematopoietic progenitor cells . The bone marrow and thymus constitute the primary lymphoid tissues involved in the production and early selection of lymphocytes . Furthermore , bone marrow performs a valve - like function to prevent the backflow of lymphatic fluid in the lymphatic system . Compartmentalization ( edit ) Biological compartmentalization is evident within the bone marrow , in that certain cell types tend to aggregate in specific areas . For instance , erythrocytes , macrophages , and their precursors tend to gather around blood vessels , while granulocytes gather at the borders of the bone marrow . Society and culture ( edit ) Animal bone marrow has been used in cuisine worldwide for millennia , such as the famed Milanese Ossobuco . Clinical significance ( edit ) Disease ( edit ) The normal bone marrow architecture can be damaged or displaced by aplastic anemia , malignancies such as multiple myeloma , or infections such as tuberculosis , leading to a decrease in the production of blood cells and blood platelets . The bone marrow can also be affected by various forms of leukemia , which attacks its hematologic progenitor cells . Furthermore , exposure to radiation or chemotherapy will kill many of the rapidly dividing cells of the bone marrow , and will therefore result in a depressed immune system . Many of the symptoms of radiation poisoning are due to damage sustained by the bone marrow cells . To diagnose diseases involving the bone marrow , a bone marrow aspiration is sometimes performed . This typically involves using a hollow needle to acquire a sample of red bone marrow from the crest of the ilium under general or local anesthesia . Imaging ( edit ) Medical imaging may provide a limited amount of information regarding bone marrow . Plain film x-rays pass through soft tissues such as marrow and do not provide visualization , although any changes in the structure of the associated bone may be detected . CT imaging has somewhat better capacity for assessing the marrow cavity of bones , although with low sensitivity and specificity . For example , normal fatty `` yellow '' marrow in adult long bones is of low density ( - 30 to - 100 Hounsfield units ) , between subcutaneous fat and soft tissue . Tissue with increased cellular composition , such as normal `` red '' marrow or cancer cells within the medullary cavity will measure variably higher in density . MRI is more sensitive and specific for assessing bone bone composition . MRI enables assessment of the average molecular composition of soft tissues , and thus provides information regarding the relative fat content of marrow . In adult humans , `` yellow '' fatty marrow is the dominant tissue in bones , particularly in the ( peripheral ) appendicular skeleton . Because fat molecules have a high T1 - relaxivity , T1 - weighted imaging sequences show `` yellow '' fatty marrow as bright ( hyperintense ) . Furthermore , normal fatty marrow loses signal on fat - saturation sequences , in a similar pattern to subcutaneous fat . When `` yellow '' fatty marrow becomes replaced by tissue with more cellular composition , this change is apparent as decreased brightness on T1 - weighted sequences . Both normal `` red '' marrow and pathologic marrow lesions ( such as cancer ) are darker than `` yellow '' marrow on T1 - weight sequences , although can often be distinguished by comparison with the MR signal intensity of adjacent soft tissues . Normal `` red '' marrow is typically equivalent or brighter than skeletal muscle or intervertebral disc on T1 - weighted sequences . Fatty marrow change , the inverse of red marrow hyperplasia , can occur with normal aging , though it can also be seen with certain treatments such as radiation therapy . Diffuse marrow T1 hypointensity without contrast enhancement or cortical discontinuity suggests red marrow conversion or myelofibrosis . Falsely normal marrow on T1 can be seen with diffuse multiple myeloma or leukemic infiltration when the water to fat ratio is not sufficiently altered , as may be seen with lower grade tumors or earlier in the disease process . Histology ( edit ) Main article : Bone marrow examination A Wright 's - stained bone marrow aspirate smear from a patient with leukemia . Bone marrow examination is the pathologic analysis of samples of bone marrow obtained via biopsy and bone marrow aspiration . Bone marrow examination is used in the diagnosis of a number of conditions , including leukemia , multiple myeloma , anemia , and pancytopenia . The bone marrow produces the cellular elements of the blood , including platelets , red blood cells and white blood cells . While much information can be gleaned by testing the blood itself ( drawn from a vein by phlebotomy ) , it is sometimes necessary to examine the source of the blood cells in the bone marrow to obtain more information on hematopoiesis ; this is the role of bone marrow aspiration and biopsy . The ratio between myeloid series and erythroid cells is relevant to bone marrow function , and also to diseases of the bone marrow and peripheral blood , such as leukemia and anemia . The normal myeloid - to - erythroid ratio is around 3 : 1 ; this ratio may increase in myelogenous leukemias , decrease in polycythemias , and reverse in cases of thalassemia . Donation and transplantation ( edit ) Main article : Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation A bone marrow harvest in progress . The preferred sites for the procedure In a bone marrow transplant , hematopoietic stem cells are removed from a person and infused into another person ( allogenic ) or into the same person at a later time ( autologous ) . If the donor and recipient are compatible , these infused cells will then travel to the bone marrow and initiate blood cell production . Transplantation from one person to another is conducted for the treatment of severe bone marrow diseases , such as congenital defects , autoimmune diseases or malignancies . The patient 's own marrow is first killed off with drugs or radiation , and then the new stem cells are introduced . Before radiation therapy or chemotherapy in cases of cancer , some of the patient 's hematopoietic stem cells are sometimes harvested and later infused back when the therapy is finished to restore the immune system . Bone marrow stem cells can be induced to become neural cells to treat neurological illnesses , and can also potentially be used for the treatment of other illnesses , such as inflammatory bowel disease . In 2013 , following a clinical trial , scientists proposed that bone marrow transplantation could be used to treat HIV in conjunction with antiretroviral drugs ; however , it was later found that HIV remained in the bodies of the test subjects . Harvesting ( edit ) The stem cells are typically harvested directly from the red marrow in the iliac crest , often under general anesthesia . The procedure is minimally invasive and does not require stitches afterwards . Depending on the donor 's health and reaction to the procedure , the actual harvesting can be an outpatient procedure , or can require 1 -- 2 days of recovery in the hospital . Another option is to administer certain drugs that stimulate the release of stem cells from the bone marrow into circulating blood . An intravenous catheter is inserted into the donor 's arm , and the stem cells are then filtered out of the blood . This procedure is similar to that used in blood or platelet donation . In adults , bone marrow may also be taken from the sternum , while the tibia is often used when taking samples from infants . In newborns , stem cells may be retrieved from the umbilical cord . Fossil record ( edit ) Bone marrow may have first evolved in Eusthenopteron , a species of prehistoric fish with close links to early tetrapods . The earliest fossilised evidence of bone marrow was discovered in 2014 in Eusthenopteron , a lobe - finned fish which lived during the Devonian period approximately 370 million years ago . Scientists from Uppsala University and the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility used X-ray synchrotron microtomography to study the fossilised interior of the skeleton 's humerus , finding organised tubular structures akin to modern vertebrate bone marrow . Eusthenopteron is closely related to the early tetrapods , which ultimately evolved into the land - dwelling mammals and lizards of the present day . See also ( edit ) National Marrow Donor Program , a nonprofit organization that operates a registry of volunteer hematopoietic cell donors and umbilical cord blood units in the United States Gift of Life Marrow Registry , an American bone marrow transplantation registry References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Schmidt , Richard F. ; Lang , Florian ; Heckmann , Manfred ( 2010 - 11 - 30 ) . `` What are the organs of the immune system ? '' . © IQWiG ( Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care ) : 3 / 7 . Jump up ^ C. , Farhi , Diane ( 2009 ) . Pathology of bone marrow and blood cells ( 2nd ed . ) . Philadelphia : Wolters Kluwer Health / Lippincott William & Wilkins . ISBN 9780781770934 . OCLC 191807944 . Jump up ^ Arikan , Hüseyin ; Çiçek , Kerim ( 2014 ) . `` Haematology of amphibians and reptiles : a review '' ( PDF ) . NORTH - WESTERN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY. 10 : 190 -- 209 . Jump up ^ Vunjak - Novakovic , G. ; Tandon , N. ; Godier , A. ; Maidhof , R. ; Marsano , A. ; Martens , T.P. ; Radisic , M. ( 2010 ) . `` Challenges in Cardiac Tissue Engineering '' . Tissue Engineering Part B : Reviews . 16 ( 2 ) : 169 -- 187 . doi : 10.1089 / ten. teb. 2009.0352 . ^ Jump up to : Birbrair , Alexander ; Frenette , Paul S. ( 2016 - 03 - 01 ) . `` Niche heterogeneity in the bone marrow '' . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . 1370 ( 1 ) : 82 -- 96 . doi : 10.1111 / nyas. 13016 . ISSN 1749 - 6632 . PMC 4938003 . PMID 27015419 . ^ Jump up to : `` Antibody Transforms Stem Cells Directly Into Brain Cells '' . Science Daily . 22 April 2013 . Retrieved 24 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Research Supports Promise of Cell Therapy for Bowel Disease '' . Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center . 28 February 2013 . Retrieved 5 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Chan , Brian Y. ; Gill , Kara G. ; Rebsamen , Susan L. ; Nguyen , Jie C. ( 2016 - 10 - 01 ) . `` MR Imaging of Pediatric Bone Marrow '' . RadioGraphics. 36 ( 6 ) : 1911 -- 1930 . doi : 10.1148 / rg. 2016160056 . ISSN 0271 - 5333 . Jump up ^ Poulton , TB ; Murphy , WD ; Duerk , JL ; Chapek , CC ; Feiglin , DH ( 1993 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Bone marrow reconversion in adults who are smokers : MR Imaging findings '' . American Journal of Roentgenology. 161 ( 6 ) : 1217 -- 1221 . doi : 10.2214 / ajr. 161.6. 8249729 . ISSN 0361 - 803X . ^ Jump up to : Raphael Rubin & David S. Strayer ( 2007 ) . Rubin 's Pathology : Clinicopathologic Foundations of Medicine . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 90 . ISBN 0 - 7817 - 9516 - 8 . Jump up ^ Appendix A : IV in Wintrobe 's clinical hematology ( 9th edition ) . Philadelphia : Lea & Febiger ( 1993 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Red Cell Membrane : structure and pathologies '' ( PDF ) . Australian Centre for Blood Diseases / Monash University . Retrieved 24 January 2015 . Jump up ^ The Lymphatic System . Allonhealth.com . Retrieved 5 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Bonnet , D ; Dick , JE ( 1997 ) . `` Human acute myeloid leukemia is organized as a hierarchy that originates from a primitive hematopoietic cell '' . Nature Medicine . 3 ( 7 ) : 730 -- 737 . doi : 10.1038 / nm0797 - 730 . PMID 9212098 . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bone Marrow Aspiration and Biopsy '' . Lab Tests Online UK . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Ellmann , Stephan ; Beck , Michael ; Kuwert , Torsten ; Uder , Michael ; Bäuerle , Tobias . `` Multimodal imaging of bone metastases : From preclinical to clinical applications '' . Journal of Orthopaedic Translation. 3 ( 4 ) : 166 -- 177 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jot. 2015.07. 004 . Jump up ^ Nishida , Y ; Matsue , Y ; Suehara , Y ; Fukumoto , K ; Fujisawa , M ; Takeuchi , M ; Ouchi , E ; Matsue , K ( August 2015 ) . `` Clinical and prognostic significance of bone marrow abnormalities in the appendicular skeleton detected by low - dose whole - body multidetector computed tomography in patients with multiple myeloma '' . Blood Cancer Journal . 5 ( 7 ) . doi : 10.1038 / bcj. 2015.57 . ISSN 2044 - 5385 . Jump up ^ Poulton , TB ; Murphy , WD ; Duerk , JL ; Chapek , CC ; Feiglin , DH ( December 1993 ) . `` Bone marrow reconversion in adults who are smokers : MR Imaging findings '' . AJR . American journal of roentgenology. 161 ( 6 ) : 1217 -- 21 . doi : 10.2214 / ajr. 161.6. 8249729 . PMID 8249729 . Jump up ^ Chan , Brian Y. ; Gill , Kara G. ; Rebsamen , Susan L. ; Nguyen , Jie C. ( 2016 - 10 - 01 ) . `` MR Imaging of Pediatric Bone Marrow '' . RadioGraphics. 36 ( 6 ) : 1911 -- 1930 . doi : 10.1148 / rg. 2016160056 . ISSN 0271 - 5333 . Jump up ^ Shah , LM ; Hanrahan , CJ ( December 2011 ) . `` MRI of spinal bone marrow : part I , techniques and normal age - related appearances '' . AJR . American journal of roentgenology. 197 ( 6 ) : 1298 -- 308 . doi : 10.2214 / ajr. 11.7005 . PMID 22109283 . Jump up ^ Vande Berg , BC ; Lecouvet , FE ; Galant , C ; Maldague , BE ; Malghem , J ( July 2005 ) . `` Normal variants and frequent marrow alterations that simulate bone marrow lesions at MR imaging '' . Radiologic clinics of North America . 43 ( 4 ) : 761 -- 70 , ix . doi : 10.1016 / j. rcl. 2005.01. 007 . PMID 15893536 . Jump up ^ `` Definition : ' M : E Ratio ' '' . Stedman 's Medical Dictionary via MediLexicon.com. 2006 . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bone marrow transplantation '' . UpToDate.com . Retrieved 12 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bone marrow ' frees men of HIV drugs ' '' . BBC . 3 July 2013 . Retrieved 3 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Stem - Cell Transplants Erase HIV In Two Men '' . PopSci. 3 July 2013 . Retrieved 3 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` HIV Returns in Two Men Thought ' Cured ' by Bone Marrow Transplants '' . RH Reality Check . 10 December 2013 . Retrieved 10 December 2013 . Jump up ^ National Marrow Donor Program Donor Guide Archived 8 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Marrow.org . Retrieved 5 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Bone marrow donation : What to expect when you donate. Mayo Clinic . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ McGuckin , C.P. ; Forraz , N. ; Baradez , M. - O. ; Navran , S. ; Zhao , J. ; Urban , R. ; Tilton , R. ; Denner , L. ( 2005 ) . `` Production of stem cells with embryonic characteristics from human umbilical cord blood '' . Cell Proliferation. 38 ( 4 ) : 245 -- 255 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2184.2005. 00346. x . PMID 16098183 . ^ Jump up to : Sanchez , S. ; Tafforeau , P. ; Ahlberg , P.E. ( 2014 ) . `` The humerus of Eusthenopteron : a puzzling organization presaging the establishment of tetrapod limb bone marrow '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences . 281 ( 1782 ) : 20140299 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2014.0299 . External links ( edit ) Bone marrow histology photomicrographs Further reading ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bone marrow . Nature Bone Marrow Transplantation ( Nature Publishing Group ) -- specialist scientific journal with articles on bone marrow biology and clinical uses . Cooper , B ( 2011 ) . `` The origins of bone marrow as the seedbed of our blood : from antiquity to the time of Osler '' ( PDF ) . Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings . 24 ( 2 ) : 115 -- 8 . PMC 3069519 . PMID 21566758 . Wang J , Yu L , Jiang C , Chen M , Ou C , Wang J ( 2013 ) . `` Bone marrow mononuclear cells exert long - term neuroprotection in a rat model of ischemic stroke by promoting arteriogenesis and angiogenesis '' . Brain Behav Immun. 34 : 56 -- 66 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbi. 2013.07. 010 . PMC 3795857 . PMID 23891963 . Wang J , Yu L , Jiang C , Fu X , Liu X , Wang M , Ou C , Cui X , Zhou C , Wang J ( 2015 ) . `` Cerebral ischemia increases bone marrow CD4 + CD25 + FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in mice via signals from sympathetic nervous system '' . Brain Behav Immun. 43 : 172 -- 83 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbi. 2014.07. 022 . PMC 4258426 . PMID 25110149 . Wang J , Liu X , Lu H , Jiang C , Cui X , Yu L , Fu X , Li Q , Wang J ( 2015 ) . `` CXCR4 ( + ) CD45 ( - ) BMMNC subpopulation is superior to unfractionated BMMNCs for protection after ischemic stroke in mice '' . Brain Behav Immun. 45 : 98 -- 108 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbi. 2014.12. 015 . PMC 4342301 . PMID 25526817 . Organs of the lymphatic system Primary organs Bone marrow Hematopoietic stem cell Thymus Hassall 's corpuscles Secondary organs Spleen Structure Hilum Trabeculae Red pulp Cords of Billroth Marginal zone White pulp Periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths Germinal center Blood flow Trabecular arteries Trabecular veins Tonsils Palatine Lingual Pharyngeal Tubal Tonsillar crypts Waldeyer 's tonsillar ring Lymph nodes Lymphatic vessel T cells High endothelial venules B cells Germinal center Mantle zone Marginal zone MALT GALT Peyer 's patch Germinal center Bone and cartilage Cartilage perichondrium fibrocartilage callus metaphysis Cells chondroblast chondrocyte Types hyaline elastic fibrous Bone Ossification Primary bone intramembranous endochondral Cells osteoblast osteoid osteocyte osteoclast Types cancellous cortical Regions subchondral bone epiphysis epiphyseal plate / metaphysis diaphysis Condyle Epicondyle Structure Osteon Haversian canals Volkmann 's canals connective tissue endosteum periosteum Sharpey 's fibres enthesis lacunae canaliculi trabeculae medullary cavity bone marrow Shapes long short flat irregular sesamoid GND : 4031332 - 3 NDL : 00566838 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bone_marrow&oldid=825171915 '' Categories : Bone marrow Skeletal system Hematopoiesis Endocrine system Lymphatic system Stem cells Lymphoid organ Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from July 2013 Articles containing Latin - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Atikamekw Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia IsiXhosa Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 February 2018 , at 22 : 14 . 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United States Presidential line of succession - wikipedia United States Presidential line of succession Jump to : navigation , search The United States presidential line of succession is the order in which persons may become or act as President of the United States if the incumbent President becomes incapacitated , dies , resigns , or is removed from office ( by impeachment by the House of Representatives and subsequent conviction by the Senate ) . The line of succession is set by the United States Constitution and the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 as subsequently amended to include newly created cabinet offices . The succession follows the order of Vice President , Speaker of the House of Representatives , President pro tempore of the Senate , and then the heads of federal executive departments who form the Cabinet of the United States . The Cabinet currently has fifteen members , beginning with the Secretary of State , and followed by the rest in the order of their positions ' creation . Those heads of department who are ineligible to act as President are also ineligible to succeed the President by succession , for example most commonly if they are not a natural - born U.S. citizen . Several constitutional law experts have raised questions as to the constitutionality of the provisions that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate succeed to the presidency , and in 2003 the Continuity of Government Commission raised a number of other issues with the current line of succession . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current order 2 Eligibility 2.1 Eligibility requirements 2.2 Acting officers 3 Motivation for changes to the succession in 1945 4 Constitutional provisions 5 Acting President and President 6 History of succession law set by Congress 6.1 Presidential Succession Act 1792 6.2 Presidential Succession Act 1886 6.3 Presidential Succession Act 1947 6.4 Postmaster General removed 1971 6.5 Secretary of Homeland Security added 2006 7 Successions beyond Vice President 8 Constitutional concerns 9 See also 10 References 11 External Links Current order ( edit ) The current presidential order of succession is as follows : Key Eligible Democrat ( D ) Eligible Republican ( R ) Eligible Independent ( I ) Eligible unknown Not eligible No . Office Current officer Vice President Mike Pence ( R ) Speaker of the House of Representatives Paul Ryan ( R ) President pro tempore of the Senate Orrin Hatch ( R ) Secretary of State Rex Tillerson ( R ) 5 Secretary of the Treasury Steven Mnuchin ( R ) 6 Secretary of Defense Jim Mattis ( I ) 7 Attorney General Jeff Sessions ( R ) 8 Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke ( R ) 9 Secretary of Agriculture Sonny Perdue ( R ) 10 Secretary of Commerce Wilbur Ross ( R ) 11 Secretary of Labor Alex Acosta ( R ) 12 Secretary of Health and Human Services Alex Azar ( R ) 13 Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Ben Carson ( R ) -- Secretary of Transportation Elaine Chao ( R ) 14 Secretary of Energy Rick Perry ( R ) 15 Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos ( R ) 16 Secretary of Veterans Affairs David Shulkin ( I ) 17 Secretary of Homeland Security Kirstjen Nielsen ( I ) Jump up ^ Not a natural - born citizen ( acquired U.S. citizenship by naturalization ) and thus ineligible for the Presidency . Cabinet officers are in line according to the chronological order of their department 's creation or the department of which their department is the successor ( the Department of Defense being successor to the Department of War , and the Department of Health and Human Services being successor to the Department of Health , Education and Welfare ) . Eligibility ( edit ) Eligibility requirements ( edit ) To be eligible to serve as President , a person must be a natural - born U.S. citizen , at least 35 years of age , and a resident within the United States for at least 14 years . These eligibility requirements are specified both in the U.S. Constitution , Article II , Section 1 , Clause 5 , and in the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 ( 3 U.S.C. § 19 ( e ) ) . Acting officers ( edit ) Acting officers may be eligible . In 2009 , the Continuity of Government Commission , a private non-partisan think tank , reported , The language in the current Presidential Succession Act is less clear than that of the 1886 Act with respect to Senate confirmation . The 1886 Act refers to `` such officers as shall have been appointed by the advice and consent of the Senate to the office therein named ... '' The current act merely refers to `` officers appointed , by and with the advice and consent of the Senate . '' Read literally , this means that the current act allows for acting secretaries to be in the line of succession as long as they are confirmed by the Senate for a post ( even for example , the second or third in command within a department ) . It is common for a second in command to become acting secretary when the secretary leaves office . Though there is some dispute over this provision , the language clearly permits acting secretaries to be placed in the line of succession . ( We have spoken to acting secretaries who told us they had been placed in the line of succession . ) Motivation for changes to the succession in 1945 ( edit ) Two months after succeeding Franklin D. Roosevelt , President Harry S. Truman proposed that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate be granted priority in the line of succession over the Cabinet so as to ensure the President would not be able to appoint his successor to the Presidency . The Secretary of State and the other Cabinet officials are appointed by the President , while the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate are elected officials . The Speaker is chosen by the U.S. House of Representatives , and every Speaker has been a member of that body for the duration of their term as Speaker , though this is not technically a requirement ; the President pro tempore is chosen by the U.S. Senate and customarily the Senator of the majority party with the longest record of continuous service fills this position . The Congress approved this change and inserted the Speaker and President pro tempore in line , ahead of the members of the Cabinet in the order in which their positions were established . In his speech supporting the changes , Truman noted that the House of Representatives is more likely to be in political agreement with the President and Vice President than the Senate . The succession of a Republican to a Democratic Presidency would further complicate an already unstable political situation . However , when the changes to the succession were signed into law , they placed Republican House Speaker Joseph W. Martin first in the line of succession after the Vice President . Some of Truman 's critics said that his ordering of the Speaker before the President pro tempore was motivated by his dislike of the then - current holder of the latter rank , Senator Kenneth McKellar . Further motivation may have been provided by Truman 's preference for House Speaker Sam Rayburn to be next in the line of succession , rather than Secretary of State Edward R. Stettinius , Jr . Constitutional provisions ( edit ) The line of succession is mentioned in three places in the Constitution : Article II , Section 1 , Clause 6 makes the Vice President first in the line of succession and allows the Congress to provide by law for cases in which neither the President nor Vice President can serve . The current such law governing succession is the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 ( 3 U.S.C. § 19 ) . Section 3 of the 20th Amendment provides that if the President - elect dies before his term begins , the Vice President - elect becomes President on Inauguration Day and serves for the full term to which the President - elect was elected . The section also provides that if , on Inauguration Day , a president has not been chosen or the President - elect does not qualify for the presidency , the Vice President - elect acts as president until a president is chosen or the President - elect qualifies . Finally , Section 3 allows the Congress to provide by law for cases in which neither a President - elect nor a Vice President - elect is eligible or available to serve . The 25th Amendment , ratified in 1967 , clarified Article II , Section 1 : that the Vice President is the direct successor of the President . He or she becomes President if the President dies , resigns or is removed from office . The amendment also provides for the situation where the President is temporarily disabled , such as if the President has a surgical procedure or becomes mentally unfit . The amendment also provides for Vice Presidential succession , by requiring Vice Presidential vacancies to be filled by the President and confirmed by both houses of the Congress . Previously , whenever a Vice President had succeeded to the Presidency or had otherwise left the office empty ( through death , resignation , or removal from office ) , the Vice Presidency remained vacant until the next Presidential and Vice Presidential terms began . Acting President and President ( edit ) Main article : Acting President of the United States New President Lyndon Johnson was sworn in aboard Air Force One , following the assassination of John F. Kennedy in 1963 . Article II , Section 1 of the United States Constitution provides that : In case of the removal of the President from office , or of his death , resignation , or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office , the same shall devolve on the Vice President ... until the disability be removed , or a President elected . This originally left open the question whether `` the same '' refers to `` the said office '' or only `` the powers and duties of the said office . '' Some historians , including Edward Corwin and John D. Feerick , have argued that the framers ' intention was that the Vice President would remain Vice President while executing the powers and duties of the Presidency ; however , there is also much evidence to the contrary , the most compelling of which is Article I , section 3 , of the Constitution itself , the relevant text of which reads : The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate , but shall have no vote , unless they be equally divided . The Senate shall chuse ( sic ) their other officers , and also a President pro tempore , in the absence of the Vice President , or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States . This text appears to answer the hypothetical question of whether the office or merely the powers of the Presidency devolved upon the Vice President on his succession . Thus , the 25th Amendment merely restates and reaffirms the validity of existing precedent , apart from adding new protocols for Presidential disability . Not everyone agreed with this interpretation when it was first actually tested , and it was left to Vice President John Tyler , the first presidential successor in U.S. history , to establish the precedent that was respected in the absence of the 25th Amendment . In 1841 , John Tyler became the first person to succeed to the presidency . Upon the death of President William Henry Harrison in 1841 and after a brief hesitation , Tyler took the position that he was the President and not merely acting President upon taking the presidential oath of office . However , some contempories -- including John Quincy Adams , Henry Clay and other members of Congress Whig party leaders and even Tyler 's own cabinet -- believed that he was only acting as President and did not have the office itself . Nonetheless , Tyler adhered to his position , even returning , unopened , mail addressed to the `` Acting President of the United States '' sent by his detractors. Tyler 's view ultimately prevailed when the Senate voted to accept the title `` President , '' and this precedent was followed thereafter . The question was finally resolved by Section 1 of the 25th Amendment , which specifies that `` In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation , the Vice President shall become President . '' The Amendment does not specify whether officers other than the Vice President can become President rather than Acting President in the same set of circumstances . The Presidential Succession Act refers only to other officers acting as President rather than becoming President . History of succession law set by Congress ( edit ) Presidential succession Act 1792 ( edit ) Main article : Presidential Succession Act Wikisource has original text related to this article : Presidential Succession Act 1792 The Presidential Succession Act of 1792 was the first succession law passed by Congress . The act was contentious because the Federalists did not want the then Secretary of State , Thomas Jefferson , who had become the leader of the Democratic - Republicans , to follow the Vice President in the succession . There were also separation of powers concerns over including the Chief Justice of the United States in the line . The compromise they worked out established the President pro tempore of the Senate as next in line after the Vice President , followed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives . In either case , these officers were to `` act as President of the United States until the disability be removed or a president be elected . '' The Act called for a special election to be held in November of the year in which dual vacancies occurred ( unless the vacancies occurred after the first Wednesday in October , in which case the election would occur the following year ; or unless the vacancies occurred within the last year of the presidential term , in which case the next election would take place as regularly scheduled ) . The people elected President and Vice President in such a special election would have served a full four - year term beginning on March 4 of the next year , but no such election ever took place . Presidential succession Act 1886 ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Presidential Succession Act 1886 In 1881 , after the death of President Garfield , and in 1885 , after the death of Vice President Hendricks , there had been no President pro tempore in office , and as the new House of Representatives had yet to convene , no Speaker either , leaving no one at all in the line of succession after the vice president . When Congress convened in December 1885 , President Cleveland asked for a revision of the 1792 act , which was passed in 1886 . Congress replaced the President pro tempore and Speaker with officers of the President 's Cabinet with the Secretary of State first in line . In the first 100 years of the United States , six former Secretaries of State had gone on to be elected President , while only two congressional leaders had advanced to that office . As a result , changing the order of the line of succession seemed reasonable . Presidential succession Act 1947 ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Presidential Succession Act 1947 The Presidential Succession Act of 1947 , signed into law by President Harry S. Truman , added the Speaker of the House and President pro tempore back in the line , but switched the two from the 1792 order . It remains the sequence used today . Since the reorganization of the military in 1947 had merged the War Department ( which governed the Army ) with the Department of the Navy into the Department of Defense , the Secretary of Defense took the place in the order of succession previously held by the Secretary of War . The office of Secretary of the Navy , which had existed as a Cabinet - level position since 1798 , had become subordinate to the Secretary of Defense in the military reorganization , and so was dropped from the line of succession in the 1947 Succession Act . Postmaster General removed 1971 ( edit ) Until 1971 , the Postmaster General , the head of the Post Office Department , was a member of the Cabinet , initially the last in the presidential line of succession before new officers were added . Once the Post Office Department was re-organized into the United States Postal Service , a special agency independent of the executive branch , the Postmaster General ceased to be a member of the Cabinet and was thus removed from the line of succession . Secretary of Homeland Security added 2006 ( edit ) The United States Department of Homeland Security was created in 2002 . On March 9 , 2006 , pursuant to the renewal of the Patriot Act as Pub. L. 109 -- 177 , the Secretary of Homeland Security was added to the line of succession . The order of Cabinet members in the line has always been the same as the order in which their respective departments were established . Despite custom , many in Congress had wanted the Secretary to be placed at number eight on the list -- below the Attorney General , above the Secretary of the Interior , and in the position held by the Secretary of the Navy prior to the creation of the Secretary of Defense -- because the Secretary , already in charge of disaster relief and security , would presumably be more prepared to take over the presidency than some of the other Cabinet secretaries . Despite this , the 2006 law explicitly specifies that the `` Secretary of Homeland Security '' follows the `` Secretary of Veterans Affairs '' in the succession , effectively at the end of the list . Successions beyond Vice President ( edit ) David Rice Atchison 's tombstone ( Plattsburg , Missouri ) , including the claim `` President of the United States for One Day '' While nine Vice Presidents have succeeded to the office upon the death or resignation of the President , and two Vice Presidents have temporarily served as acting President , no other officer has ever been called upon to act as President . On March 4 , 1849 , President Zachary Taylor 's term began , but he declined to be sworn in on a Sunday , citing religious beliefs , and the Vice President was not sworn either . As the last President pro tempore of the Senate , David Rice Atchison was thought by some to be next in line after the Vice President , and his tombstone claims that he was US President for the day . However , Atchison took no oath of office to the presidency either , and his term as Senate President pro tempore had by then expired . In 1865 , when Andrew Johnson assumed the Presidency on the death of Abraham Lincoln , the office of Vice President became vacant . At that time , the Senate President pro tempore was next in line to the presidency . In 1868 , Johnson was impeached by the House of Representatives and subjected to trial in the Senate , and if he had been convicted and thereby removed from office , Senate President pro tempore Benjamin Wade would have become acting President . This posed a conflict of interest , as Wade 's `` guilty '' vote could have been decisive in removing Johnson from office and giving himself presidential powers and duties . ( Johnson was acquitted by a one - vote margin . ) In his book The Shadow Presidents , which he published in 1979 , Michael Medved describes a situation that arose prior to the 1916 election , when the First World War was raging in Europe . In view of the contemporary international turmoil , President Woodrow Wilson thought that if he lost the election it would be better for his opponent to begin his administration straight away , instead of waiting through the lame duck period , which at that time had a duration of almost four months . President Wilson and his aides formed a plan to exploit the rule of succession so that his rival Charles Evans Hughes could take over the Presidency as soon as the result of the election was clear . The plan was that Wilson would appoint Hughes to the post of Secretary of State . Wilson and his Vice President Thomas R. Marshall would then resign , and as the Secretary of State was at that time designated next in line of succession , Hughes would become President immediately . As it happened , President Wilson won re-election , so the plan was never put into action . New President Gerald Ford is sworn in following the resignation of Richard Nixon on August 9 , 1974 . Since the 25th Amendment 's ratification , its Second Section , which addresses Vice Presidential succession as noted above , has been invoked twice . During the 1973 Vice Presidential vacancy , House Speaker Carl Albert was first in line . As the Watergate scandal made President Nixon 's removal or resignation possible , Albert would have become Acting President and -- under Title 3 , Section 19 ( c ) of the U.S. Code -- would have been able to `` act as President until the expiration of the then current Presidential term '' on January 20 , 1977 . Albert openly questioned whether it was appropriate for him , a Democrat , to assume the powers and duties of the presidency when there was a public mandate for the Presidency to be held by a Republican . Albert announced that should he need to assume the Presidential powers and duties , he would do so only as a caretaker . However , with the nomination and confirmation of Gerald Ford to the Vice Presidency , which marked the first time the Second Section of the Twenty - fifth Amendment was invoked , these series of events were never tested . Albert again became first - in - line during the first four months of Ford 's Presidency , before the confirmation of Vice President Nelson Rockefeller , which marked the second time Section 2 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment was invoked . In 1981 , when President Ronald Reagan was shot , Vice President George H.W. Bush was traveling in Texas . Secretary of State Alexander Haig responded to a reporter 's question regarding who was running the government by stating : Constitutionally , gentlemen , you have the President , the Vice President and the Secretary of State in that order , and should the President decide he wants to transfer the helm to the Vice President , he will do so . He has not done that . As of now , I am in control here , in the White House , pending return of the Vice President and in close touch with him . If something came up , I would check with him , of course . A bitter dispute ensued over the meaning of Haig 's remarks . Most people believed that Haig was referring to the line of succession and erroneously claimed to have temporary Presidential authority , due to his implied reference to the Constitution . Haig and his supporters , noting his familiarity with the line of succession from his time as White House Chief of Staff during Richard Nixon 's resignation , said he only meant that he was the highest - ranking officer of the Executive branch on - site , managing things temporarily until the Vice President returned to Washington . Constitutional concerns ( edit ) Several constitutional law experts have raised questions as to the constitutionality of the provisions that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate succeed to the presidency . James Madison , one of the authors of the Constitution , raised similar constitutional questions about the Presidential Succession Act of 1792 in a 1792 letter to Edmund Pendleton . Two of these issues can be summarized : The term `` Officer '' in the relevant clause of the Constitution is most plausibly interpreted to mean an `` Officer of the United States '' , who must be a member of the Executive or Judicial Branch . The Speaker and the President pro tempore are not officers in this sense . Under the principle of separation of powers , the Constitution specifically disallows legislative officials from also serving in the executive branch . For the Speaker or the Senate President pro tempore to become Acting President , they must resign their position , at which point they are no longer in the line of succession . This is seen by some to form a constitutional paradox . However , the current Act specifies that the Speaker becomes President `` upon his resignation as Speaker '' and as a member of Congress , allowing for a seamless transition . In 2003 the Continuity of Government Commission suggested that the current law has `` at least seven significant issues ... that warrant attention '' , specifically : The reality that all figures in the current line of succession work and reside in the vicinity of Washington , D.C. In the event of a nuclear , chemical , or biological attack , it is possible that everyone on the list would be killed or incapacitated . Doubt ( such as those expressed above by James Madison ) that congressional leaders are eligible to act as President . A concern about the wisdom of including the President pro tempore in the line of succession as the `` largely honorific post traditionally held by the longest - serving Senator of the majority party '' . For example , from January 20 , 2001 , to June 6 , 2001 , the President pro tempore was then - 98 - year - old Strom Thurmond of South Carolina . A concern that the current line of succession can force the presidency to abruptly switch parties mid-term , as the President , Speaker , and the President pro tempore are not necessarily of the same party as each other . A concern that the succession line is ordered by the dates of creation of the various executive departments , without regard to the skills or capacities of the persons serving as their Secretary . The fact that , should a Cabinet member begin to act as President , the law allows the House to elect a new Speaker ( or the Senate , a new President pro tempore ) , who could in effect remove the Cabinet member and assume the office themselves at any time . The absence of a provision where a President is disabled and the vice presidency is vacant ( for example , if an assassination attempt simultaneously wounded the President and killed the Vice President ) . See also ( edit ) Central Locator System Designated survivor List of United States presidential assassination attempts and plots United States presidential line of succession in fiction References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 3 U.S.C. § 19 Jump up ^ `` Is the Presidential Succession Law Constitutional ? '' , Akhil Reed Amar , Stanford Law Review , November 1995 . Jump up ^ First Report p. 4 , continuityofgovernment.org Retrieved December 28 , 2010 via Internet Archive to repair dead link Jump up ^ Wilson , Reid ( October 20 , 2013 ) . `` The Presidential order of succession '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Continuity of the Presidency , '' Continuity of Government Commission , June 2009 , p. 34 . ( Archived by WebCite at ( 1 ) Accessed : 2012 - 05 - 23 ) Jump up ^ `` Special Message to the Congress on the Succession to the Presidency . June 19 , 1945 '' by President Harry S. Truman ; from the American Presidency Project archives ^ Jump up to : Wildavsky , Aaron B. ( 2003 ) . Horowitz , Irving , ed . The revolt against the masses and other essays on politics and public policy ( Google Books ) . Transaction Publishers . p. 122 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0960 - 5 . Retrieved July 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` kipnotes.com - Nachrichten zum trading - '' . kipnotes.com - Nachrichten zum trading . ^ Jump up to : Schlesinger , Arthur M. , Jr . ( Autumn 1974 ) . `` On the Presidential Succession '' . Political Science Quarterly . 89 ( 3 ) : 475 , 495 -- 496 . JSTOR 2148451 . ^ Jump up to : Rankin , Robert S. ( Feb 1946 ) . `` Presidential Succession in the United States '' . The Journal of Politics . 8 ( 1 ) : 44 -- 56 . doi : 10.2307 / 2125607 . JSTOR 2125607 . ^ Jump up to : Abbott , Philip ( Dec 2005 ) . `` Accidental Presidents : Death , Assassination , Resignation , and Democratic Succession '' . Presidential Studies Quarterly . 35 ( 4 ) : 627 , 638 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1741 - 5705.2005. 00269. x . JSTOR 27552721 . Jump up ^ Crapol , Edward P. ( 2006 ) . John Tyler : the accidental president . UNC Press Books . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3041 - 3 . OCLC 469686610 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Charlton Thomas ; Willsey , Joseph H. ( 1895 ) . Harper 's Book of Facts : a Classified History of the World ; Embracing Science , Literature , and Art . New York : Harper & Brothers . p. 884 . LCCN 01020386 . Retrieved April 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Postmasters General '' . postalmuseum.si.edu . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ US Congress ( 2005 ) . USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act OF 2005 . 109th Congress Public Law 177 . Retrieved on October 29 , 2015 from http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-109publ177/html/PLAW-109publ177.htm . Jump up ^ `` 1801 : President for a Day -- March 4 , 1849 '' . May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ David Mikkelson ( October 8 , 2007 ) . `` President for a Day '' . snopes . Jump up ^ Medved , Michael ( 1979 ) . The Shadow Presidents : The Secret History of the Chief Executives and Their Top Aides . New York , U.S.A. : Times Books . p. 149 . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 0816 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Alexander Haig '' , Time , April 2 , 1984 Jump up ^ `` Is the Presidential Succession Law Constitutional ? '' Archived January 24 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine. , Akhil Reed Amar , Stanford Law Review , November 1995 . Jump up ^ `` Article 2 , Section 1 , Clause 6 : James Madison to Edmund Pendleton '' . Jump up ^ Wikisource : Presidential Succession Act 1947 Jump up ^ First Report p. 4 , continuityofgovernment.org Retrieved December 28 , 2010 via Internet Archive to repair dead link External links ( edit ) Ask Gleaves : Presidential Succession from the website of Grand Valley State University 3 U.S.C. § 19 -- `` Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President ; officers eligible to act '' Presidential Succession Act of 1792 , 1 Stat. 239 ( from the American Memory website of the Library of Congress `` Presidential Line of Succession Examined '' , a September 20 , 2003 article from the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel `` WI Presidential Succession Act of 1947 held unconstitutional '' , David Tenner , Usenet group : soc. history. what - if , January 14 , 2003 . Fools , Drunkards , & Presidential Succession from the Federalist Society website Testimony of M. Miller Baker from the U.S. Senate website The Presidency : Preserving Our Institutions Second report of the Continuity of Government Commission , June 2009 ( includes the text of the Presidential Succession Acts of 1792 , 1886 and 1947 ) Presidential line of succession in the United States of America Vice President ( Mike Pence ) Speaker of the House of Representatives ( Paul Ryan ) President pro tempore of the Senate ( Orrin Hatch ) Secretary of State ( Rex Tillerson ) Secretary of the Treasury ( Steven Mnuchin ) Secretary of Defense ( Jim Mattis ) Attorney General ( Jeff Sessions ) Secretary of the Interior ( Ryan Zinke ) Secretary of Agriculture ( Sonny Perdue ) Secretary of Commerce ( Wilbur Ross ) Secretary of Labor ( Alex Acosta ) Secretary of Health and Human Services ( Alex Azar ) Secretary of Housing and Urban Development ( Ben Carson ) Secretary of Transportation ( Elaine Chao ) Secretary of Energy ( Rick Perry ) Secretary of Education ( Betsy DeVos ) Secretary of Veterans Affairs ( David Shulkin ) Secretary of Homeland Security ( Kirstjen Nielsen ) Jump up ^ Never confirmed by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and thus ineligible for the presidential line of succession . Jump up ^ Although Elaine Chao is the current Secretary of Transportation , she is not a natural - born citizen ( acquired U.S. citizenship by naturalization ) and thus ineligible for the Presidency . 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what happens in the pacific ocean during a la nina event

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=La_Ni%C3%B1a&oldid=827055466

La Niña - wikipedia La Niña Jump to : navigation , search For the ship , see Niña . Sea surface skin temperature anomalies in November 2007 , showing La Niña conditions La Niña ( / lɑːˈniːnjə / , Spanish pronunciation : ( la ˈniɲa ) ) is a coupled ocean - atmosphere phenomenon that is the counterpart of El Niño as part of the broader El Niño -- Southern Oscillation climate pattern . The name La Niña originates from Spanish , meaning `` the little girl '' , analogous to El Niño meaning `` the little boy '' . It has also in the past been called anti-El Niño , and El Viejo ( meaning `` the old man '' ) . During a period of La Niña , the sea surface temperature across the equatorial Eastern Central Pacific Ocean will be lower than normal by 3 to 5 ° C. In the United States , an appearance of La Niña persists for at least five months . It has extensive effects on the weather in North America , even affecting the Atlantic and Pacific hurricane seasons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 Occurrences 3 Impacts on the global climate 4 Regional impacts 4.1 Africa 4.2 Asia 4.3 North America 4.4 South America 5 Diversity 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Definition ( edit ) La Niña is the positive phase of the El Niño Southern Oscillation and is associated with cooler - than - average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean . However , each country and island nation has a different threshold for what constitutes a La Niña event , which is tailored to their specific interests . For example , the Australian Bureau of Meteorology looks at the trade winds , SOI , weather models and sea surface temperatures in the Niño 3 and 3.4 regions before declaring that a La Niña event has started . However , the Japan Meteorological Agency declares that a La Niña event has started when the average five - month sea surface temperature deviation for the NINO. 3 region is more than 0.5 ° C ( 0.90 ° F ) cooler for 6 consecutive months or longer . Occurrences ( edit ) A timeline of all La Niña episodes between 1900 and 2017 . There was a relatively strong La Niña episode during 1988 -- 1989 . La Niña also formed in late 1983 , in 1995 , and a protracted La Niña event that lasted from mid-1998 through early 2001 . This was followed by a neutral period between 2001 and 2002 . The La Niña which developed in mid-2007 , and lasted until almost 2009 , was a moderate one . The strength of La Niña made the 2008 Atlantic hurricane season one of the five most active since 1944 ; sixteen named storms had winds of at least 39 miles per hour ( 63 km / h ) , eight of which became 74 - mile - per - hour ( 119 km / h ) or greater hurricanes . A new La Niña episode developed quite quickly in the eastern and central tropical Pacific in mid-2010 , and lasted until early 2011 . It intensified again in mid-2011 and lasted until early 2012 . This La Niña , combined with record - high ocean temperatures in the north - eastern Indian Ocean , was a large factor in the 2010 -- 2011 Queensland floods , and the quartet of recent heavy snowstorms in North America starting with the December 2010 North American blizzard . The same La Niña event was also a likely cause of a series of tornadoes of above - average severity that struck the Midwestern and Southern United States in the spring of 2011 , and drought conditions in the South Central states including Texas , Oklahoma and Arkansas . Meanwhile , a series of major storms caused extensive flooding in California in December 2010 , with seven consecutive days of non-stop rainfall , leading to one of the wettest Decembers in over 120 years of records . This is in contrast to the drier - than - normal conditions typically associated with La Niña in California , especially in the south . In 2011 , on a global scale , La Niña events helped keep the average global temperature below recent trends . As a result , 2011 tied with 1997 for the eleventh - warmest year on record . It was the second - coolest year of the 21st century to date , and tied with the second - warmest year of the 20th century . A relatively strong phase of La Niña opened the year , dissipated in the spring before re-emerging in October and lasted through the end of the year . When compared to previous La Niña years , the 2011 global surface temperature was the warmest observed . The 2011 globally - averaged precipitation over land was the second - wettest year on record , behind 2010 . Precipitation varied greatly across the globe . This La Niña contributed to severe drought in East Africa and to Australia 's third - wettest year in its 112 - year period of records . La Niñas occurred in 1904 , 1908 , 1910 , 1916 , 1924 , 1928 , 1938 , 1949 -- 51 , 1954 -- 56 , 1964 , 1970 -- 72 , 1973 -- 76 , 1983 -- 85 , 1988 -- 89 , 1995 -- 96 , 1998 -- 2001 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 12 and 2016 -- 17 . Impacts on the global climate ( edit ) La Niña impacts the global climate and disrupts normal weather patterns , which as a result can lead to intense storms in some places and droughts in others . Regional impacts ( edit ) Observations of La Niña events since 1950 , show that impacts associated with La Niña events depend on what season it is . However , while certain events and impacts are expected to occur during events , it is not certain or guaranteed that they will occur . Africa ( edit ) Between 50,000 and 100,000 people died during the 2011 Horn of Africa drought . La Niña results in wetter - than - normal conditions in Southern Africa from December to February , and drier - than - normal conditions over equatorial East Africa over the same period . Asia ( edit ) During La Niña years , the formation of tropical cyclones , along with the subtropical ridge position , shifts westward across the western Pacific Ocean , which increases the landfall threat to China . In March 2008 , La Niña caused a drop in sea surface temperatures over Southeast Asia by 2 ° C. It also caused heavy rains over Malaysia , the Philippines , and Indonesia . North America ( edit ) Regional impacts of La Niña . La Niña causes mostly the opposite effects of El Niño , above - average precipitation across the northern Midwest , the northern Rockies , Northern California , and the Pacific Northwest 's southern and eastern regions . Meanwhile , precipitation in the southwestern and southeastern states , as well as Southern California , is below average . This also allows for the development of many stronger - than - average hurricanes in the Atlantic and fewer in the Pacific . The synoptic condition for Tehuantepecer winds is associated with high - pressure system forming in Sierra Madre of Mexico in the wake of an advancing cold front , which causes winds to accelerate through the Isthmus of Tehuantepec . Tehuantepecers primarily occur during the cold season months for the region in the wake of cold fronts , between October and February , with a summer maximum in July caused by the westward extension of the Azores - Bermuda high pressure system . Wind magnitude is weaker during La Niña years than El Niño years , due to the less frequent cold frontal incursions during La Niña winters , with its effects can last from a few hours to six days . In Canada , La Niña will , in general , cause a cooler , snowier winter , such as the near - record - breaking amounts of snow recorded in La Niña winter of 2007 / 2008 in Eastern Canada . South America ( edit ) During a time of La Niña , drought plagues the coastal regions of Peru and Chile . From December to February , northern Brazil is wetter than normal . La Niña causes higher than normal rainfall in the central Andes , which in turn causes catastrophic flooding on the Llanos de Mojos of Beni Department , Bolivia . Such flooding is documented from 1853 , 1865 , 1872 , 1873 , 1886 , 1895 , 1896 , 1907 , 1921 , 1928 , 1929 and 1931 . Diversity ( edit ) Map showing Niño3. 4 and other index regions The traditional La Niña , also called Eastern Pacific ( EP ) La Niña , involves temperature anomalies in the Eastern Pacific . However , in the last two decades , nontraditional La Niña were observed , in which the usual place of the temperature anomaly ( Niño 1 and 2 ) is not affected , but an anomaly arises in the central Pacific ( Niño 3.4 ) . The phenomenon is called Central Pacific ( CP ) La Niña , `` dateline '' La Niña ( because the anomaly arises near the dateline ) , or La Niña `` Modoki '' ( Modoki is Japanese for `` similar , but different '' ) . There are flavors of ENSO additional to EP and CP types and some scientists argue that ENSO exists as a continuum often with hybrid types . The effects of the CP La Niña are different from those of the traditional EP La Niña -- e.g. , the recently discovered La Niña leads to a rainfall increase over northwestern Australia and northern Murray - Darling basin , rather than over the east as in a conventional La Niña . Also , La Niña Modoki increases the frequency of cyclonic storms over Bay of Bengal , but decreases the occurrence of severe storms in the Indian Ocean overall , with the Arabian Sea becoming severely non-conductive to tropical cyclone formation . The recent discovery of ENSO Modoki has some scientists believing it to be linked to global warming . However , comprehensive satellite data go back only to 1979 . Generally , there is no scientific consensus on how / if climate change may affect ENSO . There is also a scientific debate on the very existence of this `` new '' ENSO . A number of studies dispute the reality of this statistical distinction or its increasing occurrence , or both , either arguing the reliable record is too short to detect such a distinction , finding no distinction or trend using other statistical approaches , or that other types should be distinguished , such as standard and extreme ENSO . Recent years when La Niña Modoki events occurred include 1973 -- 74 , 1975 -- 76 , 1983 -- 84 , 1988 -- 89 , 1998 -- 99 , 2000 -- 01 , 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 and 2016 -- 17 . See also ( edit ) 2010 Pakistan floods ( attributed to La Niña ) 2010 -- 11 Queensland floods ( attributed to La Niña ) 2010 -- 12 La Niña event 2010 -- 13 Southern United States and Mexico drought ( attributed to La Niña ) 2011 East Africa drought ( attributed to La Niña ) El Niño -- Southern Oscillation , the atmospheric component of La Niña -- El Niño cycle Walker circulation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` What are El Nino and La Nina ? '' . oceanservice.noaa.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Tropical Atmosphere Ocean project ( 2008 - 03 - 24 ) . `` What is La Niña ? '' . Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Climate Influences : La Niña '' . Australian Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 4 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Becker , Emily ( 4 December 2014 ) . `` December 's ENSO Update : Close , but no cigar '' . ENSO Blog . Archived from the original on 3 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ENSO Tracker : About ENSO and the Tracker '' . Australian Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Historical El Niño and La Niña Events '' . Japan Meteorological Agency . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cold and warm episodes by season '' . Climate Prediction Center NOAA . Retrieved 12 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` La Niña -- Detailed Australian Analysis '' . Australian Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 3 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : La Niña and Winter Weather ( Report ) . NOAA . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brian K. Sullivan ( 2010 - 05 - 06 ) . `` El Niño Warning Will Fade Out by June , U.S. Says ( Update 1 ) '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Climate Prediction Center -- Monitoring & Data : ENSO Impacts on the U.S. -- Previous Events '' . Cpc.noaa.gov. 2015 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` ENSO Diagnostic Discussion '' . NOAA 's Climate Prediction Center . Retrieved 10 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` La Niña is back '' . NOAA 's Climate Prediction Center . 8 September 2011 . Retrieved 10 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Why is Queensland flooded ? '' . BBC News . 13 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tornadoes whipped up by wind , not climate : officials '' . www.physorg.com . Retrieved 30 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Heavy Precipitation Event California and Nevada December 16 -- 23 , 2010 '' . California Nevada River Forecast Center . Retrieved 8 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NOAA : 2011 a year of climate extremes in the United States '' . Climate Prediction Center NOAA . Retrieved 22 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` La Nina Years '' . The Noaa News . Retrieved Apr 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` La Niña Information '' . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ Sutherland , Scott ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` La Niña calls it quits . Is El Niño paying us a return visit ? '' . The Weather Network . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` El Niño and La Niña '' . New Zealand 's National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research . Archived from the original on 11 April 2016 . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Barnston , Anthony ( 19 May 2014 ) . `` How ENSO leads to a cascade of global impacts '' . ENSO Blog . Archived from the original on 5 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Slow response to East Africa famine ' cost ' lives ' '' . BBC News . January 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ La Niña Weather Likely To Last For Months Scoop News . Scoop.co.nz ( 2010 - 10 - 12 ) . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ M.C. Wu , W.L. Chang , and W.M. Leung ( 2003 ) . Impacts of El Niño -- Southern Oscillation Events on Tropical Cyclone Landfalling Activity in the Western North Pacific . Journal of Climate : pp. 1419 -- 1428 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Hong , Lynda ( 2008 - 03 - 13 ) . `` Recent heavy rain not caused by global warming '' . Channel NewsAsia . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` ENSO Diagnostic Discussion '' . Climate Prediction Center . 2008 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Rosario Romero - Centeno ; Jorge Zavala - Hidalgo ; Artemio Gallegos ; James J. O'Brien ( August 2003 ) . `` Isthmus of Tehuantepec wind climatology and ENSO signal '' . Journal of Climate. 16 ( 15 ) : 2628 -- 2639 . Bibcode : 2003JCli ... 16.2628 R . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0442 ( 2003 ) 016 < 2628 : iotwca > 2.0.co ; 2 . Jump up ^ Paul A. Arnerich . `` Tehuantepecer Winds of the West Coast of Mexico '' . Mariners Weather Log . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . 15 ( 2 ) : 63 -- 67 . Jump up ^ `` 3 . A Never - Ending Winter '' . Canada 's Top Ten Weather Stories for 2008 . Environment Canada . 2008 - 12 - 29 . Archived from the original on 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : `` La Niña follows El Niño , the GLOBE El Niño Experiment continues '' . Archived from the original on 15 October 2011 . Retrieved 31 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Gary Van Valen , Indigenous Agency in the Amazon ( Tucson : University of Arizona Press , 2013 ) , 10 . ^ Jump up to : Kao , Hsun - Ying ; Jin - Yi Yu ( 2009 ) . `` Contrasting Eastern - Pacific and Central - Pacific Types of ENSO '' ( PDF ) . J. Climate. 22 ( 3 ) : 615 -- 632 . Bibcode : 2009JCli ... 22 ... 615K . doi : 10.1175 / 2008JCLI2309. 1 . Jump up ^ Larkin , N.K. ; Harrison , D.E. ( 2005 ) . `` On the definition of El Niño and associated seasonal average U.S. Weather anomalies '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 32 ( 13 ) : L13705 . Bibcode : 2005GeoRL ... 3213705L . doi : 10.1029 / 2005GL022738 . ^ Jump up to : Yuan Yuan ; HongMing Yan ( 2012 ) . `` Different types of La Niña events and different responses of the tropical atmosphere '' . Chinese Science Bulletin . 58 ( 3 ) : 406 -- 415 . Bibcode : 2013ChSBu ... 58 ... 406Y . doi : 10.1007 / s11434 - 012 - 5423 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Cai , W. ; Cowan , T. ( 2009 ) . `` La Niña Modoki impacts Australia autumn rainfall variability '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 36 ( 12 ) . Bibcode : 2009GeoRL ... 3612805C . doi : 10.1029 / 2009GL037885 . ISSN 0094 - 8276 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Nathaniel C. ( 2013 ) . `` How Many ENSO Flavors Can We Distinguish ? '' . J. Climate. 26 ( 13 ) : 4816 -- 27 . Bibcode : 2013JCli ... 26.4816 J . doi : 10.1175 / JCLI - D - 12 - 00649.1 . Jump up ^ MR Ramesh Kumar ( 2014 - 04 - 23 ) . `` El Nino , La Nina and the Indian sub-continent '' . Society for Environmental Communications . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ KG Sumesh ; MR Ramesh Kumar ( 2014 - 03 - 10 ) . `` Tropical cyclones over NIO during La - Niña Modoki years '' ( pdf ) . Indian Journal of Geo - Marine Sciences . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Yeh , Sang - Wook ; Kug , Jong - Seong ; Dewitte , Boris ; Kwon , Min - Ho ; Kirtman , Ben P. ; Jin , Fei - Fei ( September 2009 ) . `` El Niño in a changing climate '' . Nature . 461 ( 7263 ) : 511 -- 4 . Bibcode : 2009Natur. 461 ... 511Y . doi : 10.1038 / nature08316 . PMID 19779449 . Jump up ^ Collins , M. ; An , S-I ; Cai , W. ; Ganachaud , A. ; Guilyardi , E. ; Jin , F-F ; Jochum , M. ; Lengaigne , M. ; Power , S. ; Timmermann , A. ; Vecchi , G. ; Wittenberg , A. ( 2010 ) . `` The impact of global warming on the tropical Pacific Ocean and El Niño '' . Nature Geoscience. 3 ( 6 ) : 391 -- 7 . Bibcode : 2010NatGe ... 3 ... 391C . doi : 10.1038 / ngeo868 . Jump up ^ Nicholls , N. ( 2008 ) . `` Recent trends in the seasonal and temporal behaviour of the El Niño Southern Oscillation '' . Geophys . Res . Lett. 35 ( 19 ) : L19703 . Bibcode : 2008GeoRL ... 3519703N . doi : 10.1029 / 2008GL034499 . Jump up ^ McPhaden , M.J. ; Lee , T. ; McClurg , D. ( 2011 ) . `` El Niño and its relationship to changing background conditions in the tropical Pacific Ocean '' . Geophys . Res . Lett. 38 ( 15 ) : L15709 . Bibcode : 2011GeoRL ... 3815709M . doi : 10.1029 / 2011GL048275 . Jump up ^ Giese , B.S. ; Ray , S. ( 2011 ) . `` El Niño variability in simple ocean data assimilation ( SODA ) , 1871 -- 2008 '' . J. Geophys . Res. 116 : C02024 . Bibcode : 2011JGRC ... 116.2024 G . doi : 10.1029 / 2010JC006695 . Jump up ^ Newman , M. ; Shin , S. - I. ; Alexander , M.A. ( 2011 ) . `` Natural variation in ENSO flavors '' . Geophys . Res . Lett. 38 ( 14 ) : L14705 . Bibcode : 2011GeoRL ... 3814705N . doi : 10.1029 / 2011GL047658 . Jump up ^ Yeh , S. ‐ W. ; Kirtman , B.P. ; Kug , J. ‐ S. ; Park , W. ; Latif , M. ( 2011 ) . `` Natural variability of the central Pacific El Niño event on multi ‐ centennial timescales '' . Geophys . Res . Lett. 38 ( 2 ) : L02704 . Bibcode : 2011GeoRL ... 38.2704 Y . doi : 10.1029 / 2010GL045886 . Jump up ^ Hanna Na ; Bong - Geun Jang ; Won - Moon Choi ; Kwang - Yul Kim ( 2011 ) . `` Statistical simulations of the future 50 - year statistics of cold - tongue El Niño and warm - pool El Niño '' . Asia - Pacific J. Atmos . Sci. 47 ( 3 ) : 223 -- 233 . Bibcode : 2011APJAS ... 47 ... 223N . doi : 10.1007 / s13143 - 011 - 0011 - 1 . Jump up ^ L'Heureux , M. ; Collins , D. ; Hu , Z. - Z. ( 2012 ) . `` Linear trends in sea surface temperature of the tropical Pacific Ocean and implications for the El Niño - Southern Oscillation '' . Climate Dynamics . 40 ( 5 -- 6 ) : 1 -- 14 . Bibcode : 2013ClDy ... 40.1223 L . doi : 10.1007 / s00382 - 012 - 1331 - 2 . Jump up ^ Lengaigne , M. ; Vecchi , G. ( 2010 ) . `` Contrasting the termination of moderate and extreme El Niño events in coupled general circulation models '' . Climate Dynamics . 35 ( 2 -- 3 ) : 299 -- 313 . Bibcode : 2010ClDy ... 35 ... 299L . doi : 10.1007 / s00382 - 009 - 0562 - 3 . Jump up ^ Takahashi , K. ; Montecinos , A. ; Goubanova , K. ; Dewitte , B. ( 2011 ) . `` ENSO regimes : Reinterpreting the canonical and Modoki El Niño '' . Geophys . Res . Lett. 38 ( 10 ) : L10704 . Bibcode : 2011GeoRL ... 3810704T . doi : 10.1029 / 2011GL047364 . Jump up ^ Renata G. Tedeschi ; Iracema F.A. Cavalcanti ( 23 April 2014 ) . `` Influência dos ENOS Canônico e Modoki na precipitação da América do Sul '' ( PDF ) ( in Portuguese ) . Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais / Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 October 2014 . Retrieved 27 September 2014 . Jump up ^ V. Platonov ; E. Semenov ; E. Sokolikhina ( 2014 - 02 - 13 ) . `` Extreme La - Nina 2010 / 11 and the vigorous flood at the north - east of Australia '' ( PDF ) . EGU General Assembly / Geophysical Research . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ Shinoda , Toshiaki ; Hurlburt , Harley E. ; Metzger , E. Joseph ( 2011 ) . `` Anomalous tropical ocean circulation associated with La Niña Modoki '' . Journal of Geophysical Research : Oceans. 116 ( 12 ) . Bibcode : 2011JGRC ... 11612001S . doi : 10.1029 / 2011JC007304 . Jump up ^ Welsh , Jon ( 2011 ) . `` Introducing La Nina Modoki : she 's ' similar but different ' ... '' ( PDF ) . Spotlight Magazine . No . Spring 2016 . Australian Government Cotton Research and Development Corporation . pp. 34 -- 35 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Jon Welsh ( 2016 - 10 - 06 ) . `` Are we heading for a La Niña Modoki ? '' . Grain Central . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . External links ( edit ) What is La Niña ? at NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory La Niña FAQs at NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory La Niña episodes in the Tropical Pacific at CPC El Niño -- Southern Oscillation ( ENSO ) at CPC List of El Niño and La Niña events since 1950 at CPC Climate oscillations Climate oscillations 8.2 kiloyear event Antarctic Circumpolar Wave Antarctic oscillation Arctic dipole anomaly Arctic oscillation Atlantic Equatorial mode Atlantic multidecadal oscillation Earth 's axial tilt Bond event Dansgaard -- Oeschger event Diurnal cycle Diurnal temperature variation El Niño -- Southern Oscillation ( El Niño - La Niña ) Equatorial Indian Ocean oscillation Glacial cycles Indian Ocean Dipole Madden -- Julian oscillation Milankovitch cycles Monsoon North Atlantic oscillation North Pacific Oscillation Orbital forcing Pacific decadal oscillation Pacific -- North American teleconnection pattern Quasi-biennial oscillation Seasonal lag Seasons Solar variability Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= La_Niña&oldid = 827055466 '' Categories : Climate Climate patterns Climatology Tropical meteorology Physical oceanography Weather hazards Pacific Ocean Spanish words and phrases Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Use dmy dates from January 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Íslenska ქართული മലയാളം Nederlands नेपाली Polski Português Română Runa Simi සිංහල Simple English Svenska Tagalog ไทย Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 February 2018 , at 14 : 28 . 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when was season one of stranger things filmed

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Stranger_Things&oldid=843639541

Stranger Things - Wikipedia Stranger Things Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Stranger Things ( disambiguation ) . Stranger Things Genre Science fiction Horror Supernatural Period drama Created by The Duffer Brothers Starring Winona Ryder David Harbour Finn Wolfhard Millie Bobby Brown Gaten Matarazzo Caleb McLaughlin Natalia Dyer Charlie Heaton Cara Buono Matthew Modine Noah Schnapp Sadie Sink Joe Keery Dacre Montgomery Sean Astin Paul Reiser Composer ( s ) Kyle Dixon Michael Stein Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 17 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Karl Gajdusek Cindy Holland Brian Wright Matt Thunell Shawn Levy Dan Cohen The Duffer Brothers Iain Paterson Shannon Tsang Location ( s ) Jackson , Georgia Cinematography Tim Ives Tod Campbell Running time 42 -- 62 minutes Production company ( s ) 21 Laps Entertainment Monkey Massacre Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) High dynamic range Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) -- present External links Website Stranger Things is an American science fiction - horror web television series created , written , and directed by the Duffer Brothers . The Duffer Brothers , Shawn Levy , and Dan Cohen serve as executive producers . The first season , released in July 2016 , stars Winona Ryder , David Harbour , Finn Wolfhard , Millie Bobby Brown , Gaten Matarazzo , Caleb McLaughlin , Natalia Dyer , Charlie Heaton , Cara Buono and Matthew Modine , with Noah Schnapp and Joe Keery in recurring roles . For the second season , Schnapp and Keery were promoted to series regulars , along with the additions of Sadie Sink , Dacre Montgomery , Sean Astin and Paul Reiser . Set in the fictional town of Hawkins , Indiana , in the 1980s , the first season focuses on the investigation into the disappearance of a young boy amid supernatural events occurring around the town , including the appearance of a girl with psychokinetic abilities who helps the missing boy 's friends in their own search . The second season , titled Stranger Things 2 , is set a year after the first , and deals with attempts of the characters to return to normal and consequences that linger from the first season . The Duffer Brothers developed the series as a mix of investigative drama alongside supernatural elements with childlike sensibilities , establishing its time frame in the 1980s and creating a homage to pop culture of that decade . Several themes and directorial aspects were inspired and aesthetically informed by the works of Steven Spielberg , John Carpenter , and Stephen King , among others , including several films , anime and video games . The first season was released on Netflix on July 15 , 2016 . It received critical acclaim for its characterization , pacing , atmosphere , acting , soundtrack , directing , writing , and homages to 1980s genre films . The series has received several industry nominations and awards , including winning the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series in 2016 , and receiving nineteen nominations for the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards , including Outstanding Drama Series . On August 31 , 2016 , Netflix renewed the series for a second season of nine episodes , which was released on October 27 , 2017 . In December 2017 , Netflix ordered a third season , which began production in April 2018 and will consist of eight episodes . The Duffer Brothers have said that Stranger Things is likely to end after its fourth or fifth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.2. 1 Introduced in season one 2.2. 2 Introduced in season two 2.2. 3 Introduced in season three 2.3 Guest 2.3. 1 Introduced in season one 2.3. 2 Introduced in season two 2.3. 3 Introduced in season three 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 3.3 Season 3 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Writing 4.3 Casting 4.4 Filming 4.5 Visual effects 4.6 Music 4.6. 1 Soundtracks 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Audience viewership 6.2 Critical response 6.2. 1 Season 1 6.2. 2 Season 2 6.3 Commentary 6.4 Accolades 7 Other media 7.1 Beyond Stranger Things 7.2 Mobile video game 7.3 PlayStation VR game 7.4 Others 8 Lawsuit 9 References 10 External links Premise Stranger Things is set in the fictional rural town of Hawkins , Indiana , during the early 1980s . The nearby Hawkins National Laboratory ostensibly performs scientific research for the United States Department of Energy , but secretly does experiments into the paranormal and supernatural , including those that involve human test subjects . Inadvertently , they have created a portal to an alternate dimension called `` the Upside Down '' . The influence of the Upside Down starts to affect the unknowing residents of Hawkins in calamitous ways . The first season begins in November 1983 , when Will Byers is abducted by a creature from the Upside Down . His mother , Joyce , and the town 's police chief , Jim Hopper , search for Will . At the same time , a young psychokinetic girl called Eleven escapes from the laboratory and assists Will 's friends , Mike , Dustin , and Lucas , in their own efforts to find Will . The second season is set a year later , starting in October 1984 . Will has been rescued , but few know of the details of the events . When it is discovered that Will is still being influenced by entities from the Upside Down , his friends and family learn there is a larger threat to their universe from the Upside Down . The third season is currently planned to take place another year later , in 1985 , and in the midst of the popularity of Back to the Future 's release . Mike and Eleven have developed a relationship , as have Max and Lucas . Cast and characters The Duffer Brothers , Shawn Levy and the main cast of season 2 of Stranger Things at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con International Main Winona Ryder as Joyce Byers , the mother of Will and Jonathan Byers . She is divorced from Lonnie Byers . In season two , she is dating her old high school classmate , Bob , until his death later in the season . She and Hopper are suggested to have feelings for each other . David Harbour as Jim Hopper , chief of Hawkins Police Department . After his young daughter died of cancer , Hopper got divorced and lapsed into alcoholism . He and Joyce are suggested to have feelings for each other . Finn Wolfhard as Mike Wheeler , son of Karen and Ted , younger brother of Nancy , and one of three friends of Will Byers . He is an intelligent and conscientious student and is committed to his friends . He develops romantic feelings for Eleven . Millie Bobby Brown as Eleven ( `` El '' ) , a young girl with psychokinetic abilities and a limited vocabulary . Her real name is Jane , the biological daughter of Terry Ives . After escaping from Hawkins Laboratory , where experiments were being performed on her , she befriends Mike , Dustin , and Lucas . She develops romantic feelings for Mike . Gaten Matarazzo as Dustin Henderson , one of Will 's friends . His cleidocranial dysplasia causes him to lisp . In the second season , he is proud of his new front teeth and is attracted to Max . Caleb McLaughlin as Lucas Sinclair , one of Will 's friends . He is wary of Eleven but later befriends her . In season two , he is one of Max 's love interests . Natalia Dyer as Nancy Wheeler , daughter of Karen and Ted and older sister of Mike . In season one , she is Steve Harrington 's girlfriend . In season two , she becomes Jonathan Byers ' girlfriend . Charlie Heaton as Jonathan Byers , the older brother of Will Byers and the son of Joyce Byers . He is a quiet teenager , an outsider at school , and an aspiring photographer . He is close with his mother and brother , and he becomes the boyfriend of Nancy Wheeler . Cara Buono as Karen Wheeler , mother of teenaged Nancy , middle schooler Mike , and toddler Holly . Matthew Modine as Martin Brenner , the scientist in charge of Hawkins Laboratory . He is manipulative and remote . He and his team are searching for Eleven . He reappears in season 2 briefly . Noah Schnapp as Will Byers , the younger brother of Jonathan Byers and the son of Joyce Byers . He is captured by a monster from the `` Upside Down '' , an alternate dimension discovered by Hawkins Laboratory scientists . Schnapp was promoted to series regular for the second season , after recurring in the first . Sadie Sink as Maxine `` Max '' Mayfield / `` Madmax '' , Billy 's younger stepsister , and a tomboy who catches the attention of both Lucas and Dustin . She was introduced in the second season . Joe Keery as Steve Harrington , a popular high school student and the boyfriend of Nancy Wheeler . He ostracizes Jonathan Byers , but later comes to befriend him . He begins as Nancy 's boyfriend but breaks up with her in season two . Keery was promoted to series regular for the second season , after recurring in the first . Dacre Montgomery as Billy Hargrove , Max 's violent and unpredictable older stepbrother . He challenges Steve 's popularity . He was introduced in the second season . Sean Astin as Bob Newby , a former schoolmate of Joyce and Hopper . In season two , he runs the Hawkins RadioShack and is Joyce 's boyfriend , putting him at odds with Hopper . He was introduced in the second season . Paul Reiser as Sam Owens , a Department of Energy executive . He replaces Brenner as director of Hawkins Laboratory . He is stubborn and committed to scientific research , yet empathetic to the residents of Hawkins . He was introduced in the second season . Maya Hawke as Robin , an `` alternative girl '' bored with her job until she stumbles onto one of the secrets of Hawkins . She will be introduced in the third season . Recurring Introduced in season one Joe Chrest as Ted Wheeler , husband of Karen , father of teenager Nancy , middle schooler Mike , and toddler Holly . Rob Morgan as Powell , one of Hopper 's officers . He is serious and by the book . Shannon Purser as Barbara `` Barb '' Holland , best friend of Nancy Wheeler . She is concerned that her friendship with Nancy may be threatened by Nancy 's relationship with Steve . John Reynolds as Callahan , another of Hopper 's officers . Not nearly as serious as his partner , he still works hard in the search for Will Byers . Mark Steger as the Monster , a creature that exists in the Upside Down . Referred to as `` the Demogorgon '' by Mike , Lucas and Dustin . Catherine Dyer as Connie Frazier , Brenner 's FBI enforcer who has no qualms about murdering those who have come into contact with Eleven . Randy Havens as Scott Clarke , the boys ' teacher . He encourages their interest in science and technology and helps them whenever asked . Hugh Holub as the lead scientist at Hawkins Laboratory . Tobias Jelinek as the lead agent at Hawkins National Laboratory , who assists Brenner . Cade Jones as James , a school bully who hangs around with Troy . Anniston and Tinsley Price as Holly Wheeler , daughter of Karen and Ted , younger sister of Nancy and Mike . Susan Shalhoub Larkin as Florence ( `` Flo '' ) , the secretary at the Hawkins Police Station . Tony Vaughn as Russell Coleman , the principal at Hawkins Middle School . Peyton Wich as Troy , a school bully of Mike , Lucas , Dustin , and Will . Charles Lawlor as Donald Melvald , the owner of a general store where Joyce Byers works . Chester Rushing as Tommy H. , former friend of Steve , and boyfriend of Carol . Chelsea Talmadge as Carol , former friend of Steve , and girlfriend of Tommy . Robert Walker - Branchaud as an agent of Hawkins Laboratory who disguises himself as a repairman . Cynthia Barrett as Marsha Holland , Barbara Holland 's mother . Aimee Mullins as Terry Ives , a woman who claims her daughter , Jane , was stolen from her shortly after she gave birth , but she has since gone into a mental state where she is unaware of her surroundings . She is the biological mother of Eleven . Introduced in season two Linnea Berthelsen as Kali / Eight , a young woman with illusion manipulation abilities who , along with Eleven , was experimented on at the Hawkins Laboratory but later managed to escape . Vanathi Kalai Parthiban portrays a young Kali . Catherine Curtin as Claudia Henderson , Dustin 's mother . Brett Gelman as Murray Bauman , a former journalist who became a conspiracy theorist , who visits Hawkins to go after a cold case . Joe Davison as a technician at Hawkins Laboratory . Priah Ferguson as Erica Sinclair , Lucas ' younger sister . Ferguson will have an expanded recurring role in the third season , who along with her friends , join in investigating the strange events around Hawkins . Introduced in season three Francesca Reale as Heather , a popular lifeguard at the Hawkins Community Pool who becomes the centerpiece of a dark mystery . Guest Introduced in season one Ross Partridge as Lonnie Byers , the drunk , egotistical , selfish ex-husband of Joyce Byers and father of Jonathan and Will Chris Sullivan as Benny Hammond , owner and chef of Benny 's Burgers , and friend of Hopper Andrew Benator as a scientist at Hawkins Laboratory Glennellen Anderson as Nicole , a classmate of Nancy , Steve and Jonathan Pete Burris as the head of security at Hawkins Laboratory Jerri Tubbs as Diane Hopper , Jim 's ex-wife Amy Seimetz as Becky Ives , Terry 's sister who takes care of her Elle Graham as Sarah Hopper , Jim and Diane 's daughter Executive producer Shawn Levy cameos as a morgue worker . Introduced in season two Kai L. Greene as Funshine , a member of Kali 's crew James Landry Hébert as Axel , a member of Kali 's crew Anna Jacoby - Heron as Dottie , a member of Kali 's crew Gabrielle Maiden as Mick , a member of Kali 's crew Aaron Muñoz as Mr. Holland , Barbara 's father Karen Ceesay as Mrs. Sinclair , Lucas and Erica 's mother Drew Scheid as Nancy , Steve and Jonathan 's classmate Pruitt Taylor Vince as Ray , a technician at Hawkins Laboratory who performed forcible electroshock therapy on Terry Ives , contributing to her deteriorated mental state Arnell Powell as Mr. Sinclair , Lucas and Erica 's father Will Chase as Neil Hargrove , Billy 's abusive father , Max 's stepfather , and Susan 's husband Jennifer Marshall as Susan Hargrove , Max 's mother , Billy 's stepmother , and Neil 's wife Introduced in season three Cary Elwes as Mayor Kline , a politician who is more concerned with his own image than with the people of the small town of Hawkins Jake Busey as Bruce , a journalist for `` The Hawkins Post '' with questionable morals and a sick sense of humor Episodes Season 1 ( 2016 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) On November 6 , 1983 , in a U.S. Department of Energy laboratory in the town of Hawkins , Indiana , a scientist is attacked by an unseen creature . While bicycling home from a Dungeons & Dragons session with his friends , 12 - year - old Will Byers encounters the creature and vanishes . The next day , a buzz - cut young girl wearing a hospital gown steals food from a local diner . The owner , Benny , takes pity on her and feeds her before calling social services . From a tattoo on her arm , he learns that her name is Eleven . A woman posing as a social worker arrives and murders Benny . Armed men search the diner for Eleven , but she escapes . Will 's mother Joyce believes she hears Will 's voice on a distorted phone call , but her phone short circuits . Will 's friends Mike , Dustin , and Lucas search for Will in the woods and find Eleven . `` Chapter Two : The Weirdo on Maple Street '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) The boys bring Eleven to Mike 's house , where she sleeps in the basement . The next day , Mike nicknames her `` El '' . She says that `` bad people '' are looking for her and refuses to meet Mike 's parents . Scientists from the laboratory find a substance oozing from the walls of Joyce 's home . At Mike 's home , Eleven recognizes and points out Will in a photo . Dustin and Lucas want to inform Mike 's parents about Eleven , but she uses psychokinesis to stop them . While searching for Will , Mr. Clarke , the boys ' science teacher , discovers a scrap of a hospital gown outside the laboratory grounds . Nancy goes with her friend Barb to a party at her boyfriend Steve 's house . Will 's brother Jonathan investigates the woods where Will went missing . Hearing screaming , he runs to help but finds only Steve , Nancy , and their friends roughhousing around Steve 's swimming pool . He secretly photographs them . Barb , left alone by the poolside , vanishes . Joyce receives another call from Will , hears music from his room , and sees something coming through the wall . `` Chapter Three : Holly , Jolly '' Shawn Levy Jessica Mecklenburg July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Barb wakes up in an empty and decaying pool . She screams for Nancy and attempts to climb out but is dragged down by something unseen . Joyce strings Christmas lights around her home to talk to Will , who can turn them on and off . Hawkins Lab director Dr. Martin Brenner allows Hopper to view the lab 's security camera footage . Hopper realizes it is fake . He and his deputies research Hawkins Lab , Brenner , and a woman named Terry Ives who claimed her daughter was taken by Brenner . Eleven has a flashback in which Brenner , whom she calls `` Papa , '' has her put in solitary confinement for refusing to telekinetically harm a cat . Nancy worries about Barb , who is missing . Steve and his friends discover Jonathan 's photographs . They destroy them and his camera . Nancy recovers a photo of Barb by the poolside and returns to Steve 's house to search for her . Nancy finds Barb 's car and sees the creature in the woods . Joyce establishes a code with Will using the lights , which he uses to tell her that he is alive but unsafe . He tells Joyce to run as a creature begins to climb through her wall . The boys secretly commence `` Operation Mirkwood '' as Eleven leads them to Will . However , Will 's apparent body is discovered in the water at a quarry , causing Mike , Dustin and Lucas to be devastated . `` Chapter Four : The Body '' Shawn Levy Justin Doble July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Eleven proves to the boys that Will is still alive by making contact through Mike 's walkie - talkie . Joyce goes to the morgue to view the body and refuses to believe it is Will . The boys give Eleven a makeover so they can sneak her into school . Joyce hears Will in her living room wall . Tearing away the wallpaper , she sees him behind a membrane . At school , Eleven uses Mr. Clarke 's ham radio to channel Will talking to his mother . Joyce demolishes the wall with an axe but reveals only her front porch . Nancy discovers a figure behind Barb in Jonathan 's photo . Jonathan realizes that the figure matches his mother 's description of the creature : a humanoid figure with long arms and no face . Nancy tells the police about her missing friend and subsequently admits to her mother that she slept with Steve . When she tells Steve about the police , she is irritated that he cares only about not getting in trouble with his father . Hopper confronts the state trooper who found Will 's body and beats him until he admits he was ordered to lie . Hopper goes to the morgue and finds that Will 's supposed body is a dummy . He breaks into Hawkins laboratory . 5 5 `` Chapter Five : The Flea and the Acrobat '' The Duffer Brothers Alison Tatlock July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Will 's father Lonnie assures Joyce her experiences are hallucinations . Hopper discovers a portal in the basement of the lab but is knocked out by the lab 's guards . He wakes at home and discovers a hidden microphone . Sheriff 's deputies inform Hopper that Barb 's car was found , but Hopper finds the state 's involvement suspicious . The boys determine Will is trapped in an alternate dimension Eleven calls the `` Upside Down , '' and he is being pursued by a monster similar to a Demogorgon . After Will 's funeral , science teacher Mr. Clarke tells the boys that a high - energy spacetime tear could create a passage between dimensions . Using their compasses , they search for a disruption in the Earth 's electromagnetic field . Eleven remembers encountering the creature during a lab experiment , and afraid , she redirects the compasses . Lucas notices and confronts her . Mike defends her , he and Lucas fight , and Eleven telekinetically flings Lucas off Mike . While Dustin and Mike tend to the unconscious Lucas , Eleven disappears . In the woods , Nancy and Jonathan find a wounded deer . The creature drags the deer away , and Nancy follows the trail of blood to a portal to the Upside Down . She crawls through and discovers the creature feasting upon the deer . She snaps a twig and draws the creature 's attention . 6 6 `` Chapter Six : The Monster '' The Duffer Brothers Jessie Nickson - Lopez July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Jonathan pulls Nancy back through the portal and saves her from the monster . Later , Steve sees them together through her bedroom window and assumes they are dating . Nancy and Jonathan resolve to kill the monster and purchase supplies from an army surplus store . During a fist fight with Steve , Jonathan inadvertently assaults a police officer and is arrested . Joyce and Hopper track down Terry Ives , who is catatonic and tended by her sister Becky . Becky explains that Terry underwent Project MKUltra testing while unknowingly pregnant ; she believed her daughter Jane was kidnapped by Brenner at birth . Joyce and Hopper conclude Eleven is likely Jane . Eleven shoplifts Eggo waffles . She recalls being asked to contact the monster and accidentally opening the portal to the Upside Down in the laboratory basement . While searching for Eleven , Mike and Dustin are ambushed by school bullies Troy and James . Troy holds Dustin at knifepoint and demands Mike make a suicidal jump into the lake where Will 's body was discovered . Mike jumps but is levitated to safety by Eleven , who scares away the bullies . Lucas realizes agents from the laboratory are heading to Mike 's house . 7 7 `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' The Duffer Brothers Justin Doble July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Lucas warns Mike via walkie - talkie that government agents are en route . Mike , Dustin , and Eleven flee . Eleven telekinetically flips a van that blocks their path , and the kids escape . Lucas reconciles with Mike and Eleven . Joyce and Hopper are called to the police station because of Jonathan 's assault . Jonathan and Nancy reveal their knowledge of the monster to Joyce and Hopper . The group contacts Mike and his friends and they rendezvous . They ask Eleven to search for Will and Barb , but her earlier feats have left her too weak to find them . To amplify Eleven 's powers , they break into the middle school and build a sensory - deprivation tank . Eleven finds Barb 's corpse with a slug - like creature crawling out of her mouth . With Joyce 's help , she finds Will alive , hiding in the Upside Down `` Castle Byers , '' his backyard fort . Hopper and Joyce break into Hawkins Laboratory but are apprehended by security guards . Nancy and Jonathan resolve to kill the monster and steal their hunting gear back from the police station . In the Upside Down , the monster breaks into the fort where Will is hiding . 8 8 `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' The Duffer Brothers Story by : Paul Dichter Teleplay by : The Duffer Brothers July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Hopper reveals Eleven 's location so that he and Joyce can enter the Upside Down . They find Will unconscious in the Upside - Down town library . They pull a tendril out of his throat , perform CPR , and revive him . Nancy and Jonathan booby - trap the Byers ' home , then cut their hands to attract the monster with their blood . Steve arrives , intending to apologize to Jonathan , but the monster attacks . The monster springs the trap but escapes back to the Upside Down . Eleven and the boys hide in the middle school . Mike asks Eleven to a school dance , the Snow Ball , and kisses her . The military storms the school to re-capture Eleven , but she kills them and collapses . As Brenner cradles her , the monster attacks , apparently killing him . The boys hide Eleven in a classroom . The monster corners them , but Eleven pins it against a wall . She says goodbye to Mike , disintegrates the monster , and vanishes . Mike is devastated at her disappearance . Will is hospitalized and reunited with his mother , brother , and friends . Hopper is reluctantly picked up by a black car . One month later , Nancy and Steve are back together , and both are friends with Jonathan . Hopper leaves Eggo waffles in a box in the woods . Will coughs up a slug - like creature and has a vision of the world as the Upside Down , but he hides this from his family . Season 2 ( 2017 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 9 `` Chapter One : MADMAX '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) On October 28 , 1984 , Kali and her gang use her psychic powers to escape the police . Her wrist tattoo marks her as `` 008 . '' At the Hawkins arcade , Will has a vision of the Upside Down . Murray Bauman describes an elaborate conspiracy theory to Hopper . Hopper investigates a blight on Bob Merril 's pumpkin patch . Mr. Clarke introduces a new girl named Maxine ( `` Max '' ) to his class . At Hawkins Lab , Owens examines Will . He tells Joyce that Will is experiencing posttraumatic stress disorder . Nancy and Steve have dinner with Barb 's parents , who are selling their house to pay for Bauman 's investigation into Barb 's disappearance . Mike tries to contact with Eleven , still believing she is alive even 352 days after her disappearance . Dustin hears a noise from the trashcan outside his home , and Will has a vision of an enormous spidery creature in the Upside Down . Hopper goes home to a cabin in the woods , where Eleven , revealed to be alive , accuses him of being late . 10 `` Chapter Two : Trick or Treat , Freak '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) In a flashback , Eleven awakens in the Upside Down middle school , having just destroyed the monster at the end of the first season . After escaping the Upside Down , she goes to Mike 's house . To avoid government agents , she hides in the woods . In the present , Eleven asks to go trick - or - treating , but Hopper says it 's too risky . Hopper learns the blight has spread to pumpkin patches all over town . Nancy wants to tell Barb 's parents about her death , but Steve insists it 's too dangerous . At a Halloween party that evening , Nancy gets drunk and tells Steve she does not love him . Angered , Steve leaves , and asks Jonathan to take her home . Mike , Will , Dustin , Lucas , and Max go trick - or - treating . Will has a vision of a shadowy monster from the Upside Down trying to catch him . Mike admits to Will that he is still trying to contact Eleven . Eleven tries to contact Mike through the void but fails . Dustin finds a creature in his trash can . 11 `` Chapter Three : The Pollywog '' Shawn Levy Justin Doble October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Dustin feeds the creature a 3 Musketeers chocolate bar and names it d'Artagnan ( `` Dart '' ) . In a flashback , Hopper leaves food in the woods for Eleven . She approaches him and moves into his grandfather 's hunting cabin . In the present , Hopper refuses to allow Eleven outside . Angry , she escapes and looks for Mike . Bob recounts a childhood nightmare to Will and encourages him to stand up to his fears . Nancy persuades Jonathan to help her tell Barb 's parents the truth . Hopper confronts Owens with evidence that the pumpkin blight comes from the lab . Dustin brings Dart to school and shows it to Will , Mike , Lucas , and Max . Will realizes Dart is from the Upside Down . Dart molts and escapes . Eleven sees Mike and Max arguing and mistakes it for flirting . Jealous , she makes Max fall off her skateboard . On a videotape Will made while trick - or - treating , Joyce discovers an image of the monster . Will finds Dart , triggering a vision of the Upside Down . Dustin recovers Dart . Following Bob 's advice , Will confronts the monster , but it invades his body . 12 `` Chapter Four : Will the Wise '' Shawn Levy Paul Dichter October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Joyce takes Will home . His temperature is strangely low , but he refuses a warm bath . Eleven returns to the cabin . She and Hopper fight , and Hopper grounds her . Will tells Joyce and Hopper that he is connected to the Shadow Monster . Unable to explain in words , he makes a vast number of scribbles . Joyce and Hopper piece them together into a map . Nancy and Jonathan are caught by lab agents . Owens shows them the gate to the Upside Down . He says it can be contained but not destroyed , admits Barb died , and allows Nancy and Jonathan to go free . Secretly , Nancy records his confession . Billy warns Max to stay away from Lucas . Eleven finds Hopper 's notes on Hawkins Lab . Using her psychic powers , she contacts Terry Ives , who calls her `` Jane . '' Dustin discovers Dart devouring his cat and realizes Dart is a young Demogorgon . Following Will 's map , Hopper digs in Merril 's field and finds a tunnel corrupted by the Upside Down . 13 5 `` Chapter Five : Dig Dug '' Andrew Stanton Jessie Nickson - Lopez October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Vines trap Hopper in the infected tunnels . Will realizes Hopper is in danger . Lucas tells Max the truth about Will 's disappearance last year , but she does not believe him . Jonathan and Nancy play Owens ' confession to Bauman . The three agree to publicize a watered down and more believable story about Barb dying from toxins released by the lab . Dustin traps Dart in his root cellar and recruits Steve to fight it . Owens and the lab scientists realize the soil from the infected pumpkin patches is part of a hive mind . Eleven hitchhikes to Terry 's house . She telepathically communicates with Terry , seeing images of another child kept in Hawkins Lab and of Terry being crippled by forced shock therapy . Bob Newby figures out Hopper 's location , and he and Joyce enter the tunnels to rescue him . They are joined by scientists from Hawkins Lab . As the scientists burn the vines filling the tunnels , Will screams in agony and collapses . 14 6 `` Chapter Six : The Spy '' Andrew Stanton Kate Trefry October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Will is rushed to the lab , where he can not recognize Bob , Hopper , or Owens . Owens speculates that damaging the tunnels may be lethal to Will . He shows Hopper the lab basement , where an enormous gate to the Upside Down has been discovered under the floor . Dart molts again and escapes the root cellar . Nancy and Jonathan spend the night at Bauman 's and admit their feelings for each other . Lucas offers to prove to Max that his story is true , and he sneaks her out of her house . Steve offers Dustin dating tips . Steve , Dustin , Lucas and Max set a trap for Dart at the junkyard . Max opens up to Lucas about Billy 's anger over his father 's remarriage to Max 's mother . Dart , now the size of a large dog , arrives with a pack of adolescent Demogorgons and traps the four in a bus . Will announces he knows how to stop the Shadow Monster . Owens sends a team of soldiers into the tunnels , and the Demodogs leave the junkyard . Will apologizes , saying the Shadow Monster made him do it . The Demodogs ambush the soldiers , slaughter them , and climb into the lab . 15 7 `` Chapter Seven : The Lost Sister '' Rebecca Thomas Justin Doble October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) In Chicago , Eleven locates Kali , who is the girl from Terry 's memories . Kali can create illusions , and she leads a gang of outcasts who exact revenge on those who have hurt them . She teaches Eleven to channel her anger towards stronger powers . Eleven uses her powers to find Ray , the lab technician who performed shock therapy on Terry , and the gang breaks into his apartment . Ray claims Brenner is still alive , and he offers to lead Kali and Eleven to Brenner . They disbelieve him , and Kali tries to coax Eleven into killing Ray . When Eleven learns he has two daughters , she stops and prevents Kali from killing him . Back at their hideout , Kali conjures a vision of Brenner and demands that Eleven avenge their mother . Eleven visualizes Mike and Hopper and realizes they are in trouble . While Kali and her gang escape the police , Eleven returns to Hawkins . 16 8 `` Chapter Eight : The Mind Flayer '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) The Demodogs overwhelm the lab . Mike convinces Joyce to sedate Will so that the Shadow Monster can not track them . Mike , Will , Joyce , Hopper , Bob , and Owens shelter in the lab 's security room . Dustin , Steve , Lucas , and Max track the Demodogs to the lab , where they regroup with Nancy and Jonathan . When the power goes out , Bob resets the circuit breakers so they can escape . Owens stays behind and uses the security cameras to guide the others out . Mike , Will , Joyce , and Hopper escape , but Bob is killed by the Demodogs . The group retreat to the Byers ' house , where Dustin suggests that the Shadow Monster is a Mind Flayer . After disguising their location , they interrogate Will . Using Morse code , he taps out , `` CLOSE GATE . '' The house phone rings , and Will realizes where he is . The Mind Flayer sends a Demodog to the house , but , to everyone 's surprise , Eleven arrives and kills it . 17 9 `` Chapter Nine : The Gate '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) After finally reuniting with Mike , Eleven and Hopper head for the lab , where they find the gate guarded by Demodogs . Jonathan , Nancy , and Joyce take Will to Hopper 's cabin and overheat him , forcing the Mind Flayer out . Mike , Dustin , Lucas , and Max want to draw the Demodogs away from the gate , but Steve keeps them at the house for their own safety . Billy , forced by his abusive father to look for Max , arrives at the Byers house . He overpowers Steve in a fistfight , but Max sedates him , and the group leaves in Billy 's car . They start a fire in the tunnels , but Dart blocks their return . Dustin feeds Dart a 3 Musketeers bar , and Dart allows them to pass . Eleven channels her anger into closing the gate , and as the gate closes , the remaining monsters in Hawkins die . One month later , Hawkins Lab has shut down . Barb is given a funeral , and Owens provides Hopper a birth certificate for Eleven , listing him as her father . The students , including Eleven , attend the school 's winter dance , the Snow Ball . Max and Lucas kiss , as do Mike and Eleven . Nancy pities Dustin and dances with him . In the Upside Down , the Mind Flayer towers over the school . Season 3 In April 2018 , executive producer Shawn Levy stated that , as with the previous two seasons , the Duffer Brothers would direct the first two episodes , with Levy directing the third and fourth episodes . The other directors for the season have yet to be announced ; however Levy confirmed that Andrew Stanton ( who directed two episodes of the second season ) would not be returning due to scheduling issues . Production Development Ross ( left ) and Matt Duffer , the creators of the series Stranger Things was created by Matt and Ross Duffer , known professionally as the Duffer Brothers . The two had completed writing and producing their 2015 film Hidden , which they had tried to emulate the style of M. Night Shyamalan , however , due to changes at Warner Bros. , its distributor , the film did not see a wide release and the Duffer Brothers were unsure of their future . To their surprise , television producer Donald De Line approached them , impressed with Hidden 's script , and offered them the opportunity to work on episodes of Wayward Pines alongside Shyamalan . The brothers were mentored by Shyamalan during the episode 's production , so that when they finished , they felt they were ready to produce their own television series . The Duffer Brothers prepared a script that would essentially be similar to the series ' actual pilot episode , along with a 20 - page pitch book to help shop the series around for a network . They pitched the story to about fifteen cable networks , all of which rejected the script on the basis that they felt a plot centered around children as leading characters would not work , asking them to make it a children 's show or to drop the children and focus on Hopper 's investigation in the paranormal . In early 2015 , Dan Cohen , the VP of 21 Laps Entertainment , brought the script to his colleague Shawn Levy . They subsequently invited the Duffer Brothers to their office and purchased the rights for the series , giving full authorship of it to the brothers . After reading the pilot , the streaming service Netflix purchased the whole season for an undisclosed amount ; the show was subsequently announced for a planned 2016 release by Netflix in early April 2015 . The Duffer Brothers stated that at the time they had pitched to Netflix , the service had already gotten recognized for its original programming , such as House of Cards and Orange Is the New Black , with well - recognized producers behind them , and were ready to start giving upcoming producers like them a chance . The brothers started to write out the series and brought Levy and Cohen in as executive producers to start casting and filming . `` Montauk is an eight - hour sci - fi horror epic . Set in Long Island in 1980 and inspired by the supernatural classics of that era , we explore the crossroads where the ordinary meet the extraordinary ... emotional , cinematic and rooted in character , Montauk is a love letter to the golden age of Steven Spielberg and Stephen King -- a marriage of human drama and supernatural fear . '' -- The Duffer Brothers ' original pitch for Montauk The book cover the Duffer Brothers created to pitch Montauk , inspired by Stephen King book covers such as Firestarter The series was originally known as Montauk , as the setting of the script was in Montauk , New York and nearby Long Island locations . The brothers had chosen Montauk as it had further Spielberg ties with the film Jaws , where Montauk was used for the fictional setting of Amity Island . After deciding to change the narrative of the series to take place in the fictional town of Hawkins instead , the brothers felt they could now do things to the town , such as placing it under quarantine , that they really could not envision with a real location . With the change in location , they had to come up with a new title for the series under direction from Netflix 's Ted Sarandos so that they could start marketing it to the public . The brothers started by using a copy of Stephen King 's Firestarter novel to consider the title 's font and appearance , and came up with a long list of potential alternatives . Stranger Things came about as it sounded similar to another King novel , Needful Things , though Matt noted they still had a `` lot of heated arguments '' over this final title . To pitch the series , the Duffer Brothers showcased images , footage and music from 1980s films such as E.T. the Extra Terrestrial , Close Encounters of the Third Kind , Poltergeist , Hellraiser , Stand by Me , Firestarter , A Nightmare on Elm Street and Jaws , in order to establish the tone of the series . With the critical success of the first season after its release in July 2016 , speculation on a possible second season was raised . The Duffer Brothers initially intended for Stranger Things to either be a standalone miniseries or an anthology series . They also considered the possibility of setting a potential second season ( which they referred to as a `` sequel '' ) in the early 1990s and featuring an older version of the characters , along with all new characters , who are drawn back to Hawkins after supernatural events begin occurring again . However , following the release of the first season , they realized that the likability of the characters -- especially the children -- was key to the series ' success , and they decided to set the second season in 1984 and focus on the same characters . By the end of July , the Duffer Brothers had outlined a plan for such a season if it was green - lit , and Netflix 's CEO Reed Hastings said in early August that the company `` would be dumb not to '' renew Stranger Things for a second season . On August 31 , 2016 , Netflix announced it had renewed Stranger Things for a second season of nine episodes , to be released in 2017 . The Duffer Brothers revealed that the series had been renewed for a second season before the first premiered . Regarding the decision to wait more than a month after the first season premiered to announce the renewal , Matt Duffer said , `` it actually ended up working because it had built up to this fever pitch . I guess that 's what ( Netflix ) were intending to do all the time . '' The Duffer Brothers wrote the second season to make the combined first and second season feel like a complete work , but setting elements in place to go forward with additional seasons if they are green - lit . While most of the story for the second season had been decided before the first season aired , the Duffer Brothers took in the audience reactions from the first season to adjust some of the details within the second season . They knew they would not have the same element of audience surprise as when the show aired anew , and were aware fans wanted to see certain elements , but Ross said `` ... the point is not to give everyone what they think they want . Because I do n't think they really know what they want . '' The Duffer Brothers felt that the second season should be treated more as a sequel rather than a continuation , and thus have opted to call the second Stranger Things 2 . This approach had some trepidation from Netflix , since the company felt movie sequels typically have a bad reputation , but the Duffer Brothers pointed out that there had been many successful sequels that surpassed the original film , and felt confident with this name . Despite revealing episode titles for the season in the announcement teaser in order `` to provide some hint of where we were going in season two without giving anything away , '' Matt Duffer stated that some of the titles would change , since there were some things `` we did n't want to put on there because we felt like it would give too much away , '' and because `` people are smart on the fucking internet '' with fan - created `` videos analyzing the chapter titles ... right on a lot '' of how the titles related to the plot of the season . In early October 2017 , the Duffer Brothers revealed the final titles for the first six episodes of the season . Levy noted in November 2016 that he and the Duffer Brothers had already begun planning a potential third season , saying , `` We are not gon na be caught off guard and we do n't wan na be making stuff up like the day before we have to write it and make it , so we are definitely optimistic and we have started thinking ahead . '' The Duffer Brothers anticipate having about four to five seasons to work with , but do want to `` have a really finite ending '' while the show is still at a height of success , according to Matt , rather than letting it draw out indefinitely . In August 2017 , the Duffer Brothers confirmed there would be a third season , with the likelihood of one more season following that , with Ross saying , `` We 're thinking it will be a four - season thing and then out '' . However , executive producer Shawn Levy later suggested that either four or five total seasons were possibilities , claiming that `` the truth is we 're definitely going four seasons and there 's very much the possibility of a fifth . Beyond that , it becomes I think very unlikely . '' Matt Duffer later commented that no official decision has been made , claiming that `` It 's hard , like four seems short , five seems long . So I do n't know what to do . '' In December 2017 , Netflix officially confirmed that they have greenlit the third season , consisting of eight episodes . Levy also confirmed that a fourth season was `` definitely happening '' and that there was potential for a fifth season . Writing The idea of Stranger Things started with how the brothers felt they could take the concept of the 2013 film Prisoners , detailing the moral struggles a father goes through when his daughter is kidnapped , and expand it out over eight or so hours in a serialized television approach . As they focused on the missing child aspect of the story , they wanted to introduce the idea of `` childlike sensibilities '' they could offer , and toyed around with the idea of a monster that could consume humans . The brothers thought the combination of these things `` was the best thing ever '' . To introduce this monster into the narrative , they considered `` bizarre experiments we had read about taking place in the Cold War '' such as Project MKUltra , which gave a way to ground the monster 's existence in science rather than something spiritual . This also helped them to decide on using 1983 as the time period , as it was a year before the film Red Dawn came out , which focused on Cold War paranoia . Subsequently , they were able to use all their own personal inspirations from the 1980s , the decade they were born , as elements of the series , crafting it in the realm of science fiction and horror . The Duffer Brothers have cited as influence for the show ( among others ) : Stephen King novels ; films produced by Steven Spielberg , John Carpenter , Wes Craven , Robert Zemeckis , George Lucas and Guillermo del Toro ; films such as Alien and Stand by Me ; Japanese anime such as Akira and Elfen Lied ; and video games such as Silent Hill , The Last of Us , and Dark Souls . The Duffer Brothers also believe that they may have brought influences from other works unintentionally , including Beyond the Black Rainbow and D.A.R.Y.L. , discovered by reviewing fan feedback on the show . With Netflix as the platform , the Duffer Brothers were not limited to a typical 22 - episode format , opting for the eight - episode approach . They had been concerned that a 22 - episode season on broadcast television would be difficult to `` tell a cinematic story '' with that many episodes . Eight episodes allowed them to give time to characterization in addition to narrative development ; if they had less time available , they would have had to remain committed to telling a horror film as soon as the monster was introduced and abandon the characterization . Within the eight episodes , the brothers aimed to make the first season `` feel like a big movie '' with all the major plot lines completed so that `` the audience feels satisfied '' , but left enough unresolved to indicate `` there 's a bigger mythology , and there 's a lot of dangling threads at the end '' , something that could be explored in further seasons if Netflix opted to create more . Regarding writing for the children characters of the series , the Duffer Brothers considered themselves as outcasts from other students while in high school and thus found it easy to write for Mike and his friends , and particularly for Barb . Joyce was fashioned after Richard Dreyfuss ' character Roy Neary in Close Encounters of the Third Kind , as she appears `` absolutely bonkers '' to everyone else as she tries to find Will . Other characters , such as Billy in the second season , have more villainous attributes that are not necessarily obvious from the onset ; Matt explained that they took further inspiration from Stephen King for these characters , as King `` always has really great human villains '' that may be more malicious than the supernatural evil . According to David Harbour , writing for the third season was still occurring in December 2017 . Levy said the season would be less about Will , saying , `` We 're not going to put Will through hell for a third season in a row . He 'll be dealing with stuff , but he wo n't be at rock bottom ... We 're ( going to be ) dealing with forces of evil that are new . '' Casting The Duffer Brothers cast David Harbour as Chief Hopper believing this was his opportunity to have a lead character in a work . In June 2015 , it was announced that Winona Ryder and David Harbour had joined the series as Joyce and as the unnamed chief of police , respectively . The Duffer Brothers ' casting director Carmen Cuba had suggested Ryder for the role of Joyce , which the two were immediately drawn to because of her predominance in the films of the 1980s . Levy believed Ryder could `` wretch up the emotional urgency and yet find layers and nuance and different sides of ( Joyce ) '' . Ryder praised that the show 's multiple storylines required her to act for Joyce as `` she 's out of her mind , but she 's actually kind of onto something '' , and that the producers had faith she could pull off the difficult role . The Duffer Brothers had been interested in Harbour before , who until Stranger Things primarily had smaller roles as villainous characters , and they felt that he had been `` waiting too long for this opportunity '' to play a lead , while Harbour himself was thrilled by the script and the chance to play `` a broken , flawed , anti-hero character '' . Additional casting followed two months later with Finn Wolfhard as Mike , Millie Bobby Brown in an undisclosed role , Gaten Matarazzo as Dustin , Caleb McLaughlin as Lucas , Natalia Dyer as Nancy , and Charlie Heaton as Jonathan . In September 2015 , Cara Buono joined the cast as Karen , followed by Matthew Modine as Martin Brenner a month later . Additional cast who recur for the first season include Noah Schnapp as Will , Shannon Purser as Barbara `` Barb '' Holland , Joe Keery as Steve Harrington , and Ross Partridge as Lonnie , among others . Actors auditioning for the children roles read lines from Stand By Me . The Duffer Brothers estimated they went through about a thousand different child actors for the roles . They noted that Wolfhard was already `` a movie buff '' of the films from the 1980s period and easily filled the role , while they found Matarazzo 's audition to be much more authentic than most of the other audition tapes , and selected him after a single viewing of his audition tape . As casting was started immediately after Netflix greenlit the show , and prior to the scripts being fully completed , this allowed some of the actor 's takes on the roles to reflect into the script . The casting of the young actors for Will and his friends had been done just after the first script was completed , and subsequent scripts incorporated aspects from these actors . The brothers said Modine provided significant input on the character of Dr. Brenner , whom they had not really fleshed out before as they considered him the hardest character to write for given his limited appearances within the narrative . In October 2016 , it was announced that Schnapp and Keery had been promoted to the main cast for the second season , after each recurring in the first season , and that Sadie Sink and Dacre Montgomery would join the main cast as Max and Billy , respectively . Ryder , Harbour , Wolfhard , Brown , Matarazzo , McLaughlin , Dyer and Heaton also return for the season . Sean Astin as Bob Newby and Paul Reiser as Sam Owens are also part of the main cast in the season . Sean Astin 's character , Bob , was originally meant to be a smaller role , but Astin performed his role so well the Duffer Brothers ended up having Bob be a major character , as well as giving him a heroic death . For Owens , the Duffer Brothers had referred to the character in their pitch to Netflix for the season as `` Paul Reiser '' , and specifically alluded to Reiser 's character Burke in Aliens , with Ross referencing James Cameron 's casting choice for that film , saying , `` ( Cameron ) thought people would inherently trust ( Reiser ) and it would be a twist '' . Reiser 's son was a fan of Stranger Things , and gave his father an early appreciation of the series , so that by when the production called his agent about the role , Reiser was excited for the part . Joining them in recurring roles are Linnea Berthelsen as Kali / Eight and Brett Gelman as Murray Bauman . The third season sees Ryder , Harbour , Wolfhard , Brown , Matarazzo , McLaughlin , Dyer , Heaton , Buono , Schnapp , Sink , Keery and Montgomery return . They are joined by Maya Hawke as Robin . For the third season , it was reported that the several of the cast members would be receiving pay raises . Ryder and Harbour were receiving an increase to $350,000 an episode from $150,000 and $80,000 respectively ; Wolfhard , Matarazzo , McLaughlin , and Schnapp were receiving a pay increase to $200,000 an episodes and possibly around $250,000 , a significant increase from the reported $20,000 they made in season one ( later increased by $60,000 ) ; and Dyer , Heaton , and Keery would be receiving approximately $150,000 an episode . Brown 's pay was not disclosed , but was estimated to be a bigger raise than her young counterparts . Some sources suggest she is at least making $250,000 and may be getting possibly between $300,000 and $350,000 per episode . Filming The brothers had desired to film the series around the Long Island area to match the initial Montauk concept . However , with filming scheduled to take place in November 2015 , it was difficult to shoot in Long Island in the cold weather , and the production started scouting locations in and around the Atlanta , Georgia area . The brothers , who grew up in North Carolina , found many places that reminded them of their own childhoods in that area , and felt the area would work well with the narrative shift to the fictional town of Hawkins , Indiana . The filming of the first season began in November 2015 and was extensively done in Atlanta , Georgia , with the Duffer Brothers and Levy handling the direction of individual episodes . Jackson served as the basis of the fictional town of Hawkins , Indiana . Other shooting locations included the Georgia Mental Health Institute as the Hawkins National Laboratory site , Bellwood Quarry , Patrick Henry High School in Stockbridge , Georgia , for the middle and high school scenes , Emory University 's Continuing Education Department , the former city hall in Douglasville , Georgia , Georgia International Horse Park , the probate court in Butts County , Georgia , Old East Point Library and East Point First Baptist Church in East Point , Georgia , Fayetteville , Georgia , Stone Mountain Park , Palmetto , Georgia , and Winston , Georgia . Set work was done at Screen Gem Studios in Atlanta . The series was filmed with a Red Dragon digital camera . Filming for the first season concluded in early 2016 . While filming , the brothers tried to capture shots that could be seen as homages to many of the 1980s references they recalled . Their goal was not necessarily to fill the work with these references , but instead make the series seem to the viewer as a 1980s film . They spent little time reviewing those works and instead went by memory . Matt further recognized that some of their filming homages were not purposely done but were found to be very comparable , as highlighted by a fan - made video comparing the show to several 1980s works side - by - side . Matt commented on the video that `` Some were deliberate and some were subconscious . '' The brothers recognized that many of the iconic scenes from these 1980s films , such as with Poltergeist , was about `` taking a very ordinary object that people deal with every day , their television set , and imbuing it with something otherworldly '' , leading to the idea of using the Christmas light strings for Will to communicate with Joyce . In order to help the cast get into the mood and their characters , the Duffer Brothers would play creepy music on set before filming . The brothers attributed much of the 1980s feel to set and costume designers and the soundtrack composers that helped to recreate the era for them . Lynda Reiss , the head of props , had about a $220,000 budget , similar to most films , to acquire artifacts of the 1980s , using eBay and searching through flea markets and estate sales around the Atlanta area . The bulk of the props were original items from the 1980s with only a few pieces , such as the Dungeons & Dragons books made as replicas . Costume designer Kimberly Adams - Galligan for the first season aimed for capturing authenticity of the clothes choices by the characters , such as reflecting that the Byers would likely use hand - me - down clothes compared to the other families ; in this case , while the costume department did distress the outfits for all the characters , they spent more time for Will 's clothes compared to Mike 's . Frequently , they needed to create outfits for the kids themselves since many were still growing during the time of filming , and could not readily acquire period fashion across a range of sizes . Director of photography Tim Ives shot the first season with Leica lens and the 6K Red Scarlet Dragon to `` make sure that our images had the soft and round tones that are in ' 80s films '' ; this is achieved through digital image processing . Ives said that these cameras allow them to create an adaptable quality to the recorded film that is adaptable to a wide range of viewing experiences , including support for newer and future television technologies such as high dynamic range video that was just becoming adopted at the time of filming . Filming for the second season began on November 7 , 2016 , once again in and around the Atlanta Metro area . While parts of Season 2 were set in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , these were actually filmed in downtown Atlanta , with skylines of Pittsburgh added in post-production . Andrew Stanton , director of Pixar 's Finding Nemo and WALL - E , directed the fifth and sixth episodes of the second season . Levy stated that Stanton was a big fan of the show and called up Levy , offering his directorial abilities for the show . Rebecca Thomas directed the seventh episode of the season . Unlike the first season , which they were able to film without any real security issues , the heightened awareness of the show required the producers to take significant steps to keep the show 's production in secret while filming the second season . They spoke to the production team of HBO 's Game of Thrones for tips and advice for securing filming sites , and have adopted code names for the series and various parts to allow the actors to speak to others without revealing details of the show 's plot . Kim Wilcox took over for costumes in the second season , finding many of the same problems with designing for the child actors that were aging . Furthermore , she wanted to create the 80 's aestetic but as reflected in a small rural town , with the trends of period slowly filtering into it rather that immediately jump on elements like neon colors . The second season concluded filming on June 2 , 2017 . Ives once again used Leica lens to film the season , while upgrading to the Red Weapon 8K S35 camera . Filming for the third season officially began on April 23 , 2018 . Visual effects To create the aged effect for the series , a film grain was added over the footage , which was captured by scanning in film stock from the 1980s . The Duffer Brothers wanted to scare the audience , but not to necessarily make the show violent or gory , following in line with how the 1980s Amblin Entertainment films drove the creation of the PG - 13 movie rating . It was `` much more about mood and atmosphere and suspense and dread than they are about gore '' , though they were not afraid to push into more scary elements , particularly towards the end of the first season . The brothers had wanted to avoid any computer - generated effects for the monster and other parts of the series and stay with practical effects , so they created an animatronic to play the part of the demogorgon . However , the six - month filming time left them little time to plan out and test practical effects rigs for some of the shots . They went with a middle ground of using constructed props including one for the monster whenever they could , but for other shots , such as when the monster bursts through a wall , they opted to use digital effects . Post-production on the first season was completed the week before it was released to Netflix . The title sequence uses closeups of the letters in the Stranger Things title with a red tint against a black background as they slide into place within the title . The sequence was created by the studio Imaginary Forces , formerly part of R / GA , led by creative director Michelle Doughtey . Levy introduced the studio to the Duffer Brothers , who explained their vision of the 1980s - inspired show , which helped the studio to fix the concept the producers wanted . Later , but prior to filming , the producers sent Imaginary Forces the pilot script , the synth - heavy background music for the titles , as well as the various book covers from King and other authors that they had used to establish the title and imagery , and were looking for a similar approach for the show 's titles , primarily using a typographical sequence . They took inspiration from several title sequences of works from the 1980s that were previously designed by Richard Greenberg under R / GA , such as Altered States and The Dead Zone . They also got input from Dan Perri , who worked on the title credits of several 1980s films . Various iterations included having letters vanish , to reflect the `` missing '' theme of the show , and having letters cast shadows on others , alluding to the mysteries , before settling into the sliding letters . The studio began working on the title sequence before filming , and took about a month off during the filming process to let the producers get immersed in the show and come back with more input . Initially they had been working with various fonts for the title and used close - ups of the best features of these fonts , but near the end the producers wanted to work with ITC Benguiat , requiring them to rework those shots . The final sequence is fully computer generated , but they took inspiration from testing some practical effects , such as using Kodalith masks as would have been done in the 1980s , to develop the appropriate filters for the rendering software . The individual episode title cards used a `` fly through '' approach , similar to the film Bullitt , which the producers had suggested to the studio . Music Main article : Music of Stranger Things The Stranger Things original soundtrack was composed by Michael Stein and Kyle Dixon of the electronic band Survive . It makes extensive use of synthesizers in homage to 1980s artists and film composers including Jean - Michel Jarre , Tangerine Dream , Vangelis , Goblin , John Carpenter , Giorgio Moroder , and Fabio Frizzi . According to Stein and Dixon , the Duffer Brothers had been fans of Survive 's music , and used their song `` Dirge '' for the mock trailer that was used to sell the show to Netflix . Once the show was green - lit , the Duffer Brothers contacted Survive around July 2015 to ask if they were still doing music ; the two provided the production team with dozens of songs from their band 's past to gain their interest , helping to land them the role . Once aboard , the two worked with producers to select some of their older music to rework for the show , while developing new music , principally with character motifs . The two had been hired before the casting process , so their motif demos were used and played over the actors ' audition tapes , aiding in the casting selection . The show 's theme is based on an unused work Stein composed much earlier that ended up in the library of work they shared with the production staff , who thought that with some reworking would be good for the opening credits . In addition to original music , Stranger Things features period music from artists including The Clash , Joy Division , Toto , New Order , The Bangles , Foreigner , Echo and the Bunnymen , Peter Gabriel , and Corey Hart , as well as excerpts from Tangerine Dream , John Carpenter , and Vangelis . In particular , The Clash 's `` Should I Stay or Should I Go '' was specifically picked to play at pivotal moments of the story , such as when Will is trying to communicate with Joyce from the Upside Down . Soundtracks Stranger Things ' original soundtrack , consisting of 75 songs from Stein and Dixon split across two volumes , was released by Lakeshore Records . Digital release and streaming options were released on August 10 and 19 , 2016 for the two volumes , respectively , while retail versions were available on September 16 and 23 , 2016 . Limited editions of the soundtrack on vinyl , in both individual and a boxed set , are set for release in July 2017 . A cassette version of the soundtrack , sold exclusively by Urban Outfitters , was released on July 14 , 2017 . The cassette packaging features a cardboard cover that emulates an old VHS sleeves , while the cassette case is made to look like a VHS tape . Both volumes were nominated individually for the Best Score Soundtrack Category for the 2017 Grammy Awards , though neither won . The soundtrack for the second season of Stranger Things was released digitally on October 20 , 2017 . The soundtrack , once again composed by Stein and Dixon , consists of 34 songs and was released by Lakeshore Records in the United States and Invada Records internationally . The soundtrack is intended to be released on physical formats , such as compact disc , vinyl , and cassette as well . On the soundtrack 's composition , Stein and Dixon together said that the score for the season introduces `` new styles of composition , while still revisiting old themes when appropriate ... We 've created new elements that are necessary to support the story , but still want to remain true to the sound of Season 1 . '' The first track from the soundtrack , `` Walkin ' in Hawkins '' , was released on October 12 . Release The first season consisted of eight one - hour - long episodes which were released worldwide on Netflix on July 15 , 2016 , in Ultra HD 4K . The second season , consisting of nine episodes , was released on October 27 , 2017 in HDR . A teaser for the second season , which also announced the release date , aired during Super Bowl LI . The third season will once again consist of eight episodes . It is not expected to be released until late 2018 or early 2019 . Home Media The first season of Stranger Things was released on a Blu - ray / DVD combo pack exclusively to Target retailers on October 17 , 2017 , which includes a vintage VHS - inspired packaging . Reception Winona Ryder ( left ) was nominated for the Golden Globe , Satellite and Screen Actors Guild Award , while Millie Bobby Brown ( right ) was nominated for the Emmy Award and Screen Actors Guild Award for their work in the series . Audience viewership As Netflix does not reveal subscriber viewership numbers for any of their original series , Symphony Technology Group compiled data for the season based on people using software on their phones that measures television viewing by detecting a program 's sound . According to Symphony , within the first 35 days of release , Stranger Things averaged ratings around 14.07 million adults between the ages 18 -- 49 in the United States . This made it the third most - watched season of Netflix original content in the U.S. at the time behind the first season of Fuller House and fourth season of Orange Is the New Black . In a September 2016 analysis , Netflix found that Stranger Things `` hooked '' viewers by the second episode of the first season , indicating that the second episode was `` the first installment that led at least 70 percent of viewers who watched that episode to complete the entire first season of a show . '' In August 2017 , the marketing analytics firm Jumpshot determined the season was the seventh-most viewed Netflix season in the first 30 days after it premiered , garnering slightly more than 20 % of the viewers that the second season of Daredevil received , which was the most viewed season according to Jumpshot . Jumpshot , which `` analyzes click - stream data from an online panel of more than 100 million consumers '' , looked at the viewing behavior and activity of the company 's U.S. members , factoring in the relative number of U.S. Netflix viewers who watched at least one episode of the season . Critical response Season Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 94 % ( 72 reviews ) 76 ( 34 reviews ) 94 % ( 123 reviews ) 78 ( 33 reviews ) Season 1 Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the first season an approval rating of 94 % based on 72 reviews , and a weighted average rating of 7.96 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus states , `` Exciting , heartbreaking , and sometimes scary , Stranger Things acts as an addictive homage to Spielberg films and vintage 1980s television . '' Review aggregator Metacritic gave the first season a normalized score of 76 out of 100 based on 34 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . IGN gave the score of 8 out of 10 and called the series `` Great '' , saying `` Stranger Things is an easy recommendation , offering viewers an atmospheric and endearing series that is a nostalgic throwback without feeling like a simple copy . '' In a review in the San Francisco Chronicle Dave Wiegand wrote : `` Stranger Things reminds us of a time marked by a kind of no - strings escapism . And as it does so , we find ourselves yearning for it because the Duffer Brothers have made it so irresistibly appealing . There may be other equally great shows to watch this summer , but I guarantee you wo n't have more fun watching any of them than you will watching Stranger Things . '' Joshua Alston of The A.V. Club also reviewed it positively saying , `` Balancing style and substance is always challenging for a series like Stranger Things , but the show is perfectly calibrated . It feels like watching a show produced during the era in which it 's set , but with the craft of today 's prestige television . '' Reviewing for HitFix , Alan Sepinwall said , `` Over the course of the eight hours , the story and characters take on enough life of their own so that the references do n't feel self - indulgent , and so that the series can be appreciated even if you do n't know the plot of E.T. or the title font of Stephen King 's early novels ( a huge influence on the show 's own opening credits ) by heart . '' Emily Nussbaum of The New Yorker also applauded the series and wrote , `` This is astoundingly efficient storytelling , eight hours that pass in a blink , with even minor characters getting sharp dialogue , dark humor , or moments of pathos . '' Television critic Mary McNamara of Los Angeles Times said , `` For the most part , and in absolute defiance of the odds , Stranger Things honors its source material in the best way possible : By telling a sweet ' n ' scary story in which monsters are real but so are the transformative powers of love and fealty . '' The Wall Street Journal 's Brian Kelly said , `` Matt Duffer and Ross Duffer , brothers and the show 's creators , have done their homework when it comes to ' 80s cinema . Whether you 're a fan of John Carpenter 's The Thing or The Goonies is more your speed , there 's plenty to like in Stranger Things . '' In a negative review , cultural critic Grafton Tanner called the series `` wish fulfillment '' and `` a window through which the present - shocked can gaze at a clichéd past . '' Similarly , Marinna Guzy of The Establishment wrote : `` When confronted with a story like Stranger Things , a recycled retelling of an old story being marketed as homage and good , clean nostalgia , one has to wonder whether or not studios and content creators like the Duffer Brothers ever ask themselves whether or not the story they are telling is the one that should be told . What purpose does Stranger Things serve beyond reinforcing the status quo in the media landscape and perpetuating the dangerous delusion that things were better way back when ? '' Season 2 On Rotten Tomatoes , the second season has an approval rating of 94 % based on 123 reviews , and an average rating of 7.79 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus states , `` Stranger Things ' slow - building sophomore season balances moments of humor and a nostalgic sweetness against a growing horror that 's all the more effective thanks to the show 's full - bodied characters and evocative tone . '' On Metacritic , the second season has a normalized score of 78 out of 100 , based on 33 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Commentary Shannon Purser 's performance as Barb received a great deal of attention from fans , and led to her being nominated for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series . Shortly after its release , Stranger Things gained a dedicated fanbase . One area of focus from these fans was the character of Barb , the nerdy friend and classmate of Nancy who is taken and killed by the monster early in the season . According to actress Shannon Purser , Barb `` was n't supposed to be a big deal '' , and the Duffer Brothers had not gone into great detail about the character since the focus was on finding Will . However , many fans sympathized with the character , with Laura Bradley of Vanity Fair suggesting that these people found that Barb would be a similar misfit in society , and `` looks more like someone you might actually meet in real life '' compared to the other characters , particularly Nancy , in the series . Hashtags such as `` # ImWithBarb '' and `` # JusticeforBarb '' grew in popularity after the series ' release , and several fan sites and forums were created to support her . While Purser did not return for the second season , the Duffer Brothers used the real - life `` Justice for Barb '' movement as inspiration for narrative at the start of the second season , with Nancy addressing the fact `` that no one ever cares about '' Barb . Purser and several media outlets took her nomination as Barb for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series in the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards as achieving `` Justice for Barb '' , highlighting how well her character was received . Another impact of the series has been an increase demand for Eggo waffles , as they are shown to be Eleven 's favorite food in several episodes and are seen as a representation of the show . The Kellogg Company , which manufactures Eggo , had not been part of the production prior to the first season 's release , but recognized the market impact of the series . It provided a vintage 1980s Eggo television advertisement for Netflix to use in its Super Bowl LI commercial , and is looking to become more involved with cross-promotion . Accolades Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2016 Hollywood Music in Media Awards Best Main Title -- TV Show / Digital Streaming Series Kyle Dixon , Michael Stein Nominated Best Original Score -- TV Show / Miniseries Kyle Dixon , Michael Stein Nominated Outstanding Music Supervision -- Television Nora Felder Won American Film Institute Awards Top 10 TV Programs of the Year Stranger Things Won Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series Stranger Things Nominated Most Bingeworthy Show Stranger Things Nominated 2017 Golden Globe Awards Best Television Series -- Drama Stranger Things Nominated Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Winona Ryder Nominated Golden Tomato Awards Best - reviewed TV Sci - Fi / Fantasy / Horror Stranger Things 3rd place Best - reviewed New TV Show Stranger Things 8th place People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Show Stranger Things Nominated Favorite Premium Sci - Fi / Fantasy Series Stranger Things Nominated Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actress Millie Bobby Brown Nominated National Television Awards Best Period Drama Stranger Things Nominated Dorian Awards TV Drama of the Year Stranger Things Nominated TV Performance of the Year -- Actress Winona Ryder Nominated American Cinema Editors Awards Best Edited One Hour Series for Non-Commercial Television Dean Zimmerman `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated Kevin D. Ross `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated Producers Guild of America Awards Norman Felton Award for Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television , Drama The Duffer Brothers , Shawn Levy , Dan Cohen , Iain Paterson Won Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Millie Bobby Brown , Cara Buono , Joe Chrest , Natalia Dyer , David Harbour , Charlie Heaton , Joe Keery , Gaten Matarazzo , Caleb McLaughlin , Matthew Modine , Rob Morgan , John Paul Reynolds , Winona Ryder , Noah Schnapp , Mark Steger , Finn Wolfhard Won Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Winona Ryder Nominated Directors Guild of America Awards Outstanding Directorial Achievement for a Drama Series The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Marc Kolbe , Aaron Sims , Olcun Tan Nominated Art Directors Guild Awards One - Hour Period or Fantasy Single - Camera Television Series Chris Trujillo `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' , `` Chapter Three : Holly , Jolly '' , `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated SOC Lifetime Achievement Awards Camera Operator of the Year -- Television Bob Gorelick Nominated Grammy Awards Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media Stranger Things Volume 1 Nominated Stranger Things Volume 2 Nominated NME Awards Best TV Series Stranger Things Nominated Guild of Music Supervisors Awards Best Music Supervision in a Television Drama Nora Felder Won Cinema Audio Society Awards Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Television Series -- One Hour Chris Durfy , Joe Barnett , Adam Jenkins , Judah Getz , John Guentner `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated Satellite Awards Best Television Series -- Genre Stranger Things Nominated Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Winona Ryder Nominated Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing : TV Short Form -- Music David Klotz `` Chapter Three : Holly Jolly '' Won Best Sound Editing : TV Short Form -- FX / Foley Jacob McNaughton `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Make - Up Artists & Hair Stylists Guild Awards Best Period and / or Character Make - Up -- Television Amy L. Forsythe , Samantha Smith Nominated Best Period and / or Character Hair Styling -- Television Sarah Hindsgaul , Evelyn Roach Nominated Writers Guild of America Awards Drama Series Paul Dichter , Justin Doble , the Duffer Brothers , Jessica Mecklenburg , Jessie Nickson - Lopez , Alison Tatlock Nominated New Series Paul Dichter , Justin Doble , the Duffer Brothers , Jessica Mecklenburg , Jessie Nickson - Lopez , Alison Tatlock Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards Outstanding Period Television Series Kimberly Adams , Malgosia Turzanska Nominated IFMCA Awards Best Original Score for a Television Series Kyle Dixon , Michael Stein Nominated Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Digital TV Series or Film -- Young Actor Noah Schnapp Nominated Best Performance in a Digital TV Series or Film -- Young Actress Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Best Performance in a Digital TV Series or Film -- Teen Actor Gaten Matarazzo Nominated Caleb McLaughlin Nominated Finn Wolfhard Nominated Best Performance in a Digital TV Series or Film -- Teen Actress Natalia Dyer Nominated Empire Awards Best TV Series Stranger Things Nominated Location Managers Guild Awards Outstanding Locations in Period Television Tony Holley Nominated Shorty Awards Best TV Show Stranger Things Nominated Peabody Awards Best Entertainment Program Stranger Things Nominated Bram Stoker Awards Superior Achievement in a Screenplay The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated MTV Movie & TV Awards TV Show of the Year Stranger Things Won Best Performance in a Show Millie Bobby Brown Won Best Hero Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Best Villain The Demogorgon Nominated British Academy Television Awards Best International Program The Duffer Brothers , Shawn Levy , Dan Cohen Nominated MTV Millennial Awards TV Series of the Year Stranger Things Won Golden Trailer Awards Best Fantasy Adventure ( TV Spot / Trailer / Teaser for a series ) Stranger Things Won Best Sound Editing ( TV Spot / Trailer / Teaser for a series ) Stranger Things Nominated Saturn Awards Best New Media Television Series Stranger Things Won Best Actress on a Television Series Winona Ryder Nominated Best Younger Actor on a Television Series Millie Bobby Brown Won TCA Awards Program of the Year Stranger Things Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Drama Stranger Things Nominated Outstanding New Program Stranger Things Nominated Hugo Awards Best Dramatic Presentation , Long Form The Duffer Brothers Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Fantasy / Sci - Fi Series Stranger Things Nominated Choice Breakout Series Stranger Things Nominated Choice Breakout TV Star Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Finn Wolfhard Nominated Dragon Awards Best Science Fiction or Fantasy TV Series Stranger Things Won Gold Derby TV Awards Drama Series Stranger Things Won Drama Supporting Actor David Harbour Nominated Drama Supporting Actress Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Winona Ryder Nominated Breakthrough Performer of the Year Millie Bobby Brown Won Drama Episode Justin Doble , the Duffer Brothers `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated Paul Ditcher , the Duffer Brothers `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Ensemble of the Year Main cast Nominated Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series Shannon Purser `` Chapter Three : Holly , Jolly '' Nominated Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Period Program ( One Hour or More ) Chris Trujillo , William Davis , Jess Royal `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Carmen Cuba , Tara Feldstein , Chase Paris Won Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series ( One Hour ) Tim Ives `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series Dean Zimmerman `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Won Kevin D. Ross `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated Outstanding Hairstyling for a Single - Camera Series Sarah Hindsgaul , Evelyn Roach `` Chapter Two : The Weirdo on Maple Street '' Nominated Outstanding Makeup for a Single - Camera Series ( Non-Prosthetic ) Myke Michaels , Teresa Vest `` Chapter Six : The Monster '' Nominated Outstanding Music Supervision Nora Felder `` Chapter Two : The Weirdo on Maple Street '' Nominated Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series Bradley North , Craig Henighan , Jordan Wilby , Jonathan Golodner , Tiffany S. Griffth , Sam Munoz , David Klotz , Noel Vought , Ginger Geary `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Won Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series ( One Hour ) Joe Barnett , Adam Jenkins , Chris Durfy , Bill Higley `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Outstanding Main Title Design Michelle Dougherty , Peter Frankfurt , Arisu Kashiwagi , Eric Demeusy Won Outstanding Original Main Title Theme Music Michael Stein , Kyle Dixon Won Outstanding Creative Achievement in Interactive Media within a Scripted Program Netflix , CBS Digital Stranger Things VR Experience Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Drama Series Stranger Things Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series David Harbour `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Millie Bobby Brown `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated Fangoria Chainsaw Awards Best TV Series Stranger Things Won Best TV Actress Millie Bobby Brown Won Best TV Supporting Actor David Harbour Nominated Best TV Supporting Actress Winona Ryder Won World Soundtrack Awards Best TV Composer of the Year Kyle Dixon , Michael Stein Nominated HPA Awards Outstanding Editing -- Television Dean Zimmerman `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Won Outstanding Sound -- Television Craig Henigham , Joe Barnett , Adam Jenkins , Jordan Wilby , Tiffany Griffith `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Won American Film Institute Awards Top 10 TV Programs of the Year Stranger Things Won IGN Awards Best Action Series Stranger Things Won Best TV Episode `` Chapter Nine : The Gate '' Nominated IGN People 's Choice Award Best Dramatic TV Performance Millie Bobby Brown Won 2018 Golden Tomato Awards Best - reviewed TV Sci - Fi / Fantasy / Horror Stranger Things Won Best - reviewed Returning TV Show Stranger Things 2nd place Golden Globe Awards Best Television Series -- Drama Stranger Things Nominated Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film David Harbour Nominated Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series Stranger Things Nominated Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series David Harbour Won NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Performance by a Youth Caleb McLaughlin Won Producers Guild of America Awards Norman Felton Award for Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television , Drama Iain Paterson , Shawn Levy , Dan Cohen , the Duffer Brothers , Rand Geiger , Justin Doble Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Sean Astin , Millie Bobby Brown , Cara Buono , Joe Chrest , Catherine Curtin , Natalia Dyer , David Harbour , Charlie Heaton , Joe Keery , Gaten Matarazzo , Caleb McLaughlin , Dacre Montgomery , Paul Reiser , Winona Ryder , Noah Schnapp , Sadie Sink , Finn Wolfhard Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series David Harbour Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series Max Calder , Crystal Hooks , Kathryn Howard , Cal Johnson , Jason Kehler , Jo Jo Lambert , Anderson Martin , Lonnie R. Smith , Jr Nominated American Cinema Editors Awards Best Edited Drama Series for Non-Commercial Television Kevin D. Ross `` Chapter Nine : The Gate '' Nominated Art Directors Guild Awards One - Hour Period or Fantasy Single - Camera Television Series Chris Trujillo `` Chapter Six : The Spy '' , `` Chapter Eight : The Mind Flayer '' , `` Chapter Nine : The Gate '' Nominated Directors Guild of America Awards Outstanding Directorial Achievement for a Drama Series The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter Nine : The Gate '' Nominated SOC Lifetime Achievement Awards Camera Operator of the Year -- Television Bob Gorelick Won Guild of Music Supervisors Best Music Supervision in a Television Promo Bobby Gumm , Michael Paquette Won Satellite Awards Best Television Series -- Genre Stranger Things Nominated Writers Guild of America Awards Drama Series Paul Dichter , Justin Doble , the Duffer Brothers , Jessica Mecklenburg , Jessie Nickson - Lopez , Alison Tatlock Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Paul Graff , Christina Graff , Seth Hill , Joel Sevilla , Caius the Man `` Chapter Nine : The Gate '' Nominated Outstanding Created Environment in an Episode , Commercial , or Real - Time Project Saul Galbiati , Michael Maher , Seth Cobb , Kate McFadden `` Chapter Nine : The Gate '' Nominated NME Awards Best TV Series Stranger Things Nominated Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing : TV Short Form -- Music David Klotz `` Chapter Eight : The Mind Flayer '' Won Best Sound Editing : TV Short Form -- Dialogue / ADR Bradley North , Tiffany Griffith `` Chapter Eight : The Mind Flayer '' Nominated Best Sound Editing : TV Short Form -- FX / Foley Bradley North , Craig Hennigan , Jordan Wilby , Antony Zeller , Zane D. Bruce , Lindsay Pepper `` Chapter Eight : The Mind Flayer '' Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards Outstanding Period Television Series Kim Wilcox Nominated Cinema Audio Society Awards Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Television Series -- One Hour Michael P. Clark , Joe Barnett , Adam Jenkins , Bill Higley , Anthony Zeller `` Chapter Eight : The Mind Flayer '' Nominated Make - Up Artists & Hair Stylists Guild Awards Best Period and / or Character Make - Up -- Television Amy L. Forsythe , Jillian Erickson Nominated Best Special Make - Up Effects -- Television Amy L. Forsythe , Jillian Erickson Nominated ICG Publicists Awards Publicist Showmanship Television Award Denise Godoy Won Empire Awards Best TV Series Stranger Things Nominated Best Actress in a TV Series Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Show Stranger Things Won Favorite TV Actress Millie Bobby Brown Won Bram Stoker Awards Superior Achievement in a Screenplay The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter One : MADMAX '' Nominated British Academy Games Awards Mobile Game BonusXP , Inc . Stranger Things : The Game Nominated Golden Trailer Awards Best Fantasy Adventure ( TV Spot / Trailer / Teaser for a series ) Stranger Things Pending Best Music ( TV Spot / Trailer / Teaser for a series ) Stranger Things Pending Best Sound Editing ( TV Spot / Trailer / Teaser for a series ) Stranger Things Pending Saturn Awards Best Younger Actor in a Television Series Millie Bobby Brown Pending Best New Media Television Series Stranger Things Pending MTV Movie & TV Awards TV Show of the Year Stranger Things Pending Best Performance in a Show Millie Bobby Brown Pending Best Kiss Finn Wolfhard , Millie Bobby Brown Pending Most Frightened Performance Noah Schnapp Pending Scene Stealer Dacre Montgomery Pending Best On - Screen Team Gaten Matarazzo , Finn Wolfhard , Caleb McLaughlin , Noah Schnapp , Sadie Sink Pending Other Media Beyond Stranger Things Logo for the aftershow With the release of the second season of the series , Netflix also released Beyond Stranger Things , an aftershow hosted by Jim Rash . The guests of the aftershow are composed of cast and crew from the series , including the Duffer Brothers and the series ' stars , to discuss the development and behind - the - scenes production of the series and its larger mythology . Unlike previous aftershows created by Embassy Row , such as Talking Dead and Talking Bad , Beyond Stranger Things is intended to be watched after a screening of the entire current season . No . Title Guests Video guests Original release date `` Mind Blown '' Shawn Levy , the Duffer Brothers , Finn Wolfhard , and Millie Bobby Brown David Harbour October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) `` Mad for Max '' Shawn Levy , the Duffer Brothers , Caleb McLaughlin , Gaten Matarazzo , and Sadie Sink None October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) `` Unlikely Allies '' Shawn Levy , the Duffer Brothers , Gaten Matarazzo , and Joe Keery None October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) `` Truth in Hawkins '' Joe Keery , Natalia Dyer , Charlie Heaton , and Brett Gelman David Harbour and Shannon Purser October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 5 `` The AV Club '' Caleb McLaughlin , Gaten Matarazzo , Noah Schnapp , Randy Havens , and Bill Nye Sean Astin October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 6 `` The New Class '' Sadie Sink , Brett Gelman , Dacre Montgomery , and Linnea Berthelsen Sean Astin and Paul Reiser October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 7 `` Closing the Gate '' Shawn Levy , the Duffer Brothers , Millie Bobby Brown , Noah Schnapp , and Natalia Dyer David Harbour , Sean Astin , and Eddie Tsang October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Mobile video game Netflix and BonusXP developed a free mobile game tie - in for Stranger Things , released to iOS and Android devices on October 4 , 2017 . The game uses a retro - pixel style of art , similar to games for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System . The game is loosely based on the Stranger Things story after season one , with the player starting as Chief of Police Jim Hopper looking for the missing boys . Once these characters are found , they become playable and have special abilities that allow the player to access more areas in the game . BonusXP had less than a year to complete the game . The team decided to make the game in a similar style to The Legend of Zelda because it `` was a perfect match because both ( Stranger Things and Zelda ) are about exploration , and it 's kind of a mysterious fit that fit the mood of the show , '' according to BonusXP president Dave Pottinger . The map of Hawkins in the game was based on a Google street view map of Jackson , Georgia where the series is filmed . In order to help keep the game a secret , BonusXP did not hire game testers for their quality assurance , instead having family members from the design team provide feedback ; this process helped create the two difficulty levels in the game . Completing the game gives players a clip from the Season 2 premiere episode of the show . The game was downloaded 3 million times in the first week , becoming a top download and receiving critical praise . With the release of season two , an update to the game added Max as a playable character , and a release for the Amazon Fire TV , which included controller support . The game was nominated for `` Mobile Game '' at the 14th British Academy Games Awards . PlayStation VR game Sony Interactive Entertainment has announced that it is working on a PlayStation 4 - exclusive game , based on Stranger Things , for their PlayStation VR peripheral . The company has since released a teaser showing the Christmas - lights - on - a-wall scenes . Others United States Representative David Cicilline compared the state of the nation during the presidency of Donald Trump to that of Stranger Things during a speech given in Congress on February 16 , 2017 , using a sign `` Trump Things '' in the same format as the title card of the show and saying `` Like the main characters in Stranger Things , we are now stuck in the Upside Down '' . As part of its release on Netflix on April 14 , 2017 , the cast of the rebooted version of Mystery Science Theater 3000 riffed on the first part of `` Chapter 1 '' of Stranger Things . Google used augmented reality ( AR ) `` stickers '' of Stranger Things characters to introduce its ARCore technology announced alongside its Pixel 2 phone in October 2017 . Sesame Street created a young audience - appropriate spoof of Stranger Things , called Sharing Things , released in November 2017 ; it featured Cookie Monster as the `` Cookiegorgon '' , Grover as Lucas , Ernie as Dustin , and included several nods to the narrative of the second season . Lawsuit In April 2018 , filmmaker Charlie Kessler filed a lawsuit against the Duffer Brothers , claiming that they stole his idea behind his short film Montauk for Stranger Things . Kessler 's Montauk featured a similar premise of a missing boy , a nearby military base doing otherworldy experiments , and a monster from another dimension . Kessler has directed the film and debuted it at the 2012 Hamptons International Film Festival . During the 2014 Tribeca Film Festival , he pitched his film to the Duffer Brothers and later gave them `` the script , ideas , story and film '' for a larger film idea he called The Montauk Project for their review . Kessler contended that the Duffer Brothers used his ideas to device the premise for Stranger Things without appropriate compensation and is seeking monetary damages . The Duffer Brothers ' lawyer stated that the Duffer Brothers never saw Kessler 's film nor spoke to him regarding it , and that Kessler had no input into their concepts for Stranger Things . Journalists have noted that the idea of supernatural events around Montauk had originated due to urban legend of the Montauk Project , which came to light from the 1992 book The Montauk Project : Experiments in Time . References Jump up ^ Ho , Rodney ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` New Netflix drama series Stranger Things to shoot in Atlanta '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix to premiere original series Montauk in 2016 '' . Reuters. April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Caitlin ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Is Hawkins A Real Town ? ' Stranger Things ' Will Make You Nostalgic For These Other ' 80s Classics '' . Bustle . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things season 2 : Who 's in danger ? Who 's new ? The plot revealed ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kilkenny , Katie ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : First Season 3 Details Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` Scoop : Winona Ryder to Headline Untitled Netflix Supernatural Thriller '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` Duffer Bros. Netflix Supernatural Drama Series Sets Young Cast , Gets Title '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( September 1 , 2015 ) . `` Cara Buono Joins Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' ; Dean Cain In ' Lady Dynamite ' '' . Deadline.com . 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Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Was Inspired By a Creepy , Supposedly Real Experiment Called The Montauk Project '' . / Film . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . 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where is the north pole located on a map

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=North_Pole&oldid=828337429

North Pole - wikipedia North Pole Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see North Pole ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with North Magnetic Pole . Coordinates : 90 ° N 0 ° W  /  90 ° N - 0 ° E  / 90 ; - 0 An azimuthal projection showing the Arctic Ocean and the North Pole . The map also shows the 75th parallel north and 60th parallel north . Sea ice at the North Pole in 2006 The North Pole , also known as the Geographic North Pole or Terrestrial North Pole , is ( subject to the caveats explained below ) defined as the point in the Northern Hemisphere where the Earth 's axis of rotation meets its surface . The North Pole is the northernmost point on the Earth , lying diametrically opposite the South Pole . It defines geodetic latitude 90 ° North , as well as the direction of true north . At the North Pole all directions point south ; all lines of longitude converge there , so its longitude can be defined as any degree value . Along tight latitude circles , counterclockwise is east and clockwise is west . The North Pole is at the center of the Northern Hemisphere . While the South Pole lies on a continental land mass , the North Pole is located in the middle of the Arctic Ocean amid waters that are almost permanently covered with constantly shifting sea ice . This makes it impractical to construct a permanent station at the North Pole ( unlike the South Pole ) . However , the Soviet Union , and later Russia , constructed a number of manned drifting stations on a generally annual basis since 1937 , some of which have passed over or very close to the Pole . Since 2002 , the Russians have also annually established a base , Barneo , close to the Pole . This operates for a few weeks during early spring . Studies in the 2000s predicted that the North Pole may become seasonally ice - free because of Arctic ice shrinkage , with timescales varying from 2016 to the late 21st century or later . The sea depth at the North Pole has been measured at 4,261 m ( 13,980 ft ) by the Russian Mir submersible in 2007 and at 4,087 m ( 13,410 ft ) by USS Nautilus in 1958 . The nearest land is usually said to be Kaffeklubben Island , off the northern coast of Greenland about 700 km ( 430 mi ) away , though some perhaps semi permanent gravel banks lie slightly closer . The nearest permanently inhabited place is Alert in the Qikiqtaaluk Region , Nunavut , Canada , which is located 817 km ( 508 mi ) from the Pole . Contents ( hide ) 1 Precise definition 2 Exploration 2.1 Pre-1900 2.2 1900 -- 40 2.3 1940 -- 2000 2.4 21st century 2.4. 1 2007 descent to the North Pole seabed 2.4. 2 MLAE 2009 Expedition 2.4. 3 MLAE 2013 Expedition 3 Day and night 4 Time 5 Climate 6 Flora and fauna 7 Territorial claims to the North Pole and Arctic regions 8 Cultural associations 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Precise definition ( edit ) See also : Polar motion The Earth 's axis of rotation -- and hence the position of the North Pole -- was commonly believed to be fixed ( relative to the surface of the Earth ) until , in the 18th century , the mathematician Leonhard Euler predicted that the axis might `` wobble '' slightly . Around the beginning of the 20th century astronomers noticed a small apparent `` variation of latitude , '' as determined for a fixed point on Earth from the observation of stars . Part of this variation could be attributed to a wandering of the Pole across the Earth 's surface , by a range of a few metres . The wandering has several periodic components and an irregular component . The component with a period of about 435 days is identified with the eight - month wandering predicted by Euler and is now called the Chandler wobble after its discoverer . The exact point of intersection of the Earth 's axis and the Earth 's surface , at any given moment , is called the `` instantaneous pole '' , but because of the `` wobble '' this can not be used as a definition of a fixed North Pole ( or South Pole ) when metre - scale precision is required . It is desirable to tie the system of Earth coordinates ( latitude , longitude , and elevations or orography ) to fixed landforms . Of course , given plate tectonics and isostasy , there is no system in which all geographic features are fixed . Yet the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service and the International Astronomical Union have defined a framework called the International Terrestrial Reference System . Exploration ( edit ) See also : Arctic exploration , Farthest North , List of Arctic expeditions , and List of firsts in the Geographic North Pole Pre-1900 ( edit ) Gerardus Mercator 's map of the North Pole from 1595 C.G. Zorgdragers map of the North Pole from 1720 As early as the 16th century , many prominent people correctly believed that the North Pole was in a sea , which in the 19th century was called the Polynya or Open Polar Sea . It was therefore hoped that passage could be found through ice floes at favorable times of the year . Several expeditions set out to find the way , generally with whaling ships , already commonly used in the cold northern latitudes . One of the earliest expeditions to set out with the explicit intention of reaching the North Pole was that of British naval officer William Edward Parry , who in 1827 reached latitude 82 ° 45 ′ North . In 1871 the Polaris expedition , a US attempt on the Pole led by Charles Francis Hall , ended in disaster . Another British Royal Navy attempt on the pole , part of the British Arctic Expedition , by Commander Albert H. Markham reached a then - record 83 ° 20'26 '' North in May 1876 before turning back . An 1879 -- 1881 expedition commanded by US naval officer George W. DeLong ended tragically when their ship , the USS Jeanette , was crushed by ice . Over half the crew , including DeLong , were lost . Nansen 's ship Fram in the Arctic ice In April 1895 the Norwegian explorers Fridtjof Nansen and Hjalmar Johansen struck out for the Pole on skis after leaving Nansen 's icebound ship Fram . The pair reached latitude 86 ° 14 ′ North before they abandoned the attempt and turned southwards , eventually reaching Franz Josef Land . In 1897 Swedish engineer Salomon August Andrée and two companions tried to reach the North Pole in the hydrogen balloon Örnen ( `` Eagle '' ) , but came down 300 km ( 190 mi ) north of Kvitøya , the northeasternmost part of the Svalbard archipelago . They trekked to Kvitøya but died there three months later . In 1930 the remains of this expedition were found by the Norwegian Bratvaag Expedition . The Italian explorer Luigi Amedeo , Duke of the Abruzzi and Captain Umberto Cagni of the Italian Royal Navy ( Regia Marina ) sailed the converted whaler Stella Polare ( `` Pole Star '' ) from Norway in 1899 . On 11 March 1900 Cagni led a party over the ice and reached latitude 86 ° 34 ' on 25 April , setting a new record by beating Nansen 's result of 1895 by 35 to 40 km ( 22 to 25 mi ) . Cagni barely managed to return to the camp , remaining there until 23 June . On 16 August the Stella Polare left Rudolf Island heading south and the expedition returned to Norway . 1900 -- 40 ( edit ) Peary 's sledge party at what they claimed was the North Pole , 1909 . From left : Ooqueah , Ootah , Henson , Egingwah , Seeglo . The US explorer Frederick Cook claimed to have reached the North Pole on 21 April 1908 with two Inuit men , Ahwelah and Etukishook , but he was unable to produce convincing proof and his claim is not widely accepted . The conquest of the North Pole was for many years credited to US Navy engineer Robert Peary , who claimed to have reached the Pole on 6 April 1909 , accompanied by Matthew Henson and four Inuit men , Ootah , Seeglo , Egingwah , and Ooqueah . However , Peary 's claim remains highly disputed and controversial . Those who accompanied Peary on the final stage of the journey were not trained in ( Western ) navigation , and thus could not independently confirm his navigational work , which some claim to have been particularly sloppy as he approached the Pole . The distances and speeds that Peary claimed to have achieved once the last support party turned back seem incredible to many people , almost three times that which he had accomplished up to that point . Peary 's account of a journey to the Pole and back while traveling along the direct line -- the only strategy that is consistent with the time constraints that he was facing -- is contradicted by Henson 's account of tortuous detours to avoid pressure ridges and open leads . The British explorer Wally Herbert , initially a supporter of Peary , researched Peary 's records in 1989 and found that there were significant discrepancies in the explorer 's navigational records . He concluded that Peary had not reached the Pole . Support for Peary came again in 2005 , however , when British explorer Tom Avery and four companions recreated the outward portion of Peary 's journey with replica wooden sleds and Canadian Eskimo Dog teams , reaching the North Pole in 36 days , 22 hours -- nearly five hours faster than Peary . However , Avery 's fastest 5 - day march was 90 nautical miles , significantly short of the 135 claimed by Peary . Avery writes on his web site that `` The admiration and respect which I hold for Robert Peary , Matthew Henson and the four Inuit men who ventured North in 1909 , has grown enormously since we set out from Cape Columbia . Having now seen for myself how he travelled across the pack ice , I am more convinced than ever that Peary did indeed discover the North Pole . '' Ivan Papanin at North Pole - 1 drifting station , 1937 Another rejection of Peary 's claim arrived in 2009 , when E. Myles Standish of the California Institute of Technology , an experienced referee of scientific claims , reported numerous alleged lacunae and inconsistencies . The first claimed flight over the Pole was made on 9 May 1926 by US naval officer Richard E. Byrd and pilot Floyd Bennett in a Fokker tri-motor aircraft . Although verified at the time by a committee of the National Geographic Society , this claim has since been undermined by the 1996 revelation that Byrd 's long - hidden diary 's solar sextant data ( which the NGS never checked ) consistently contradict his June 1926 report 's parallel data by over 100 mi ( 160 km ) . The secret report 's alleged en - route solar sextant data were inadvertently so impossibly overprecise that he excised all these alleged raw solar observations out of the version of the report finally sent to geographical societies five months later ( while the original version was hidden for 70 years ) , a realization first published in 2000 by the University of Cambridge after scrupulous refereeing . According to Standish , `` Anyone who is acquainted with the facts and has any amount of logical reasoning can not avoid the conclusion that neither Cook , nor Peary , nor Byrd reached the North Pole ; and they all knew it . '' The first consistent , verified , and scientifically convincing attainment of the Pole was on 12 May 1926 , by Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen and his US sponsor Lincoln Ellsworth from the airship Norge . Norge , though Norwegian - owned , was designed and piloted by the Italian Umberto Nobile . The flight started from Svalbard in Norway , and crossed the Arctic Ocean to Alaska . Nobile , with several scientists and crew from the Norge , overflew the Pole a second time on 24 May 1928 , in the airship Italia . The Italia crashed on its return from the Pole , with the loss of half the crew . In May 1937 the world 's first North Pole ice station , North Pole - 1 , was established by Soviet scientists by air 20 kilometres ( 13 mi ) from the North Pole . The expedition members : oceanographer Pyotr Shirshov , meteorologist Yevgeny Fyodorov , radio operator Ernst Krenkel , and the leader Ivan Papanin conducted scientific research at the station for the next nine months . By 19 February 1938 , when the group was picked up by the ice breakers Taimyr and Murman , their station had drifted 2850 km to the eastern coast of Greenland . 1940 -- 2000 ( edit ) In May 1945 an RAF Lancaster of the Aries expedition became the first Commonwealth aircraft to overfly the North Geographic and North Magnetic Poles . The plane was piloted by David Cecil McKinley of the Royal Air Force . It carried an 11 - man crew , with Kenneth C. Maclure of the Royal Canadian Air Force in charge of all scientific observations . In 2006 , Maclure was honoured with a spot in Canada 's Aviation Hall of Fame . Discounting Peary 's disputed claim , the first men to set foot at the North Pole were a Soviet party including geophysicists Mikhail Ostrekin and Pavel Senko , oceanographers Mikhail Somov and Pavel Gordienko , and other scientists and flight crew ( 24 people in total ) of Aleksandr Kuznetsov 's Sever - 2 expedition ( March -- May 1948 ) . It was organized by the Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route . The party flew on three planes ( pilots Ivan Cherevichnyy , Vitaly Maslennikov and Ilya Kotov ) from Kotelny Island to the North Pole and landed there at 4 : 44pm ( Moscow Time , UTC + 04 : 00 ) on 23 April 1948 . They established a temporary camp and for the next two days conducted scientific observations . On 26 April the expedition flew back to the continent . Next year , on 9 May 1949 two other Soviet scientists ( Vitali Volovich and Andrei Medvedev ) became the first people to parachute onto the North Pole . They jumped from a Douglas C - 47 Skytrain , registered CCCP H - 369 . On 3 May 1952 U.S. Air Force Lieutenant Colonel Joseph O. Fletcher and Lieutenant William Pershing Benedict , along with scientist Albert P. Crary , landed a modified Douglas C - 47 Skytrain at the North Pole . Some Western sources considered this to be the first landing at the Pole until the Soviet landings became widely known . USS Skate at drift station Alpha , 1958 The United States Navy submarine USS Nautilus ( SSN - 571 ) crossed the North Pole on 3 August 1958 . On 17 March 1959 USS Skate ( SSN - 578 ) surfaced at the Pole , breaking through the ice above it , becoming the first naval vessel to do so . Setting aside Peary 's claim , the first confirmed surface conquest of the North Pole was that of Ralph Plaisted , Walt Pederson , Gerry Pitzl and Jean Luc Bombardier , who traveled over the ice by snowmobile and arrived on 19 April 1968 . The United States Air Force independently confirmed their position . On 6 April 1969 Wally Herbert and companions Allan Gill , Roy Koerner and Kenneth Hedges of the British Trans - Arctic Expedition became the first men to reach the North Pole on foot ( albeit with the aid of dog teams and airdrops ) . They continued on to complete the first surface crossing of the Arctic Ocean -- and by its longest axis , Barrow , Alaska to Svalbard -- a feat that has never been repeated . Because of suggestions ( later proven false ) of Plaisted 's use of air transport , some sources classify Herbert 's expedition as the first confirmed to reach the North Pole over the ice surface by any means . In the 1980s Plaisted 's pilots Weldy Phipps and Ken Lee signed affidavits asserting that no such airlift was provided . It is also said that Herbert was the first person to reach the pole of inaccessibility . Icebreaker Arktika , the first surface ship to reach the North Pole . On 17 August 1977 the Soviet nuclear - powered icebreaker Arktika completed the first surface vessel journey to the North Pole . In 1982 Ranulph Fiennes and Charles R. Burton became the first people to cross the Arctic Ocean in a single season . They departed from Cape Crozier , Ellesmere Island , on 17 February 1982 and arrived at the geographic North Pole on 10 April 1982 . They travelled on foot and snowmobile . From the Pole , they travelled towards Svalbard but , due to the unstable nature of the ice , ended their crossing at the ice edge after drifting south on an ice floe for 99 days . They were eventually able to walk to their expedition ship MV Benjamin Bowring and boarded it on 4 August 1982 at position 80 : 31N 00 : 59W . As a result of this journey , which formed a section of the three - year Transglobe Expedition 1979 -- 1982 , Fiennes and Burton became the first people to complete a circumnavigation of the world via both North and South Poles , by surface travel alone . This achievement remains unchallenged to this day . In 1985 Sir Edmund Hillary ( the first man to stand on the summit of Mount Everest ) and Neil Armstrong ( the first man to stand on the moon ) landed at the North Pole in a small twin - engined ski plane . Hillary thus became the first man to stand at both poles and on the summit of Everest . In 1986 Will Steger , with seven teammates , became the first to be confirmed as reaching the Pole by dogsled and without resupply . USS Gurnard ( SSN - 662 ) operated in the Arctic Ocean under the polar ice cap from September to November 1984 in company with one of her sister ships , the attack submarine USS Pintado ( SSN - 672 ) . On 12 November 1984 Gurnard and Pintado became the third pair of submarines to surface together at the North Pole . In March 1990 , `` Gurnard '' deployed to the Arctic region during exercise Ice Ex ' 90 and completed only the fourth winter submerged transit of the Bering and Seas . `` Gurnard '' surfaced at the North Pole on April 18 , in the company of the USS Sea Horse ( SSN - 669 ) . On 6 May 1986 USS Archerfish ( SSN 678 ) , USS Ray ( SSN 653 ) and USS Hawkbill ( SSN - 666 ) surfaced at the North Pole , the first tri-submarine surfacing at the North Pole . On 21 April 1987 Shinji Kazama of Japan became the first person to reach the North Pole on a motorcycle . On 18 May 1987 USS Billfish ( SSN 676 ) , USS Sea Devil ( SSN 664 ) and HMS Superb ( S 109 ) surfaced at the North Pole , the first international surfacing at the North Pole . In 1988 a 13 - man strong team ( 9 Soviets , 4 Canadians ) skied across the arctic from Siberia to northern Canada . One of the Canadians , Richard Weber became the first person to reach the Pole from both sides of the Arctic Ocean . On 4 May 1990 Børge Ousland and Erling Kagge became the first explorers ever to reach the North Pole unsupported , after a 58 - day ski trek from Ellesmere Island in Canada , a distance of 800 km . On 7 September 1991 the German research vessel Polarstern and the Swedish icebreaker Oden reached the North Pole as the first conventional powered vessels . Both scientific parties and crew took oceanographic and geological samples and had a common tug of war and a football game on an ice floe . Polarstern again reached the pole exactly 10 years later with the Healy . In 1998 , 1999 , and 2000 Lada Niva Marshs ( special very large wheeled versions made by BRONTO , Lada / Vaz 's experimental product division ) were driven to the North Pole . The 1998 expedition was dropped by parachute and completed the track to the North Pole . The 2000 expedition departed from a Russian research base around 114 km from the Pole and claimed an average speed of 20 -- 15 km / h in an average temperature of − 30 ° C . 21st century ( edit ) USS Charlotte at the North Pole in 2005 Commercial airliner flights on the Polar routes may pass within viewing distance of the North Pole . For example , the flight from Chicago to Beijing may come close as latitude 89 ° N , though because of prevailing winds return journeys go over the Bering Strait . In recent years journeys to the North Pole by air ( landing by helicopter or on a runway prepared on the ice ) or by icebreaker have become relatively routine , and are even available to small groups of tourists through adventure holiday companies . Parachute jumps have frequently been made onto the North Pole in recent years . The temporary seasonal Russian camp of Barneo has been established by air a short distance from the Pole annually since 2002 , and caters for scientific researchers as well as tourist parties . Trips from the camp to the Pole itself may be arranged overland or by helicopter . The first attempt at underwater exploration of the North Pole was made on 22 April 1998 by Russian firefighter and diver Andrei Rozhkov with the support of the Diving Club of Moscow State University , but ended in fatality . The next attempted dive at the North Pole was organized the next year by the same diving club , and ended in success on 24 April 1999 . The divers were Michael Wolff ( Austria ) , Brett Cormick ( UK ) , and Bob Wass ( USA ) . In 2005 the United States Navy submarine USS Charlotte ( SSN - 766 ) surfaced through 155 cm ( 61 in ) of ice at the North Pole and spent 18 hours there . In July 2007 British endurance swimmer Lewis Gordon Pugh completed a 1 km ( 0.62 mi ) swim at the North Pole . His feat , undertaken to highlight the effects of global warming , took place in clear water that had opened up between the ice floes . His later attempt to paddle a kayak to the North Pole in late 2008 , following the erroneous prediction of clear water to the Pole , was stymied when his expedition found itself stuck in thick ice after only three days . The expedition was then abandoned . By September 2007 the North Pole had been visited 66 times by different surface ships : 54 times by Soviet and Russian icebreakers , 4 times by Swedish Oden , 3 times by German Polarstern , 3 times by USCGC Healy and USCGC Polar Sea , and once by CCGS Louis S. St - Laurent and by Swedish Vidar Viking . 2007 descent to the North Pole seabed ( edit ) Main article : Arktika 2007 MIR submersible , one of the two vehicles that were used in the first ever manned descent to the seabed under the North Pole On 2 August 2007 a Russian scientific expedition Arktika 2007 made the first ever manned descent to the ocean floor at the North Pole , to a depth of 4.3 km ( 2.7 mi ) , as part of the research programme in support of Russia 's 2001 extended continental shelf claim to a large swathe of the Arctic Ocean floor . The descent took place in two MIR submersibles and was led by Soviet and Russian polar explorer Artur Chilingarov . In a symbolic act of visitation , the Russian flag was placed on the ocean floor exactly at the Pole . The expedition was the latest in a series of efforts intended to give Russia a dominant influence in the Arctic according to the New York Times . The warming Arctic climate and summer shrinkage of the iced area has attracted the attention of many countries , such as China and the United States , toward the top of the world , where resources and shipping routes may soon be exploitable . MLAE 2009 expedition ( edit ) In 2009 the Russian Marine Live - Ice Automobile Expedition ( MLAE - 2009 ) with Vasily Elagin as a leader and a team of Afanasy Makovnev , Vladimir Obikhod , Alexey Shkrabkin , Sergey Larin , Alexey Ushakov and Nikolay Nikulshin reached the North Pole on two custom - built 6 x 6 low - pressure - tire ATVs -- Yemelya - 1 and Yemelya - 2 , designed by Vasily Elagin , a known Russian mountain climber , explorer and engineer . The vehicles reached the North Pole on 26 April 2009 , 17 : 30 ( Moscow time ) . The expedition was partly supported by Russian State Aviation . The Russian Book of Records recognized it as the first successful vehicle trip from land to the Geographical North Pole . MLAE 2013 expedition ( edit ) Yemelya -- all terrain amphibious vehicle On 1 March 2013 the Russian Marine Live - Ice Automobile Expedition ( MLAE 2013 ) with Vasily Elagin as a leader , and a team of Afanasy Makovnev , Vladimir Obikhod , Alexey Shkrabkin , Andrey Vankov , Sergey Isayev and Nikolay Kozlov on two custom - built 6 x 6 low - pressure - tire ATVs -- Yemelya - 3 and Yemelya - 4 , -- started from Golomyanny Island ( the Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago ) to the North Pole across drifting ice of the Arctic Ocean . The vehicles reached the Pole on 6 April and then continued to the Canadian coast . The coast was reached on 30 April 2013 ( 83 ° 08N , 075 ° 59W Ward Hant Island ) , and on 5 May 2013 the expedition finished in Resolute Bay , NU . The way between the Russian borderland ( Machtovyi Island of the Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago , 80 ° 15N , 097 ° 27E ) and the Canadian coast ( Ward Hant Island , 83 ° 08N , 075 ° 59W ) took 55 days ; it was ~ 2300 km across drifting ice and about 4000 km in total . The expedition was totally self - dependent and used no external supplies . The expedition was supported by the Russian Geographical Society . Day and night ( edit ) The sun at the North Pole is continuously above the horizon during the summer and continuously below the horizon during the winter . Sunrise is just before the March equinox ( around 20 March ) ; the sun then takes three months to reach its highest point of near 231⁄2 ° elevation at the summer solstice ( around 21 June ) , after which time it begins to sink , reaching sunset just after the September equinox ( around 23 September ) . When the sun is visible in the polar sky , it appears to move in a horizontal circle above the horizon . This circle gradually rises from near the horizon just after the vernal equinox to its maximum elevation ( in degrees ) above the horizon at summer solstice and then sinks back toward the horizon before sinking below it at the autumnal equinox . Hence the North and South Poles experience the slowest rates of sunrise and sunset on Earth . A civil twilight period of about two weeks occurs before sunrise and after sunset , a nautical twilight period of about five weeks occurs before sunrise and after sunset and an astronomical twilight period of about seven weeks occurs before sunrise and after sunset . These effects are caused by a combination of the Earth 's axial tilt and its revolution around the sun . The direction of the Earth 's axial tilt , as well as its angle relative to the plane of the Earth 's orbit around the sun , remains very nearly constant over the course of a year ( both change very slowly over long time periods ) . At northern midsummer the North Pole is facing towards the sun to its maximum extent . As the year progresses and the Earth moves around the sun , the North Pole gradually turns away from the sun until at midwinter it is facing away from the Sun to its maximum extent . A similar sequence is observed at the South Pole , with a six - month time difference . Time ( edit ) In most places on Earth , local time is determined by longitude , such that the time of day is more - or-less synchronised to the position of the sun in the sky ( for example , at midday the sun is roughly at its highest ) . This line of reasoning fails at the North Pole , where the sun rises and sets only once per year , and all lines of longitude , and hence all time zones , converge . There is no permanent human presence at the North Pole and no particular time zone has been assigned . Polar expeditions may use any time zone that is convenient , such as Greenwich Mean Time , or the time zone of the country from which they departed . Climate ( edit ) Arctic ice shrinkages of 2007 compared to 2005 and also compared to the 1979 -- 2000 average . Main article : Climate of the Arctic See also : Climate change in the Arctic The North Pole is substantially warmer than the South Pole because it lies at sea level in the middle of an ocean ( which acts as a reservoir of heat ) , rather than at altitude on a continental land mass . Despite being an ice cap , it shares some characteristics with a tundra climate ( ETf ) due to the July and August temperatures peaking just above freezing . Winter temperatures at the North Pole can range from about − 50 to − 13 ° C ( − 58 to 9 ° F ) , averaging around − 31 ° C ( − 24 ° F ) . However , a freak storm caused the temperature to reach 0.7 ° C ( 33 ° F ) for a time at a World Meteorological Organization buoy , located at 87.45 ° N , on December 30 , 2015 . It was estimated that the temperature at the North Pole was between 30 and 35 ° F ( − 1 and 2 ° C ) during the storm . Summer temperatures ( June , July , and August ) average around the freezing point ( 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) ) . The highest temperature yet recorded is 13 ° C ( 55 ° F ) , much warmer than the South Pole 's record high of only − 12.3 ° C ( 9.9 ° F ) . A similar spike in temperatures occurred on November 15 , 2016 when temperatures hit freezing . The sea ice at the North Pole is typically around 2 to 3 m ( 6 ft 7 in to 9 ft 10 in ) thick , although ice thickness , its spatial extent , and the fraction of open water within the ice pack can vary rapidly and profoundly in response to weather and climate . Studies have shown that the average ice thickness has decreased in recent years . It is likely that global warming has contributed to this , but it is not possible to attribute the recent abrupt decrease in thickness entirely to the observed warming in the Arctic . Reports have also predicted that within a few decades the Arctic Ocean will be entirely free of ice in the summer . This may have significant commercial implications ; see `` Territorial Claims , '' below . The retreat of the Arctic sea ice will accelerate global warming , as less ice cover reflects less solar radiation , and may have serious climate implications by contributing to Arctic cyclone generation . ( hide ) Climate data for Greenlandic Weather Station ( eleven year average observations ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) − 13 ( 9 ) − 14 ( 7 ) − 11 ( 12 ) − 6 ( 21 ) ( 37 ) 10 ( 50 ) 13 ( 55 ) 12 ( 54 ) 7 ( 45 ) − 2 ( 28 ) 0.6 ( 33.1 ) 0.7 ( 33.3 ) 13 ( 55 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) − 29 ( − 20 ) − 31 ( − 24 ) − 30 ( − 22 ) − 22 ( − 8 ) − 9 ( 16 ) 0 ( 32 ) ( 36 ) ( 34 ) − 7 ( 19 ) − 18 ( 0 ) − 25 ( − 13 ) − 26 ( − 15 ) − 16.2 ( 2.9 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) − 31 ( − 24 ) − 32 ( − 26 ) − 31 ( − 24 ) − 23 ( − 9 ) − 11 ( 12 ) − 1 ( 30 ) ( 34 ) 0 ( 32 ) − 9 ( 16 ) − 20 ( − 4 ) − 27 ( − 17 ) − 28 ( − 18 ) − 17.7 ( 0.2 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) − 33 ( − 27 ) − 35 ( − 31 ) − 34 ( − 29 ) − 26 ( − 15 ) − 12 ( 10 ) − 2 ( 28 ) 0 ( 32 ) − 1 ( 30 ) − 11 ( 12 ) − 22 ( − 8 ) − 30 ( − 22 ) − 31 ( − 24 ) − 19.7 ( − 3.7 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 47 ( − 53 ) − 50 ( − 58 ) − 50 ( − 58 ) − 41 ( − 42 ) − 24 ( − 11 ) − 12 ( 10 ) − 2 ( 28 ) − 12 ( 10 ) − 31 ( − 24 ) − 41 ( − 42 ) − 41 ( − 42 ) − 47 ( − 53 ) − 50 ( − 58 ) Average relative humidity ( % ) 83.5 83.0 83.0 85.0 87.5 90.0 90.0 89.5 88.0 84.5 83.0 83.0 85.83 Source : Weatherbase Flora and fauna ( edit ) Polar bears are believed rarely to travel beyond about 82 ° North owing to the scarcity of food , though tracks have been seen in the vicinity of the North Pole , and a 2006 expedition reported sighting a polar bear just 1 mi ( 1.6 km ) from the Pole . The ringed seal has also been seen at the Pole , and Arctic foxes have been observed less than 60 km ( 37 mi ) away at 89 ° 40 ′ N . Birds seen at or very near the Pole include the snow bunting , northern fulmar and black - legged kittiwake , though some bird sightings may be distorted by the tendency of birds to follow ships and expeditions . Fish have been seen in the waters at the North Pole , but these are probably few in number . A member of the Russian team that descended to the North Pole seabed in August 2007 reported seeing no sea creatures living there . However , it was later reported that a sea anemone had been scooped up from the seabed mud by the Russian team and that video footage from the dive showed unidentified shrimps and amphipods . Territorial claims to the North Pole and Arctic regions ( edit ) Main article : Territorial claims in the Arctic Sunset over the North Pole at the International Dateline , 2015 Currently , under international law , no country owns the North Pole or the region of the Arctic Ocean surrounding it . The five surrounding Arctic countries , Russian Federation , Canada , Norway , Denmark ( via Greenland ) , and the United States ( via Alaska ) , are limited to a 200 - nautical - mile ( 370 km ; 230 mi ) exclusive economic zone around their coasts , and the area beyond that is administered by the International Seabed Authority . Upon ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea , a country has 10 years to make claims to an extended continental shelf beyond its 200 - mile exclusive economic zone . If validated , such a claim gives the claimant state rights to what may be on or beneath the sea bottom within the claimed zone . Norway ( ratified the convention in 1996 ) , Russia ( ratified in 1997 ) , Canada ( ratified in 2003 ) and Denmark ( ratified in 2004 ) have all launched projects to base claims that certain areas of Arctic continental shelves should be subject to their sole sovereign exploitation . In 1907 Canada invoked a `` sector principle '' to claim sovereignty over a sector stretching from its coasts to the North Pole . This claim has not been relinquished , but was not consistently pressed until 2013 . Cultural associations ( edit ) In some children 's Western cultures , the geographic North Pole is described as the location of Santa Claus ' workshop and residence , although the depictions have been inconsistent between the geographic and magnetic North Pole . Canada Post has assigned postal code H0H 0H0 to the North Pole ( referring to Santa 's traditional exclamation of `` Ho ho ho ! '' ) . This association reflects an age - old esoteric mythology of Hyperborea that posits the North Pole , the otherworldly world - axis , as the abode of God and superhuman beings . The popular figure of the pole - dwelling Santa Claus thus functions as an archetype of spiritual purity and transcendence . As Henry Corbin has documented , the North Pole plays a key part in the cultural worldview of Sufism and Iranian mysticism . `` The Orient sought by the mystic , the Orient that can not be located on our maps , is in the direction of the north , beyond the north . '' Owing to its remoteness , the Pole is sometimes identified with a mysterious mountain of ancient Iranian tradition called Mount Qaf ( Jabal Qaf ) , the `` farthest point of the earth '' . According to certain authors , the Jabal Qaf of Muslim cosmology is a version of Rupes Nigra , a mountain whose ascent , like Dante 's climbing of the Mountain of Purgatory , represents the pilgrim 's progress through spiritual states . In Iranian theosophy , the heavenly Pole , the focal point of the spiritual ascent , acts as a magnet to draw beings to its `` palaces ablaze with immaterial matter . '' See also ( edit ) Arctic portal Arctic cooperation and politics Arctic Council Biome Celestial pole Ecliptic pole Inuit Circumpolar Council North Pole , Alaska Polaris Poles of astronomical bodies Willem Barentsz Notes ( edit ) A. ^ Data is from a Greenlandic Weather Station at 83 ° 38 ′ N 033 ° 22 ′ W  /  83.633 ° N 33.367 ° W  / 83.633 ; - 33.367  ( Greenlandic Weather Station ) located 709 km ( 441 mi ) from the North Pole . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Black , Richard ( 8 April 2001 ) . New warning on Arctic sea ice melt . BBC Jump up ^ Ljunggren , David ( 5 March 2009 ) . Arctic summer ice could vanish by 2013 : expert . Reuters Jump up ^ Russian sub plants flag at North Pole , Reuters , 2 August 2007 Jump up ^ Андерсон , Уильям Роберт ( 1965 ) . `` '' Наутилус '' у Северного полюса `` . Воениздат . Retrieved 12 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Mouton , M.W. ( 1968 ) . The International Regime of the Polar Regions . Acadimie de Droit International de La Ha . pp. 202 ( 34 ) . ISBN 9028614427 . Retrieved 12 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Wright , John K. ( July 1953 ) . `` The Open Polar Sea '' . Geographical Review . 43 ( 3 ) : 338 -- 365 . Jump up ^ `` At the North Pole , 6 -- 7 April 1909 : Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Web '' . Heritage.nf.ca . Archived from the original on 22 May 2013 . Retrieved 16 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Robert Bryce Cook and Peary : the Polar Controversy Resolved Stackpole 1997 ; Henderson , B. ( 2005 ) True North WW Norton & Company ISBN 0 - 393 - 32738 - 8 Jump up ^ `` Sir Wally Herbert '' . The Independent . 16 June 2007 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Tom Avery website . Retrieved May 2007 ^ Jump up to : Roald Amundsen First to Each Pole -- Three Prior North Pole Claims : Each Unproven & Highly Suspect . Dioi.org . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . Jump up ^ The North Pole Flight of Richard E. Byrd : An Overview of the Controversy Archived 13 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , Byrd Polar Research Center of The Ohio State University . See also DIO Vol. 10 ( 2000 ) ( refereed both at University of Cambridge and by the DIO board ) , which reveals errors of grade school arithmetic in the Byrd - defenses of W. Molett ( pp. 55 & 98 ) and consultant J. Portney ( pp. 73 -- 75 ) , neither of whom attempts to explain Byrd 's surgical censoring of his original June report , or his and the National Geographic 's hiding of said report for decades . Similarly , Avery 's chimeral try at replicating the Peary 1909 trip via 2005 ice , may divert from but can not explain Peary 's data - blanks , data - alterations , nor why he , when reading his diary to Congress on 7 January 1911 , understandably deleted ( only ) its sole attempt at explaining ( crudely and inadequately ) his steering : `` setting course by moon , our shadows etc '' . See The Washington Post 20 April 1989 . Compare diary 2 April 1909 to p. 302 of the Peary Hearings : complete verbatim copy at 1916 Congressional Record Vol. 53 , Appendix pp. 293 -- 327 . Jump up ^ Did Byrd Reach Pole ? His Diary Hints ' No ' . The New York Times . ( 9 May 1996 ) . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ D. Rawlins Polar Record ( Scott Polar Research Institute ) vol. 36 pp. 25 -- 50 . SPRI 's preface : the paper `` is considered to be of such significance to the community that it has been published here despite an expanded version being published this same month in DIO . '' Both versions ( p. 38 and 59 , respectively ) note that while Byrd 's New York ticker - tape parade and his National Geographic Society gold medal presentation were on 23 June 1926 , the NGS exam of his later - hidden original report was from early 23 June through late 28 June ( six days , mistakenly cited as `` five consecutive days '' in the report ) , a chronology so revealing that the September National Geographic pp. 384 -- 385 stripped out the dates ( only ) from the NGS ' own report , which fortunately was published uncensored ( thanks to the Secretary of the Navy ) at The New York Times 30 June , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Tierney , John . ( 7 September 2009 ) Who Was First at the North Pole ? . Tierneylab.blogs.nytimes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` North Pole Drifting Stations ( 1930s -- 1980s ) '' . Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution . 17 August 2011 . Retrieved 8 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Lockerby , Patrick ( 15 July 2010 ) . `` Arctic Heroes # 2 -- North Pole 1 '' . Retrieved 8 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Terence ( 2011 ) . The Russians in the Arctic . Nabu Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 245 - 58209 - 4 . Retrieved 8 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Halliday , Hugh A. ( January / February 2004 ) The Aries Flights Of 1945 , Legion Magazine Jump up ^ Mills , William James ( 2003 ) . Exploring polar frontiers : a historical encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 422 - 0 . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Советские граждане были доставлены на точку Северного полюса , где , образно говоря , проходит земная ось '' . Вокруг Света . Retrieved 8 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Concise chronology of approach to the poles '' . Scott Polar Research Institute ( SPRI ) . February 2001 . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Высокоширотная воздушная экспедиция `` Север - 2 '' ( 1948 г . ) `` . ФГБУ `` Арктический и антарктический научно - исследовательский институт '' ( ФГБУ `` ААНИИ '' ) . 2005 -- 2008 . Archived from the original on 3 February 2010 . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Уфаркин , Николай Васильевич . `` Черевичный Иван Иванович '' . Патриотический интернет проект `` Герои Страны '' . Retrieved 12 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Loginov , Dmitri . `` Великий полярный водоворот просыпается '' . Archived from the original on 11 November 2013 . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Volovich Vitaly Georgievich '' . Polar World . Archived from the original on 18 December 2008 . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Barlow , John Matthew ( 29 July 2010 ) . `` The Cold War in the Arctic '' ( PDF ) . Canadian Defence and Foreign Affairs Institute ( CDFAI ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 June 2013 . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Arctic Aerial Exploration '' . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Safronov , Ivan , Jr. ( 29 July 2009 ) . `` Десантников отправят на Северный полюс '' . Коммерсантъ . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Aviation History Facts , U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission Jump up ^ Jensen , Joel FIRST SUBMARINE TO SURFACE AT THE NORTH POLE . militaryhonors.sid-hill.us Jump up ^ Jenny Booth ( 13 June 2007 ) . ' Greatest polar explorer ' Sir Wally Herbert dies , The Times . ^ Jump up to : Bob Headland ( 15 June 2007 ) . Sir Wally Herbert , The Guardian . Jump up ^ Polar History . northpolewomen.com . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Ramstad , C.J. & Pickering , Keith ( 2011 ) . First to the Pole . North Star Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87839 - 446 - 3 . Jump up ^ Sir Wally Herbert . Polarworld.co.uk . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Bruhns , Sarah ( 27 August 2013 ) When Neil Armstrong and Edmund Hillary Took a Trip to the North Pole . atlasobscura.com . Retrieved 9 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` North and South Pole successful '' . ExplorersWeb Inc. 16 June 2004 . Retrieved 10 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Is First to Reach North Pole by Motorcycle '' . Associated Press . 21 April 1987 . Retrieved 10 December 2012 . Jump up ^ First people to reach the north pole . Guinnessworldrecords.com . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Fütterer , D. et al. ( 1992 ) `` The Expedition ARK - VIII / 3 of RV Polarstern in 1991 '' , Reports on Polar and Marine Research , Bremerhaven , 107 , hdl : 10013 / epic. 10107. d001 Jump up ^ Thiede , J. et al. ( 2002 ) `` POLARSTERN ARKTIS XVII / 2 Cruise Report : AMORE 2001 ( Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge Expedition ) '' , Reports on Polar and Marine Research , Bremerhaven , 421 , hdl : 10013 / epic. 10426. d001 Jump up ^ `` Lada Oddities '' . ladaniva.co.uk . Jump up ^ Rosloot , Hans `` Amphihans '' . `` The Amphiclopedia Vi to Wa '' . amphibiousvehicle.net . Jump up ^ Cormick , Brett ( February 2000 ) . `` Diving the top of the world '' . Diver . Archived from the original on 24 March 2012 . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Ozeck , Dave ( 12 January 2005 ) USS Charlotte Achieves Milestone During Under - Ice Transit . news.navy.mil . Jump up ^ Swimmer rises to Arctic challenge , BBC news ( 15 July 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Банько , Юрий ( 19 September 2007 ) . `` Вчера и сегодня мы -- первые . А завтра ? '' . Российская газета . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ ( in Russian ) `` Академик Федоров '' -- выходит из порта Санкт - Петербург в экспедицию `` Арктика - 2007 '' . Press release of the AARI ( 9 July 2007 ) . ^ Jump up to : Russia plants flag under N Pole , BBC News ( 2 August 2007 ) . Jump up ^ ( in Russian ) News video of the Russian descent at the North Pole Jump up ^ Russia 's North Pole Obsession , The New York Times ( 2 August 2007 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Big Melt '' , The New York Times ( October 2005 ) . Jump up ^ `` Diary of MLAE - 2013 '' . yemelya.ru . Jump up ^ Fritz , Angela ; Fritz , Angela ( 30 December 2015 ) . `` Freak storm pushes North Pole 50 degrees above normal to melting point '' -- via washingtonpost.com . ^ Jump up to : `` CLOSEST DATA FOR NORTH POLE - 440 MI / 709 KM , GREENLAND '' . Weatherbase . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Antarctic Sun : Heat Wave '' , US Antarctic Program Jump up ^ `` Bizarre Temperatures : North Pole Rises Above Freezing While Parts of Russia Plunge Below - 40 Degrees '' . Jump up ^ Beyond `` Polar Express '' : Fast Facts on the Real North Pole , National Geographic News Jump up ^ `` Sea Ice '' . State of the Cryosphere . NSIDC . Retrieved 6 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Arctic ice thickness drops by up to 19 per cent '' , The Daily Telegraph ( 28 October 2008 ) . Jump up ^ `` Model - Based Estimates of Change '' . IPCC . Retrieved 6 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Amos ( 12 December 2006 ) . Arctic sea ice `` faces rapid melt '' , BBC . Jump up ^ `` Future of Arctic Climate and Global Impacts '' . NOAA . Archived from the original on 9 September 2013 . Retrieved 6 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Polar Bear -- Population & Distribution , WWF , January 2007 Jump up ^ Explorers ' Blog Archived 13 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , Greenpeace Project Thin Ice ( 1 July 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Halkka , Antti ( February 2003 ) . Ringed seal makes its home on the ice . suomenluonto.fi Jump up ^ Tannerfeldt , Magnus . The Arctic Fox Alopex lagopus . zoologi.su.se ^ Jump up to : `` FARTHEST NORTH POLAR BEAR ( Ursus maritimus ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 16 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` North Pole sea anemone named most northerly species '' , Observer , 2 August 2009 Jump up ^ `` United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( Annex 2 , Article 4 ) '' . Retrieved 26 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Status of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea , of the Agreement relating to the implementation of Part XI of the Convention and of the Agreement for the implementation of the provisions of the Convention relating to the conservation and management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks . un.org ( 4 June 2007 ) . Jump up ^ `` Territorial claims in the Arctic '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 August 2008 . Retrieved 16 February 2011 . Jump up ^ The Battle for the Next Energy Frontier : The Russian Polar Expedition and the Future of Arctic Hydrocarbons , by Shamil Yenikeyeff and Timothy Fenton Krysiek , Oxford Institute for Energy Studies , August 2007 Jump up ^ Noronha , Charmaine ( 9 December 2013 ) . `` Canada plans claim that would include North Pole '' . 9 December 2013 . Associated Press . Retrieved 9 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Arctic Sovereignty : Loss by Dereliction ? '' . Northern Perspectives. 22 ( 4 ) . Winter 1994 -- 1995 . Retrieved 16 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Jeffers , Harry Paul ( 2000 ) . Legends of Santa Claus . Twenty - First Century Books . p. 20 . ISBN 0 - 8225 - 4983 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Meet your neighbor : Santa Claus of the North Pole '' . Jump up ^ `` Canada Post Launches 24th Annual Santa Letter - writing Program -- Post Office Sends Joy to Salvation Army with $25,000 Donation '' . Canada Post . 15 November 2006 . Archived from the original on 11 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Godwin , Joscelyn ( 1993 ) . Arktos : The Polar Myth in Science , Symbolism , and Nazi Survival . Grand Rapids : Phanes Press . ISBN 0932813356 . Jump up ^ `` Pole - Spirits North and South '' . Livingheritage.org . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Corbin , Henry and Pearson , N. ( Translator ) ( 1978 ) . The Man of Light in Iranian Sufism . Shambhala . ISBN 0394734416 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Ibrahim Muhawi & Sharif Kanaana . Speak , Bird , Speak Again : Palestinian Arab Folktales . Berkeley : University of California Press . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Irgam Yigfagna . al - Jabal al - Lamma . Jump up ^ Irgam Yigfagna . al - Jabal al - Lamma . p. 44 . Jump up ^ Irgam Yigfagna . al - Jabal al - Lamma . p. 11 . Further reading ( edit ) Frederick , Albert ; Cook , Robert E. Peary , George W. Melville ( 2003 ) . Finding the North Pole . The Lyons press . ISBN 1 - 59228 - 072 - 2 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Pal , Christopher ( 2002 ) . The Oddest Place on Earth : Rediscovering the North Pole . Writer 's Showcase . ISBN 0 - 595 - 21454 - 1 . Fairfield , William ( 1885 ) . Paradise Found a Cradle of the Human Race at the North Pole a Study of the Prehistoric World . Houghton , Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 665 - 37759 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to North Pole . 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where was snow white and the huntsmen filmed

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Snow_White_and_the_Huntsman&oldid=833195046

Snow White and the Huntsman - wikipedia Snow White and the Huntsman Jump to : navigation , search Snow White and the Huntsman Theatrical release poster Directed by Rupert Sanders Produced by Joe Roth Sam Mercer Screenplay by Evan Daugherty John Lee Hancock Hossein Amini Story by Evan Daugherty Based on Snow White by the Brothers Grimm Starring Kristen Stewart Charlize Theron Chris Hemsworth Sam Claflin Ian McShane Bob Hoskins Ray Winstone Nick Frost Toby Jones Music by James Newton Howard Cinematography Greig Fraser Edited by Conrad Buff Neil Smith Production company Roth Films Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date May 30 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 30 ) ( United Kingdom ) June 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 01 ) ( United States ) Running time 127 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $170 million Box office $396.6 million Snow White and the Huntsman is a 2012 American fantasy film based on the German fairy tale `` Snow White '' compiled by the Brothers Grimm . The film is the directorial debut of Rupert Sanders . The screenplay was by Evan Daugherty , John Lee Hancock , and Hossein Amini , from a screen story by Daugherty . In the film 's retelling of the tale , Snow White grows up imprisoned by her evil stepmother , Queen Ravenna , a powerful sorceress . After Snow White escapes into the forest , Ravenna tells Eric , the Huntsman that she will bring back his dead wife if he captures Snow White . The cast includes Kristen Stewart as Snow White , Charlize Theron as Queen Ravenna , Chris Hemsworth as Eric , the huntsman , Sam Claflin as William , Snow White 's childhood friend , and Bob Hoskins as the dwarf seer in his final film appearances . The film received two Academy Award nominations for Best Visual Effects and Best Costume Design at the 85th Academy Awards . It was a success at the box office , earning $396.6 million worldwide against a $170 million budget . Although critics praised the production design , visual effects , Theron and Hemsworth 's performances , musical score , and action sequences ; Stewart and Claflin 's performances received mixed reviews , and the screenplay was heavily criticized . A prequel / sequel , titled The Huntsman : Winter 's War , directed by the first film 's visual effects supervisor Cedric Nicolas - Troyan , was released on April 22 , 2016 , with Stewart ( only through the use of archive footage ) , Hemsworth , Theron , Claflin and Nick Frost reprising their roles . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 The Dwarves 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Release 4.1 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical reaction 6 Accolades 7 Prequel / Sequel 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) While admiring a rose blooming in the winter , Queen Eleanor of the kingdom of Tabor pricks her finger on one of its thorns . Three drops of blood fall onto the snow - covered ground , and she wishes for a daughter as white as the snow , with lips as red as the blood , hair as black as a raven 's wings and a heart as strong and defiant as the rose . Queen Eleanor gives birth to her daughter Snow White , but soon after falls ill and dies . After her death , Snow White 's father , King Magnus , and his army battle an invading Dark Army of demonic glass soldiers . Upon rescuing their prisoner Ravenna , he becomes enchanted with her beauty and marries her . Ravenna is in fact a powerful sorceress and the Dark Army 's master . On their wedding night , Magnus , enchanted , throws Ravenna into the bed and proceeds to make love . Ravenna confesses there was a king much like Magnus that hurt her . During foreplay , she declares she can not be a weak queen and kills Magnus before unleashing her invading army upon the kingdom . Snow White 's childhood friend William and his father Duke Hammond escape the castle but are unable to rescue her , and she is captured by Ravenna 's brother Finn and locked away in the north tower of the castle for many years . Tabor is ruined under Queen Ravenna 's rule as she periodically drains the youth from the kingdom 's young women in order to maintain a spell cast over her as a child by her mother which allows her to keep her youthful beauty . When Snow White comes of age , Queen Ravenna learns from her Magic Mirror , in the form of a golden , reflective liquid shaped like a man , that her stepdaughter Snow White is destined to destroy her unless Queen Ravenna consumes the young girl 's heart , which will make her truly immortal . Queen Ravenna orders Finn to bring her Snow White 's heart , but Snow White escapes into the Dark Forest , where Ravenna has no power . Queen Ravenna makes a bargain with Eric the Huntsman , a widower and drunkard , to capture Snow White , promising to bring his wife back to life in exchange . The Huntsman tracks down Snow White , but when Finn reveals that Queen Ravenna does not actually have the power to do what she promised , the Huntsman fights him and his men while Snow White runs away . When the Huntsman catches up with her , she promises him gold if he will escort her to Duke Hammond 's castle . Meanwhile , Finn gathers another band of men to find her , and Duke Hammond and his son William learn that she is alive . William leaves the castle on his own to find her , joining Finn 's band as a bowman . The Huntsman and Snow White leave the Dark Forest , where she saves his life by charming a huge troll that attacks them . They make their way to a fishing village populated by women who have disfigured themselves to save their own lives , becoming useless to Queen Ravenna , who wants to use their beauty and youth to extend and prolong hers , as she does with Gretta whilst Snow White is still imprisoned . While there , the Huntsman learns Snow White 's true identity , and initially leaves her in the care of the women . He soon returns when he sees the village being burned down by Finn 's men . Snow White and the Huntsman evade them and eventually meet a band of eight dwarves named Beith , Muir , Quert , Coll , Duir , Gort , Nion , and Gus . The blind Muir perceives that Snow White is the daughter of the former king , and the only person who can defeat Ravenna and end her reign . As they travel through a fairy sanctuary , Snow White encounters a magical reindeer that was only in tales of legend , but as the reindeer and Snow White are about to embrace , the group is attacked by Finn and his men . The Huntsman battles Finn and eventually kills him , and William reveals himself and helps defeat Finn 's men . However , Gus is killed when he sacrifices himself to take an arrow meant for Snow White . William joins the group which continues the journey to Hammond 's castle . Halfway to Duke Hammond 's castle , Queen Ravenna disguises herself as William and tempts Snow White into eating a poisoned apple , but is forced to flee when the Huntsman and William discover her . William kisses Snow White , whom he believes to be dead and does not notice a tear fall from one of her eyes . She is taken to Hammond 's castle . As she lies in repose , the Huntsman professes his regret for not saving Snow White , who reminds him of his late wife , Sara ; and he kisses her , not noticing a second tear coming from her other eye falling . The spell broken by the love of two men she treasures , Snow White awakens and walks into the courtyard ; rallying the Duke 's army to mount a siege against Queen Ravenna . The dwarves infiltrate the castle through the sewers and open the gates , allowing the Duke 's army inside . Snow White confronts Queen Ravenna , but is overpowered . Queen Ravenna is about to kill Snow White and consume her heart . Eventually , Snow White uses a move the Huntsman taught her and mortally wounds Queen Ravenna , and Duke Hammond 's army is victorious . With Queen Ravenna defeated , the kingdom once again enjoys peace and harmony as Snow White is crowned queen . Cast ( edit ) Kristen Stewart as Snow White Raffey Cassidy as young Snow White Chris Hemsworth as The Huntsman Charlize Theron as Queen Ravenna , Snow White 's evil stepmother Izzy Meikle - Small as young Ravenna Sam Claflin as William , son of Duke Hammond Xavier Atkins as young William Sam Spruell as Finn , Ravenna 's brother and enforcer Elliot Reeve as young Finn Vincent Regan as Duke Hammond , William 's father Lily Cole as Greta , a young girl who befriends Snow White Noah Huntley as King Magnus , Snow White 's father Liberty Ross as Queen Eleanor , Snow White 's mother Chris Obi as the voice of Mirror Man , the physical form of the Magic Mirror Rachael Stirling as Anna Hattie Gotobed as Lily Greg Hicks as Black Knight General Peter Ferdinando as Black Knight Anastasia Hille as Ravenna 's Mother Annabelle Wallis as Sara , The Huntsman 's Wife The dwarves ( edit ) Ian McShane as Beith , the leader of the Dwarves . Bob Hoskins as Muir , the blind elder Dwarf , who possesses the powers of premonition . This was Hoskins 's final role before his retirement from acting ( and his death ) due to Parkinson 's disease . Ray Winstone as Gort , an ill - tempered Dwarf . Nick Frost as Nion , Beith 's right - hand man . Toby Jones as Coll , Duir 's brother . Eddie Marsan as Duir , Coll 's brother . Johnny Harris as Quert , Duir 's son . Brian Gleeson as Gus , the youngest of the Dwarfs who develops a bond with Snow White and later sacrifices himself to save her . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Evan Daugherty initially wrote the screenplay in 2003 , when he was studying at NYU . At the time reboots of fairy tales were not a popular film genre and according to Daugherty `` no one really knew what to do with it '' More problems came when the release of Terry Gilliam 's The Brothers Grimm ( 2005 ) flopped at the box office which caused potential buyers to be hesitant about the script . The script was finally greenlit after the success of Tim Burton 's Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) . Casting ( edit ) Theron & Stewart at Wondercon 2012 in Anaheim , California on March 2012 . Film producers considered casting a lesser - known actress for the role of Snow White , with mention of Riley Keough , Felicity Jones , Bella Heathcote , Alicia Vikander , and Rachel Maxwell as possible picks . This idea became less likely as known actresses Dakota Fanning and Kristen Stewart were later rumored to be short - listed for the role . On March 4 , 2011 a series of tweets from co-producer Palak Patel confirmed that Stewart was offered the role . Winona Ryder was initially considered to play Queen Ravenna , before the role went to Charlize Theron . Tom Hardy was supposedly first offered the role of Eric , the Huntsman , but turned down the offer . The role was then apparently offered to Michael Fassbender , and then Johnny Depp , but both claim to have declined it . Viggo Mortensen was said to have been in negotiations with Universal for the part , but supposedly turned down the role , too . It was claimed that Hugh Jackman was offered the role , but that he declined . In 2011 , Thor star Chris Hemsworth was eventually cast in the role of the Huntsman . The Dwarfs were played by actors of average height who had their faces digitally superimposed onto small bodies . This caused a protest from the Little People of America . Filming ( edit ) The Marloes Sands filming location for Snow White & the Huntsman Principal photography took place in the United Kingdom . The beach scenes were predominantly filmed in Pembrokeshire , on the Marloes Sands beach near the village of Marloes between September 26 and 29 , 2011 . Though the beach was not closed to the public during filming , as filming progressed , certain parts were advised to be off limits . A computer - generated castle was set on nearby Gateholm island . A field above the beach was used for production purposes , and a special wooden ramp was built for vehicles and horses to access the beach . The film used academic consultants from the University of Chichester and the University of Oxford for back - up research on fairy tales and medieval battles . The English band Florence and the Machine recorded `` Breath of Life '' exclusively for the film , which was reportedly inspired by Theron 's character Queen Ravenna . Release ( edit ) The film had its premiere on May 14 , 2012 , at the Empire , Leicester Square , in London . Home Media ( edit ) The film was released on DVD and Blu - ray in Region 1 on September 11 , 2012 , with both the theatrical version ( 127 minutes ) and an extended version ( 132 minutes ) available on both formats . The film was released on the same formats in Region 2 on October 1 , 2012 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Hemsworth at the Snow White and the Huntsman movie premiere , Sydney in June 2012 . Snow White and the Huntsman earned $155,332,381 in North America , along with $241,260,448 in other territories , for a worldwide total of $396,592,829 . In North America , the film earned $1,383,000 from midnight showings . For its opening day , the film topped the box office with $20,468,525 . It debuted in first place at the box office during its opening weekend with $56,217,700 . It is the seventeenth highest - grossing 2012 film . Outside North America , Snow White and the Huntsman had an opening of $39.3 million , ranking second overall for the weekend behind Men in Black 3 ; however , it ranked number 1 in 30 countries . Critical reaction ( edit ) Stewart at the Snow White and the Huntsman premiere , Sydney in June 2012 . Snow White and the Huntsman received mixed reviews from critics . The film has a 48 % `` rotten '' score on Rotten Tomatoes based on 221 reviews , with an average rating of 5.6 / 10 . The site 's consensus states : `` While it offers an appropriately dark take on the fairy tale that inspired it , Snow White & the Huntsman is undone by uneven acting , problematic pacing , and a confused script . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 57 out of 100 , based on 39 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . CinemaScore polls conducted revealed the average grade that filmgoers gave the film was a `` B '' on an A+ to F scale . David Edelstein of New York praised the film 's revisionist tone and said the film was `` strongly influenced by a lot of smart , feminist thinking '' . Roger Ebert gave the film 3.5 stars out of 4 . A.O. Scott of The New York Times praised Theron 's performance and also wrote , `` Though it is an ambitious -- at times mesmerizing -- application of the latest cinematic technology , the movie tries to recapture some of the menace of the stories that used to be told to scare children rather than console them . '' Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly wrote , `` Ravenna hates living in a world where men can feed on women 's beauty and then toss them away . She 's a fascist of feminism , and Theron 's acting has the blood of operatic anger coursing through it . '' Betsy Sharkey of the Los Angeles Times said the film is , `` an absolute wonder to watch and creates a warrior princess for the ages . But what this revisionist fairy tale does not give us is a passionate love -- its kisses are as chaste as the snow is white . '' Rolling Stone 's Peter Travers called it `` a visual marvel '' while noting that Stewart `` morphs convincingly from a skittish girl into a determined warrior princess . '' MSN news said that Stewart `` grows into her character , it seems , and eventually got this reviewer completely on her side . Colin Covert of the Minneapolis Star Tribune gave the film 4 / 4 stars . Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian said that while the film is `` less jokey than the recent Mirror Mirror '' , `` this Twilightified fairytale has the same basic problem , '' and that , `` The result is tangled and overblown . '' Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle called it `` ( a ) slow , boring film that has no charm and is highlighted only by a handful of special effects and Charlize Theron 's truly evil queen . '' Michael O'Sullivan of the Washington Post also gave the film a negative review : `` Overlong , overcrowded , overstimulating and with an over-the - top performance by Charlize Theron as the evil queen Ravenna , the movie is a virtual orchard of toxic excess , starting with the unnecessarily sprawling cast of characters . '' Lisa Kennedy of the Denver Post gave the film two out of four stars and said , `` Only Bob Hoskins as the blind seer Muir comes close to making us care . We can almost glean Snow White 's heroic possibilities through his clouded eyes . As much as we 'd like to , we certainly ca n't from Stewart 's efforts . '' Scott Foundas states that `` Stewart 's Snow White ... pouts her lips , bats her bedroom eyes , and scarcely seems to have more on her mind than who might take her to the senior prom -- let alone the destiny of an entire kingdom . '' Richard Roeper gave the movie a B+ , calling it `` Vastly superior to Mirror , Mirror '' , and praising Theron and Stewart 's performances . Accolades ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Year Recipient Award Category Result 2012 Charlize Theron Teen Choice Award Choice Movie : Hissy Fit Won Kristen Stewart Teen Choice Award Choice Summer Movie Star : Female Won Chris Hemsworth Teen Choice Award Choice Summer Movie Star : Male ( also for The Avengers ) Won Sam Claflin Teen Choice Award Choice Movie : Breakout Nominated Charlize Theron Teen Choice Award Choice Movie : Villain Nominated Charlize Theron Teen Choice Award Choice Summer Movie Star : Female ( also for Prometheus ) Nominated Chris Hemsworth GQ Award GQ Men Of The Year Award for International Breakthrough Won Colleen Atwood Gucci Award Best Costume Design Nominated Florence and the Machine World Soundtrack Awards Best Original Song Written Directly for a Film Nominated Chris Munro and Craig Henighan Satellite Award Best Sound ( Editing & Mixing ) Nominated Wild Card and Universal Pictures Golden Trailer Award Best Action ( for `` Forever '' ) Won Universal Pictures Golden Trailer Award Best Summer Blockbuster 2012 TV Spot ( for `` Ravenna '' ) Won Universal Pictures Golden Trailer Award Best Motion / Title Graphics ( for `` Domestic Trailer 2 '' ) Nominated Universal Pictures and Wild Card Golden Trailer Award Best Summer Blockbuster 2012 TV Spot ( for `` Bound '' ) Nominated Universal Pictures and Aspect Ratio Golden Trailer Award Best Summer Blockbuster 2012 TV Spot ( for `` Kingdom '' ) Nominated Universal Pictures and Wild Card Golden Trailer Award Best in Show ( for `` Forever '' ) Nominated Cedric Nicolas - Troyan , Philip Brennan , Neil Corbould , and Michael Dawson St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Best Visual Effects Nominated Greig Fraser San Diego Film Critics Society Awards Special Award Won 2012 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Film Nominated 2013 Chris Hemsworth People 's Choice Awards Favorite Action Movie Star ( also for The Avengers ) Nominated Charlize Theron People 's Choice Awards Favorite Dramatic Movie Actress ( also for Prometheus ) Nominated Kristen Stewart and Chris Hemsworth People 's Choice Awards Favorite On - Screen Chemistry Nominated Kristen Stewart People 's Choice Awards Favorite Face of Heroism Nominated Colleen Atwood Academy Awards Best Costume Design Nominated Cedric Nicolas - Troyan , Philip Brennan , Neil Corbould , and Michael Dawson Academy Awards Best Visual Effects Nominated Kristen Stewart Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Actress ( also for The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn - Part 2 ) Won Film Saturn Awards Best Fantasy Film Nominated Charlize Theron Saturn Awards Best Supporting Actress Nominated Colleen Atwood Saturn Awards Best Costume Nominated Cedric Nicolas - Troyan , Philip Brennan , Neil Corbould and Michael Dawson Saturn Awards Best Special Effects Nominated Kristen Stewart 2013 MTV Movie Awards Best Hero Nominated Prequel / sequel ( edit ) Main article : The Huntsman : Winter 's War A sequel was planned , with director Rupert Sanders in talks to return . In August 2012 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that the sequel was shelved in the aftermath of the scandal involving Sanders cheating on his wife with Stewart and that a spin - off film concentrating on the Huntsman was planned instead , which would not star Stewart . Universal announced a few days later that they were not shelving the sequel . A 2012 report stated that Universal has authorized a sequel and Stewart was set to reprise her role , but without Sanders to return as the director due to the scandal . The script was written and production was set to begin in 2013 . The film was originally scheduled for release in 2015 . In September 2013 , Chris Hemsworth stated he did not know anything about the sequel while speaking to E !. On June 4 , 2014 , Deadline reported that Frank Darabont , Gavin O'Connor and Andrés Muschietti were on the shortlist to direct the sequel . On June 26 , 2014 , Deadline reported that Darabont was in talks to direct the sequel . Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer and Legendary Pictures were set to co-finance the film with Universal but dropped out and were replaced by Perfect World Pictures . On July 31 , 2014 , the project was described as a prequel titled The Huntsman scheduled for April 22 , 2016 , which would not star Stewart as Snow White . In January 2015 , Darabont left the project as director , but the third leading role was set with Emily Blunt . It was later announced that Cedric Nicolas - Troyan would take over as the new director for the film . Nick Frost will return as Dwarf Nion and Jessica Chastain will star . On March 18 , 2015 , Rob Brydon , Alexandra Roach and Sheridan Smith were added to the cast as dwarves . TheWrap confirmed on May 7 , 2015 , that Sam Claflin would return as William in this sequel . It was later revealed that the film would feature Ravenna 's sister , the Ice Queen , and would reveal the origins of the Huntsman , while also continuing the story of the first film . See also ( edit ) Film portal Mirror Mirror , another 2012 film based on the tale of Snow White , starring Lily Collins as Snow White and Julia Roberts as the Queen Clementianna , Snow White 's evil stepmother . Maleficent , similar dark / modern take on an old fairy tale References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` SNOW WHITE AND THE HUNTSMAN ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . May 11 , 2012 . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White and the Huntsman '' . European Audiovisual Observatory . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White and the Huntsman '' . AFI . Jump up ^ Masters , Kim ( May 23 , 2012 ) . `` Battleship Fallout : Lessons From a Box Office Sinking '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2013 . Retrieved 23 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Snow White and the Huntsman ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2013 . Retrieved September 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` We are pleased to confirm the Snow White and the Huntsman cast will be Kristen Stewart , Charlize Theron , Chris Hemsworth and Sam Claflin '' . Twitter . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Russ ( July 13 , 2011 ) . `` Nick Frost is the Final Dwarf in ' Snow White and the Huntsman ' '' . / Film . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2012 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Berkshire , Geoff. `` ' Snow White and the Huntsman ' writer Evan Daugherty on reviews , casting Kristen Stewart and getting ' fired ' '' . Hitflix . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Kristen Stewart : ' Snow White And The Huntsman ' Casting Talks '' . The Huffington . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2012 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kristen is Officially Playing ' Snow White ' '' . BlogSpot.com . March 2011 . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2012 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sterling Wong ( February 8 , 2011 ) . `` ' Snow White ' Lands Julia Roberts As Evil Queen , So How Does She Stack Up Against Charlize Theron ? '' . MoviesBlog.MTV.com . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2012 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Review : Snow White and the Huntsman '' . ourmidland.com . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jeff Sneider . `` Exclusive : Johnny Depp Offered a Date With ' Snow White ' '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2014 . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Labrecque , Jeff ( March 26 , 2011 ) . `` Viggo Mortensen dumps Snow White ... for Superman ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved March 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sara Vilkomerson ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` Hugh Jackman no longer in talks for ' Snow White ' '' . InsideMovies.EW.com . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2013 . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` IMDb entry with Chris Hemsworth as Huntsman '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2013 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Guy Adams ( June 7 , 2012 ) . `` Dwarfs threaten ' 100 - midget march ' over Snow White and the Huntsman film '' . The Independent ( UK . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2012 . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Holly ; Watkins , Jade ; McCormack , Kirsty ( November 10 , 2011 ) . `` Kristen Stewart looks all worked out as she continues to film Snow White And The Huntsman '' . Daily Mail . London . Mail Online . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2011 . Retrieved November 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McDowell , Martin ( September 21 , 2011 ) . `` Filming Snow White and the Huntsman at Marloes Sands '' . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2012 . Retrieved May 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nick Clark ( March 20 , 2012 ) . `` Philip Pullman to publish new adaptations of Grimm 's Fairy Tales '' . The Independent . London . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2014 . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Florence And The Machine debut new song ' Breath Of Life ' -- listen '' . NME . IPC Media . April 26 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2013 . Retrieved April 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bell , Crystal ( April 26 , 2012 ) . `` Florence And The Machine , ' Breath Of Life ' : Singer Releases New ' Snow White And The Huntsman ' Track '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2013 . Retrieved April 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Snow White and the Huntsman world première LIVE on MailOnline '' . Daily Mail . London . Mail Online . May 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hertzfeld , Laura ( July 24 , 2012 ) . `` ' Snow White and the Huntsman ' : Watch an exclusive clip from the upcoming DVD / Blu - ray release -- VIDEO '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2013 . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White and the Huntsman ( DVD ) ( 2012 ) '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2013 . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( May 31 , 2012 ) . `` Forecast : ' Snow White ' Goes to War This Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2013 . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( June 2 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Report : ' Snow White ' Conquers the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2013 . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( June 3 , 2012 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Snow White ' Takes Big Bite Out of Box Office Apple '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2013 . Retrieved June 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Yearly Box Office Results - Box Office Mojo '' . boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Snow White and the Huntsman ' takes $20.3 M bite of Friday box - office apple , eyes $55 M weekend '' . Chicago Tribune . June 2 , 2012 . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White and the Huntsman '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2014 . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Young , John ( June 2 , 2012 ) . `` Box office update : ' Snow White and the Huntsman ' leads with $20.3 mil on Friday ; ' The Avengers ' becomes third biggest movie of all time '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Edelstein , David . `` Grim and Grimmer '' . New York Magazine . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2014 . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White and the Huntsman ( PG13 ) Review '' . Roger Ebert.com . May 30 , 2012 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2014 . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( May 31 , 2012 ) . `` Movie Review The Darker Side of the Story ' Snow White and the Huntsman , ' With Kristen Stewart '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( June 1 , 2012 ) . `` Movie Review : Snow White and the Huntsman '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2014 . Retrieved July 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sharkey , Betsy ( June 1 , 2012 ) . `` Movie review : Forget fair , ' Snow White and the Huntsman ' is fierce '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2014 . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( May 31 , 2012 ) . `` Snow White and the Huntsman Movie Reviews '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2014 . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kenny , Glenn . `` ' Snow White ' Saved by Dwarves '' . MSN Movies . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2014 . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Covert , Colin ( June 1 , 2012 ) . `` Folk tale meets fabulous blockbuster in ' Snow White ' '' . Star Tribune . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2014 . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( May 31 , 2012 ) . `` Snow White and the Huntsman -- review '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2014 . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mick LaSalle ( June 1 , 2012 ) . `` ' Snow White and the Huntsman ' review : Dwarfed '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2014 . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White and the Huntsman Review '' . The Washington Post . June 1 , 2012 . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Lisa ( June 1 , 2012 ) . `` Movie review : Something awry in serious `` Snow White and the Huntsman '' Grimm fairy tale remake `` . Denver Post . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2014 . Retrieved June 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Foundas on Film : `` Snow White and the Huntsman '' & `` Hemingway & Gellhorn '' - Film Comment `` . filmcomment.com . June 2 , 2012 . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Richard Roeper : SNOW WHITE AND THE HUNTSMAN ( 2012 ; RATED Rated PG - 13 ) richardroeper.com , Retrieved December 31 , 2015 Jump up ^ Kim Masters ( August 14 , 2012 ) . `` Kristen Stewart Dropped from ' Snow White ' Sequel Plans ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2013 . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ann Lee ( August 14 , 2012 ) . `` Kristen Stewart has n't been dropped from Snow White sequel , says studio '' . Metro . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2013 . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Sieczkowski , Cavan ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` Kristen Stewart Confirmed For ' Snow White And The Huntsman ' Sequel : ' I 'm So Excited ' '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2012 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sen , Abhijeet ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` Kristen Stewart to star in ' Snow White ' sequel sans cheating director '' . RealBollywood.com . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2012 . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( April 16 , 2013 ) . `` Universal Aiming for 2015 Release for Snow White and the Huntsman 2 ; `` Actively Working '' on Next Bourne `` . collider.com . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Malec , Brett ; Malkin , Marc ( September 9 , 2013 ) . `` Chris Hemsworth Talks `` Awkward '' Naked Movie Scenes , Snow White Sequel With Kristen Stewart `` . E !. Archived from the original on September 17 , 2013 . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr , Mike ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Huntsman 2 ′ Helmer Short List : Frank Darabont , Gavin O'Connor , Andy Muschietti '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr , Mike ( June 26 , 2014 ) . `` Frank Darabont In Talks To Direct ' Snow White And The Huntsman 2 ′ '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2014 . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Universal 's Snow White Prequel ' Huntsman ' Targets April 2016 Release '' . Deadline.com . July 31 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Huntsman Loses Frank Darabont but Keeps its Release Date for Now '' . Deadline.com . July 31 , 2014 . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Frank Darabont Exits ' The Huntsman ' '' . Deadline.com . January 20 , 2015 . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` HOT SCOOP : We May Know Frank Darabont 's Replacement Director For THE HUNTSMAN ! '' . Schomoes Know . January 20 , 2015 . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Huntsman Gains More Star Power with Jessica Chastain and Emily Blunt '' . Dread Central . January 20 , 2015 . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Finds Dwarfs for ' Huntsman ' Spinoff '' . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ; Verhoeven , Beatrice ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` Sam Claflin Returns for ' The Huntsman ' Without Kristen Stewart 's Snow White '' . thewrap.com . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 . Sam Claflin , who played Snow White 's love interest William in `` Snow White and the Huntsman , '' will return for Universal 's sequel `` The Huntsman , '' Jump up ^ The Huntsman Winter 's War Reveals New Character Posters Comingsoon.net , Retrieved November 18 , 2015 External links ( edit ) Official website Snow White and the Huntsman on IMDb Snow White and the Huntsman at Box Office Mojo Snow White and the Huntsman at Rotten Tomatoes Snow White and the Huntsman at Metacritic Films directed by Rupert Sanders Snow White and the Huntsman ( 2012 ) Ghost in the Shell ( 2017 ) Snow White by the Brothers Grimm Disney franchise Gold - Tree and Silver - Tree Snow - White - Fire - Red The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Knights Standalone films Snow White ( 1902 ) Snow White ( 1916 ) Betty Boop in Snow - White ( 1933 ) Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Coal Black and de Sebben Dwarfs ( 1943 ) The Seven Dwarfs to the Rescue ( 1951 ) Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1955 ) Snow White and the Three Stooges ( 1961 ) Snow White ( 1962 ) The New Adventures of Snow White ( 1969 ) A Snow White Christmas ( 1980 ) Neberte nám princeznú ( 1981 ) Snow White ( 1987 ) Happily Ever After ( 1990 ) Snow White ( 1995 ) Snow White : A Tale of Terror ( 1997 ) Snow White : The Fairest of Them All ( 2001 ) 7 Dwarves -- Men Alone in the Wood ( 2004 ) Snow White : The Sequel ( 2007 ) Sydney White ( 2007 ) Happily N'Ever After 2 : Snow White Another Bite @ the Apple ( 2009 ) Blanche Neige ( 2009 ) Grimm 's Snow White ( 2012 ) Mirror Mirror ( 2012 ) Blancanieves ( 2012 ) Snow White : A Deadly Summer ( 2012 ) The Seventh Dwarf ( 2014 ) Charming ( 2018 ) The Huntsman film series Snow White and the Huntsman ( 2012 ) The Huntsman : Winter 's War ( 2016 ) Television series The 10th Kingdom ( miniseries ) The Charmings ( sitcom ) The Legend of Snow White ( anime series ) Prétear ( anime series ) Once Upon a Time ( drama series ) Sofia the First ( TV series ) ( `` The Enchanted Feast '' ) ( Season 2 , Episode 27 ) The 7D ( TV series ) Stage Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1912 play ) Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( musical ) A Snow White Christmas ( musical ) Other media Fables ( comics ) Mira , Mirror ( novel ) Mirror Mirror ( novel ) Red as Blood ( short story ) Schneewittchen ( opera ) Seven Dwarfs Mine Train ( attraction ) Snow White ( comic strip ) Snow White 's Scary Adventures ( attraction ) Snow White Grotto ( attraction ) Snow White : Happily Ever After ( video game ) `` Snow , Glass , Apples '' ( short story ) The Serpent 's Shadow ( novel ) Fairest ( novel ) Politically Correct Bedtime Stories ( short story collection ) Amada Anime Series : Super Mario Bros. ( OVA ) The Wolf Among Us ( video game ) Ballet The Magic Mirror ( 1903 ) Characters Snow White Snow White ( Disney ) Mary Margaret Blanchard The Queen Evil Queen ( Disney ) Regina Mills Queen of Fables The Seven Dwarfs The Magic Mirror The King The Huntsman Prince Charming David Nolan Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snow_White_and_the_Huntsman&oldid=833195046 '' Categories : 2012 films English - language films American films 2010s adventure films 2010s fantasy films American fantasy adventure films Action adventure films Dark fantasy films High fantasy films Directorial debut films Films scored by James Newton Howard Films about royalty Films about revenge Films based on Snow White Films directed by Rupert Sanders Films produced by Joe Roth Films set in a fictional European country Films set in the Middle Ages Films shot in Wales Films shot in England Mariticide in fiction Performance capture in film Regicide in fiction Screenplays by Hossein Amini Witchcraft in film Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from June 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 05 : 15 . 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where do sperm gain the ability to​ swim

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Sperm_motility&oldid=793978230

Sperm motility - wikipedia Sperm motility Jump to : navigation , search Sperm motility describes the ability of sperm to move properly through the female reproductive tract ( internal fertilization ) or through water ( external fertilization ) to reach the egg . Sperm motility can also be thought of as the quality , which is a factor in successful conception ; sperm that do not `` swim '' properly will not reach the egg in order to fertilize it . Sperm motility in mammals also facilitates the passage of the sperm through the cumulus oophorus ( a layer of cells ) and the zona pellucida ( a layer of extracellular matrix ) , which surround the mammalian oocyte . In the wood mouse Apodemus sylvaticus , sperms aggregate in ' trains ' that are better able to fertilize eggs because they are more capable of navigating the viscous environment of the female reproductive tract . The trains move in a sinusoidal motion . Sperm motility is also affected by certain factors released by eggs . Sperm movement is activated by changes in intracellular ion concentration . The changes in ion concentration that provoke motility are different among species . In marine invertebrates and sea urchins , the rise in pH to about 7.2 -- 7.6 activates ATPase which leads to a decrease in intracellular potassium , and thus induces membrane hyperpolarization . As a result , sperm movement is activated . The change in cell volume which alters intracellular ion concentration can also contribute to the activation of sperm motility . In some mammals , sperm motility is activated by increase in pH , calcium ion and cAMP , yet it is suppressed by low pH in the epididymis . The tail of the sperm - the flagellum - confers motility upon the sperm , and has three principal components : a central skeleton constructed of 11 microtubules collectively termed the axoneme and similar to the equivalent structure found in cilia a thin cell membrane covering the axoneme mitochondria arranged spirally around it the axoneme , Back and forth movement of the tail results from a rhythmical longitudinal sliding motion between the anterior and posterior tubules that make up the axoneme . The energy for this process is supplied by ATP produced by mitochondria . The velocity of a sperm in fluid medium is usually 1 -- 4 mm / min . This allows the sperm to move towards an ovum in order to fertilize it . In mammals , spermatozoa mature functionally through a process which is known as capacitation . When spermatozoa reach the isthmic oviduct , their motility has been reported to be reduced as they attach to epithelium . Near the time of ovulation , hyperactivation occurs . During this process , the flagella move with high curvature and long wavelength . Hyperactivation is initiated by extracellular calcium ; however , the factors that regulate calcium level is unknown . Without technological intervention , a non-motile or abnormally - motile sperm is not going to fertilize . Therefore , the fraction of a sperm population that is motile is widely used as a measure of semen quality . Insufficient sperm motility is a common cause of subfertility or infertility . Several measures are available to improve sperm quality . Contents ( hide ) 1 Sperm DNA damage 2 Classifications of motility 3 References 4 External links Sperm DNA damage ( edit ) Sperm DNA damage is common in infertile men . About 31 % of men with sperm motility defects have high levels of sperm DNA fragmentation . Classifications of motility ( edit ) Straight moving , Zig - zag moving , Vibrating , Non-motile References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Quill , A.T. , Garbers , L.D. ( 2002 ) . `` Sperm Motility Activation and Chemoattraction '' . In Daniel M. Hardy . Fertilization . Carlifornia : Academic press . p. 29 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 311629 - 5 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Blomberg Jensen M : Vitamin D and male reproduction . Nature Reviews Endocrinology 10 , 175 -- 186 ( 2014 ) doi : 10.1038 / nrendo. 2013.262 Jump up ^ Darszon , A. , labarca , P. , Nishigaki , T. , and Espinosa , F. ( 1999 ) . Ion channels in sperm physiology . Physiol. Rev 79 , 481 - 510 Jump up ^ Mortimer , D. , Aitken , R.J. , Mortimer , S.T. , and Pacey , A.A. ( 1995 ) . Workshop report : Clinical CASA - the quest for consensus . Reprod . Fertil . Dev 7 , 951 -- 959 Jump up ^ Yanagimachi , R. ( 1994 ) . Mammalian fertilization . In `` The Physiology of Reproduction '' ( E. Knobil and J.D. Neill , eds . ) , pp. 189 -- 317 . Raven Press , New York Jump up ^ Simon L , Lutton D , McManus J , Lewis SE ( 2011 ) . `` Sperm DNA damage measured by the alkaline Comet assay as an independent predictor of male infertility and in vitro fertilization success '' . Fertil . Steril. 95 ( 2 ) : 652 -- 7 . doi : 10.1016 / j. fertnstert. 2010.08. 019 . PMID 20864101 . Jump up ^ Belloc S , Benkhalifa M , Cohen - Bacrie M , Dalleac A , Chahine H , Amar E , Zini A ( 2014 ) . `` Which isolated sperm abnormality is most related to sperm DNA damage in men presenting for infertility evaluation '' . J. Assist . Reprod . Genet. 31 ( 5 ) : 527 -- 32 . doi : 10.1007 / s10815 - 014 - 0194 - 3 . PMC 4016368 . PMID 24566945 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sperm motility . Sperm motility , Colorado State University Semen analysis - how to interpret a semen analysis report , Malpani Infertility Clinic Sperm count analysis Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sperm_motility&oldid=793978230 '' Categories : Andrology Fertility Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 August 2017 , at 02 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

662120736332570642

what makes the different shapes of the moon

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Lunar_phase&oldid=800869209

Lunar phase - wikipedia Lunar phase This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 16 September 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Play media The phase and libration of the Moon for 2013 at hourly intervals , with music , titles and supplemental graphics . Animation of the Moon as it cycles through its phases , as seen from the northern hemisphere . The apparent wobbling of the Moon is known as libration . The apparent change in size is due to the eccentricity of the lunar orbit . Other animation of the Moon as it cycles through its phases , as seen from the southern hemisphere in 2007 . The lunar phase or phase of the moon is the shape of the illuminated ( sunlit ) portion of the Moon as seen by an observer on Earth . The lunar phases change cyclically as the Moon orbits the Earth , according to the changing positions of the Moon and Sun relative to the Earth . The Moon 's rotation is tidally locked by the Earth 's gravity , therefore the same lunar surface always faces Earth . This face is variously sunlit depending on the position of the Moon in its orbit . Therefore , the portion of this hemisphere that is visible to an observer on Earth can vary from about 100 % ( full moon ) to 0 % ( new moon ) . The lunar terminator is the boundary between the illuminated and darkened hemispheres . Each of the four `` intermediate '' lunar phases ( see below ) is roughly seven days ( ~ 7.4 days ) but this varies slightly due to the elliptical shape of the Moon 's orbit . Aside from some craters near the lunar poles such as Shoemaker , all parts of the Moon see around 14.77 days of sunlight , followed by 14.77 days of `` night '' . ( The side of the Moon facing away from the Earth is sometimes called the `` dark side of the Moon '' , although that is a misnomer . ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Phases of the moon 2 Calendar 3 Calculating phase 4 Effect of parallax 5 Misconceptions 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 References 9 External links 9.1 General 9.2 Educational aids Phases of the Moon ( edit ) In Western culture , the four principal lunar phases are new moon , first quarter , full moon , and third quarter ( also known as last quarter ) . These are the instances when the Moon 's apparent geocentric celestial longitude minus the Sun 's apparent geocentric celestial longitude is 0 ° , 90 ° , 180 ° and 270 ° , respectively . Each of these phases occur at slightly different times when viewed from different points on the Earth . During the intervals between principal phases , the Moon appears either crescent - shaped or gibbous . These shapes , and the periods of time when the Moon shows them , are called the intermediate phases . They last , on average , one - quarter of a synodic month , roughly 7.38 days , but their durations vary slightly because the Moon 's orbit is slightly elliptical , and thus its speed in orbit is not constant . The descriptor waxing is used for an intermediate phase when the Moon 's apparent size is increasing , from new moon toward full moon , and waning when the size is decreasing . The eight principal and intermediate phases are given the following names , in sequential order : Principal and intermediate phases of the Moon Phase Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere Visibility Mid-phase standard time Average moonrise time Average moonset time Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere Photograph New moon Disc completely in Sun 's shadow ( lit by earthshine only ) Invisible ( too close to Sun ) Midday 6 am 6 pm Not visible Waxing crescent Right side , 1 -- 49 % lit disc Left side , 1 -- 49 % lit disc Late morning to post-dusk 3 pm 9 am 9 pm First quarter Right side , 50 % lit disc Left side , 50 % lit disc Afternoon and early evening 6 pm Midday Midnight Waxing gibbous Right side , 51 -- 99 % lit disc Left side , 51 -- 99 % lit disc Late afternoon and most of night 9 pm 3 pm 3 am Full moon Completely illuminated disc Sunset to sunrise ( all night ) Midnight 6 pm 6 am Waning gibbous Left side , 99 -- 51 % lit disc Right side , 99 -- 51 % lit disc Most of night and early morning 3 am 9 pm 9 am Third quarter ( or last quarter ) Left side , 50 % lit disc Right side , 50 % lit disc Late night and morning 6 am Midnight Midday Waning crescent Left side , 49 -- 1 % lit disc Right side , 49 -- 1 % lit disc Pre-dawn to early afternoon 9 am 3 am 3 pm Phases of the Moon , as seen looking southward from the northern hemisphere . The southern hemisphere will see each phase rotated through 180 ° . The upper part of the diagram is not to scale , as the Moon is much farther from the Earth than shown here . A crescent moon above Earth 's horizon is featured in this image photographed by an Expedition 24 crew member in 2010 . Play media This video provides an illustration of how the Moon passes through its phases -- a product of its orbit , which allows different parts of its surface to be illuminated by the Sun over the course of a month . The camera is locked to the Moon as the Earth rapidly rotates in the foreground . When the Sun and Moon are aligned on the same side of the Earth , the moon is `` new '' , and the side of the Moon facing Earth is not illuminated by the Sun . As the moon waxes ( the amount of illuminated surface as seen from Earth is increasing ) , the lunar phases progress through new moon , crescent moon , first - quarter moon , gibbous moon , and full moon . The moon is then said to wane as it passes through the gibbous moon , third - quarter moon , crescent moon and back to new moon . The terms `` old moon '' and `` new moon '' are not interchangeable . The `` old moon '' is a waning sliver ( which eventually becomes undetectable to the naked eye ) until the moment it aligns with the sun and begins to wax , at which point it becomes new again . Half moon is often used to mean the first - and third - quarter moons , while the term ' quarter ' refers to the extent of the moon 's cycle around the Earth , not its shape . When a sphere is illuminated on one hemisphere and viewed from a different angle , the portion of the illuminated area that is visible will have a two - dimensional shape defined by the intersection of an ellipse and circle ( where the major axis of the ellipse coincides with a diameter of the circle ) . If the half - ellipse is convex with respect to the half - circle , then the shape will be gibbous ( bulging outwards ) whereas if the half - ellipse is concave with respect to the half - circle , then the shape will be a crescent . When a crescent Moon occurs , the phenomenon of earthshine may be apparent , where the night side of the Moon faintly reflects light from the Earth . In the Northern Hemisphere , if the left side of the Moon is dark then the light part is growing , and the Moon is referred to as waxing ( moving toward a full moon ) . If the right side of the Moon is dark then the light part is shrinking , and the Moon is referred to as waning ( past full and moving toward a new moon ) . Assuming that the viewer is in the northern hemisphere , the right portion of the Moon is the part that is always growing ( i.e. , if the right side is dark , the Moon is growing darker ; if the right side is lit , the Moon is growing lighter ) . In the Southern Hemisphere the Moon is observed from a perspective inverted to that of the northern hemisphere , and all of the images in this article , so that the opposite sides appear to grow ( wax ) and shrink ( wane ) . Nearer the Equator the Moon with its terminator will appear apparently horizontal during the morning and evening . Since the above descriptions of the lunar phases only apply at temperate or high latitudes and observers moving towards the Tropics from northern or southern latitudes will see the Moon rotated anti-clockwise or clockwise with respect to the images in this article . The crescent Moon can open upward or downward , with the `` horns '' of the crescent pointing up or down , respectively . When the Sun appears above the Moon in the sky , the crescent opens downward ; when the Moon is above the Sun , the crescent opens upward . The crescent Moon is most clearly and brightly visible when the Sun is below the horizon , which implies that the Moon must be above the Sun , and the crescent must open upward . This is therefore the orientation in which the crescent Moon is most often seen from the Earth 's tropics . The waxing and waning crescents look very similar . The waxing crescent appears in the western sky in the evening , and the waning crescent in the east , in the morning . When the Moon , as seen from Earth , is a narrow crescent , the Earth as seen from the Moon is almost fully lit by the Sun . Often , the part of the Moon that is not directly lit by the Sun is sufficiently brightly lit by light reflected from the Earth to be easily visible from Earth . This phenomenon is called `` earthshine '' , and is sometimes picturesquely described as `` the old moon in the new moon 's arms '' or , as pictured here , `` the new moon in the old moon 's arms '' . Non-western cultures may use a different number of Moon phases , for example traditional Hawaiian culture has a total of 30 different Moon phases ( one per day ) . Calendar ( edit ) Main article : Lunar calendar May -- June 2005 calendar of lunar phases . The average calendar month , which is ⁄ of a tropical year , is about 30.44 days , while the Moon 's phase ( synodic ) cycle repeats on average every 29.53 days . Therefore , the timing of the Moon 's phases shifts by an average of almost one day for each successive month . ( Lunar year = 354 days . ) Photographing the Moon 's phase every day for a month , starting in the evening after sunset , and repeating approximately fifty minutes later each successive day , ending in the morning before sunrise , would create a composite image like the example calendar from May 8 , 2005 , to June 6 , 2005 here in the left . There is no picture on May 20 since a picture would be taken before midnight on May 19 , and after midnight on May 21 . Similarly , on a calendar listing moon rise or set times , some days will appear to be skipped . When the Moon rises just before midnight one night it will rise just after midnight the next ( so too with setting ) . The ' skipped day ' is just a feature of the moon 's eastward movement in relation to the sun , which at most latitudes causes the moon to rise later each day . The moon has a predictable orbit every month . Calculating phase ( edit ) A Crescent Moon over the VLT . Each of the 4 lunar phases lasts approximately 7 days ( ~ 7.4 days ) , but varies slightly due to lunar apogee and perigee . The approximate age of the moon , and hence the approximate phase , can be calculated for any date by calculating the number of days since a known new moon ( such as January 1 , 1900 or August 11 , 1999 ) and reducing this modulo 29.530588853 ( the length of a synodic month ) . The difference between two dates can be calculated by subtracting the Julian Day Number of one from that of the other , or there are simpler formulae giving ( for instance ) the number of days since December 31 , 1899 . However , this calculation assumes a perfectly circular orbit and makes no allowance for the time of day at which the new moon happened , therefore may be incorrect by several hours ( it also becomes less accurate the larger the difference between the required date and the reference date ) ; it is accurate enough to use in a novelty clock application showing moon phase , but specialist usage taking account of lunar apogee and perigee requires a more elaborate calculation . Effect of parallax ( edit ) The Earth subtends an angle of about two degrees , when seen from the Moon . This means that an observer on Earth who sees the Moon when it is close to the eastern horizon sees it from an angle that is about two degrees different from the line of sight of an observer who sees the Moon on the western horizon . The Moon moves about 12 degrees around its orbit per day , so , if these observers were stationary , they would see the phases of the Moon at times that differ by about one - sixth of a day , or four hours . But in reality the observers are on the surface of the rotating Earth , so someone who sees the Moon on the eastern horizon at one moment sees it on the western horizon about 12 hours later . This adds an oscillation to the apparent progression of the lunar phases . They appear to occur more slowly when the Moon is high in the sky than when it is below the horizon . The Moon appears to move jerkily , and the phases do the same . The amplitude of this oscillation is never more than about four hours , which is a small fraction of a month . It does not have any obvious effect on the appearance of the Moon . However , it does affect accurate calculations of the times of lunar phases . Misconceptions ( edit ) Play media The lunar phase depends on the Moon 's position in orbit around the Earth and the Earth 's position in orbit around the sun . This animation ( not to scale ) looks down on Earth from the north pole of the ecliptic . It might be expected that once every month , when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun during a new moon , its shadow would fall on Earth causing a solar eclipse , but this does not happen every month . Nor is it true that during every full moon , the Earth 's shadow falls on the Moon , causing a lunar eclipse . Solar and lunar eclipses are not observed every month because the plane of the Moon 's orbit around the Earth is tilted by about 5 ° with respect to the plane of Earth 's orbit around the Sun ( the plane of the ecliptic ) . Thus , when new and full moons occur , the Moon usually lies to the north or south of a direct line through the Earth and Sun . Although an eclipse can only occur when the Moon is either new ( solar ) or full ( lunar ) , it must also be positioned very near the intersection of Earth 's orbital plane about the Sun and the Moon 's orbital plane about the Earth ( that is , at one of its nodes ) . This happens about twice per year , and so there are between four and seven eclipses in a calendar year . Most of these eclipses are partial ; total eclipses of the Moon or Sun are less frequent . See also ( edit ) Moon portal Blue moon Lunar effect Lunation Observing the Moon Planetary phase Planetshine Tides Week Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Strictly , the quarter phases happen when the observer -- Moon -- Sun angle is 90 ° , also known as quadrature . This is not exactly the same as having the Sun -- observer -- Moon angle a right - angle , but the difference is very slight . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Free Astronomy Lesson 7 - The Phases of the Moon '' . www.synapses.co.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Origin : 1350 -- 1400 ; Middle English < Latin gibbōsus humped , equivalent to gibb `` ( a ) hump '' + - ōsus `` - ous '' ; `` Gibbous '' . Dictionary.com . Jump up ^ `` Hawaiian Moon Names '' . Imiloa , Hilo Attractions . Jump up ^ `` A Crescent Moon over the VLTI '' . Retrieved 29 February 2016 . External links ( edit ) This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lunar phases . General ( edit ) Six Millennium Catalog of Phases of the Moon ( 1 ) Virtual Reality Moon Phase US Naval Service on Moon Phase / What the Moon Looks Like Today ( United States Naval Observatory ) Full Moon Names Current Moon Phase The Length of the Lunar Cycle ( numerical integration analysis ) Lunar Phase Calculator For Years 1600 to 2200 Lunar Phase Calendar Lunar Phase , Moonrise and Moonset Calendar Educational aids ( edit ) Open Source Physics Lunar Phase Model Lunar phase simulator ( animation ) Starchild : Moonlight Madness Lunar Phases Game Names and Images of the 8 moon phases Astrophysics Science Project Integrating Research & Education : Lunar Phases Quiz Lunar Phase Image Sets In High - Resolution ( 1200x1200 pixels ) at 1 - Degree Intervals - Views of the Moon From 4 Sides at Any Relative Phase Front / Back / East / West Lunar Phase Explorers Mnemonic devices for the Lunar phases ( hide ) The Moon Physical features Face on the Moon Internal structure Gravity field Topography Magnetic field Atmosphere Ion tail Moonlight Lunar swirls Orbit Orbit of the Moon Phases Lunation Lunar libration Full Moon Lunar terminator Full moon cycle Earthshine Lunar eclipse Solar eclipse Solar eclipses on the Moon Tide Surface Selenography Near side Far side North pole South pole Lunar mare List Craters List Calderas Mountains Valleys Volcanic features South Pole -- Aitken basin Shackleton crater Water Soil Ray systems Peak of eternal light Crater of eternal darkness Space weathering Transient lunar phenomenon Lunar basalt 70017 Science Geology timescale Giant - impact hypothesis Hill sphere Moon rocks Lunar meteorites KREEP Late Heavy Bombardment Lunar laser ranging ALSEP Observation Origin Lunar sample displays Apollo 11 lunar sample display Apollo 17 lunar sample display Exploration Apollo program Exploration of the Moon Colonization of the Moon List of lunar probes List of missions to the Moon Moon landing conspiracy theories Related topics Lunar calendar Lunisolar calendar Craters named after people Double planet Lunar effect Man in the Moon Memorials on the Moon Month Lunar month Moon illusion Harvest moon Hunter 's moon Moon in art and literature Moon in mythology Hjúki and Bil ( Norse legends ) Moon is made of green cheese Natural satellite Solar System Supermoon Theia Tourism Phases / Occurrence Black moon Blue moon Lunar phase New moon Dark moon Wet moon Lilith ( hypothetical moon ) Moon portal Earth sciences portal Solar System portal GND : 4273225 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lunar_phase&oldid=800869209 '' Categories : Phases of the Moon Observational astronomy Technical factors of astrology Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Articles needing additional references from July 2012 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia external links cleanup from April 2015 Wikipedia spam cleanup from April 2015 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Kaszëbsczi Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Македонски Malti मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Seeltersk සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 05 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

26282907202164485

what role does the veil of ignorance play in rawl's theory

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Veil_of_ignorance&oldid=825339826

Veil of ignorance - wikipedia Veil of ignorance Symbolic depiction of Rawls 's veil of ignorance . The citizens making the choices about their society make them from an `` original position '' of equality and ignorance ( left ) , without knowing what gender , race , abilities , tastes , wealth , or position in society they will have ( right ) . Rawls claims this ensures they will choose a just society . This article is about the philosophical concept . For the music album , see Veil of Ignorance ( album ) . The `` veil of ignorance '' is a method of determining the morality of political issues proposed in 1971 by American philosopher John Rawls in his `` original position '' political philosophy . It is based upon the following thought experiment : people making political decisions imagine that they know nothing about the particular talents , abilities , tastes , social class , and positions they will have within a social order . When such parties are selecting the principles for distribution of rights , positions , and resources in the society in which they will live , this `` veil of ignorance '' prevents them from knowing who will receive a given distribution of rights , positions , and resources in that society . For example , for a proposed society in which 50 % of the population is kept in slavery , it follows that on entering the new society there is a 50 % likelihood that the participant would be a slave . The idea is that parties subject to the veil of ignorance will make choices based upon moral considerations , since they will not be able to make choices based on their own self - or class - interest . As Rawls put it , `` no one knows his place in society , his class position or social status ; nor does he know his fortune in the distribution of natural assets and abilities , his intelligence and strength , and the like '' . The idea of the thought experiment is to render obsolete those personal considerations that are morally irrelevant to the justice or injustice of principles meant to allocate the benefits of social cooperation . The veil of ignorance is part of a long tradition of thinking in terms of a social contract that includes the writings of Immanuel Kant , Thomas Hobbes , John Locke , Jean Jacques Rousseau , and Thomas Jefferson . Contents 1 The concept 2 History 3 See also 4 References 5 External links The concept ( edit ) Spencer J. Maxcy outlines the concept as follows : Imagine that you have set for yourself the task of developing a totally new social contract for today 's society . How could you do so fairly ? Although you could never actually eliminate all of your personal biases and prejudices , you would need to take steps at least to minimize them . Rawls suggests that you imagine yourself in an original position behind a veil of ignorance . Behind this veil , you know nothing of yourself and your natural abilities , or your position in society . You know nothing of your sex , race , nationality , or individual tastes . Behind such a veil of ignorance all individuals are simply specified as rational , free , and morally equal beings . You do know that in the `` real world '' , however , there will be a wide variety in the natural distribution of natural assets and abilities , and that there will be differences of sex , race , and culture that will distinguish groups of people from each other . It has been argued that such a concept can have grand effects if it were to be practiced both in the present and in the past . Referring again to the example of slavery , if the slave - owners were forced through the veil of ignorance to imagine that they themselves may be slaves , then suddenly slavery may no longer seem justifiable . Perhaps the entire practice would have been abolished without the need for a war to settle things . A grander example would be if each individual in society were to base their practices off the fact that they could be the least advantaged member of society . In this scenario , freedom and equality could possibly coexist in a way that has been the ideal of many philosophers . For example , in the imaginary society , one might or might not be intelligent , rich , or born into a preferred class . Since one may occupy any position in the society once the veil is lifted , the device forces the parties to consider society from the perspective of all members , including the worst - off and best - off members . History ( edit ) The concept of the veil of ignorance has been in use by other names for centuries by philosophers such as John Stuart Mill and Immanuel Kant whose work discussed the concept of the social contract . John Harsanyi helped to formalize the concept in economics , and argued that it provides an argument in favor of utilitarianism rather than an argument for a social contract . The modern usage was developed by John Rawls in his 1971 book A Theory of Justice . See also ( edit ) Divide and choose Pie rule Tabula rasa References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rawls , John ( 1999 ) . A Theory of Justice . Harvard University Press . p. 118 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 00078 - 1 . Jump up ^ Maxcy , Spencer J. ( 2002 ) . Ethical School Leadership . p. 93 . Jump up ^ `` The veil of ignorance : great thought experiment '' . Retrieved 28 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Harsanyi , J.C. ( 1953 ) . `` Cardinal Utility in Welfare Economics and in the Theory of Risk - taking '' . J. Polit . Economy. 61 ( 5 ) : 434 -- 435 . JSTOR 1827289 . Jump up ^ Harsanyi , J.C. ( 1955 ) . `` Cardinal Welfare , Individualistic Ethics , and Interpersonal Comparisons of Utility '' . J. Polit . Economy. 63 ( 4 ) : 309 -- 21 . JSTOR 1827128 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Samuel ( 2016 ) . `` Original Position '' . The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Metaphysics Research Lab , Stanford University . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Rawls , John ( 1971 ) . A Theory of Justice . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Belknap Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 00078 - 1 . Jump up ^ Rawls , John ( 2001 ) . Justice as Fairness : A Restatement . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Belknap Press . External links ( edit ) Veil of Ignorance entry by Samuel Freeman in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy , 2008 - 20 - 12 Legal Theory Lexicon : The Veil of Ignorance entry by Lawrence B. Solum in the Legal Theory Blog , 2011 - 11 - 14 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veil_of_ignorance&oldid=825339826 '' Categories : Concepts in ethics Justice Social philosophy Thought experiments in ethics Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Polski Română Русский Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 February 2018 , at 21 : 04 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

-5809289061665530022

what is the meaning of rolls royce logo

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Spirit_of_Ecstasy&oldid=833713127

Spirit of Ecstasy - wikipedia Spirit of Ecstasy `` Spirit of Speed '' redirects here . For the video game , see Spirit of Speed 1937 . `` Spirit of Ecstasy '' on a Rolls - Royce Silver Cloud I , 1957 . `` Spirit of Ecstasy '' on a Rolls - Royce Corniche The Spirit of Ecstasy is the bonnet ornament on Rolls - Royce cars . It is in the form of a woman leaning forwards with her arms outstretched behind and above her . Billowing cloth runs from her arms to her back , resembling wings . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 The Whisper , precursor to the Spirit of Ecstasy 1.2 Modern ornament 2 Alterations 2.1 Kneeling version ( 1934 -- 1939 and 1946 -- 1956 ) 2.2 2003 -- present 3 Popular culture 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) The Whisper , precursor to the Spirit of Ecstasy ( edit ) The very first Rolls - Royce motorcars did not feature radiator mascots ; they simply carried the Rolls - Royce emblem . When Montagu commissioned his friend , sculptor Charles Robinson Sykes , who worked in London under the nobleman 's patronage , to sculpt a personal mascot for the bonnet of his 1909 Rolls - Royce Silver Ghost , Sykes chose Eleanor Velasco Thornton as his model . Sykes originally crafted a figurine of her in fluttering robes , having placed one forefinger against her lips -- to symbolize the secret of their love affair . The figurine was consequently named The Whisper and is on display at the National Motor Museum in Beaulieu along with other Spirit of Ecstasy figurines . Only three or four castings were ever made , and only two are believed to have survived . Modern ornament ( edit ) Eleanor Velasco Thornton posing next to Montagu 's Silver Ghost , circa 1911 . On the bonnet is seen the Spirit of Ecstasy . The Spirit of Ecstasy , also called `` Emily '' , `` Silver Lady '' or `` Flying Lady '' , was designed by English sculptor Charles Robinson Sykes , a graduate of London 's Royal College of Art , and carries with it a story about secret passion between Montagu , second Baron Montagu of Beaulieu after 1905 , a pioneer of the automobile movement , and editor of The Car Illustrated magazine from 1902 , and the model for the emblem , Eleanor Velasco Thornton . Eleanor ( also known as Thorn ) was the secretary of John Walter , who fell in love with her in 1902 when she worked for him on the aforesaid motoring magazine . Their secret love was to remain hidden , limited to their circle of friends , for more than a decade . The reason for the secrecy was Eleanor 's impoverished social and economic status , which was an obstacle to their love . On the other hand , Montagu was married to Lady Cecil Victoria Constance Kerr since 1889 . Side view of `` The Spirit of Ecstasy '' ( 1972 Rolls - Royce Silver Shadow ) By 1910 personal mascots had become the fashion of the day . Rolls - Royce were concerned to note that some owners were affixing `` inappropriate '' ornaments to their cars . Claude Johnson , then managing director of Rolls - Royce Motor Cars , was asked to commission a more dignified and graceful mascot . He turned to Sykes to produce a mascot which would adorn all future Rolls - Royce cars and become generic to the marque , with the specifications that it should convey `` the spirit of the Rolls - Royce , namely , speed with silence , absence of vibration , the mysterious harnessing of great energy and a beautiful living organism of superb grace ... '' Sykes ' brief from Claude Johnson had been to evoke the spirit of mythical beauty , Nike , whose graceful image was admired in The Louvre , but Sykes was not impressed . He felt that a more feminine representation might be apt . It was again Miss Thornton whom he had in mind . Sykes chose to modify The Whisper into a version similar to today 's Spirit of Ecstasy . He called this first model The Spirit of Speed . Later , Charles Sykes called it `` A graceful little goddess , the Spirit of Ecstasy , who has selected road travel as her supreme delight and alighted on the prow of a Rolls - Royce motor car to revel in the freshness of the air and the musical sound of her fluttering draperies . '' Claude Johnson devised the description of The Spirit of Ecstasy , he described how Sykes had sought to convey the image of `` the spirit of ecstasy , who has selected road travel as her supreme delight ... she is expressing her keen enjoyment , with her arms outstretched and her sight fixed upon the distance . '' Royce was ill during the commissioning of the flying lady . He did not believe the figurine enhanced the cars , asserting that it impaired the driver 's view , and was rarely seen driving one of his company 's vehicles adorned with the mascot . In February 1911 Sykes presented to Rolls - Royce the `` Spirit of Ecstasy '' , which was easily recognisable as being a variation on the theme of `` The Whisper '' . The similarity was hardly coincidental because the model for both had been Miss Thornton . The sculptor 's signature appeared on the plinth and were either signed `` Charles Sykes , February 1911 '' or `` Feb 6 , 1911 '' or `` 6.2. 11 '' . Even after Rolls - Royce took over the casting of the figures in 1948 each Spirit of Ecstasy continued to receive this inscription until 1951 . The Spirit of Ecstasy was also manufactured by the British firm Louis Lejeune Ltd. for a number of years . Eleanor died on 30 December 1915 when the SS Persia was torpedoed by a U-boat south of Crete . She had been accompanying Lord Montagu who had been directed to assume a command in India . He was thought to have been killed too , but survived and was saved after several days adrift in a life raft . Alterations ( edit ) Royce made sure it was officially listed as an optional extra , but in practice it was fitted to almost all cars after that year , becoming a standard fitting in the early 1920s . It was silver plated from 1911 until 1914 when the mascot was made with nickel or chrome alloy to dissuade theft . The only departure from this came in Paris at the competition for the most apposite mascot of 1920 , where a gold - plated version won first place . Gold - plated versions were subsequently available at additional cost . The design of the mascot has had eleven main variations in its life . Lowered height of coachwork forced subsequent reductions in the mascot size . Consequently , several alterations in the original design were made . Kneeling version ( 1934 -- 1939 and 1946 -- 1956 ) ( edit ) Kneeling version of the spirit of ecstasy on a Phantom IV radiator . Sykes was once again commissioned by Rolls - Royce in the 1930s to make a lower version of the mascot to suit the needs of the new sports saloons by providing their drivers with a clearer view of the road ahead . The kneeling lady mascot was unveiled on 26 January 1934 and was as undeniably a reflection of Eleanor as it was a symbol of the Rolls - Royce . It also bore on the plinth the inscription `` C. Sykes , 26.1. 34 '' , the date when the first piece was finished . This version was , however , discontinued after the Silver Dawn , Phantom IV and Silver Wraith models , in favour of a smaller version of the original standing mascot , and so it remains to date . The last Phantom IV delivered and the final 4 or 5 years of the Silver Wraith carried this standing version . 2003 -- present ( edit ) Today 's Spirit of Ecstasy , from the 2003 Phantom model onward , stands at 3 inches and , for safety , is mounted on a spring - loaded mechanism designed to retract instantly into the radiator shell if struck from any direction . There is a button within the vehicle which can raise / lower the emblem when pressed . She can be made from highly polished stainless steel , stainless with 24 - carat gold plating , or from illuminated frosted crystal -- the latter two being optional extras . Aftermarket customized versions are also available , including those covered in a matte black paint or studded in diamonds . Popular culture ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In Serge Gainsbourg 's 1971 concept album Histoire de Melody Nelson , the Spirit of Ecstasy features prominently in the opening song : Amazone modern ' style que le sculpteur En anglais , surnomma `` Spirit of Ecstasy '' Modern - style Amazon that the sculptor , In English , nicknamed `` Spirit of Ecstasy '' In the music video to `` The New Pollution '' by Beck , the singer is seen driving a Rolls - Royce , with the Spirit of Ecstasy prominently featured and segueing into an actress replicating the famous pose with billowing robes . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rolls - Royce ' Whisper ' Mascot Archived 3 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine . -- H&H , auction sale : 8 December 2009 Jump up ^ The Spirit of Ecstasy -- Edwardian Promenade Jump up ^ Eleanor Thornton -- In Body or Spirit ? -- Paul Tritton , Rolls - Royce Owners ' Club of Australia Library , 1986 Jump up ^ The Spirit of Ecstasy : Part Four -- Barrie RD Gillings , Rolls - Royce Owners ' Club of Australia Jump up ^ Rolls - Royce hood ornament pavé - set with hundreds of diamonds by Jean Kemanjian Jump up ^ Spirit Of Ecstasy Wears Its Most Exclusive Gown On The Dusk Of Its Centenary Year Archived 22 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . External links ( edit ) Rolls - Royce Motor Cars Limited homepage The Spirit of Ecstasy , darkforce Wings of desire : the secret love affair that inspired Rolls - Royce 's flying lady -- The Telegraph , 20 April 2008 BRITISH STAINLESS STEEL ASSOCIATION Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spirit_of_Ecstasy&oldid=833713127 '' Categories : Corporate mascots Rolls - Royce Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from October 2013 Use British English from October 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Español Français Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Svenska 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 01 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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what is the status of the 416 fire in colorado

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=416_Fire&oldid=851575152

416 Fire - wikipedia 416 Fire This article documents a current wildfire . Information regarding it may change rapidly as more information becomes available ; news reports and other primary sources may be unreliable . The last updates to this article may not reflect the most current information about this wildfire for all areas . This wildfire is still actively burning and has not been 100 percent contained or fully controlled . Please refer to your local fire department or media outlets for the latest information pertaining to a specific area . Please feel free to improve this article or discuss changes on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 416 Fire 416 Fire on June 1 , 2018 Location San Juan National Forest , Colorado , United States Coordinates 37 ° 27 ′ 40 '' N 107 ° 48 ′ 29 '' W  /  37.461 ° N 107.808 ° W  / 37.461 ; - 107.808 Coordinates : 37 ° 27 ′ 40 '' N 107 ° 48 ′ 29 '' W  /  37.461 ° N 107.808 ° W  / 37.461 ; - 107.808 Statistics Cost $27,000,000 Date ( s ) June 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 01 ) -- ( ) Burned area 55,000 acres ( 22,258 ha ) Cause Unknown Buildings destroyed 0 Map Location of fire in Colorado . The 416 & Burro Fire Complex are active wildfires in the southwestern portion of Colorado in the United States . The fires are predominately within San Juan National Forest , 13 miles north of Durango and 14 miles south of Rico . The 416 fire started on June 1 , 2018 and the Burro Fire followed on June 8th . The causes are still under investigation . As of July 2 , 2018 the fires have burned a combined total of over 55,000 acres ( 22,258 ha ) and have cost more than $27 million to contain . It is one of the largest wildfires in Colorado 's history and has had major impacts on tourism and commerce for communities in the southwest portion of the state . Contents 1 Events 1.1 June 1.2 July 2 Impact 3 Closures 4 References 5 External links Events ( edit ) June ( edit ) The 416 Fire started around 10 : 00 a.m. on June 1 , 2018 , approximately 10 miles north of Durango , Colorado , near the train tracks of the Durango and Silverton Narrow Gage Railroad and west of Highway 550 . By the morning of June 2 , the fire had expanded into the San Juan National Forest and had burned an estimated 1,100 acres ( 445 ha ) . The highway was closed between milemarkers 34 and 48 for public safety and to allow firefighters to keep the fire from crossing the highway . County Road 250 was also closed . Evacuation orders were put in place for residents of Baker 's Bridge at County Road 250 north to Electra Lake Road , where 825 structures are threatened . By the evening of June 3 , the fire had grown to 2,255 acres ( 913 ha ) and was 10 percent contained . It expanded Hermosa Creek , prompting officials to issue pre-evacuation orders to the community of Hermosa . The next day , the fire showed significant activity due to winds . Highway 550 was again closed due to heavy smoke and fire teams focused on building defensible spaces around buildings and using controlled burns as needed . The fire is at 10 percent containment . By June 5 , new pre-evacuation orders were put in place for areas east of Hermosa due to southerly winds keeping the flames on the ridgeline on the slopes near the community . Temperatures were hotter than average and Forest Service personnel cited increased drought conditions as creating additional challenges . Crews continued to fight the fire using aerial support . The Burrow Fire began on the opposite side of the Hermosa Creek Wilderness Area on June 8th . As of July 2 , 2018 the fire had spread to within 10 miles of the 416 fire and burned over 4,000 acres ( 1,619 ha ) . By June 29 , the 416 fire had expanded to 41,617 acres ( 16,842 ha ) and was 37 percent contained . The fire continued moving north , with crews clearing and chipping brush piles along the Durango and Silverton Narrow Gauge Railroad . Burnouts continued in the southwest in No Buck Creek . July ( edit ) By July 1 , the fire had grown to 49,301 acres ( 19,951 ha ) and was 37 percent contained . Temperatures enabled crews to focus on containment in the south and southwestern side of the fire , while northwest winds caused smokey conditions for communities along Highway 550 , including Durango and Hermosa Creek . Concerns about the fire impacting the Purgatory Resort were reduced , however hotshot crews remained in the area to protect the resort , if needed . Impact ( edit ) Over 1300 homes and businesses were forced to evacuate due to the fire . As of July 2 , no businesses or homes have been destroyed by the fire . The fire forced the closure of Purgatory Ski Resort , Durango and Silverton Narrow Gage Railroad , and the San Juan National Forest , as well as sporadic closures of Highway 550 . The town of Silverton had to cancel their famed 4th of July Fireworks , which brings thousands of visitors to the tiny mountain town . Railroad tourism regained operation in July with diesel locomotives and steam engine services to Silverton resume on July 17th . Purgatory resumed its summer operations on July 2nd The July 4th cancelations and highway , rail , and trail closures have devastated the tourism industry of Silverton , and has had a substantial impact on the economies of Durango and elsewhere in southwest Colorado . Closures ( edit ) Areas of San Juan National Forest are closed , specifically : All trails that tie into the Colorado Trail off of Highway 550 from the Molas Trailhead south to the Junction Creek Trailhead References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 416 Fire '' . InciWeb . US Forest Service . Retrieved 4 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` July 1 , 2018 - 416 Fire Update - InciWeb the Incident Information System '' . InciWeb . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` burro Fire '' . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ helpdesk@dms.nwcg.gov , InciWeb developed and maintained by USDA Forest Service , Fire and Aviation Management , . `` InciWeb the Incident Information System '' . inciweb.nwcg.gov . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : helpdesk@dms.nwcg.gov , InciWeb developed and maintained by USDA Forest Service , Fire and Aviation Management , . `` Burro Fire Information -- InciWeb the Incident Information System '' . inciweb.nwcg.gov . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : helpdesk@dms.nwcg.gov , InciWeb developed and maintained by USDA Forest Service , Fire and Aviation Management ,. `` 416 Fire Information -- InciWeb the Incident Information System '' . inciweb.nwcg.gov . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` 416 Fire grows to more than 51,000 acres , firefighting cost rises to $27 million '' . FOX31 Denver . 2018 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` State documenting financial losses from 416 Fire '' . Durango Herald . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` Silverton cancels famed Fourth of July fireworks show '' . Durango Herald . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` 416 Fire Update for June 2 , 2018 -- InciWeb the Incident Information System '' . InciWeb . United States Forest Service . Retrieved 5 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 416 Fire Update June 3 , 2018 pm -- InciWeb the Incident Information System '' . InciWeb . United States Forest Service . Retrieved 5 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 416 Fire Update for June 4 , 2018 pm -- InciWeb the Incident Information System '' . InciWeb . United States Forest Service . Retrieved 5 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Miller , Blair ( 5 June 2018 ) . `` 416 Fire burning in southwest Colorado remains 10 % contained at 2,400 acres '' . 7NEWS . Retrieved 5 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 416 Fire Evening Update June 5 , 2018 -- InciWeb the Incident Information System '' . InciWeb . United States Forest Service . Retrieved 6 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` June 27 , 2018 - Evening 416 Fire Update -- InciWeb the Incident Information System '' . inciweb.nwcg.gov . Retrieved 29 June 2018 . Jump up ^ helpdesk@dms.nwcg.gov , InciWeb developed and maintained by USDA Forest Service , Fire and Aviation Management , . `` June 27 , 2018 - Evening 416 Fire Update -- InciWeb the Incident Information System '' . inciweb.nwcg.gov . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` June 29 , 2018 - 416 Fire Morning Update -- InciWeb the Incident Information System '' . inciweb.nwcg.gov . Retrieved 29 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1,300 homes evacuated as 416 fire north of Durango grows '' . The Denver Post . 2018 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` CO Blaze Shuts Down San Juan National Forest '' . Firehouse . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Current Fire Information and Updates Official Tourism Site of Durango , Colorado '' . www.durango.org . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` More Narrow Gauge Railroad rides canceled as fire burns near Durango '' . The Know . 2018 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` US 550 Closed North of Durango Due to `` The 416 Fire '' -- `` . www.codot.gov . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Current Fire Information and Updates Official Tourism Site of Durango , Colorado '' . www.durango.org . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ ( tns ) , The Daily Times , Farmington , N.M. `` 416 Fire : Purgatory resort to reopen , Durango area likely safe '' . www.abqjournal.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` 416 Fire affecting Durango , Silverton economy '' . KOB 4 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 02 . This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Department of Agriculture . External links ( edit ) Media related to 416 Fire at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=416_Fire&oldid=851575152 '' Categories : Current wildfires June 2018 events in the United States Wildfires in Colorado 2018 Colorado wildfires La Plata County , Colorado Hidden categories : Coordinates not on Wikidata Wikipedia articles incorporating text from public domain works of the United States Government Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 July 2018 , at 06 : 53 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

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who owns the federal reserve bank of america

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Federal_Reserve_System&oldid=834202572

Federal Reserve System - Wikipedia Federal Reserve System This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 4 April 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search `` The Fed '' redirects here . For the Welsh trade union , see South Wales Miners ' Federation . For other uses , see The Fed ( disambiguation ) . Federal Reserve System Seal of the Federal Reserve System Flag of the Federal Reserve System Headquarters Eccles Building , Washington , D.C. , U.S. Established December 23 , 1913 ( 104 years ago ) ( 1913 - 12 - 23 ) Chairman Jerome Powell Central bank of United States Currency United States dollar USD ( ISO 4217 ) Reserve requirements 0 to 10 % Bank rate 2.25 % Interest rate target 1.50 % to 1.75 % Interest on reserves 1.75 % Interest paid on excess reserves ? Yes Website Official website Public finance Policies ( show ) Agricultural Economic Energy Industrial Investment Social Trade Fiscal Monetary Policy mix Fiscal policy ( show ) Budget policy Debt external internal Deficit / surplus Finance ministry Fiscal union Revenue Spending deficit Tax Monetary policy ( show ) Bank reserves requirements Discount window Gold reserves Interest rate Monetary authority central bank currency board Monetary base Monetary ( currency ) union Money supply Trade policy ( show ) Balance of trade Free trade Gains from trade Non-tariff barrier Protectionism Tariff Trade bloc Trade creation Trade diversion Trade / commerce ministry Revenue Spending ( show ) Non-tax revenue Tax revenue Discretionary spending Mandatory spending Optimum ( show ) Balanced budget Economic growth Price stability Reform ( show ) Fiscal adjustment Monetary reform This article is part of a series on Banking in the United States of America Federal Reserve System Monetary policy Regulation Lending ( show ) Credit card Deposit accounts ( show ) Checking Money - market Savings Certificate of deposit Account insurance Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund ( NCUA ) Payment and transfer ( show ) Check clearing Check 21 Act Electronic funds transfer ( EFT ) ATM card Debit card Wire transfer Substitute check Automated Clearing House ( ACH ) Bill payment Banking charters ( show ) Credit union Federal savings bank Federal savings association National bank State bank United States portal The Federal Reserve System ( also known as the Federal Reserve or simply the Fed ) is the central banking system of the United States . It was created on December 23 , 1913 , with the enactment of the Federal Reserve Act , after a series of financial panics ( particularly the panic of 1907 ) led to the desire for central control of the monetary system in order to alleviate financial crises . Over the years , events such as the Great Depression in the 1930s and the Great Recession during the 2000s have led to the expansion of the roles and responsibilities of the Federal Reserve System . The U.S. Congress established three key objectives for monetary policy in the Federal Reserve Act : maximizing employment , stabilizing prices , and moderating long - term interest rates . The first two objectives are sometimes referred to as the Federal Reserve 's dual mandate . Its duties have expanded over the years , and as of 2009 also include supervising and regulating banks , maintaining the stability of the financial system and providing financial services to depository institutions , the U.S. government , and foreign official institutions . The Fed conducts research into the economy and provides numerous publications , such as the Beige Book and the FRED database . The Federal Reserve System is composed of several layers . It is governed by the presidentially appointed Board of Governors or Federal Reserve Board ( FRB ) . Twelve regional Federal Reserve Banks , located in cities throughout the nation , oversee the privately owned U.S. member banks . Nationally chartered commercial banks are required to hold stock in the Federal Reserve Bank of their region , which entitles them to elect some of their board members . The Federal Open Market Committee ( FOMC ) sets monetary policy ; it consists of all seven members of the Board of Governors and the twelve regional bank presidents , though only five bank presidents vote at any given time : the president of the New York Fed and four others who rotate through one - year terms . There are also various advisory councils . Thus , the Federal Reserve System has both public and private components . The structure is considered unique among central banks . It is also unusual in that the United States Department of the Treasury , an entity outside of the central bank , prints the currency used . Although an instrument of the U.S. Government , the Federal Reserve System considers itself `` an independent central bank because its monetary policy decisions do not have to be approved by the President or anyone else in the executive or legislative branches of government , it does not receive funding appropriated by the Congress , and the terms of the members of the Board of Governors span multiple presidential and congressional terms . '' The federal government sets the salaries of the board 's seven governors . The federal government receives all the system 's annual profits , after a statutory dividend of 6 % on member banks ' capital investment is paid , and an account surplus is maintained . In 2015 , the Federal Reserve made a profit of $100.2 billion and transferred $97.7 billion to the U.S. Treasury . Contents ( hide ) 1 Purpose 1.1 Addressing the problem of bank panics 1.1. 1 Check clearing system 1.1. 2 Lender of last resort 1.1. 3 Fluctuations 1.2 Central bank 1.2. 1 Federal funds 1.3 Bank regulation 1.3. 1 Government regulation and supervision 1.3. 1.1 Regulatory and oversight responsibilities 1.4 National payments system 2 Structure 2.1 Board of Governors 2.1. 1 List of members of the Board of Governors 2.1. 2 Nominations , confirmations and resignations 2.2 Federal Open Market Committee 2.3 Federal Advisory Council 2.4 Federal Reserve Banks 2.4. 1 Legal status of regional Federal Reserve Banks 2.5 Member banks 2.6 Accountability 3 Monetary policy 3.1 Interbank lending 3.2 Tools 3.2. 1 Federal funds rate and open market operations 3.2. 1.1 Repurchase agreements 3.2. 2 Discount rate 3.2. 3 Reserve requirements 3.2. 4 New facilities 3.2. 4.1 Term auction facility 3.2. 4.2 Term securities lending facility 3.2. 4.3 Primary dealer credit facility 3.2. 4.4 Interest on reserves 3.2. 4.5 Term deposit facility 3.2. 4.6 Asset Backed Commercial Paper Money Market Mutual Fund Liquidity Facility 3.2. 4.7 Commercial Paper Funding Facility 3.2. 5 Quantitative policy 4 History 4.1 Central banking in the United States , 1791 -- 1913 4.1. 1 First Central Bank , 1791 and Second Central Bank , 1816 4.1. 2 Creation of Third Central Bank , 1907 -- 1913 4.1. 2.1 Federal Reserve Act , 1913 4.2 Federal Reserve era , 1913 -- present 5 Measurement of economic variables 5.1 Net worth of households and nonprofit organizations 5.2 Money supply 5.3 Personal consumption expenditures price index 5.3. 1 Inflation and the economy 5.4 Unemployment rate 6 Budget 7 Net worth 7.1 Balance sheet 8 Criticism 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 11.1 Recent 11.2 Historical 12 External links Purpose ( edit ) The Eccles Building in Washington , D.C. , which serves as the Federal Reserve System 's headquarters The primary motivation for creating the Federal Reserve System was to address banking panics . Other purposes are stated in the Federal Reserve Act , such as `` to furnish an elastic currency , to afford means of rediscounting commercial paper , to establish a more effective supervision of banking in the United States , and for other purposes '' . Before the founding of the Federal Reserve System , the United States underwent several financial crises . A particularly severe crisis in 1907 led Congress to enact the Federal Reserve Act in 1913 . Today the Federal Reserve System has responsibilities in addition to ensuring the stability of the financial system . Current functions of the Federal Reserve System include : To address the problem of banking panics To serve as the central bank for the United States To strike a balance between private interests of banks and the centralized responsibility of government To supervise and regulate banking institutions To protect the credit rights of consumers To manage the nation 's money supply through monetary policy to achieve the sometimes - conflicting goals of maximum employment stable prices , including prevention of either inflation or deflation moderate long - term interest rates To maintain the stability of the financial system and contain systemic risk in financial markets To provide financial services to depository institutions , the U.S. government , and foreign official institutions , including playing a major role in operating the nation 's payments system To facilitate the exchange of payments among regions To respond to local liquidity needs To strengthen U.S. standing in the world economy Addressing the problem of Bank panics ( edit ) Further information : Bank run and Fractional - reserve banking Banking institutions in the United States are required to hold reserves‍ -- ‌amounts of currency and deposits in other banks‍ -- ‌equal to only a fraction of the amount of the bank 's deposit liabilities owed to customers . This practice is called fractional - reserve banking . As a result , banks usually invest the majority of the funds received from depositors . On rare occasions , too many of the bank 's customers will withdraw their savings and the bank will need help from another institution to continue operating ; this is called a bank run . Bank runs can lead to a multitude of social and economic problems . The Federal Reserve System was designed as an attempt to prevent or minimize the occurrence of bank runs , and possibly act as a lender of last resort when a bank run does occur . Many economists , following Milton Friedman , believe that the Federal Reserve inappropriately refused to lend money to small banks during the bank runs of 1929 . Check clearing System ( edit ) Because some banks refused to clear checks from certain other banks during times of economic uncertainty , a check - clearing system was created in the Federal Reserve System . It is briefly described in The Federal Reserve System‍ -- ‌Purposes and Functions as follows : By creating the Federal Reserve System , Congress intended to eliminate the severe financial crises that had periodically swept the nation , especially the sort of financial panic that occurred in 1907 . During that episode , payments were disrupted throughout the country because many banks and clearinghouses refused to clear checks drawn on certain other banks , a practice that contributed to the failure of otherwise solvent banks . To address these problems , Congress gave the Federal Reserve System the authority to establish a nationwide check - clearing system . The System , then , was to provide not only an elastic currency‍ -- ‌that is , a currency that would expand or shrink in amount as economic conditions warranted‍ -- ‌but also an efficient and equitable check - collection system . Lender of last resort ( edit ) In the United States , the Federal Reserve serves as the lender of last resort to those institutions that can not obtain credit elsewhere and the collapse of which would have serious implications for the economy . It took over this role from the private sector `` clearing houses '' which operated during the Free Banking Era ; whether public or private , the availability of liquidity was intended to prevent bank runs . Fluctuations ( edit ) Through its discount window and credit operations , Reserve Banks provide liquidity to banks to meet short - term needs stemming from seasonal fluctuations in deposits or unexpected withdrawals . Longer term liquidity may also be provided in exceptional circumstances . The rate the Fed charges banks for these loans is called the discount rate ( officially the primary credit rate ) . By making these loans , the Fed serves as a buffer against unexpected day - to - day fluctuations in reserve demand and supply . This contributes to the effective functioning of the banking system , alleviates pressure in the reserves market and reduces the extent of unexpected movements in the interest rates . For example , on September 16 , 2008 , the Federal Reserve Board authorized an $85 billion loan to stave off the bankruptcy of international insurance giant American International Group ( AIG ) . Central Bank ( edit ) Further information : Central bank Obverse of a Federal Reserve $1 note issued in 2009 In its role as the central bank of the United States , the Fed serves as a banker 's bank and as the government 's bank . As the banker 's bank , it helps to assure the safety and efficiency of the payments system . As the government 's bank or fiscal agent , the Fed processes a variety of financial transactions involving trillions of dollars . Just as an individual might keep an account at a bank , the U.S. Treasury keeps a checking account with the Federal Reserve , through which incoming federal tax deposits and outgoing government payments are handled . As part of this service relationship , the Fed sells and redeems U.S. government securities such as savings bonds and Treasury bills , notes and bonds . It also issues the nation 's coin and paper currency . The U.S. Treasury , through its Bureau of the Mint and Bureau of Engraving and Printing , actually produces the nation 's cash supply and , in effect , sells the paper currency to the Federal Reserve Banks at manufacturing cost , and the coins at face value . The Federal Reserve Banks then distribute it to other financial institutions in various ways . During the Fiscal Year 2013 , the Bureau of Engraving and Printing delivered 6.6 billion notes at an average cost of 5.0 cents per note . Federal funds ( edit ) Main article : Federal funds Federal funds are the reserve balances ( also called Federal Reserve Deposits ) that private banks keep at their local Federal Reserve Bank . These balances are the namesake reserves of the Federal Reserve System . The purpose of keeping funds at a Federal Reserve Bank is to have a mechanism for private banks to lend funds to one another . This market for funds plays an important role in the Federal Reserve System as it is what inspired the name of the system and it is what is used as the basis for monetary policy . Monetary policy is put into effect partly by influencing how much interest the private banks charge each other for the lending of these funds . Federal reserve accounts contain federal reserve credit , which can be converted into federal reserve notes . Private banks maintain their bank reserves in federal reserve accounts . Bank regulation ( edit ) The Federal Reserve regulates private banks . The system was designed out of a compromise between the competing philosophies of privatization and government regulation . In 2006 Donald L. Kohn , vice chairman of the Board of Governors , summarized the history of this compromise : Agrarian and progressive interests , led by William Jennings Bryan , favored a central bank under public , rather than banker , control . But the vast majority of the nation 's bankers , concerned about government intervention in the banking business , opposed a central bank structure directed by political appointees . The legislation that Congress ultimately adopted in 1913 reflected a hard - fought battle to balance these two competing views and created the hybrid public - private , centralized - decentralized structure that we have today . The balance between private interests and government can also be seen in the structure of the system . Private banks elect members of the board of directors at their regional Federal Reserve Bank while the members of the Board of Governors are selected by the President of the United States and confirmed by the Senate . Government regulation and supervision ( edit ) Ben Bernanke ( lower - right ) , Former Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors , at a House Financial Services Committee hearing on February 10 , 2009 . Members of the Board frequently testify before congressional committees such as this one . The Senate equivalent of the House Financial Services Committee is the Senate Committee on Banking , Housing , and Urban Affairs . The Federal Banking Agency Audit Act , enacted in 1978 as Public Law 95 - 320 and 31 U.S.C. section 714 establish that the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and the Federal Reserve banks may be audited by the Government Accountability Office ( GAO ) . The GAO has authority to audit check - processing , currency storage and shipments , and some regulatory and bank examination functions , however , there are restrictions to what the GAO may audit . Under the Federal Banking Agency Audit Act , 31 U.S.C. section 714 ( b ) , audits of the Federal Reserve Board and Federal Reserve banks do not include ( 1 ) transactions for or with a foreign central bank or government or non-private international financing organization ; ( 2 ) deliberations , decisions , or actions on monetary policy matters ; ( 3 ) transactions made under the direction of the Federal Open Market Committee ; or ( 4 ) a part of a discussion or communication among or between members of the Board of Governors and officers and employees of the Federal Reserve System related to items ( 1 ) , ( 2 ) , or ( 3 ) . See Federal Reserve System Audits : Restrictions on GAO 's Access ( GAO / T - GGD - 94 - 44 ) , statement of Charles A. Bowsher . The Board of Governors in the Federal Reserve System has a number of supervisory and regulatory responsibilities in the U.S. banking system , but not complete responsibility . A general description of the types of regulation and supervision involved in the U.S. banking system is given by the Federal Reserve : The Board also plays a major role in the supervision and regulation of the U.S. banking system . It has supervisory responsibilities for state - chartered banks that are members of the Federal Reserve System , bank holding companies ( companies that control banks ) , the foreign activities of member banks , the U.S. activities of foreign banks , and Edge Act and `` agreement corporations '' ( limited - purpose institutions that engage in a foreign banking business ) . The Board and , under delegated authority , the Federal Reserve Banks , supervise approximately 900 state member banks and 5,000 bank holding companies . Other federal agencies also serve as the primary federal supervisors of commercial banks ; the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency supervises national banks , and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation supervises state banks that are not members of the Federal Reserve System . Some regulations issued by the Board apply to the entire banking industry , whereas others apply only to member banks , that is , state banks that have chosen to join the Federal Reserve System and national banks , which by law must be members of the System . The Board also issues regulations to carry out major federal laws governing consumer credit protection , such as the Truth in Lending , Equal Credit Opportunity , and Home Mortgage Disclosure Acts . Many of these consumer protection regulations apply to various lenders outside the banking industry as well as to banks . Members of the Board of Governors are in continual contact with other policy makers in government . They frequently testify before congressional committees on the economy , monetary policy , banking supervision and regulation , consumer credit protection , financial markets , and other matters . The Board has regular contact with members of the President 's Council of Economic Advisers and other key economic officials . The Chair also meets from time to time with the President of the United States and has regular meetings with the Secretary of the Treasury . The Chair has formal responsibilities in the international arena as well . Regulatory and oversight responsibilities ( edit ) The board of directors of each Federal Reserve Bank District also has regulatory and supervisory responsibilities . If the board of directors of a district bank has judged that a member bank is performing or behaving poorly , it will report this to the Board of Governors . This policy is described in United States Code : Each Federal reserve bank shall keep itself informed of the general character and amount of the loans and investments of its member banks with a view to ascertaining whether undue use is being made of bank credit for the speculative carrying of or trading in securities , real estate , or commodities , or for any other purpose inconsistent with the maintenance of sound credit conditions ; and , in determining whether to grant or refuse advances , rediscounts , or other credit accommodations , the Federal reserve bank shall give consideration to such information . The chairman of the Federal reserve bank shall report to the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System any such undue use of bank credit by any member bank , together with his recommendation . Whenever , in the judgment of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System , any member bank is making such undue use of bank credit , the Board may , in its discretion , after reasonable notice and an opportunity for a hearing , suspend such bank from the use of the credit facilities of the Federal Reserve System and may terminate such suspension or may renew it from time to time . National payments System ( edit ) The Federal Reserve plays an important role in the U.S. payments system . The twelve Federal Reserve Banks provide banking services to depository institutions and to the federal government . For depository institutions , they maintain accounts and provide various payment services , including collecting checks , electronically transferring funds , and distributing and receiving currency and coin . For the federal government , the Reserve Banks act as fiscal agents , paying Treasury checks ; processing electronic payments ; and issuing , transferring , and redeeming U.S. government securities . In the Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act of 1980 , Congress reaffirmed that the Federal Reserve should promote an efficient nationwide payments system . The act subjects all depository institutions , not just member commercial banks , to reserve requirements and grants them equal access to Reserve Bank payment services . The Federal Reserve plays a role in the nation 's retail and wholesale payments systems by providing financial services to depository institutions . Retail payments are generally for relatively small - dollar amounts and often involve a depository institution 's retail clients‍ -- ‌individuals and smaller businesses . The Reserve Banks ' retail services include distributing currency and coin , collecting checks , and electronically transferring funds through the automated clearinghouse system . By contrast , wholesale payments are generally for large - dollar amounts and often involve a depository institution 's large corporate customers or counterparties , including other financial institutions . The Reserve Banks ' wholesale services include electronically transferring funds through the Fedwire Funds Service and transferring securities issued by the U.S. government , its agencies , and certain other entities through the Fedwire Securities Service . Structure ( edit ) Main article : Structure of the Federal Reserve System Organization of the Federal Reserve System The Federal Reserve System has a `` unique structure that is both public and private '' and is described as `` independent within the government '' rather than `` independent of government '' . The System does not require public funding , and derives its authority and purpose from the Federal Reserve Act , which was passed by Congress in 1913 and is subject to Congressional modification or repeal . The four main components of the Federal Reserve System are ( 1 ) the Board of Governors , ( 2 ) the Federal Open Market Committee , ( 3 ) the twelve regional Federal Reserve Banks , and ( 4 ) the member banks throughout the country . District # Letter Federal Reserve Bank Branches Website President Boston http://www.bos.frb.org Eric S. Rosengren New York City Buffalo , New York ( closed as of October 31 , 2008 ) http://www.newyorkfed.org William C. Dudley Philadelphia http://www.philadelphiafed.org Patrick T. Harker Cleveland Cincinnati , Ohio Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania http://www.clevelandfed.org Loretta J. Mester 5 Richmond Baltimore , Maryland Charlotte , North Carolina http://www.richmondfed.org Thomas Barkin 6 Atlanta Birmingham , Alabama Jacksonville , Florida Miami , Florida Nashville , Tennessee New Orleans , Louisiana http://www.frbatlanta.org Raphael Bostic 7 Chicago Detroit , Michigan Des Moines , Iowa http://www.chicagofed.org Charles L. Evans 8 St Louis Little Rock , Arkansas Louisville , Kentucky Memphis , Tennessee http://www.stlouisfed.org James B. Bullard 9 Minneapolis Helena , Montana https://www.minneapolisfed.org Neel Kashkari 10 Kansas City Denver , Colorado Oklahoma City , Oklahoma Omaha , Nebraska http://www.kansascityfed.org Esther George 11 Dallas El Paso , Texas Houston , Texas San Antonio , Texas http://www.dallasfed.org Robert Steven Kaplan 12 San Francisco Los Angeles , California Portland , Oregon Salt Lake City , Utah Seattle , Washington http://www.frbsf.org John C. Williams Board of Governors ( edit ) Main article : Federal Reserve Board of Governors The seven - member Board of Governors is a federal agency . It is charged with the overseeing of the 12 District Reserve Banks and setting national monetary policy . It also supervises and regulates the U.S. banking system in general . Governors are appointed by the President of the United States and confirmed by the Senate for staggered 14 - year terms . One term begins every two years , on February 1 of even - numbered years , and members serving a full term can not be renominated for a second term . `` ( U ) pon the expiration of their terms of office , members of the Board shall continue to serve until their successors are appointed and have qualified . '' The law provides for the removal of a member of the board by the President `` for cause '' . The board is required to make an annual report of operations to the Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives . The Chair and Vice Chair of the Board of Governors are appointed by the President from among the sitting Governors . They both serve a four - year term and they can be renominated as many times as the President chooses , until their terms on the Board of Governors expire . List of members of the Board of Governors ( edit ) The current members of the Board of Governors are as follows : Governor Political Party Entered office Term expires Jerome Powell ( Chair ) Republican February 5 , 2018 ( as Chair ) May 25 , 2012 ( as Governor ) June 16 , 2014 ( new term ) February 5 , 2022 ( as Chair ) January 31 , 2028 ( as Governor ) Vacant ( Vice Chair ) N / A ( as Vice Chair ) January 31 , 2020 ( as Governor ) Randal Quarles ( Vice Chair for Supervision ) Republican October 13 , 2017 ( as Vice Chair for Supervision ) October 13 , 2017 October 13 , 2021 ( as Vice Chair for Supervision ) January 31 , 2018 ( as Governor ) Lael Brainard Democratic June 16 , 2014 January 31 , 2026 Vacant January 31 , 2022 Vacant January 31 , 2024 Vacant January 31 , 2030 Indicates the date of term expiration for the individual nominated to this vacant position . Nominations , confirmations and resignations ( edit ) In late December 2011 , President Barack Obama nominated Jeremy C. Stein , a Harvard University finance professor and a Democrat , and Jerome Powell , formerly of Dillon Read , Bankers Trust and The Carlyle Group and a Republican . Both candidates also have Treasury Department experience in the Obama and George H.W. Bush administrations respectively . `` Obama administration officials ( had ) regrouped to identify Fed candidates after Peter Diamond , a Nobel Prize - winning economist , withdrew his nomination to the board in June ( 2011 ) in the face of Republican opposition . Richard Clarida , a potential nominee who was a Treasury official under George W. Bush , pulled out of consideration in August ( 2011 ) '' , one account of the December nominations noted . The two other Obama nominees in 2011 , Yellen and Raskin , were confirmed in September . One of the vacancies was created in 2011 with the resignation of Kevin Warsh , who took office in 2006 to fill the unexpired term ending January 31 , 2018 , and resigned his position effective March 31 , 2011 . In March 2012 , U.S. Senator David Vitter ( R , LA ) said he would oppose Obama 's Stein and Powell nominations , dampening near - term hopes for approval . However Senate leaders reached a deal , paving the way for affirmative votes on the two nominees in May 2012 and bringing the board to full strength for the first time since 2006 with Duke 's service after term end . Later , on January 6 , 2014 , the United States Senate confirmed Yellen 's nomination to be Chair of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors ; she is slated to be the first woman to hold the position and will become Chair on February 1 , 2014 . Subsequently , President Obama nominated Stanley Fischer to replace Yellen as the Vice Chair . In April 2014 , Stein announced he was leaving to return to Harvard May 28 with four years remaining on his term . At the time of the announcement , the FOMC `` already is down three members as it awaits the Senate confirmation of ... Fischer and Lael Brainard , and as ( President ) Obama has yet to name a replacement for ... Duke ... Powell is still serving as he awaits his confirmation for a second term . '' Allan R. Landon , former president and CEO of the Bank of Hawaii , was nominated in early 2015 by President Obama to the board . In July 2015 , President Obama nominated University of Michigan economist Kathryn M. Dominguez to fill the second vacancy on the board . The Senate had not yet acted on Landon 's confirmation by the time of the second nomination . Daniel Tarullo submitted his resignation from the board on February 10 , 2017 , effective on or around April 5 , 2017 . Federal open market Committee ( edit ) Main article : Federal Open Market Committee The Federal Open Market Committee ( FOMC ) consists of 12 members , seven from the Board of Governors and 5 of the regional Federal Reserve Bank presidents . The FOMC oversees and sets policy on open market operations , the principal tool of national monetary policy . These operations affect the amount of Federal Reserve balances available to depository institutions , thereby influencing overall monetary and credit conditions . The FOMC also directs operations undertaken by the Federal Reserve in foreign exchange markets . The FOMC must reach consensus on all decisions . The president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York is a permanent member of the FOMC ; the presidents of the other banks rotate membership at two - and three - year intervals . All Regional Reserve Bank presidents contribute to the committee 's assessment of the economy and of policy options , but only the five presidents who are then members of the FOMC vote on policy decisions . The FOMC determines its own internal organization and , by tradition , elects the Chair of the Board of Governors as its chair and the president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York as its vice chair . Formal meetings typically are held eight times each year in Washington , D.C. Nonvoting Reserve Bank presidents also participate in Committee deliberations and discussion . The FOMC generally meets eight times a year in telephone consultations and other meetings are held when needed . Federal advisory Council ( edit ) Main article : Federal Advisory Council The Federal Advisory Council , composed of twelve representatives of the banking industry , advises the board on all matters within its jurisdiction . Federal Reserve banks ( edit ) Main article : Federal Reserve Bank Map of the twelve Federal Reserve Districts , with the twelve Federal Reserve Banks marked as black squares , and all Branches within each district ( 24 total ) marked as red circles . The Washington DC Headquarters is marked with a star . ( Also , a 25th branch in Buffalo , NY had been closed in 2008 . ) The twelve Reserve Banks buildings in 1936 There are 12 Federal Reserve Banks , each of which is responsible for member banks located in its district . They are located in Boston , New York , Philadelphia , Cleveland , Richmond , Atlanta , Chicago , St. Louis , Minneapolis , Kansas City , Dallas , and San Francisco . The size of each district was set based upon the population distribution of the United States when the Federal Reserve Act was passed . The charter and organization of each Federal Reserve Bank is established by law and can not be altered by the member banks . Member banks , do however , elect six of the nine members of the Federal Reserve Banks ' boards of directors . Each regional Bank has a president , who is the chief executive officer of their Bank . Each regional Reserve Bank 's president is nominated by their Bank 's board of directors , but the nomination is contingent upon approval by the Board of Governors . Presidents serve five - year terms and may be reappointed . Each regional Bank 's board consists of nine members . Members are broken down into three classes : A , B , and C. There are three board members in each class . Class A members are chosen by the regional Bank 's shareholders , and are intended to represent member banks ' interests . Member banks are divided into three categories : large , medium , and small . Each category elects one of the three class A board members . Class B board members are also nominated by the region 's member banks , but class B board members are supposed to represent the interests of the public . Lastly , class C board members are appointed by the Board of Governors , and are also intended to represent the interests of the public . Legal status of regional Federal Reserve banks ( edit ) The Federal Reserve Banks have an intermediate legal status , with some features of private corporations and some features of public federal agencies . The United States has an interest in the Federal Reserve Banks as tax - exempt federally created instrumentalities whose profits belong to the federal government , but this interest is not proprietary . In Lewis v. United States , the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit stated that : `` The Reserve Banks are not federal instrumentalities for purposes of the FTCA ( the Federal Tort Claims Act ) , but are independent , privately owned and locally controlled corporations . '' The opinion went on to say , however , that : `` The Reserve Banks have properly been held to be federal instrumentalities for some purposes . '' Another relevant decision is Scott v. Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City , in which the distinction is made between Federal Reserve Banks , which are federally created instrumentalities , and the Board of Governors , which is a federal agency . Regarding the structural relationship between the twelve Federal Reserve banks and the various commercial ( member ) banks , political science professor Michael D. Reagan has written that : ... the `` ownership '' of the Reserve Banks by the commercial banks is symbolic ; they do not exercise the proprietary control associated with the concept of ownership nor share , beyond the statutory dividend , in Reserve Bank `` profits . '' ... Bank ownership and election at the base are therefore devoid of substantive significance , despite the superficial appearance of private bank control that the formal arrangement creates . Plaque marking a bank as a member Member banks ( edit ) A member bank is a private institution and owns stock in its regional Federal Reserve Bank . All nationally chartered banks hold stock in one of the Federal Reserve Banks . State chartered banks may choose to be members ( and hold stock in their regional Federal Reserve bank ) upon meeting certain standards . The amount of stock a member bank must own is equal to 3 % of its combined capital and surplus . However , holding stock in a Federal Reserve bank is not like owning stock in a publicly traded company . These stocks can not be sold or traded , and member banks do not control the Federal Reserve Bank as a result of owning this stock . From the profits of the Regional Bank of which it is a member , a member bank receives a dividend equal to 6 % of its purchased stock . The remainder of the regional Federal Reserve Banks ' profits is given over to the United States Treasury Department . In 2015 , the Federal Reserve Banks made a profit of $100.2 billion and distributed $2.5 billion in dividends to member banks as well as returning $97.7 billion to the U.S. Treasury . About 38 % of U.S. banks are members of their regional Federal Reserve Bank . Accountability ( edit ) The GAO and an outside auditor regularly audit the Board of Governors , the Federal Reserve banks , and individual member banks . Audits do not cover `` most of the Fed 's monetary policy actions or decisions , including discount window lending ( direct loans to financial institutions ) , open - market operations and any other transactions made under the direction of the Federal Open Market Committee '' ... ( nor may the GAO audit ) `` dealings with foreign governments and other central banks . '' As of August 27 , 2012 , the Federal Reserve Board has been publishing unaudited financial reports for the Federal Reserve banks every quarter . This is an expansion of prior financial reporting practices . Greater transparency is offered with more frequent disclosure and more detail . November 7 , 2008 , Bloomberg L.P. News brought a lawsuit against the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System to force the board to reveal the identities of firms for which it has provided guarantees during the financial crisis of 2007 -- 2008 . Bloomberg , L.P. won at the trial court and the Fed 's appeals were rejected at both the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and the U.S. Supreme Court . The data was released on March 31 , 2011 . Monetary policy ( edit ) Further information : Monetary policy of the United States The term `` monetary policy '' refers to the actions undertaken by a central bank , such as the Federal Reserve , to influence the availability and cost of money and credit to help promote national economic goals . What happens to money and credit affects interest rates ( the cost of credit ) and the performance of an economy . The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 gave the Federal Reserve authority to set monetary policy in the United States . Interbank lending ( edit ) The Federal Reserve sets monetary policy by influencing the federal funds rate , which is the rate of interbank lending of excess reserves . The rate that banks charge each other for these loans is determined in the interbank market and the Federal Reserve influences this rate through the three `` tools '' of monetary policy described in the Tools section below . The federal funds rate is a short - term interest rate that the FOMC focuses on , which affects the longer - term interest rates throughout the economy . The Federal Reserve summarized its monetary policy in 2005 : The Federal Reserve implements U.S. monetary policy by affecting conditions in the market for balances that depository institutions hold at the Federal Reserve Banks ... By conducting open market operations , imposing reserve requirements , permitting depository institutions to hold contractual clearing balances , and extending credit through its discount window facility , the Federal Reserve exercises considerable control over the demand for and supply of Federal Reserve balances and the federal funds rate . Through its control of the federal funds rate , the Federal Reserve is able to foster financial and monetary conditions consistent with its monetary policy objectives . Effects on the quantity of reserves that banks used to make loans influence the economy . Policy actions that add reserves to the banking system encourage lending at lower interest rates thus stimulating growth in money , credit , and the economy . Policy actions that absorb reserves work in the opposite direction . The Fed 's task is to supply enough reserves to support an adequate amount of money and credit , avoiding the excesses that result in inflation and the shortages that stifle economic growth . Tools ( edit ) There are three main tools of monetary policy that the Federal Reserve uses to influence the amount of reserves in private banks : Tool Description Open market operations Purchases and sales of U.S. Treasury and federal agency securities‍ -- ‌the Federal Reserve 's principal tool for implementing monetary policy . The Federal Reserve 's objective for open market operations has varied over the years . During the 1980s , the focus gradually shifted toward attaining a specified level of the federal funds rate ( the rate that banks charge each other for overnight loans of federal funds , which are the reserves held by banks at the Fed ) , a process that was largely complete by the end of the decade . Discount rate The interest rate charged to commercial banks and other depository institutions on loans they receive from their regional Federal Reserve Bank 's lending facility‍ -- ‌the discount window . Reserve requirements The amount of funds that a depository institution must hold in reserve against specified deposit liabilities . Federal funds rate and open market operations ( edit ) Further information : Open market operations , money creation , and federal funds rate The Federal Reserve System implements monetary policy largely by targeting the federal funds rate . This is the interest rate that banks charge each other for overnight loans of federal funds , which are the reserves held by banks at the Fed . This rate is actually determined by the market and is not explicitly mandated by the Fed . The Fed therefore tries to align the effective federal funds rate with the targeted rate by adding or subtracting from the money supply through open market operations . The Federal Reserve System usually adjusts the federal funds rate target by 0.25 % or 0.50 % at a time . Open market operations allow the Federal Reserve to increase or decrease the amount of money in the banking system as necessary to balance the Federal Reserve 's dual mandates . Open market operations are done through the sale and purchase of United States Treasury security , sometimes called `` Treasury bills '' or more informally `` T - bills '' or `` Treasuries '' . The Federal Reserve buys Treasury bills from its primary dealers . The purchase of these securities affects the federal funds rate , because primary dealers have accounts at depository institutions . The Federal Reserve education website describes open market operations as follows : Open market operations involve the buying and selling of U.S. government securities ( federal agency and mortgage - backed ) . The term ' open market ' means that the Fed does n't decide on its own which securities dealers it will do business with on a particular day . Rather , the choice emerges from an ' open market ' in which the various securities dealers that the Fed does business with‍ -- ‌the primary dealers‍ -- ‌compete on the basis of price . Open market operations are flexible and thus , the most frequently used tool of monetary policy . Open market operations are the primary tool used to regulate the supply of bank reserves . This tool consists of Federal Reserve purchases and sales of financial instruments , usually securities issued by the U.S. Treasury , Federal agencies and government - sponsored enterprises . Open market operations are carried out by the Domestic Trading Desk of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York under direction from the FOMC . The transactions are undertaken with primary dealers . The Fed 's goal in trading the securities is to affect the federal funds rate , the rate at which banks borrow reserves from each other . When the Fed wants to increase reserves , it buys securities and pays for them by making a deposit to the account maintained at the Fed by the primary dealer 's bank . When the Fed wants to reduce reserves , it sells securities and collects from those accounts . Most days , the Fed does not want to increase or decrease reserves permanently so it usually engages in transactions reversed within a day or two . That means that a reserve injection today could be withdrawn tomorrow morning , only to be renewed at some level several hours later . These short - term transactions are called repurchase agreements ( repos ) ‍ -- ‌the dealer sells the Fed a security and agrees to buy it back at a later date . Repurchase agreements ( edit ) Further information : Repurchase agreement To smooth temporary or cyclical changes in the money supply , the desk engages in repurchase agreements ( repos ) with its primary dealers . Repos are essentially secured , short - term lending by the Fed . On the day of the transaction , the Fed deposits money in a primary dealer 's reserve account , and receives the promised securities as collateral . When the transaction matures , the process unwinds : the Fed returns the collateral and charges the primary dealer 's reserve account for the principal and accrued interest . The term of the repo ( the time between settlement and maturity ) can vary from 1 day ( called an overnight repo ) to 65 days . Discount rate ( edit ) Further information : Discount window The Federal Reserve System also directly sets the `` discount rate '' , which is the interest rate for `` discount window lending '' , overnight loans that member banks borrow directly from the Fed . This rate is generally set at a rate close to 100 basis points above the target federal funds rate . The idea is to encourage banks to seek alternative funding before using the `` discount rate '' option . The equivalent operation by the European Central Bank is referred to as the `` marginal lending facility '' . Both the discount rate and the federal funds rate influence the prime rate , which is usually about 3 percentage points higher than the federal funds rate . Reserve requirements ( edit ) Another instrument of monetary policy adjustment employed by the Federal Reserve System is the fractional reserve requirement , also known as the required reserve ratio . The required reserve ratio sets the balance that the Federal Reserve System requires a depository institution to hold in the Federal Reserve Banks , which depository institutions trade in the federal funds market discussed above . The required reserve ratio is set by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . The reserve requirements have changed over time and some history of these changes is published by the Federal Reserve . Reserve Requirements in the U.S. Federal Reserve System Liability Type Requirement Percentage of liabilities Effective date Net transaction accounts $0 to $11.5 million 0 December 29 , 2011 More than $11.5 million to $71 million December 29 , 2011 More than $71 million 10 December 29 , 2011 Nonpersonal time deposits 0 December 27 , 1990 Eurocurrency liabilities 0 December 27 , 1990 As a response to the financial crisis of 2008 , the Federal Reserve now makes interest payments on depository institutions ' required and excess reserve balances . The payment of interest on excess reserves gives the central bank greater opportunity to address credit market conditions while maintaining the federal funds rate close to the target rate set by the FOMC . New facilities ( edit ) In order to address problems related to the subprime mortgage crisis and United States housing bubble , several new tools have been created . The first new tool , called the Term Auction Facility , was added on December 12 , 2007 . It was first announced as a temporary tool but there have been suggestions that this new tool may remain in place for a prolonged period of time . Creation of the second new tool , called the Term Securities Lending Facility , was announced on March 11 , 2008 . The main difference between these two facilities is that the Term Auction Facility is used to inject cash into the banking system whereas the Term Securities Lending Facility is used to inject treasury securities into the banking system . Creation of the third tool , called the Primary Dealer Credit Facility ( PDCF ) , was announced on March 16 , 2008 . The PDCF was a fundamental change in Federal Reserve policy because now the Fed is able to lend directly to primary dealers , which was previously against Fed policy . The differences between these three new facilities is described by the Federal Reserve : The Term Auction Facility program offers term funding to depository institutions via a bi-weekly auction , for fixed amounts of credit . The Term Securities Lending Facility will be an auction for a fixed amount of lending of Treasury general collateral in exchange for OMO - eligible and AAA / Aaa rated private - label residential mortgage - backed securities . The Primary Dealer Credit Facility now allows eligible primary dealers to borrow at the existing Discount Rate for up to 120 days . Some measures taken by the Federal Reserve to address this mortgage crisis have not been used since the Great Depression . The Federal Reserve gives a brief summary of these new facilities : As the economy has slowed in the last nine months and credit markets have become unstable , the Federal Reserve has taken a number of steps to help address the situation . These steps have included the use of traditional monetary policy tools at the macroeconomic level as well as measures at the level of specific markets to provide additional liquidity . The Federal Reserve 's response has continued to evolve since pressure on credit markets began to surface last summer , but all these measures derive from the Fed 's traditional open market operations and discount window tools by extending the term of transactions , the type of collateral , or eligible borrowers . A fourth facility , the Term Deposit Facility , was announced December 9 , 2009 , and approved April 30 , 2010 , with an effective date of June 4 , 2010 . The Term Deposit Facility allows Reserve Banks to offer term deposits to institutions that are eligible to receive earnings on their balances at Reserve Banks . Term deposits are intended to facilitate the implementation of monetary policy by providing a tool by which the Federal Reserve can manage the aggregate quantity of reserve balances held by depository institutions . Funds placed in term deposits are removed from the accounts of participating institutions for the life of the term deposit and thus drain reserve balances from the banking system . Term Auction Facility ( edit ) Further information : Term auction facility The Term Auction Facility is a program in which the Federal Reserve auctions term funds to depository institutions . The creation of this facility was announced by the Federal Reserve on December 12 , 2007 , and was done in conjunction with the Bank of Canada , the Bank of England , the European Central Bank , and the Swiss National Bank to address elevated pressures in short - term funding markets . The reason it was created is that banks were not lending funds to one another and banks in need of funds were refusing to go to the discount window . Banks were not lending money to each other because there was a fear that the loans would not be paid back . Banks refused to go to the discount window because it is usually associated with the stigma of bank failure . Under the Term Auction Facility , the identity of the banks in need of funds is protected in order to avoid the stigma of bank failure . Foreign exchange swap lines with the European Central Bank and Swiss National Bank were opened so the banks in Europe could have access to U.S. dollars . Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke briefly described this facility to the U.S. House of Representatives on January 17 , 2008 : the Federal Reserve recently unveiled a term auction facility , or TAF , through which prespecified amounts of discount window credit can be auctioned to eligible borrowers . The goal of the TAF is to reduce the incentive for banks to hoard cash and increase their willingness to provide credit to households and firms ... TAF auctions will continue as long as necessary to address elevated pressures in short - term funding markets , and we will continue to work closely and cooperatively with other central banks to address market strains that could hamper the achievement of our broader economic objectives . It is also described in the Term Auction Facility FAQ The TAF is a credit facility that allows a depository institution to place a bid for an advance from its local Federal Reserve Bank at an interest rate that is determined as the result of an auction . By allowing the Federal Reserve to inject term funds through a broader range of counterparties and against a broader range of collateral than open market operations , this facility could help ensure that liquidity provisions can be disseminated efficiently even when the unsecured interbank markets are under stress . In short , the TAF will auction term funds of approximately one - month maturity . All depository institutions that are judged to be in sound financial condition by their local Reserve Bank and that are eligible to borrow at the discount window are also eligible to participate in TAF auctions . All TAF credit must be fully collateralized . Depositories may pledge the broad range of collateral that is accepted for other Federal Reserve lending programs to secure TAF credit . The same collateral values and margins applicable for other Federal Reserve lending programs will also apply for the TAF . Term securities lending Facility ( edit ) The Term Securities Lending Facility is a 28 - day facility that will offer Treasury general collateral to the Federal Reserve Bank of New York 's primary dealers in exchange for other program - eligible collateral . It is intended to promote liquidity in the financing markets for Treasury and other collateral and thus to foster the functioning of financial markets more generally . Like the Term Auction Facility , the TSLF was done in conjunction with the Bank of Canada , the Bank of England , the European Central Bank , and the Swiss National Bank . The resource allows dealers to switch debt that is less liquid for U.S. government securities that are easily tradable . The currency swap lines with the European Central Bank and Swiss National Bank were increased . Primary dealer credit Facility ( edit ) The Primary Dealer Credit Facility ( PDCF ) is an overnight loan facility that will provide funding to primary dealers in exchange for a specified range of eligible collateral and is intended to foster the functioning of financial markets more generally . This new facility marks a fundamental change in Federal Reserve policy because now primary dealers can borrow directly from the Fed when this used to be prohibited . Interest on reserves ( edit ) Main article : Interest on excess reserves in the United States As of October 2008 , the Federal Reserve banks will pay interest on reserve balances ( required and excess ) held by depository institutions . The rate is set at the lowest federal funds rate during the reserve maintenance period of an institution , less 75 bp . As of October 23 , 2008 , the Fed has lowered the spread to a mere 35 bp . Term deposit Facility ( edit ) The Term Deposit Facility is a program through which the Federal Reserve Banks will offer interest - bearing term deposits to eligible institutions . By removing `` excess deposits '' from participating banks , the overall level of reserves available for lending is reduced , which should result in increased market interest rates , acting as a brake on economic activity and inflation . The Federal Reserve has stated that : Term deposits will be one of several tools that the Federal Reserve could employ to drain reserves when policymakers judge that it is appropriate to begin moving to a less accommodative stance of monetary policy . The development of the TDF is a matter of prudent planning and has no implication for the near - term conduct of monetary policy . The Federal Reserve initially authorized up to five `` small - value offerings are designed to ensure the effectiveness of TDF operations and to provide eligible institutions with an opportunity to gain familiarity with term deposit procedures . '' After three of the offering auctions were successfully completed , it was announced that small - value auctions would continue on an ongoing basis . The Term Deposit Facility is essentially a tool available to reverse the efforts that have been employed to provide liquidity to the financial markets and to reduce the amount of capital available to the economy . As stated in Bloomberg News : Policy makers led by Chairman Ben S. Bernanke are preparing for the day when they will have to start siphoning off more than $1 trillion in excess reserves from the banking system to contain inflation . The Fed is charting an eventual return to normal monetary policy , even as a weakening near - term outlook has raised the possibility it may expand its balance sheet . Chairman Ben S. Bernanke , testifying before House Committee on Financial Services , described the Term Deposit Facility and other facilities to Congress in the following terms : Most importantly , in October 2008 the Congress gave the Federal Reserve statutory authority to pay interest on balances that banks hold at the Federal Reserve Banks . By increasing the interest rate on banks ' reserves , the Federal Reserve will be able to put significant upward pressure on all short - term interest rates , as banks will not supply short - term funds to the money markets at rates significantly below what they can earn by holding reserves at the Federal Reserve Banks . Actual and prospective increases in short - term interest rates will be reflected in turn in higher longer - term interest rates and in tighter financial conditions more generally ... As an additional means of draining reserves , the Federal Reserve is also developing plans to offer to depository institutions term deposits , which are roughly analogous to certificates of deposit that the institutions offer to their customers . A proposal describing a term deposit facility was recently published in the Federal Register , and the Federal Reserve is finalizing a revised proposal in light of the public comments that have been received . After a revised proposal is reviewed by the Board , we expect to be able to conduct test transactions this spring and to have the facility available if necessary thereafter . The use of reverse repos and the deposit facility would together allow the Federal Reserve to drain hundreds of billions of dollars of reserves from the banking system quite quickly , should it choose to do so . When these tools are used to drain reserves from the banking system , they do so by replacing bank reserves with other liabilities ; the asset side and the overall size of the Federal Reserve 's balance sheet remain unchanged . If necessary , as a means of applying monetary restraint , the Federal Reserve also has the option of redeeming or selling securities . The redemption or sale of securities would have the effect of reducing the size of the Federal Reserve 's balance sheet as well as further reducing the quantity of reserves in the banking system . Restoring the size and composition of the balance sheet to a more normal configuration is a longer - term objective of our policies . In any case , the sequencing of steps and the combination of tools that the Federal Reserve uses as it exits from its currently very accommodative policy stance will depend on economic and financial developments and on our best judgments about how to meet the Federal Reserve 's dual mandate of maximum employment and price stability . In sum , in response to severe threats to our economy , the Federal Reserve created a series of special lending facilities to stabilize the financial system and encourage the resumption of private credit flows to American families and businesses . As market conditions and the economic outlook have improved , these programs have been terminated or are being phased out . The Federal Reserve also promoted economic recovery through sharp reductions in its target for the federal funds rate and through large - scale purchases of securities . The economy continues to require the support of accommodative monetary policies . However , we have been working to ensure that we have the tools to reverse , at the appropriate time , the currently very high degree of monetary stimulus . We have full confidence that , when the time comes , we will be ready to do so . Asset backed commercial paper money market Mutual Fund liquidity Facility ( edit ) The Asset Backed Commercial Paper Money Market Mutual Fund Liquidity Facility ( ABCPMMMFLF ) was also called the AMLF . The Facility began operations on September 22 , 2008 , and was closed on February 1 , 2010 . All U.S. depository institutions , bank holding companies ( parent companies or U.S. broker - dealer affiliates ) , or U.S. branches and agencies of foreign banks were eligible to borrow under this facility pursuant to the discretion of the FRBB . Collateral eligible for pledge under the Facility was required to meet the following criteria : was purchased by Borrower on or after September 19 , 2008 from a registered investment company that held itself out as a money market mutual fund ; was purchased by Borrower at the Fund 's acquisition cost as adjusted for amortization of premium or accretion of discount on the ABCP through the date of its purchase by Borrower ; was rated at the time pledged to FRBB , not lower than A1 , F1 , or P1 by at least two major rating agencies or , if rated by only one major rating agency , the ABCP must have been rated within the top rating category by that agency ; was issued by an entity organized under the laws of the United States or a political subdivision thereof under a program that was in existence on September 18 , 2008 ; and had stated maturity that did not exceed 120 days if the Borrower was a bank or 270 days for non-bank Borrowers . Commercial paper funding Facility ( edit ) On October 7 , 2008 , the Federal Reserve further expanded the collateral it will loan against to include commercial paper using the new Commercial Paper Funding Facility ( CPFF ) . The action made the Fed a crucial source of credit for non-financial businesses in addition to commercial banks and investment firms . Fed officials said they 'll buy as much of the debt as necessary to get the market functioning again . They refused to say how much that might be , but they noted that around $1.3 trillion worth of commercial paper would qualify . There was $1.61 trillion in outstanding commercial paper , seasonally adjusted , on the market as of October 1 , 2008 , according to the most recent data from the Fed . That was down from $1.70 trillion in the previous week . Since the summer of 2007 , the market has shrunk from more than $2.2 trillion . This program lent out a total $738 billion before it was closed . Forty - five out of 81 of the companies participating in this program were foreign firms . Research shows that Troubled Asset Relief Program ( TARP ) recipients were twice as likely to participate in the program than other commercial paper issuers who did not take advantage of the TARP bailout . The Fed incurred no losses from the CPFF . Quantitative policy ( edit ) A little - used tool of the Federal Reserve is the quantitative policy . With that the Federal Reserve actually buys back corporate bonds and mortgage backed securities held by banks or other financial institutions . This in effect puts money back into the financial institutions and allows them to make loans and conduct normal business . The bursting of the United States housing bubble prompted the Fed to buy mortgage - backed securities for the first time in November 2008 . Over six weeks , a total of $1.25 trillion were purchased in order to stabilize the housing market , about one - fifth of all U.S. government - backed mortgages . History ( edit ) Timeline of central banking in the United States Dates System 1782 -- 1791 Bank of North America ( de facto , under the Confederation Congress ) 1791 -- 1811 First Bank of the United States 1811 -- 1816 No central bank 1816 -- 1836 Second Bank of the United States 1837 -- 1862 Free Banking Era 1846 -- 1921 Independent Treasury System 1863 -- 1913 National Banks 1913 -- present Federal Reserve System Sources : Central banking in the United States , 1791 -- 1913 ( edit ) Main article : History of central banking in the United States The first attempt at a national currency was during the American Revolutionary War . In 1775 , the Continental Congress , as well as the states , began issuing paper currency , calling the bills `` Continentals '' . The Continentals were backed only by future tax revenue , and were used to help finance the Revolutionary War . Overprinting , as well as British counterfeiting , caused the value of the Continental to diminish quickly . This experience with paper money led the United States to strip the power to issue Bills of Credit ( paper money ) from a draft of the new Constitution on August 16 , 1787 , as well as banning such issuance by the various states , and limiting the states ' ability to make anything but gold or silver coin legal tender on August 28 . In 1791 , the government granted the First Bank of the United States a charter to operate as the U.S. central bank until 1811 . The First Bank of the United States came to an end under President Madison because Congress refused to renew its charter . The Second Bank of the United States was established in 1816 , and lost its authority to be the central bank of the U.S. twenty years later under President Jackson when its charter expired . Both banks were based upon the Bank of England . Ultimately , a third national bank , known as the Federal Reserve , was established in 1913 and still exists to this day . First central Bank , 1791 and second central Bank , 1816 ( edit ) The first U.S. institution with central banking responsibilities was the First Bank of the United States , chartered by Congress and signed into law by President George Washington on February 25 , 1791 , at the urging of Alexander Hamilton . This was done despite strong opposition from Thomas Jefferson and James Madison , among numerous others . The charter was for twenty years and expired in 1811 under President Madison , because Congress refused to renew it . In 1816 , however , Madison revived it in the form of the Second Bank of the United States . Years later , early renewal of the bank 's charter became the primary issue in the reelection of President Andrew Jackson . After Jackson , who was opposed to the central bank , was reelected , he pulled the government 's funds out of the bank . Jackson was the only President to completely pay off the debt . The bank 's charter was not renewed in 1836 . From 1837 to 1862 , in the Free Banking Era there was no formal central bank . From 1846 to 1921 , an Independent Treasury System ruled . From 1863 to 1913 , a system of national banks was instituted by the 1863 National Banking Act during which series of bank panics , in 1873 , 1893 , and 1907 occurred Creation of third central Bank , 1907 -- 1913 ( edit ) Main article : History of the Federal Reserve System The main motivation for the third central banking system came from the Panic of 1907 , which caused renewed demands for banking and currency reform . During the last quarter of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century , the United States economy went through a series of financial panics . According to many economists , the previous national banking system had two main weaknesses : an inelastic currency and a lack of liquidity . In 1908 , Congress enacted the Aldrich -- Vreeland Act , which provided for an emergency currency and established the National Monetary Commission to study banking and currency reform . The National Monetary Commission returned with recommendations which were repeatedly rejected by Congress . A revision crafted during a secret meeting on Jekyll Island by Senator Aldrich and representatives of the nation 's top finance and industrial groups later became the basis of the Federal Reserve Act . The House voted on December 22 , 1913 , with 298 voting yes to 60 voting no . The Senate voted 43 -- 25 on December 23 , 1913 . President Woodrow Wilson signed the bill later that day . Federal Reserve Act , 1913 ( edit ) Main article : Federal Reserve Act Newspaper clipping , December 24 , 1913 The head of the bipartisan National Monetary Commission was financial expert and Senate Republican leader Nelson Aldrich . Aldrich set up two commissions -- one to study the American monetary system in depth and the other , headed by Aldrich himself , to study the European central banking systems and report on them . In early November 1910 , Aldrich met with five well known members of the New York banking community to devise a central banking bill . Paul Warburg , an attendee of the meeting and longtime advocate of central banking in the U.S. , later wrote that Aldrich was `` bewildered at all that he had absorbed abroad and he was faced with the difficult task of writing a highly technical bill while being harassed by the daily grind of his parliamentary duties '' . After ten days of deliberation , the bill , which would later be referred to as the `` Aldrich Plan '' , was agreed upon . It had several key components , including a central bank with a Washington - based headquarters and fifteen branches located throughout the U.S. in geographically strategic locations , and a uniform elastic currency based on gold and commercial paper . Aldrich believed a central banking system with no political involvement was best , but was convinced by Warburg that a plan with no public control was not politically feasible . The compromise involved representation of the public sector on the Board of Directors . Aldrich 's bill met much opposition from politicians . Critics charged Aldrich of being biased due to his close ties to wealthy bankers such as J.P. Morgan and John D. Rockefeller , Jr. , Aldrich 's son - in - law . Most Republicans favored the Aldrich Plan , but it lacked enough support in Congress to pass because rural and western states viewed it as favoring the `` eastern establishment '' . In contrast , progressive Democrats favored a reserve system owned and operated by the government ; they believed that public ownership of the central bank would end Wall Street 's control of the American currency supply . Conservative Democrats fought for a privately owned , yet decentralized , reserve system , which would still be free of Wall Street 's control . The original Aldrich Plan was dealt a fatal blow in 1912 , when Democrats won the White House and Congress . Nonetheless , President Woodrow Wilson believed that the Aldrich plan would suffice with a few modifications . The plan became the basis for the Federal Reserve Act , which was proposed by Senator Robert Owen in May 1913 . The primary difference between the two bills was the transfer of control of the Board of Directors ( called the Federal Open Market Committee in the Federal Reserve Act ) to the government . The bill passed Congress on December 23 , 1913 , on a mostly partisan basis , with most Democrats voting `` yea '' and most Republicans voting `` nay '' . Federal Reserve Era , 1913 -- present ( edit ) Main article : History of the Federal Reserve This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2015 ) Key laws affecting the Federal Reserve have been : Federal Reserve Act , 1913 Glass -- Steagall Act Banking Act of 1935 Employment Act of 1946 Federal Reserve - Treasury Department Accord of 1951 Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 and the amendments of 1970 Federal Reserve Reform Act of 1977 International Banking Act of 1978 Full Employment and Balanced Growth Act ( 1978 ) Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act ( 1980 ) Financial Institutions Reform , Recovery and Enforcement Act of 1989 Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991 Gramm -- Leach -- Bliley Act ( 1999 ) Financial Services Regulatory Relief Act ( 2006 ) Emergency Economic Stabilization Act ( 2008 ) Dodd -- Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act ( 2010 ) Measurement of economic variables ( edit ) The Federal Reserve records and publishes large amounts of data . A few websites where data is published are at the Board of Governors Economic Data and Research page , the Board of Governors statistical releases and historical data page , and at the St. Louis Fed 's FRED ( Federal Reserve Economic Data ) page . The Federal Open Market Committee ( FOMC ) examines many economic indicators prior to determining monetary policy . Some criticism involves economic data compiled by the Fed . The Fed sponsors much of the monetary economics research in the U.S. , and Lawrence H. White objects that this makes it less likely for researchers to publish findings challenging the status quo . Net worth of households and nonprofit organizations ( edit ) Total Net Worth‍ -- ‌Balance Sheet of Households and Nonprofit Organizations 1949 -- 2012 The net worth of households and nonprofit organizations in the United States is published by the Federal Reserve in a report titled Flow of Funds . At the end of the third quarter of fiscal year 2012 , this value was $64.8 trillion . At the end of the first quarter of fiscal year 2014 , this value was $95.5 trillion . Money supply ( edit ) Further information : Money supply The most common measures are named M0 ( narrowest ) , M1 , M2 , and M3 . In the United States they are defined by the Federal Reserve as follows : Measure Definition M0 The total of all physical currency , plus accounts at the central bank that can be exchanged for physical currency . M1 M0 + those portions of M0 held as reserves or vault cash + the amount in demand accounts ( `` checking '' or `` current '' accounts ) . M2 M1 + most savings accounts , money market accounts , and small denomination time deposits ( certificates of deposit of under $100,000 ) . M3 M2 + all other CDs , deposits of eurodollars and repurchase agreements . The Federal Reserve stopped publishing M3 statistics in March 2006 , saying that the data cost a lot to collect but did not provide significantly useful information . The other three money supply measures continue to be provided in detail . Personal consumption expenditures price index ( edit ) Further information : Personal consumption expenditures price index The Personal consumption expenditures price index , also referred to as simply the PCE price index , is used as one measure of the value of money . It is a United States - wide indicator of the average increase in prices for all domestic personal consumption . Using a variety of data including United States Consumer Price Index and U.S. Producer Price Index prices , it is derived from the largest component of the gross domestic product in the BEA 's National Income and Product Accounts , personal consumption expenditures . One of the Fed 's main roles is to maintain price stability , which means that the Fed 's ability to keep a low inflation rate is a long - term measure of their success . Although the Fed is not required to maintain inflation within a specific range , their long run target for the growth of the PCE price index is between 1.5 and 2 percent . There has been debate among policy makers as to whether the Federal Reserve should have a specific inflation targeting policy . Inflation and the economy ( edit ) Most mainstream economists favor a low , steady rate of inflation . Low ( as opposed to zero or negative ) inflation may reduce the severity of economic recessions by enabling the labor market to adjust more quickly in a downturn , and reduce the risk that a liquidity trap prevents monetary policy from stabilizing the economy . The task of keeping the rate of inflation low and stable is usually given to monetary authorities . Unemployment rate ( edit ) Further information : Unemployment rate § United States Bureau of Labor Statistics , and List of U.S. states by unemployment rate United States unemployment rates 1975 -- 2010 showing variance between the fifty states One of the stated goals of monetary policy is maximum employment . The unemployment rate statistics are collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics , and like the PCE price index are used as a barometer of the nation 's economic health . Budget ( edit ) The Federal Reserve is self - funded . The vast majority ( 90 % + ) of Fed revenues come from open market operations , specifically the interest on the portfolio of Treasury securities as well as `` capital gains / losses '' that may arise from the buying / selling of the securities and their derivatives as part of Open Market Operations . The balance of revenues come from sales of financial services ( check and electronic payment processing ) and discount window loans . The Board of Governors ( Federal Reserve Board ) creates a budget report once per year for Congress . There are two reports with budget information . The one that lists the complete balance statements with income and expenses as well as the net profit or loss is the large report simply titled , `` Annual Report '' . It also includes data about employment throughout the system . The other report , which explains in more detail the expenses of the different aspects of the whole system , is called `` Annual Report : Budget Review '' . These detailed comprehensive reports can be found at the Board of Governors ' website under the section `` Reports to Congress '' Net worth ( edit ) Balance sheet ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( July 2015 ) Federal Reserve total assets , treasuries , and mortages One of the keys to understanding the Federal Reserve is the Federal Reserve balance sheet ( or balance statement ) . In accordance with Section 11 of the Federal Reserve Act , the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System publishes once each week the `` Consolidated Statement of Condition of All Federal Reserve Banks '' showing the condition of each Federal Reserve bank and a consolidated statement for all Federal Reserve banks . The Board of Governors requires that excess earnings of the Reserve Banks be transferred to the Treasury as interest on Federal Reserve notes . Below is the balance sheet as of July 6 , 2011 ( in billions of dollars ) : NOTE : The Fed balance sheet shown in this article has assets , liabilities and net equity that do not add up correctly . The Fed balance sheet is missing the item `` Reserve Balances with Federal Reserve Banks '' which would make the figures balance . ASSETS : Gold Stock 11.04 Special Drawing Rights Certificate Acct . 5.20 Treasury Currency Outstanding ( Coin ) 43.98 Securities Held Outright 2647.94 U.S. Treasury Securities 1623.78 Bills 18.42 Notes and Bonds , nominal 1530.79 Notes and Bonds , inflation - indexed 65.52 Inflation Compensation 9.04 Federal Agency Debt Securities 115.30 Mortgage - Backed Securities 908.85 Repurchase Agreements 0 Loans 12.74 Primary Credit 12 Secondary Credit 0 Seasonal Credit 53 Credit Extended to AIG Inc . 0 Term Asset - Backed Securities Loan Facility 12.67 Other Credit Extended 0 Commercial Paper Funding Facility LLC 0 Net portfolio holdings of Maiden Lane LLC , Maiden Lane II LLC , and Maiden Lane III LLC 60.32 Preferred Interest in AIG Life - Insurance Subsidiaries 0 Net Holdings of TALF LLC 0.75 Float - 1.05 Central Bank Liquidity Swaps 0 Other Assets 133.56 Total Assets 2914.51 LIABILITIES : Currency in Circulation 1031.30 Reverse repurchase agreements 68.09 Deposits 91.12 Term Deposits 0 U.S. Treasury , general account 76.56 U.S. Treasury , supplementary financing account 5 Foreign official 0.17 Service Related 2.53 Other Deposits 6.85 Funds from AIG , held as agent 0 Other Liabilities 73.06 Total liabilities 1263.73 CAPITAL ( AKA Net Equity ) Capital Paid In 26.71 Surplus 25.91 Other Capital 4.16 Total Capital 56.78 MEMO ( off - balance - sheet items ) Marketable securities held in custody for foreign official and international accounts 3445.42 U.S. Treasury Securities 2708 Federal Agency Securities 737.31 Securities lent to dealers 30.46 Overnight 30.46 Term 0 Total combined assets for all 12 Federal Reserve Banks Total combined liabilities for all 12 Federal Reserve Banks In addition , the balance sheet also indicates which assets are held as collateral against Federal Reserve Notes . Federal Reserve Notes and Collateral Federal Reserve Notes Outstanding 1128.63 Less : Notes held by F.R. Banks 200.90 Federal Reserve notes to be collateralized 927.73 Collateral held against Federal Reserve notes 927.73 Gold certificate account 11.04 Special drawing rights certificate account 5.20 U.S. Treasury , agency debt , and mortgage - backed securities pledged 911.50 Other assets pledged 0 Criticism ( edit ) Money supply decreased significantly between Black Tuesday and the Bank Holiday in March 1933 when there were massive bank runs across the United States Main articles : Criticism of the Federal Reserve and Causes of the Great Depression The Federal Reserve System has faced various criticisms since its inception in 1913 . Critique of the organization and system has come from sources such as writers , journalists , economists , and financial institutions as well as politicians and various government employees . Criticisms include transparency , doubt of efficacy due to what is seen by some as poor historical performance and traditionalist concerns about the debasement of the value of the dollar . From the beginning , the Federal Reserve has been the subject of many popular conspiracy theories , that typically link the Fed to numerous other supposed conspiracies . See also ( edit ) Consumer Leverage Ratio Core inflation Farm Credit System Fed model Federal Home Loan Banks Federal Reserve Police Federal Reserve Statistical Release Free banking Gold standard Government debt Greenspan put History of Federal Open Market Committee actions History of central banking in the United States Independent Treasury Legal Tender Cases List of economic reports by U.S. government agencies Securities market participants ( United States ) Title 12 of the Code of Federal Regulations United States Bullion Depository ‍ -- ‌known as Fort Knox References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Federal Reserve Bank Discount Window & Payment System Risk Website '' . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2014 . http://www.frbdiscountwindow.org/ Jump up ^ `` FRB : Open Market Operations Archive '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Born of a panic : Forming the Federal Reserve System '' . The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . August 1988 . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2008 . https://www.minneapolisfed.org/publications/the-region/born-of-a-panic-forming-the-fed-system ^ Jump up to : BoG 2006 , pp. 1 `` Just before the founding of the Federal Reserve , the nation was plagued with financial crises . At times , these crises led to ' panics , ' in which people raced to their banks to withdraw their deposits . A particularly severe panic in 1907 resulted in bank runs that wreaked havoc on the fragile banking system and ultimately led Congress in 1913 to write the Federal Reserve Act . Initially created to address these banking panics , the Federal Reserve is now charged with a number of broader responsibilities , including fostering a sound banking system and a healthy economy . '' Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 1 -- 2 ^ Jump up to : `` Panic of 1907 : J.P. Morgan Saves the Day '' . US-history.com . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Born of a Panic : Forming the Fed System '' . The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Abigail Tucker ( October 29 , 2008 ) . `` The Financial Panic of 1907 : Running from History '' . Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 1 `` It was founded by Congress in 1913 to provide the nation with a safer , more flexible , and more stable monetary and financial system . Over the years , its role in banking and the economy has expanded . '' Jump up ^ Patrick , Sue C. ( 1993 ) . Reform of the Federal Reserve System in the Early 1930s : The Politics of Money and Banking . Garland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 0970 - 3 . Jump up ^ 12 U.S.C. § 225a Jump up ^ `` The Congress established two key objectives for monetary policy - maximum employment and stable prices - in the Federal Reserve Act . These objectives are sometimes referred to as the Federal Reserve 's dual mandate '' . Federalreserve.gov . January 25 , 2012 . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` FRB : Mission '' . Federalreserve.gov . November 6 , 2009 . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. v ( See structure ) Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Districts '' . Federal Reserve Online . n.d . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived April 13 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` FAQ -- Who owns the Federal Reserve ? '' . Federal Reserve website . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lapidos , Juliet ( September 19 , 2008 ) . `` Is the Fed Private or Public ? '' . Slate . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Toma , Mark ( February 1 , 2010 ) . `` Federal Reserve System '' . EH . Net Encyclopedia . Economic History Association . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2011 . Retrieved February 27 , 2011 . https://eh.net/encyclopedia/federal-reserve-system/ Jump up ^ `` Who owns the Federal Reserve Bank ? '' . FactCheck . March 31 , 2008 . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coins and Currency '' . US Dept of Treasury website . August 24 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ From `` Who owns the Federal Reserve ? '' , Current FAQs , Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System , at ( 2 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Press Release -- Federal Reserve Board announces Reserve Bank income and expense data and transfers to the Treasury for 2015 '' . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . January 11 , 2016 . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Act '' . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . May 14 , 2003 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : BoG 2006 , pp. 1 Jump up ^ Remarks by Governor Ben S. Bernanke Before the National Economists Club , Washington , D.C. ( November 21 , 2002 ) . `` Deflation : Making Sure `` It '' Does n't Happen Here `` . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Bernanke , Ben ( October 24 , 2003 ) . `` Remarks by Governor Ben S. Bernanke : At the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas Conference on the Legacy of Milton and Rose Friedman 's Free to Choose , Dallas , Texas '' ( text ) . Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 83 Jump up ^ lender of last resort , Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis , Retrieved May 21 , 2010 , Jump up ^ Humphrey , Thomas M. ( 1 January 1989 ) . `` Lender of Last Resort : The Concept in History '' . Social Science Research Network . SSRN 2125371 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Federal Reserve , Monetary Policy and the Economy -- Everyday Economics '' . Dallasfed.org . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2007 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . https://www.dallasfed.org/assets/documents/educate/everyday/ev4.pdf Jump up ^ `` Press Release : Federal Reserve Board , with full support of the Treasury Department , authorizes the Federal Reserve Bank of New York to lend up to $85 billion to the American International Group ( AIG ) '' . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve . September 16 , 2008 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Edmund L. ; de la Merced , Michael J. ; Walsh , Mary Williams ( September 16 , 2008 ) . `` Fed 's $85 Billion Loan Rescues Insurer '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` How Currency Gets into Circulation '' . Federal Reserve Bank of New York . June 2008 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Production Figures '' . Bureau of Engraving and Printing . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . http://www.bep.treas.gov/resources/productionannual.html Jump up ^ `` Chief Financial Officer Performance and Accountability Report '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Engraving and Printing . p. 25 . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Funds '' . Federal Reserve Bank of New York . August 2007 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cook , Timothy Q. ; Laroche , Robert K. , eds. ( 1993 ) . `` Instruments of the Money Market '' ( PDF ) . Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Speech -- Kohn , The Evolving Role of the Federal Reserve Banks '' . Federalreserve.gov . November 3 , 2006 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions Federal Reserve System '' . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2010 . Retrieved February 19 , 2010 . The Board of Governors , the Federal Reserve Banks , and the Federal Reserve System as a whole are all subject to several levels of audit and review . Under the Federal Banking Agency Audit Act , the Government Accountability Office ( GAO ) has conducted numerous reviews of Federal Reserve activities Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve System Current and Future Challenges Require System - wide Attention : Statement of Charles A. Bowsher '' ( PDF ) . United States General Accounting Office . July 26 , 1996 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 4 -- 5 Jump up ^ See example : `` Advantages of Being / Becoming a State Chartered Bank '' . Arkansas State Bank Department . March 31 , 2009 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Code Title 12 , Chapter 3 , Subchapter 7 , Section 301 . Powers and duties of board of directors ; suspension of member bank for undue use of bank credit '' . Law.cornell.edu . June 22 , 2010 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 83 -- 85 Jump up ^ `` The Role of the Federal Reserve System '' . Innovation and Education : Renewing the Northeast Ohio Economy . Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2013 . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2015 . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ '' . Who Owns the Federal Reserve ? . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Is The Fed Public Or Private ? '' Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New York Fed Announces Closing of Buffalo Branch , Effective October 31 '' . Federal Reserve Bank of New York . Jump up ^ 12 U.S.C. § 247 . ^ Jump up to : `` FRB : Board Members '' . Federalreserve.gov . July 20 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ See 12 U.S.C. § 242 . Jump up ^ See 12 U.S.C. § 241 ^ Jump up to : Goldstein , Steve ( December 27 , 2011 ) . `` Obama to nominate Stein , Powell to Fed board '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved December 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jerome Powell : Visiting Scholar '' Archived December 21 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . https://web.archive.org/web/20151015224732/http://bipartisanpolicy.org/about/economic-policy-project/jerome-powell . Bipartisan Policy Center . Retrieved December 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lanman , Scott ; Runningen , Roger ( December 27 , 2011 ) . `` Obama to Choose Powell , Stein for Fed Board '' . Bloomberg LP . Retrieved December 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Robb , Greg ( April 29 , 2010 ) . `` Obama nominates 3 to Federal Reserve board '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved April 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lanman , Scott ( September 30 , 2010 ) . `` Yellen , Raskin Win Senate Approval for Fed Board of Governors '' . Bloomberg LP . Retrieved December 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Censky , Annalyn ( February 10 , 2011 ) . `` Fed inflation hawk Warsh resigns '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved December 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chan , Sewell ( February 10 , 2011 ) . `` Sole Fed Governor With Close Ties to Conservatives Resigns '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Robb , Greg ( March 28 , 2012 ) . `` Senator to block quick vote on Fed picks : report '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved March 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Robb , Greg , `` Stein sworn in as Fed governor '' , MarketWatch , May 30 , 2012 . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lowrey , Annie ( January 6 , 2014 ) . `` Senate Confirms Yellen as Fed Chairwoman '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fischer to Serve as Vice Chairman of the Federal Reserve '' . Israel National News . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Steve , `` Jeremy Stein to resign from Federal Reserve '' , MarketWatch , April 3 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Appelbaum , Binyamin , `` Allan Landon , Community Banker , Nominated to Federal Reserve '' , The New York Times , January 6 , 2015 . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Leubsdorf , Ben , `` Kathryn Dominguez to Be Nominated for Fed Governor '' , Wall Street Journal , July 20 , 2015 . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Press Release , Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System '' . Federal Reserve . February 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 11 -- 12 Jump up ^ Woodward , G. Thomas ( July 31 , 1996 ) . `` Money and the Federal Reserve System : Myth and Reality -- CRS Report for Congress , No. 96 - 672 E '' . Congressional Research Service Library of Congress . Retrieved November 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Bank Presidents '' . Federalreserve.gov . July 20 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` US Code : Title 12 , Subchapter VII -- Directors of Federal Reserve Banks ; Reserve Agents and Assistants '' . Law.cornell.edu . June 22 , 2010 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy C. Scott v. Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City , et al. , 406 F. 3d 532 Archived May 17 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . ( 8th Cir. 2005 ) . Jump up ^ 680 F. 2d 1239 Archived May 15 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . ( 9th Cir. 1982 ) . Jump up ^ Michael D. Reagan , `` The Political Structure of the Federal Reserve System , '' American Political Science Review , Vol. 55 ( March 1961 ) , pp. 64 -- 76 , as reprinted in Money and Banking : Theory , Analysis , and Policy , p. 153 , ed. by S. Mittra ( Random House , New York 1970 ) . Jump up ^ `` Section 2.3 Subscription to Stock by National Banks '' . Federal Reserve Act . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . December 14 , 2010 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Section 5.1 Amount of Shares ; Increase and Decrease of Capital ; Surrender and Cancellation of Stock '' . Federal Reserve Act . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . December 14 , 2010 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Who owns the Federal Reserve Bank ? '' . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2010 . Retrieved October 16 , 2010 . http://www.federalreserve.gov/faqs/about_14986.htm Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Membership '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Reddy , Sudeep ( August 31 , 2009 ) . `` What would a federal reserve audit show '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Board begins practice of publishing Reserve Bank financial reports on a quarterly basis '' . Federal Reserve Bank . August 27 , 2012 . Retrieved November 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ryan Chittum ( August 25 , 2009 ) . `` Bloomberg Wins Its Lawsuit Against the Federal Reserve '' . Columbia Journalism Review . Retrieved November 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Docket entry 31 , Bloomberg , L.P. v. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System , case no . 1 : 08 - cv - 09595 - LAP , U.S. District Court for the District of New York . Jump up ^ Keoun , Kuntz , Benedetti - Valentini , Buhayar , Campbell , Condon , Finch , Frye , Griffin , Harper , Hyuga , Ivry , Kirchfeld , Kopecki , Layne , Logutenkova , Martens , Moore , Mustoe , Son , Sterngold . `` The Fed 's Secret Liquidity Lifelines '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Torres , Craig ( March 31 , 2011 ) . `` Fed Releases Discount - Window Loan Records Under Court Order '' . Businessweek . Retrieved December 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Federal Open Market Committee '' . Federalreserve.gov . August 22 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Federal Reserve Education -- Monetary Policy Basics Archived January 5 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : BoG 2005 , pp. 27 Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve System in Action '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond . 2012 . Retrieved November 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Monetary Policy , Open Market Operations '' . Federalreserve.gov . January 26 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2001 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FRB : Monetary Policy , the Discount Rate '' . Federalreserve.gov . July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Monetary Policy , Reserve Requirements '' . Federalreserve.gov . October 26 , 2010 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Open Market Operations '' . New York Federal Reserve Bank . August 2007 . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Repurchase and Reverse Repurchase Transactions '' . Ny.frb.org . Federal Reserve Bank of New York . August 2007 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank San Francisco ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Patricia S. Pollard ( February 2003 ) . `` A Look Inside Two Central Banks : The European Central Bank And The Federal Reserve '' . Review . Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis . 85 ( 2 ) : 11 -- 30 . doi : 10.3886 / ICPSR01278 . OCLC 1569030 . Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 30 Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 29 -- 30 Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 31 Jump up ^ Feinman , Joshua N. ( June 1993 ) . `` Reserve Requirements : History , Current Practice , and Potential Reform '' ( PDF ) . Federal Reserve Bulletin : 569 -- 589 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Board announces that it will begin to pay interest on depository institutions required and excess reserve balances '' . Federal Reserve . October 6 , 2008 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` FRB : Temporary Auction Facility FAQ '' . Federalreserve.gov . January 12 , 2009 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve intends to continue term TAF auctions as necessary '' . Federalreserve.gov . December 21 , 2007 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Announcement of the creation of the Term Securities Lending Facility '' . Federal Reserve . March 11 , 2008 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fed Seeks to Limit Slump by Taking Mortgage Debt '' . bloomberg.com . March 12 , 2008 . `` The step goes beyond past initiatives because the Fed can now inject liquidity without flooding the banking system with cash ... Unlike the newest tool , the past steps added cash to the banking system , which affects the Fed 's benchmark interest rate ... By contrast , the TSLF injects liquidity by lending Treasuries , which does n't affect the federal funds rate . That leaves the Fed free to address the mortgage crisis directly without concern about adding more cash to the system than it wants '' Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Announces Establishment of Primary Dealer Credit Facility -- Federal Reserve Bank of New York '' . Newyorkfed.org . March 16 , 2008 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lanman , Scott ( March 20 , 2008 ) . `` Fed Says Securities Firms Borrow $28.8 Bln With New Financing '' . Bloomberg.com . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Primary Dealer Credit Facility : Frequently Asked Questions -- Federal Reserve Bank of New York '' . Newyorkfed.org . February 3 , 2009 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fed Announces Emergency Steps to Ease Credit Crisis -- Economy '' . Cnbc.com . Reuters . March 17 , 2008 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Examining the Federal Reserve 's New Liquidity Measures '' . Frbatlanta.org. April 15 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2013 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Reserve Requirements of Depository Institutions Policy on Payment System Risk , '' 75 Federal Register 86 ( May 5 , 2010 ) , pp. 24384 -- 24389 . Jump up ^ `` Announcement of the creation of the Term Auction Facility -- FRB : Press Release -- Federal Reserve and other central banks announce measures designed to address elevated pressures in short - term funding markets '' . federalreserve.gov . December 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` US banks borrow $50 bn via new Fed facility '' . Financial Times . February 18 , 2008 . Before its introduction , banks either had to raise money in the open market or use the so - called `` discount window '' for emergencies . However , last year many banks refused to use the discount window , even though they found it hard to raise funds in the market , because it was associated with the stigma of bank failure Jump up ^ `` Fed Boosts Next Two Special Auctions to $30 Billion '' . Bloomberg . January 4 , 2008 . The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System established the temporary Term Auction Facility , dubbed TAF , in December to provide cash after interest - rate cuts failed to break banks ' reluctance to lend amid concern about losses related to subprime mortgage securities . The program will make funding from the Fed available beyond the 20 authorized primary dealers that trade with the central bank Jump up ^ `` A dirty job , but someone has to do it '' . economist.com . December 13 , 2007 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . The Fed 's discount window , for instance , through which it lends direct to banks , has barely been approached , despite the soaring spreads in the interbank market . The quarter - point cuts in its federal funds rate and discount rate on December 11 were followed by a steep sell - off in the stockmarket ... The hope is that by extending the maturity of central - bank money , broadening the range of collateral against which banks can borrow and shifting from direct lending to an auction , the central bankers will bring down spreads in the one - and three - month money markets . There will be no net addition of liquidity . What the central bankers add at longer - term maturities , they will take out in the overnight market . But there are risks . The first is that , for all the fanfare , the central banks ' plan will make little difference . After all , it does nothing to remove the fundamental reason why investors are worried about lending to banks . This is the uncertainty about potential losses from subprime mortgages and the products based on them , and -- given that uncertainty -- the banks ' own desire to hoard capital against the chance that they will have to strengthen their balance sheets . Jump up ^ `` Unclogging the system '' . economist.com . December 13 , 2007 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Robb , Greg ( December 12 , 2007 ) . `` Fed , top central banks to flood markets with cash '' . Marketwatch.com . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived December 4 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Term Securities Lending Facility : Frequently Asked Questions '' . Newyorkfed.org . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Interest on Required Reserve Balances and Excess Balances '' . Federal Reserve Board . October 6 , 2008 . Retrieved October 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Press Release '' . Federal Reserve Board . October 22 , 2008 . Retrieved October 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Board approves amendments to Regulation D authorizing Reserve Banks to offer term deposits '' . Federalreserve.gov. April 30 , 2010 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Board authorizes small - value offerings of term deposits under the Term Deposit Facility '' . Federalreserve.gov . May 10 , 2010 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Board authorizes ongoing small - value offerings of term deposits under the Term Deposit Facility '' . Federalreserve.gov . September 8 , 2010 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Zumbrun , Joshua ( September 8 , 2010 ) . `` Fed to Sell Term Deposits to Ensure Exit ' Readiness ' '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved September 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Testimony before the House Committee on Financial Services regarding `` Unwinding Emergency Federal Reserve Liquidity Programs and Implications for Economic Recovery . '' March 25 , 2010 . Archived October 7 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . https://web.archive.org/web/20151015224731/http://financialservices.house.gov/Hearings/hearingDetails.aspx?NewsID=1087 , also at GPO Access Serial No. 111 -- 118 Retrieved September 10 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Asset - Backed Commercial Paper Money Market Mutual Fund Liquidity Facility '' . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . Retrieved May 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fed Action Archived December 16 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. https://web.archive.org/web/20151015224731/http://biz.yahoo.com/ap/081007/financial_meltdown.html Jump up ^ Wilson , Linus ; Wu , Yan ( August 22 , 2011 ) . `` Does Receiving TARP Funds Make it Easier to Roll Your Commercial Paper Onto the Fed ? '' . Social Science Electronic Publishing . SSRN 1911454 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Mortgage Purchase Program : Planet Money '' . NPR . August 26 , 2010 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chairman Alan Greenspan ( May 2 , 1998 ) . `` Our banking history '' . Jump up ^ `` History of the Federal Reserve '' . Federal reserve education.org . `` Chapter 1 . Early Experiments in Central Banking '' . Historical Beginnings ... The Federal Reserve ( PDF ) . 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline of U.S. Currency History '' . U.S. Currency Education Program . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Mr. Govr . MORRIS moved to strike out `` and emit bills on the credit of the U. States '' -- If the United States had credit such bills would be unnecessary : if they had not , unjust & useless ... On the motion for striking out N.H. ay . Mas . ay . Ct ay . N.J. no . Pa. ay . Del . ay . Md. no . Va . ay . N.C. ay . S.C. ay . Geo . ay. `` '' . Avalon.law.yale.edu . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ US Constitution Article 1 , Section 10 . `` no state shall ... emit Bills of Credit ; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts ; '' Jump up ^ Flamme , Karen . `` 1995 Annual Report : A Brief History of Our Nation 's Paper Money '' . Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ British Parliamentary reports on international finance : the Cunliffe Committee and the Macmillan Committee reports . Ayer Publishing . 1978 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 405 - 11212 - 6 . description of the founding of Bank of England : ' Its foundation in 1694 arose out the difficulties of the Government of the day in securing subscriptions to State loans . Its primary purpose was to raise and lend money to the State and in consideration of this service it received under its Charter and various Act of Parliament , certain privileges of issuing bank notes . The corporation commenced , with an assured life of twelve years after which the Government had the right to annul its Charter on giving one year 's notice . Subsequent extensions of this period coincided generally with the grant of additional loans to the State ' ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Roger ( December 1999 ) . `` Historical Beginnings ... The Federal Reserve '' ( PDF ) . Federal Reserve Bank of Boston . p. 8 . Retrieved July 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ pay off the national debt WSJ Jump up ^ Herrick , Myron ( March 1908 ) . `` The Panic of 1907 and Some of Its Lessons '' . Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science . JSTOR 1010701 . ^ Jump up to : Flaherty , Edward ( June 16 , 1997 ) . `` A Brief History of Central Banking in the United States '' . Netherlands : University of Groningen . ^ Jump up to : Whithouse , Michael ( May 1989 ) . `` Paul Warburg 's Crusade to Establish a Central Bank in the United States '' . The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2008 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` For years members of the Jekyll Island Club would recount the story of the secret meeting and by the 1930s the narrative was considered a club tradition '' . Jekyllislandhistory.com . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Papers of Frank A. Vanderlip `` I wish I could sit down with you and half a dozen others in the sort of conference that created the Federal Reserve Act '' '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 -- A Legislative History '' . Llsdc.org . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Affixes His Signature at 6 : 02 P.M. , Using Four Gold Pens . '' New York Times . December 24 , 1913 . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Paul Warburg 's Crusade to Establish a Central Bank in the United States '' . The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Unknown Enemy : Beyond Conspiracy '' ( PDF ) . American Institute of Economic Research . Jump up ^ `` Congressional Record -- House '' . Scribd.com . December 22 , 1913 . p. 1465 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Congressional Record -- Senate '' . Scribd.com . December 23 , 1913 . p. 1468 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 2 Jump up ^ `` FRB : Economic Research & Data '' . Federalreserve.gov . August 24 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics : Releases and Historical Data '' . Federalreserve.gov . May 10 , 2010 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Fed : Economic Data -- FRED '' . Research.stlouisfed.org . August 20 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Education -- Economic Indicators Archived January 5 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ White , Lawrence H. ( August 2005 ) . `` The Federal Reserve System 's Influence on Research in Monetary Economics '' . Econ Journal Watch . 2 ( 2 ) : 325 -- 354 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ FRB : Z. 1 Release -- Flow of Funds Accounts of the United States , Release Dates See the pdf documents from 1945 to 2007 . The value for each year is on page 94 of each document ( the 99th page in a pdf viewer ) and duplicated on page 104 ( 109th page in pdf viewer ) . It gives the total assets , total liabilities , and net worth . This chart is of the net worth . Jump up ^ Balance Sheet of Households and Nonprofit Organizations Archived August 11 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , June 5 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Discontinuance of M3 '' . Federalreserve.gov . November 10 , 2005 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ BoG 2006 , pp. 10 Jump up ^ `` Is the Fed 's Definition of Price Stability Evolving ? '' ( PDF ) . Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis . November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Remarks by Governor Ben S. Bernanke -- A perspective on inflation targeting '' . Federalreserve.gov . March 25 , 2003 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` What 's The Fuss Over Inflation Targeting ? '' . Businessweek.com . November 7 , 2005 . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bernanke , Ben S. ( 2005 ) . The Inflation - Targeting Debate . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 04471 - 2 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . http://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/I/bo3534750.html Jump up ^ Hummel , Jeffrey Rogers . `` Death and Taxes , Including Inflation : the Public versus Economists '' ( January 2007 ). ( 4 ) p. 56 Jump up ^ `` Escaping from a Liquidity Trap and Deflation : The Foolproof Way and Others '' Lars E.O. Svensson , Journal of Economic Perspectives , Volume 17 , Issue 4 Fall 2003 , pp. 145 -- 166 Jump up ^ Chicago Fed -- Demonstrating Knowledge of the Fed : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2008 . Retrieved March 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` A -- Z Listing of Board Publications '' . Federalreserve.gov . August 10 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 96th Annual Report 2008 Federal Reserve '' ( PDF ) . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . June 2009 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Factors Affecting Reserve Balances of Depository Institutions and Condition Statement of Federal Reserve Banks '' . Federal Reserve . Retrieved March 20 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Congressional Record June 10 , 1932 , Louis T McFadden '' . June 10 , 1932 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Roger T. ( February 2010 ) . `` Historical Beginnings ... The Federal Reserve '' ( PDF ) . Federal Reserve Bank of Boston . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Silver - Greenberg , Jessica ; Protess , Ben ; Eavis , Peter ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` Rising Security as Banks Hire from the Fed '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Grace Wyler ( May 8 , 2012 ) . `` Ron Paul Is Hosting A Hearing On Ending The Federal Reserve Right Now '' . Business Insider Inc . Jump up ^ Brian Lamb ( October 28 , 1994 ) . Book Discussion on The Road to Serfdom. C - SPAN . Milton Friedman . National Cable Satellite Corporation . Jump up ^ For example see Jim Marrs , The Rise of the Fourth Reich : The Secret Societies That Threaten to Take Over America ( 2009 ) excerpt . Bundled references Jump up ^ Jump up ^ Bibliography ( edit ) Recent ( edit ) Sarah Binder & Mark Spindel. 2017 . The Myth of Independence : How Congress Governs the Federal Reserve . Princeton University Press . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System ( 2005 ) . The Federal Reserve System : Purposes and Functions ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 11 , 2014 . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System ( 2006 ) . The Federal Reserve in Plain English . from the St. Louis Fed Congressional Research Service Changing the Federal Reserve 's Mandate : An Economic Analysis Congressional Research Service Federal Reserve : Unconventional Monetary Policy Options Conti - Brown , Peter . The Power and Independence of the Federal Reserve ( Princeton UP , 2016 ) . Epstein , Lita & Martin , Preston ( 2003 ) . The Complete Idiot 's Guide to the Federal Reserve . Alpha Books . ISBN 0 - 02 - 864323 - 2 . Greider , William ( 1987 ) . Secrets of the Temple . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 67556 - 7 ; nontechnical book explaining the structures , functions , and history of the Federal Reserve , focusing specifically on the tenure of Paul Volcker Hafer , R.W. The Federal Reserve System : An Encyclopedia . Greenwood Press , 2005 . 451 pp , 280 entries ; ISBN 0 - 313 - 32839 - 0 . Meyer , Laurence H. ( 2004 ) . A Term at the Fed : An Insider 's View . HarperBusiness . ISBN 0 - 06 - 054270 - 5 ; focuses on the period from 1996 to 2002 , emphasizing Alan Greenspan 's chairmanship during the 1997 Asian financial crisis , the stock market boom and the financial aftermath of the September 11 , 2001 attacks . Woodward , Bob . Maestro : Greenspan 's Fed and the American Boom ( 2000 ) study of Greenspan in the 1990s . Historical ( edit ) Broz , J. Lawrence . The International Origins of the Federal Reserve System . Cornell University Press . 1997 . Carosso , Vincent P . `` The Wall Street Trust from Pujo through Medina '' , Business History Review ( 1973 ) 47 : 421 -- 437 Chandler , Lester V. American Monetary Policy , 1928 -- 41 . ( 1971 ) . Epstein , Gerald and Thomas Ferguson . `` Monetary Policy , Loan Liquidation and Industrial Conflict : Federal Reserve System Open Market Operations in 1932 '' . Journal of Economic History 44 ( December 1984 ) : 957 -- 984 . in JSTOR Friedman , Milton and Anna Jacobson Schwartz , A Monetary History of the United States , 1867 -- 1960 ( 1963 ) Goddard , Thomas H. ( 1831 ) . History of Banking Institutions of Europe and the United States . Carvill . pp. 48ff . Kubik , `` Paul J. Federal Reserve Policy during the Great Depression : The Impact of Interwar Attitudes regarding Consumption and Consumer Credit '' . Journal of Economic Issues . Volume : 30 . Issue : 3 . Publication Year : 1996 . pp. 829 + . Link , Arthur . Wilson : The New Freedom ( 1956 ) pp. 199 -- 240 . Livingston , James . Origins of the Federal Reserve System : Money , Class , and Corporate Capitalism , 1890 -- 1913 ( 1986 ) , Marxist approach to 1913 policy Lowenstein , Roger . America 's Bank : The Epic Struggle to Create the Federal Reserve ( Penguin Press , 2015 ) . 368 pp . Marrs , Jim ( 2000 ) . `` Secrets of Money and the Federal Reserve System '' . Rule by Secrecy . HarperCollins : 64 -- 78 . Mayhew , Anne . `` Ideology and the Great Depression : Monetary History Rewritten '' . Journal of Economic Issues 17 ( June 1983 ) : 353 -- 360 . Meltzer , Allan H. A History of the Federal Reserve , Volume 1 : 1913 -- 1951 ( 2004 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 51999 - 9 ( cloth ) and ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 52000 - 1 ( paper ) Meltzer , Allan H. A History of the Federal Reserve , Volume 2 : Book 1 , 1951 -- 1969 ( 2009 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 52001 - 8 Meltzer , Allan H. A History of the Federal Reserve , Volume 2 : Book 2 , 1969 -- 1985 ( 2009 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 51994 - 4 ; In three volumes published so far , Meltzer covers the first 70 years of the Fed in considerable detail Mullins , Eustace C. The Secrets of the Federal Reserve , 1952 . John McLaughlin . ISBN 0 - 9656492 - 1 - 0 Roberts , Priscilla . ' Quis Custodiet Ipsos Custodes ? ' The Federal Reserve System 's Founding Fathers and Allied Finances in the First World War `` , Business History Review ( 1998 ) 72 : 585 -- 603 Rothbard , Murray ( 2007 ) . The Case Against the Fed . Ludwig von Mises Institute . ISBN 978 - 1467934893 . Bernard Shull , `` The Fourth Branch : The Federal Reserve 's Unlikely Rise to Power and Influence '' ( 2005 ) ISBN 1 - 56720 - 624 - 7 Steindl , Frank G. Monetary Interpretations of the Great Depression . ( 1995 ) . Temin , Peter . Did Monetary Forces Cause the Great Depression ? ( 1976 ) . Wells , Donald R . The Federal Reserve System : A History ( 2004 ) West , Robert Craig . Banking Reform and the Federal Reserve , 1863 -- 1923 ( 1977 ) Wicker , Elmus . `` A Reconsideration of Federal Reserve Policy during the 1920 -- 1921 Depression '' , Journal of Economic History ( 1966 ) 26 : 223 -- 238 , in JSTOR Wicker , Elmus . Federal Reserve Monetary Policy , 1917 -- 33 . ( 1966 ) . Wicker , Elmus . The Great Debate on Banking Reform : Nelson Aldrich and the Origins of the Fed Ohio State University Press , 2005 . Wood , John H. A History of Central Banking in Great Britain and the United States ( 2005 ) Wueschner ; Silvano A. Charting Twentieth - Century Monetary Policy : Herbert Hoover and Benjamin Strong , 1917 -- 1927 Greenwood Press . ( 1999 ) External links ( edit ) ( hide ) Find more aboutFederal Reserve Systemat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Wikisource has the text of the 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica article Federal Reserve Banking System . 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who wrote cant get you out of my head

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Ca n't Get You Out of My Head - Wikipedia Ca n't Get You Out of My Head Jump to : navigation , search `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' Single cover used for CD # 02 and digital releases of the song . Single by Kylie Minogue from the album Fever B - side `` Boy '' `` Rendezvous at Sunset '' Released 8 September 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 08 ) Format CD digital download Recorded 2001 ; London , England Genre Dance - pop Length 3 : 50 Label Parlophone Songwriter ( s ) Cathy Dennis Rob Davis Producer ( s ) Cathy Dennis Rob Davis Kylie Minogue singles chronology `` Your Disco Needs You '' ( 2001 ) `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' ( 2001 ) `` In Your Eyes '' ( 2002 ) `` Your Disco Needs You '' ( 2001 ) `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' ( 2001 ) `` In Your Eyes '' ( 2002 ) `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' is a song recorded by Australian singer Kylie Minogue for her eighth studio album , titled Fever , which she released in 2001 . The song was released in Australia by Parlophone as the lead single from the album on 17 September 2001 . It was released on 17 September 2001 in the United Kingdom . In the United States , the single was released on 18 February 2002 . Jointly written , composed , and produced by Cathy Dennis and Rob Davis , `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' is a midtempo dance - pop song which lyrically details Minogue 's obsession towards her lover . The song is famous for its `` la la la '' hook . In addition to positive reviews from music critics , `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' found commercial success on a large scale . It peaked at number one on the charts of Austria , Belgium , France , Germany , Italy , Poland , Switzerland , the United Kingdom , and every other European country excluding Finland . It also topped the charts of Minogue 's native country Australia , Canada and New Zealand . In the United States , the song peaked at number seven on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart , becoming Minogue 's biggest hit in the region since `` The Loco - Motion '' . `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' reportedly reached number one in 40 countries across the globe . It was certified triple - platinum in Australia , double - platinum in the United Kingdom , and gold in the United States . It became Minogue 's first single to sell in excess of one million copies in the United Kingdom , where it also stands as the 28th best - selling single of the millennium . As of 2013 , the song was Minogue 's highest selling single and one of the best - selling singles of all time , with worldwide sales exceeding five million . The accompanying music video for the song was directed by Dawn Shadforth , and featured Minogue performing various dance routines in different futuristic backdrops . It became notable for the revealing hooded white jumpsuit Minogue wore during one of the scenes . The song has been performed by Minogue during all of her concert tours as of 2013 , with the exception of the Anti Tour . Following its release , `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' ranked on a number of decade - end lists compiled by magazines such as Rolling Stone , The Guardian , and NME . It is considered to be Minogue 's strongest commercial breakthrough in the United States and is said to have been the reason behind the success of its parent album Fever in the region . `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' is also recognised as Minogue 's signature song and was a defining point in her musical career . In 2012 , the song was re-recorded for inclusion in Minogue 's orchestral compilation album , The Abbey Road Sessions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and recording 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 4 Commercial performance 5 Music video 5.1 Development and synopsis 5.2 Legacy 6 Live performances 7 Legacy 7.1 Commercial impact 7.2 Cultural impact 8 Formats and track listings 9 Charts 9.1 Weekly charts 9.2 Year - end charts 9.3 Decade - end charts 9.4 All Time Charts 10 Certifications 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Background and Recording ( edit ) In 2000 , Minogue signed to the Parlophone Records label and released her seventh studio album , Light Years . The disco and Europop inspired album was a critical and commercial success , and was later certified four times - platinum in Minogue 's native country Australia for shipment of 280,000 units , and platinum in the United Kingdom for shipment of 300,000 units . `` Spinning Around '' was released as the lead single from the album , and it was a commercial success , attaining a platinum certification in Australia for shipment of 70,000 units , and a silver certification in the United Kingdom for shipment of 200,000 units . She promoted the album by embarking on the On a Night Like This tour . Minogue premiered `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' by performing it during the tour , and soon after , discussion regarding the song `` quickly set online messageboards alight . '' `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' was chosen as the lead single from Minogue 's eighth studio album , Fever , and it was released on 8 September 2001 by Parlophone in Australia , while in the United Kingdom and other European countries it was released on 17 September . My A&R at the time , Miles Leonard and Jamie Nelson , said , `` We 've got something . Come into the office . We 've got to play you something . '' So I went to the EMI office , and I had the same reaction you did , about 20 seconds in . I could n't even fathom what I was hearing . It just ... did something . I was beside myself . Then at the end of the song , panic set in . I was saying `` Are you sure we 've got this song ? Do n't tell me that we do n't ! Is it secured ? Can we have it ? '' And we did ! And that kick - started a whole different phase in my career . -- Minogue , about her reaction to hearing the demo of the song . `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' was jointly written , composed , and produced by Cathy Dennis and Rob Davis . Dennis and Davis had been brought together by British artist manager Simon Fuller , who wanted the duo to come up with a song for British pop group S Club 7 . The song was recorded using Cubase music software , which Davis ran on his Mac computer . Davis began playing an acoustic guitar and ran a 125 beats per minute drum loop , on which Dennis , herself a singer who had enjoyed chart success in the United States , began singing the line `` I just ca n't get you out of my head '' in the key of D minor . After three and a half hours , the demo was recorded and the vocals were laid afterwards . Dennis called their recording setup for the song `` the most primitive set - up you could imagine ! Different producers work in different ways . But it 's good to be reminded you do n't have to be reliant on equipment . A song is about melody and lyrics and being able to take something away in your memory that is going to haunt you . '' She also regarded their production as a `` very natural and fluid process , '' saying : `` We know how hard we work sometimes to write songs and then spend months picking them to pieces , but this was the easiest process , the chemicals were all happy and working together . '' But after Fuller heard the demo , he felt it was wrong for S Club 7 and rejected it ; English singer - songwriter Sophie Ellis - Bextor also turned down the offer to record it . Davis then met with Minogue 's A&R executive , Jamie Nelson . After hearing the demo cassette of the song , Nelson booked it for Minogue to record later that year . Nelson was impressed by the `` vibe '' of the song and felt it would please the `` danceheads . '' Although Davis was initially under the impression that the recording deal would be called off later , Minogue became enthusiastic to record the song after hearing 20 seconds of the demo . The whole song , including Minogue 's vocals , were recorded at Davis 's home studio in Surrey . The music , excluding the guitar part , was programmed using Korg Triton workstation via a MIDI . Dennis later remarked : `` Even though Kylie was n't the first artist to be offered the song , I do n't believe it was meant to go to anyone other than Kylie , and I do n't believe anyone else would have done the incredible job she did with it , with the video , looking super-hot ! '' Composition ( edit ) `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' A 21 - second sample of `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' containing the hook and part of the chorus of the song . The song is known for its `` la la la '' hook . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' is a `` robotic '' midtempo dance - pop song , with a tempo of 126 beats per minute . According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by EMI Music Publishing , the song is written in the key of C major , with Minogue 's vocal range spanning from C to D. Minogue chants a `` la la la '' hook in the song , which is often heralded as its most appealing part . BBC Radio 2 noted that the composition of the song is `` deceptively simple , but its veins run with the whole history of electronic music . '' They described the song 's bassline as `` pulsing , '' and recognised influences of English rock band New Order and German electronic music band Kraftwerk . The song does not follow the common verse - chorus structure and is instead composed of numerous `` misplaced sections . '' Dennis reasoned that these sections `` somehow work together '' as she and Davis `` did n't try to force any structure after the event . The seeds were watered and they very quickly sprouted into something bigger than any of us . '' Likewise , Davis commented : `` It breaks a few rules as it starts with a chorus and in comes the ' la 's ' -- that is what confused my publisher ( Fuller ) when he first heard it . '' Through the lyrics of the song , Minogue expresses her obsession with an anonymous figure . Dorian Lynskey from The Guardian termed the song a `` mystery '' as Minogue never reveals the identity of her object of infatuation . The critic suggested that the person Minogue is referring to is either `` a partner , an evasive one - night stand or someone who does n't know she exists . '' Writing for the same newspaper , Everett True identified a `` darker element '' in the simple lyrics and felt this sentiment was echoed in Minogue 's restrained vocals . Further , True emphasised that while Minogue 's 1987 single `` I Should Be So Lucky '' had presented an optimistic romantic future , `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' focuses on an `` unhealthy '' and potentially destructive obsession . He also noted that in the former song , Minogue played `` the wide - eyed ingénue with alacrity , '' but in the latter song she is aware of the harmful nature of her infatuation , calling it a `` desire that is wholly dependent on her own self - control . '' In late 2012 , `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' was re-recorded by Minogue for inclusion in her orchestral compilation album , The Abbey Road Sessions . On the album , Minogue reworked 16 of her past songs with an orchestra , which , according to Nick Levine from BBC Music , `` re-imagine them without the disco glitz and vocal effects . '' The Abbey Road Sessions - version of `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' features a `` more dramatic , fully fleshed out '' musical arrangement , and follows a pizzicato playing technique , in which the strings of a string instrument are continuously plucked . Critical reception ( edit ) Minogue performing `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' during her 2009 North American For You , For Me Tour . The song received overwhelming critical acclaim , subsequently being cited as one of the greatest songs of the 2000s . Chris True from AllMusic picked the song as a highlight of Fever , commenting that it `` pulses and grooves like no other she 's ( Minogue 's ) recorded . '' Jason Thompson from PopMatters described Minogue 's vocals as a `` sexual come on '' and called the song `` trim and funky , certainly something that could n't miss anywhere . '' Dominique Leone from Pitchfork Media praised the commercial prospect of the song , saying that it `` exudes a catchiness that belies its inherent simplicity , so reassuring during an era when chart acts sound increasingly baroque and producers race to see who can ape electronic music trends first . '' Jim Farber from Entertainment Weekly said that the song `` fully lives up to its title '' with `` every sound a hook , '' and compared it to the works of Andrea True . Michael Hubbard from MusicOMH labelled the song `` one of 2001 's best singles , '' saying that it `` predictably beat off lesser ' competition . ' '' In 2012 , The Guardian critic Everett True defined `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' as `` one of those rare moments in pop : sleek and chic and stylish and damnably danceable , but with a darker element hidden in plain sight . '' Billboard 's Jason Lipshutz felt that `` the metallic production would n't carry quite as much of its impact if Minogue had attempted to outshine it ; wisely , her voice operates alongside it , finding renewed power in its drive '' , concluding that `` almost 15 years after its release , it still sounds fresh , forward - thinking and alive '' . The Abbey Road Sessions -- version of the song received generally positive reviews . Tim Sendra from AllMusic felt that `` most interesting reboot '' in the album took place on `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head , '' saying that the `` insistent strings push the song along with a tightly coiled electricity that is impossible to resist . '' He also picked the song as a highlight on the album . Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine chose the song as one of the `` standouts '' on the album , saying that its arrangement `` compensate for the lack of synthetic dance beats and vocal effects . '' Tania Zeine from ARIA Charts described the track as a `` powerful violin ballad with the accompaniment of a large orchestra throughout the remainder . '' Simon Price from The Independent said that while the original version of `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' would be `` impossible to improve on , '' the reworked version `` turns it into a pizzicato thriller score . '' Jude Rogers from The Quietus , however , felt that the song does not `` respond well to this ( orchestral ) treatment . '' Louis Vartel from the LGBT oriented website NewNownext , called it `` a pulsing march through the most hypnotic beat of the past 20 years ( ... ) Kylie 's American breakthrough still holds up as a cool , streamlined dance - floor magnet '' . He ranked the track on the second position of his list of the singer 's 48 greatest songs , in honor of her 48th birthday . John Russell , from LGBT magazine Queerty , concluded that `` even if ' La - La - La ' did n't make Kylie a household name in the States , at the very least it introduced her to a whole new generation of adoring American gays '' . Commercial performance ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , the simultaneous releases of `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' and Victoria Beckham 's single `` Not Such an Innocent Girl '' ( pictured ) became the focus of media attention , with the BBC deeming it the `` battle of the pop princesses . '' In Minogue 's native country , Australia , `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' entered and peaked at number one on the Australian Singles Chart , on the chart date of 23 September 2001 , and remained at the position for four weeks . During its last week on the chart , on 9 December 2001 , the song was at number 48 , and had spent a total of 12 weeks on the chart . In this region , it was certified triple - platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association for shipments of 210,000 units . In both the Dutch - speaking Flanders and French - speaking Wallonia regions of Belgium , the song peaked at number one on the Ultratop chart , spending a total of 22 and 24 weeks on the charts , respectively . In Belgium , the song was certified double - platinum for sales of 100,000 units . In France , the song entered the French Singles Chart at number 14 and peaked at number one , spending a total of 41 weeks on the chart . In this region , it was certified platinum by the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique for sales of 500,000 units . As of August 2014 , the song was the 22nd best - selling single of the 21st century in France , with 542,000 units sold . In Germany , the song remained at number one for one week on the German Singles Chart . In this region , it was certified platinum by the Federal Association of Music Industry for shipments of 500,000 units . In Ireland , the song entered and peaked at number one on the Ireland Singles Chart , spending a total of consecutive 19 weeks on the chart . In the United Kingdom , the single faced competition in a hugely hyped chart battle with Victoria Beckham 's single `` Not Such an Innocent Girl . '' On the chart date of 29 September 2001 , `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart with first week sales of 306,000 units , while `` Not Such an Innocent Girl '' debuted at number six with first week sales of 35,000 units . It spent four weeks at number one , and a total of 25 weeks inside the top 40 on the chart . The song spent a record - breaking eight weeks at number one on the airplay chart of the country and became the first to garner 3000 radio plays in a single week . Subsequently , it became the most - played song of 2001 in the region . `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry for shipments of 600,000 units in 2001 . The certification was upgraded to double - platinum in 2015 , denoting shipments of 1,200,000 units . In the United States , `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' peaked at number seven on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart , becoming Minogue 's best selling single in the region since her interpretation of `` The Loco - Motion . '' Additionally , the song peaked at number one on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart , at number 23 on the Adult Top 40 chart , at number three on the Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) chart , and number eight on the Radio Songs chart . In this region , the song was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipments of 500,000 units . Music video ( edit ) Development and synopsis ( edit ) The white hooded jumpsuit sported by Minogue ( pictured ) was seen as a highlight of the video The accompanying music video for `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' was directed by Dawn Shadforth , and featured dance routines choreographed by Michael Rooney . Early in Minogue 's career , her youthful look , slim figure , and her `` proportionally '' large mouth attracted comments from various critics , with British red top newspaper News of the World speculating that the singer could possibly be an alien . Later while discussing the video , Shadforth and music critic Paul Morley took this `` bizarre suggestion '' into consideration to comment on Minogue as a `` creative , experimental artist . '' Shadforth blocked some shots of the initial driving scene based upon similar shots of Shirley Manson piloting an airplane in her award - winning dogfight clip for Garbage 's `` Special . '' The video was released on 11 August 2001 . It begins with Minogue driving a De Tomaso Mangusta sports car on a futuristic bridge , while singing the `` la la la '' hook of the song . The next scene consists of a number of dance couples performing a dance routine dressed in black and white costumes ; they are soon joined by Minogue , who is seen wearing a white tracksuit . The setting changes to a room where Minogue is seen striking various poses sporting bright crimson lipstick and a hooded white jumpsuit with a neckline plunging down to her navel . The outfit was designed by London - based fashion designer Fee Doran , under the label of Mrs Jones . Minogue then performs a synchronised dance routine with several backup dancers , who are wearing red and black suits . As the video ends , she performs a similar routine on the top of a building during the night , this time wearing a lavender halter neck dress with ribbon tile trim . Various scenes in the video show Minogue 's face `` unusually '' close to the lens of the camera , thus it `` subtly distorts , yet remains glamorous . '' Shadforth felt the shot gave a `` sort of sense of intimacy and as you say a sort of strangeness , '' again drawing upon the suggestion of Minogue being an alien . Similarly , Morley opined that it was `` the side of Kylie that suddenly reveals itself as being experimental , she is prepared to push herself into positions and shapes that might not be conventionally attractive ( ... ) She becomes alien Kylie as well . '' Legacy ( edit ) At the 2002 MTV Video Music Awards ceremony , the music video was nominated for Best Dance Video , while Michael Rooney won the award for Best Choreography . The hooded white jumpsuit Minogue wore in the music video is often considered to be one of her most iconic looks , particularly due to its deep plunging neckline . British fashion designer and Minogue 's stylist William Baker described the choice of the outift , saying it was `` it was pure but kind of slutty at the same time . '' The outfit was put on display at Kylie : The Exhibition , an exhibition that featured `` costumes and memorabilia collected over Kylie 's career , '' held at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London , England , and at Kylie : an exhibition , a similar exhibition held at the Powerhouse Museum in Sydney , Australia . It was also included in Minogue 's official fashion photography book , Kylie / Fashion , which was released on 19 November 2012 by Thames and Hudson to celebrate Minogue 's completion of 25 years in music . The music video served as an inspiration for Morley while writing his book Words and Music : the history of pop in the shape of a city . In the book , Morley `` turned the lonely drive she ( Minogue ) made in the song 's video towards a city ( ... ) into a fictional history of music , '' referring to the opening sequence of the music video . The critic takes a ride with Minogue through a city and encounters various musicians and artists like the ghost of Elvis Presley , and Madonna , Kraftwerk , and ( Ludwig ) Wittgenstein . Academics Diane Railton and Paul Weston , in their 2005 essay Naughty Girls and Red Blooded Women ( Representations of Female Heterosexuality in Music Video ) , contrasted the music video of `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' with that of American singer Beyoncé 's 2003 single `` Baby Boy . '' Railton and Weston concluded that while both videos focus on two singers performing seductive dance routines , Minogue is presented in a calculated manner and `` is always provisional , restricted , and contingent , '' whereas Beyoncé displays a particular `` primitive , feral , uncontrolled and uncontrollable '' sexuality embodied by the black female body . The two felt that the videos were representative of the raced depictions of white and black women in colonial times and pop culture , respectively . Live performances ( edit ) Minogue performing the song , as part of her Kiss Me Once Tour , on 2014 . On 2 August 2001 , Minogue performed `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' at the BBC Radio 1 One Big Sunday show held at Leicester , in the United Kingdom , along with `` Spinning Around ; '' for the performance , she wore a black trilby hat , a sleeveless T - shirt upon which a picture of Marilyn Monroe had been printed , knee - length black boots , and trousers with open zips placed on both the thighs . She performed `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' on 8 November 2001 at the MTV Europe Music Awards ceremony in 2001 . At the 2002 Brit Awards held on 20 February 2002 , Minogue performed a mash - up version of `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' and British band New Order 's 1983 song `` Blue Monday '' conceived by and also produced by Stuart Crichton . The mash - up was soon released as the B - side to `` Love at First Sight , '' the third single from the album Fever . The live performance of the mash - up ranked at number 40 on The Guardian 's list of `` 50 Key Events in the History of Dance Music '' in 2011 . The mashup was dubbed `` Ca n't Get Blue Monday Out of My Head '' during its inclusion as the B - side to `` Love at First Sight '' and as a remix on Minogue 's remix album Boombox . On 16 March 2002 , Minogue performed `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' along with `` In Your Eyes , '' the second single from Fever , on Saturday Night Live . On 4 June 2012 , she sang `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' at the Diamond Jubilee Concert in front of the Buckingham Palace , held in honour of Elizabeth II 's completion of 60 years as Queen . Minogue wore a pearl - studded black jacket and hat for the performance . The dance troupe Flawless , who had been finalists on the British television talent show Britain 's Got Talent , served as Minogue 's backup dancers . More recently , Minogue has performed a version of the song remixed by Steve Anderson . She performed the version during her `` MasterCard Pricless Gig '' and other mini-concerts to promote her twelfth studio album Kiss Me Once . It was performed during her seven - song set at the 2014 Commonwealth Games closing ceremony , as the final song of her performance . She also performed on the French TV show Le Grand Journal along with `` I Was Gonna Cancel . '' Following its release , `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' has been performed by Minogue during all of her concert tours as of 2013 , with the exception of the Anti Tour in 2012 . In 2001 , the song was included in the setlist of Minogue 's On a Night Like This tour , which was launched to promote Light Years . According to Tim DiGravina from AllMusic , the performance was infused with an `` almost tangible passion and fire . '' The song was included in the encore segment of the KylieFever2002 tour , which was launched to promote Fever . In 2003 , Minogue performed the song on the one - night only concert Money Ca n't Buy , which concert was used to promote her ninth studio album , Body Language , and was held at major entertainment venue Hammersmith Apollo in London . During the performance , `` a visual flurry of quasi-Japanese symbols '' was projected onto large digital screens set behind the stage , and dancers wearing bondage costumes carried out a `` robotic '' dance routine . Minogue performing `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' on the Aphrodite : Les Folies Tour , 2011 . In 2005 , she performed the song on her Showgirl : The Greatest Hits Tour . But Minogue was unable to complete the tour , as she was diagnosed with early breast cancer and had to cancel the Australian leg of the tour . After undergoing treatment and recovery , Minogue resumed the concert tour in the form of Showgirl : The Homecoming Tour in 2007 , and she included `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' on the setlist . In 2008 , she performed the song on the KylieX2008 tour , which was launched to promote her tenth studio album , X . The show was split into five acts ; `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' was featured on the first act , titled `` Xlectro Static , '' in a mashup with the song `` Boombox . '' In 2009 , she performed the same version of the song on the For You , for Me tour , which was her first concert tour in North America . A more rock - oriented version of the song was performed during the Aphrodite : Les Folies Tour , which was launched to promote her eleventh studio album , Aphrodite . It was regarded as `` seemingly inspired by the crunch of Janet Jackson 's `` Black Cat . '' During the performance , male back - up dancers in `` S&M dog collars '' danced with female back - up dancers , who were dressed in red ballroom gowns . In 2012 , Minogue promoted The Abbey Road Sessions by performing on the BBC Proms in the Park at Hyde Park , London . During the event , she also sang the orchestral version of `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head . '' More recently , the Steve Anderson remix was performed on Minogue 's Kiss Me Once Tour and Kylie Summer 2015 Tour . It followed a performance of `` Sexercize '' in the fourth section , and an interlude dubbed the `` Sex Segue . '' She also performed this version during the 2015 Royal Albert Hall performance as part of her `` Kylie Christmas '' concert . Legacy ( edit ) Commercial impact ( edit ) Following its release , `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' peaked at number one on the charts of every European country ( except Finland ) , Australia , New Zealand and Canada . The song reportedly reached number one in 40 countries worldwide , and as of 2013 , it has sold over seven million copies . In the United Kingdom , the total sales of the song are accumulated to be around 1.16 million units , thus making it the 75th best - selling single in the United Kingdom of all time . It is Minogue 's highest selling single as of 2013 and also one of the best - selling singles of all time . As of June 2015 , it is the 28th best - selling single of the millennium in the United Kingdom . The song is notable for being Minogue 's biggest and strongest commercial breakthrough in the United States , a region in which Minogue had previously managed to achieve little success . The commercial success of `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' in the US is often considered to have piloted its parent album Fever to achieve similar success in the region . The album would later peak at number three on the Billboard 200 chart , and attain a platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America for shipments of 1,000,000 units . Fever reportedly sold over six million copies worldwide , becoming Minogue 's highest selling album as of 2013 . Cultural impact ( edit ) Eventually , with the hugely successful `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head , '' Kylie would rattle the American pop psyche , reminding the rather insular scene that the bubbly girl who had first made waves with the 1987 cover of `` The Loco - Motion '' had developed into a stylish , experienced , and able pop performer with a clear agenda -- both musically and visually -- and the chops to match . -- Chris True , in his biography of Minogue at AllMusic . In 2011 , Rolling Stone magazine ranked `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' at number 45 on `` 100 Best Songs of the 2000s '' list , noting that Minogue had `` seduced the U.S. with this mirror - ball classic '' and that `` we 've been hearing it at the gym ever since . '' NME ranked the song at number 74 on their `` 100 Best Track of the Noughties '' list , saying it `` encapsulated everything enviable in a well - crafted song '' and heralding it as Minogue 's best single . In 2012 , Priya Elan from NME ranked the song at number four on his `` The Greatest Pop Songs in History '' list , saying : `` It was unlike any song I remember hearing before . '' In 2012 , The Guardian included the song in their list of `` The Best Number One Records , '' labelling it to be `` sleek , Arctic - blue minimalism , like an emotionally thwarted retelling of Donna Summer 's `` I Feel Love . '' In the same year , PRS for Music , a UK copyright collection society and performance rights organisation which collects royalties on behalf of songwriters and composers , named `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' the `` Most Popular Song of the Decade '' as it received the highest airplay and live covers in the 2000s ( decade ) . Minogue performing `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' during her KylieX Tour ( 2008 ) . In 2013 , a survey of 700 people was conducted as part of the Manchester Science Festival to find out which song they considered the `` catchiest , '' and `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' topped the poll . Lee Barron , in his essay The Seven Ages of Kylie Minogue : Postmodernism , Identity , and Performative Mimicry , noted that the song `` further established Minogue 's cultural and commercial relevance in the new millennium . '' He remarked that the song `` with its hypnotic ' la la la ' refrain and the deceptively uncomplicated , catchily repetitive beats and synth - sound , marked yet another clearly defined image transformation from the camp - infused Light Years to an emphasis upon a cool , machine - like sexuality , a trait clearly identifiable within the promotional video for ' Ca n't Get You Out of My Head . ' '' Similarly , Everett True from The Guardian wrote that the song continued the `` change in the marketing and public perception of Kylie '' and her transition from the `` homely girl - next - door '' to `` a much more flirtatious , sophisticated persona '' that started with the release of `` Spinning Around '' in 2000 . True also felt that the success of `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' was one of the motivating factors behind `` manufactured '' pop music gaining a `` new postmodern respectability '' and marked a `` clear shift in attitude towards pop music among the ' serious ' rock critic fraternity : the idea that ( manufactured , female ) pop music might well be the equal of ( organic , male ) rock music after all , that each has their high points and their low . '' In 2011 , Minogue 's official website posted a special article marking the song 's 10th anniversary on 8 September , the release date of `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' in Australia . `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' is recognised as Minogue 's signature song . `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' garnered Minogue a number of awards . At the 2001 Top of the Pops Awards ceremony , the song won the award for `` Best Single . '' At the 2002 ARIA Music Awards ceremony , `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' won the awards for `` Single of the Year '' and `` Highest Selling Single , '' and Minogue won the `` Outstanding Achievement Award . '' In 2002 , it won a Dutch Edison Award for `` Single of the Year . '' In the same year , Dennis and Davis won three awards at the 47th Ivor Novello Awards for their composition of the song ; they won the awards `` The Ivors Dance Award , '' `` Most Performed Work , '' and `` International Hit of the Year . '' At the inaugural Premios Oye ! in 2002 , the song received a nomination in the category of `` Song of the Year . '' In the 2007 episode of The Simpsons , `` Homerazzi '' , the track is heard playing in a celebrity - packed nightclub into which Homer storms . The track is also heard in the films Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason , Hey Good Looking ! , Holy Motors , and 20,000 Days on Earth . There 's also a parody of the track called `` Ca n't Get Blue Monday Out of My Head '' which is heard in the film Layer Cake . Formats and track listings ( edit ) These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head : '' CD single # 1 `` Ca n't Get You Out Of My Head '' -- 3 : 50 `` Boy '' -- 3 : 47 `` Rendezvous at Sunset '' -- 3 : 23 CD single # 2 `` Ca n't Get You Out Of My Head '' - 3 : 50 `` Ca n't Get You Out Of My Head '' ( K & M Mindprint Mix ) - 6 : 34 `` Ca n't Get You Out Of My Head '' ( Plastika Mix ) - 9 : 26 Digital download `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' -- 3 : 52 `` Boy '' -- 3 : 48 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2001 -- 02 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Brazil ( ABPD ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 5 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Greece ( IFPI Greece ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Polish Singles Chart ) Portugal ( Billboard ) Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) South Africa ( RiSA ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 7 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 23 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 9 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2001 ) Position Australian Singles Chart Austrian Singles Chart Belgian Singles Chart ( Flanders ) 8 Belgian Singles Chart ( Wallonia ) 7 Dutch Top 40 French Singles Chart 8 German Singles Chart 6 Irish Singles Chart 7 Italian Singles Chart Romanian Singles Chart Swiss Singles Chart UK Singles Chart Chart ( 2002 ) Position Austrian Singles Chart 50 French Singles Chart 36 Swiss Singles Chart 26 US Billboard Hot 100 45 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Country Position Australia 58 Germany 67 Netherlands 15 United Kingdom 7 All Time Charts ( edit ) Country Position UK Singles Chart 72 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 3 × Platinum 210,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Platinum 40,000 Belgium ( BEA ) 2 × Platinum 100,000 France ( SNEP ) Platinum 918,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 500,000 Greece ( IFPI Greece ) Platinum 20,000 Netherlands ( NVPI ) Platinum 60,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 5,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) Platinum 10,000 South Africa Platinum 50,000 ^ Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 30,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Platinum 40,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,190,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 531,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : True , Chris . `` Kylie Minogue -- Biography '' . 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Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 12 March 2014 . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Classement Singles -- année 2002 '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Archived from the original on 12 December 2013 . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss Year - End Charts 2002 '' ( in German ) . Swiss Charts . Hung Medien . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.bobborst.com/popculture/top-100-songs-of-the-year/?year=2002 Jump up ^ `` ARIA Chart Sales -- ARIA End of Decade Singles / Top 100 '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 September 2010 . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Die erfolgreichsten Hits des neuen Jahrtausends '' ( in German ) . RTL Television . Retrieved 11 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Decennium Charts -- Singles 2000 -- 2009 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Charts . GfK . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Nihal ( 31 December 2009 ) . `` Charts of the Decade , Episode 4 '' . BBC . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2001 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Kylie Minogue -- Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Enter Kylie Minogue in the field Interpret . Enter Ca n't Get You Out of My Head in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2002 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Kylie Minogue -- Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Jump up ^ `` Les Singles Platine : '' ( in French ) . Infodisc.fr . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Kylie Minogue ; ' Ca n't Get You Out of My Head ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` Greek single certifications -- Kylie Minogue -- Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' ( in Greek ) . IFPI Greece . Jump up ^ `` Goud & Platina -- Kylie Minoque -- Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' ( in Dutch ) . NVPI . Archived from the original on 11 December 2008 . Retrieved 15 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Kylie Minogue -- Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' . Recorded Music NZ . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian single certifications -- Kylie Minogue -- Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 2002 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Kylie Minogue ; ' Ca n't Get You Out of My Head ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Kylie Minogue -- Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Ca n't Get You Out of My Head in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( 29 September 2016 ) . `` Flashback to 2001 : Victoria Beckham battles Kylie Minogue for Number 1 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 29 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Kylie Minogue -- Get You Out of My Head '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 4 March 2011 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Katy Perry , Kylie Minogue , Cee Lo Green '' . Billboard . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) The Complete Kylie , Simon Sheridan , Reynolds & Hearn Books ( February 2009 ) . ( 2nd ed . ) ISBN 1 - 905287 - 89 - 5 External links ( edit ) A page on `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' at Kylie Minogue 's official website Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Kylie Minogue songs Singles discography Kylie `` I Should Be So Lucky '' `` The Loco - Motion '' `` Je ne sais pas pourquoi '' `` It 's No Secret '' `` Got to Be Certain '' `` Turn It into Love '' Enjoy Yourself `` Hand on Your Heart '' `` Would n't Change a Thing '' `` Never Too Late '' `` Tears on My Pillow '' `` Especially for You '' Rhythm of Love `` Better the Devil You Know '' `` Step Back in Time '' `` What Do I Have to Do '' `` Shocked '' Let 's Get to It `` Word Is Out '' `` Give Me Just a Little More Time '' `` Finer Feelings '' `` If You Were with Me Now '' `` I Guess I Like It Like That '' Greatest Hits `` What Kind of Fool ( Heard All That Before ) '' `` Celebration '' Kylie Minogue `` Confide in Me '' `` Put Yourself in My Place '' `` Where Is the Feeling ? '' Impossible Princess `` Too Far '' `` Cowboy Style '' `` Some Kind of Bliss '' `` Did It Again '' `` Breathe '' Light Years `` Spinning Around '' `` On a Night Like This '' `` Your Disco Needs You '' `` Please Stay '' `` Butterfly '' `` Kids '' Fever `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' `` In Your Eyes '' `` Love at First Sight '' `` Come into My World '' Body Language `` Slow '' `` Red Blooded Woman '' `` Chocolate '' Ultimate Kylie `` I Believe in You '' `` Giving You Up '' X `` 2 Hearts '' `` Wow '' `` In My Arms '' `` Speakerphone '' `` All I See '' `` The One '' Aphrodite `` All the Lovers '' `` Get Outta My Way '' `` Put Your Hands Up ( If You Feel Love ) '' `` Aphrodite '' `` Better than Today '' A Kylie Christmas `` Let It Snow '' `` Santa Baby '' The Abbey Road Sessions `` Flower '' Kiss Me Once `` Into the Blue '' `` I Was Gonna Cancel '' `` Sexercize '' `` Beautiful '' Kylie + Garibay `` Black and White '' Kylie Christmas `` It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year '' `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' `` Winter Wonderland '' `` Christmas Wrapping '' `` Only You '' `` Every Day 's Like Christmas '' `` I 'm Gonna Be Warm This Winter '' `` 2000 Miles '' `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' `` 100 Degrees '' Snow Queen Edition `` Stay Another Day '' `` At Christmas '' `` Wonderful Christmastime '' `` I Wish It Could Be Christmas Everyday '' `` Christmas Lights '' `` Everybody 's Free ( To Feel Good ) '' `` Night Fever '' Other songs `` Keep on Pumpin ' It '' `` Where the Wild Roses Grow '' `` GBI ( German Bold Italic ) '' `` Sometime Samurai '' `` Lhuna '' `` Everybody Hurts '' `` Higher '' `` Timebomb '' `` Skirt '' `` Whistle '' `` Limpido '' `` Golden Boy '' `` Crystallize '' `` Right Here , Right Now '' `` The Other Boys '' `` This Wheel 's on Fire '' Book Portal WikiProject ARIA Award for Single of the Year `` You 're the Voice '' by John Farnham ( 1987 ) `` Beds Are Burning '' by Midnight Oil ( 1988 ) `` Under the Milky Way '' by The Church ( 1989 ) `` Crying in the Chapel '' by Peter Blakeley ( 1990 ) `` I Do n't Wanna Be with Nobody But You '' by Absent Friends ( 1991 ) `` Treaty ( Filthy Lucre Remix ) '' by Yothu Yindi ( 1992 ) `` The Day You Went Away '' by Wendy Matthews ( 1993 ) `` The Honeymoon Is Over '' by The Cruel Sea ( 1994 ) `` Tomorrow '' by Silverchair ( 1995 ) `` Where the Wild Roses Grow '' by Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds and Kylie Minogue ( 1996 ) `` Truly Madly Deeply '' by Savage Garden ( 1997 ) `` Torn '' by Natalie Imbruglia ( 1998 ) `` The Day You Come '' by Powderfinger ( 1999 ) `` Do n't Call Me Baby '' by Madison Avenue ( 2000 ) `` My Happiness '' by Powderfinger ( 2001 ) `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' by Kylie Minogue ( 2002 ) `` Born to Try '' by Delta Goodrem ( 2003 ) `` Are You Gonna Be My Girl '' by Jet ( 2004 ) `` Catch My Disease '' by Ben Lee ( 2005 ) `` Black Fingernails , Red Wine '' by Eskimo Joe ( 2006 ) `` Straight Lines '' by Silverchair ( 2007 ) `` Sweet About Me '' by Gabriella Cilmi ( 2008 ) `` Walking on a Dream '' by Empire of the Sun ( 2009 ) `` Big Jet Plane '' by Angus & Julia Stone ( 2010 ) `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' by Gotye featuring Kimbra ( 2011 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Can%27t_Get_You_Out_of_My_Head&oldid=799567928 '' Categories : 2001 singles 2002 singles 2001 songs ARIA Award - 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where did the pilgrims come from and how did they arrive in plymouth

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Pilgrims_(Plymouth_Colony)&oldid=825514496

Pilgrims ( Plymouth Colony ) - wikipedia Pilgrims ( Plymouth Colony ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the English settlers of New England . For people as pilgrims , see Pilgrim . For other uses , see Pilgrim ( disambiguation ) . The Embarkation of the Pilgrims ( 1857 ) by American painter Robert Walter Weir at the United States Capitol in Washington , DC Part of a series on Calvinism John Calvin Background ( show ) Christianity St. Augustine The Reformation Five Solas Synod of Dort Theology ( show ) Theology of John Calvin Covenant theology Lord 's Supper Regulative principle Predestination in Calvinism Documents ( show ) Institutes of the Christian Religion Geneva Bible Three Forms of Unity Westminster Standards Canons of Dort Second Helvetic Confession Heidelberg catechism Belgic Confession La Rochelle Confession Savoy Declaration 1689 Baptist Confession of Faith First Helvetic Confession Scots Confession Influences ( show ) Huldrych Zwingli Martin Bucer Peter Martyr Vermigli William Farel Heinrich Bullinger John Calvin John Knox Theodore Beza Francis Turretin Jonathan Edwards Charles Hodge Churches ( show ) Continental Reformed Presbyterian Congregationalist Reformed Baptist Low church Anglican Peoples ( show ) Afrikaners Huguenots Pilgrims Puritans Largest groups ( show ) World Communion of Reformed Churches World Reformed Fellowship International Conference of Reformed Churches North American Presbyterian and Reformed Council Presbyterianism in South Korea List of Reformed denominations Calvinism portal The Pilgrims or Pilgrim Fathers were early European settlers of the Plymouth Colony in present - day Plymouth , Massachusetts , United States . The Pilgrims ' leadership came from the religious congregations of Brownist separatist Puritans who had fled the volatile political environment in England for the relative calm and tolerance of 17th - century Holland in the Netherlands . They held Puritan Calvinist religious beliefs but , unlike other Puritans , they maintained that their congregations needed to be separated from the English state church . They were also concerned that they might lose their English cultural identity if they remained in the Netherlands , so they arranged with English investors to establish a new colony in North America . The colony was established in 1621 and became the second successful English settlement in North America ( after the founding of Jamestown , Virginia in 1607 ) . The Pilgrims ' story became a central theme of the history and culture of the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Separatists in Scrooby 1.2 Leiden 1.2. 1 Decision to leave Holland 1.2. 2 Negotiations 1.2. 3 Brewster 's diversion 1.2. 4 Preparations 1.3 Voyage 1.3. 1 Atlantic crossing 1.4 Arrival in America 1.4. 1 The Mayflower Compact 1.4. 2 First landings 1.4. 3 First contact 1.4. 4 Settlement 2 Etymology 2.1 Bradford 's history 2.2 Popular use 3 See also 4 References 5 Notes 6 External links History ( edit ) See also : Plymouth Colony Separatists in Scrooby ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Scrooby Congregation . Memorial to the departure of congregation members for Holland in 1608 , at Immingham in England . The core of the group that came to be known as the Pilgrims were brought together between 1586 and 1605 by shared theological beliefs , as expressed by Richard Clyfton , a Brownist parson at All Saints ' Parish Church in Babworth , near East Retford , Nottinghamshire . This congregation held Puritan beliefs comparable to other non-conforming movements ( i.e. , groups not in communion with the Church of England ) led by Robert Browne , John Greenwood , and Henry Barrowe . As Separatists , they also held that their differences with the Church of England were irreconcilable and that their worship should be independent of the trappings , traditions , and organization of a central church -- unlike those Puritans who maintained their membership in and allegiance to the Church of England . William Brewster was a former diplomatic assistant to the Netherlands . He was living in the Scrooby manor house while serving as postmaster for the village and bailiff to the Archbishop of York . He had been impressed by Clyfton 's services and had begun participating in services led by John Smyth in Gainsborough , Lincolnshire . The Puritan Separatists had long been controversial . Under the 1559 Act of Uniformity , it was illegal not to attend official Church of England services unless the church had signed the allegiance to the Church of England , with a fine of one shilling ( £ 0.05 ; about £ 17 today ) for each missed Sunday and holy day . The penalties for conducting unofficial services included imprisonment and larger fines . Under the policy of this time , Barrowe and Greenwood were executed for sedition in 1593 . During much of Brewster 's tenure ( 1595 -- 1606 ) , the Archbishop was Matthew Hutton . He displayed some sympathy to the Puritan cause , writing to Robert Cecil , Secretary of State to James I in 1604 : The Puritans though they differ in Ceremonies and accidentes , yet they agree with us in substance of religion , and I thinke all or the moste parte of them love his Majestie , and the presente state , and I hope will yield to conformitie . But the Papistes are opposite and contrarie in very many substantiall pointes of religion , and can not but wishe the Popes authoritie and popish religion to be established . Many Puritans had hoped that a reconciliation would be possible when James came to power which would allow them independence , but the Hampton Court Conference of 1604 denied substantially all the concessions which they had requested -- except for an English translation of the Bible . Following the Conference in 1605 , Clyfton was declared a non-conformist and stripped of his position at Babworth . Brewster invited him to live at his home . Archbishop Hutton died in 1606 and Tobias Matthew was appointed as his replacement . He was one of James ' chief supporters at the 1604 conference , and he promptly began a campaign to purge the archdiocese of non-conforming influences , both Puritans and those wishing to return to the Catholic faith . Disobedient clergy were replaced , and prominent Separatists were confronted , fined , and imprisoned . He is credited with driving recusants out of the country , those who refused to attend Anglican services . At about the same time , Brewster arranged for a congregation to meet privately at the Scrooby manor house . Services were held beginning in 1606 with Clyfton as pastor , John Robinson as teacher , and Brewster as the presiding elder . Shortly after , Smyth and members of the Gainsborough group moved on to Amsterdam . Brewster is known to have been fined £ 20 ( about £ 3.96 thousand today ) in absentia for his non-compliance with the church . This followed his September 1607 resignation from the postmaster position , about the time that the congregation had decided to follow the Smyth party to Amsterdam . Scrooby member William Bradford of Austerfield kept a journal of the congregation 's events that later was published as Of Plymouth Plantation . Of this time , he wrote : But after these things they could not long continue in any peaceable condition , but were hunted & persecuted on every side , so as their former afflictions were but as flea - bitings in comparison of these which now came upon them . For some were taken & clapt up in prison , others had their houses besett & watcht night and day , & hardly escaped their hands ; and ye most were faine to flie & leave their howses & habitations , and the means of their livelehood . Leiden ( edit ) Title page of a pamphlet published by William Brewster in Leiden The pilgrims moved to the Netherlands in about 1607 . They lived in Leiden , Holland , a city of 100,000 inhabitants , residing in small houses behind the `` Kloksteeg '' opposite the Pieterskerk . The success of the congregation in Leiden was mixed . Leiden was a thriving industrial center , and many members were well able to support themselves working at Leiden University or in the textile , printing , and brewing trades . Others were less able to bring in sufficient income , hampered by their rural backgrounds and the language barrier ; for those , accommodations were made on an estate bought by Robinson and three partners . Bradford wrote of their years in Leiden : For these & other reasons they removed to Leyden , a fair & bewtifull citie , and of a sweete situation , but made more famous by ye universitie wherwith it is adorned , in which of late had been so many learned man . But wanting that traffike by sea which Amerstdam injoyes , it was not so beneficiall for their outward means of living & estats . But being now hear pitchet they fell to such trads & imployments as they best could ; valewing peace & their spirituall comforte above any other riches whatsoever . And at length they came to raise a competente & comforteable living , but with hard and continuall labor . William Brewster had been teaching English at the university , and Robinson enrolled in 1615 to pursue his doctorate . There he participated in a series of debates , particularly regarding the contentious issue of Calvinism versus Arminianism ( siding with the Calvinists against the Remonstrants ) . Brewster acquired typesetting equipment about 1616 in a venture financed by Thomas Brewer , and began publishing the debates through a local press . The Netherlands , however , was a land whose culture and language were strange and difficult for the English congregation to understand or learn . They found the Dutch morals much too libertine , and their children were becoming more and more Dutch as the years passed . The congregation came to believe that they faced eventual extinction if they remained there . Decision to leave Holland ( edit ) By 1617 , the congregation was stable and relatively secure , but there were ongoing issues that needed to be resolved . Bradford noted that many members of the congregation were showing signs of early aging , compounding the difficulties which some had in supporting themselves . A few had spent their savings and so gave up and returned to England . It was feared that more would follow and that the congregation would become unsustainable . The employment issues made it unattractive for others to come to Leiden , and younger members had begun leaving to find employment and adventure elsewhere . Also compelling was the possibility of missionary work , an opportunity that rarely arose in a Protestant stronghold . Reasons for departure are suggested by Bradford when he notes the `` discouragements '' of the hard life which they had in the Netherlands , and the hope of attracting others by finding `` a better , and easier place of living '' ; the children of the group being `` drawn away by evil examples into extravagance and dangerous courses '' ; the `` great hope , for the propagating and advancing the gospel of the kingdom of Christ in those remote parts of the world . '' Edward Winslow 's list was similar . In addition to the economic worries and missionary possibilities , he stressed that it was important for the people to retain their English identity , culture , and language . They also believed that the English Church in Leiden could do little to benefit the larger community there . At the same time , there were many uncertainties about moving to such a place as America . Stories had come back from there about failed colonies . There were fears that the native people would be violent , that there would be no source of food or water , that exposure to unknown diseases was possible , and that travel by sea was always hazardous . Balancing all this was a local political situation that was in danger of becoming unstable . The truce was faltering in what came to be known as the Eighty Years ' War , and there was fear over what the attitudes of Spain might be toward them . Candidate destinations included Guiana , where the Dutch had already established Essequibo , or somewhere near the existing Virginia settlements . Virginia was an attractive destination because the presence of the older colony might offer better security and trade opportunities . It was thought , however , that they should not settle too near , since that might too closely duplicate the political environment back in England . The London Company administered a territory of considerable size in the region . The intended settlement location was at the mouth of the Hudson River . This made it possible to settle at a distance which allayed concerns of social , political , and religious conflicts , but still provided the military and economic benefits of relative closeness to an established colony . Negotiations ( edit ) Robert Cushman and John Carver were sent to England to solicit a land patent . Their negotiations were delayed because of conflicts internal to the London Company , but ultimately a patent was secured in the name of John Wincob on June 9 ( Old Style ) / June 19 ( New Style ) , 1619 . The charter was granted with the king 's condition that the Leiden group 's religion would not receive official recognition . Preparations stalled because of the continued problems within the London Company . Competing Dutch companies approached the congregation and discussed with them the possibility of settling in the Hudson River area . David Baeckelandt suggests that the Leiden group was approached by Englishman Matthew Slade , son - in - law of Petrus Placius , a cartographer for the Dutch East India Company . Slade was also a spy for the English Ambassador . The Puritans ' plans were therefore known both at court and among influential investors in the Virginia Company 's colony at Jamestown . Negotiations were broken off with the Dutch at the encouragement of English merchant Thomas Weston , who assured them that he could resolve the London Company delays . The London Company intended to claim the area explored by Hudson before the Dutch could become fully established . The first Dutch settlers did not arrive in the area until 1624 . Weston did come with a substantial change , telling the Leiden group that parties in England had obtained a land grant north of the existing Virginia territory to be called New England . This was only partially true ; the new grant did come to pass , but not until late in 1620 when the Plymouth Council for New England received its charter . It was expected that this area could be fished profitably , and it was not under the control of the existing Virginia government . A second change was known only to parties in England who chose not to inform the larger group . New investors had been brought into the venture who wanted the terms altered so that , at the end of the seven - year contract , half of the settled land and property would revert to the investors . Also , there had been a provision which allowed each settler to have two days per week to work on personal business , but this provision had been dropped from the agreement without the knowledge of the Puritans . Brewster 's diversion ( edit ) Amid these negotiations , William Brewster found himself involved with religious unrest emerging in Scotland . In 1618 , King James had promulgated the Five Articles of Perth which were seen in Scotland as an attempt to encroach on their Presbyterian tradition . Pamphlets critical of this law were published by Brewster and smuggled into Scotland by April 1619 . These pamphlets were traced back to Leiden , and a failed attempt to apprehend Brewster was made in July when his presence in England became known . Also in July in Leiden , English ambassador Dudley Carleton became aware of the situation and began leaning on the Dutch government to extradite Brewster . An arrest was made in September , but only Thomas Brewer the financier was in custody . Brewster 's whereabouts remain unknown between then and the colonists ' departure . Brewster 's type was seized . After several months of delay , Brewer was sent to England for questioning , where he stonewalled government officials until well into 1620 . One resulting concession that England did obtain from the Netherlands was a restriction on the press , making such publications illegal to produce . Thomas Brewer was ultimately convicted in England for his continued religious publication activities and sentenced in 1626 to a fourteen - year prison term . Preparations ( edit ) Not all of the congregation were able to depart on the first trip . Many members were not able to settle their affairs within the time constraints , and the budget was limited for travel and supplies . It was decided that the initial settlement should be undertaken primarily by younger and stronger members . The remainder agreed to follow if and when they could . Robinson would remain in Leiden with the larger portion of the congregation , and Brewster was to lead the American congregation . The church in America would be run independently , but it was agreed that membership would automatically be granted in either congregation to members who moved between the continents . With personal and business matters agreed upon , supplies and a small ship were procured . Speedwell was to bring some passengers from the Netherlands to England , then on to America where it would be kept for the fishing business , with a crew hired for support services during the first year . The larger ship Mayflower was leased for transport and exploration services . Voyage ( edit ) Model of a typical merchantman of the period , showing the cramped conditions that had to be endured . The Speedwell was originally named Swiftsure . It was built in 1577 at sixty tons , and was part of the English fleet that defeated the Spanish Armada . It departed Delfshaven in July 1620 with the Leiden colonists , after a canal ride from Leyden of about seven hours . It reached Southampton , Hampshire and met with the Mayflower and the additional colonists hired by the investors . With final arrangements made , the two vessels set out on August 5 ( Old Style ) / August 15 ( New Style ) . Soon thereafter , the Speedwell crew reported that their ship was taking in water , so both were diverted to Dartmouth , Devon . There it was inspected for leaks and sealed , but a second attempt to depart also failed , bringing them only as far as Plymouth , Devon . It was decided that Speedwell was untrustworthy , and it was sold ; the ship 's master and some of the crew transferred to the Mayflower for the trip . William Bradford observed that the Speedwell seemed `` overmasted '' , thus putting a strain on the hull ; and he attributed her leaking to crew members who had deliberately caused it , allowing them to abandon their year - long commitments . Passenger Robert Cushman wrote that the leaking was caused by a loose board . Atlantic crossing ( edit ) Of the 120 combined passengers , 102 were chosen to travel on the Mayflower with the supplies consolidated . Of these , about half had come by way of Leiden , and about 28 of the adults were members of the congregation . The reduced party finally sailed successfully on September 6 ( Old Style ) / September 16 ( New Style ) , 1620 . Initially the trip went smoothly , but under way they were met with strong winds and storms . One of these caused a main beam to crack , and the possibility was considered of turning back , even though they were more than halfway to their destination . However , they repaired the ship sufficiently to continue using a `` great iron screw '' brought along by the colonists ( probably a jack to be used for either house construction or a cider press ) . Passenger John Howland was washed overboard in the storm but caught a top - sail halyard trailing in the water and was pulled back on board . One crew member and one passenger died before they reached land . A child was born at sea and named Oceanus . Arrival in America ( edit ) Landing of the Pilgrims by Michele Felice Cornè , circa 1805 . Displayed in the White House 1620 place names mentioned by Bradford Land was sighted on November 9 , 1620 . The passengers had endured miserable conditions for about 65 days , and they were led by William Brewster in Psalm 100 as a prayer of thanksgiving . It was confirmed that the area was Cape Cod within the New England territory recommended by Weston . An attempt was made to sail the ship around the cape towards the Hudson River , also within the New England grant area , but they encountered shoals and difficult currents around Cape Malabar ( the old French name for Monomoy Island ) . They decided to turn around , and the ship was anchored in Provincetown Harbor by November 11 / 12 . The Mayflower Compact ( edit ) Further information : Mayflower Compact The charter was incomplete for the Plymouth Council for New England when the colonists departed England ( it was granted while they were in transit on November 3 / 13 ) . They arrived without a patent ; the older Wincob patent was from their abandoned dealings with the London Company . Some of the passengers , aware of the situation , suggested that they were free to do as they chose upon landing , without a patent in place , and to ignore the contract with the investors . A brief contract was drafted to address this issue , later known as the Mayflower Compact , promising cooperation among the settlers `` for the general good of the Colony unto which we promise all due submission and obedience . '' It organized them into what was called a `` civill body politick , '' in which issues would be decided by voting , the key ingredient of democracy . It was ratified by majority rule , with 41 adult male Pilgrims signing for the 102 passengers ( 73 males and 29 females ) . Included in the company were 19 male servants and three female servants , along with some sailors and craftsmen hired for short - term service to the colony . At this time , John Carver was chosen as the colony 's first governor . It was Carver who had chartered the Mayflower and his is the first signature on the Mayflower Compact , being the most respected and affluent member of the group . The Mayflower Compact was the seed of American democracy and has been called the world 's first written constitution . First landings ( edit ) Thorough exploration of the area was delayed for more than two weeks because the shallop or pinnace ( a smaller sailing vessel ) which they brought had been partially dismantled to fit aboard the Mayflower and was further damaged in transit . Small parties , however , waded to the beach to fetch firewood and attend to long - deferred personal hygiene . Exploratory parties were undertaken while awaiting the shallop , led by Myles Standish ( an English soldier whom the colonists had met while in Leiden ) and Christopher Jones . They encountered an old European - built house and iron kettle , left behind by some ship 's crew , and a few recently cultivated fields , showing corn stubble . They came upon an artificial mound near the dunes which they partially uncovered and found to be an Indian grave . Farther along , a similar mound was found , more recently made , and they discovered that some of the burial mounds also contained corn . The colonists took some of the corn , intending to use it as seed for planting , while they reburied the rest . William Bradford later recorded in his book Of Plymouth Plantation that , after the shallop had been repaired , They also found two of the Indian 's houses covered with mats , and some of their implements in them ; but the people had run away and could not be seen . Without permission they took more corn , and beans of various colours . These they brought away , intending to give them full satisfaction ( payment ) when they should meet with any of them , -- as about six months afterwards they did . And it is to be noted as a special providence of God , and a great mercy to this poor people , that they thus got seed to plant corn the next year , or they might have starved ; for they had none , nor any likelihood of getting any , till too late for the planting season . By December , most of the passengers and crew had become ill , coughing violently . Many were also suffering from the effects of scurvy . There had already been ice and snowfall , hampering exploration efforts ; half of them died during the first winter . First contact ( edit ) Explorations resumed on December 6 / 16 . The shallop party headed south along the cape , consisting of seven colonists from Leiden , three from London , and seven crew ; they chose to land at the area inhabited by the Nauset people ( the area around Brewster , Chatham , Eastham , Harwich , and Orleans ) where they saw some people on the shore who fled when they approached . Inland they found more mounds , one containing acorns , which they exhumed and left , and more graves , which they decided not to dig . They remained ashore overnight and heard cries near the encampment . The following morning , they were attacked by Indians who shot at them with arrows . The colonists retrieved their firearms and shot back , then chased them into the woods but did not find them . There was no more contact with Indians for several months . The local Indians were already familiar with the English , who had intermittently visited the area for fishing and trade before Mayflower arrived . In the Cape Cod area , relations were poor following a visit several years earlier by Thomas Hunt . Hunt kidnapped 20 people from Patuxet ( the site of Plymouth Colony ) and another seven from Nausett , and he attempted to sell them as slaves in Europe . One of the Patuxet abductees was Squanto , who became an ally of the Plymouth Colony . The Pokanokets also lived nearby and had developed a particular dislike for the English after one group came in , captured numerous people , and shot them aboard their ship . By this time , there had already been reciprocal killings at Martha 's Vineyard and Cape Cod . But during one of the captures by the English , Squanto escaped to England and there became a Christian . When he came back , he found that most of his tribe had died from plague . Settlement ( edit ) Main article : Plymouth Colony Samuel de Champlain 's 1605 map of Plymouth Harbor showing the Wampanoag village of Patuxet , with some modern place names added for reference . The star is the approximate location of the Plymouth Colony . Continuing westward , the shallop 's mast and rudder were broken by storms and the sail was lost . They rowed for safety , encountering the harbor formed by Duxbury and Plymouth barrier beaches and stumbling on land in the darkness . They remained at this spot for two days to recuperate and repair equipment . They named it Clark 's Island for a Mayflower mate who first set foot on it . They resumed exploration on Monday , December 11 / 21 when the party crossed over to the mainland and surveyed the area that ultimately became the settlement . The anniversary of this survey is observed in Massachusetts as Forefathers ' Day and is traditionally associated with the Plymouth Rock landing tradition . This land was especially suited to winter building because it had already been cleared , and the tall hills provided a good defensive position . The cleared village was known as Patuxet to the Wampanoag people and was abandoned about three years earlier following a plague that killed all of its residents . The `` Indian fever '' involved hemorrhaging and is assumed to have been fulminating smallpox . The outbreak had been severe enough that the colonists discovered unburied skeletons in the dwellings . The exploratory party returned to the Mayflower , anchored twenty - five miles ( 40 km ) away , having been brought to the harbor on December 16 / 26 . Only nearby sites were evaluated , with a hill in Plymouth ( so named on earlier charts ) chosen on December 19 / 29 . Construction commenced immediately , with the first common house nearly completed by January 9 / 19 , 20 feet square and built for general use . At this point , each single man was ordered to join himself to one of the 19 families in order to eliminate the need to build any more houses than absolutely necessary . Each extended family was assigned a plot one - half rod wide and three rods long for each household member , then each family built its own dwelling . Supplies were brought ashore , and the settlement was mostly complete by early February . When the first house was finished , it immediately became a hospital for the ill Pilgrims . Thirty - one of the company were dead by the end of February , with deaths still rising . Coles Hill became the first cemetery , on a prominence above the beach , and the graves were allowed to overgrow with grass for fear that the Indians would discover how weakened the settlement had actually become . Between the landing and March , only 47 colonists had survived the diseases that they contracted on the ship . During the worst of the sickness , only six or seven of the group were able to feed and care for the rest . In this time , half the Mayflower crew also died . William Bradford became governor in 1621 upon the death of John Carver . On March 22 , 1621 , the Pilgrims of Plymouth Colony signed a peace treaty with Massasoit of the Wampanoags . The patent of Plymouth Colony was surrendered by Bradford to the freemen in 1640 , minus a small reserve of three tracts of land . Bradford served for 11 consecutive years , and was elected to various other terms until his death in 1657 . The colony contained Bristol County , Plymouth County , and Barnstable County , Massachusetts . The Massachusetts Bay Colony was reorganized and issued a new charter as the Province of Massachusetts Bay in 1691 , and Plymouth ended its history as a separate colony . Etymology ( edit ) Bradford 's History ( edit ) The first use of the word `` pilgrims '' for the Mayflower passengers appeared in William Bradford 's Of Plymouth Plantation . As he finished recounting his group 's July 1620 departure from Leiden , he used the imagery of Hebrews 11 : 13 -- 16 about Old Testament `` strangers and pilgrims '' who had the opportunity to return to their old country but instead longed for a better , heavenly country . So they lefte ( that ) goodly & pleasante citie , which had been ther resting place , nere 12 years ; but they knew they were pilgrimes , & looked not much on these things ; but lift up their eyes to y heavens , their dearest cuntrie , and quieted their spirits . There is no record of the term Pilgrims being used to describe Plymouth 's founders for 150 years after Bradford wrote this passage , except when quoting him . The Mayflower 's story was retold by historians Nathaniel Morton ( in 1669 ) and Cotton Mather ( in 1702 ) , and both paraphrased Bradford 's passage and used his word pilgrims . At Plymouth 's Forefathers ' Day observance in 1793 , Rev. Chandler Robbins recited this passage . Popular use ( edit ) The name Pilgrims was probably not in popular use before about 1798 , even though Plymouth celebrated Forefathers ' Day several times between 1769 and 1798 and used a variety of terms to honor Plymouth 's founders . Pilgrims was not mentioned , other than in Robbins ' 1793 recitation . The first documented use that was not simply quoting Bradford was at a December 22 , 1798 celebration of Forefathers ' Day in Boston . A song composed for the occasion used the word Pilgrims , and the participants drank a toast to `` The Pilgrims of Leyden '' . The term was used prominently during Plymouth 's next Forefather 's Day celebration in 1800 , and was used in Forefathers ' Day observances thereafter . By the 1820s , the term Pilgrims was becoming more common . Daniel Webster repeatedly referred to `` the Pilgrims '' in his December 22 , 1820 address for Plymouth 's bicentennial , which was widely read . Harriet Vaughan Cheney used it in her 1824 novel A Peep at the Pilgrims in Sixteen Thirty - Six , and the term also gained popularity with the 1825 publication of Felicia Hemans 's classic poem `` The Landing of the Pilgrim Fathers '' . See also ( edit ) The Mayflower Society National Monument to the Forefathers Pieterskerk , Leiden Pilgrim Hall Museum Plymouth Colony Plymouth Rock Thanksgiving ( United States ) List of Mayflower passengers List of Mayflower passengers who died in the winter of 1620 -- 21 Pilgrim Tercentenary half dollar References ( edit ) Bradford , William ; Edward Winslow , Henry Martyn Dexter , ed. ( 1865 ) ( 1622 ) . Mourt 's Relation , or Journal of the Plantation at Plymouth . Boston : John Kimball Wiggin . OCLC 8978744 . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Bradford , William ( 1898 ) ( 1651 ) . Hildebrandt , Ted , ed . Bradford 's History `` Of Plimoth Plantation '' ( PDF ) . Boston : Wright & Potter Printing Co . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Brown , Cornelius ( 1891 ) . A History of Nottinghamshire . London : Elliot Stock . OCLC 4624771 . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Griffis , William . `` The Pilgrim Press in Leyden '' . New England Magazine . Boston : Warren F. Kellogg . 19 / 25 ( January 1899 ) : 559 -- 575 . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Matthews , Albert ( 1915 ) . `` The Term Pilgrim Fathers and Early Celebrations of Forefathers ' Day '' . Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts . Boston : The Society . 17 : 293 -- 391 . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Winslow , Edward ( 2003 ) . Johnson , Caleb , ed . `` Hypocrisy Unmasked '' ( PDF ) . MayflowerHistory.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Davis , Kenneth . C. `` America 's True History of Religious Tolerance '' . Smithsonian . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bradford & ( 1898 ) , Book 1 , Chapter 1 . Jump up ^ Brown & ( 1891 ) , pp. 181 -- 182 . ^ Jump up to : UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark , Gregory ( 2017 ) . `` The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain , 1209 to Present ( New Series ) '' . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Bawdy Court : Exhibits -- Belief and Persecution '' . University of Nottingham . Retrieved November 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Luckock , Herbert Mortimer ( 1882 ) . Studies in the History of the Book of Common Prayer . London : Rivingtons . p. 219 . OCLC 1071106 . Retrieved November 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sheils , William Joseph ( 2004 ) . `` Matthew , Tobie ( 1544 ? -- 1628 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ `` English Dissenters : Barrowists '' . Ex Libris . January 1 , 2008 . Retrieved November 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bassetlaw Museum . `` Bassetlaw , Pilgrim Fathers Country '' . Retrieved November 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Brown & ( 1891 ) , p. 181 . Jump up ^ `` Brewster , William '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11 ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . 1911 . Jump up ^ Bradford & ( 1898 ) , Book 1 , Chapter 2 . Jump up ^ John ( 1895 ) . The Pilgrim Fathers of New England and their Puritan Successors . Reprinted : 1970 . Pasadena , Texas : Pilgrim Publications . pp. 118 . Jump up ^ Harreld , Donald . `` The Dutch Economy in the Golden Age ( 16th -- 17th Centuries ) '' . Economic History Services . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved November 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Contract of Sale , De Groene Poort '' . Leiden Pilgrim Archives . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2007 . Retrieved November 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bradford & ( 1898 ) , Book 1 , Chapter 3 . Jump up ^ See the Synod of Dort . Jump up ^ Griffis & ( 1899 ) , pp. 561 -- 562 . Jump up ^ Bradford writes : `` so as it was not only probably thought , but apparently seen , that within a few years more they would be in danger to scatter , by necessities pressing them , or sinke under their burdens , or both . '' ( Of Plimoth Plantation , chapt. 4 ) ^ Jump up to : Bradford & ( 1898 ) , Book 1 , Chapter 4 . Jump up ^ Winslow & ( 2003 ) , pp. 62 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Brown , John ( 1970 ) . The Pilgrim Fathers of New England and their Puritan Successors . Pasadena , Texas : Pilgrim Publications . pp. 194 . Jump up ^ Kingsbury , Susan Myra , ed. ( 1906 ) . The Records of the Virginia Company of London . 1 . Washington , D.C. : United States Government Printing Office . p. 228 . Retrieved November 11 , 2008 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Bradford & ( 1898 ) , Book 1 , Chapter 5 . ^ Jump up to : Baeckelandt , David . `` The Flemish Influence On Henry Hudson '' , The Brussels Journal , January 1 , 2011 ^ Jump up to : Bradford & ( 1898 ) , Book 1 , Chapter 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Charter of New England : 1620 '' . The Avalon Project . New Haven : Yale Law School . Retrieved November 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Griffis & ( 1899 ) , p. 575 . ^ Jump up to : Bradford & ( 1898 ) , Book 1 , Chapter 7 . Jump up ^ Brown , John ( 1895 ) . The Pilgrim Fathers of New England and their Puritan Successors . Reprinted : 1970 . Pasadena , Texas : Pilgrim Publications . pp. 185 . Jump up ^ `` Project Gutenberg '' . Project Gutenberg . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Deetz , Patricia Scott ; Deetz , James F. `` Passengers on the Mayflower : Ages & Occupations , Origins & Connections '' . The Plymouth Colony Archive Project . Retrieved November 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bangs , Jeremy Dupertuis ( Winter 2003 ) . `` Pilgrim Life : Two Myths -- Ancient and Modern '' . New England Ancestors . Boston : New England Historic Genealogical Society . 4 ( 1 ) : 52 -- 55 . ISSN 1527 - 9405 . OCLC 43146397 . ^ Jump up to : Bradford & ( 1898 ) , Book 1 , Chapters 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Thomas ( 1963 ) . One Small Candle . New York : W.W. Norton . pp. 89 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Winslow & ( 2003 ) , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Bradford and Winslow & ( 1865 ) , pp. 5 -- 6 ^ Jump up to : Bradford & ( 1898 ) , Book 2 , Anno 1620 . Jump up ^ Deetz , Patricia Scott ; Fennell , Christopher ( December 14 , 2007 ) . `` Mayflower Compact , 1620 '' . The Plymouth Colony Archive Project . Retrieved November 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ John ( 1895 ) . The Pilgrim Fathers of New England and their Puritan Successors . Reprinted : 1970 . Pasadena , Texas : Pilgrim Publications . pp. 196 . Jump up ^ Philbrick , Nathaniel , Mayflower : A Story of Courage , Community , and War p. 43 , Viking , New York , NY , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` John and Catherine Carver , '' Pilgrim Hall Museum Web site . Retrieved January 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brown , John ( 1895 ) . The Pilgrim Fathers of New England and their Puritan Successors . Reprinted : 1970 . Pasadena , Texas : Pilgrim Publications . pp. 198 . Jump up ^ Klinkenborg , Verlyn ( December 2011 ) . `` Why Was Life So Hard for the Pilgrims ? '' . American History . 46 ( 5 ) : 36 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Bradford & ( 1898 ) , Book 1 , Chapter 10 . Jump up ^ Bradford and Winslow & ( 1865 ) , pp. 90 -- 91 . Jump up ^ John ( 1895 ) . The Pilgrim Fathers of New England and their Puritan Successors . Reprinted : 1970 . Pasadena , Texas : Pilgrim Publications . pp. 198 . Jump up ^ Bradford & ( 1898 ) , Book 2 , Anno 1622 . Jump up ^ Bradford & ( 1898 ) , Book 2 , Anno 1621 . Jump up ^ John ( 1895 ) . The Pilgrim Fathers of New England and their Puritan Successors . Reprinted : 1970 . Pasadena , Texas : Pilgrim Publications . pp. 200 Jump up ^ Deetz , Patricia Scott ; Fennell , Christopher ( December 14 , 2007 ) . `` Smith 's Map of New England , 1614 '' . The Plymouth Colony Archive Project . Retrieved November 11 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : John ( 1895 ) . The Pilgrim Fathers of New England and their Puritan Successors . Reprinted : 1970 . Pasadena , Texas : Pilgrim Publications . pp. 202 . Jump up ^ Bradford and Winslow & ( 1865 ) , pp. 60 -- 65 , 71 -- 72 . ^ Jump up to : John ( 1895 ) . The Pilgrim Fathers of New England and their Puritan Successors . Reprinted : 1970 . Pasadena , Texas : Pilgrim Publications . pp. 203 . Jump up ^ Matthews & ( 1915 ) , pp. 356 -- 359 . Jump up ^ Matthews & ( 1915 ) , pp. 297 -- 311 , 351 . Jump up ^ Matthews & ( 1915 ) , pp. 323 -- 327 . Jump up ^ `` Toasts Drank at the Celebration of Our Country 's Nativity '' . Massachusetts Mercury . Boston . December 28 , 1798 . pp. 2 , 4 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Matthews & ( 1915 ) , pp. 312 -- 350 . Jump up ^ Webster , Daniel ( 1854 ) . Edward Everett , ed . The Works of Daniel Webster . Vol. 1 ( 8th ed . ) . Boston : Brown , Little & Co. lxiv -- lxv , 1 -- 50 . Retrieved November 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Wolfson , Susan J. , ed. ( 2000 ) . Felicia Hemans . Princeton : Princeton University Press . pp. 416 -- 417 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 05029 - 4 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pilgrim Fathers . Pilgrim Archives , Searchable municipal and court records from Leiden Regional Archive Photographs of New York ( Lincs -- UK ) and Pilgrim Fathers monument ( Lincs -- UK ) Church of the Pilgrimage , founded after an 1801 schism Pilgrim Hall Museum Pilgrim history and artifacts Mayflower Steps All about the Mayflower and Pilgrim Fathers with a Plymouth ( UK ) focus . Lots of pictures The Mayflower Pub London The original mooring point of The Pilgrim Fathers ' Mayflower ship in Rotherhithe , London and the oldest pub on the River Thames Pilgrim ships from 1602 to 1638 Pilgrim ships searchable by ship name , sailing date and passengers . ( hide ) Mayflower passengers and related topics General Mayflower List of Mayflower passengers Captain Christopher Jones Mayflower passengers who died at sea November / December 1620 Mayflower passengers who died in the winter of 1620 -- 21 The More family Cole 's Hill Mayflower Compact signatories Pilgrims Plymouth Colony Of Plymouth Plantation Mourt 's Relation Separatists Priscilla ( Mullins ) Alden Isaac Allerton Mary Allerton William Bradford Dorothy Bradford Love Brewster William Brewster Peter Browne William Butten John Carver ( Plymouth Colony governor ) James Chilton Mary Chilton Francis Cooke Humility Cooper John Crackston Edward Doty Moses Fletcher Edward Fuller Samuel Fuller John Howland Degory Priest Thomas Rogers Henry Samson George Soule Edward Tilley John Tilley Thomas Tinker John Turner William White Resolved White Peregrine White Edward Winslow Other passengers John Alden John Billington Francis Eaton Constance Hopkins Elizabeth Hopkins Oceanus Hopkins Stephen Hopkins Christopher Martin Elinor More Jasper More Mary More Richard More William Mullins Myles Standish Richard Warren Native American associates Squanto Samoset Hobbamock Massasoit Corbitant Related Speedwell Fortune passengers The Anne and Little James passengers Plymouth Rock The Mayflower Society Mayflower House Museum Pilgrim Hall Museum Mayflower II Harwich Mayflower Project National Monument to the Forefathers Pilgrim Monument History of Christianity Centuries : 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st Ministry of Jesus and Apostolic Age Jesus Ministry Crucifixion Resurrection Holy Spirit Leadership Apostles Seventy disciples Paul the Apostle Council of Jerusalem Great Commission New Testament Background Gospels Acts Pauline epistles General epistles Revelation Ante - 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century Calvinism Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use mdy dates from January 2016 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 February 2018 , at 21 : 00 . 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what is the difference between proto-oncogenes and oncogenes

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Oncogene&oldid=853149797

Oncogene - wikipedia Oncogene For the journal , see Oncogene ( journal ) . Illustration of how a normal cell is converted to a cancer cell , when an oncogene becomes activated An oncogene is a gene that has the potential to cause cancer . In tumor cells , they are often mutated and / or expressed at high levels . Most normal cells will undergo a programmed form of rapid cell death ( apoptosis ) when critical functions are altered and malfunctioning . Activated oncogenes can cause those cells designated for apoptosis to survive and proliferate instead . Most oncogenes began as proto - oncogenes , normal genes involved in cell growth and proliferation or inhibition of apoptosis . If normal genes promoting cellular growth , through mutation , are up - regulated , ( gain of function mutation ) they will predispose the cell to cancer and are thus termed oncogenes . Usually multiple oncogenes , along with mutated apoptotic and / or tumor suppressor genes will all act in concert to cause cancer . Since the 1970s , dozens of oncogenes have been identified in human cancer . Many cancer drugs target the proteins encoded by oncogenes . Contents 1 History 2 Proto - oncogene 2.1 Activation 3 Classification 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The theory of oncogenes was foreshadowed by the German biologist Theodor Boveri in his 1914 book Zur Frage der Entstehung Maligner Tumoren ( ' The Origin of Malignant Tumours ' ) , Gustav Fisher , Jena , 1914 . Oncogenes ( Teilungsfoerdernde Chromosomen ) that become amplified ( im permanenten Übergewicht ) during tumour development . Later on the term `` oncogene '' was rediscovered in 1969 by National Cancer Institute scientists George Todaro and Robert Heubner . The first confirmed oncogene was discovered in 1970 and was termed src ( pronounced sarc as in sarcoma ) . Src was in fact first discovered as an oncogene in a chicken retrovirus . Experiments performed by Dr. G. Steve Martin of the University of California , Berkeley demonstrated that the Src was indeed the oncogene of the virus . The first nucleotide sequence of v - src was sequenced in 1980 by A.P. Czernilofsky et al . In 1976 Drs . Dominique Stehelin , J. Michael Bishop and Harold E. Varmus of the University of California , San Francisco demonstrated that oncogenes were activated proto - oncogenes , found in many organisms including humans . Bishop and Varmus were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1989 for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes . The resultant protein encoded by an oncogene is termed oncoprotein . Oncogenes play an important role in the regulation or synthesis of proteins linked to tumorigenic cell growth . Some oncoproteins are accepted and used as tumor markers . The Spanish biochemist Mariano Barbacid isolated the first oncogene . His discovery was published in the prestigious journal Nature in 1982 in an article titled `` A point mutation is responsible for the acquisition of transforming properties by the T24 human bladder - carcinoma oncogene '' . He spent the following months extending his research , eventually discovering that such oncogene was the mutation of an allele of the Ras subfamily , as well as its activation mechanism . Proto - oncogene ( edit ) A proto - oncogene is a normal gene that could become an oncogene due to mutations or increased expression . Proto - oncogenes code for proteins that help to regulate the cell growth and differentiation . Proto - oncogenes are often involved in signal transduction and execution of mitogenic signals , usually through their protein products . Upon acquiring an activating mutation , a proto - oncogene becomes a tumor - inducing agent , an oncogene . Examples of proto - oncogenes include RAS , WNT , MYC , ERK , and TRK . The MYC gene is implicated in Burkitt 's lymphoma , which starts when a chromosomal translocation moves an enhancer sequence within the vicinity of the MYC gene . The MYC gene codes for widely used transcription factors . When the enhancer sequence is wrongly placed , these transcription factors are produced at much higher rates . Another example of an oncogene is the Bcr - Abl gene found on the Philadelphia chromosome , a piece of genetic material seen in Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia caused by the translocation of pieces from chromosomes 9 and 22 . Bcr - Abl codes for a tyrosine kinase , which is constitutively active , leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation . ( More information about the Philadelphia Chromosome below ) Activation ( edit ) From proto - oncogene to oncogene The proto - oncogene can become an oncogene by a relatively small modification of its original function . There are three basic methods of activation : A mutation within a proto - oncogene , or within a regulatory region ( for example the promoter region ) , can cause a change in the protein structure , causing an increase in protein ( enzyme ) activity a loss of regulation An increase in the amount of a certain protein ( protein concentration ) , caused by an increase of protein expression ( through misregulation ) an increase of protein ( mRNA ) stability , prolonging its existence and thus its activity in the cell gene duplication ( one type of chromosome abnormality ) , resulting in an increased amount of protein in the cell A chromosomal translocation ( another type of chromosome abnormality ) There are 2 different types of chromosomal translocations that can occur : translocation events which relocate a proto - oncogene to a new chromosomal site that leads to higher expression translocation events that lead to a fusion between a proto - oncogene and a 2nd gene ( this creates a fusion protein with increased cancerous / oncogenic activity ) the expression of a constitutively active hybrid protein . This type of mutation in a dividing stem cell in the bone marrow leads to adult leukemia Philadelphia Chromosome is an example of this type of translocation event . This chromosome was discovered in 1960 by Peter Nowell and David Hungerford , and it is a fusion of parts of DNA from chromosome 22 and chromosome 9 . The broken end of chromosome 22 contains the `` BCR '' gene , which fuses with a fragment of chromosome 9 that contains the `` ABL1 '' gene . When these two chromosome fragments fuse the genes also fuse creating a new gene : `` BCR - ABL '' . This fused gene encodes for a protein that displays high protein tyrosine kinase activity ( this activity is due to the `` ABL1 '' half of the protein ) . The unregulated expression of this protein activates other proteins that are involved in cell cycle and cell division which can cause a cell to grow and divide uncontrollably ( the cell becomes cancerous ) . As a result , the Philadelphia Chromosome is associated with Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia ( as mentioned before ) as well as other forms of Leukemia . The expression of oncogenes can be regulated by microRNAs ( miRNAs ) , small RNAs 21 - 25 nucleotides in length that control gene expression by downregulating them . Mutations in such microRNAs ( known as oncomirs ) can lead to activation of oncogenes . Antisense messenger RNAs could theoretically be used to block the effects of oncogenes . Classification ( edit ) There are several systems for classifying oncogenes , but there is not yet a widely accepted standard . They are sometimes grouped both spatially ( moving from outside the cell inwards ) and chronologically ( parallelling the `` normal '' process of signal transduction ) . There are several categories that are commonly used : Category Examples Cancers Gene functions Growth factors , or mitogens c - Sis glioblastomas , fibrosarcomas , osteosarcomas , breast carcinomas , and melanomas induces cell proliferation . Receptor tyrosine kinases epidermal growth factor receptor ( EGFR ) , platelet - derived growth factor receptor ( PDGFR ) , and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor ( VEGFR ) , HER2 / neu Breast cancer , gastrointestinal stromal tumours , non-small - cell lung cancer and pancreatic cancer transduce signals for cell growth and differentiation . Cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases Src - family , Syk - ZAP - 70 family , and BTK family of tyrosine kinases , the Abl gene in CML - Philadelphia chromosome colorectal and breast cancers , melanomas , ovarian cancers , gastric cancers , head and neck cancers , pancreatic cancer , lung cancer , brain cancers , and blood cancers mediate the responses to , and the activation receptors of cell proliferation , migration , differentiation , and survival Cytoplasmic Serine / threonine kinases and their regulatory subunits Raf kinase , and cyclin - dependent kinases ( through overexpression ) . malignant melanoma , papillary thyroid cancer , colorectal cancer , and ovarian cancer Involved in organism development , cell cycle regulation , cell proliferation , differentiation , cells survival , and apoptosis Regulatory GTPases Ras protein adenocarcinomas of the pancreas and colon , thyroid tumors , and myeloid leukemia involved in signalling a major pathway leading to cell proliferation . Transcription factors myc gene malignant T - cell lymphomas and acute myleoid leukemias , breast cancer , pancreatic cancer , retinoblastoma , and small cell lung cancer - They regulate transcription of genes that induce cell proliferation . Additional oncogenetic regulator properties include : Growth factors are usually secreted by either specialized or non-specialized cells to induce cell proliferation in themselves , nearby cells , or distant cells . An oncogene may cause a cell to secrete growth factors even though it does not normally do so . It will thereby induce its own uncontrolled proliferation ( autocrine loop ) , and proliferation of neighboring cells , possibly leading to tumor formation . It may also cause production of growth hormones in other parts of the body . Receptor tyrosine kinases add phosphate groups to other proteins in order to turn them on or off . Receptor kinases add phosphate groups to receptor proteins at the surface of the cell ( which receives protein signals from outside the cell and transmits them to the inside of the cell ) . Tyrosine kinases add phosphate groups to the amino acid tyrosine in the target protein . They can cause cancer by turning the receptor permanently on ( constitutively ) , even without signals from outside the cell . Ras is a small GTPase that hydrolyses GTP into GDP and phosphate . Ras is activated by growth factor signaling ( i.e. , EGF , TGFbeta ) and acting like a binary switch ( on / off ) in growth signaling pathways . Downstream effectors of Ras include three mitogen - activated protein kinases Raf a MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase ( MAPKKK ) , MEK a MAP Kinase Kinase ( MAPKK ) , and ERK a MAP Kinase ( MAPK ) , which in turn regulate genes that mediate cell proliferation . See also ( edit ) Anticancer gene Oncogenomics Tumor suppressor gene Oncovirus Genetic predisposition Quantitative trait locus Genetic susceptibility References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wilbur B , ed. ( 2009 ) . The World of the Cell ( 7th ed . ) . San Francisco , C . ^ Jump up to : Kimball 's Biology Pages . `` Oncogenes '' Free full text Jump up ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002 . Illustrated presentation . Jump up ^ Croce CM ( January 2008 ) . `` Oncogenes and cancer '' . The New England Journal of Medicine . 358 ( 5 ) : 502 -- 11 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMra072367 . PMID 18234754 . Jump up ^ Yokota J ( March 2000 ) . `` Tumor progression and metastasis '' ( PDF ) . Carcinogenesis. 21 ( 3 ) : 497 -- 503 . doi : 10.1093 / carcin / 21.3. 497 . PMID 10688870 . Jump up ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1989 to J. Michael Bishop and Harold E. Varmus for their discovery of `` the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes '' . Jump up ^ The Emperor of All Maladies , Siddhartha Mukherjee , 2011 , p. 363 Jump up ^ The Hunting of the Src , G. Steven Martin , Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 2 : 467 ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ ( A.P. Czernilofsky et al. , 1980 , Nature Vol 287 , pp 198 - 203 ) . Jump up ^ Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1989 jointly to J. Michael Bishop and Harold E. Varmus for their discovery of `` the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes '' . Press Release . Jump up ^ Chapter 20 - NEOPLASMS OF THE THYROID - in : Mitchell , Richard Sheppard ; Kumar , Vinay ; Abbas , Abul K. ; Fausto , Nelson . Robbins Basic Pathology . Philadelphia : Saunders . ISBN 1 - 4160 - 2973 - 7 . 8th edition . Jump up ^ Reddy EP , Reynolds RK , Santos E , Barbacid M. `` A point mutation is responsible for the acquisition of transforming properties by the T24 human bladder carcinoma oncogene . '' Nature 1982 Nov 11 ; 300 ( 5888 ) : 149 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Todd R , Wong DT ( 1999 ) . `` Oncogenes '' . Anticancer Research . 19 ( 6A ) : 4729 -- 46 . PMID 10697588 . Jump up ^ Chial , H ( 2008 ) . `` Proto - oncogenes to Oncogenes to Cancer '' . Nature Education . 1 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Negrini M , Ferracin M , Sabbioni S , Croce CM ( June 2007 ) . `` MicroRNAs in human cancer : from research to therapy '' . Journal of Cell Science . 120 ( Pt 11 ) : 1833 -- 40 . doi : 10.1242 / jcs. 03450 . PMID 17515481 . Jump up ^ Esquela - Kerscher A , Slack FJ ( April 2006 ) . `` Oncomirs - microRNAs with a role in cancer '' . Nature Reviews . Cancer . 6 ( 4 ) : 259 -- 69 . doi : 10.1038 / nrc1840 . PMID 16557279 . Jump up ^ THE Medical Biochemistry Page Jump up ^ Press , Richard ; Anita Misra ; Glenda Gillaspy ; David Samols ; David A. Goldthwait ( June 1 , 1989 ) . `` Control of the Expression of c - sis mRNA in Human Glioblastoma Cells by Phorbol Ester and Transforming Growth Factor ß1 '' . Cancer Research ( 49 ) : 2914 -- 2920 . Jump up ^ Gschwind A , Fischer OM , Ullrich A ( May 2004 ) . `` The discovery of receptor tyrosine kinases : targets for cancer therapy '' . Nature Reviews . Cancer . 4 ( 5 ) : 361 -- 70 . doi : 10.1038 / nrc1360 . PMID 15122207 . Jump up ^ Summy JM , Gallick GE ( December 2003 ) . `` Src family kinases in tumor progression and metastasis '' . Cancer Metastasis Reviews . 22 ( 4 ) : 337 -- 58 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1023772912750 . PMID 12884910 . Jump up ^ Thomas SM , Brugge JS ( 1 November 1997 ) . `` Cellular functions regulated by Src family kinases '' . Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology . 13 ( 1 ) : 513 -- 609 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. cellbio. 13.1. 513 . PMID 9442882 . Jump up ^ Garnett MJ , Marais R ( October 2004 ) . `` Guilty as charged : B - RAF is a human oncogene '' . Cancer Cell. 6 ( 4 ) : 313 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ccr. 2004.09. 022 . PMID 15488754 . Jump up ^ Leicht DT , Balan V , Kaplun A , Singh - Gupta V , Kaplun L , Dobson M , Tzivion G ( August 2007 ) . `` Raf kinases : function , regulation and role in human cancer '' . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1773 ( 8 ) : 1196 -- 212 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbamcr. 2007.05. 001 . PMC 1986673 . PMID 17555829 . Jump up ^ Bos JL ( September 1989 ) . `` ras oncogenes in human cancer : a review '' . Cancer Research . 49 ( 17 ) : 4682 -- 9 . PMID 2547513 . Jump up ^ Hilgenfeld R ( December 1995 ) . `` Regulatory GTPases '' . Current Opinion in Structural Biology . 5 ( 6 ) : 810 -- 7 . doi : 10.1016 / 0959 - 440X ( 95 ) 80015 - 8 . PMID 8749370 . Jump up ^ Felsher DW , Bishop JM ( August 1999 ) . `` Reversible tumorigenesis by MYC in hematopoietic lineages '' . Molecular Cell. 4 ( 2 ) : 199 -- 207 . doi : 10.1016 / S1097 - 2765 ( 00 ) 80367 - 6 . PMID 10488335 . Jump up ^ `` Activation and Function of the MAPKs and Their Substrates , the MAPK - Activated Protein Kinases '' . PMC 3063353 . External links ( edit ) Drosophila Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressors - The Interactive Fly Overview of tumors , cancer and oncology ( C00 -- D48 , 140 -- 239 ) Conditions Benign tumors Hyperplasia Cyst Pseudocyst Hamartoma Malignant progression Dysplasia Carcinoma in situ Cancer Metastasis Primary tumor Sentinel lymph node Topography Head / Neck ( Oral , Nasopharyngeal ) Digestive system Respiratory system Bone Skin Blood Urogenital Nervous system Endocrine system Histology Carcinoma Sarcoma Blastoma Papilloma Adenoma Other Precancerous condition Paraneoplastic syndrome Staging / grading TNM Ann Arbor Prostate cancer staging Gleason grading system Dukes classification Carcinogenesis Cancer cell Carcinogen Tumor suppressor genes / oncogenes Clonally transmissible cancer Oncovirus Carcinogenic bacteria Misc . Research Index of oncology articles History Cancer pain Cancer and nausea Neoplasm : Tumor suppressor genes / proteins and Oncogenes / Proto - oncogenes Ligand Growth factors ONCO c - Sis / PDGF HGF Receptor Wnt signaling pathway TSP CDH1 Hedgehog signaling pathway TSP PTCH1 TGF beta signaling pathway TSP TGF beta receptor 2 Receptor tyrosine kinase ONCO ErbB / c - ErbB HER2 / neu Her 3 c - Met c - Ret JAK - STAT signaling pathway ONCO c - Kit Flt3 Intracellular signaling P + Ps Wnt signaling pathway ONCO Beta - catenin TSP APC TGF beta signaling pathway TSP SMAD2 SMAD4 Akt / PKB signaling pathway ONCO c - Akt TSP PTEN Hippo signaling pathway TSP Neurofibromin 2 / Merlin MAPK / ERK pathway ONCO c - Ras HRAS c - Raf TSP Neurofibromin 1 Other / unknown ONCO c - Src TSP Maspin Nucleus Cell cycle ONCO CDK4 Cyclin D Cyclin E TSP p53 pRb WT1 p16 / p14arf DNA repair / Fanconi TSP BRCA1 BRCA2 Ubiquitin ligase ONCO CBL MDM2 TSP VHL Transcription factor ONCO AP - 1 c - Fos c - Jun c - Myc TSP KLF6 Mitochondrion Apoptosis inhibitor SDHB SDHD Other / ungrouped c - Bcl - 2 Notch Stathmin NDL : 01234791 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oncogene&oldid=853149797 '' Categories : Oncogenes Carcinogenesis Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans বাংলা Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Latina Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 35 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 August 2018 , at 19 : 14 ( UTC ) . 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where are tanks most widely used in india why

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Irrigation_tank&oldid=807182788

Irrigation tank - wikipedia Irrigation tank Jump to : navigation , search This article is about an Irrigation tank . For other uses , see Tank ( disambiguation ) . For etymology , see Storage tank . It has been suggested that this article be merged into Reservoir . ( Discuss ) Proposed since January 2016 . Shravanabelagola lake in Karnataka An irrigation tank or tank is an artificial reservoir of any size . They are mainly found in India . ( The word sagar refers to a large lake , usually man - made ) . It can also have a natural or man - made spring included as part of a structure . Tanks are part of an ancient tradition of harvesting and preserving the local rainfall and water from streams and rivers for later use , primarily for agriculture and drinking water , but also for sacred bathing and ritual . Often a tank was constructed across a slope so to collect and store water by taking advantage of local mounds and depressions . Tank use is especially critical in parts of South India without perennial rainfall where water supply replenishment is dependent on a cycle of dry seasons alternating with monsoon seasons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Reasons why ' Tank Irrigation ' is more common in South India 1.1 Merits of Tank Irrigation 1.2 Demerits of Tank Irrigation 2 Tank design 3 Village tanks 4 Temple tanks 5 Stepwells 6 Modern tank management 7 Gallery 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Reasons why ' tank irrigation ' is more common in South India ( edit ) This section may require copy editing . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section does not cite any sources . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1 . The undulating relief and hard rocks make it difficult to dig canals and wells . 2 . There is little percolation of rain water due to hard rock structures and ground water is not available in large quantities . 3 . Most of the rivers of this region are seasonal and dry up during summer season . Therefore , they can not supply water to canals throughout the year . 4 . There are several streams which become torrential during rainy season . The only way to make best use of this water is to impound it by constructing embankments and building tanks . Otherwise this water would go to waste and into the sea . 5 . The scattered nature of population and agricultural fields also favours tank irrigation . Merits of tank irrigation ( edit ) Most of the tanks are natural and do not involve heavy cost for their construction . Even an individual farmer can have his own tank . Tanks are generally constructed on rocky bed and have longer life span . In many tanks , fishing is also carried on . This supplements both the food resources and income of the farmer . Demerits of tank irrigation ( edit ) Many tanks dry up during the dry season and fail to provide irrigation when it is needed the most . Silting of the tank bed is a serious problem and it requires desilting of the tank at regular intervals . Much water is evaporated from the large expanse of shallow water and is thus not available for irrigation . Tanks cover large areas of cultivable land . In many areas , other sources of irrigation have been adopted and the dry beds of tanks have been reclaimed for agriculture . Moreover , lifting of water from tanks and carrying it to the fields is a strenuous and costly exercise which discourages the use of tanks as a source of irrigation . Tank design ( edit ) Water is considered a purifying and regenerative element in India , and is an essential element of prayer and ritual . Water is also revered because of its scarcity in western India where dry and monsoon seasons alternate and failure of the monsoon season means famine and death while plentiful water replacing irrigations sources is a time of rejoicing . This resulted in building water storage tanks that combined the practical and sacred . Since ancient times , the design of water storage has been important in Indian architecture . As early as 3000 BC , sophisticated systems of drains , wells and tanks were built to conserve and utilise water . Tank building as an art form began with the Hindus and developed under Muslim rule . An example of the art of tank design is the large , geometically spectacular Stepped Tank at the Royal Center at the ruins of Vijayanagara , the capital of the Vijayanagara Empire , surrounding the modern town of Hampi . It is lined with green diorite and has no drain . The tank was filled by aqueduct . Village tanks ( edit ) A tank in Tamil Nadu Ralegaon Siddhi is an example of a village that revitalised its ancient tank system . In 1975 the village was drought - stricken . The village tank could not hold water as the earthen embankment dam wall leaked . Work began with the percolation tank construction by the villagers who donated their labor to repair the embankment . Once this was fixed , the village 's seven wells below the tank filled with water in the summer for the first time in memory . Now the village has a supply of water throughout the year . Temple tanks ( edit ) Tanks known as `` Pushkarni '' or `` Kalyani '' also known as `` Kund '' in Hindi are reservoirs with steps leading down to the water , generally found in South India , and sometimes constructed within the walls of a temple complex . Bathing in the sacred waters of a temple tank was believed to cure worshippers of afflictions such as leprosy and blindness . Many temple tanks are decaying and drying up today . Stepwells ( edit ) Stepwells , also called bavdi ( Hindi : बावड़ी ) or bavli ( Hindi : बावली ) , are wells in which the water can be reached by descending a set of steps . They are most common in the west of India . Stepwells were often used for leisure , providing relief from daytime heat . This led to the building of some significant ornamental and architectural features , often associated with dwellings and in urban areas . It also ensured their survival as monuments . Modern tank management ( edit ) The development of large - scale water management methods and hydroelectric generation have replaced much of the local efforts and community management of water . For example , the state of Karnataka has about 44,000 artificial wetlands locally constructed over many centuries . At least 328 are threatened today . However , recently a tank regeneration movement initiated by communities and non-governmental organisations ( NGO ) has arisen . Today , there are approximately 120,000 small - scale tanks , irrigating about 41,200 km2 in semi-arid areas of India . This constitutes about one third of the total irrigated land in South India . Gallery ( edit ) A shrine in a ruined tank at Vijayanagara in Karnataka A stepped temple tank at Belur in Karnataka Pothundi Reservoir in Kerala A tank at Badami in Karnataka A bavdi at Shekhawati in Rajasthan A johad at Thathawata in Rajasthan A well at Trikuteshwara temple in Karnataka A temple pond and waterfall at Ellora Caves in Maharashtra Adalaj Stepwell in Gujarat A tank used for irrigating a market garden on Lamma Island in Hong Kong See also ( edit ) Noyyal River - Tanks System Irrigation Johad bavdi or stepwell Temple tank Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Architecture on the Indian Subcontinent - glossary '' . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tank management '' . rainwaterharvesting.org . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Thapar , Binda ( 2004 ) . Introduction to Indian Architecture . Singapore : Periplus Editions . p. 24 . ISBN 0 - 7946 - 0011 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Architecture - Stepwells '' . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Great Tank '' . art - and - archaeology . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Ralegan Siddhi : A village Transformed '' . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent - glossary '' . Indian Architecture . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Sun Temples in India '' . TempleNet . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Ponds , tanks relics of a bygone era '' . AmritsarPlus Online Edition . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Bird monitoring at Rampura and Kalkere tanks '' . aroche.org . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Anbumozhi , V. ; Matsumoto , K. ; Yamaji , E. ( 2001 ) . Irrigation and Drainage Systems . 15 ( 4 ) : 293 -- 309 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1014420822465 . INIST : 13552012 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Arumugam , N. ; Mohan , S. ; Ramaprasad , R. ( 1997 ) . `` Sustainable Development and Management of Tank Irrigation Systems in South India '' . Water International . 22 ( 2 ) : 90 -- 7 . doi : 10.1080 / 02508069708686676 . INIST : 2829920 . References ( edit ) Palanisami , K , and Easer , E.W. ( 2000 ) . Tank Irrigation in the 21st Century -- What Next ? Discovery , Delhi , Discovery . ISBN 81 - 7141 - 558 - X . External links ( edit ) Photo of Rampura temple tank Photo of Kalkere temple tamk Photo of temple Stepped Tank at Vijayanagara Photo of temple tank at Ekambareshvara Temple Photo of Great Tank at Royal Center Temple , Vijayanagara Tank , east of Mukteshvara Tank Rehabilitation Program Indus River Valley Civilization Hindu Temples : tanks - tirtta ( artificial sacred ponds ) Channeling Nature : Hydraulics , Traditional Knowledge Systems , And Water Resource Management in India -- A Historical Perspective Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irrigation_tank&oldid=807182788 '' Categories : Irrigation in India Water supply and sanitation in India Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Articles to be merged from January 2016 All articles to be merged Wikipedia articles needing copy edit from May 2017 All articles needing copy edit Articles using small message boxes Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Hindi - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Shqip தமிழ் తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 12 : 37 . 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who is awarded the honour of victoria cross

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Victoria_Cross&oldid=865108933

Victoria Cross - wikipedia Victoria Cross For the abbreviation , see VC . For other uses , see Victoria Cross ( disambiguation ) . Victoria Cross Obverse of the cross ; ribbon : 11⁄2 '' ( 38 mm ) , crimson ( blue ribbon for naval awards 1856 -- 1918 ) Awarded by Monarch of the United Kingdom Type Military decoration Eligibility Persons of any rank in the Naval , Military and Air Forces of the United Kingdom , its colonies or territories , and Commonwealth countries that award UK honours ; members of the Merchant Navy ; and civilians serving under the orders , directions or supervision of any of the above - mentioned forces or services . Awarded for `` ... most conspicuous bravery , or some daring or pre-eminent act of valour or self - sacrifice , or extreme devotion to duty in the presence of the enemy . '' Status Currently awarded . Description Bronze Cross pattée with Crown and Lion Superimposed , and motto : ' For Valour ' Clasps Bars can be awarded for further acts of valour Post-nominals VC Statistics Established 29 January 1856 First awarded 26 June 1857 Last awarded 26 February 2015 Total awarded 1,358 Distinct recipients 1,355 Order of Wear Next ( higher ) None Next ( lower ) George Cross Ribbon bar Second award bar The Victoria Cross ( VC ) is the highest and most prestigious award of the British honours system . It is awarded for gallantry `` in the presence of the enemy '' to members of the British Armed Forces . It may be awarded posthumously . It was previously awarded to Commonwealth countries , most of which have established their own honours systems and no longer recommend British honours . It may be awarded to a person of any military rank in any service and to civilians under military command although no civilian has received the award since 1879 . Since the first awards were presented by Queen Victoria in 1857 , two thirds of all awards have been personally presented by the British monarch . These investitures are usually held at Buckingham Palace . The VC was introduced on 29 January 1856 by Queen Victoria to honour acts of valour during the Crimean War . Since then , the medal has been awarded 1,358 times to 1,355 individual recipients . Only 15 medals , 11 to members of the British Army , and four to the Australian Army , have been awarded since the Second World War . The traditional explanation of the source of the metal from which the medals are struck is that it derives from Russian cannon captured at the Siege of Sevastopol . However , research has suggested another origin for the material . Historian John Glanfield has established that the metal for most of the medals made since December 1914 came from two Chinese cannon , and that there is no evidence of Russian origin . Owing to its rarity , the VC is highly prized and the medal has fetched over £ 400,000 at auction . A number of public and private collections are devoted to the Victoria Cross . The private collection of Lord Ashcroft , amassed since 1986 , contains over one - tenth of all VCs awarded . Following a 2008 donation to the Imperial War Museum , the Ashcroft collection went on public display alongside the museum 's Victoria and George Cross collection in November 2010 . Beginning with the Centennial of Confederation in 1967 , Canada , followed in 1975 by Australia and New Zealand , developed their own national honours systems , separate and independent of the British or Imperial honours system . As each country 's system evolved , operational gallantry awards were developed with the premier award of each system -- the Victoria Cross for Australia , the Canadian Victoria Cross and the Victoria Cross for New Zealand -- being created and named in honour of the Victoria Cross . These are unique awards of each honours system , recommended , assessed , gazetted and presented by each country . Contents 1 Origin 1.1 Manufacture 2 Appearance 3 Award process 3.1 Colonial awards 3.2 Separate Commonwealth awards 4 Authority and privileges 4.1 Annuity 4.2 Forfeited awards 5 Recipients 6 Public sales 7 Thefts 8 Collections 8.1 Ashcroft collection 8.2 Australian War Memorial 8.3 List of collections 9 Other 9.1 Memorials 9.2 In art 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Origin ( edit ) In 1854 , after 39 years of peace , Britain found itself fighting a major war against Russia . The Crimean War was one of the first wars with modern reporting , and the dispatches of William Howard Russell described many acts of bravery and valour by British servicemen that went unrewarded . Before the Crimean War , there was no official standardised system for recognition of gallantry within the British armed forces . Officers were eligible for an award of one of the junior grades of the Order of the Bath and brevet promotions while a Mention in Despatches existed as an alternative award for acts of lesser gallantry . This structure was very limited ; in practice awards of the Order of the Bath were confined to officers of field rank . Brevet promotions or Mentions in Despatches were largely confined to those who were under the immediate notice of the commanders in the field , generally members of the commander 's own staff . Other European countries had awards that did not discriminate against class or rank ; France awarded the Légion d'honneur ( Legion of Honour , established 1802 ) and The Netherlands gave the Order of William ( established in 1815 ) . There was a growing feeling among the public and in the Royal Court that a new award was needed to recognise incidents of gallantry that were unconnected with the length or merit of a man 's service . Queen Victoria issued a Warrant under the Royal sign - manual on 29 January 1856 ( gazetted 5 February 1856 ) that officially constituted the VC . The order was backdated to 1854 to recognise acts of valour during the Crimean War . Queen Victoria had instructed the War Office to strike a new medal that would not recognise birth or class . The medal was meant to be a simple decoration that would be highly prized and eagerly sought after by those in the military services . To maintain its simplicity , Queen Victoria , under the guidance of Prince Albert , vetoed the suggestion that the award be called The Military Order of Victoria and instead suggested the name Victoria Cross . The original warrant stated that the Victoria Cross would only be awarded to officers and men who had served in the presence of the enemy and had performed some signal act of valour or devotion . The first ceremony was held on 26 June 1857 at which Queen Victoria invested 62 of the 111 Crimean recipients in a ceremony in Hyde Park , London . Manufacture ( edit ) A single company of jewellers , Hancocks of London , has been responsible for the production of every VC awarded since its inception . It has long been widely believed that all the VCs were cast from the cascabels of two cannon that were captured from the Russians at the siege of Sevastopol . However , in 1990 Creagh and Ashton conducted a metallurgical examination of the VCs in the custody of the Australian War Memorial , and later the historian John Glanfield wrote that , through the use of X-ray studies of older Victoria Crosses , it was determined that the metal used for almost all VCs since December 1914 is taken from antique Chinese guns , replacing an earlier gun . Creagh noted the existence of Chinese inscriptions on the cannon , which are now barely legible due to corrosion . A likely explanation is that these cannon were taken as trophies during the First Opium War and held in the Woolwich repository . It was also thought that some medals made during the First World War were composed of metal captured from different Chinese guns during the Boxer Rebellion . This is not so , however . The VCs examined by Creagh and Ashton both in Australia ( 58 ) and at the QE II Army Memorial Museum in New Zealand ( 14 ) spanned the entire time during which VCs have been issued and no compositional inconsistencies were found . It was also believed that another source of metal was used between 1942 and 1945 to create five Second World War VCs when the Sevastopol metal `` went missing '' . Creagh accessed the Army records at MoD Donnington in 1991 and did not find any gaps in the custodial record . The composition found in the WW2 VCs , amongst them those for Edwards ( Australia ) and Upham ( New Zealand ) , is similar to that for the early WW1 medals . This is likely to be due to the reuse of material from earlier pourings , casting sprues , defective medals , etc . The barrels of the Chinese cannon are on display at Firepower -- The Royal Artillery Museum at Woolwich . The remaining portion of the only remaining cascabel , weighing 358 oz ( 10 kg ) , is stored in a vault maintained by 15 Regiment Royal Logistic Corps at MoD Donnington . It can only be removed under armed guard . It is estimated that approximately 80 to 85 more VCs could be cast from this source . Appearance ( edit ) The front and back of Edward Holland 's VC . The decoration is a bronze cross pattée , 1 39 / 64 '' ( 41 mm ) high , 1 27 / 64 '' ( 36 mm ) wide , bearing the crown of Saint Edward surmounted by a lion , and the inscription FOR VALOUR . This was originally to have been FOR THE BRAVE , until it was changed on the recommendation of Queen Victoria , as it implied that not all men in battle were brave . The decoration , suspension bar and link weigh about 0.87 troy ounces ( 27 g ) . The cross is suspended by a ring from a seriffed `` V '' to a bar ornamented with laurel leaves , through which the ribbon passes . The reverse of the suspension bar is engraved with the recipient 's name , rank , number and unit . On the reverse of the medal is a circular panel on which the date of the act for which it was awarded is engraved in the centre . The Original Warrant Clause 1 states that the Victoria Cross `` shall consist of a Maltese cross of bronze '' . Nonetheless , it has always been a cross pattée ; the discrepancy with the Warrant has never been corrected . The ribbon is crimson , 1 1 / 2 `` ( 38 mm ) wide . The original ( 1856 ) specification for the award stated that the ribbon should be red for army recipients and dark blue for naval recipients . However the dark blue ribbon was abolished soon after the formation of the Royal Air Force on 1 April 1918 . On 22 May 1920 King George V signed a warrant that stated all recipients would now receive a red ribbon and the living recipients of the naval version were required to exchange their ribbons for the new colour . Although the army warrants state the colour as being red , it is defined by most commentators as being crimson or `` wine - red '' . Since 1917 a miniature of the Cross has been affixed to the centre of the ribbon bar when worn without the Cross . In the event of a second award bar , a second replica is worn alongside the first . Award process ( edit ) The obverse of William Johnstone 's VC showing the dark blue ribbon for pre-1918 awards to naval personnel . The Victoria Cross is awarded for ... most conspicuous bravery , or some daring or pre-eminent act of valour or self - sacrifice , or extreme devotion to duty in the presence of the enemy . A recommendation for the VC is normally issued by an officer at regimental level , or equivalent , and has to be supported by three witnesses , although this has been waived on occasion . The recommendation is then passed up the military hierarchy until it reaches the Secretary of State for Defence . The recommendation is then laid before the monarch who approves the award with his or her signature . Victoria Cross awards are always promulgated in the London Gazette with the single exception of the award to the American Unknown Soldier in 1921 . The Victoria Cross warrant makes no specific provision as to who should actually present the medals to the recipients . Queen Victoria indicated that she would like to present the medals in person and she presented 185 medals out of the 472 gazetted during her reign . Including the first 62 medals presented at a parade in Hyde Park on 26 June 1857 by Queen Victoria , nearly 900 awards have been personally presented to the recipient by the reigning British monarch . Nearly 300 awards have been presented by a member of the royal family or by a civil or military dignitary . About 150 awards were either forwarded to the recipient or next of kin by registered post or no details of the presentations are known . The original Royal Warrant did not contain a specific clause regarding posthumous awards , although official policy was not to award the VC posthumously . Between the Indian Mutiny in 1857 and the beginning of the Second Boer War the names of six officers and men were published in the London Gazette with a memorandum stating they would have been awarded the Victoria Cross had they survived . A further three notices were published in the London Gazette in September 1900 and April 1901 for gallantry in the Second Boer War . In an exception to policy for the Boer War , six posthumous Victoria Crosses , three to those mentioned in the notices in 1900 and 1901 and a further three , were granted on 8 August 1902 , the first official posthumous awards . Five years later in 1907 , the posthumous policy was reversed for earlier wars , and medals were sent to the next of kin of the six officers and men whose names were mentioned in notices in the Gazette dating back to the Indian Mutiny . The Victoria Cross warrant was not amended to explicitly allow posthumous awards until 1920 , but one quarter of all awards for World War I were posthumous . Although the 1920 Royal Warrant made provision for awards to women serving in the Armed Forces , no women have been awarded a VC . In the case of a gallant and daring act being performed by a squadron , ship 's company or a detached body of men ( such as marines ) in which all men are deemed equally brave and deserving of the Victoria Cross then a ballot is drawn . The officers select one officer , the NCOs select one individual and the private soldiers or seamen select two individuals . In all 46 awards have been awarded by ballot with 29 of the awards during the Indian Mutiny . Four further awards were granted to Q Battery , Royal Horse Artillery at Korn Spruit on 31 March 1900 during the Second Boer War . The final ballot awards for the army were the six awards to the Lancashire Fusiliers at W Beach during the landing at Gallipoli on 25 April 1915 although three of the awards were not gazetted until 1917 . The final seven ballot awards were the only naval ballot awards with three awards to two Q - Ships in 1917 and four awards for the Zeebrugge Raid in 1918 . The provision for awards by ballot is still included in the Victoria Cross warrant but there have been no further such awards since 1918 . Between 1858 and 1881 the Victoria Cross could be awarded for actions taken `` under circumstances of extreme danger '' not in the face of the enemy . Six such awards were made during this period -- five of them for a single incident during an Expedition to the Andaman Islands in 1867 . In 1881 , the criteria were changed again and the VC was only awarded for acts of valour `` in the face of the enemy '' . Due to this it has been suggested by many historians including Lord Ashcroft that the changing nature of warfare will result in fewer VCs being awarded . Colonial awards ( edit ) The Victoria Cross was extended to colonial troops in 1867 . The extension was made following a recommendation for gallantry regarding colonial soldier Major Charles Heaphy for action in the New Zealand land wars in 1864 . He was operating under British command and the VC was gazetted in 1867 . Later that year , the Government of New Zealand assumed full responsibility for operations but no further recommendations for the Victoria Cross were raised for local troops who distinguished themselves in action . Following gallant actions by three New Zealand soldiers in November 1868 and January 1869 during the New Zealand land wars , an Order in Council on 10 March 1869 created a `` Distinctive Decoration '' for members of the local forces without seeking permission from the Secretary of State for the Colonies . Although the governor was chided for exceeding his authority , the Order in Council was ratified by the Queen . The title `` Distinctive Decoration '' was later replaced by the title New Zealand Cross . The question of whether awards could be made to colonial troops not serving with British troops was raised in South Africa in 1881 . Surgeon John McCrea , an officer of the South African forces was recommended for gallantry during hostilities which had not been approved by the British Government . He was awarded the Victoria Cross and the principle was established that gallant conduct could be rewarded independently of any political consideration of military operations . More recently , four Australian soldiers were awarded the Victoria Cross in Vietnam although Britain was not involved in the conflict . Indian troops were not originally eligible for the Victoria Cross since they had been eligible for the Indian Order of Merit since 1837 which was the oldest British gallantry award for general issue . When the Victoria Cross was created , Indian troops were still controlled by the Honourable East India Company and did not come under Crown control until 1860 . European officers and men serving with the Honourable East India Company were not eligible for the Indian Order of Merit and the Victoria Cross was extended to cover them in October 1857 . It was only at the end of the 19th century that calls for Indian troops to be awarded the Victoria Cross intensified . Indian troops became eligible for the award in 1911 . The first awards to Indian troops appeared in the London Gazette on 7 December 1914 to Darwan Sing Negi and Khudadad Khan . Negi was presented with the Victoria Cross by King George V during a visit to troops in France . The presentation occurred on 5 December 1914 and he is one of a very few soldiers presented with his award before it appeared in the London Gazette . Separate Commonwealth awards ( edit ) See also : Victoria Cross for Australia , Victoria Cross ( Canada ) , and Victoria Cross for New Zealand Victoria Cross as it appears on Commonwealth War Graves Commission headstones . Since the Second World War , most but not all Commonwealth countries have created their own honours systems and no longer participate in the British honours system . This began soon after the Partition of India in 1947 , when the new countries of India and Pakistan introduced their own systems of awards . The VC was replaced by the Param Vir Chakra ( PVC ) and Nishan - e-Haider ( NH ) respectively . Most if not all new honours systems continued to permit recipients of British honours to wear their awards according to the rules of each nation 's order of wear . Sri Lanka , whose defence personnel were eligible to receive the Victoria Cross until 1972 , introduced its own equivalent , the Parama Weera Vibhushanaya medal . Three Commonwealth realms -- Australia , Canada and New Zealand -- have each introduced their own decorations for gallantry and bravery , replacing British decorations such as the Victoria Cross with their own . The only Commonwealth countries that still can recommend the VC are the small nations , none of whose forces have ever been awarded the VC , that still participate in the British honours system . With effect from 6 April 1952 , when the Union of South Africa instituted its own range of military decorations and medals , these new awards took precedence before all earlier British decorations and medals awarded to South Africans , with the exception of the Victoria Cross , which still took precedence before all other awards . The other older British awards continued to be worn in the order prescribed by the British Central Chancery of the Orders of Knighthood . Australia was the first Commonwealth realm to create its own VC , on 15 January 1991 . Although it is a separate award , its appearance is identical to its British counterpart . Canada followed suit when in 1993 Queen Elizabeth signed Letters Patent creating the Canadian VC , which is also similar to the British version , except that the legend has been changed from FOR VALOUR to the Latin PRO VALORE This language was chosen so as to favour neither French nor English , the two official languages of Canada . New Zealand was the third country to adapt the VC into its own honours system . While the New Zealand and Australian VCs are technically separate awards , the decoration is identical to the British design , including being cast from the same Crimean War gunmetal as the British VC . The Canadian Victoria Cross also includes metal from the same cannon , along with copper and other metals from all regions of Canada . Five of the separate VCs have so far been awarded . Willie Apiata received the Victoria Cross for New Zealand on 2 July 2007 , for his actions in the War in Afghanistan in 2004 . The Victoria Cross for Australia has been awarded four times . Mark Donaldson was awarded the Victoria Cross for Australia on 16 January 2009 for actions during Operation Slipper , the Australian contribution to the War in Afghanistan . Ben Roberts - Smith was awarded the Victoria Cross for Australia on 23 January 2011 for actions in the Shah Wali Kot Offensive , part of the War in Afghanistan . Daniel Keighran was awarded the Victoria Cross for Australia on 1 November 2012 for his actions during the Battle of Derapet in Oruzgan Province , Afghanistan , on 24 August 2010 . A posthumous award was made to Corporal Cameron Baird for actions in Afghanistan in 2013 . A Canadian version has been cast that was originally to be awarded to the Unknown Soldier at the rededication of the Vimy Memorial on 7 April 2007 . This date was chosen as it was the 90th anniversary of the battle of Vimy Ridge but pressure from veterans ' organisations caused the plan to be dropped . Authority and privileges ( edit ) As the highest award for valour of the United Kingdom , the Victoria Cross is always the first award to be presented at an investiture , even before knighthoods , as was shown at the investiture of Private Johnson Beharry , who received his medal before General Sir Mike Jackson received his knighthood . Owing to its status , the VC is always the first decoration worn in a row of medals and it is the first set of post-nominal letters used to indicate any decoration or order . Similar acts of extreme valour that do not take place in the face of the enemy are honoured with the George Cross ( GC ) , which has equal precedence but is awarded second because the GC is newer . There is a widespread though erroneous belief that it is statutory for `` all ranks to salute a bearer of the Victoria Cross '' . There is no official requirement that appears in the official Warrant of the VC , nor in Queen 's Regulations and Orders , but tradition dictates that this occurs and as such senior officers will salute a private awarded a VC or GC . As there was no formal order of wear laid down , the Victoria Cross was at first worn as the recipient fancied . It was popular to pin it on the left side of the chest over the heart , with other decorations grouped around the VC . The Queen 's Regulations for the Army of 1881 gave clear instructions on how to wear it ; the VC had to follow the badge of the Order of the Indian Empire . In 1900 it was ordained in Dress Regulations for the Army that it should be worn after the cross of a Member of the Royal Victorian Order . It was only in 1902 that King Edward VII gave the cross its present position on a bar brooch . The cross is also worn as a miniature decoration on a brooch or a chain with mess jacket , white tie or black tie . As a bearer of the VC is not a Companion in an Order of Chivalry , the VC has no place in a coat of arms . Annuity ( edit ) The original warrant stated that NCOs and private soldiers or seamen on the Victoria Cross Register were entitled to a £ 10 per annum annuity . In 1898 , Queen Victoria raised the pension to £ 50 for those that could not earn a livelihood , be it from old age or infirmity . Today holders of the Victoria Cross or George Cross are entitled to an annuity , the amount of which is determined by the awarding government . Since 2015 , the annuity paid by the British Government is £ 10,000 per year . This is exempted from tax for British taxpayers by Section 638 Income Tax ( Earnings and Pensions ) Act 2003 , along with pensions or annuities from other awards for bravery . In Canada under the Gallantry Awards Order , members of the Canadian Forces or people who joined the British forces before 31 March 1949 while domiciled in Canada or Newfoundland receive Can $ 3,000 per year . Under Subsection 103.4 of the Veterans ' Entitlements Act 1986 , the Australian Government provides a Victoria Cross Allowance . Until November 2005 the amount was A $ 3,230 per year . Since then this amount has been increased annually in line with the Australian Consumer Price Index . Forfeited awards ( edit ) See also : Category : Victoria Cross forfeitures The original Royal Warrant involved an expulsion clause that allowed for a recipient 's name to be erased from the official register in certain wholly discreditable circumstances and his pension cancelled . Eight were forfeited between 1861 and 1908 . King George V felt very strongly that the decoration should never be forfeited and in a letter from his Private Secretary , Lord Stamfordham , on 26 July 1920 , his views are forcefully expressed : The King feels so strongly that , no matter the crime committed by anyone on whom the VC has been conferred , the decoration should not be forfeited . Even were a VC to be sentenced to be hanged for murder , he should be allowed to wear his VC on the scaffold . The power to cancel and restore awards is still included in the Victoria Cross warrant . The last award to be forfeited was in 1908 and none have been restored . Recipients ( edit ) Main article : Lists of Victoria Cross recipients The 93rd Highlanders storming Sikandar Bagh . National Army Museum , London ( NAM 1987 - 06 - 12 ) A total of 1,358 Victoria Crosses have been awarded since 1856 to 1,355 men . There are several statistics related to the greatest number of VCs awarded in individual battles or wars . The greatest number of Victoria Crosses awarded for a single day was 24 for deeds performed during the Indian Mutiny on 16 November 1857 , 23 for deeds at Lucknow and one by Francis David Millet Brown for action at Narnoul , south of Delhi . The greatest number won by a single unit during a single action is seven , to the 2nd / 24th Foot , for the defence of Rorke 's Drift , 22 -- 23 January 1879 , during the Zulu War . The greatest number won in a single conflict is 628 , being for the First World War . There are five living holders of the VC -- one RAF ( WW2 ) , three British Army ( Confrontation , Iraq and Afghanistan ) and one Australian Army ( Vietnam ) . Eight of the then - twelve surviving holders of the Victoria Cross attended the 150th Anniversary service of remembrance at Westminster Abbey on 26 June 2006 . In the 1990s , Australia and New Zealand created their own highest award with both named in honour of the British Victoria Cross . There are three living recipients of the Victoria Cross for Australia and one living recipient of the Victoria Cross for New Zealand . In 1921 , the British Unknown Warrior was awarded the US Medal of Honor and reciprocally the Victoria Cross was presented to the American Unknown Soldier of the First World War . This is the only ungazetted VC award and is included in the total of 1,358 awards . Three people have been awarded the VC and Bar , the bar representing a second award of the VC . They are : Noel Chavasse and Arthur Martin - Leake , both doctors in the Royal Army Medical Corps , for rescuing wounded under fire ; and New Zealander Charles Upham , an infantryman , for combat actions . Upham remains the only combatant soldier to have received a VC and Bar . An Irishman , Surgeon General William Manley , remains the sole recipient of both the Victoria Cross and the Iron Cross . The VC was awarded for his actions during the Waikato - Hauhau Maori War , New Zealand on 29 April 1864 while the Iron Cross was awarded for tending the wounded during the Franco - Prussian War of 1870 -- 71 . Royal New Zealand Air Force Flying Officer Lloyd Trigg has the distinction of being the only serviceman ever awarded a VC on evidence solely provided by the enemy , for an action in which there were no surviving Allied witnesses . The recommendation was made by the captain of the German U-boat U-468 sunk by Trigg 's aircraft . Lieutenant Commander Gerard Roope was also awarded a VC on recommendation of the enemy , the captain of the Admiral Hipper , but there were also numerous surviving Allied witnesses to corroborate his actions . Since the end of the Second World War the original VC has been awarded 15 times : four in the Korean War , one in the Indonesia - Malaysia confrontation in 1965 , four to Australians in the Vietnam War , two during the Falklands War in 1982 , one in the Iraq War in 2004 , and three in the War in Afghanistan for actions in 2006 , 2012 and 2013 . In 1856 , Queen Victoria laid a Victoria Cross beneath the foundation stone of Netley Military hospital . When the hospital was demolished in 1966 the VC , known as `` The Netley VC '' , was retrieved and is now on display in the Army Medical Services Museum , Mytchett , near Aldershot . This VC is not counted in official statistics . Public sales ( edit ) Since 1879 , more than 300 Victoria Crosses have been publicly auctioned or advertised . Others have been privately sold . The value of the VC can be seen by the increasing sums that the medals reach at auction . In 1955 the set of medals awarded to Edmund Barron Hartley was bought at Sotheby 's for the then record price of £ 300 ( approximately £ 7200 in present - day terms ) . In October 1966 the Middlesex Regiment paid a new record figure of £ 900 ( approximately £ 15400 in present - day terms ) for a VC awarded after the Battle of the Somme . In January 1969 , the record reached £ 1700 ( £ 25700 ) for the medal set of William Rennie . In April 2004 the VC awarded in 1944 to Sergeant Norman Jackson , RAF , was sold at auction for £ 235,250 . On 24 July 2006 , an auction at Bonhams in Sydney of the VC awarded to Captain Alfred Shout fetched a world record hammer price of A $ 1 million ( approximately £ 410,000 at then exchange rates ) . In November 2009 , it was reported that almost £ 1.5 million was paid to St Peter 's College , Oxford by Lord Ashcroft for the VC and bar awarded to Noel Chavasse . Vice Admiral Gordon Campbell 's medal group , including the VC he received for actions while in command of HMS Farnborough , was reportedly sold for a record £ 840,000 . Thefts ( edit ) Several VCs have been stolen and , being valuable , have been placed on the Interpol watch - list for stolen items . The VC awarded to Milton Gregg , which was donated to the Royal Canadian Regiment Museum in London , Ontario Canada in 1979 , was stolen on Canada Day ( 1 July 1980 ) , when the museum was overcrowded and has been missing since . A VC awarded in 1917 to Canadian soldier Corporal Filip Konowal was stolen from the same museum in 1973 and was not recovered until 2004 . On 2 December 2007 , nine VCs were among 100 medals stolen from locked , reinforced glass cabinets at the QEII Army Memorial Museum in Waiouru , New Zealand with a value of around NZD $20 million . Charles Upham 's VC and Bar was among these . A reward of NZ $300,000 was posted for information leading to the recovery of the decorations and conviction of the thieves , although at the time there was much public debate about the need to offer reward money to retrieve the medals . On 16 February 2008 New Zealand Police announced all the medals had been recovered . Collections ( edit ) Ashcroft collection ( edit ) The VC collection of businessman and politician Lord Ashcroft , amassed since 1986 , contains 162 medals , over one - tenth of all VCs awarded . It is the largest collection of such decorations . In July 2008 it was announced that Ashcroft was to donate £ 5 million for a permanent gallery at the Imperial War Museum where the 50 VCs held by the museum will be put on display alongside his collection . The Lord Ashcroft Gallery at the Imperial War Museum opened on 12 November 2010 containing a total of 210 VCs and 31 GCs . Australian War Memorial ( edit ) Prior to November 2010 , the largest collection of VCs on public display was held by the Australian War Memorial , whose collection includes all nine VCs awarded to Australians at Gallipoli . Of the 100 medals awarded to Australians ( 96 VCs , and 4 VCs for Australia ) , this collection contains around 70 medals , including 3 medals awarded to British soldiers ( Grady , 1854 ; Holbrook , 1914 ; and Whirlpool , 1858 ) , and 3 of the VCs for Australia ( Donaldson , 2008 ; Keighran , 2010 ; and Roberts - Smith , 2010 ) . List of collections ( edit ) Museums with holdings of ten or more VCs include : In the UK Museum Location Number of VCs Lord Ashcroft Gallery , Imperial War Museum North Lambeth , London 210 The National Army Museum Chelsea , London 39 The Royal Green Jackets ( Rifles ) Museum Winchester , Hampshire 34 The Royal Engineers Museum Gillingham , Kent 26 The Army Medical Services Museum Mytchett , Surrey 22 Firepower -- The Royal Artillery Museum Woolwich , London 20 The Queen 's Own Highlanders Museum Fort George , Inverness - shire 16 The Regimental Museum of The Royal Welsh Brecon , Wales 16 The Green Howards Regimental Museum Richmond , Yorkshire 15 The Royal Fusiliers Museum Tower of London 12 The Gordon Highlanders Museum Aberdeen 12 The National Maritime Museum Greenwich , London 11 The National War Museum Edinburgh Castle 11 The RAF Museum Hendon , London 11 The Sherwood Foresters Museum Nottingham 11 The Gurkha Museum Winchester , Hampshire 10 The Royal Marines Museum Portsmouth , Hampshire 10 The Royal Welch Fusiliers Museum Caernarfon Castle , Wales 10 Outside the UK Australian War Memorial Canberra , Australia ~ 70 Canadian War Museum Ottawa , Ontario , Canada 33 QEII Army Memorial Museum Waiouru , New Zealand 11 Other ( edit ) Memorials ( edit ) In 2004 a national Victoria Cross and George Cross memorial was installed in Westminster Abbey close to the tomb of the Unknown Warrior . Westminster Abbey is a living monument to British history in that it contains monuments and memorials to central figures in British History including Isaac Newton , Charles Darwin and James VI & I. As such it was a significant honour for the VC to be commemorated in Westminster Abbey . ( One VC recipient , Lord Henry Percy , is buried , within a family vault , in the Abbey . ) Canon William Lummis , MC , was a military historian who built up an archive on the service records and final resting places of Victoria Cross holders . This was then summarised into a pamphlet which was taken to be an authoritative source on these matters . However , Lummis was aware of short - comings in his work and encouraged David Harvey to continue it . The result was Harvey 's seminal book Monuments to Courage . In 2007 the Royal Mail used material from Lummis ' archives to produce a collection of stamps commemorating Victoria Cross recipients . It is a tradition within the Australian Army for soldiers ' recreational clubs on military bases to be named after a particular recipient of the Victoria Cross . Australia has a unique means of remembering recipients of the Victoria Cross . Remembrance Drive is a path through city streets and highways linking Sydney and Canberra . Trees were planted in February 1954 by Queen Elizabeth II in a park near Sydney Harbour and at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra , marking either end of the route , with various plantations along the roadsides in memory of the fallen . Beginning in 1995 , 23 rest stop memorials named for Australian recipients of the VC from World War II onwards have been sited along the route , providing picnic facilities and public amenities to encourage drivers to take a break on long drives . 23 of the 26 memorial sites have been dedicated , with a further three reserved for the surviving VC recipients , including two of the newer Victoria Cross for Australia awards . Edward Kenna , VC , was honoured with the most recent rest stop on 16 August 2012 , having died in 2009 . In Art ( edit ) The subject of soldiers earning the VC has been popular with artists since the medal 's inception . Notable are the fifty paintings by Louis William Desanges that were painted in the late 1850s and early 1860s . Many of these were exhibited at the Egyptian Gallery in Piccadilly , but in 1900 , they were brought together by Lord Wantage as the Victoria Cross Gallery and exhibited in the town of Wantage , Berkshire . Later the collection was broken up and many of the paintings were sent to the various regiments depicted . Some were damaged or destroyed . A number of the acts were also portrayed in a Second World War propaganda pamphlet , and the images commissioned by the Ministry of Information are presented in an online gallery available on the website of The National Archives . In 2016 , portrait photographer Rory Lewis was commissioned by the Victoria Cross and George Cross Association to hold portrait sittings with all the living Victoria Cross and George Cross recipients . See also ( edit ) Dickin Medal ( `` the animals ' VC '' ) Notes ( edit ) ^ On 8 August 1902 , as a result of a revision in the War Office policy , posthumous awards of the Victoria Cross were allowed for officers and men who fell during the recent operation in the performance of acts of valour which would , in the opinion of the Commander in Chief , have entitled them to a Victoria Cross had they survived . The relevant recipients were : Captain David Younger , action near Krugersdorp , 11 July 1900 Lieutenant Robert Digby - Jones and Trooper Herman Albrecht , Battle of Wagon Hill , 6 January 1900 Lieutenant Gustavus Hamilton Blenkinsopp Coulson , rear - guard action , near Lambrecht Fontein , 18 May 1901 Sergeant Alfred Atkinson Battle of Paardeberg , 18 February 1900 Private John Barry action on Monument Hill , 7 and 8 January 1901 ^ Special Army Order 65 of 1961 , paragraph 6 . ^ `` Military Honours and Awards '' . Defence Internet . UK Ministry of Defence . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 30 January 2007 . ^ `` No. 56878 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 17 March 2003 . p. 3351 . ^ Davies , Catriona ( 28 December 2005 ) . `` Author explodes myth of the gunmetal VC '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Archived from the original on 4 June 2008 . Retrieved 16 June 2007 . ^ Glanfield ( 2005 ) pp. 24 -- 35 ^ `` The Victoria Cross ... awarded to Captain Alfred Shout have been sold at auction '' . Iain Stewart , Victoria Cross.org . Archived from the original on 25 June 2008 . Retrieved 9 April 2008 . ^ `` Press Release : The Lord Ashcroft Gallery , Extraordinary Heroes '' ( PDF ) . Imperial War Museum . 9 November 2010 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 9 February 2012 . Retrieved 17 November 2010 . ^ `` The Canadian Honours System '' . National Defence and the Canadian Forces . 13 August 2013 . Archived from the original on 17 May 2013 . Retrieved 31 March 2013 . ^ `` Australian Honours System '' . Archived from the original on 26 August 2018 . Retrieved 27 August 2018 . ^ `` History '' . New Zealand Honours System . New Zealand Government . 1 April 2011 . Archived from the original on 27 August 2018 . Retrieved 27 August 2018 . ^ Ashcroft ( 2006 ) , preface ^ Original Warrant Foreword : And , whereas , the third class of Our Most Honourable Order of the Bath is limited , except in very rare cases , to the higher ranks of both services , and the granting of Medals , both in Our Navy and Army , is only awarded for long service or meritorious conduct , rather than for bravery in action or distinction before an enemy , ^ British Gallantry Awards , p283 ^ `` No. 21846 '' . The London Gazette. 5 February 1856 . pp. 410 -- 411 . The Gazette publishing the original Royal Warrant ^ Ashcroft , Michael , p. 7 -- 10 ^ `` The Victoria Cross '' . Vietnam Veterans Of Australia . Archived from the original on 29 April 2013 . Retrieved 15 June 2007 . ^ Original Warrant , Clause 5 : Fifthly . It is ordained that the Cross shall only be awarded to those officers and men who have served Us in the presence of the enemy , and shall have then performed some signal act of valour or devotion to their country . ^ `` The Victoria Cross '' . Hancocks of London . Archived from the original on 17 August 2018 . ^ Beharry , Johnson p. 359 ^ `` 150 years of the Victoria Cross '' . Royal Naval Museum . Archived from the original on 15 February 2008 . Retrieved 2 July 2008 . ^ Creagh , Dudley ( 1992 ) . Charles Barrett , ed . Advances in X-ray Analysis Vol. 35 . Plenum . pp. 1127 -- 1132 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 44249 - 0 . ^ Creagh , Dudley ; Ashton , John ( 1999 ) . J. Fernandez , A. Tartari , ed . Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry . Editrice Compositori . pp. 299 -- 305 . ISBN 88 - 7794 - 195 - 2 . ^ Glanfield ( 2005 ) , pp. 24 -- 35 ^ Original Warrant , Clause 1 : Firstly . It is ordained that the distinction shall be styled and designated `` The Victoria Cross '' , and shall consist of a Maltese cross of bronze , with our Royal crest in the centre , and underneath with an escroll bearing the inscription `` For Valour '' . ^ Ashcroft , Michael , p. 16 ^ Abbott PE , Tamplin JMA , Chapter 44 , p 291 ^ Original warrant , Clause Two : Secondly . It is ordained that the Cross shall be suspended from the left breast by a blue riband for the Navy , and by a red riband for the Army ^ `` The Victoria Cross mentioned in newsletter '' ( PDF ) . Army Museum of Western Australia . 1 September 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 December 2008 . Retrieved 21 June 2007 . ^ `` The Victoria Cross '' . Imperial War Museum Exhibits and Firearms Collections . Archived from the original on 27 September 2011 . Retrieved 30 September 2006 . ^ Crook , MJ , Chapter 18 , p. 204 ^ `` Posthumous VCs '' . National Army Museum . Archived from the original on 16 July 2007 . Retrieved 16 June 2007 . ^ Pillinger , Dennis ; Staunton , A , p. 73 ^ `` No. 27462 '' . The London Gazette. 8 August 1902 . p. 5085 . ^ `` No. 27986 '' . The London Gazette. 15 January 1907 . p. 325 . ^ Crook , MJ , Chapter 8 pp. 68 -- 90 ^ `` No. 31946 '' . The London Gazette. 18 June 1920 . p. 6702 . ^ `` The Victoria Cross '' . Imperial War Museum . Archived from the original on 15 June 2011 . Retrieved 22 April 2015 . ^ Original Warrant , Clause 13 : Thirteenthly . It is ordained that in the event of a gallant and daring act having been performed by a squadron , ship 's company , or detached body of seamen and marines not under fifty in number , or by a brigade , regiment , troop or company in which the admiral , general , or other officer commanding such forces may deem that all are equally brave and distinguished , and that no special selection can be made by them , then is such case the admiral , general , or other officer commanding , may direct that for any such body of seamen or marines , or for every troop or company of soldiers , one officer shall be selected by the officers engaged for the Decoration , and in like manner one petty officer or non-commissioned officer shall be selected by the petty officers and non-commissioned officers engaged , and two seamen or private soldiers or marines shall be selected by the seamen , or private soldiers , or marines engaged , respectively for the Decoration , and the names of those selected shall be transmitted by the senior officers in command of the Naval force , brigade , regiment , troop , or company , to the admiral or general officer commanding , who shall in due manner confer the Decoration as if the acts were done under his own eye . ^ Warrant Amendment dated 10 August 1858 : subject to the rules and ordinances already made , on Officers and Men of Her Majesty 's Naval and Military Services , who may perform acts of conspicuous courage and bravery under circumstances of extreme danger , such as the occurrence of a fire on board ship , or the foundering of a vessel at sea , or under any of the other circumstance in which , through the courage and devotion displayed , life or public property may be saved . ^ `` VC background '' . British War Graves Memorial . Archived from the original on 6 October 2007 . Retrieved 16 June 2007 . ^ `` Victoria Cross TV programme notes '' . fiveTV . Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 . Retrieved 17 June 2007 . ^ `` Charles heaphy biography '' . New Zealand Encyclopedia . 1966 . Archived from the original on 15 August 2007 . Retrieved 17 June 2007 . ^ Abbott PE , Tamplin JMA , Chapter 34 , pp 230 -- 236 ^ `` New Zealand Cross '' . New Zealand Encyclopedia . 1966 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 17 June 2007 . ^ Crook , MJ , Chapter 19 , pp. 242 -- 251 ^ Crook , MJ , Chapter 11 . pp 117 -- 125 ^ `` New Zealand Honours '' . Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet . Archived from the original on 7 December 2006 . Retrieved 30 January 2007 . ^ `` No. 56878 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 17 March 2003 . pp. 3351 -- 3355 . The Gazette containing the most up - to - date Order of Precedence ^ Government Notice no . 1982 of 1 October 1954 -- Order of Precedence of Orders , Decorations and Medals , published in the Government Gazette of 1 October 1954 . ^ Republic of South Africa Government Gazette Vol. 477 , no . 27376 , Pretoria , 11 March 2005 , OCLC 72827981 ^ `` The Victoria Cross for Australia '' . The Government of Australia . Archived from the original on 7 October 2013 . Retrieved 30 June 2007 . ^ CTV.ca , News staff ( 3 March 2007 ) . `` Top military honour now cast in Canada '' . CTV news . Archived from the original on 5 March 2007 . Retrieved 24 June 2007 . ^ `` Pro Valore : Canada 's Victoria Cross '' ( PDF ) . National Defence ; Government of Canada . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 11 July 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2011 . ^ `` Australian SAS soldier Mark Donaldson awarded Victoria Cross '' . The Australian . News Limited . 16 January 2009 . Retrieved 7 August 2009 . ^ `` SAS digger awarded VC for taking on Taliban '' . Sydney Morning Herald . 23 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 7 January 2014 . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . ^ `` Corporal Daniel Keighran awarded the Victoria Cross '' . 1 November 2012 . Retrieved 1 November 2012 . ^ Teotonio , Isabel ( 7 March 2007 ) . `` Vets irate at Victoria Cross proposal '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on 17 October 2007 . Retrieved 24 June 2007 . ^ `` The world 's most exclusive club '' . Ministry of Defence. 30 April 2007 . Archived from the original on 9 June 2007 . Retrieved 16 June 2007 . ^ The original Warrant and the Queen 's Regulations for the Army prior to 1881 give no indication on how the decoration was to be worn alongside other medals . ^ Sir Ivan de la Bère , The Queen 's Orders of Chivalry , 1964 ^ The complete book of Heraldry by Stephen Slater , 2002 ^ Original Warrant , Clause 14 : It is ordained that every warrant officer , petty officer , seaman or marine , or non-commissioned officer , or soldier who shall have received the Cross , shall , from the date of the act by which the Decoration has been gained be entitled to a special pension of 10 pounds a year , and each additional bar conferred under Rule 4 on such warrant or petty officers , or non-commissioned officers or men , shall carry with it an additional pension of 5 pounds per annum . ^ Warrant Amendment 1898 - 07 - 1898 ... authorize the increase of the Victoria Cross pension from 10 pounds to 50 pounds per annum , the condition to be satisfied in such cases being inability to earn a livelihood , in consequence of age or infirmity occasioned by causes beyond an Annuitant 's control . ^ `` George Osborne to raise Victoria Cross and George Cross payments to £ 10,000 '' . Archived from the original on 10 September 2016 . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . ^ `` Income Tax ( Earnings and Pensions ) Act 2003 , c. 1 , Part 9 , Chapter 17 , Section 638 '' . legislation.gov.uk . Archived from the original on 29 December 2010 . Retrieved 12 July 2011 . ^ `` Canadian Gallantry Awards Order '' . Canadian Legal Information Institute . Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 . Retrieved 30 June 2007 . ^ `` Veteran 's Entitlement Act 1986 '' . Australasian Legal Information Institute . Archived from the original on 21 May 2007 . Retrieved 16 June 2007 . ^ Australian Veteran 's Entitlement Act 1986 , Clause 103 , Victoria Cross allowance granted to a veteran under this section is payable at the rate of A $ 3,230 per year . The amount fixed by this subsection is indexed annually in line with CPI increases. , ( accessdate = 30 June 2007 ) ^ `` Veteran 's Entitlement Act 1986 , Clause 198a , '' . Australasian Legal Information Institute . Archived from the original on 4 April 2008 . Retrieved 30 June 2007 . ^ Original Warrant Clause 15 : Fifteenthly . In order to make such additional provision as shall effectually preserve pure this most honourable distinction , it is ordained that , if any person be convicted of treason , cowardice , felony , or of any infamous crime , or if he be accused of any such offence , and doth not after a reasonable time surrender himself to be tried for the same , his name shall forthwith be erased from the registry of individuals upon whom the said Decoration shall have been conferred , and by an especial Warrant under Our Royal Sign Manual , and the pension conferred under Rule 14 shall cease and determine from the date of such Warrant . It is hereby further declared , that We , Our Heirs and Given Successors , shall be the all judges of the circumstances requiring such expulsion ; moreover , We shall at all times have power to restore such persons as may at any time have been expelled , both to the enjoyment of the Decoration and Pension . ^ 1920 warrant , article 12 Archived 9 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine. , at Victoria Cross Rules ( 1856 -- 1920 ) , www.victoriacross.co.uk ( retrieved 7 October 2016 ) . ^ ' Forfeited VC myths ' in the 27th Victoria Cross Society Journal published October 2015 ( see ( 1 ) ) ^ `` The Victoria Cross factsheet '' . Ministry of Defence . Archived from the original on 11 July 2007 . Retrieved 30 June 2007 . ( The figure used in this article does not include the award to the American Unknown Soldier . ) ^ Duckers , Peter ( 2005 ) . The Victoria Cross . Shire Publications Ltd. p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7478 - 0635 - 6 . ^ `` The History of The Royal Welsh : Anglo - Zulu War 1879 '' . The Regimental Museum of The Royal Welsh ( Brecon ) . Archived from the original on 7 April 2015 . Retrieved 22 April 2015 . For the same action four other VCs were awarded to members of other units . ^ Arthur , Max ; pp. 185 -- 371 ^ `` Service of Remembrance Coverage '' . BBC . 26 June 2006 . Archived from the original on 13 July 2006 . Retrieved 30 June 2007 . ^ Victoria Cross Register ^ Ashcroft , Michael , Introduction : A brief History of the VC ( p. 14 -- 18 ) ^ `` Awards to Imperial Servicemen During the 2nd Maori War '' . New Zealand Encyclopedia . Archived from the original on 7 July 2007 . Retrieved 30 June 2007 . ^ Ashcroft , Michael , p. 296 -- 298 , Information on Flying Officer Lloyd Allan Trigg ^ Singh Gill , Himmat . `` Of blood red in olive green '' . India Sunday Tribune . Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 30 June 2007 . ^ `` Operational Honours : VC and GC for acts of exceptional valour '' . MOD press release . 24 December 2006 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 16 June 2007 . ^ `` Victoria Cross Award For L / Cpl James Ashworth '' . Sky News . 16 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 18 March 2013 . Retrieved 16 March 2013 . ^ `` No. 61154 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 26 February 2015 . p. 3466 . ^ `` Netley Hospital information '' . QARANC -- Queen Alexandra 's Royal Army Nursing Corps . Archived from the original on 3 June 2007 . Retrieved 16 June 2007 . ^ UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark , Gregory ( 2017 ) . `` The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain , 1209 to Present ( New Series ) '' . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . ^ Bevis Hillier ( 22 January 1969 ) . `` £ 1,700 world record for a VC '' . Arts and Entertainment . The Times ( 57465 ) . London . col F , p. 12 . ^ `` Gallipoli VC medal sets auction record '' . The Age . Melbourne . 24 July 2006 . Archived from the original on 27 November 2013 . Retrieved 30 January 2007 . ^ Table 3 `` UK Sales 1881 -- 2000 '' , Pillinger and Staunton ^ `` Lord Ashcroft pays record price for ' ultimate ' Victoria Cross '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on 27 February 2017 . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . ^ `` Royal Navy VC sells for world - record auction price '' . Royal Navy . 27 November 2017 . Archived from the original on 9 December 2017 . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . ^ Stewart , Iain ( 18 August 2017 ) . `` Stolen Victoria Crosses '' . Victoria Cross.org . Archived from the original on 20 November 2005 . ^ `` Victoria Cross : Theft of the VC '' . solarnavigator.net . Archived from the original on 29 April 2007 . Retrieved 16 June 2007 . ^ `` Information on Konowal '' . Lubomyr Y . Luciuk and Ron Sorobey . Archived from the original on 4 July 2007 . Retrieved 16 June 2007 . ^ `` Stolen VC back on display '' . CBC Canada . 24 August 2004 . Archived from the original on 13 May 2007 . Retrieved 16 June 2007 . ^ Cheng , Derek ( 2 December 2007 ) . `` Army medal theft ' insult ' to our nation 's heritage '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 2 December 2007 . ^ Wall , Tony ( 20 February 2008 ) . `` Why gangland figure got our medals back '' . Stuff . Archived from the original on 10 September 2012 . Retrieved 3 September 2008 . ^ `` Stolen War Medals Recovered '' . New Zealand Police . 16 February 2008 . Archived from the original on 7 October 2008 . Retrieved 3 September 2008 . ^ In Pakistan , too , speculation and controversy has long been afoot regarding the genuineness of the VC awarded to Khudadad Khan which is said to be on display at his native village of Dub , near Chakwal , since it is claimed that the original was stolen from the recipient in 1950 and never recovered and a copy / duplicate issued instead , which is the one now displayed . Whatever the truth may be , in early 2011 a VC for 1914 was advertised ' for confidential sale ' on various sites , by a jeweller based in Haripur area , including sale - iid - 68882112 ^ Pierce , Andrew ( 8 July 2008 ) . `` World 's largest VC collection to go on show '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Archived from the original on 31 May 2009 . Retrieved 9 July 2008 . ^ `` Victoria Cross '' . The Australian War Memorial . 17 July 2018 . Archived from the original on 23 July 2018 . Retrieved 27 August 2018 . ^ `` List of Museums '' . Victoria cross.org . Archived from the original on 24 June 2007 . Retrieved 16 June 2007 . ^ `` Collections and exhibitions '' . Gordon Highlanders ' Museum . Archived from the original on 31 May 2009 . Retrieved 11 August 2008 . ^ In May 2014 , the AWM website listed 69 medals , including 3 VCs for Australia -- see `` Victoria Cross '' . Australian War Memorial . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . ^ `` News of Memorial '' . MoD . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 16 June 2007 . ^ `` Westminster Abbey , a history '' . Sacred Destinations guide . Archived from the original on 29 June 2007 . Retrieved 30 June 2007 . ^ The Morning Post , 5 Dec. 1877 ^ `` Obituary : Canon W.M. Lummis '' , The Times , 19 November 1985 ; pg. 18 ; Issue 62299 ; col G ^ `` The Post Office issues VC stamps in 2007 illustrated with artifacts from the collection of Canon Lummis in the National Army Museum '' . Royal Mail . 15 June 2007 . Archived from the original on 8 June 2011 . Retrieved 15 June 2007 . ^ Wigmore 1986 , p. 15 . ^ `` The Remembrance Driveway and VC Rest Areas '' ( PDF ) . Oral History Program . NSW Roads and Maritime Services . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . ^ See Sally Whipple. ( 2001 ) . Catalogue of the Series of Historical Pictures by Chevalier L.W. Desanges . ( Wantage , 2000 ) . This was the catalogue to an exhibition of photographic reproductions of many of the paintings held in Wantage to honour the Millennium . ^ `` Victoria Cross '' . Online Exhibitions -- The Art of War -- Valour & Gallantry -- Valour . The National Archives . Archived from the original on 22 December 2009 . Retrieved 24 December 2009 . ^ `` Victoria & George Cross Portraits - Portrait Photographer Rory Lewis Liverpool & London & Los Angeles ( CA ) '' . Archived from the original on 27 October 2016 . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . References ( edit ) The Register of the Victoria Cross . This England . 1997 . ISBN 0 - 906324 - 03 - 3 . Abbott , Peter ; Tamplin , John ( 1981 ) . British Gallantry Awards . London : Nimrod Dix and Company . ISBN 0 - 902633 - 74 - 0 . Arthur , Max ( 2005 ) . Symbol of Courage ; Men behind the Medal . Pan Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 330 - 49133 - 4 . Ashcroft , Michael ( 2006 ) . Victoria Cross Heroes . Headline Book Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7553 - 1632 - 0 . Ashton , John ( 1995 ) . ANZAC Fellowship 1995 report : the analyses of Victoria Crosses in New Zealand . Australian War Memorial . Beharry , Johnson ( 2006 ) . Barefoot Soldier . Sphere . ISBN 0 - 316 - 73321 - 0 . Creagh , Dudley ( 1992 ) . Charles Barrett , ed . Advances in X-ray Analysis Vol. 35 . Plenum . pp. 1127 -- 1132 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 44249 - 0 . Creagh , Dudley ; Ashton , John ( 1999 ) . J. Fernandez , A. Tartari , ed . Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry . Editrice Compositori . pp. 299 -- 305 . ISBN 88 - 7794 - 195 - 2 . Crook , M.J. ( 1975 ) . The Evolution of the Victoria Cross . Midas Books . ISBN 0 - 85936 - 041 - 5 . Duckers , Peter ( 2006 ) . British Gallantry Awards , 1855 -- 2000 . Shire Publications . ISBN 0 - 7478 - 0516 - 4 . Duckers , Peter ( 2005 ) . The Victoria Cross . Shire Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7478 - 0635 - 6 . Glanfield , John ( 2005 ) . Bravest of the Brave . Sutton Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 3695 - 9 . Harvey , David ( 2000 ) . Monuments to Courage . Naval & Military Press . ISBN 1 - 84342 - 356 - 1 . Pillinger , Dennis ; Staunton , Anthony ( 2000 ) . Victoria Cross Presentations and Locations . Maidenhead , Berkshire : Woden . ISBN 0 - 646 - 39741 - 9 . Ross , Graham ( 1995 ) . Scotland 's Forgotten Valour . MacLean Press . ISBN 1 - 899272 - 00 - 3 . Wigmore , Lionel , ed. ( 1986 ) . They Dared Mightily ( 2nd ed . ) . Canberra : Australian War Memorial . ISBN 0 - 642 - 99471 - 4 . Further reading ( edit ) Wright , Christopher J. ; Anderson , Glenda M. , eds. ( 2013 ) . The Victoria Cross and the George Cross : The Complete History . 3 vols . York : Methuen & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 413 - 77752 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Victoria Cross . Victoria Cross & George Cross Association website `` Holders of the Victoria Cross and the George Cross '' . The Times . London . 19 August 2009 . Archived from the original on 31 May 2010 . Contains a list of links to obituaries . Victoria Cross Registers online index to Victoria Cross awards at the National Archives site Search UK National Inventory of War Memorial for memorials in the UK commemorating VC recipients Select ' War ' type of ' VC or GC Winners ' The Victoria Cross Trust Charitable Trust with index of VC recipients Victoria Cross Royal Warrants ( 1856 -- 1920 ) , at www.victoriacross.co.uk Highest military awards for gallantry List of highest military decorations Current Argentine Nation to the Heroic Valour in Combat Cross ( Argentina ) National Hero of Armenia ( Armenia ) National Hero of Azerbaijan title ( Azerbaijan ) Bir Sreshtho ( Bangladesh ) Hero of Belarus title ( Belarus ) Order of Bravery ( Bulgaria ) Order of Heroic Exemplar ( China ) Valour Cross ( Denmark ) Cross of Liberty ( Estonia ) Mannerheim Cross ( Finland ) Légion d'honneur ( France ) Cross of Honour for Valour ( Germany ) Cross of Valour ( Greece ) Param Vir Chakra ( India ) Order of Fat'h ( Iran ) Military Medal for Gallantry ( Ireland ) Medal of Valor ( Israel ) Gold Medal of Military Valour ( Italy ) Seri Pahlawan Gagah Perkasa ( Malaysia ) Military William Order ( Netherlands ) War Cross ( Norway ) Nishan - e-Haider ( Pakistan ) Medal of Valor ( Philippines ) War Order Virtuti Militari ( wartime ) / Order Krzyża Wojskowego peacetime ( Poland ) Order of the Tower and Sword ( Portugal ) Order of Michael the Brave ( Romania ) Hero of the Russian Federation title ( Russian Federation ) Order of Karađorđe 's Star ( Serbia ) Nkwe ya Gauta ( South Africa ) Laureate Cross of St. Ferdinand ( Spain ) Parama Weera Vibhushanaya ( Sri Lanka ) Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword ( Sweden ) Order of Rama ( Thailand ) Order of Katonga ( Uganda ) Order of the Gold Star ( Ukraine ) Victoria Cross ( United Kingdom Australia Canada New Zealand ) Medal of Honor ( United States ) Obsolete Order of Saint Louis ( Kingdom of France ) Military Order of Maria Theresa ( Austria - Hungary ) Medal of Bravery ( Kingdom of Hungary ) Pour le Mérite ( Kingdom of Prussia ) Military Order of Max Joseph ( Kingdom of Bavaria ) Military Order of St. Henry ( Kingdom of Saxony ) Military Merit Order ( Kingdom of Württemberg ) Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross ( Nazi Germany ) Order of the Golden Kite ( Empire of Japan ) Order of Lāčplēsis ( Latvia ) Grand Cross of Valour ( Rhodesia ) Laureate Plate of Madrid ( Second Spanish Republic ) Castle of Good Hope Decoration ( South Africa ) Vietnam Military Merit Medal ( South Vietnam ) Hero of the Soviet Union ( Soviet Union ) Order of the Karađorđe 's Star with Swords ( Kingdom of Yugoslavia ) Order of Freedom ( SFR Yugoslavia ) Victoria Cross Victoria Cross for Australia for Canada for New Zealand Recipients by nationality Australian Canadian English Irish New Zealand Scottish Uncertain by armed force Royal Navy Royal Air Force Indian Army by branch of service Artillery Cavalry Royal Engineers Guards Gurkhas ( Nepalese ) Medical by campaign Crimean War Indian Mutiny New Zealand Wars Zulu War Second Anglo - Afghan War Second Boer War First World War Second World War by Name A -- F G -- M N -- Z Other Living By school Orders , decorations , and medals of the United Kingdom Orders Current Garter Thistle Bath Merit St Michael and St George Royal Victorian Distinguished Service British Empire Imperial Service Companions of Honour St John Dormant St Patrick Royal Guelphic Crown of India Star of India Indian Empire Indian Merit British India Burma Other Royal Victorian Chain Hereditary peerage Life peerage Privy Counsellor Baronet Knight Bachelor Aide - de-camp ( ADC ) Honours of other Commonwealth realms Current awards Level 1 Victoria Cross ( VC ) George Cross ( GC ) Level 2A Distinguished Service Order ( DSO ) Conspicuous Gallantry Cross ( CGC ) Royal Red Cross Class I ( RRC ) Level 2B George Medal ( GM ) Queen 's Police Medal , for Gallantry ( QPM ) Queen 's Fire Service Medal , for Gallantry ( QFSM ) Level 3A Distinguished Service Cross ( DSC ) Military Cross ( MC ) Distinguished Flying Cross ( DFC ) Air Force Cross ( AFC ) Royal Red Cross Class II ( ARRC ) Level 3B Sea Gallantry Medal ( SGM ) Queen 's Gallantry Medal ( QGM ) Royal Victorian Medal ( RVM ) British Empire Medal ( BEM ) Queen 's Police Medal , for Distinguished Service ( QPM ) Queen 's Fire Service Medal , for Distinguished Service ( QFSM ) Queen 's Ambulance Service Medal ( QAM ) Queen 's Volunteer Reserves Medal ( QVRM ) Polar Medal ( PM ) Imperial Service Medal ( ISM ) Overseas Territories Police Medal ( OTPM ) Merchant Navy Medal for Meritorious Service ( MNM ) Level 4 Mentioned in Despatches Queen 's Commendation for Bravery Queen 's Commendation for Bravery in the Air Queen 's Commendation for Valuable Service Other Badge of Honour Elizabeth Cross Obsolete awards Level 1 Indian Order of Merit ( First Class ) ( IOM ) Albert Medal ( 1st class ) ( AM ) Edward Medal ( 1st class ) ( EM ) Empire Gallantry Medal ( EGM ) Level 2A Indian Order of Merit ( Second Class ) ( IOM ) Distinguished Conduct Medal ( DCM ) Conspicuous Gallantry Medal ( CGM ) Conspicuous Gallantry Medal ( Flying ) ( CGM ) Level 2B Albert Medal ( 2nd class ) ( AM ) Edward Medal ( 2nd class ) ( EM ) Union of South Africa King 's Medal for Bravery , Gold Level 3A Order of British India ( First Class ) ( OBI ) Order of British India ( Second Class ) ( OBI ) Indian Order of Merit ( Third Class ) ( IOM ) Royal West African Frontier Force Distinguished Conduct Medal King 's African Rifles Distinguished Conduct Medal Indian Distinguished Service Medal ( IDSM ) Distinguished Service Medal ( DSM ) Military Medal ( MM ) Distinguished Flying Medal ( DFM ) Air Force Medal ( AFM ) Burma Gallantry Medal ( BGM ) Level 3B Constabulary Medal ( Ireland ) Union of South Africa Queen 's Medal for Bravery ( Silver ) Kaisar - i - Hind Medal ( Gold , Silver , Bronze ) Indian Police Medal , for Gallantry Ceylon Police Medal , for Gallantry Sierra Leone Police Medal , for Gallantry Sierra Leone Fire Brigades Medal , for Gallantry Colonial Police Medal , for Gallantry ( CPM ) Canada Medal ( CM ) Queen 's Medal for Chiefs Indian Police Medal , for Meritorious Service Ceylon Police Medal , for Merit Sierra Leone Police Medal , for Meritorious Service Sierra Leone Fire Brigades Medal , for Meritorious Service Level 4 King 's / Queen 's Commendation for Brave Conduct King 's / Queen 's Commendation for Valuable Service in the Air ( 1942 - 94 ) Royal family orders King George IV Victoria and Albert King Edward VII King George V King George VI Queen Elizabeth II See also British campaign medals Revocations Former decorations of Australia Australian Honours Order of Precedence prior to 6 October 1992 Orders of chivalry Most Honourable Order of the Bath Knight / Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath ( GCB ) Knight / Dame Commander of the Order of the Bath ( KCB / DCB ) Companion of the Order of the Bath ( CB ) Most Distinguished Order of St Michael and St George Knight / Dame Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George ( GCMG ) Knight / Dame Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George ( KCMG / DCMG ) Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George ( CMG ) Most Excellent Order of the British Empire / Knight / Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire ( GBE ) / Knight / Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( KBE / DBE ) / Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( CBE ) / Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) / Member of the Order of the British Empire ( MBE ) Imperial Service Order Companion of the Imperial Service Order ( ISO ) Order of the Companions of Honour Companion of the Order of the Companions of Honour ( CH ) Miscellaneous Hereditary peer Life peer Baronet Knight Bachelor Military gallantry / bravery decorations In the face of the enemy Victoria Cross ( VC ) Distinguished Service Order ( DSO ) Distinguished Conduct Medal ( DCM ) Conspicuous Gallantry Medal ( CGM ) Conspicuous Gallantry Medal ( Flying ) ( CGM ) Military Cross ( MC ) Distinguished Flying Cross ( DFC ) Military Medal ( MM ) Distinguished Flying Medal ( DFM ) Mentioned in despatches Not the face of the enemy Air Force Cross ( AFC ) Air Force Medal ( AFM ) Queen 's Commendation for Brave Conduct Distinguished service decorations In the face of the enemy Distinguished Service Cross ( DSC ) Distinguished Service Medal ( DSM ) Not the face of the enemy Queen 's Police Medal for Distinguished Service ( QPM ) Queen 's Fire Service Medal for Distinguished Service ( QFSM ) Civil bravery decorations George Cross ( GC ) Albert Medal , First Class ( AM ) Albert Medal , First Class ( Sea ) ( AM ) Albert Medal , Second Class ( AM ) Albert Medal , Second Class ( Sea ) ( AM ) George Medal ( GM ) Queen 's Police Medal for Gallantry ( QPM ) Queen 's Fire Service Medal for Gallantry ( QFSM ) Sea Gallantry Medal ( SGM ) Queen 's Gallantry Medal ( QGM ) Edward Medal ( EM ) Queen 's Commendation for Brave Conduct Nursing service Member of the Royal Red Cross ( RRC ) Associate of the Royal Red Cross ( ARRC ) Meritorious service / British Empire Medal ( BEM ) Queen 's Commendation for Valuable Service South African military decorations and medals Sorted in order of wear per era or 1994 constituent force Pre-Union until 6 April 1952 Victoria Cross Dekoratie voor Trouwe Dienst Distinguished Service Order Distinguished Service Cross Military Cross Distinguished Flying Cross Air Force Cross Distinguished Conduct Medal Distinguished Conduct Medal ( Natal ) Conspicuous Gallantry Medal Conspicuous Gallantry Medal ( Flying ) Distinguished Service Medal Military Medal Distinguished Flying Medal Air Force Medal British Empire Medal ( Military ) South Africa Medal ( 1854 ) South Africa Medal ( 1880 ) Cape of Good Hope General Service Medal Queen 's South Africa Medal Medalje voor de Anglo - Boere Oorlog Lint voor Verwonding King 's South Africa Medal Natal Native Rebellion Medal 1914 -- 15 Star British War Medal Victory Medal ( South Africa ) Mercantile Marine War Medal 1939 -- 1945 Star Atlantic Star Arctic Star Air Crew Europe Star Africa Star Pacific Star Burma Star Italy Star France and Germany Star Defence Medal War Medal Africa Service Medal King George V Coronation Medal King George V Silver Jubilee Medal King George VI Coronation Medal Meritorious Service Medal ( United Kingdom ) Meritorious Service Medal ( Cape of Good Hope ) Meritorious Service Medal ( Natal ) Meritorious Service Medal ( South Africa ) Army Long Service and Good Conduct Medal ( Cape of Good Hope ) Army Long Service and Good Conduct Medal ( Natal ) Permanent Forces of the Empire Beyond the Seas Medal Medal for Long Service and Good Conduct ( South Africa ) Volunteer Officers ' Decoration for India and the Colonies Volunteer Long Service Medal for India and the Colonies Colonial Auxiliary Forces Officers ' Decoration Colonial Auxiliary Forces Long Service Medal Efficiency Decoration ( South Africa ) Efficiency Medal ( South Africa ) Decoration for Officers of the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve Long Service and Good Conduct Medal Air Efficiency Award King 's Medal for Champion Shots in the Military Forces Union of South Africa Commemoration Medal South African Medal for War Services Sir Harry Smith 's Medal for Gallantry ( Unofficial ) Johannesburg Vrijwilliger Corps Medal ( Unofficial ) Kimberley Star ( Unofficial ) Cape Copper Company Medal for the Defence of O'okiep ( Unofficial ) 1952 -- 1994 Honoris Crux Gold Star of South Africa , Gold Star of South Africa , Silver Star of South Africa ( 1952 ) Louw Wepener Decoration Honoris Crux ( 1952 ) Honoris Crux Silver Van Riebeeck Decoration Honoris Crux ( 1975 ) Pro Virtute Decoration Southern Cross Decoration Pro Merito Decoration Van Riebeeck Medal Louw Wepener Medal Ad Astra Decoration Army Cross Air Force Cross Navy Cross Medical Service Cross Southern Cross Medal ( 1952 ) Pro Merito Medal ( 1967 ) Southern Cross Medal ( 1975 ) Pro Merito Medal ( 1975 ) Danie Theron Medal Jack Hindon Medal Military Merit Medal Korea Medal Pro Patria Medal Southern Africa Medal General Service Medal ( South Africa ) Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal Medal for Distinguished Conduct and Loyal Service Good Service Medal , Gold John Chard Decoration De Wet Decoration Cadet Corps Medal Good Service Medal , Silver Union Medal Permanent Force Good Service Medal John Chard Medal Good Service Medal , Bronze De Wet Medal Queen 's Medal for Champion Shots in the Military Forces Commandant General 's Medal SADF Champion Shot Medal National Cadet Bisley Grand Champion Medal Transkei Cross for Bravery Transkei Defence Force Medal Independence Medal ( Transkei ) Military Rule Medal Faithful Service Medal Bophuthatswana Order of the Leopard , Military Division , Commander Distinguished Gallantry Cross Defence Force Merit Decoration Distinguished Gallantry Medal Defence Force Merit Medal Marumo Medal , Class I Defence Force Commendation Medal Marumo Medal , Class II Nkwe Medal General Service Medal ( Bophuthatswana ) Independence Medal ( Bophuthatswana ) Medal for Long Service and Good Conduct , Gold Medal for Long Service and Good Conduct , Silver Medal for Long Service and Good Conduct , Bronze State President 's Medal for Shooting Venda Gallantry Cross , Gold Gallantry Cross , Silver Distinguished Service Medal , Gold Distinguished Service Medal , Silver Venda Defence Force Medal General Service Medal ( Venda ) Independence Medal ( Venda ) Long Service Medal , Gold Long Service Medal , Silver Long Service Medal , Bronze Ciskei Sandile Decoration Sandile Medal Chief C.D.F. 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Guy 's Grocery games - wikipedia Guy 's Grocery games Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject , potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral . Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable , independent , third - party sources . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Guy 's Grocery Games Genre Reality Cooking Game show Starring Guy Fieri Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 14 No. of episodes 176 ( as of September 17 , 2017 ) ( list of episodes ) Production Running time 60 Minutes Production company ( s ) Relativity Media Release Original network Food Network Original release October 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 20 ) -- present External links Official Website Guy 's Grocery Games ( often nicknamed Triple G ) is an American reality - based cooking television game show hosted by Guy Fieri on Food Network . Each episode features four chefs competing in a three - round elimination contest , cooking food with ingredients found in a supermarket grocery store ( `` Flavortown Market '' ) as Fieri poses unusual challenges to them . The winning chef can collect up to $20,000 in a shopping spree bonus round . The show is a sequel to Diners , Drive - Ins , and Dives . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 2 Challenges 3 Special challenges and episodes 4 Notable Contestants 5 Set 6 Episodes 7 References 8 External links Format ( edit ) In each round , Guy assigns a dish and issues a challenge to the chefs . Then they have 30 minutes to shop for ingredients from the market , prepare , and plate their dishes . The chefs must cook their dishes and complete four platings ( one for each member of a three - judge panel , plus an additional `` beauty plate '' ) before time runs out . At the end of each round , the judges taste and evaluate the dishes and select one chef to be `` checked out '' - eliminated from the game with no winnings . The judges sit at one table while the chefs are shopping and cooking , then move to a second table for the tasting . The winning chef advances to the bonus round , `` Guy 's Shopping Spree , '' in which he / she has two minutes to find one specific item in each of the market 's 10 aisles and put it in his / her cart . The chef may pass on an item and return to that aisle later if time allows . Each item found is worth $2,000 , for a potential top prize of $20,000 . In later seasons , the format changed to a set of five questions whose answers were items that awarded $4,000 each when found and placed in the cart . Chefs must be 18 years or older to appear on the show . However , in the episode `` GGG Superfans '' ( S14 : E10 ) , a 9th grader was one of the competing chefs . However , this may be an exception . Challenges ( edit ) A wide variety of challenges and games are used in the show with new games added as the series progresses ( and some games tweaked or changed a little ) . Some of the following games have been played once or twice while others have become familiar game staples . 123 Game : Chefs must prepare a specified ingredient in two different ways and may only shop in three aisles . ABC Game : All ingredients must begin with the same randomly chosen letter of the alphabet . Aisle Down : Not announced until the contestants begin shopping ; the aisle containing one or more key ingredients for their dish is blocked off by police tape so the chefs must quickly find an alternative . Budget Battle : The contestants are given a set amount of money to shop for ingredients , and may take advantage of coupons or price specials throughout the market . Cart / Station Swap : Used mainly in the final round , the chefs must trade shopping carts or cooking stations thus being forced to use each other 's ingredients . Can Can : Contestants are only allowed to use canned food items in their dish . The Claw : Announced mid-round , contestants have to play a claw game and grab a little plastic ball with an ingredient label on it . Inside is an undesirable version of that ingredient , which must be used in the dish . ( E.g. a ball labeled `` corn '' might contain candy corn . ) Closing Time : Mid-shopping , an announcement is made that the store is closing , limiting the time the chefs can spend in the aisles . Sometimes called Speed Shop or ( blank ) - Minute Shop , in which the chefs are told at the outset how much shopping time they will have . Express Lane : Chefs may use no more than a specified number of ingredients . Flip This Dish : Contestants must use ingredients for one type of dish to create a totally different type , such as dessert ingredients being used in a savory dish . Food Pyramid : Like the game `` Plinko '' , a ball is dropped down a peg - covered pyramid to determine what ingredients , on three levels , must be featured in a dish . Food Wheel : One or two wheels are spun to determine the game restriction like mandatory ingredients , which aisles to use , and / or food budget . The most common variation is the High / Low Food Wheel , in which Fieri spins one wheel consisting of expensive ingredients and a second one of low - end items ; the chefs must use both items in their dishes . Frozen Food Feud : The chefs are only allowed to use frozen items in their dishes . Grocery Bowl : Chefs roll melons toward soda bottles labeled with ingredients or aisle numbers , and must use whatever they leave standing or knock down , depending on Fieri 's instructions . Grocery List : Each chef is given a list of items that must be incorporated into that round 's dish ( a mix of specific food items and more generic suggestions such as `` something from aisle 6 '' or `` something under $1.99 '' ) . A variation of this game is Emoji List , where the ingredients are represented by emojis . Jackpot Luck : Contestants pull a lever on a special slot machine and must use the three random ingredients that appear when the machine stops . Keep It Sample : The chefs must incorporate at least two ingredients from four different sample tables located throughout the store in their dish . Kiddie Carts : The chefs must use child - size shopping carts to collect their ingredients in one trip through the market . Let It Roll : The chefs roll a set of dice to determine the constraints for the assigned dish such as required ingredients and equipment , budget , and shopping time . Meals From The Middle : Contestants can only use groceries from the middle aisles , composed of everything except for fresh produce and frozen food . Menu Magnet Madness : From three rows of refrigerator magnets , the contestants must each pick a flavor ( sweet , sour , smoky etc . ) , a protein ( chicken , tofu , fish etc . ) , and / or a style of dish ( salad , stew , stir - fry etc . ) . Variations of this game include a player choosing a combination for their competitor , players secretly choosing one magnet each and then revealing them to form a theme that all of them must follow , or Fieri choosing the last magnet himself ( usually something that clashes with the other chosen items ) . Musical Carts : A song plays during the shopping phase ; when it stops , the chefs must abandon their own carts and find another one ( usually an opponent 's cart ) . Variations on this game include switching to abandoned carts with some undesirable ingredients . No Carts Allowed : Contestants may only use the ingredients they can collect in one trip , without using a cart . They are allowed to use large items as carrying vessels for smaller ones . Odd or Even : Based on a coin toss , the chefs may only shop in either the odd or even - numbered aisles . A variation is Over / Under , in which the toss determines whether the chefs must only use items higher or lower than a randomly chosen price . One Ingredient at a Time : Chefs may only get one ingredient per trip through the market , but may make as many trips as needed . One Ingredient Per Aisle : Contestants must use one ingredient from each of the store 's 10 aisles beginning with Aisle 10 and ending with Aisle 1 . Order Up Mash - Up : Played in the final round ; contestants separately choose one of several dishes ( presented on diner order tickets ) and must combine them into a single dish . Out of Sight : Chefs are blindfolded and must choose an item from a large clearance cart that they will have to incorporate into their dish . Price Check : All ingredients used by the chefs must have prices that start ( or sometimes end ) with a number randomly chosen by Fieri . Red Light Special : During the round , one item in the store is marked with a sign and a flashing red light , and the chefs must get that item and incorporate it into their dish . The item is typically not associated with the assigned dish , such as beef jerky for a dessert . Scavenger Hunt : Contestants are given a clue and must find the item that corresponds to it . That item has a clue which will lead them to another one in turn . They must collect a total of four items in this manner and use all of them . Single Aisle Showdown : The chefs are only allowed to shop in one aisle for the whole round . Sliders : A version of shuffleboard where contestants push a disk with a long stick and must use the ingredient corresponding to where it lands Special Delivery : A mid-round game in which the chefs receive an unusual ingredient that they must use in their dishes . Spreeball : A version of the arcade game skee ball . Each chef rolls an orange toward a target board to determine a constraint such as a required ingredient or spending limit . More desirable results correspond to the higher , harder - to - reach targets . Think Small : The chefs may use only the ingredients they can fit in a small shopping bag during one trip through the market . Time - Out : Used mid-round when pairs of chefs are competing . One chef in each pair must leave the station and write instructions for the other on a chalkboard , without speaking . Top Shelf / Bottom Shelf : The flip of a coin determines whether contestants can get things from the top shelf or the bottom shelf . Un-gredient List : After being given their dish theme , the chefs get a list of four typical ingredients used in the dish and are then forbidden to use them , forcing them to find substitutes . Watch Your Weight : The chefs are given a weight limit for their combined ingredients and must weigh their choices on a produce scale in order to verify that they do not exceed it . Wild Card : Each contestant draws a card at random to determine an ingredient they must use . World Fusion : Picking two flags out of a hollow globe , the contestants must combine two international cuisines into one cohesive dish . Special challenges and episodes ( edit ) In `` Holly , Jolly Meals '' , a special box could be picked up in the bonus round for an additional $5,000 , bringing the top prize to $25,000 . `` Moms Know Best '' was a Mother 's Day challenge in which four mothers competed and Fieri 's wife made a guest appearance . `` Grocery Grillin ' '' was a special episode ( dubbed Guy 's Grocery Grilling Games or Quadruple G ) for Food Network 's Grilling Week where the contestants had to make grilled dishes . In `` Food Network Stars Take Over Flavortown '' , former Food Network Star winners Jeff Mauro , Aaron McCargo Jr. , Melissa d'Arabian , and Justin Warner competed for charities of their choice . Aaron won with $20,000 and the runners - up ' charities each got $3,500 . `` Food Network All - Stars Take to the Aisles '' has Chopped judges Marc Murphy and Alex Guarnaschelli , Iron Chef Cat Cora , and TV Host Marcel Vigneron competing . The winner was Alex with $18,000 and the runners - up each got $5,000 for their charities . In `` Grandma 's Grocery Games '' , Guy 's mother appeared on the show alongside the four Grandmas . The winner Celinda was able to take home $18,000 to her grandkids . Food Network employee and former Nickelodeon host Marc Summers served as a guest judge in this episode . From November 30 to December 27 , 2015 , a 5 - part `` Tournament Of Champions '' took place featuring 16 returning champions . Like most tournaments on Chopped and Cutthroat Kitchen , the 16 chefs compete 4 at a time in 4 heats . The winner of each heat won a $20,000 Shopping Spree and returned for the finals for a chance to win a trophy and another $20,000 Shopping Spree for a total grand prize of up to $40,000 . Starting January 3 , 2016 , and continuing for 4 more episodes is a `` Diners , Drive - Ins And Dives Tournament '' featuring 16 chefs who have appeared with Guy Fieri on Diners , Drive - Ins and Dives . Like the Tournament Of Champions , 4 chefs played over 4 heats , with the winner of each heat earning a $20,000 Shopping Spree and returning for the finals for a chance at a trophy and another $20,000 Shopping Spree for a grand prize of up to $40,000 . Beginning April 3 , 2016 , and continuing for 4 more episodes is a `` Redemption Tournament '' featuring 16 former losing chefs seeking redemption and competing to win both a trophy and a grand prize of up to $40,000 . Round 1 of heat 2 marked the 1st instance on the show where a chef 's food was inadmissible from blood . To compensate , Guy gave the other 3 chefs the option to either eliminate the affected chef , or allow all 4 chefs to advance , resulting in a double - elimination for round 2 . The chefs chose the 2nd option . Notable contestants ( edit ) Lenny McNab , the winner of Season 10 of Food Network Star was in the Episode `` The Ol ' Switcheroo '' . Bill Travers was on MasterChef ( U.S. season 7 ) , but was eliminated in episode 1 and was on `` Guilty Pleasures '' . Set ( edit ) Season 1 was shot inside of an actual grocery store , Field 's Market in West Hills , California. ( 1 ) For Season 2 , the market was built in a 15,500 square foot warehouse in Santa Rosa , CA . It was built over two weeks and stocked with over $700,000 of food . After each episode , the perishable items were donated to local food banks and local farmers ; non-perishable items are being kept in the event Food Network ordered another season beyond Season 3. ( 2 ) Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Guy 's Grocery Games episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Network 12 October 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 20 ) January 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 19 ) Food Network 11 May 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 11 ) July 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 20 ) 15 July 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 27 ) December 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 14 ) 16 January 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 04 ) April 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 26 ) 5 10 May 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 03 ) July 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 05 ) 6 12 July 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 12 ) September 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 27 ) 7 14 October 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 04 ) December 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 27 ) 8 11 January 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 03 ) March 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 13 ) 9 12 March 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 20 ) June 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 26 ) 10 12 July 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 03 ) July 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 12 ) 11 15 October 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 02 ) December 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 25 ) 12 15 January 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 02 ) April 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 09 ) 13 11 April 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 23 ) July 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) 14 10 July 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 23 ) October 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 15 11 October 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 15 ) January 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 07 ) 16 15 January 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 14 ) March 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 11 ) 17 12 February 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 28 ) ( ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Flavortown Market Built from Scratch : Guy 's Grocery Games '' . Food Network . Retrieved 15 June 2014 . 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why is the forbidden city in china called the forbidden city

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Forbidden_City&oldid=812590740

Forbidden City - wikipedia Forbidden City Jump to : navigation , search `` Palace Museum '' redirects here . For the building in Stone Town , Zanzibar , see Palace Museum , Zanzibar . For the palace museum in Taipei , see National Palace Museum . For other uses , see Forbidden City ( disambiguation ) . `` Gugong '' redirects here . For other uses , see Gugong ( disambiguation ) . The Palace Museum 故宮 博物院 The Gate of Divine Might , the northern gate . The lower tablet reads `` The Palace Museum '' ( 故宫 博物院 ) Location within China Established 1925 Location 4 Jingshan Front St , Dongcheng , Beijing , China Coordinates 39 ° 54 ′ 58 '' N 116 ° 23 ′ 53 '' E  /  39.915987 ° N 116.397925 ° E  / 39.915987 ; 116.397925 Coordinates : 39 ° 54 ′ 58 '' N 116 ° 23 ′ 53 '' E  /  39.915987 ° N 116.397925 ° E  / 39.915987 ; 116.397925 Type Art museum , Imperial Palace , Historic site Visitors 14 million Ranking 1st globally Curator Shan Jixiang ( 单 霁 翔 ) Built 1406 -- 1420 Architect Kuai Xiang ( 蒯 祥 ) Architectural style ( s ) Chinese architecture Website en.dpm.org.cn ( English language version ) www.dpm.org.cn ( Chinese language version ) UNESCO World Heritage Site Part of Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing and Shenyang Criteria Cultural : i , ii , iii , iv Reference 439 - 001 Inscription 1987 ( 11th Session ) Forbidden City `` Forbidden City '' in Chinese characters Chinese name Chinese 紫禁城 Literal meaning `` Purple ( North Star ) Forbidden City '' ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Zǐjìnchéng IPA ( tsɨ̀. tɕîn. ʈʂhə̌ŋ ) Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Jí - gam - sìhng IPA ( tsǐː. kɐ̄m. sȅŋ ) Jyutping Zi2 - gam3 - sing4 Southern Min Hokkien POJ Chí - kìm - siân Tâi - lô Tsí - kìm - siânn Manchu name Manchu script Romanization Dabkūri dorgi hoton The Forbidden City is a palace complex in central Beijing , China . The former seat of Imperial Chinese Dragon Throne from the Ming dynasty to the end of the Qing dynasty -- the years 1420 to 1912 , it now houses the Palace Museum . The Forbidden City served as the home of emperors and their households as well as the ceremonial and political center of Chinese government for almost 500 years . Constructed from 1406 to 1420 , the complex consists of 980 buildings and covers 72 ha ( over 180 acres ) . The palace exemplifies traditional Chinese palatial architecture , and has influenced cultural and architectural developments in East Asia and elsewhere . The Forbidden City was declared a World Heritage Site in 1987 , and is listed by UNESCO as the largest collection of preserved ancient wooden structures in the world . Since 1925 the Forbidden City has been under the charge of the Palace Museum , whose extensive collection of artwork and artefacts were built upon the imperial collections of the Ming and Qing dynasties . Part of the museum 's former collection is now in the National Palace Museum in Taipei . Both museums descend from the same institution , but were split after the Chinese Civil War . Since 2012 , the Forbidden City has seen an average of 15 million visitors annually , and had 16 million visitors in 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 History 3 Description 3.1 Walls and gates 3.2 Outer Court or the Southern Section 3.3 Inner Court or the Northern Section 3.4 Religion 3.5 Surroundings 3.6 Symbolism 4 Collections 5 Influence 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Name ( edit ) The common English name `` Forbidden City '' is a translation of the Chinese name Zijin Cheng ( Chinese : 紫 禁 城 ; pinyin : Zíjinchéng ; literally : `` Purple Forbidden City '' ) . The name Zijin Cheng first formally appeared in 1576 . Another English name of similar origin is `` Forbidden Palace '' . The name `` Zijin Cheng '' is a name with significance on many levels . Zi , or `` Purple '' , refers to the North Star , which in ancient China was called the Ziwei Star , and in traditional Chinese astrology was the heavenly abode of the Celestial Emperor . The surrounding celestial region , the Ziwei Enclosure ( Chinese : 紫 微 垣 ; pinyin : Zǐwēiyuán ) , was the realm of the Celestial Emperor and his family . The Forbidden City , as the residence of the terrestrial emperor , was its earthly counterpart . Jin , or `` Forbidden '' , referred to the fact that no one could enter or leave the palace without the emperor 's permission . Cheng means a city . Today , the site is most commonly known in Chinese as Gùgōng ( 故 宫 ) , which means the `` Former Palace '' . The museum which is based in these buildings is known as the `` Palace Museum '' ( Chinese : 故 宫 博 物 院 ; pinyin : Gùgōng Bówùyùan ) . History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Forbidden City The Forbidden City as depicted in a Ming dynasty painting When Hongwu Emperor 's son Zhu Di became the Yongle Emperor , he moved the capital from Nanjing to Beijing , and construction began in 1406 on what would become the Forbidden City . Construction lasted 14 years and required more than a million workers . Material used include whole logs of precious Phoebe zhennan wood ( Chinese : 楠 木 ; pinyin : nánmù ) found in the jungles of south - western China , and large blocks of marble from quarries near Beijing . The floors of major halls were paved with `` golden bricks '' ( Chinese : 金 砖 ; pinyin : jīnzhuān ) , specially baked paving bricks from Suzhou . From 1420 to 1644 , the Forbidden City was the seat of the Ming dynasty . In April 1644 , it was captured by rebel forces led by Li Zicheng , who proclaimed himself emperor of the Shun dynasty . He soon fled before the combined armies of former Ming general Wu Sangui and Manchu forces , setting fire to parts of the Forbidden City in the process . By October , the Manchus had achieved supremacy in northern China , and a ceremony was held at the Forbidden City to proclaim the young Shunzhi Emperor as ruler of all China under the Qing dynasty . The Qing rulers changed the names on some of the principal buildings , to emphasise `` Harmony '' rather than `` Supremacy '' , made the name plates bilingual ( Chinese and Manchu ) , and introduced Shamanist elements to the palace . In 1860 , during the Second Opium War , Anglo - French forces took control of the Forbidden City and occupied it until the end of the war . In 1900 Empress Dowager Cixi fled from the Forbidden City during the Boxer Rebellion , leaving it to be occupied by forces of the treaty powers until the following year . The East Glorious Gate under renovation as part of the 16 - year restoration process After being the home of 24 emperors -- 14 of the Ming dynasty and 10 of the Qing dynasty -- the Forbidden City ceased being the political centre of China in 1912 with the abdication of Puyi , the last Emperor of China . Under an agreement with the new Republic of China government , Puyi remained in the Inner Court , while the Outer Court was given over to public use , until he was evicted after a coup in 1924 . The Palace Museum was then established in the Forbidden City in 1925 . In 1933 , the Japanese invasion of China forced the evacuation of the national treasures in the Forbidden City . Part of the collection was returned at the end of World War II , but the other part was evacuated to Taiwan in 1948 under orders by Chiang Kai - shek , whose Kuomintang was losing the Chinese Civil War . This relatively small but high quality collection was kept in storage until 1965 , when it again became public , as the core of the National Palace Museum in Taipei . After the establishment of the People 's Republic of China in 1949 , some damage was done to the Forbidden City as the country was swept up in revolutionary zeal . During the Cultural Revolution , however , further destruction was prevented when Premier Zhou Enlai sent an army battalion to guard the city . The Forbidden City was declared a World Heritage Site in 1987 by UNESCO as the `` Imperial Palace of the Ming and Qing Dynasties '' , due to its significant place in the development of Chinese architecture and culture . It is currently administered by the Palace Museum , which is carrying out a sixteen - year restoration project to repair and restore all buildings in the Forbidden City to their pre-1912 state . In recent years , the presence of commercial enterprises in the Forbidden City has become controversial . A Starbucks store that opened in 2000 sparked objections and eventually closed on 13 July 2007 . Chinese media also took notice of a pair of souvenir shops that refused to admit Chinese citizens in order to price - gouge foreign customers in 2006 . On November 8 , 2017 , President of the United States Donald Trump was the first US President to be granted a state dinner in the Forbidden City since the founding of the People 's Republic of China . Description ( edit ) The Forbidden City viewed from Jingshan Hill Plan of the Forbidden City . Labels in red are used to refer to locations throughout the article . - -- - Approximate dividing line between Inner ( north ) and Outer ( south ) Courts . A. Meridian Gate B. Gate of Divine Might C. West Glorious Gate D. East Glorious Gate E. Corner towers F. Gate of Supreme Harmony G. Hall of Supreme Harmony H. Hall of Military Eminence J. Hall of Literary Glory K. Southern Three Places L. Palace of Heavenly Purity M. Imperial garden N. Hall of Mental Cultivation O. Palace of Tranquil Longevity The Forbidden City is a rectangle , with 961 metres ( 3,153 ft ) from north to south and 753 metres ( 2,470 ft ) from east to west . It consists of 980 surviving buildings with 8,886 bays of rooms . A common myth states that there are 9,999 rooms including antechambers , based on oral tradition , and it is not supported by survey evidence . The Forbidden City was designed to be the centre of the ancient , walled city of Beijing . It is enclosed in a larger , walled area called the Imperial City . The Imperial City is , in turn , enclosed by the Inner City ; to its south lies the Outer City . The Forbidden City remains important in the civic scheme of Beijing . The central north -- south axis remains the central axis of Beijing . This axis extends to the south through Tiananmen gate to Tiananmen Square , the ceremonial centre of the People 's Republic of China , and on to Yongdingmen . To the north , it extends through Jingshan Hill to the Bell and Drum Towers . This axis is not exactly aligned north -- south , but is tilted by slightly more than two degrees . Researchers now believe that the axis was designed in the Yuan dynasty to be aligned with Xanadu , the other capital of their empire . Walls and gates ( edit ) The Meridian Gate , front entrance to the Forbidden City , with two protruding wings The northwest corner tower The Gate of Supreme Harmony The Forbidden City is surrounded by a 7.9 metres ( 26 ft ) high city wall and a 6 metres ( 20 ft ) deep by 52 metres ( 171 ft ) wide moat . The walls are 8.62 metres ( 28.3 ft ) wide at the base , tapering to 6.66 metres ( 21.9 ft ) at the top . These walls served as both defensive walls and retaining walls for the palace . They were constructed with a rammed earth core , and surfaced with three layers of specially baked bricks on both sides , with the interstices filled with mortar . At the four corners of the wall sit towers ( E ) with intricate roofs boasting 72 ridges , reproducing the Pavilion of Prince Teng and the Yellow Crane Pavilion as they appeared in Song dynasty paintings . These towers are the most visible parts of the palace to commoners outside the walls , and much folklore is attached to them . According to one legend , artisans could not put a corner tower back together after it was dismantled for renovations in the early Qing dynasty , and it was only rebuilt after the intervention of carpenter - immortal Lu Ban . The wall is pierced by a gate on each side . At the southern end is the main Meridian Gate ( A ) . To the north is the Gate of Divine Might ( B ) , which faces Jingshan Park . The east and west gates are called the `` East Glorious Gate '' ( D ) and `` West Glorious Gate '' ( C ) . All gates in the Forbidden City are decorated with a nine - by - nine array of golden door nails , except for the East Glorious Gate , which has only eight rows . The Meridian Gate has two protruding wings forming three sides of a square ( Wumen , or Meridian Gate , Square ) before it . The gate has five gateways . The central gateway is part of the Imperial Way , a stone flagged path that forms the central axis of the Forbidden City and the ancient city of Beijing itself , and leads all the way from the Gate of China in the south to Jingshan in the north . Only the Emperor may walk or ride on the Imperial Way , except for the Empress on the occasion of her wedding , and successful students after the Imperial Examination . Outer Court or the southern section ( edit ) The Hall of Supreme Harmony The name plate on the Hall of Supreme Harmony The throne in the Hall of Preserving Harmony The Hall of Central Harmony ( foreground ) and the Hall of Preserving Harmony Traditionally , the Forbidden City is divided into two parts . The Outer Court ( 外 朝 ) or Front Court ( 前 朝 ) includes the southern sections , and was used for ceremonial purposes . The Inner Court ( 内 廷 ) or Back Palace ( 后 宫 ) includes the northern sections , and was the residence of the Emperor and his family , and was used for day - to - day affairs of state . ( The approximate dividing line shown as red dash in the plan above . ) Generally , the Forbidden City has three vertical axes . The most important buildings are situated on the central north -- south axis . Entering from the Meridian Gate , one encounters a large square , pierced by the meandering Inner Golden Water River , which is crossed by five bridges . Beyond the square stands the Gate of Supreme Harmony ( F ) . Behind that is the Hall of Supreme Harmony Square . A three - tiered white marble terrace rises from this square . Three halls stand on top of this terrace , the focus of the palace complex . From the south , these are the Hall of Supreme Harmony ( 太 和 殿 ) , the Hall of Central Harmony ( 中 和 殿 ) , and the Hall of Preserving Harmony ( 保 和 殿 ) . The Hall of Supreme Harmony ( G ) is the largest , and rises some 30 metres ( 98 ft ) above the level of the surrounding square . It is the ceremonial centre of imperial power , and the largest surviving wooden structure in China . It is nine bays wide and five bays deep , the numbers 9 and 5 being symbolically connected to the majesty of the Emperor . Set into the ceiling at the centre of the hall is an intricate caisson decorated with a coiled dragon , from the mouth of which issues a chandelier - like set of metal balls , called the `` Xuanyuan Mirror '' . In the Ming dynasty , the Emperor held court here to discuss affairs of state . During the Qing dynasty , as Emperors held court far more frequently , a less ceremonious location was used instead , and the Hall of Supreme Harmony was only used for ceremonial purposes , such as coronations , investitures , and imperial weddings . The Hall of Central Harmony is a smaller , square hall , used by the Emperor to prepare and rest before and during ceremonies . Behind it , the Hall of Preserving Harmony , was used for rehearsing ceremonies , and was also the site of the final stage of the Imperial examination . All three halls feature imperial thrones , the largest and most elaborate one being that in the Hall of Supreme Harmony . At the centre of the ramps leading up to the terraces from the northern and southern sides are ceremonial ramps , part of the Imperial Way , featuring elaborate and symbolic bas - relief carvings . The northern ramp , behind the Hall of Preserving Harmony , is carved from a single piece of stone 16.57 metres ( 54.4 ft ) long , 3.07 metres ( 10.1 ft ) wide , and 1.7 metres ( 5.6 ft ) thick . It weighs some 200 tonnes and is the largest such carving in China . The southern ramp , in front of the Hall of Supreme Harmony , is even longer , but is made from two stone slabs joined together -- the joint was ingeniously hidden using overlapping bas - relief carvings , and was only discovered when weathering widened the gap in the 20th century . In the south west and south east of the Outer Court are the halls of Military Eminence ( H ) and Literary Glory ( J ) . The former was used at various times for the Emperor to receive ministers and hold court , and later housed the Palace 's own printing house . The latter was used for ceremonial lectures by highly regarded Confucian scholars , and later became the office of the Grand Secretariat . A copy of the Siku Quanshu was stored there . To the north - east are the Southern Three Places ( 南 三 所 ) ( K ) , which was the residence of the Crown Prince . Inner Court or the northern section ( edit ) The Inner Court is separated from the Outer Court by an oblong courtyard lying orthogonal to the City 's main axis . It was the home of the Emperor and his family . In the Qing dynasty , the Emperor lived and worked almost exclusively in the Inner Court , with the Outer Court used only for ceremonial purposes . The Palace of Heavenly Purity Water spouts drain rainwater from upper level platforms on which the principal halls are built . At the centre of the Inner Court is another set of three halls ( L ) . From the south , these are the Palace of Heavenly Purity ( 乾 清 宮 ) , Hall of Union , and the Palace of Earthly Tranquility . Smaller than the Outer Court halls , the three halls of the Inner Court were the official residences of the Emperor and the Empress . The Emperor , representing Yang and the Heavens , would occupy the Palace of Heavenly Purity . The Empress , representing Yin and the Earth , would occupy the Palace of Earthly Tranquility . In between them was the Hall of Union , where the Yin and Yang mixed to produce harmony . The throne in the Palace of Heavenly Purity The Palace of Heavenly Purity is a double - eaved building , and set on a single - level white marble platform . It is connected to the Gate of Heavenly Purity to its south by a raised walkway . In the Ming dynasty , it was the residence of the Emperor . However , beginning from the Yongzheng Emperor of the Qing dynasty , the Emperor lived instead at the smaller Hall of Mental Cultivation ( N ) to the west , out of respect to the memory of the Kangxi Emperor . The Palace of Heavenly Purity then became the Emperor 's audience hall . A caisson is set into the roof , featuring a coiled dragon . Above the throne hangs a tablet reading `` Justice and Honour '' ( Chinese : 正 大 光 明 ; pinyin : zhèngdàguāngmíng ) . The Palace of Earthly Tranquility ( 坤 寧 宮 ) is a double - eaved building , 9 bays wide and 3 bays deep . In the Ming dynasty , it was the residence of the Empress . In the Qing dynasty , large portions of the Palace were converted for Shamanist worship by the new Manchu rulers . From the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor , the Empress moved out of the Palace . However , two rooms in the Palace of Earthly Harmony were retained for use on the Emperor 's wedding night . Between these two palaces is the Hall of Union , which is square in shape with a pyramidal roof . Stored here are the 25 Imperial Seals of the Qing dynasty , as well as other ceremonial items . The Nine Dragons Screen in front of the Palace of Tranquil Longevity Behind these three halls lies the Imperial Garden ( M ) . Relatively small , and compact in design , the garden nevertheless contains several elaborate landscaping features . To the north of the garden is the Gate of Divine Might . Directly to the west is the Hall of Mental Cultivation ( N ) . Originally a minor palace , this became the de facto residence and office of the Emperor starting from Yongzheng . In the last decades of the Qing dynasty , empresses dowager , including Cixi , held court from the eastern partition of the hall . Located around the Hall of Mental Cultivation are the offices of the Grand Council and other key government bodies . The north - eastern section of the Inner Court is taken up by the Palace of Tranquil Longevity ( 寧 壽 宮 ) ( O ) , a complex built by the Qianlong Emperor in anticipation of his retirement . It mirrors the set - up of the Forbidden City proper and features an `` outer court '' , an `` inner court '' , and gardens and temples . The entrance to the Palace of Tranquil Longevity is marked by a glazed - tile Nine Dragons Screen . This section of the Forbidden City is being restored in a partnership between the Palace Museum and the World Monuments Fund , a long - term project expected to finish in 2017 . Religion ( edit ) Religion was an important part of life for the imperial court . In the Qing dynasty , the Palace of Earthly Harmony became a place of Manchu Shamanist ceremony . At the same time , the native Chinese Taoist religion continued to have an important role throughout the Ming and Qing dynasties . There were two Taoist shrines , one in the imperial garden and another in the central area of the Inner Court . Another prevalent form of religion in the Qing dynasty palace was Buddhism . A number of temples and shrines were scattered throughout the Inner Court , including that of Tibetan Buddhism or Lamaism . Buddhist iconography also proliferated in the interior decorations of many buildings . Of these , the Pavilion of the Rain of Flowers is one of the most important . It housed a large number of Buddhist statues , icons , and mandalas , placed in ritualistic arrangements . Surroundings ( edit ) See also : Imperial City ( Beijing ) Location of the Forbidden City in the historic centre of Beijing The Forbidden City is surrounded on three sides by imperial gardens . To the north is Jingshan Park , also known as Prospect Hill , an artificial hill created from the soil excavated to build the moat and from nearby lakes . To the west lies Zhongnanhai , a former royal garden centred on two connected lakes , which now serves as the central headquarters for the Communist Party of China and the State Council of the People 's Republic of China . To the north - west lies Beihai Park , also centred on a lake connected to the southern two , and a popular royal park . To the south of the Forbidden City were two important shrines -- the Imperial Shrine of Family or the Imperial Ancestral Temple ( Chinese : 太 廟 ; pinyin : Tàimiào ) and the Imperial Shrine of State or Beijing Shejitan ( Chinese : 社 稷 壇 ; pinyin : Shèjìtán ) , where the Emperor would venerate the spirits of his ancestors and the spirit of the nation , respectively . Today , these are the Beijing Labouring People 's Cultural Hall and Zhongshan Park ( commemorating Sun Yat - sen ) respectively . To the south , two nearly identical gatehouses stand along the main axis . They are the Upright Gate ( Chinese : 端 门 ; pinyin : Duānmén ) and the more famous Tiananmen Gate , which is decorated with a portrait of Mao Zedong in the centre and two placards to the left and right : `` Long Live the People 's Republic of China '' and `` Long live the Great Unity of the World 's Peoples '' . The Tiananmen Gate connects the Forbidden City precinct with the modern , symbolic centre of the Chinese state , Tiananmen Square . While development is now tightly controlled in the vicinity of the Forbidden City , throughout the past century uncontrolled and sometimes politically motivated demolition and reconstruction has changed the character of the areas surrounding the Forbidden City . Since 2000 , the Beijing municipal government has worked to evict governmental and military institutions occupying some historical buildings , and has established a park around the remaining parts of the Imperial City wall . In 2004 , an ordinance relating to building height and planning restriction was renewed to establish the Imperial City area and the northern city area as a buffer zone for the Forbidden City . In 2005 , the Imperial City and Beihai ( as an extension item to the Summer Palace ) were included in the shortlist for the next World Heritage Site in Beijing . Symbolism ( edit ) Imperial roof decoration of the highest status on the roof ridge of the Hall of Supreme Harmony The design of the Forbidden City , from its overall layout to the smallest detail , was meticulously planned to reflect philosophical and religious principles , and above all to symbolise the majesty of Imperial power . Some noted examples of symbolic designs include : Yellow is the color of the Emperor . Thus almost all roofs in the Forbidden City bear yellow glazed tiles . There are only two exceptions . The library at the Pavilion of Literary Profundity ( 文 渊 阁 ) had black tiles because black was associated with water , and thus fire - prevention . Similarly , the Crown Prince 's residences have green tiles because green was associated with wood , and thus growth . The main halls of the Outer and Inner courts are all arranged in groups of three -- the shape of the Qian triagram , representing Heaven . The residences of the Inner Court on the other hand are arranged in groups of six -- the shape of the Kun triagram , representing the Earth . The sloping ridges of building roofs are decorated with a line of statuettes led by a man riding a phoenix and followed by an imperial dragon . The number of statuettes represents the status of the building -- a minor building might have 3 or 5 . The Hall of Supreme Harmony has 10 , the only building in the country to be permitted this in Imperial times . As a result , its 10th statuette , called a `` Hangshi '' , or `` ranked tenth '' ( Chinese : 行 十 ; pinyin : Hángshí ) , is also unique in the Forbidden City . The layout of buildings follows ancient customs laid down in the Classic of Rites . Thus , ancestral temples are in front of the palace . Storage areas are placed in the front part of the palace complex , and residences in the back . Collections ( edit ) Main article : Collections of the Palace Museum Palace Museum exhibits on display in the corridor connecting the Hall of Literary Glory and the Hall of Main Respect Two Qing dynasty `` blue porcelain '' wares A blue and white porcelain vase with cloud and dragon designs , marked with the word `` Longevity '' ( 寿 ) , Jiajing period of Ming dynasty Bathing Horses ( section ) by Zhao Mengfu ( 1254 -- 1322 ) Equestrian painting of the Qianlong Emperor ( r . 1735 -- 1796 ) by Giuseppe Castiglione The collections of the Palace Museum are based on the Qing imperial collection . According to the results of a 1925 audit , some 1.17 million pieces of art were stored in the Forbidden City . In addition , the imperial libraries housed a large collection of rare books and historical documents , including government documents of the Ming and Qing dynasties . From 1933 , the threat of Japanese invasion forced the evacuation of the most important parts of the Museum 's collection . After the end of World War II , this collection was returned to Nanjing . However , with the Communists ' victory imminent in the Chinese Civil War , the Nationalist government decided to ship the pick of this collection to Taiwan . Of the 13,491 boxes of evacuated artefacts , 2,972 boxes are now housed in the National Palace Museum in Taipei . More than 8,000 boxes were returned to Beijing , but 2,221 boxes remain today in storage under the charge of the Nanjing Museum . After 1949 , the Museum conducted a new audit as well as a thorough search of the Forbidden City , uncovering a number of important items . In addition , the government moved items from other museums around the country to replenish the Palace Museum 's collection . It also purchased and received donations from the public . Today , there are over a million rare and valuable works of art in the permanent collection of the Palace Museum , including paintings , ceramics , seals , steles , sculptures , inscribed wares , bronze wares , enamel objects , etc . A new inventory of the Museum 's collections was conducted between 2004 and 2010 . Subsequently , the Palace Museum was shown to hold a total of 1,807,558 artefacts and includes 1,684,490 items designated as nationally protected `` valuable cultural relics . '' At the end of 2016 , the Palace Museum held a press conference , announcing that 55,132 previously unlisted items had been discovered in an inventory check carried out from 2014 to 2016 . The total number of items in the Palace Museum collection is presently at 1,862,690 objects . Ceramics The Palace Museum holds 340,000 pieces of ceramics and porcelain . These include imperial collections from the Tang dynasty and the Song dynasty , as well as pieces commissioned by the Palace , and , sometimes , by the Emperor personally . The Palace Museum holds about 320,000 pieces of porcelain from the imperial collection . The rest are almost all held in the National Palace Museum in Taipei and the Nanjing Museum . Painting The Palace Museum holds close to 50,000 paintings . Of these , more than 400 date from before the Yuan dynasty ( 1271 -- 1368 ) . This is the largest such collection in China . The collection is based on the palace collection in the Ming and Qing dynasties . The personal interest of Emperors such as Qianlong meant that the palace held one of the most important collections of paintings in Chinese history . However , a significant portion of this collection was lost over the years . After his abdication , Puyi transferred paintings out of the palace , and many of these were subsequently lost or destroyed . In 1948 , many of the works were moved to Taiwan . The collection has subsequently been replenished , through donations , purchases , and transfers from other museums . Bronzeware The Palace Museum 's bronze collection dates from the early Shang dynasty . Of the almost 10,000 pieces held , about 1,600 are inscribed items from the pre-Qin period ( to 221 BC ) . A significant part of the collection is ceremonial bronzeware from the imperial court . Timepieces The Palace Museum has one of the largest collections of mechanical timepieces of the 18th and 19th centuries in the world , with more than 1,000 pieces . The collection contains both Chinese - and foreign - made pieces . Chinese pieces came from the palace 's own workshops , Guangzhou ( Canton ) and Suzhou ( Suchow ) . Foreign pieces came from countries including Britain , France , Switzerland , the United States and Japan . Of these , the largest portion come from Britain . Jade Jade has a unique place in Chinese culture . The Museum 's collection , mostly derived from the imperial collection , includes some 30,000 pieces . The pre-Yuan dynasty part of the collection includes several pieces famed throughout history , as well as artefacts from more recent archaeological discoveries . The earliest pieces date from the Neolithic period . Ming dynasty and Qing dynasty pieces , on the other hand , include both items for palace use , as well as tribute items from around the Empire and beyond . Palace artefacts In addition to works of art , a large proportion of the Museum 's collection consists of the artefacts of the imperial court . This includes items used by the imperial family and the palace in daily life , as well as various ceremonial and bureaucratic items important to government administration . This comprehensive collection preserves the daily life and ceremonial protocols of the imperial era . In the East Glorious Gate In the West Wing of the Meridian Gate Influence ( edit ) A gilded lion in front of the Palace of Tranquil Longevity Glazed building decoration The Forbidden City , the culmination of the two - thousand - year development of classical Chinese and East Asian architecture , has been influential in the subsequent development of Chinese architecture , as well as providing inspiration for many artistic works . Some specific examples include : Depiction in art , film , literature and popular culture The Forbidden City has served as the scene to many works of fiction . In recent years , it has been depicted in films and television series . Some notable examples include : The Forbidden City ( 1918 ) , a fiction film about a Chinese emperor and an American . The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) , a biographical film about Puyi , was the first feature film ever authorised by the government of the People 's Republic of China to be filmed in the Forbidden City . Forbidden City Cop ( 1996 ) a Hong Kong wuxia comedy film about an imperial secret agent Marco Polo a joint NBC and RAI TV miniseries broadcast in the early 1980s , was filmed inside the Forbidden City . Note , however , that the present Forbidden City did not exist in the Yuan dynasty , when Marco Polo met Kublai Khan . The 2003 real - time strategy game Rise of Nations depicts the Forbidden City as one of the great wonders of the world ; in terms of game mechanics , it functions identically to a major city and provides additional resources to the player . Live Performance concert venue The Forbidden City has also served as a performance venue . However , its use for this purpose is strictly limited , due to the heavy impact of equipment and performance on the ancient structures . Almost all performances said to be `` in the Forbidden City '' are held outside the palace walls . In 1997 , Greek - born composer and keyboardist Yanni performed a live concert in front of the Forbidden City the first modern Western artist to perform at the historic Chinese site . The concert was recorded and later released as part of the Tribute album . Giacomo Puccini 's opera , Turandot , the story of a Chinese princess , was performed at the Imperial Shrine just outside the Forbidden City for the first time in 1998 . In 2001 , the Three Tenors , Plácido Domingo and José Carreras and Luciano Pavarotti , sang in front of Forbidden City main gate as one of their performances . In 2004 , the French musician Jean Michel Jarre performed a live concert in front of the Forbidden City , accompanied by 260 musicians , as part of the `` Year of France in China '' festivities . See also ( edit ) Chinese art Chinese Palaces History of China History of Beijing Beijing city fortifications Imperial City , Beijing Beihai Park Zhongnanhai Jingshan Park Imperial Ancestral Temple Zhongshan Park Ming Palace , Nanjing National Palace Museum , Taipei 《 The Forbidden City 》 is a 12 - episode documentary for CCTV , directed by Zhou Bing . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 故宫 到底 有 多少 间 房 ( How many rooms in the Forbidden City ) '' ( in Chinese ) . Singtao Net . 27 September 2006 . Archived from the original on 18 July 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Lu , Yongxiang ( 2014 ) . A History of Chinese Science and Technology , Volume 3 . New York : Springer . ISBN 3662441632 . ^ Jump up to : `` Advisory Body Evaluation ( 1987 ) '' ( PDF ) . UNESCO . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` UNESCO World Heritage List : Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing and Shenyang '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Visitors to Beijing Palace Museum Topped 16 Million in 2016 , An Average of 40,000 Every Day '' . www.thebeijinger.com. 3 January 2017 . Jump up ^ p26 , Barmé , Geremie R ( 2008 ) . The Forbidden City . Harvard University Press . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Gan , Guo - hui ( April 1990 ) . `` Perspective of urban land use in Beijing '' . GeoJournal. 20 ( 4 ) : 359 -- 364 . doi : 10.1007 / bf00174975 . ^ Jump up to : p. 18 , Yu , Zhuoyun ( 1984 ) . Palaces of the Forbidden City . New York : Viking . ISBN 0 - 670 - 53721 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Gùgōng '' in a generic sense also refers to all former palaces , another prominent example being the former Imperial Palaces ( Mukden Palace ) in Shenyang ; see Gugong ( disambiguation ) . ^ Jump up to : p. 15 , Yang , Xiagui ( 2003 ) . The Invisible Palace . Li , Shaobai ( photography ) ; Chen , Huang ( translation ) . Beijing : Foreign Language Press . ISBN 7 - 119 - 03432 - 4 . Jump up ^ China Central Television , The Palace Museum ( 2005 ) . Gugong : `` I. Building the Forbidden City '' ( Documentary ) . China : CCTV . Jump up ^ p. 69 , Yang ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ p. 3734 , Wu , Han ( 1980 ) . 朝鲜 李 朝 实录 中 的 中国 史料 ( Chinese historical material in the Annals of the Joseon Yi dynasty ) . Beijing : Zhonghua Book Company . CN / D829. 312 . Jump up ^ Guo , Muoruo ( 1944 - 03 - 20 ) . `` 甲 申 三 百 年 祭 ( Commemorating 300th anniversary of the Jia - Sheng Year ) '' . New China Daily ( in Chinese ) . ^ Jump up to : China Central Television , The Palace Museum ( 2005 ) . Gugong : `` II . Ridgeline of a Prosperous Age '' ( Documentary ) . China : CCTV . Jump up ^ `` 故宫 外 朝 宫殿 为何 无 满 文 ? ( Why is there no Manchu on the halls of the Outer Court ? ) '' . People Net ( in Chinese ) . 16 June 2006 . Archived from the original on 1 December 2008 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ Zhou Suqin . `` 坤 宁 宫 ( Palace of Earthly Tranquility ) '' ( in Chinese ) . The Palace Museum . Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : China Central Television , The Palace Museum ( 2005 ) . Gugong : `` XI . Flight of the National Treasures '' ( Documentary ) . China : CCTV . Jump up ^ p. 137 , Yang ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Yan , Chongnian ( 2004 ) . `` 国民 -- 战犯 -- 公民 ( National -- War criminal -- Citizen ) '' . 正 说 清朝 十 二 帝 ( True Stories of the Twelve Qing Emperors ) ( in Chinese ) . Beijing : Zhonghua Book Company . ISBN 7 - 101 - 04445 - X . Jump up ^ Cao Kun ( 2005 - 10 - 06 ) . `` 故宫 X 档案 : 开 院 门票 掏 五毛 钱 可 劲 逛 ( Forbidden City X-Files : Opening admission 50 cents ) '' . Beijing Legal Evening ( in Chinese ) . People Net . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ See map of the evacuation routes at : `` National Palace Museum -- Tradition & Continuity '' . National Palace Museum . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` National Palace Museum -- Tradition & Continuity '' . National Palace Museum . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` 三 大 院 长 南京 说 文物 ( Three museum directors talk artefacts in Nanjing ) '' . Jiangnan Times ( in Chinese ) . People Net . 19 October 2003 . Archived from the original on 1 December 2008 . Retrieved 5 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Chen , Jie ( 2006 - 02 - 04 ) . `` 故宫 曾 有 多 种 可怕 改造 方案 ( Several horrifying reconstruction proposals had been made for the Forbidden City ) '' . Yangcheng Evening News ( in Chinese ) . Eastday . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Xie , Yinming ; Qu , Wanlin ( 2006 - 11 - 07 ) . `` '' 文化 大革命 `` 中 谁 保护 了 故宫 ( Who protected the Forbidden City in the Cultural Revolution ? ) '' . CPC Documents ( in Chinese ) . People Net . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ The Forbidden City was listed as the `` Imperial Palace of the Ming and Qing Dynasties '' ( Official Document ) . In 2004 , Mukden Palace in Shenyang was added as an extension item to the property , which then became known as `` Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing and Shenyang '' : `` UNESCO World Heritage List : Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing and Shenyang '' . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Palace Museum . `` Forbidden City restoration project website '' . Archived from the original on 21 April 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 闾 丘露薇 : 星巴克 怎么 进 的 故宫 ? ( Luqiu Luwei : How did Starbucks get into the Forbidden City ) '' ( in Chinese ) . People Net . 2007 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 25 . ; see also the original blog post here ( 1 ) ( in Chinese ) . Jump up ^ Mellissa Allison ( 2007 - 07 - 13 ) . `` Starbucks closes Forbidden City store '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ Reuters ( 11 December 2000 ) . `` Starbucks brews storm in China 's Forbidden City '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 2 May 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Two stores inside Forbidden City refuse entry to Chinese nationals '' ( in Chinese ) . Xinhua Net . 23 August 2006 . Archived from the original on 13 January 2009 . Retrieved 1 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` President Trump granted rare dinner in China 's Forbidden City '' . 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amazing Facts About the Forbidden City '' . Oakland Museum of California . Archived from the original on 14 June 2012 . Jump up ^ As larger buildings in traditional Chinese architecture are easily and regularly sub-divided into different configurations , the number of rooms in the Forbidden City is traditionally counted in terms of `` bays '' of rooms , with each bay being the space defined by four structural pillars . Jump up ^ Glueck , Grace ( 2001 - 08 - 31 ) . `` ART REVIEW ; They Had Expensive Tastes '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ China Daily ( 2007 - 07 - 20 ) . `` Numbers Inside the Forbidden City '' . China.org.cn . Jump up ^ `` 北京 确立 城市 发展 脉络 重 塑 7.8 公里 中 轴线 ( Beijing to establish civic development network ; Recreating 7.8 km central axis ) '' ( in Chinese ) . People Net . 2006 - 05 - 30 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ Pan , Feng ( 2005 - 03 - 02 ) . `` 探秘 北京 中 轴线 ( Exploring the mystery of Beijing 's Central Axis ) '' . Science Times ( in Chinese ) . Chinese Academy of Sciences . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ p. 25 , Yang ( 2003 ) ^ Jump up to : p. 32 , Yu ( 1984 ) Jump up ^ Technically , Tiananmen Gate is not part of the Forbidden City ; it is a gate of the Imperial City . ^ Jump up to : p. 25 , Yu ( 1984 ) Jump up ^ p. 33 , Yu ( 1984 ) ^ Jump up to : p. 49 , Yu ( 1984 ) Jump up ^ p. 48 , Yu ( 1984 ) ^ Jump up to : The Palace Museum . `` Yin , Yang and the Five Elements in the Forbidden City '' ( in Chinese ) . Archived from the original on 1 July 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ p. 253 , Yu ( 1984 ) Jump up ^ The Palace Museum . `` 太 和 殿 ( Hall of Supreme Harmony ) '' ( in Chinese ) . Archived from the original on 17 June 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ The Palace Museum . `` 中 和 殿 ( Hall of Central Harmony ) '' ( in Chinese ) . Archived from the original on 30 May 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ The Palace Museum . `` 保 和 殿 ( Hall of Preserving Harmony ) '' ( in Chinese ) . Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ p. 70 , Yu ( 1984 ) Jump up ^ For an explanation and illustration of the joint , see p. 213 , Yu ( 1984 ) Jump up ^ p. 73 , Yu ( 1984 ) Jump up ^ p. 75 , Yu ( 1984 ) Jump up ^ p. 78 , Yu ( 1984 ) Jump up ^ p. 51 , Yang ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ pp. 80 -- 83 , Yu ( 1984 ) ^ Jump up to : China Central Television , The Palace Museum ( 2005 ) . Gugong : `` III . Rites under Heaven '' ( Documentary ) . China : CCTV . Jump up ^ p. 121 , Yu ( 1984 ) Jump up ^ p. 87 , Yu ( 1984 ) Jump up ^ p. 115 , Yu ( 1984 ) Jump up ^ Powell , Eric . `` Restoring an Intimate Splendor '' ( PDF ) . World Monuments Fund . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 May 2011 . Jump up ^ p. 176 , Yu ( 1984 ) Jump up ^ p. 177 , Yu ( 1984 ) Jump up ^ pp. 189 -- 193 , Yu ( 1984 ) Jump up ^ p. 20 , Yu ( 1984 ) Jump up ^ `` Working People 's Cultural Palace '' . China.org.cn . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Zhongshan Park '' . China.org.cn . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Forbidden City Buffer Zone Plan submitted to World Heritage conference '' ( in Chinese ) . Xinhua Net . 16 July 2005 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2008 . Retrieved 13 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Li , Yang ( 4 June 2005 ) . `` Beijing confirms 7 World Heritage alternate items ; Large scale reconstruction of Imperial City halted '' ( in Chinese ) . Xinhua Net . Archived from the original on 6 February 2007 . Retrieved 13 April 2007 . Jump up ^ The Palace Museum . `` Hall of Supreme Harmony '' ( in Chinese ) . Archived from the original on 1 July 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ Steinhardt , Nancy Shatzman ( Dec 1986 ) . `` Why were Chang'an and Beijing so different ? '' . The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 45 ( 4 ) : 339 -- 357 . doi : 10.2307 / 990206 . JSTOR 990206 . Jump up ^ Wen , Lianxi ( ed . ) ( 1925 ) . 故宫 物品 点 查 报告 ( Palace items auditing report ) . Beijing : Caretaker Committee of the Qing dynasty Imperial Family . Reprint ( 2004 ) : Xianzhuang Book Company . ISBN 7 - 80106 - 238 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Dorn , Frank ( 1970 ) . The forbidden city : the biography of a palace . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . p. 176 . OCLC 101030 . Jump up ^ `` 北京 故宫 与 台北 故宫 谁 的 文物 藏品 多 ? ( Beijing Palace Museum and Taipei Palace Museum : which collection is bigger ? ) '' . Guangming Daily ( in Chinese ) . Xinhua Net . 16 January 2005 . Archived from the original on 10 January 2009 . Retrieved 5 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Jackie Craven . `` Forbidden City in Beijing , China '' . About.com : Architecture . Jump up ^ `` Palace Museum puts its house in order '' . China Daily . Xinhua News Agency . 27 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 31 January 2011 . Retrieved 27 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Palace Museum discovers 55,000 items hidden within the Forbidden City - Life & Culture News - SINA English '' . english.sina.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ The Palace Museum . `` Collection highlights -- Ceramics '' ( in Chinese ) . Archived from the original on 1 July 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ The Palace Museum . `` Collection highlights -- Paintings '' ( in Chinese ) . Archived from the original on 1 July 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ The Palace Museum . `` Collection highlights -- Bronzeware '' ( in Chinese ) . Archived from the original on 1 July 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ The Palace Museum . `` Collection highlights -- Timepieces '' ( in Chinese ) . Archived from the original on 1 July 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ Laufer , Berthold ( 1912 ) . Jade : A Study in Chinese Archeology & Religion . Gloucestor MA : Reprint ( 1989 ) : Peter Smith Pub Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8446 - 5214 - 6 . Jump up ^ The Palace Museum . `` Collection highlights -- Jade '' ( in Chinese ) . Archived from the original on 1 July 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ The Palace Museum . `` Collection highlights -- Palace artefacts '' ( in Chinese ) . Archived from the original on 1 July 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Biography '' . Archived from the original on 14 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Turandot at the Forbidden City , Beijing 1998 '' . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 01 . ; note some inconsistency in the description of the venue on the official site : it claims that the venue , the People 's Cultural Palace , was the `` Hall of Heavenly Purity '' . In fact , the Working People 's Cultural Palace was the Temple to the Emperor 's Ancestors = China.org : Working People 's Cultural Palace . Jump up ^ `` Jean Michel Jarre lights up China '' . BBC . 2004 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 01 . Further reading ( edit ) Aisin - Gioro , Puyi ( 1964 ) . From Emperor to citizen : the autobiography of Aisin - Gioro Pu Yi . Beijing : Foreign Language Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 282099 - 0 . Huang , Ray ( 1981 ) . 1587 , A Year of No Significance : The Ming Dynasty in Decline . New Haven : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 02518 - 1 . Yang , Xiagui ( 2003 ) . The Invisible Palace . Li , Shaobai ( photography ) ; Chen , Huang ( translation ) . Beijing : Foreign Language Press . ISBN 7 - 119 - 03432 - 4 . Yu , Zhuoyun ( 1984 ) . Palaces of the Forbidden City . New York : Viking . ISBN 0 - 670 - 53721 - 7 . Barmé , Geremie R ( 2008 ) . The Forbidden City . Harvard University Press . 251 pages . ISBN 978 - 0 - 67402 - 779 - 4 . Cotterell , Arthur ( 2007 ) . The Imperial Capitals of China -- An Inside View of the Celestial Empire . London : Pimlico. 304 pages . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84595 - 009 - 5 . Ho ; Bronson ( 2004 ) . Splendors of China 's Forbidden City . London : Merrell Publishers . ISBN 1 - 85894 - 258 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Forbidden City ( category ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Palace Museum . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Forbidden City . 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is call of duty and black ops the same thing

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Call_of_Duty:_Black_Ops&oldid=866527796

Call of Duty : Black Ops - wikipedia Call of Duty : Black Ops This article is about the seventh installment in the Call of Duty series . For the mobile Zombies spin - off game , see Call of Duty : Black Ops -- Zombies . Call of Duty : Black Ops Developer ( s ) Treyarch Publisher ( s ) Activision Director ( s ) Dave Anthony Corky Lehmkuhl Producer ( s ) Pat Dwyer Designer ( s ) Joe Chiang Programmer ( s ) David King Trevor Walker James Snider Artist ( s ) Colin Whitney Writer ( s ) Craig Houston Dave Anthony Corky Lehmkuhl Composer ( s ) Sean Murray Series Call of Duty Engine IW 3.0 Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows Nintendo DS PlayStation 3 Wii Xbox 360 OS X Release November 9 , 2010 ( show ) Win , DS , PS3 , Wii , X360 November 9 , 2010 OS X September 27 , 2012 Genre ( s ) First - person shooter Mode ( s ) Single - player , multiplayer Call of Duty : Black Ops is a first - person shooter video game , developed by Treyarch and published by Activision . It was released worldwide on November 9 , 2010 for Microsoft Windows , the PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , and Wii , with a separate version for Nintendo DS developed by n - Space . Aspyr later released the game for OS X on September 27 , 2012 . It is the seventh title in the Call of Duty series and the third to be developed by Treyarch . It serves as the sequel to Call of Duty : World at War . Set in the 1960s during the Cold War , the game 's campaign follows CIA operative Alex Mason as he attempts to recall certain memories in combat in order to locate a numbers station . This station is due to transmit broadcasts to sleeper agents who are bound to use chemical weapons across the United States . Mason and CIA operative Jason Hudson are the game 's main playable characters , as well as Red Army soldier Viktor Reznov in only one mission . Locations featured in the game include Cuba , Russia , United States , Kazakhstan , Hong Kong , Laos , Vietnam , and the Arctic Circle . The multiplayer of Black Ops features multiple objective - based game modes that are playable on 14 different maps included with the game . Improvements to loadout options and killstreak rewards are made . A form of virtual currency , COD Points , allows players to purchase weapons and customization options for their in - game character , as well as attachments and customization options for their weapon . Development for the game began in 2009 . It runs an enhanced version of the IW 3.0 engine used in Treyarch 's past title , World at War . The improvements made allowed for bigger campaign levels to be made as well as enhanced lighting . Treyarch focused specifically on Black Ops during development ; they were developing two games at once while making World at War . Different teams within the company focused on a certain game mode . Music was composed by Sean Murray , with music by The Rolling Stones , Creedence Clearwater Revival , Eminem and Avenged Sevenfold appearing in the game . Marketing of the game began in April 2010 . Multiple trailers promoting the game and its modes were released from May until October . The game received generally positive reviews from critics . Within 24 hours of going on sale , the game had sold more than 5.6 million copies , 4.2 million in the U.S. and 1.4 million in the UK , breaking the record set by its predecessor Modern Warfare 2 by some 2.3 million copies . After six weeks on release , Activision reported that Black Ops had exceeded $1 billion in sales . On August 3 , 2011 , Activision confirmed that the game had sold over 25 million copies worldwide , making it one of the best - selling games of all time in the US , UK and Europe . A sequel , Call of Duty : Black Ops II , was released on November 13 , 2012 . Call of Duty : Black Ops III was released on November 6 , 2015 as the sequel to Black Ops II . Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 was released worldwide on October 12 , 2018 , as a sequel to Black Ops III . Contents 1 Gameplay 1.1 Multiplayer 1.2 Zombies 2 Plot 2.1 Single - player 2.1. 1 Characters and setting 2.1. 2 Story 2.2 Zombies 2.2. 1 Characters and settings 2.2. 2 Story 3 Development 3.1 Audio 4 Marketing 4.1 Retail versions 4.2 Downloadable content 5 Reception 5.1 Sales 5.2 Controversy 6 Mobile phone version 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Gameplay Black Ops is a first - person shooter , retaining the same gameplay mechanics as previous Call of Duty titles . The player assumes the role of a foot soldier who can wield various firearms ( only two of which can be carried at once ) , throw grenades and other explosives , and use other equipment as weapons . A player close enough to an enemy can kill with one knife blow . A character can take three stances : standing , crouching or prone . Each affects rate of movement , accuracy , and stealth . The player can drop to the prone stance from the standing stance while running ( colloquially known as `` dolphin diving '' ) , and can momentarily sprint before having to stop . The screen glows red to indicate damage to a player 's health , which regenerates over time . When the character is within the blast radius of a live grenade , an on - screen marker indicates where it is in relation to the player , helping the player to move away or to throw it back . Among the weapons new to the series in Black Ops are crossbows with bolts and explosive ammunition , Dragon 's Breath rounds and ballistic knives . A screenshot of Alex Mason firing a SPAS - 12 Dragon 's Breath round . The player assumes the role of various characters during the single - player campaign , changing perspectives throughout the story . The playable characters are special forces operatives conducting black operations behind enemy lines . In this way , the player 's characters have their own traits such as voices and shadows . Each mission features a series of objectives that are displayed on the heads - up display , which marks the direction and distance towards and from such objectives as it has been in the earlier versions . The player is accompanied by friendly troops throughout the game . Although primarily a first - person shooter , certain levels feature sequences where the player pilots a Hind helicopter and guides friendly troops from a SR - 71 Blackbird reconnaissance aircraft . The campaign features several scripted cinematic moments . One of them is a bullet time effect during the `` Victor Charlie '' level , activated when the player fires toward the last enemy of a Viet Cong squad . As a first in the Call of Duty main series , player characters can now speak during gameplay , whereas in previous installments , primarily those made by Infinity Ward , characters would be silent during gameplay , even if they could speak during cutscenes . Multiplayer Players can customize their weaponry in the game , as seen with this customized FAMAS . The online multiplayer mode of Black Ops usually revolves around two teams on a specific mission . For example , in Team Deathmatch the team with the most kills wins , while in Capture the Flag , players take the other team 's flags and return it to their own base . Additionally , there is Free For All in which players are n't separated into teams . Not including Downloadable maps , there are 14 different maps . Black Ops retains the experience points and unlockable reward system that has been kept since Call of Duty 4 . The game 's multiplayer focuses on socialization and customization . `` Create - a-Class 2.0 '' allows enhanced personalization with appearance items as well as upgradable perks ; weapons are extensively customizable with writing , emblems , attachments and camouflage painting . Even reticles can be modified . There are more than one style for an attachment , which allows for a lot more personalized weaponry ; for example , the player can choose between a red dot sight or a reflex sight , both of which share many of the same traits , although the red dot fills up less of the screen ( something desired by many players ) . Character models depend on the first tier perk instead of the weapon 's type . Furthermore , face paints can be unlocked . New custom killstreak rewards include explosive R / C cars , guided missiles and controllable attack helicopters . A currency system has been implemented allowing players to buy weapons , accessories and clothes . Players can gamble with their `` COD Points '' in a free - for - all based playlist called `` Wager Match '' , which is composed of four game modes . Time limited objectives known as `` Contracts '' can be purchased to gain more currency and experience points . The progression system is not featured in local split - screen multiplayer . In local split - screen play , all character customization options are already unlocked . Players can no longer define game rules such as win conditions . Players can play alone or with friends against AI opponents in `` Combat Training '' with a separate progression system . Online split - screen is re-introduced on Xbox 360 and PS3 . The guest account can rank up but is reset after each sign out . Only on Xbox 360 , a second Gold Xbox Live account can be used to keep the second player 's progression . Aside from the Combat Training mode , Xbox users can also have up to four players in split - screen mode play against AI opponents even without having an Xbox Live account . This is done by configuring the Local Split Screen settings and setting the number of enemies to a value greater than zero . For the first time in the series , clips from online gameplay can be recorded . Some specific features that have been removed from the PC version of Infinity Ward 's Modern Warfare 2 return , such as lean , mod tools , the developer console and dedicated servers . Dedicated servers are exclusively provided by Game Servers . Steam is the exclusive platform for Black Ops on PC , and the game is protected by Valve Anti-Cheat . The Wii version of the game includes in - game voice chat . This is the first Call of Duty title to include the voice chat feature for the Wii . Nintendo and PDP have partnered to release the first headset to be used with the Wii known as PDP 's Headbanger Headset . Zombies `` Call of Duty : Black Ops Zombies '' redirects here . For the mobile video game , see Call of Duty : Black Ops -- Zombies . A zombie cooperation mode , titled `` Zombies '' , is included in the game . Originally featured in World at War , it was revamped to be included in Black Ops . It is a four - player online and two - player split screen co-op mode ( which can also be unlocked online ) . Based on the original game , in the map `` Five '' , players take the roles of John F. Kennedy , Richard Nixon , Robert McNamara , and Fidel Castro as they fight zombies at The Pentagon . Another map , called `` Kino der Toten '' ( `` Cinema of the Dead '' in German ) , features the characters from World at War -- Edward Richtofen the German , Tank Dempsey the American , Takeo Masaki the Japanese , and Nikolai Belinski the Russian . Limited editions of the game offer graphically - enhanced versions of the four zombies maps from World at War , featuring the newer weapons from the rest of the game . There is an unlockable top - down , two - stick arcade - shooter version of Zombies known as Dead Ops Arcade . Plot Single - player Characters and setting From left to right : Mason , Hudson , and McNamara . Call of Duty : Black Ops takes place between 1961 and 1968 during the Cold War , 20 years after the events of World at War . It portrays a secret history of CIA clandestine black operations carried out behind enemy lines . Missions take place in various locations around the globe such as the Ural Mountains , Kazakhstan , Cuba , Hong Kong , Laos , South Vietnam , the Arctic circle and Siberia . The single - player campaign revolves around an experimental chemical weapon codenamed `` Nova - 6 '' . This weapon is bound to be used by sleeper agents in the United States , who are infused with sequences of numbers , once broadcasts are transmitted from an unknown numbers station . The player controls the protagonist , SAD / SOG special forces operative Cpt . Alex Mason ( Sam Worthington ) . Occasionally , CIA paramilitary operations officer Jason Hudson ( Ed Harris ) and some other characters are playable to progress the story . Alex is often joined by fellow operatives Sgt . Frank Woods ( James C. Burns ) and Joseph Bowman ( Ice Cube ) , while Jason teams up with Grigori Weaver ( Gene Farber ) , a Russian - born field operative . Viktor Reznov ( Gary Oldman ) , a key character from the Soviet campaign in World at War , returns along with that game 's Russian protagonist Dimitri Petrenko ( Boris Kievsky ) also making an appearance . Oldman also voices Daniel Clarke , a British scientist assisting in the development of Project Nova . Opposing the CIA are the leaders of Project Nova : former Red Army General Nikita Dragovich ( Eamon Hunt ) , Colonel Lev Kravchenko ( Andrew Divoff ) , and former Nazi scientist Doctor Friedrich Steiner ( Mark Bramhall ) . Black Ops also features several historical figures : during the story Mason meets John F. Kennedy , Robert McNamara , and Fidel Castro . Story On February 25 , 1968 , SAD operative Alex Mason is strapped to a chair in an interrogation room , bombarded with questions by his unseen captors about the location of a numbers station . Mason then recalls several events , as an attempt to answer their questions . On April 17 , 1961 , Mason , Woods , and Bowman take part in Operation 40 to assassinate Fidel Castro in Cuba during the Bay of Pigs Invasion . Mason apparently succeeds and stays behind to protect the extraction plane from an oncoming blockade , before being captured by the real Castro , having shot a double . Handed over to Major General Nikita Dragovich to be held captive at Vorkuta Gulag , Mason befriends inmate and former Red Army soldier Viktor Reznov . Reznov recounts to Mason the identities of their enemies : Dragovich , his right - hand man Lev Kravchenko , and ex-Nazi scientist Friedrich Steiner , who defected to the Soviet Union . In October 29 , 1945 , Reznov and Dimitri Petrenko were sent to extract Steiner from a Nazi base in the Arctic . However , they were betrayed by Dragovich , who tested Steiner 's nerve gas known as `` Nova - 6 '' on Petrenko , killing him . Reznov was spared the same fate when British Commandos , also interested in acquiring Nova - 6 , attacked the Soviets . Reznov destroyed the Nova - 6 and escaped , only to be captured by the Soviets and sent to Vorkuta . The Soviets later recreated Nova - 6 with the help of a British scientist , Daniel Clarke . Having spent over a year imprisoned , Mason and Reznov spark an uprising to flee the gulag , but only Mason manages to escape . On November 10 , 1963 , Mason meets with President John F. Kennedy , who authorizes a mission to assassinate Dragovich ; Mason briefly envisions aiming a handgun at Kennedy . Mason , Woods , Bowman , and Weaver are dispatched to the Baikonur Cosmodrome to disrupt the Soviet space program and eliminate members of `` Ascension '' , a Soviet program giving sanctuary to Nazi scientists in exchange for their knowledge . The team destroys the Soyuz spacecraft , while Woods apparently kills Dragovich in a car explosion with a commandeered BTR . On January 21 , 1968 , Mason 's team is sent to Vietnam . After defending Khe Sanh , they recover a dossier on Dragovich from a Russian defector in Hue City during the Tet Offensive . The defector turns out to be none other than Reznov , who joins them as they penetrate Laos to recover a Nova - 6 shipment from a downed Soviet plane . They are captured by Viet Cong and Spetznaz infiltrators at the crash site . Bowman is executed , but Woods and Mason hijack an Mi - 24 Hind in the confusion and escape , moving on to rescue Reznov from Kravchenko 's base . They confront Kravchenko and Woods stabs him , but Kravchenko pulls the pins off of four grenades strapped to himself , forcing Woods to sacrifice himself by pushing both himself and Kravchenko out of a window . In a huge explosion , Mason presumes the two dead . Meanwhile , Hudson and Weaver interrogate Clarke in Kowloon City . Clarke reveals the location of a hidden facility in Mount Yamantau before being killed by Dragovich 's men . Hudson and Weaver move to destroy the facility and receive a transmission from Steiner requesting to meet at Rebirth Island , as Dragovich has begun killing loose ends . Mason and Reznov head there to assassinate Steiner at the same time , succeeding just as Hudson and Weaver arrive . Mason is adamant that Reznov executed Steiner , but Hudson had witnessed Mason carrying out the act alone . Hudson and Weaver are revealed to be Mason 's interrogators . Dragovich has communist sleeper cells placed all over the United States which , when ordered by the numbers broadcast , will release the Nova - 6 gas . As a result , the U.S. is preparing a pre-emptive nuclear strike on the Soviet Union , which would result in the inevitable Mutual Assured Destruction of World War III . Hudson needed Steiner to abort the gas launch , but after his death , only Mason has any knowledge of the numbers station . Hudson reveals that Dragovich brainwashed Mason to understand the numbers broadcasts and assassinate Kennedy , effectively making him a Soviet sleeper agent . The real Reznov never escaped , but died during the Vorkuta breakout attempt , and the Soviet defector in Hue was actually killed before Mason reached him . Mason 's visions of Reznov are a result of a dissociative disorder caused by the traumatic brainwashing program . Prior to the Vorkuta uprising , Reznov reprogrammed Mason to assassinate Dragovich , Kravchenko , and Steiner instead . Mason finally remembers the location of the broadcast station : a Russian cargo ship called Rusalka off the coast of Cuba . An assault on the Rusalka begins , with Mason and Hudson infiltrating the underwater submarine base protecting the ship . Hudson calls in the United States Navy to destroy the Rusalka . Mason and Hudson finally confront Dragovich in the lower levels of the facility , and Mason strangles and drowns him to death before escaping with Hudson . They regroup with Weaver , who declares victory . Archive footage of President Kennedy prior to his assassination on November 22 , 1963 is shown , revealing Mason was among onlookers who watched Kennedy disembark from Air Force One at Love Field . His presence , and Dragovich 's taunt before his death , suggest that Mason may have carried out his initial programming . A hidden message that can be accessed in the game 's main menu reveals that Woods survived the confrontation with Kravchenko and is currently incarcerated in the Hanoi Hilton . Zombies Characters and settings The Zombies story takes place over various eras of time , mostly during the final year of World War II , and the 1960s . The story mainly follows four soldiers : Corporal `` Tank '' Dempsey ( Steven Blum ) of the United States Marine Corps , Sergeant Nikolai Belinski ( Fred Tatasciore ) of the Red Army , Captain Takeo Masaki ( Tom Kane ) of the Imperial Japanese Army , and Doctor Edward Richtofen ( Nolan North ) of the Wehrmacht . Other characters include Doctor Ludvig Maxis ( Fred Tatasciore ) and his daughter Samantha ( Julie Nathanson ) . The map `` Five '' features historical figures : John F. Kennedy ( Jim Meskimen ) , Robert McNamara ( Robert Picardo ) , Richard Nixon ( Dave Mallow ) , and Fidel Castro ( Marlon Correa ) . `` Call of the Dead '' features the appearance of celebrities : Sarah Michelle Gellar , Robert Englund , Danny Trejo , Michael Rooker , and George A. Romero , all playing themselves . Story During World War II , Doctor Ludvig Maxis formed Group 935 , a group of scientists that was intended to improve the human condition . Lacking funds , they soon turned to creating superweapons to aid the Nazis . Their discovery of Element 115 from a meteorite in Japan lead to the creation of zombies . Maxis and his assistant , Dr. Edward Richtofen , also work on other projects , leading to the creation of teleportation devices and 115 - powered weapons . Attempting to use himself as a test subject , Richtofen accidentally teleports to a catacomb within the Moon , where he comes into contact with a mysterious pyramid device that causes him to hear mysterious voices , slowly taking away his sanity . He is later teleported to an exotic jungle known as Shangri - La , where he spends three weeks studying the Vril energy force . Upon returning to Germany , Richtofen secretly forms a plan to kill Maxis , and gathers many members of Group 935 to build a moon base , known as Griffin Station . While maintaining his cover with Maxis and the rest of Group 935 , Richtofen manages to capture three soldiers : Tank Dempsey , Nikolai Belinski , and Takeo Masaki ; he begins to conduct experiments with Element 115 , causing memory loss for all three soldiers . Maxis continues his work on other experiments , attempting to use his daughter 's dog , Fluffy , as a test subject for his own teleportation device . However , the experiment fails , and Fluffy is transformed into an undead Hellhound . Richtofen takes the opportunity and traps Maxis and his daughter Samantha inside the teleporter with Fluffy , believing that they would die . Richtofen escapes with his three captured soldiers , and arrives at the Rising Sun research facility in Japan , where Element 115 was first discovered . After gathering a sample of 115 at the site , and recovering a weapon known as the Wunderwaffe DG - 2 , they return to the Der Riese factory in Germany . In an attempt to escape the zombie horde , the group accidentally overloads a teleporter with the DG - 2 , sending them forward in time . They arrive at an abandoned Nazi theater in the 1960s , where Richtofen discovers several recordings left behind by Dr. Maxis . Samantha , having survived and managing to control the zombies , continues raising the undead in order to hunt down Richtofen . Some time in 1963 , the United States government manages to grab hold of several of Group 935 's inventions , keeping them hidden in the Pentagon . Due to the presence of the undead - raising Element 115 , zombies breach the Pentagon . John F. Kennedy , Richard Nixon , Robert McNamara , and Fidel Castro are trapped within the Pentagon , forced to fight their way out . Meanwhile , Richtofen 's crew arrive at a Soviet Cosmodrome site , where Richtofen intends to travel to Group 935 's moon base , Griffin Station . The crew is contacted by Gersh , a member of the Ascension Group who requests to be freed from Samantha 's grip . After freeing Gersh , the four of them are teleported further in time , and arrive at a Siberian lighthouse sometime in 2011 , once used by Richtofen as a secret lab . However , they are trapped within a locked room , and forced to rely on four movie actors : Sarah Michelle Gellar , Danny Trejo , Robert Englund , and Michael Rooker , who are filming a zombie movie on - site along with director George A. Romero , who had been infected as well . Richtofen requests the four celebrities to find a golden rod , which is a Vril generator device , which he then uses to fix the teleporter . He transports himself and the other three soldiers back to Shangri - La , leaving the celebrities behind to continue fighting Romero and the horde . At Shangri - La , the group discovers two explorers , Gary and Brock , who died trapped within a time loop while trying to discover the secrets of the mythical Agartha realm . The group saves the explorers ' lives by traveling back and forth in time , altering the environments of the temple in the process . They discover an altar within the temple with Richtofen 's name written on it , as well as a piece of a meteorite containing Element 115 . However , the explorers remain stuck in the never - ending loop . With the Vril generator and the meteorite piece , Richtofen now believes he can control the zombies , and returns to Griffin Station . Here , they attempt to activate the MPD , a machine that controls the Aether energy , which opens to reveal Samantha inside ; instead of dying by Richtofen 's trap , Samantha was teleported to the moon while Maxis was sent somewhere else . Samantha accidentally triggered the MPD and was trapped within the device , but this also allowed her to enter the Aether realm . Maxis , who was retrieved by Group 935 scientists , apologized to his daughter and committed suicide in front of her , prompting her to assume control of the zombies and seek vengeance on Richtofen . Richtofen fuses the golden rod and the meteorite piece , and using it to switch souls with Samantha , takes over as the new zombie controller . This causes his former allies to feel betrayed , and they ally themselves with Samantha ( who now resides in Richtofen 's body ) . Maxis is revealed to have become a sentient artificial intelligence living within the systems of Griffin Station , and he guides his daughter and the three soldiers to launch three missiles at the Earth . This severs Richtofen 's link with the Aether , but the launch results in the catastrophic destruction of the Earth , while still leaving Richtofen in control of the undead . Development In May 2009 , publisher Activision was rumored to be looking for licensing regarding Vietnam War - era music which led to speculation that Call of Duty 7 would be set in Vietnam . In May 2009 , Treyarch employee David Kim revealed on his LinkedIn profile that he would work as a senior animator on Call of Duty 7 . In November 2009 , only a few days before Modern Warfare 2 's release , Activision officially announced a new Call of Duty title for 2010 through their third quarter financial call . In February 2010 , a casting call for Call of Duty 7 led to speculation that the game would be taking place during the Cold War era with some battles taking place in South Vietnam . On April 30 , 2010 , Black Ops was officially announced . The game runs on an enhanced World at War engine ( which itself was improved from Call of Duty 4 's ) at 60 frames per second across all platforms , excluding the Wii . It features a streaming texture technology ( also seen in Modern Warfare 2 ) , making bigger levels possible such as `` Payback '' where the player controls a helicopter . Lighting effects have been improved as well . Call of Duty : Black Ops supports 3 - D imaging rendered by the engine itself . This feature is available on the PC , PlayStation 3 , and Xbox 360 versions . For Black Ops , Treyarch focused only on this game unlike past practice . However , it had different teams , each working on separate game modes . Treyarch used a motion capture technology similar to the one used in James Cameron 's film Avatar , which allows accurate facial expressions , capturing the whole performance of the actor . The studio also consulted special forces veterans from both belligerents of the Cold War : Major John Plaster ( US Army - Ret . ) who served in the MACV - SOG during the Vietnam War , and former Soviet special forces operative Sonny Puzikas . The latter taught Treyarch how Spetsnaz soldiers would react in combat , such as rolling out of the line of fire . Spetsnaz AIs in the game have been modeled after him , from his tactics and his movements to his face . Although having a historical background , the classified aspect of these Cold War black operations allowed the studio to create its own fictional story . The game also allows players to turn down the blood and turn off the profanity . It was announced on November 9 , 2015 that Black Ops would become backwards compatible with the Xbox One . It was originally meant to be available for backwards compatibility in December 2015 , but the date was later changed to some time in 2016 . Black Ops was originally the sixth-most requested Xbox 360 title to become backwards compatible with the Xbox One . On May 17 , 2016 , the game was made available through Xbox One 's backward compatibility . Shortly after , it was reported that sales of the Xbox 360 version had increased by 13,000 percent . Audio Black Ops features the voices of Sam Worthington as Alex Mason , Ed Harris as Jason Hudson , Gary Oldman reprises his role as Viktor Reznov from World at War and also voices Dr. Clarke , James C. Burns voices and provides performance capture for Frank Woods and Ice Cube voices Joseph Bowman , who is also the multiplayer announcer for the SOG faction . Gene Farber voices Grigori Weaver , Emmanuelle Chriqui plays a live - action character called Numbers , Eamon Hunt voices Nikita Dragovich , Andrew Divoff voices Lev Kravchenko and Robert Picardo voices Secretary Robert McNamara . Dimitri Diatchenko , an American born actor and musician voices the Spetsnaz faction and several other characters due to his strong Russian accent . Call of Duty : Black Ops features Vietnam War era music including `` Sympathy for the Devil '' by The Rolling Stones ( played during a gameplay sequence , the credits , and as an easter egg in the multiplayer map Nuketown ) and Creedence Clearwater Revival 's `` Fortunate Son '' . Eminem 's `` Wo n't Back Down '' ( featuring Pink ) is used for the credits as well , and additionally appears as an Easter Egg in the Zombie map `` Five '' . In the Call of the Dead zombie map the song `` Not Ready to Die '' by American heavy metal band Avenged Sevenfold is featured as an easter egg . The original music was composed by Sean Murray , who also composed Call of Duty : World at War while Kevin Sherwood composed music for the Zombies mode . The soundtrack was released on November 9 . The use of The Rolling Stones ' music in the game has seen a significant increase in the band 's music sales since launch . `` Gimme Shelter '' sold 2,000 copies in the week before the launch trailer was revealed , 5,000 the week after , and 11,000 the week after the game 's release . `` Sympathy for the Devil '' experienced a similar boost as gamers discovered the band 's music . The game 's score was composed by Sean Murray , and the official soundtrack was released on November 9 , 2010 . In addition , a soundtrack for the popular Zombies mode was released on January 25 , 2011 . Marketing Black Ops was first officially unveiled when the website for the game went live on April 30 , 2010 prior to the release of its debut teaser trailer on GameTrailers TV Episode 310 . In early April 2010 , an unmarked envelope was sent to various gaming news publications as well as high - profile Call of Duty fans via mail . It contained a USB flash drive with sound and text files . These files were codes to be decrypted , only to find a mysterious teaser site for an unknown game . Other codes were updated periodically . Similarly to Modern Warfare 2 's marketing , the first full - length trailer of Black Ops was aired after the 3rd quarter on ESPN during the NBA Eastern Conference Finals on May 18 , 2010 . During E3 2010 , studio head Mark Lamia opened the Microsoft conference by playing Black Ops on stage . It was also announced that the timed Xbox 360 exclusivity for additional content of Call of Duty titles , which began with Modern Warfare 2 , extends until 2012 . A remixed version of the ESPN trailer with Eminem 's `` Wo n't Back Down '' was released on June 14 , prior to the E3 Activision conference for which he also performed . A multiplayer teaser trailer was released on August 9 , 2010 revealing killstreaks , weapons , and other in - game multiplayer features . A full multiplayer reveal took place on September 1 , 2010 , and revealed many multiplayer features from the game . Chrysler produced a limited - edition Call of Duty Jeep as the Wrangler is featured in Black Ops . In late September , viral site GKNOVA6 was updated revealing fuzzy footages of zombies . On October 11 , a single player trailer aired on ESPN during the New York Jets versus Minnesota Vikings NFL Monday Night Football game . The same trailer was aired the next day in the United Kingdom at half time of the England versus Montenegro 2012 European Football Championship qualifying game . On October 29 , the official launch trailer was released online . The same trailer aired on October 31 during the New Orleans Saints versus Pittsburgh Steelers NFL Sunday Night Football game . The trailer features the song `` Gimme Shelter '' by The Rolling Stones . Retail versions Like Modern Warfare 2 , `` Hardened '' and `` Prestige '' limited editions are available : the Hardened Edition includes a SteelBook case , a medal with its display case , four exclusive co-op levels and an Xbox Live or PlayStation Home avatar outfit . The Prestige Edition offers , in addition to the Hardened Edition 's content , a real RC - XD remote - control vehicle modeled after the in - game killstreak reward , which gives video and audio feedback to its controller . In Japan , the game is distributed by Square Enix . Two versions are available : subtitled or dubbed , released respectively on November 18 , 2010 and December 16 , 2010 . Both have dismemberment censored . Gore is censored as well in Germany in addition to the removal of `` Sympathy for the Devil '' and Nazi symbols considered `` anti-constitutional '' in the country . Downloadable content Treyarch released the `` First Strike '' Map Pack on February 1 , 2011 for the Xbox 360 . The PlayStation 3 received the map pack on March 3 , 2011 and the PC version was released on March 25 , 2011 through Steam . The Map Pack includes additional maps that can be played in the Multiplayer . These maps include `` Berlin Wall '' , `` Discovery '' , `` Kowloon '' and `` Stadium '' and a map for the Zombies mode titled `` Ascension '' which takes place in a Soviet launch site . On April 11 , 2011 , a second map pack called `` Escalation '' was announced by Activison and Microsoft . It features 4 new multiplayer maps named `` Zoo '' , `` Hotel '' , `` Convoy '' , `` Stockpile '' and one new zombies map named ' Call of the Dead ' . This map is based on the movies by George A. Romero , the revolutionary epic - zombie - horror director . The trailer for this map shows the four playable characters : Danny Trejo , Sarah Michelle Gellar , Robert Englund and Michael Rooker . The name is a reference to the immensely popular Dead Series created and directed by Romero . The trailer also offers a sneak peek of a zombiefied version of George A. Romero himself , lurking out of water . The map is set on a ship , with instead of Nazi zombies , shipcrew zombies . It was released on May 3 , 2011 for the Xbox 360 , June 2 on the PC and June 10 for the PlayStation 3 . A third map pack called `` Annihilation '' was released for the Xbox 360 on June 28 , 2011 , and on July 28 , 2011 for the PlayStation 3 and PC . It contains four new multiplayer maps named `` Hangar 18 '' , `` Hazard '' , `` Drive - In '' , `` Silo '' , and a new zombies map named `` Shangri La '' , which takes place in a legendary shrine lost in an exotic jungle . The fourth map pack , `` Rezurrection '' was released on August 23 , 2011 for the Xbox 360 and September 22 , 2011 on PlayStation 3 and PC . The Rezurrection Map Pack is made up of 5 Zombies mode only maps . It includes the first 4 maps from Call of Duty : World at War ( `` Shi No Numa '' / `` Swamp '' , `` Nacht Der Untoten '' / `` Night '' , `` Verruckt '' / `` Asylum '' , `` Der Riese '' / `` Factory '' ) and a new map called `` Moon '' . `` Moon '' allows players to fight zombies in zero gravity with both the player and the zombies under zero gravity influence . Reception Call of Duty : Black Ops Aggregate scores Aggregator Score GameRankings ( PS3 ) 88.36 % ( X360 ) 87.56 % ( Wii ) 81.47 % ( PC ) 78.10 % ( NDS ) 73.67 % Metacritic ( PS3 ) 88 / 100 ( X360 ) 87 / 100 ( PC ) 81 / 100 ( Wii ) 80 / 100 ( NDS ) 74 / 100 Review scores Publication Score 1UP.com A - Destructoid 6 / 10 Edge 7 / 10 Eurogamer 8 / 10 Famitsu 39 / 40 Game Informer 9 / 10 GamePro GameSpot 9 / 10 GameSpy GamesRadar+ 9 / 10 GameTrailers 9.3 / 10 Giant Bomb IGN 8.5 / 10 ( Wii ) 7.5 / 10 OXM ( US ) 9.5 / 10 OXM ( UK ) 9 / 10 PC Gamer ( UK ) 64 / 100 VideoGamer.com 6 / 10 X-Play The Escapist The Daily Telegraph 10 / 10 The Guardian Call of Duty : Black Ops has received generally positive reviews from critics . GameSpot awarded it 9.0 out of ten and wrote `` Call of Duty : Black Ops bears the series ' standard superbly , delivering an engrossing campaign and exciting competitive multiplayer . '' Edge magazine was less positive , giving it a 7 / 10 , writing that `` As polished and pretty and fun as Black Ops often is , it feels more like a yearly update than a sequel ( which ) is n't distinct from its predecessors in any important way '' . Several reviewers also complained that the game felt too much like a rail shooter , with PC Gamer branding it `` barely interactive '' . Reviewers also noted that the PC version of the game was buggy and had `` a number of frustrating problems '' , including a lag in multiplayer modes which for some players rendered the game almost `` unplayable '' . Players have also reported serious bugs with the PlayStation 3 version , including compatibility issues with 3D televisions . PC World magazine noted that user reviews of the game were much less positive than those of critics . As of November 12 , 2010 , three days after the release , PC , PS3 , and Xbox 360 versions of the game held average user ratings of 3.1 , 3.1 , and 1.8 stars on Amazon.com , respectively ( on a 1 to 5 scale ) , with many PC users complaining about lag , stuttering and bugs . In January 2011 , to a player complaining about the remaining connection problems for the game on PlayStation 3 , an Activision customer service representative threatened that they could shut down the servers for the game for the PlayStation Network at any time . After some days and following some game media heat , Dan Amrich , Activision Social Media Manager , declared that even if they could kill the servers , they did not plan currently to do it . The Daily Telegraph praised Black Ops as a superb experience of gameplay , `` the meaty kick of the guns , the blistering pace of the action and the sterling soundtrack of explosions , gunshots and whistling bullets all serve to quicken the player 's pulse and tighten their grip on the controller '' , and mentioned , it is beyond the overwhelming , chaotic action in the game 's major gun battles , offers among other things , a stealthy infiltration of a substation in the snow - capped steppes , in which the slow down in action is compensated for by nail - shredding tension and creepy atmosphere . Official Nintendo Magazine awarded the Wii version 90 % and said `` Black Ops on Wii is a fantastic shooter packed with all the features of its HD brothers , with the only exception being split - screen multiplayer . '' Martin Gaston at VideoGamer.com gave the Wii version 6 out of 10 , complaining of Treyarch 's reworking of in - game sequences as movies , poor AI , and gameplay problems from lower - resolution graphics . In February 2011 , the Xbox 360 version was named the Xbox Live 's top title of 2010 by GameSpot . Sales Within 24 hours of its release , Black Ops had sold a combined total of 5.6 million units in the U.S. and UK market , surpassing that of Modern Warfare 2 and establishing a new record for largest entertainment launch . Compared to the much anticipated opening of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 , the game earned more than twice as much as the film , earning $360 million . Only five days after its release , sales from the game worldwide reached US $650 million , surpassing the previous record achieved by Modern Warfare 2 which earned $550 million in five days . By November 22 , the game remained the bestselling title in the United Kingdom , despite sales dropping by 85 % . Some estimates had placed sales of the game as reaching 18 million units sold , earning a revenue of $818 million . This would fall about 2 million copies and $182 million short of Modern Warfare 2 . By December 22 , worldwide revenue of Black Ops exceeded $1 billion . Sales remained strong months after the game 's release , remaining at the top - seller list in February 2011 . On March 3 , 2011 the news magazine The Hollywood Reporter also reported on the best selling video games ever . It announced that Call of Duty : Black Ops was the best - selling game ever in the United States of America . Black Ops was the best - selling game of all time in the UK until Grand Theft Auto V overtook it in November 2014 . By November 2013 , the game had sold 26.2 million copies . Controversy Cuba has condemned the release of the game as it has special forces trying but failing to kill a young Fidel Castro , killing instead a body - double . The Cuba - based pro-Fidel Castro website Cubadebate said the game `` encourages sociopathic attitudes of American children and adolescents , the main consumers of these virtual games '' . Mobile phone version Black Ops was also released for both mobile phones and smartphones . This version is a side - scrolling shooter . It features a different storyline , a different set of characters , and is set in the Vietnam War in 1967 . The game was developed by Glu Mobile and published by Activision . Notes Jump up ^ Additional work by FXVille , Nerve Software , Pi Studios , Raven Software and Certain Affinity . Ported to Nintendo DS by n - Space , and to OS X by Aspyr . References Jump up ^ Crecente , Brian ( April 30 , 2010 ) . `` New Treyarch Developed Call of Duty Hits may 24 With Likely Modern Setting '' . Kotaku . 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September 7 , 2010 . Retrieved September 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` James C. Burns - Call of Duty : Black Ops '' . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2011 . Retrieved December 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ice Cube ( October 27 , 2010 ) . `` Check me out in Call of Duty : Black Ops . I 'm Corporal Bowman . Game hits stores Nov 9 . Who 's gon na get it ? # CODBlackOps '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Vonderhaar , David ( October 27 , 2010 ) . `` The # CODBlackOPs MP SOG announcer is voiced by @ ICECUBE . He will kick your ass if you do n't win '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Emmanuelle Chriqui Confirmed for ' Call of Duty : Black Ops ' '' . ActressArchives.com . October 26 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2011 . Retrieved October 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ AskMen.com ( November 9 , 2010 ) . `` Call Of Duty : Black Ops Emmanuelle Chriqui '' . YouTube . 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Jump up ^ `` More on ' Call of Duty : Black Ops ' with Treyarch studio head Mark Lamia '' . Activision Blizzard . June 14 , 2010 . Retrieved June 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ CALLOFDUTY ( June 14 , 2010 ) . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops Remix -- Eminem `` Wo n't Back Down '' `` . YouTube . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2010 . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fahey , Mike ( June 16 , 2010 ) . `` Activision 's Night Of Far Too Many Stars '' . Game Stooge . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Green , Curtis ( August 10 , 2010 ) . `` Call of Duty : Multiplayer teaser trailer revealed '' . Neowin . Retrieved August 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Jeff ( September 15 , 2010 ) . `` Chrysler : A Preview of the Automaker 's New Lineup '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Andy ( September 28 , 2010 ) . `` CoD : Black Ops Zombies -- First look '' . Computer and Video Games . Retrieved September 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ CALLOFDUTY ( October 9 , 2010 ) . `` Black Ops Single Player Tune - in '' . YouTube . Retrieved October 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ CALLOFDUTY ( October 29 , 2010 ) . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops -- Launch Trailer '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : Black Ops -- Hardened & Prestige Editions ! '' . Activision . August 12 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2011 . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ishaan ( September 1 , 2010 ) . `` Square Enix Giving Call of Duty : Black Ops Sub And Dub Treatment '' . Siliocnera . Retrieved September 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` コール オブ デューティ ブラック オプス 「 海外 版 と の 仕様 の 違い について 」 '' . Square Enix . September 13 , 2010 . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Black Ops ' First Strike ' coming to PS3 on March 3 , to PC by April '' . Joystiq . February 9 , 2011 . Retrieved February 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Black Ops First Strike DLC : Trailer for new map pack hits YouTube '' . Voodoo Extreme . January 18 , 2011 . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Webster , Andrew ( April 27 , 2011 ) . `` Buffy , Freddy , and Romero star in grindhouse - style Black Ops DLC '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved April 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hoggins , Tom ( June 16 , 2011 ) . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops Annihilation announced '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ Stuart , Keith ( June 16 , 2011 ) . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops -- Annihilation DLC announced '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ McElroy , Justin ( August 18 , 2011 ) . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops Rezurrection video takes you to the labs '' . Joystiq . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : Black Ops for PlayStation 3 -- GameRankings '' . GameRankings . November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : Black Ops for Xbox 360 -- GameRankings '' . GameRankings . November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : Black Ops for Wii -- GameRankings '' . GameRankings . November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : Black Ops for PC -- GameRankings '' . GameRankings . November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : Black Ops for Nintendo DS -- GameRankings '' . GameRankings . November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : Black Ops for PlayStation 3 Reviews , Ratings , Credits , and More at Metacritic '' . Metacritic . November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : Black Ops for Xbox 360 Reviews , Ratings , Credits , and More at Metacritic '' . Metacritic . November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : Black Ops for PC Reviews , Ratings , Credits , and More at Metacritic '' . Metacritic . November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : Black Ops for Wii Reviews , Ratings , Credits , and More at Metacritic '' . Metacritic . November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : Black Ops for Nintendo DS Reviews , Ratings , Credits , and More at Metacritic '' . Metacritic . November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Thierry ( November 9 , 2010 ) . `` COD : Black Ops Review for PS3 , PC , Wii from '' . 1UP.com . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2013 . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sterling , Jim ( October 11 , 2010 ) . `` Review : Call of Duty : Black Ops '' . Retrieved March 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Edge No. 223 , January 2011 ( Future PLC ) Jump up ^ Gifford , Kevin . `` Japan Review Check : Black Ops , Sonic Colors '' . 1up.com . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2012 . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bramwell , Tom ( November 9 , 2010 ) . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops Xbox 360 Review -- Page 1 '' . Eurogamer.net . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Biessener , Adam ( November 9 , 2010 ) . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops review from GameInformer '' . Game Informer . Retrieved November 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Irvine , Nathan ( November 9 , 2010 ) . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops super review , Call of Duty : Black Ops Review , Xbox 360 Reviews '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kim , Tae K. ( November 9 , 2010 ) . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops Review from '' . GamePro . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2010 . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Watters , Chris ( November 10 , 2010 ) . `` CALL OF DUTY : BLACK OPS Computer Games ( Multi Platform ) '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2013 . Retrieved November 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Tuttle , Will ( November 9 , 2010 ) . `` GameSpy : Call of Duty : Black Ops Review '' . GameSpy . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Call Of Duty : Black Ops Video Game , Review HD Video Clip Game Trailers & Videos '' . GameTrailers.com . November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : Black Ops Review -- Giant Bomb '' . Giantbomb.com . November 8 , 2010 . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : Black Ops Review -- PlayStation 3 Review at IGN '' . November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . Treyarch 's latest is a white - knuckled action romp that does n't disappoint . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : Black Ops Review -- Xbox 360 Review at IGN '' . November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : Black Ops Review -- PC Review at IGN '' . November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . Treyarch 's latest is a white - knuckled action romp that does n't disappoint . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : Black Ops -- Wii -- IGN '' . IGN . November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved September 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McCaffrey , Ryan ( November 9 , 2010 ) . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops OXM ONLINE '' . Future Publishing Limited . Official Xbox Magazine . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : Black Ops review '' . Future Publishing Limited . Official Xbox Magazine UK . November 17 , 2010 . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Francis , Tom ( November 17 , 2010 ) . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops review '' . Future Publishing Limited . PC Gamer . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Call of Duty : Black Ops Review '' . VideoGamer.com . August 12 , 2010 . Retrieved January 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Heppe , Abbie ( November 9 , 2010 ) . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops Review for Xbox 360 -- G4tv '' . G4tv.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pitts , Russ ( November 12 , 2010 ) . `` Review : Call of Duty : Black Ops '' . The Escapist . The Escapist . Retrieved September 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Cowen , Nick ( November 9 , 2010 ) . `` Call Of Duty : Black Ops video game review '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved April 9 , 2011 . With Call Of Duty : Black Ops , developer Treyarch has finally stepped out from Infinity Ward 's shadow by producing one of the best games of this year . Jump up ^ Stuart , Keith ( November 9 , 2010 ) . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops -- review '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 9 , 2011 . Call of Duty : Black Ops ... the action ping - pongs between Cuba , Russia and Vietnam Jump up ^ `` Call Of Duty : Black Ops Review '' . Edge magazine . November 12 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2010 . Retrieved November 13 , 2010 . That 's clearly enough for millions of fans , but it makes it far from a must - have -- you probably own the best bits already . As polished and pretty and fun as Black Ops often is , it feels more like a yearly update than a sequel , a new campaign with old multiplayer . The game is n't distinct from its predecessors in any important way , and fatigue sets in quicker than before . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : Black Ops Review '' . Game Rant . November 11 , 2010 . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . it becomes a little disappointing when you 're forced to sit there and watch scripted walkthroughs of story moments . Going to the Pentagon is something that should be pretty exciting , but it 's essentially a rail - shooter without the shooting . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : Black Ops PC review '' . PC Gamer . November 17 , 2010 . Retrieved November 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Silence on joue ! Isla Dorada , Black Ops ... '' Libération . November 12 , 2010 . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . I found that scripts were sometimes not well done , they were not always triggered at the right moment ( ... ) For the 3 first hours of play , I had the impression I was in a rail shooter . Even Modern Warfare 2 did not go as far regarding linearity Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : Black Ops Review : Seventh Verse , Same As The Sixth '' . charge-shot.com . November 17 , 2010 . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . The only thing really separating the game from rail shooters like Time Crisis is the freedom to swivel your empty , purposeless virtual head ( ... ) This is Call of Duty 's credo : love it or hate it , Activision 's money - maker shows no signs of taking risks , innovating or changing even slightly Jump up ^ Sterling , Jim ( November 10 , 2010 ) . `` Black Ops PC port is buggy as shit '' . Destructoid . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . The biggest issue is lag and skipping , which I can testify to . The multiplayer , at the time of writing , is borderline unplayable , with severe lag and moments where the entire action will freeze for several seconds . I am yet to enter a game where there is n't lag , and the in - game chat is n't complaining about it . Jump up ^ Greenhough , Chris ( November 10 , 2010 ) . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops multiplayer `` unplayable '' on PC , says Internet `` . inquisitr.com . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . According to many gamers , the online multiplayer mode is severely borked , rendered `` unplayable '' by lag Jump up ^ Orry , James ( November 9 , 2010 ) . `` Tell Treyarch about your Black Ops bugs '' . VideoGamer.com . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . Call of Duty : Black Ops is out and unsurprisingly players are encountering bugs which slipped through the giant Treyarch net . Jump up ^ Raby , Mark ( November 10 , 2010 ) . `` PS3 players report serious Call of Duty : Black Ops bugs , 360 players fine so far '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . reyarch 's official forums are being lit up with serious complaints from PS3 gamers trying to play Call of Duty : Black Ops . Perhaps the most embarrassing is that the game is apparently freezing for players with 3D TVs , despite both the game and the PS3 being touted as the best 3D products available . Jump up ^ Peckham , Matt ( November 10 , 2010 ) . `` Call of Duty Black Ops Pilloried in User Reviews '' . PC World . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : Block Ops ( PC edition ) '' . Amazon.com . Jump up ^ Koblovsky , Jason ( January 16 , 2011 ) . `` Activision Threatens to Pull PSN Support '' . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2011 . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . Well I have nothing else to offer and I too follow forums and have many friends who play and enjoy the game for all of its features . As an avid gamer , I would also disagree with any legalities involving a single aspect of a game as online experience may change at any time . The publishers have the right to shut down the servers for their game at any time as well which based on the number of reported posts from users may be a viable solution over the free PSN Jump up ^ `` Activision , Treyarch et Infinity Ward : malaise sur la PS3 '' . NoFrag . January 19 , 2011 . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . un joueur mécontent des multiples problèmes de connexion du jeu , qui rendent les parties difficiles , a eu une réponse inattendue d'Activision , qui a rappelé qu'ils pouvaient à tout moment fermer le mode multi sur PS3 . Voilà qui n'est pas très encourageant ... Jump up ^ `` CoD Black Ops : le ton monte sur PS3 '' . jvn.com . January 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2011 . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Activision Can Take Its Black Ops And Go Home , You Know '' . Kotaku . January 18 , 2011 . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Activision Confirms it Could Kill PS3 Black Ops Servers , But Says it Wo n't '' . The Escapist . January 19 , 2011 . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Call Of Duty Black Ops Wii review '' . Official Nintendo Magazine . November 9 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2010 . Retrieved November 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Black Ops is Xbox Live 's top game of 2010 '' . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2011 . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Associated Press ( November 11 , 2010 ) . `` CBC News -- Technology & Science -- Call of Duty breaks sales record '' . Canada : CBC . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Andy ( November 22 , 2010 ) . `` Black Ops annihilates record Harry Potter weekend '' . Computer and Video Games . Retrieved November 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer ( November 18 , 2010 ) . `` Call of Duty Black Ops Sales Hit $650 M '' . Social Tech . Retrieved November 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Funk , John ( November 22 , 2010 ) . `` CoD : Black Ops Sales Fall 85 % in UK , Still Overwhelming '' . The Escapist . Retrieved November 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Takahashi , Dean ( November 7 , 2010 ) . `` Robbers steal 100 copies of Call of Duty Black Ops '' . Venture Beat . Retrieved November 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Raman , Manikandan ( December 22 , 2010 ) . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops Sales Top $1 Bln '' . International Business Times . Retrieved January 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Quillen , Dustin ( December 21 , 2010 ) . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops Reaches $1 Billion in Sales '' . Hearst Corporation . 1up.com . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved March 16 , 2011 . Activision tells us all about the numbers for the latest Call of Duty . Jump up ^ Dudley , Brier ( March 10 , 2011 ) . `` NPD : Xbox kills it in February , `` Black Ops '' makes history `` . The Seattle Times . Retrieved March 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bond , Paul ( March 10 , 2011 ) . `` ' Call of Duty : Black Ops ' Is Best - Selling Video Game Ever in U.S. '' The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( November 24 , 2014 ) . `` Grand Theft Auto 5 now UK 's best - selling game ever '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : A Short History '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . November 2013 . Retrieved February 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cuba denounces ' virtual ' Castro plot in new game -- Yahoo ! Finance '' . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2010 . Retrieved November 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : Black Ops Controversy : Cuba Decries Castro Assassination Scene '' . Retrieved November 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cuba says Castro video game tries to legitimise murder '' . BBC News . November 11 , 2010 . Retrieved November 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nueva operación contra Cuba : EEUU lanza videojuego cuyo objetivo es asesinar a Fidel Cubadebate '' . Cubadebate.cu . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : O'Brien , Stuart ( May 24 , 2010 ) . `` Glu preps Call of Duty : Black Ops mobile game '' . Intent Media . Mobile Entertainment . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2012 . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lugmayr , Manfred `` Luigi '' ( May 20 , 2010 ) . `` Call of Duty Mobile Game coming from Glu Mobile in Q4 '' . I4U LLC . I4U News . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . 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which pigment determines the colour of human hair

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Human_skin_color&oldid=832726718

Human skin color - wikipedia Human skin color This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 27 March 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search `` Skin pigmentation '' redirects here . For animal skin pigmentation , see Biological pigment . Extended Coloured family from South Africa showing some spectrum of human skin coloration Human skin color ranges in variety from the darkest brown to the lightest hues . An individual 's skin pigmentation is the result of genetics , being the product of both of the individual 's biological parents ' genetic makeup . In evolution , skin pigmentation in human beings evolved by a process of natural selection primarily to regulate the amount of ultraviolet radiation penetrating the skin , controlling its biochemical effects . The actual skin color of different humans is affected by many substances , although the single most important substance is the pigment melanin . Melanin is produced within the skin in cells called melanocytes and it is the main determinant of the skin color of darker - skinned humans . The skin color of people with light skin is determined mainly by the bluish - white connective tissue under the dermis and by the hemoglobin circulating in the veins of the dermis . The red color underlying the skin becomes more visible , especially in the face , when , as consequence of physical exercise or the stimulation of the nervous system ( anger , fear ) , arterioles dilate . Color is not entirely uniform across an individual 's skin ; for example , the skin of the palm and the sole is lighter than most other skin , and this is especially noticeable in darker - skinned people . There is a direct correlation between the geographic distribution of ultraviolet radiation ( UVR ) and the distribution of indigenous skin pigmentation around the world . Areas that receive higher amounts of UVR , generally located closer to the equator , tend to have darker - skinned populations . Areas that are far from the tropics and closer to the poles have lower intensity of UVR , which is reflected in lighter - skinned populations . Researchers suggest that human populations over the past 50,000 years have changed from dark - skinned to light - skinned and vice versa as they migrated to different UV zones , and that such major changes in pigmentation may have happened in as little as 100 generations ( ≈ 2,500 years ) through selective sweeps . Natural skin color can also darken as a result of tanning due to exposure to sunlight . The leading theory is that skin color adapts to intense sunlight irradiation to provide partial protection against the ultraviolet fraction that produces damage and thus mutations in the DNA of the skin cells . In addition , it has been observed that adult human females on average are significantly lighter in skin pigmentation than males . Females need more calcium during pregnancy and lactation . The body synthesizes vitamin D from sunlight , which helps it absorb calcium . Females evolved to have lighter skin so their bodies absorb more calcium . The social significance of differences in skin color has varied across cultures and over time , as demonstrated with regard to social status and discrimination . Contents ( hide ) 1 Melanin and genes 2 Evolution of skin color 3 Genetics 3.1 Dark skin 3.2 Light skin 3.2. 1 Europe 3.2. 2 East Asia 3.3 Tanning response 3.4 Albinism 4 Age 5 Sexual dimorphism 6 Disorders of pigmentation 6.1 Depigmentation 6.1. 1 Albinism 6.1. 2 Vitiligo 6.2 Hyperpigmentation 7 Exposure to sun 7.1 Fitzpatrick scale 8 Geographic variation 9 Social status , colorism and racism 10 See also 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 External links Melanin and genes ( edit ) Main article : Melanin Melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes in a process called melanogenesis . Melanin is made within small membrane -- bound packages called melanosomes . As they become full of melanin , they move into the slender arms of melanocytes , from where they are transferred to the keratinocytes . Under normal conditions , melanosomes cover the upper part of the keratinocytes and protect them from genetic damage . One melanocyte supplies melanin to thirty - six keratinocytes according to signals from the keratinocytes . They also regulate melanin production and replication of melanocytes . People have different skin colors mainly because their melanocytes produce different amount and kinds of melanin . The genetic mechanism behind human skin color is mainly regulated by the enzyme tyrosinase , which creates the color of the skin , eyes , and hair shades . Differences in skin color are also attributed to differences in size and distribution of melanosomes in the skin . Melanocytes produce two types of melanin . The most common form of biological melanin is eumelanin , a brown - black polymer of dihydroxyindole carboxylic acids , and their reduced forms . Most are derived from the amino acid tyrosine . Eumelanin is found in hair , areola , and skin , and the hair colors gray , black , blond , and brown . In humans , it is more abundant in people with dark skin . Pheomelanin , a pink to red hue is found in particularly large quantities in red hair , the lips , nipples , glans of the penis , and vagina . Both the amount and type of melanin produced is controlled by a number of genes that operate under incomplete dominance . One copy of each of the various genes is inherited from each parent . Each gene can come in several alleles , resulting in the great variety of human skin tones . Melanin controls the amount of ultraviolet ( UV ) radiation from the sun that penetrates the skin by absorption . While UV radiation can assist in the production of vitamin D , excessive exposure to UV can damage health . Evolution of skin color ( edit ) Further information : Melanocortin 1 receptor Loss of body hair in Hominini species is assumed to be related to the emergence of bipedalism some 5 to 7 million years ago . Bipedal hominin body hair may have disappeared gradually to allow better heat dissipation through sweating . Reconstruction of a female Homo erectus based on fossils dated c. 1.5 million years ago , the estimated time for the emergence of skin pigmentation in early humans ( John Gurche , Smithsonian Museum of Natural History , 2010 ) . The emergence of skin pigmentation dates to after this , perhaps some 1.5 million years ago ( about the time of the emergence of Homo heidelbergensis ) , when the earth endured a megadrought that drove early humans into arid , open landscapes . Such conditions likely caused excess UV - B radiation . This favored the emergence of skin pigmentation in order to protect from folate depletion due to the increased exposure to sunlight . A theory that the pigmentation helped counter xeric stress by increasing the epidermal permeability barrier has been disproved . With the evolution of hairless skin , abundant sweat glands , and skin rich in melanin , early humans could walk , run , and forage for food for long periods of time under the hot sun without brain damage due to overheating , giving them an evolutionary advantage over other species . By 1.2 million years ago , around the time of Homo ergaster , archaic humans ( including the ancestors of Homo sapiens ) had exactly the same receptor protein as modern sub-Saharan Africans . This was the genotype inherited by anatomically modern humans , but retained only by part of the extant populations , thus forming an aspect of human genetic variation . About 100,000 -- 70,000 years ago , some anatomically modern humans ( Homo sapiens ) began to migrate away from the tropics to the north where they were exposed to less intense sunlight . This was possibly in part due to the need for greater use of clothing to protect against the colder climate . Under these conditions there was less photodestruction of folate and so the evolutionary pressure working against the survival of lighter - skinned gene variants was reduced . In addition , lighter skin is able to generate more vitamin D ( cholecalciferol ) than darker skin , so it would have represented a health benefit in reduced sunlight if there were limited sources of vitamin D. Hence the leading hypothesis for the evolution of human skin color proposes that : From about 1.2 million years ago to less than 100,000 years ago , archaic humans , including archaic Homo sapiens , were dark - skinned . As Homo sapiens populations began to migrate , the evolutionary constraint keeping skin dark decreased proportionally to the distance north a population migrated , resulting in a range of skin tones within northern populations . At some point , some northern populations experienced positive selection for lighter skin due to the increased production of vitamin D from sunlight and the genes for darker skin disappeared from these populations . Subsequent migrations into different UV environments and admixture between populations have resulted in the varied range of skin pigmentations we see today . The genetic mutations leading to light skin , though partially different among East Asians and Western Europeans , suggest the two groups experienced a similar selective pressure after settlement in northern latitudes . At what point these developments took place for sub-populations of Homo sapiens ( and whether light skin also occurred independently in Homo neanderthalensis ) is under debate . There is a long - standing hypothesis that the selection for lighter skin due to higher vitamin D absorption occurred soon after the Out of Africa migration some time before 40,000 years ago . A number of researchers disagree with this and suggest that the northern latitudes permitted enough synthesis of vitamin D combined with food sources from hunting to keep populations healthy , and only when agriculture was adopted was there a need for lighter skin to maximize the synthesis of vitamin D . The theory suggests that the reduction of game meat , fish , and some plants from the diet resulted in skin turning light many thousands of years after settlement in Eurasia . This theory is partially supported by a study into the SLC24A5 gene which found that the allele associated with light skin in Europe `` determined ( ... ) that 18,000 years had passed since the light - skin allele was fixed in Europeans '' but may have originated as recently as 12,000 -- 6,000 years ago `` given the imprecision of method '' , which is in line with the earliest evidence of farming . Research by Nina Jablonski suggests that an estimated time of about 10,000 to 20,000 years is enough for human populations to achieve optimal skin pigmentation in a particular geographic area but that development of ideal skin coloration may happen faster if the evolutionary pressure is stronger , even in as little as 100 generations . The length of time is also affected by cultural practices such as food intake , clothing , body coverings , and shelter usage which can alter the ways in which the environment affects populations . Reconstruction of the head of the Shanidar 1 fossil , a Neanderthal male who lived c. 70,000 years ago ( John Gurche 2010 ) . Examination of the genome of late Neanderthals suggests that at least some populations may have developed light skin by 40,000 years ago . One of the most recently proposed drivers of the evolution of skin pigmentation in humans is based on research that shows a superior barrier function in darkly pigmented skin . Most protective functions of the skin , including the permeability barrier and the antimicrobial barrier , reside in the stratum corneum ( SC ) and the researchers surmise that the SC has undergone the most genetic change since the loss of human body hair . Natural selection would have favored mutations that protect this essential barrier ; one such protective adaptation is the pigmentation of interfollicular epidermis , because it improves barrier function as compared to non-pigmented skin . In lush rainforests , however , where UV - B radiation and xeric stress were not in excess , light pigmentation would not have been nearly as detrimental . This explains the side - by - side residence of lightly pigmented and darkly pigmented peoples . Population and admixture studies suggest a three - way model for the evolution of human skin color , with dark skin evolving in early hominids in Africa and light skin evolving partly separately at least two times after modern humans had expanded out of Africa . For the most part , the evolution of light skin has followed different genetic paths in Western and Eastern Eurasian populations . Two genes however , KITLG and ASIP , have mutations associated with lighter skin that have high frequencies in Eurasian populations and have estimated origin dates after humans spread out of Africa but before the divergence of the two lineages . Genetics ( edit ) The evolutionary genetic architecture of skin pigmentation in Northern Europeans , West Africans and East Asians . See also : Human genetic variation , Race and genetics , and Human genetic clustering The understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying human skin color variation is still incomplete , however genetic studies have discovered a number of genes that affect human skin color in specific populations , and have shown that this happens independently of other physical features such as eye and hair color . Different populations have different allele frequencies of these genes , and it is the combination of these allele variations that bring about the complex , continuous variation in skin coloration we can observe today in modern humans . Population and admixture studies suggest a 3 - way model for the evolution of human skin color , with dark skin evolving in early hominids in sub-Saharan Africa and light skin evolving independently in Europe and East Asia after modern humans had expanded out of Africa . Dark skin ( edit ) Main article : Dark skin All modern humans share a common ancestor who lived around 200,000 years ago in Africa . Comparisons between known skin pigmentation genes in chimpanzees and modern Africans show that dark skin evolved along with the loss of body hair about 1.2 million years ago and that this common ancestor had dark skin . Investigations into dark skinned populations in South Asia and Melanesia indicate that skin pigmentation in these populations is due to the preservation of this ancestral state and not due to new variations on a previously lightened population . MC1R The melanocortin 1 receptor ( MC1R ) gene is primarily responsible for determining whether pheomelanin and eumelanin is produced in the human body . Research shows at least 10 differences in MC1R between African and chimpanzee samples and that the gene has probably undergone a strong positive selection ( a selective sweep ) in early Hominins around 1.2 million years ago . This is consistent with positive selection for the high - eumelanin phenotype seen in Africa and other environments with high UV exposure . Light skin ( edit ) Main article : Light skin For the most part , the evolution of light skin has followed different genetic paths in European and East Asian populations . Two genes however , KITLG and ASIP , have mutations associated with lighter skin that have high frequencies in both European and East Asian populations . They are thought to have originated after humans spread out of Africa but before the divergence of the European and Asian lineages around 30,000 years ago . Two subsequent genome - wide association studies found no significant correlation between these genes and skin color , and suggest that the earlier findings may have been the result of incorrect correction methods and small panel sizes , or that the genes have an effect too small to be detected by the larger studies . KITLG The KIT ligand ( KITLG ) gene is involved in the permanent survival , proliferation and migration of melanocytes . A mutation in this gene , A326G ( rs642742 ) , has been positively associated with variations of skin color in African - Americans of mixed West African and European descent and is estimated to account for 15 -- 20 % of the melanin difference between African and European populations . This allele shows signs of strong positive selection outside Africa and occurs in over 80 % of European and Asian samples , compared with less than 10 % in African samples . ASIP Agouti signalling peptide ( ASIP ) acts as an inverse agonist , binding in place of alpha - MSH and thus inhibiting eumelanin production . Studies have found two alleles in the vicinity of ASIP are associated with skin color variation in humans . One , rs2424984 has been identified as an indicator of skin reflectance in a forensics analysis of human phenotypes across Caucasian , African - American , South Asian , East Asian , Hispanic and Native American populations and is about 3 times more common in non-African populations than in Africa . The other allele , 8188G ( rs6058017 ) is significantly associated with skin color variation in African - Americans and the ancestral version occurs in only 12 % of European and 28 % of East Asian samples compared with 80 % of West African samples . Europe ( edit ) A number of genes have been positively associated with the skin pigmentation difference between European and non-European populations . Mutations in SLC24A5 and SLC45A2 are believed to account for the bulk of this variation and show very strong signs of selection . A variation in TYR has also been identified as a contributor . Research indicates the selection for the light - skin alleles of these genes in Europeans is comparatively recent , having occurred later than 20,000 years ago and perhaps as recently as 12,000 to 6,000 years ago . In the 1970s , Luca Cavalli - Sforza suggested that the selective sweep that rendered light skin ubiquitous in Europe might be correlated with the advent of farming and thus have taken place only around 6,000 years ago ; This scenario found support in a 2014 analysis of mesolithic ( 7,000 years old ) hunter - gatherer DNA from La Braña , Spain , which showed the version of these genes corresponding to dark skin color . In 2015 researchers analysed for light skin genes in the DNA of 94 ancient skeletons ranging from 8,000 to 3,000 years old from Europe and Russia . They found c. 8,000 - year - old hunter - gatherers in Spain , Luxembourg , and Hungary were dark skinned while similarly aged hunter gatherers in Sweden were light skinned ( having predominately derived alleles of SLC24A5 , SLC45A2 and also HERC2 / OCA2 ) . Neolithic farmers entering Europe at around the same time were intermediate , being nearly fixed for the derived SLC24A5 variant but only having the derived SLC45A2 allele in low frequencies . The SLC24A5 variant spread very rapidly throughout central and southern Europe from about 8,000 years ago , whereas the light skin variant of SLC45A2 spread throughout Europe after 5,800 years ago . SLC24A5 Global frequency distribution of the SLC24A5 gene 's ancestral Ala111 allele ( yellow ) and its derived Ala111Thr allele ( blue ) . Solute carrier family 24 member 5 ( SLC24A5 ) regulates calcium in melanocytes and is important in the process of melanogenesis . The SLC24A5 gene 's derived Ala111Thr allele ( rs1426654 ) has been shown to be a major factor in light skin pigmentation and is common in Western Eurasia . Recent studies have found that the variant represents as much as 25 -- 40 % of the average skin tone difference between Europeans and West Africans . This derived allele is a reliable predictor of phenotype across a range of populations . It has been the subject of recent selection in Western Eurasia , and is fixed in European populations . SLC45A2 Solute carrier family 45 member 2 ( SLC45A2 or MATP ) aids in the transport and processing of tyrosine , a precursor to melanin . It has also been shown to be one of the significant components of the skin color of modern Europeans through its Phe374Leu ( rs16891982 ) allele that has been directly correlated with skin color variation in mixed - race populations . This variation is ubiquitous in European populations but extremely rare elsewhere and shows strong signs of selection . TYR The TYR gene encodes the enzyme tyrosinase , which is involved in the production of melanin from tyrosine . It has an allele , Ser192Tyr ( rs1042602 ) , found solely in 40 -- 50 % of Europeans and linked to light - colored skin in studies of both mixed - race South Asian and African - American populations . East Asia ( edit ) A number of genes known to affect skin color have alleles that show signs of positive selection in East Asian populations . Of these only OCA2 has been directly related to skin color measurements , while DCT , MC1R and ATTRN are marked as candidate genes for future study . OCA2 Global frequency distribution of the OCA2 gene 's ancestral allele ( blue ) and derived His615Arg allele ( yellow ) . Oculocutaneous albinism II ( OCA2 ) assists in the regulation of pH in melanocytes . The OCA2 gene 's derived His615Arg ( rs1800414 ) allele has been shown to account for about 8 % of the skin tone difference between African and East Asian populations in studies of an East Asian population living in Toronto and a Chinese Han population . This variant is essentially restricted to East Asia , with highest frequencies in Eastern East Asia ( 49 -- 63 % ) , midrange frequencies in Southeast Asia , and the lowest frequencies in Western China and some Eastern European populations . Candidate Genes A number of studies have found genes linked to human skin pigmentation that have alleles with statistically significant frequencies in Chinese and East Asian populations . While not linked to measurements of skin tone variation directly , dopachrome tautomerase ( DCT or TYRP2 rs2031526 ) , melanocortin 1 receptor ( MC1R ) Arg163Gln ( rs885479 ) and attractin ( ATRN ) have been indicated as potential contributors to the evolution of light skin in East Asian populations . Tanning response ( edit ) Tanning response in humans is controlled by a variety of genes . MC1R variants Arg151Sys ( rs1805007 ) , Arg160Trp ( rs1805008 ) , Asp294Sys ( rs1805009 ) , Val60Leu ( rs1805005 ) and Val92Met ( rs2228479 ) have been associated with reduced tanning response in European and / or East Asian populations . These alleles show no signs of positive selection and only occur in relatively small numbers , reaching a peak in Europe with around 28 % of the population having at least one allele of one of the variations . A study of self - reported tanning ability and skin type in American non-Hispanic Caucasians found that SLC24A5 Phe374Leu is significantly associated with reduced tanning ability and also associated TYR Arg402Gln ( rs1126809 ) , OCA2 Arg305Trp ( rs1800401 ) and a 2 - SNP haplotype in ASIP ( rs4911414 and rs1015362 ) to skin type variation within a `` fair / medium / olive '' context . Albinism ( edit ) Oculocutaneous albinism ( OCA ) is a lack of pigment in the eyes , skin and sometimes hair that occurs in a very small fraction of the population . The four known types of OCA are caused by mutations in the TYR , OCA2 , TYRP1 , and SLC45A2 genes . Age ( edit ) In hominids the parts of the body not covered with hair , like the face and the back of the hands , start out pale in infants and turn darker as animals are exposed to more sun . All human babies are born pale , regardless of what their adult color will be . In humans , melanin production does not peak until after puberty . The skin of children becomes darker as they go through puberty and experience the effects of sex hormones . This darkening is especially noticeable in the skin of the nipples , the areola of the nipples , the labia majora in females , and the scrotum in males . In some people , the armpits become slightly darker during puberty . The interaction of genetic , hormonal , and environmental factors on skin coloration with age is still not adequately understood , but it is known that men are at their darkest baseline skin color around the age of 30 , without considering the effects of tanning . Around the same age , women experience darkening of some areas of their skin . Human skin color fades with age . Humans over the age of thirty experience a decrease in melanin - producing cells by about 10 to 20 percent per decade as melanocyte stem cells gradually die . The skin of face and hands has about twice the amount of pigment cells as unexposed areas of the body , as chronic exposure to the sun continues to stimulate melanocytes . The blotchy appearance of skin color in the face and hands of older people is due to the uneven distribution of pigment cells and to changes in the interaction between melanocytes and keratinocytes . Sexual dimorphism ( edit ) It has been observed that adult human females are consistently lighter in skin pigmentation than males in the same population . This form of sexual dimorphism is due to the requirement in human females for high amounts of calcium during pregnancy and lactation . Breastfeeding newborns , whose skeletons are growing , require high amounts of calcium intake from the mother 's milk ( about 4 times more than during prenatal development ) , part of which comes from reserves in the mother 's skeleton . Adequate vitamin D resources are needed to absorb calcium from the diet , and it has been shown that deficiencies of vitamin D and calcium increase the likelihood of various birth defects such as spina bifida and rickets . Natural selection has led to females with lighter skin than males in all indigenous populations because women must get enough vitamin D and calcium to support the development of fetus and nursing infant and to maintain their own health . The sexes also differ in how they change their skin color with age . Men and women are not born with different skin color , they begin to diverge during puberty with the influence of sex hormones . Women can also change pigmentation in certain parts of their body , such as the areola , during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy and between 50 and 70 % of pregnant women will develop the `` mask of pregnancy '' ( melasma or chloasma ) in the cheeks , upper lips , forehead , and chin . This is caused by increases in the female hormones estrogen and progesterone and it can develop in women who take birth control pills or participate in hormone replacement therapy . Disorders of pigmentation ( edit ) Uneven pigmentation of some sort affects most people , regardless of bioethnic background or skin color . Skin may either appear lighter , or darker than normal , or lack pigmentation at all ; there may be blotchy , uneven areas , patches of brown to gray discoloration or freckling . Apart from blood - related conditions such as jaundice , carotenosis , or argyria , skin pigmentation disorders generally occur because the body produces either too much or too little melanin . Depigmentation ( edit ) Main article : Depigmentation Various types of albinism are a result of genetic mutations affecting different parts of the melanin production pathway . In a person with albinism , melanocytes can be entirely absent , or fail to produce melanin , or melanosomes can fail to mature and be transferred to keranocytes . The ability to produce melanin in patches around the body is a condition known as vitiligo . Albinism ( edit ) Some types of albinism affect only the skin and hair , while other types affect the skin , hair and eyes , and in rare cases only the eyes . All of them are caused by different genetic mutations . Albinism is a recessively inherited trait in humans where both pigmented parents may be carriers of the gene and pass it down to their children . Each child has a 25 % chance of being albino and a 75 % chance of having normally pigmented skin . One common type of albinism is oculocutaneous albinism or OCA , which has many subtypes caused by different genetic mutations . Albinism is a serious problem in areas of high sunlight intensity , leading to extreme sun sensitivity , skin cancer , and eye damage . Albinism is more common in some parts of the world than in others , but it is estimated that 1 in 70 humans carry the gene for OCA . The most severe type of albinism is OCA1A , which is characterized by complete , lifelong loss of melanin production , other forms of OCA1B , OCA2 , OCA3 , OCA4 , show some form of melanin accumulation and are less severe . The four known types of OCA are caused by mutations in the TYR , OCA2 , TYRP1 , and SLC45A2 genes . Albinos often face social and cultural challenges ( even threats ) , as the condition is often a source of ridicule , racism , fear , and violence . Many cultures around the world have developed beliefs regarding people with albinism . Albinos are persecuted in Tanzania by witchdoctors , who use the body parts of albinos as ingredients in rituals and potions , as they are thought to possess magical power . Vitiligo ( edit ) Vitiligo is a condition that causes depigmentation of sections of skin . It occurs when melanocytes die or are unable to function . The cause of vitiligo is unknown , but research suggests that it may arise from autoimmune , genetic , oxidative stress , neural , or viral causes . The incidence worldwide is less than 1 % . Individuals affected by vitiligo sometimes suffer psychological discomfort because of their appearance . Hyperpigmentation ( edit ) Increased melanin production , also known as hyperpigmentation , can be a few different phenomena : Melasma describes the darkening of the skin . Chloasma describes skin discolorations caused by hormones . These hormonal changes are usually the result of pregnancy , birth control pills or estrogen replacement therapy . Solar lentigo , also known as `` liver spots '' or `` senile freckles '' , refers to darkened spots on the skin caused by aging and the sun . These spots are quite common in adults with a long history of unprotected sun exposure . Aside from sun exposure and hormones , hyperpigmentation can be caused by skin damage , such as remnants of blemishes , wounds or rashes . This is especially true for those with darker skin tones . The most typical cause of darkened areas of skin , brown spots or areas of discoloration is unprotected sun exposure . Once incorrectly referred to as liver spots , these pigment problems are not connected with the liver . On lighter to medium skin tones , solar lentigenes emerge as small - to medium - sized brown patches of freckling that can grow and accumulate over time on areas of the body that receive the most unprotected sun exposure , such as the back of the hands , forearms , chest , and face . For those with darker skin colors , these discolorations can appear as patches or areas of ashen - gray skin . Exposure to sun ( edit ) See also : Sun tanning A suntanned arm showing darker skin where it has been exposed . This pattern of tanning is often called a farmer 's tan . Melanin in the skin protects the body by absorbing solar radiation . In general , the more melanin there is in the skin the more solar radiation can be absorbed . Excessive solar radiation causes direct and indirect DNA damage to the skin and the body naturally combats and seeks to repair the damage and protect the skin by creating and releasing further melanin into the skin 's cells . With the production of the melanin , the skin color darkens , but can also cause sunburn . The tanning process can also be created by artificial UV radiation . There are two different mechanisms involved . Firstly , the UVA - radiation creates oxidative stress , which in turn oxidizes existing melanin and leads to rapid darkening of the melanin , also known as IPD ( immediate pigment darkening ) . Secondly , there is an increase in production of melanin known as melanogenesis . Melanogenesis leads to delayed tanning and first becomes visible about 72 hours after exposure . The tan that is created by an increased melanogenesis lasts much longer than the one that is caused by oxidation of existing melanin . Tanning involves not just the increased melanin production in response to UV radiation but the thickening of the top layer of the epidermis , the stratum corneum . A person 's natural skin color affects their reaction to exposure to the sun . Generally , those who start out with darker skin color and more melanin have better abilities to tan . Individuals with very light skin and albinos have no ability to tan . The biggest differences resulting from sun exposure are visible in individuals who start out with moderately pigmented brown skin : the change is dramatically visible as tan lines , where parts of the skin which tanned are delineated from unexposed skin . Modern lifestyles and mobility have created mismatch between skin color and environment for many individuals . Vitamin D deficiencies and UVR overexposure are concerns for many . It is important for these people individually to adjust their diet and lifestyle according to their skin color , the environment they live in , and the time of year . For practical purposes , such as exposure time for sun tanning , six skin types are distinguished following Fitzpatrick ( 1975 ) , listed in order of decreasing lightness : Fitzpatrick scale ( edit ) Main article : Fitzpatrick scale The following list shows the six categories of the Fitzpatrick scale in relation to the 36 categories of the older von Luschan scale : Type Also called Sunburning Tanning behavior Von Luschan 's chromatic scale Light , pale white Always Never 0 -- 6 II White , fair Usually Minimally 7 -- 13 III Medium , white to light brown Sometimes Uniformly 14 -- 20 IV Olive , moderate brown Rarely Easily 21 -- 27 V Brown , dark brown Very rarely Very easily 28 -- 34 VI Very dark brown to black Never Never 35 -- 36 Dark skin with large concentrations of melanin protects against ultraviolet light and skin cancers ; light - skinned people have about a tenfold greater risk of dying from skin cancer , compared with dark - skinned persons , under equal sunlight exposure . Furthermore , UV - A rays from sunlight are believed to interact with folic acid in ways that may damage health . In a number of traditional societies the sun was avoided as much as possible , especially around noon when the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight is at its most intense . Midday was a time when people stayed in the shade and had the main meal followed by a nap , a practice similar to the modern siesta . Geographic variation ( edit ) 1959 map of human skin color distribution by R. Biassutti in the Von Luschan 's chromatic scale for classifying skin color . Approximately 10 % of the variance in skin color occurs within regions , and approximately 90 % occurs between regions . Because skin color has been under strong selective pressure , similar skin colors can result from convergent adaptation rather than from genetic relatedness ; populations with similar pigmentation may be genetically no more similar than other widely separated groups . Furthermore , in some parts of the world where people from different regions have mixed extensively , the connection between skin color and ancestry has substantially weakened . In Brazil , for example , skin color is not closely associated with the percentage of recent African ancestors a person has , as estimated from an analysis of genetic variants differing in frequency among continent groups . In general , people living close to the equator are highly darkly pigmented , and those living near the poles are generally very lightly pigmented . The rest of humanity shows a high degree of skin color variation between these two extremes , generally correlating with UV exposure . The main exception to this rule is in the New World , where people have only lived for about 10,000 to 15,000 years and show a less pronounced degree of skin pigmentation . In recent times , humans have become increasingly mobile as a consequence of improved technology , domestication , environmental change , strong curiosity , and risk - taking . Migrations over the last 4000 years , and especially the last 400 years , have been the fastest in human history and have led to many people settling in places far away from their ancestral homelands . This means that skin colors today are not as confined to geographical location as they were previously . Social status , colorism and Racism ( edit ) Main article : Discrimination based on skin color Skin colors according to von Luschan 's chromatic scale According to classical scholar Frank Snowden , skin color did not determine social status in ancient Egypt , Greece or Rome . These ancient civilizations viewed relations between the major power and the subordinate state as more significant in a person 's status than their skin colors . Nevertheless , some social groups favor specific skin coloring . The preferred skin tone varies by culture and has varied over time . A number of indigenous African groups , such as the Maasai , associated pale skin with being cursed or caused by evil spirits associated with witchcraft . They would abandon their children born with conditions such as albinism and showed a sexual preference for darker skin . Many cultures have historically favored lighter skin for women . Before the Industrial Revolution , inhabitants of the continent of Europe preferred pale skin , which they interpreted as a sign of high social status . The poorer classes worked outdoors and got darker skin from exposure to the sun , while the upper class stayed indoors and had light skin . Hence light skin became associated with wealth and high position . Women would put lead - based cosmetics on their skin to whiten their skin tone artificially . However , when not strictly monitored , these cosmetics caused lead poisoning . Other methods also aimed at achieving a light - skinned appearance , including the use of arsenic to whiten skin , and powders . Women would wear full - length clothes when outdoors , and would utilize gloves and parasols . Colonization and enslavement as carried out by European countries became involved with colorism and racism , associated with the belief that people with dark skin were uncivilized , inferior , and should be subordinate to lighter - skinned invaders . This has been perpetuated in modern times . Institutionalized slavery in North America led people to perceive lighter - skinned African - Americans as more intelligent , cooperative , and beautiful . Such lighter - skinned individuals had a greater likelihood of working as house slaves and of receiving preferential treatment from plantation owners and from overseers . For example , they had a chance to get an education , while darker African - Americans worked in the fields and did not get an education . The preference for fair skin remained prominent until the end of the Victorian era , but racial stereotypes about worth and beauty persisted in the last half of the 20th century and continue in the present day . African - American journalist Jill Nelson wrote that , `` To be both prettiest and black was impossible , '' and elaborated : We learn as girls that in ways both subtle and obvious , personal and political , our value as females is largely determined by how we look. ... For black women , the domination of physical aspects of beauty in women 's definition and value render us invisible , partially erased , or obsessed , sometimes for a lifetime , since most of us lack the major talismans of Western beauty . Black women find themselves involved in a lifelong effort to self - define in a culture that provides them no positive reflection . A Vietnamese motorcyclist wears long gloves to block the sun , despite the tropical heat . A preference for fair or lighter skin continues in some countries , including Latin American countries where whites form a minority . In Brazil , a dark - skinned person is more likely to experience discrimination . Many actors and actresses in Latin America have European features -- blond hair , blue eyes , and pale skin . A light - skinned person is considered more privileged and has a higher social status ; a person with light skin is considered more beautiful and lighter skin suggests that the person has more wealth . Skin color is such an obsession in some countries that specific words describe distinct skin tones - from ( for example ) `` jincha '' , Puerto Rican slang for `` glass of milk '' to `` morena '' , literally `` brown '' . In India , society regards pale skin as more attractive and associates dark skin with lower class status ; this results in a massive market for skin - whitening creams . Fairer skin - tones also correlate to higher caste - status in the Hindu social order -- although the system is not based on skin tone . Actors and actresses in Indian cinema tend to have light skin tones , and Indian cinematographers have used graphics and intense lighting to achieve more `` desirable '' skin tones . Fair skin tones are claimed to be an asset in Indian marketing . Skin - whitening products have remained popular over time , often due to historical beliefs and perceptions about fair skin . Sales of skin - whitening products across the world grew from $40 billion to $43 billion in 2008 . In South and East Asian countries , people have traditionally seen light skin as more attractive , and a preference for lighter skin remains prevalent . In ancient China and Japan , for example , pale skin can be traced back to ancient drawings depicting women and goddesses with fair skin tones . In ancient China , Japan , and Southeast Asia , pale skin was seen as a sign of wealth . Thus skin - whitening cosmetic products are popular in East Asia . Four out of ten women surveyed in Hong Kong , Malaysia , the Philippines and South Korea used a skin - whitening cream , and more than 60 companies globally compete for Asia 's estimated $18 billion market . Changes in regulations in the cosmetic industry led to skin - care companies introducing harm - free skin lighteners . In Japan , the geisha have a reputation for their white - painted faces , and the appeal of the bihaku ( 美白 ) , or `` beautiful white '' , ideal leads many Japanese women to avoid any form of tanning . There are exceptions to this , with Japanese fashion trends such as ganguro emphasizing tanned skin . Skin whitening is also not uncommon in Africa , and several research projects have suggested a general preference for lighter skin in the African - American community . In contrast , one study on men of the Bikosso tribe in Cameroon found no preference for attractiveness of females based on lighter skin color , bringing into question the universality of earlier studies that had exclusively focused on skin - color preferences among non-African populations . Significant exceptions to a preference for lighter skin started to appear in Western culture in the mid-20th century . Though sun - tanned skin was once associated with the sun - exposed manual labor of the lower class , the associations became dramatically reversed during this time -- a change usually credited to the trendsetting Frenchwoman Coco Chanel ( 1883 - 1971 ) presenting tanned skin as fashionable , healthy , and luxurious . As of 2017 , though an overall preference for lighter skin remains prevalent in the United States , many within the country regard tanned skin as both more attractive and healthier than pale or very dark skin . Western mass media and popular culture continued to reinforce negative stereotypes about dark skin , but in some circles pale skin has become associated with indoor office - work while tanned skin has become associated with increased leisure time , sportiness and good health that comes with wealth and higher social status . Studies have also emerged indicating that the degree of tanning is directly related to how attractive a young woman is . See also ( edit ) Human skin Carnation ( heraldry ) Color terminology for race Complexion Health effects of sun exposure Race ( human classification ) Afro - textured hair Eye color Human hair color Human physical appearance References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Muehlenbein , Michael ( 2010 ) . Human Evolutionary Biology . Cambridge University Press . pp. 192 -- 213 . Jump up ^ Jablonski , N.G. ( 2006 ) . Skin : A Natural History . Berkeley : University of California Press . Jump up ^ Milburn , Peter B. ; Sian , Corazon S. ; Silvers , David N. 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( June 2009 ) . `` Correcting for purifying selection : an improved human mitochondrial molecular clock '' . Am. J. Hum . Genet. 84 ( 6 ) : 740 -- 59 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ajhg. 2009.05. 001 . PMC 2694979 . PMID 19500773 . ^ Jump up to : Rogers , Alan R. ; Iltis , David ; Wooding , Stephen ( 2004 ) . `` Genetic Variation at the MC1R Locus and the Time since Loss of Human Body Hair '' . Current Anthropology. 45 : 105 -- 8 . doi : 10.1086 / 381006 . JSTOR 381006 . ^ Jump up to : Harding , R ; Healy , E ; Ray , A ; Ellis , N ; Flanagan , N ; Todd , C ; Dixon , C ; Sajantila , A ; Jackson , I ; Birch - Machin , Mark A. ; Rees , Jonathan L. ( 2000 ) . `` Evidence for Variable Selective Pressures at MC1R '' . The American Journal of Human Genetics . 66 ( 4 ) : 1351 -- 61 . doi : 10.1086 / 302863 . PMC 1288200 . PMID 10733465 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Alan R. ; Iltis , David ; Wooding , Stephen ( 2004 ) . `` Genetic variation at the MC1R locus and the time since loss of human body hair '' . 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Jump up ^ Pickrell , J.K. ; Coop , G ; Novembre , J ; Kudaravalli , S ; Li , J.Z. ; Absher , D ; Srinivasan , B.S. ; Barsh , G.S. ; Myers , R.M. ; Feldman , M.W. ; Pritchard , J.K. ( 2009 ) . `` Signals of recent positive selection in a worldwide sample of human populations '' . Genome Research . 19 ( 5 ) : 826 -- 837 . doi : 10.1101 / gr. 087577.108 . PMC 2675971 . PMID 19307593 . Jump up ^ Reference SNP ( refSNP ) Cluster Report : rs2424984 . Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ( 2008 - 12 - 30 ) . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Valenzuela , Robert K. ; Henderson , Miquia S. ; Walsh , Monica H. ; Garrison , Nanibaa ' A. ; Kelch , Jessica T. ; Cohen - Barak , Orit ; Erickson , Drew T. ; John Meaney , F. ; Bruce Walsh , J. ; Cheng , Keith C. ; Ito , Shosuke ; Wakamatsu , Kazumasa ; Frudakis , Tony ; Thomas , Matthew ; Brilliant , Murray H. ( 2010 ) . `` Predicting Phenotype from Genotype : Normal Pigmentation '' . 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( 2004 ) . `` Population Differences in the Frequency of the Agouti Signaling Protein g. 8818A > G Polymorphism '' . Pigment Cell Research . 17 ( 2 ) : 185 -- 187 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1600 - 0749.2004. 00134. x . PMID 15016309 . Jump up ^ Olalde , Iñigo ; Allentoft , Morten E. ; Sánchez - Quinto , Federico ; Santpere , Gabriel ; Chiang , Charleston W.K. ; Degiorgio , Michael ; Prado - Martinez , Javier ; Rodríguez , Juan Antonio ; Rasmussen , Simon ; Quilez , Javier ; Ramírez , Oscar ; Marigorta , Urko M. ; Fernández - Callejo , Marcos ; Prada , María Encina ; Encinas , Julio Manuel Vidal ; Nielsen , Rasmus ; Netea , Mihai G. ; Novembre , John ; Sturm , Richard A. ; Sabeti , Pardis ; Marquès - Bonet , Tomàs ; Navarro , Arcadi ; Willerslev , Eske ; Lalueza - Fox , Carles ( 2014 ) . `` Derived immune and ancestral pigmentation alleles in a 7,000 - year - old Mesolithic European '' . Nature . 507 ( 7491 ) : 225 -- 228 . doi : 10.1038 / nature12960 . PMC 4269527 . PMID 24463515 . The La Braña individual carries ancestral alleles in several skin pigmentation genes , suggesting that the light skin of modern Europeans was not yet ubiquitous in Mesolithic time Jump up ^ Gibbons , Ann ( 2 April 2015 ) How Europeans evolved white skin Science , Retrieved 13 April 2015 Jump up ^ Mathieson , I. ; Lazaridis , I. ; Rohland , N. ; Mallick , S. ; Llamas , B. ; Pickrell , J. ; Meller , H. ; Rojo Guerra , M.A. ; Krause , J. ; Anthony , D. ; Brown , D. ; Lalueza Fox , C. ; Cooper , A. ; Alt , K.W. ; Haak , W. ; Patterson , N. ; Reich , D. ( 2015 ) . `` Eight thousand years of natural selection in Europe '' . bioRxiv 016477 . Jump up ^ Ginger , R.S. ; Askew , S.E. ; Ogborne , R.M. ; Wilson , S. ; Ferdinando , D. ; Dadd , T. ; Smith , A.M. ; Kazi , S. ; Szerencsei , R.T. ; Winkfein , R.J. ; Schnetkamp , P.P.M. ; Green , M.R. ( 2007 ) . `` SLC24A5 Encodes a trans - Golgi Network Protein with Potassium - dependent Sodium - Calcium Exchange Activity That Regulates Human Epidermal Melanogenesis '' . Journal of Biological Chemistry . 283 ( 9 ) : 5486 -- 95 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M707521200 . PMID 18166528 . Jump up ^ Reference SNP ( refSNP ) Cluster Report : rs1426654 * * clinically associated * * . Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ( 2008 - 12 - 30 ) . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Lamason , R.L. ; Mohideen , MA ; Mest , JR ; Wong , AC ; Norton , HL ; Aros , MC ; Jurynec , MJ ; Mao , X ; Humphreville , VR ; Humbert , J.E. ; Sinha , S ; Moore , J.L. ; Jagadeeswaran , P ; Zhao , W ; Ning , G ; Makalowska , I ; McKeigue , P.M. ; O'Donnell , D ; Kittles , R ; Parra , E.J. ; Mangini , N.J. ; Grunwald , D.J. ; Shriver , M.D. ; Canfield , V.A. ; Cheng , K.C. ( 2005 ) . `` SLC24A5 , a Putative Cation Exchanger , Affects Pigmentation in Zebrafish and Humans '' . Science . 310 ( 5755 ) : 1782 -- 6 . 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( 2012 ) . `` Skin Color Variation in Orang Asli Tribes of Peninsular Malaysia '' . PLoS ONE . 7 ( 8 ) : e42752 . Bibcode : 2012PLoSO ... 742752A . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0042752 . PMC 3418284 . PMID 22912732 . Jump up ^ Reference SNP ( refSNP ) Cluster Report : rs16891982 * * clinically associated * * . Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ( 2008 - 12 - 30 ) . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Soejima , M ; Tachida , H ; Ishida , T ; Sano , A ; Koda , Y ( January 2006 ) . `` Evidence for Recent Positive Selection at the Human AIM1 Locus in a European Population '' . Molecular Biology and Evolution. 23 ( 1 ) : 179 -- 188 . doi : 10.1093 / molbev / msj018 . PMID 16162863 . Jump up ^ Reference SNP ( refSNP ) Cluster Report : rs1042602 * * clinically associated * * . Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ( 2008 - 12 - 30 ) . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Shriver , M.D. ; Parra , E.J. ; Dios , S ; Bonilla , C ; Norton , H ; Jovel , C ; Pfaff , C ; Jones , C ; Massac , A ; Cameron , N ; Baron , A ; Jackson , T ; Argyropoulos , G ; Jin , L ; Hoggart , C.J. ; McKeigue , P.M. ; Kittles , R.A. ( 2003 ) . `` Skin pigmentation , biogeographical ancestry and admixture mapping '' ( PDF ) . Human Genetics . 112 ( 4 ) : 387 -- 399 . doi : 10.1007 / s00439 - 002 - 0896 - y ( inactive 2017 - 01 - 31 ) . PMID 12579416 . Jump up ^ Reference SNP ( refSNP ) Cluster Report : rs1800414 . Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ( 2008 - 12 - 30 ) . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Donnelly , Michael P. ; Paschou , Peristera ; Grigorenko , Elena ; Gurwitz , David ; Barta , Csaba ; Lu , Ru - Band ; Zhukova , Olga V. ; Kim , Jong - Jin ; Siniscalco , Marcello ; New , Maria ; Li , Hui ; Kajuna , Sylvester L.B. ; Manolopoulos , Vangelis G. ; Speed , William C. ; Pakstis , Andrew J. ; Kidd , Judith R. ; Kidd , Kenneth K. ( 2012 ) . `` A global view of the OCA2 - HERC2 region and pigmentation '' ( PDF ) . Human Genetics . 131 ( 5 ) : 683 -- 696 . doi : 10.1007 / s00439 - 011 - 1110 - x . PMC 3325407 . PMID 22065085 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Reference SNP ( refSNP ) Cluster Report : rs2031526 . Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ( 2008 - 12 - 30 ) . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Myles , S ; Somel , M ; Tang , K ; Kelso , J ; Stoneking , M ( 2006 ) . `` Identifying genes underlying skin pigmentation differences among human populations '' . Human Genetics . 120 ( 5 ) : 613 -- 621 . doi : 10.1007 / s00439 - 006 - 0256 - 4 . PMID 16977434 . Jump up ^ Reference SNP ( refSNP ) Cluster Report : rs885479 . Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ( 2008 - 12 - 30 ) . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Shi , Peng ; Lu , Xue Mei ; Luo , Huai Rong ; Xiang - Yu , Jin - Gong ; Zhang , Ya Ping ( 2001 ) . `` Melanocortin - 1 receptor gene variants in four Chinese ethnic populations '' . Cell Research . 11 ( 1 ) : 81 -- 4 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. cr. 7290070 . PMID 11305330 . Jump up ^ Reference SNP ( refSNP ) Cluster Report : rs1805007 . Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ( 2008 - 12 - 30 ) . Jump up ^ Reference SNP ( refSNP ) Cluster Report : rs1805008 . Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ( 2008 - 12 - 30 ) . Jump up ^ Reference SNP ( refSNP ) Cluster Report : rs1805009 . Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ( 2008 - 12 - 30 ) . Jump up ^ Reference SNP ( refSNP ) Cluster Report : rs1805005 . Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ( 2008 - 12 - 30 ) . Jump up ^ Reference SNP ( refSNP ) Cluster Report : rs2228479 . Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ( 2008 - 12 - 30 ) . Jump up ^ Valverde , P ; Healy , E ; Jackson , I ; Rees , J.L. ; Thody , A.J. ( 1995 ) . `` Variants of the melanocyte - stimulating hormone receptor gene are associated with red hair and fair skin in humans '' . Nature Genetics . 11 ( 3 ) : 328 -- 30 . doi : 10.1038 / ng1195 - 328 . PMID 7581459 . Jump up ^ `` Reference SNP ( refSNP ) Cluster Report : rs1126809 * * With Pathogenic allele * * '' . Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. 2006 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Reference SNP ( refSNP ) Cluster Report : rs1800401 * * With Pathogenic allele * * '' . Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. 2006 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Reference SNP ( refSNP ) Cluster Report : rs4911414 * * clinically associated * * . Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ( 2008 - 12 - 30 ) . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Reference SNP ( refSNP ) Cluster Report : rs1015362 * * clinically associated * * . Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ( 2008 - 12 - 30 ) . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Nan , Hongmei ; Kraft , Peter ; Hunter , David J. ; Han , Jiali ( 2009 ) . `` Genetic variants in pigmentation genes , pigmentary phenotypes , and risk of skin cancer in Caucasians '' . International Journal of Cancer . 125 ( 4 ) : 909 -- 17 . doi : 10.1002 / ijc. 24327 . PMC 2700213 . PMID 19384953 . ^ Jump up to : ALBINISM , OCULOCUTANEOUS , TYPE IA ; OCA1A , Johns Hopkins University Jump up ^ Kovacs , Christine ( 2008 ) . `` Vitamin D in pregnancy and lactation : maternal , fetal , and neonatal outcomes from human and animal studies '' . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 88 ( 2 ) : 520S -- 528S . PMID 18689394 . Jump up ^ Costin and Hearing ; Hearing , V.J. ( 2007 ) . `` Human skin pigmentation : Melanocytes modulate skin color in response to stress '' . FASEB Journal . 21 ( 4 ) : 976 -- 994 . doi : 10.1096 / fj. 06 - 6649rev . PMID 17242160 . Jump up ^ Cummings ( 2011 ) . Human Heridity Principles and Issues ' . Cengage 9th edition . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ BBC ( 27 July 2008 ) . `` Tanzania Albinos Targeted Again '' . BBC News ( online edition ) . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ Halder , RM ; Chappell , JL ( 2009 ) . `` Vitiligo update '' . 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Cambridge University Press . p. 177 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 87948 - 5 . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Fitzpatrick Skin Type '' ( PDF ) . Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Vorobey , P ; Steindal , AE ; Off , MK ; Vorobey , A ; Moan , J ( 2006 ) . `` Influence of human serum albumin on photodegradation of folic acid in solution '' . Photochemistry and photobiology. 82 ( 3 ) : 817 -- 22 . doi : 10.1562 / 2005 - 11 - 23 - RA - 739 . PMID 16454580 . Jump up ^ Frost , P. ( 2005 ) . Fair Women , Dark Men . The Forgotten Roots of Color Prejudice . Christchurch ( New Zealand ) : Cybereditions . pp. 60 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Relethford , J.H. ( 2002 ) . `` Apportionment of global human genetic diversity based on craniometrics and skin color '' . American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 118 ( 4 ) : 393 -- 8 . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.473. 5972 . doi : 10.1002 / ajpa. 10079 . PMID 12124919 . Jump up ^ Parra , E.J. ; Kittles , R.A. ; Shriver , M.D. ( 2004 ) . `` Implications of correlations between skin color and genetic ancestry for biomedical research '' ( PDF ) . Nature Genetics . 36 ( 11s ) : 54 -- 60 . doi : 10.1038 / ng1440 . PMID 15508005 . Jump up ^ Parra , FC , F.C. ; Amado , R.C. ; Lambertucci , J.R. ; Rocha , J. ; Antunes , C.M. ; Pena , S.D.J. ( 2003 ) . `` Color and genomic ancestry in Brazilians '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 100 ( 1 ) : 177 -- 182 . Bibcode : 2002PNAS ... 100 ... 177P . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0126614100 . PMC 140919 . PMID 12509516 . Jump up ^ Snowden 1970 . Jump up ^ Africa : Dispelling Myths about Albinism , Pambazuka News , 10 September 2009 ^ Jump up to : Kruszelnicki , Karl ( March 1 , 2001 ) . `` News in Science : Skin Colour 1 '' . abc.net.au . Retrieved May 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Agredano ( February 2006 ) . `` Accessibility to air travel correlates strongly with increasing melanoma incidence '' . Melanoma Research . 16 ( 1 ) : 77 -- 81 . doi : 10.1097 / 01. cmr. 0000195696.50390. 23 . PMID 16432460 . Jump up ^ Hall , Ron ( 1997 ) . `` The Psychogenesis of Color Based Racism : Implications of Projection for Dark - Skinned Puertorriqueños '' ( PDF ) . Julian Samora Research Institute , Michigan State University . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 6 , 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` What Are `` Good Looks '' ? `` . Kenyon College . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Paper Bag Test '' . St. Petersburg Times . 2003 - 08 - 31 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` For Light - Skinned Only ? '' . 2007 - 08 - 16 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson , Jill ( 1997 ) . `` Straight , No Chaser -- How I Became a Grown - Up Black Woman -- WHO 'S THE FAIREST OF THEM ALL ? '' ( PDF ) . New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 06 . As a girl and young woman , hair , body , and color were society 's trinity in determining female beauty and identity ... We learn as girls that in ways both subtle and obvious , personal and political , our value as females is largely determined by how we look . Jump up ^ `` Documentary , Studies Renew Debate About Skin Color 's Impact '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 2006 - 12 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Racism Takes Many Hues '' . Miami Herald . 2007 - 08 - 24 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ Quinonez , Ernesto ( 2003 - 06 - 19 ) . `` Y Tu Black Mama Tambien '' . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 02 . ; Fletcher , Michael A. ( 2000 - 08 - 03 ) . `` The Blond , Blue - Eyed Face of Spanish TV '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 18 . ; `` Blonde , Blue - Eyed Euro - Cute Latinos on Spanish TV '' . Latinola.com. 2010 - 10 - 24 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 18 . ; `` Latinos Not Reflected on Spanish TV '' . Vidadeoro.com. 2010 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 18 . ; `` What are Telenovelas ? -- Hispanic Culture '' . Bellaonline.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 18 . ; Fletcher , Michael A. ( 2000 - 08 - 06 ) . `` Racial Bias Charged On Spanish - Language TV '' . Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 18 . ; `` Black Electorate '' . Black Electorate. 2 January 2001 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Vanessa E. ( 2004 - 08 - 19 ) . `` Pride or Prejudice ? '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ Sidner , Sara ( 9 September 2009 ) . `` Skin whitener advertisements labeled racist '' . CNN . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 11 . ' We always have a complex towards a white skin , towards foreign skin or foreign hair , ' Jawed Habib says . Habib should know . He owns a chain of 140 salons located in India and across the world . ' We Indian people , we Asian people are more darker , so we want to look more fair . ' ... A marketing study found sales for skin whitening creams have jumped more than 100 percent in rural India and sales for male grooming products are increasing 20 percent annually . Jump up ^ Saxena , Shobhan ( 26 April 2009 ) . `` Caste : Racism in all but name ? '' . Times of India . New Delhi . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Vaidyanathan , Rajini ( 5 June 2012 ) . `` Has skin whitening in India gone too far ? '' . London : BBC News . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Lakshmi , Rama ( 27 January 2008 ) . `` In India 's Huge Marketplace , Advertisers Find Fair Skin Sells '' . Washington Post . Washington DC . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Bleaching Creams : Fade to Beautiful ? '' . Northwestern University . 2010 - 03 - 10 . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2011 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Skin Deep : Dying to be White '' . CNN . 2002 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ Skin whitening big business in Asia . Pri.Org . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Mowbray , Nicole ( 4 April 2004 ) . `` Japanese girls choose whiter shade of pale '' . London : Guardian Unlimited . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The Heavy Cost of Light Skin '' . BBC News . 2000 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Mirror mirror on the wall , who is the FAIREST of them all ? '' Skin lightening . Scienceinafrica.co.za . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Color Counts : `` ... it is evident that differing color holds considerable importance within the black community and is measurably influencing self - esteem , prestige , and marital status . '' USA Today ( Society for the Advancement of Education ) . questia.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Dixson , Barnaby J. ; Dixson , Alan F. ; Morgan , Bethan ; Anderson , Matthew J. ( 2006 ) . `` Human Physique and Sexual Attractiveness : Sexual Preferences of Men and Women in Bakossiland , Cameroon '' . Archives of Sexual Behavior . 36 ( 3 ) : 369 -- 75 . doi : 10.1007 / s10508 - 006 - 9093 - 8 . PMID 17136587 . Jump up ^ Singer , Merrill ; Beyer , Hans ( 28 July 2008 ) . Killer Commodities : Public Health and the Corporate Production of Harm . AltaMira Press . p. 151 . ISBN 0 - 7591 - 0979 - 6 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 11 . Harris investigated the history of the parasol ... everywhere ordinary people were forbidden to protect themselves with such devices `` pallid skin became a marker of upper - class status '' . At the beginning of the 20th Century , in the United States , lighter - skinned people avoided the sun ... Tanned skin was considered lower class . Jump up ^ Koskoff , Sharon ( 28 May 2007 ) . Art Deco of the Palm Beaches . Arcadia Publishing . p. 2 . ISBN 0 - 7385 - 4415 - 9 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 11 . In 1920s France , the caramel - skinned entertainer Josephine Baker became a Parisian idol . Concurrently , fashion designer Coco Chanel was `` bronzed '' while cruising on a yacht . A winter tan became a symbol of the leisure class and showed you could afford to travel to exotic climates . Jump up ^ Geller , A.C. ; Colditz , G. ; Oliveria , S. ; Emmons , K. ; Jorgensen , C. ; Aweh , G.N. ; Frazier , A.L. ( 1 June 2002 ) . `` Use of Sunscreen , Sunburning Rates , and Tanning Bed Use Among More Than 10 000 US Children and Adolescents '' . Pediatrics. 109 ( 6 ) : 1009 -- 1014 . doi : 10.1542 / peds. 109.6. 1009 . Jump up ^ Broadstock , Marita ; Borland , Ron ; Gason , Robyn ( 2006 - 07 - 31 ) . `` Effects of Suntan on Judgements of Healthiness and Attractiveness by Adolescents '' . Journal of Applied Social Psychology . 22 ( 2 ) : 157 -- 172 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1559 - 1816.1992. tb01527. x . Jump up ^ Leary , Mark R. ; Jones , Jody L. ( 2006 - 07 - 31 ) . `` The Social Psychology of Tanning and Sunscreen Use : Self - Presentational Motives as a Predictor of Health Risk '' . Journal of Applied Social Psychology . 23 ( 17 ) : 1390 -- 1406 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1559 - 1816.1993. tb01039. x . Jump up ^ Balkaran , Steven ( 1999 ) . `` Mass Media and Racism '' . Jump up ^ Leary , Mark R. ; Jones , Jody L. ( 1993 ) . `` The Social Psychology of Tanning and Sunscreen Use : Self - Presentational Motives as a Predictor of Health Risk '' . Journal of Applied Social Psychology . 23 ( 17 ) : 1390 -- 406 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1559 - 1816.1993. tb01039. x . Jump up ^ Banerjee , S.C. ; Campo , S ; Greene , K ( 2008 ) . `` Fact or wishful thinking ? Biased expectations in `` I think I look better when I 'm tanned '' `` . American Journal of Health Behavior . 32 ( 3 ) : 243 -- 52 . doi : 10.5555 / ajhb. 2008.32. 3.243 ( inactive 2017 - 01 - 31 ) . PMID 18067464 . Bibliography ( edit ) Frost , Peter ( 2006 ) . `` Why Do Europeans Have So Many Hair and Eye Colors ? '' . University of California -- Los Angeles . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 15 . Holick , Michael F. ( 2004 ) . `` Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases , cancers , and cardiovascular disease '' . The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 80 ( 6 Suppl ) : 1678S -- 88S . PMID 15585788 . Millington , G.W.M. ( 2006 ) . `` Proopiomelanocortin ( POMC ) : the cutaneous roles of its melanocortin products and receptors '' . Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 31 ( 3 ) : 407 -- 412 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2230.2006. 02128. x . PMID 16681590 . Rogers , Alan R. ; Iltis , David ; Wooding , Stephen ( 2004 ) . `` Genetic Variation at the MC1R Locus and the Time since Loss of Human Body Hair '' . Current Anthropology. 45 : 105 -- 8 . doi : 10.1086 / 381006 . Snowden , F ( 1970 ) . Blacks in Antiquity : Ethiopians in the Greco - Roman Experience . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 07625 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Human skin color . Computer Vision : Skin Color Based Face Tracking Examples of a face tracking in videos using a non parametric skin color model . N Wade ( August 19 , 2003 ) , `` Why Humans and Their Fur Parted Ways '' New York Times ( Science Times ) . Summary of clues to the saga in which humans evolved to lose their hair and had to adjust , including turning from light skin to dark skin , together with an estimation of the time when humans invented clothing . Key gene ' controls skin tone ' SLC24A5 gene controls up to 38 % of the tonal range in people with mixed European and West African ancestry PBS The Biology of Skin Color : Black and White Video The Biology of Skin Color Human evolution Taxonomy ( Hominins ) Orrorin Sahelanthropus Last common ancestors Chimpanzee -- human Gorilla -- human Orangutan -- human Gibbon -- human Australopithecines Ardipithecus Kenyanthropus Australopithecus A. afarensis A. africanus A. anamensis A. bahrelghazali A. deyiremeda A. garhi A. sediba Paranthropus P. aethiopicus P. boisei P. robustus Humans and proto - humans ( Homo ) Proto - humans H. ergaster H. floresiensis H. gautengensis H. habilis H. rudolfensis H. tsaichangensis Homo erectus H. e. erectus H. e. georgicus H. e. lantianensis H. e. nankinensis H. e. palaeojavanicus H. e. pekinensis H. e. soloensis H. e. tautavelensis H. e. yuanmouensis Archaic humans Callao Man ? 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what was the british economic policy of mercantilism

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Mercantilism - wikipedia Mercantilism Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A French seaport painted by Claude Lorrain around 1639 , at the height of mercantilism Economics A supply and demand diagram , illustrating the effects of an increase in demand Index Outline Category History Types Classification History of economics Economic history ( academic study ) Schools of economics Microeconomics Macroeconomics Methodology Heterodox economics JEL classification codes Concepts Theory Techniques Econometrics Economic growth Economic system Experimental economics Mathematical economics Game theory Post-scarcity Market National accounting By application Agricultural Behavioral Business Computational Cultural Demographic Development Digitization Ecological Education Engineering Environmental Evolutionary Expeditionary Geography Health Industrial organization Information International Knowledge Labour Law Managerial Monetary / Financial Natural resource Organizational Personnel Public / Welfare economics Regional Rural Service Social Urban Welfare Lists Economists Publications ( journals ) Glossary Glossary of economics Business and economics portal Part of a series on Economic systems By ideology ( hide ) Anarchist Capitalist Corporate Dirigist Laissez - faire Mercantilist Neo-mercantilist Protectionist Social market State capitalist Democratic Fascist Feminist Georgist Green Religious Christian Islamic Socialist Communist Market socialist Mutualist Participatory Socialist market Syndicalist Traditionalist Communalist Corporatist Distributist Feudalism By coordination ( show ) Closed ( autarky ) Decentralized Digital Dual Gift Informal Market Mixed Natural Open Planned Robinson Crusoe Subsistence Underground Vertical archipelago Virtual By regional model ( show ) Asian East Asian Chinese Singaporean European Anglo - Saxon German Nordic Rhenish Soviet Latin America Socialism of the 21st century Sectors ( show ) Common property Private Public Voluntary Property types ( show ) Collective ownership Commons Private ownership Public ownership Social ownership Transition ( show ) Collectivization Communization Corporatization Demutualization Deregulation Expropriation Financialization Liberalization Marketization Municipalization Mutualization Nationalization Privatization Socialization Coordination ( show ) Barter Market Free Open Regulated Planned In kind Cybernetic Indicative Material balancing Price Self - managed Peer - to - peer Shared Open access Other types ( show ) Expeditionary Hunter - gatherer Inclusive Democracy Information Islamic economics Manorialism Newly industrialized Palace Plantation Plutonomy Post-capitalist Post-industrial Post-scarcity Resource - based Token Traditional Transition World Business and economics portal Mercantilism is a national economic policy designed to maximize the trade of a nation and , historically , to maximize the accumulation of gold and silver ( as well as crops ) . Mercantilism was dominant in modernized parts of Europe from the 16th to the 18th centuries before falling into decline , although some commentators argue that it is still practised in the economies of industrializing countries in the form of neomercantilism . It promotes governmental regulation of a nation 's economy for the purpose of augmenting state power at the expense of rival national powers . Mercantilism includes a national economic policy aimed at accumulating monetary reserves through a positive balance of trade , especially of finished goods . Historically , such policies frequently led to war and also motivated colonial expansion . Mercantilist theory varies in sophistication from one writer to another and has evolved over time . High tariffs , especially on manufactured goods , were an almost universal feature of mercantilist policy . Even if mercantilism and protectionism are applied through the same economic measures , they have opposite aims . Mercantilism is an offensive policy aimed at accumulating the largest trade surplus . Conversely , protectionism is a defensive policy aimed at reducing the trade deficit and restoring a trade balance in equilibrium to protect the economy . With the efforts of supranational organizations such as the World Trade Organization to reduce tariffs globally , non-tariff barriers to trade have assumed a greater importance in neomercantilism . Merchants in Venice Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Theory 3 Policies 3.1 France 3.2 New France 3.3 Great Britain 3.4 Other countries 4 Wars and imperialism 5 Origins 6 Criticisms 7 Legacy 8 Neomercantilism 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links History ( edit ) Mercantilism was the dominant school of economic thought in Europe throughout the late Renaissance and early modern period ( from the 15th to the 18th century ) . Mercantilism encouraged the many intra-European wars of the period and was arguably responsible for European expansion and imperialism -- both in Europe and throughout the rest of the world -- until the 19th century or early 20th century . Evidence of mercantilistic practices appeared in early modern Venice , Genoa , and Pisa regarding control of the Mediterranean trade of bullion . However , as a codified school of economic theories , mercantilism 's real birth was marked by the empiricism of the Renaissance , which first began to quantify large - scale trade accurately . Mercantilism in its simplest form is bullionism , yet mercantilist writers have emphasized the circulation of money and reject hoarding . Their emphasis on monetary metals accords with current ideas regarding the money supply , such as the stimulative effect of a growing money supply . Fiat money and floating exchange rates have since rendered specie concerns irrelevant . In time , the heavy emphasis on money was supplanted by industrial policy , accompanied by a shift in focus from the capacity to carry on wars to promoting general prosperity . Mature neomercantilist theory recommends selective high tariffs for `` infant '' industries or the promotion of the mutual growth of countries through national industrial specialization . England began the first large - scale and integrative approach to mercantilism during the Elizabethan Era ( 1558 -- 1603 ) . An early statement on national balance of trade appeared in Discourse of the Common Weal of this Realm of England , 1549 : `` We must always take heed that we buy no more from strangers than we sell them , for so should we impoverish ourselves and enrich them . '' The period featured various but often disjointed efforts by the court of Queen Elizabeth to develop a naval and merchant fleet capable of challenging the Spanish stranglehold on trade and of expanding the growth of bullion at home . Queen Elizabeth promoted the Trade and Navigation Acts in Parliament and issued orders to her navy for the protection and promotion of English shipping . A systematic and coherent explanation of balance of trade was made public through Thomas Mun 's argument England 's Treasure by Forraign Trade , or the Balance of our Forraign Trade is The Rule of Our Treasure . It was written in the 1620s and published in 1664 . These efforts organized national resources sufficiently in the defense of England against the far larger and more powerful Spanish Empire , and in turn paved the foundation for establishing a global empire in the 19th century . The authors noted most for establishing the English mercantilist system include Gerard de Malynes and Thomas Mun , who first articulated the Elizabethan system , which in turn was then developed further by Josiah Child . Numerous French authors helped cement French policy around mercantilism in the 17th century . This French mercantilism was best articulated by Jean - Baptiste Colbert ( in office , 1665 -- 1683 ) , though policy liberalized greatly under Napoleon . Many nations applied the theory , notably France , which was the most important state economically in Europe at the time . King Louis XIV followed the guidance of Jean Baptiste Colbert , his controller general of finances ( 1665 -- 1683 ) . It was determined that the state should rule in the economic realm as it did in the diplomatic , and that the interests of the state as identified by the king were superior to those of merchants and of everyone else . The goal of mercantilist economic policies was to build up the state , especially in an age of incessant warfare , and the state should look for ways to strengthen the economy and to weaken foreign adversaries . In Europe , academic belief in mercantilism began to fade in the late 18th century , especially in Britain , in light of the arguments of Adam Smith and the classical economists . The repeal of the Corn Laws by Robert Peel symbolized the emergence of free trade as an alternative system . Theory ( edit ) Most of the European economists who wrote between 1500 and 1750 are today generally considered mercantilists ; this term was initially used solely by critics , such as Mirabeau and Smith , but was quickly adopted by historians . Originally the standard English term was `` mercantile system '' . The word `` mercantilism '' was introduced into English from German in the early 19th century . The bulk of what is commonly called `` mercantilist literature '' appeared in the 1620s in Great Britain . Smith saw the English merchant Thomas Mun ( 1571 -- 1641 ) as a major creator of the mercantile system , especially in his posthumously published Treasure by Foreign Trade ( 1664 ) , which Smith considered the archetype or manifesto of the movement . Perhaps the last major mercantilist work was James Steuart 's Principles of Political Economy , published in 1767 . Mercantilist literature also extended beyond England . Italy and France produced noted writers of mercantilist themes , including Italy 's Giovanni Botero ( 1544 -- 1617 ) and Antonio Serra ( 1580 -- ? ) and , in France , Jean Bodin and Colbert . Themes also existed in writers from the German historical school from List , as well as followers of the American system and British free - trade imperialism , thus stretching the system into the 19th century . However , many British writers , including Mun and Misselden , were merchants , while many of the writers from other countries were public officials . Beyond mercantilism as a way of understanding the wealth and power of nations , Mun and Misselden are noted for their viewpoints on a wide range of economic matters . The Austrian lawyer and scholar Philipp Wilhelm von Hornick , one of the pioneers of Cameralism , detailed a nine - point program of what he deemed effective national economy in his Austria Over All , If She Only Will of 1684 , which comprehensively sums up the tenets of mercantilism : That every little bit of a country 's soil be utilized for agriculture , mining or manufacturing . That all raw materials found in a country be used in domestic manufacture , since finished goods have a higher value than raw materials . That a large , working population be encouraged . That all export of gold and silver be prohibited and all domestic money be kept in circulation . That all imports of foreign goods be discouraged as much as possible . That where certain imports are indispensable they be obtained at first hand , in exchange for other domestic goods instead of gold and silver . That as much as possible , imports be confined to raw materials that can be finished ( in the home country ) . That opportunities be constantly sought for selling a country 's surplus manufactures to foreigners , so far as necessary , for gold and silver . That no importation be allowed if such goods are sufficiently and suitably supplied at home . Other than Von Hornick , there were no mercantilist writers presenting an overarching scheme for the ideal economy , as Adam Smith would later do for classical economics . Rather , each mercantilist writer tended to focus on a single area of the economy . Only later did non-mercantilist scholars integrate these `` diverse '' ideas into what they called mercantilism . Some scholars thus reject the idea of mercantilism completely , arguing that it gives `` a false unity to disparate events '' . Smith saw the mercantile system as an enormous conspiracy by manufacturers and merchants against consumers , a view that has led some authors , especially Robert E. Ekelund and Robert D. Tollison , to call mercantilism `` a rent - seeking society '' . To a certain extent , mercantilist doctrine itself made a general theory of economics impossible . Mercantilists viewed the economic system as a zero - sum game , in which any gain by one party required a loss by another . Thus , any system of policies that benefited one group would by definition harm the other , and there was no possibility of economics being used to maximize the commonwealth , or common good . Mercantilists ' writings were also generally created to rationalize particular practices rather than as investigations into the best policies . Mercantilist domestic policy was more fragmented than its trade policy . While Adam Smith portrayed mercantilism as supportive of strict controls over the economy , many mercantilists disagreed . The early modern era was one of letters patent and government - imposed monopolies ; some mercantilists supported these , but others acknowledged the corruption and inefficiency of such systems . Many mercantilists also realized that the inevitable results of quotas and price ceilings were black markets . One notion that mercantilists widely agreed upon was the need for economic oppression of the working population ; laborers and farmers were to live at the `` margins of subsistence '' . The goal was to maximize production , with no concern for consumption . Extra money , free time , and education for the lower classes were seen to inevitably lead to vice and laziness , and would result in harm to the economy . The mercantilists saw a large population as a form of wealth that made possible the development of bigger markets and armies . Opposite to mercantilism was the doctrine of physiocracy , which predicted that mankind would outgrow its resources . The idea of mercantilism was to protect the markets as well as maintain agriculture and those who were dependent upon it . Policies ( edit ) Mercantilist ideas were the dominant economic ideology of all of Europe in the early modern period , and most states embraced it to a certain degree . Mercantilism was centred on England and France , and it was in these states that mercantilist policies were most often enacted . The policies have included : High tariffs , especially on manufactured goods forbidding colonies to trade with other nations monopolizing markets with staple ports banning the export of gold and silver , even for payments forbidding trade to be carried in foreign ships , as per , for example , the Navigation Acts subsidies on exports promoting manufacturing and industry through research or direct subsidies limiting wages maximizing the use of domestic resources restricting domestic consumption through non-tariff barriers to trade France ( edit ) Main article : Colbertism French finance minister and mercantilist Jean - Baptiste Colbert served for over 20 years . Mercantilism arose in France in the early 16th century soon after the monarchy had become the dominant force in French politics . In 1539 , an important decree banned the import of woolen goods from Spain and some parts of Flanders . The next year , a number of restrictions were imposed on the export of bullion . Over the rest of the 16th century , further protectionist measures were introduced . The height of French mercantilism is closely associated with Jean - Baptiste Colbert , finance minister for 22 years in the 17th century , to the extent that French mercantilism is sometimes called Colbertism . Under Colbert , the French government became deeply involved in the economy in order to increase exports . Protectionist policies were enacted that limited imports and favored exports . Industries were organized into guilds and monopolies , and production was regulated by the state through a series of more than one thousand directives outlining how different products should be produced . To encourage industry , foreign artisans and craftsmen were imported . Colbert also worked to decrease internal barriers to trade , reducing internal tariffs and building an extensive network of roads and canals . Colbert 's policies were quite successful , and France 's industrial output and economy grew considerably during this period , as France became the dominant European power . He was less successful in turning France into a major trading power , and Britain and the Netherlands remained supreme in this field . New France ( edit ) Main article : Economic history of Canada France imposed its mercantilist philosophy on its colonies in North America , especially New France . It sought to derive the maximum material benefit from the colony , for the homeland , with a minimum of imperial investment in the colony itself . The ideology was embodied in New France through the establishment under Royal Charter of a number of corporate trading monopolies including La Compagnie des Marchands , which operated from 1613 to 1621 , and the Compagnie de Montmorency , from that date until 1627 . It was in turn replaced by La Compagnie des Cent - Associés , created in 1627 by King Louis XIII , and the Communauté des habitants in 1643 . These were the first corporations to operate in what is now Canada . Great Britain ( edit ) Main article : Economic history of the United Kingdom § The Age of Mercantilism In England , mercantilism reached its peak during the Long Parliament government ( 1640 -- 60 ) . Mercantilist policies were also embraced throughout much of the Tudor and Stuart periods , with Robert Walpole being another major proponent . In Britain , government control over the domestic economy was far less extensive than on the Continent , limited by common law and the steadily increasing power of Parliament . Government - controlled monopolies were common , especially before the English Civil War , but were often controversial . The Anglo - Dutch Wars were fought between the English and the Dutch for control over the seas and trade routes . With respect to its colonies , British mercantilism meant that the government and the merchants became partners with the goal of increasing political power and private wealth , to the exclusion of other empires . The government protected its merchants -- and kept others out -- through trade barriers , regulations , and subsidies to domestic industries in order to maximize exports from and minimize imports to the realm . The government had to fight smuggling , which became a favorite American technique in the 18th century to circumvent the restrictions on trading with the French , Spanish , or Dutch . The goal of mercantilism was to run trade surpluses , so that gold and silver would pour into London . The government took its share through duties and taxes , with the remainder going to merchants in Britain . The government spent much of its revenue on a superb Royal Navy , which not only protected the British colonies but threatened the colonies of the other empires , and sometimes seized them . Thus the British Navy captured New Amsterdam ( New York ) in 1664 . The colonies were captive markets for British industry , and the goal was to enrich the mother country . British mercantilist writers were themselves divided on whether domestic controls were necessary . British mercantilism thus mainly took the form of efforts to control trade . A wide array of regulations were put in place to encourage exports and discourage imports . Tariffs were placed on imports and bounties given for exports , and the export of some raw materials was banned completely . The Navigation Acts expelled foreign merchants from England 's domestic trade . The nation aggressively sought colonies and once under British control , regulations were imposed that allowed the colony to only produce raw materials and to only trade with Britain . This led to friction with the inhabitants of these colonies , and mercantilist policies ( such as forbidding trade with other empires and controls over smuggling ) were a major irritant leading to the American Revolution . Mercantalism taught that trade was a zero - sum game , with one country 's gain equivalent to a loss sustained by the trading partner . Overall , however , mercantilist policies had a positive impact on Britain helping turn it into the world 's dominant trader and the global hegemon . One domestic policy that had a lasting impact was the conversion of `` waste lands '' to agricultural use . Mercantilists believed that to maximize a nation 's power , all land and resources had to be used to their utmost , and this era thus saw projects like the draining of The Fens . Other countries ( edit ) Mercantilism helped create trade patterns such as the triangular trade in the North Atlantic , in which raw materials were imported to the metropolis and then processed and redistributed to other colonies . The other nations of Europe also embraced mercantilism to varying degrees . The Netherlands , which had become the financial centre of Europe by being its most efficient trader , had little interest in seeing trade restricted and adopted few mercantilist policies . Mercantilism became prominent in Central Europe and Scandinavia after the Thirty Years ' War ( 1618 -- 48 ) , with Christina of Sweden , Jacob Kettler of Courland , and Christian IV of Denmark being notable proponents . The Habsburg Holy Roman Emperors had long been interested in mercantilist policies , but the vast and decentralized nature of their empire made implementing such notions difficult . Some constituent states of the empire did embrace Mercantilism , most notably Prussia , which under Frederick the Great had perhaps the most rigidly controlled economy in Europe . During the economic collapse of the 17th century , Spain had little coherent economic policy , but French mercantilist policies were imported by Philip V with some success . Russia under Peter I ( Peter the Great ) attempted to pursue mercantilism , but had little success because of Russia 's lack of a large merchant class or an industrial base . Wars and imperialism ( edit ) Mercantilism was the economic version of warfare using economics as a tool for warfare by other means backed up by the state apparatus , and was well suited to an era of military warfare . Since the level of world trade was viewed as fixed , it followed that the only way to increase a nation 's trade was to take it from another . A number of wars , most notably the Anglo - Dutch Wars and the Franco - Dutch Wars , can be linked directly to mercantilist theories . Most wars had other causes but they reinforced mercantilism by clearly defining the enemy , and justified damage to the enemy 's economy . Mercantilism fueled the imperialism of this era , as many nations expended significant effort to conquer new colonies that would be sources of gold ( as in Mexico ) or sugar ( as in the West Indies ) , as well as becoming exclusive markets . European power spread around the globe , often under the aegis of companies with government - guaranteed monopolies in certain defined geographical regions , such as the Dutch East India Company or the British Hudson 's Bay Company ( operating in present - day Canada ) . With the establishment of overseas colonies by European powers early in the 17th century , mercantile theory gained a new and wider significance , in which its aim and ideal became both national and imperialistic . Origins ( edit ) The term `` mercantile system '' was used by its foremost critic , Adam Smith , but Mirabeau ( 1715 -- 1789 ) had used `` mercantilism '' earlier . Mercantilism functioned as the economic counterpart of the older version of political power : divine right of kings and absolute monarchy . Scholars debate over why mercantilism dominated economic ideology for 250 years . One group , represented by Jacob Viner , sees mercantilism as simply a straightforward , common - sense system whose logical fallacies remained opaque to people at the time , as they simply lacked the required analytical tools . The second school , supported by scholars such as Robert B. Ekelund , portrays mercantilism not as a mistake , but rather as the best possible system for those who developed it . This school argues that rent - seeking merchants and governments developed and enforced mercantilist policies . Merchants benefited greatly from the enforced monopolies , bans on foreign competition , and poverty of the workers . Governments benefited from the high tariffs and payments from the merchants . Whereas later economic ideas were often developed by academics and philosophers , almost all mercantilist writers were merchants or government officials . Monetarism offers a third explanation for mercantilism . European trade exported bullion to pay for goods from Asia , thus reducing the money supply and putting downward pressure on prices and economic activity . The evidence for this hypothesis is the lack of inflation in the British economy until the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars , when paper money came into vogue . A fourth explanation lies in the increasing professionalisation and technification of the wars of the era , which turned the maintenance of adequate reserve funds ( in the prospect of war ) into a more and more expensive and eventually competitive business . Mercantilism developed at a time of transition for the European economy . Isolated feudal estates were being replaced by centralized nation - states as the focus of power . Technological changes in shipping and the growth of urban centres led to a rapid increase in international trade . Mercantilism focused on how this trade could best aid the states . Another important change was the introduction of double - entry bookkeeping and modern accounting . This accounting made extremely clear the inflow and outflow of trade , contributing to the close scrutiny given to the balance of trade . Of course , the impact of the discovery of America can not be ignored . New markets and new mines propelled foreign trade to previously inconceivable volumes , resulting in `` the great upward movement in prices '' and an increase in `` the volume of merchant activity itself '' . Prior to mercantilism , the most important economic work done in Europe was by the medieval scholastic theorists . The goal of these thinkers was to find an economic system compatible with Christian doctrines of piety and justice . They focused mainly on microeconomics and on local exchanges between individuals . Mercantilism was closely aligned with the other theories and ideas that began to replace the medieval worldview . This period saw the adoption of the very Machiavellian realpolitik and the primacy of the raison d'état in international relations . The mercantilist idea of all trade as a zero - sum game , in which each side was trying to best the other in a ruthless competition , was integrated into the works of Thomas Hobbes . This dark view of human nature also fit well with the Puritan view of the world , and some of the most stridently mercantilist legislation , such as the Navigation Ordinance of 1651 , was enacted by the government of Oliver Cromwell . Jean - Baptiste Colbert 's work in 17th - century France came to exemplify classical mercantilism . In the English - speaking world its ideas were criticized by Adam Smith with the publication of The Wealth of Nations in 1776 and later by David Ricardo with his explanation of comparative advantage . Mercantilism was rejected by Britain and France by the mid-19th century . The British Empire embraced free trade and used its power as the financial centre of the world to promote the same . The Guyanese historian Walter Rodney describes mercantilism as the period of the worldwide development of European commerce , which began in the 15th century with the voyages of Portuguese and Spanish explorers to Africa , Asia , and the New World . Criticisms ( edit ) Adam Smith and David Hume were the founding fathers of anti-mercantilist thought . A number of scholars found important flaws with mercantilism long before Smith developed an ideology that could fully replace it . Critics like Hume , Dudley North and John Locke undermined much of mercantilism and it steadily lost favor during the 18th century . In 1690 , Locke argued that prices vary in proportion to the quantity of money . Locke 's Second Treatise also points towards the heart of the anti-mercantilist critique : that the wealth of the world is not fixed , but is created by human labor ( represented embryonically by Locke 's labor theory of value ) . Mercantilists failed to understand the notions of absolute advantage and comparative advantage ( although this idea was only fully fleshed out in 1817 by David Ricardo ) and the benefits of trade . For instance , imagine that Portugal was a more efficient producer of wine than England , yet in England cloth could be produced more efficiently than it could in Portugal . Thus if Portugal specialized in wine and England in cloth , both states would end up better off if they traded . This is an example of the reciprocal benefits of trade ( whether due to comparative or absolute advantage ) . In modern economic theory , trade is not a zero - sum game of cutthroat competition , because both sides can benefit . Much of Adam Smith 's The Wealth of Nations is an attack on mercantilism . Hume famously noted the impossibility of the mercantilists ' goal of a constant positive balance of trade . As bullion flowed into one country , the supply would increase , and the value of bullion in that state would steadily decline relative to other goods . Conversely , in the state exporting bullion , its value would slowly rise . Eventually it would no longer be cost - effective to export goods from the high - price country to the low - price country , and the balance of trade would reverse . Mercantilists fundamentally misunderstood this , long arguing that an increase in the money supply simply meant that everyone gets richer . The importance placed on bullion was also a central target , even if many mercantilists had themselves begun to de-emphasize the importance of gold and silver . Adam Smith noted that at the core of the mercantile system was the `` popular folly of confusing wealth with money '' , that bullion was just the same as any other commodity , and that there was no reason to give it special treatment . More recently , scholars have discounted the accuracy of this critique . They believe Mun and Misselden were not making this mistake in the 1620s , and point to their followers Josiah Child and Charles Davenant , who in 1699 wrote , `` Gold and Silver are indeed the Measure of Trade , but that the Spring and Original of it , in all nations is the Natural or Artificial Product of the Country ; that is to say , what this Land or what this Labour and Industry Produces . '' The critique that mercantilism was a form of rent seeking has also seen criticism , as scholars such Jacob Viner in the 1930s pointed out that merchant mercantilists such as Mun understood that they would not gain by higher prices for English wares abroad . The first school to completely reject mercantilism was the physiocrats , who developed their theories in France . Their theories also had several important problems , and the replacement of mercantilism did not come until Adam Smith published The Wealth of Nations in 1776 . This book outlines the basics of what is today known as classical economics . Smith spent a considerable portion of the book rebutting the arguments of the mercantilists , though often these are simplified or exaggerated versions of mercantilist thought . Scholars are also divided over the cause of mercantilism 's end . Those who believe the theory was simply an error hold that its replacement was inevitable as soon as Smith 's more accurate ideas were unveiled . Those who feel that mercantilism amounted to rent seeking hold that it ended only when major power shifts occurred . In Britain , mercantilism faded as the Parliament gained the monarch 's power to grant monopolies . While the wealthy capitalists who controlled the House of Commons benefited from these monopolies , Parliament found it difficult to implement them because of the high cost of group decision making . Mercantilist regulations were steadily removed over the course of the 18th century in Britain , and during the 19th century the British government fully embraced free trade and Smith 's laissez - faire economics . On the continent , the process was somewhat different . In France , economic control remained in the hands of the royal family , and mercantilism continued until the French Revolution . In Germany mercantilism remained an important ideology in the 19th and early 20th centuries , when the historical school of economics was paramount . Legacy ( edit ) Adam Smith rejected the mercantilist focus on production , arguing that consumption was paramount to production . He added that mercantilism was popular among merchants because it was what is now called rent seeking . However , John Maynard Keynes argued that encouraging production was just as important as encouraging consumption , and he favoured the `` new mercantilism '' . Keynes also noted that in the early modern period the focus on the bullion supplies was reasonable . In an era before paper money , an increase in bullion was one of the few ways to increase the money supply . Keynes said mercantilist policies generally improved both domestic and foreign investment -- domestic because the policies lowered the domestic rate of interest , and investment by foreigners by tending to create a favorable balance of trade . Keynes and other economists of the 20th century also realized that the balance of payments is an important concern . Keynes also supported government intervention in the economy as necessity , as did mercantilism . As of 2010 , the word `` mercantilism '' remains a pejorative term , often used to attack various forms of protectionism . The similarities between Keynesianism ( and its successor ideas ) and mercantilism have sometimes led critics to call them neo-mercantilism . Paul Samuelson , writing within a Keynesian framework , wrote of mercantilism , `` With employment less than full and Net National Product suboptimal , all the debunked mercantilist arguments turn out to be valid . '' Some other systems that copy several mercantilist policies , such as Japan 's economic system , are also sometimes called neo-mercantilist . In an essay appearing in the 14 May 2007 issue of Newsweek , business columnist Robert J. Samuelson wrote that China was pursuing an essentially neo-mercantilist trade policy that threatened to undermine the post -- World War II international economic structure . Murray Rothbard , representing the Austrian School of economics , describes it this way : Mercantilism , which reached its height in the Europe of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries , was a system of statism which employed economic fallacy to build up a structure of imperial state power , as well as special subsidy and monopolistic privilege to individuals or groups favored by the state . Thus , mercantilism held exports should be encouraged by the government and imports discouraged . In specific instances , protectionist mercantilist policies also had an important and positive impact on the state that enacted them . Adam Smith , for instance , praised the Navigation Acts , as they greatly expanded the British merchant fleet and played a central role in turning Britain into the world 's naval and economic superpower from the 18th century onward . Some economists thus feel that protecting infant industries , while causing short - term harm , can be beneficial in the long term . Neomercantilism ( edit ) Main article : Neomercantilism Neomercantilism is a 20th - century economic policy that uses the ideas and methods of neoclassical economics . The new mercantilism has different goals and focuses on more rapid economic growth based on advanced technology . It promotes such policies as substitution state taxation , subsidies , expenditures , and general regulatory powers for tariffs and quotas , and protection through the formation of supranational trading blocs . See also ( edit ) Neorealism ( international relations ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Mercantilism , '' Laura LaHaye The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Samuelson 2007 . Jump up ^ Johnson et al. History of domestic and foreign commerce of the United States p. 37 . Jump up ^ https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-major-differences-between-protectionism-and-mercantilism Jump up ^ John J. McCusker , Mercantilism and the Economic History of the Early Modern Atlantic World ( Cambridge UP , 2001 ) Jump up ^ John J. McCusker , Mercantilism and the Economic History of the Early Modern Atlantic World ( Cambridge UP , 2001 ) Jump up ^ Now attributed to Sir Thomas Smith ; quoted in Braudel ( 1979 ) , p. 204 . Jump up ^ David Onnekink ; Gijs Rommelse ( 2011 ) , Ideology and Foreign Policy in Early Modern Europe ( 1650 -- 1750 ) , Ashgate Publishing , Ltd. , p. 257 , ISBN 9781409419143 Jump up ^ Jerome Blum et al . The European World : A history ( 1970 ) p 279 . ^ Jump up to : Magnusson 2003 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Magnusson 2003 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Magnusson 2003 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Ekelund & Hébert 1997 , pp. 40 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Landreth & Colander 2002 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Ekelund & Tollison 1981 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Ekelund & Tollison 1981 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Landreth & Colander 2002 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Landes 1997 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Ekelund & Hébert 1975 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Kellenbenz 1976 , p. 29 . ^ Jump up to : Williams 1999 , pp. 177 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Hansen 2001 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Hill 1980 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Nester 2000 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Max Savelle , Seeds of Liberty : The Genesis of the American Mind ( 1948 ) pp. 204ff . Jump up ^ Jeffry A. Frieden et al. eds. ( 2002 ) . International Political Economy : Perspectives on Global Power and Wealth . Routledge . pp. 128ff . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Wilson 1963 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Spiegel 1991 , pp. 93 -- 118 . Jump up ^ Emory Richard Johnson ; et al. ( 1915 ) . History of domestic and foreign commerce of the United States . Carnegie Institution of Washington . pp. 35 -- 37 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Gauci , Perry ( 2011 ) . Regulating the British Economy , 1660 - 1850 . Farnham : Ashgate Pub . p. 83 . ISBN 9780754697626 . Jump up ^ editors , Encyclopædia Britannica ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ Ekelund & Hébert 1975 , p. 61 . ^ Jump up to : Niehans 1990 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Landreth & Colander 2002 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Wilson 1963 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Galbraith 1987 , pp. 33 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Landreth & Colander 2002 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Spiegel 1991 , ch. 8 . Jump up ^ Ekelund & Hébert 1975 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Referenced to Davenant , 1771 ( 1699 ) , p. 171 , in Magnusson 2003 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Magnusson 2003 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Ekelund & Tollison 1981 . Jump up ^ Wilson 1963 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Brezis 2003 , vol. 2 , p. 484 . Jump up ^ Harris 1950 , p. 321 . Jump up ^ See Markwell 2006 . Jump up ^ Wilson 1963 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Samuelson 1964 . Jump up ^ Walters & Blake 1976 . Jump up ^ Samuelson 2007 . Jump up ^ Rothbard 1997 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Hansen 2001 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Johnson 1974 , pp. 1 -- 17 . Further reading ( edit ) Ames , Glenn J. ( 1996 ) , Colbert , Mercantilism and the French Quest for the Asian Trade Braudel , Fernand ( 1979 ) , `` The Wheels of Commerce '' , Civilization and Capitalism 15th -- 18th Century Brezis , Elise S. ( 2003 ) , `` Mercantilism '' , The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History , Oxford University Press editors ( 2014 ) , `` Mercantilism '' , Encyclopædia Britannica , Oxford University Press Ekelund , Robert B. ; Hébert , Robert F. ( 1975 ) , A History of Economic Theory and Method , New York : McGraw -- Hill , ISBN 0 - 07 - 019143 - 3 Ekelund , Robert B. , Jr. ; Hébert , Robert F. ( 1997 ) , A History of Economic Theory and Method ( 4th ed . ) , Long Grove , Illinois : Waveland Press , ISBN 1 - 57766 - 381 - 0 Ekelund , Robert B. ; Tollison , Robert D. ( 1981 ) , Mercantilism as a Rent - Seeking Society : Economic Regulation in Historical Perspective , College Station , TX : Texas A&M University Press , ISBN 0 - 89096 - 120 - 4 Galbraith , John Kenneth ( 1987 ) , Economics in Perspective : A Critical History , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , ISBN 0 - 395 - 35572 - 9 Grant , R. George ( 2009 ) , Tackling the Poverty of Nations : Why So Many Are Poor and What We Can Do About It , Xlibris , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4363 - 3582 - 9 Hansen , E. Damsgaard ( 2001 ) , European Economic History : From Mercantilism to Maastricht and Beyond ( 1st ed . ) , Copenhagen Business School Press , ISBN 978 - 87 - 630 - 0017 - 8 Harris , Seymour E. ( 1950 ) , New Economics : Keynes ' Influence on Theory And Public Policy Heckscher , Eli F. ( 1935 ) , Mercantilism , London : Allen & Unwin Hill , Christopher ( 1980 ) ( 1961 ) , The Century of Revolution , 1603 -- 1714 ( 2nd ed . ) , ISBN 0 - 17 - 712002 - 9 Johnson , Harky G. ( March 1974 ) , `` Mercantilism : Past , Present and Future '' , The Manchester School , 42 : 1 -- 17 , doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 9957.1974. tb00098. x Kellenbenz , Hermann ( 1976 ) , The rise of the European economy : an economic history of continental Europe from the fifteenth to the eighteenth century , New York : Holmes & Meier Publishers Keynes , John Maynard ( 1936 ) , `` Notes on Mercantilism , the Usury Laws , Stamped Money and the Theories of Under - Consumption '' , The General Theory of Employment , Interest , and Money , London : Palgrave Macmillan , archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 19 Landes , David S. ( 1997 ) , The Unbound Prometheus : Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 09418 - 6 Landreth , Harry ; Colander , David C. ( 2002 ) , History of Economic Thought ( 4th ed . ) , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , ISBN 0 - 618 - 13394 - 1 Letwin , William ( 2003 ) ( 1963 ) , The Origins of Scientific Economics : English Economic Thought 1660 -- 1776 , London : Routledge , ISBN 0 - 415 - 31329 - 5 Magnusson , Lars G. ( 2003 ) , `` Mercantilism '' , in Samuels , Warren J. ; Biddle , Jeff E. ; Davis , Jon B. , A Companion to the History of Economic Thought , Malden , MA : Blackwell Publishing , ISBN 0 - 631 - 22573 - 0 Markwell , Donald ( 2006 ) , John Maynard Keynes and International Relations : Economic Paths to War and Peace , Oxford & New York : Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 829236 - 4 Nester , R. ( 2000 ) , The Great Frontier War : Britain , France , and the Imperial Struggle for North America , 1607 -- 1755 , Praeger , ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 96772 - 7 Niehans , Jürg ( 1990 ) , A History of Economic Theory : Classic Contributions , 1720 -- 1980 , Baltimore , MD : Johns Hopkins University Press , ISBN 0 - 8018 - 3834 - 7 Omrund , David ( 2003 ) , The rise of commercial empires : England and the Netherlands in the Age of Mercantilism , 1650 -- 1770 Rothbard , Murray ( 1997 ) , Mercantilism : A Lesson for Our Times ? , Cheltenham , England : Edward Elgar Samuelson , Paul ( May 1964 ) , `` Theoretical notes on trade problems '' , The Review of Economics and Statistics , doi : 10.2307 / 1928178 , JSTOR 1928178 Samuelson , Robert J. ( 17 May 2007 ) , China 's Wrong Turn on Trade , Newsweek , retrieved 2007 - 12 - 06 Smith , George H. ( 2008 ) . `` Mercantilism '' . In Hamowy , Ronald . The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism . Thousand Oaks , CA : SAGE ; Cato Institute . pp. 326 -- 28 . doi : 10.4135 / 9781412965811. n198 . ISBN 978 - 1412965804 . LCCN 2008009151 . OCLC 750831024 . Spiegel , Henry William ( 1991 ) , The growth of economic thought ( 3rd ed . ) , Duke University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8223 - 0973 - 4 Vaggi , Gianni ; Groenewegen , Peter ( 2003 ) , A Concise History of Economic Thought : From Mercantilism to Monetarism , New York : Palgrave Macmillan , ISBN 0 - 333 - 99936 - 3 Walters , Robert S. ; Blake , David H. ( 1976 ) , The Politics of Global Economic Relations , Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice - Hall , ISBN 0 - 13 - 684712 - 9 Williams , E.N. ( 1999 ) , The Ancién Regime in Europe : government and society in the major states 1648 -- 1789 , London : Pimlico , ISBN 0 - 7126 - 5934 - X Wilson , Charles ( 1963 ) ( 1958 ) , Mercantilism , London : Routledge and Kegan Paul External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Mercantile System . 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who played greg's mom in diary of a wimpy kid

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_Diary_of_a_Wimpy_Kid_characters&oldid=802167108

List of Diary of a Wimpy Kid characters - Wikipedia List of Diary of a Wimpy Kid characters Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( April 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( April 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of the characters in Jeff Kinney 's book series Diary of a Wimpy Kid , and in the film versions of the first , second , and third book . Diary of a Wimpy Kid is a series of graphic novels written by American author and cartoonist Jeff Kinney . The books are the journals of the main character named Greg Heffley . Diary of a Wimpy Kid is also a series of films based on the books . Jeff Kinney was an executive producer . Like the books , the movies are the journals of Greg Heffley who is played by Zachary Gordon in Diary of a Wimpy Kid Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days and Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Rodrick Rules and Jason Drucker in Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul . Contents ( hide ) 1 Greg Heffley 2 Rowley Jefferson 3 Susan Heffley 4 Frank Heffley 5 Manny Heffley 6 Rodrick Heffley 7 Greg 's relatives and other family 7.1 Grandma and Grampa 7.2 Grandpa Heffley 7.3 Joe Heffley 7.4 Joe Heffley 's Wife 7.5 Joe Heffley 's Children 7.6 Charlie Heffley 7.7 Uncle Cecil 7.8 Loretta Heffley 7.9 Aunt Veronica 7.10 Terrence Heffley 7.11 Gammie Heffley 7.12 Reba Heffley 7.13 Gary Heffley 7.13. 1 First wife : Linda 7.13. 2 Second wife : Charlene 7.13. 3 Third wife : Lydia 7.13. 4 Fourth wife : Sonja 7.14 Aunt Dorothy 7.15 Arthur Heffley 7.16 Great Uncle Bruce 7.17 Byron Heffley 7.18 Nana Heffley 7.19 Aunt Cakey 7.20 Aunt Audra 7.21 Aunt Gretchen 7.22 Malvin and Malcolm 7.23 Meemaw and Peepaw 7.24 Gramma 's sisters 7.25 Lawrence Heffley 7.26 Chester `` Remus '' Heffley 7.27 Georgia 7.28 Benjy Heffley 7.29 Tony and Patricia Heffley 7.30 Uncle Larry 7.31 Martina 7.32 Gerald 8 Rowley 's family 8.1 Mr. Jefferson 8.2 Mrs. Jefferson 8.3 Rowley 's grandfather 9 Other characters 9.1 Fregley 9.2 Holly Elizabeth Hills 9.3 Chirag Gupta 9.4 Patty Farrell 9.5 Heather Hills 9.6 Albert Sandy 9.7 Mr. Ira 9.8 The Snellas 9.9 Scotty Douglas 9.10 Mr. Underwood 9.11 Bill Walter 9.12 Dr. Salazar Kagan 9.13 Lenwood Heath 9.14 Taylor Pringle 9.15 Jordan Jury 9.16 Angie Steadman 9.17 Pete Hosey 9.18 The Warrens 9.19 The Beardos 9.20 Joshie 9.21 Maddox Selsam 10 Pets and Other Animals 10.1 Dogs 10.1. 1 Sweetie 10.1. 2 Nutty 10.1. 3 Killer 10.1. 4 Rudy 10.1. 5 Henry 10.1. 6 Rebel 10.2 Fish 10.2. 1 Greg 's Fish 10.2. 2 Rodrick 's Fish 10.3 Other Animals 10.3. 1 Aunt Gretchen 's pets 10.3. 2 Squirm 10.3. 3 The Pig 11 References Greg Heffley ( edit ) Main article : Greg Heffley Self - drawing of Greg Gregory `` Greg '' Heffley is 12 years old in the first novel . Greg 's actions can however be antagonistic at times , including terrorizing kids , trying to steal money from a church collection basket , lying in confession , picking on other students , playing pranks on his best friend , selling falsely advertised fitness water and even praying for bad stuff to happen to others . However , he can also be a kind hearted character . He helps his brother with his homework , gets his friend a date for a dance , helps out , and forgives his friends . Greg is portrayed by Zachary Gordon and Jason Drucker in the movie series . He ca n't stop flirting with girls . But after all , he is a funny kid . Rowley Jefferson ( edit ) Rowley as drawn by Greg Rowley Jefferson is Greg 's best friend . In the first book , Rowley is an antagonist in Greg 's point of view while technically in a third - person view , Greg is the antagonist and Rowley is the protagonist . In Dog Days , they separate after Rowley damages Greg 's chances of winning a video game championship , but they get back together at the end of The Ugly Truth . At the end of The Third Wheel , Rowley begins dating Abigail Brown , a girl who was originally Greg 's date for the Valentine 's Day dance . This plot continues in Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Hard Luck , where he ditches Greg for his new girlfriend Abigail . At the end of the book , the couple break up and he becomes friends with Greg again . Rowley has what Greg considers strange interests for his age and gender , such as liking a singer for `` six - year - old girls '' named Joshie and action figures Greg believes are for younger kids . Rowley is also the owner of the comic strip Zoo Wee Mama . Rowley claims that Greg had nothing to do with the comic strip in the first book , a rare antagonistic move from him . In the movie series , Rowley is portrayed by Robert Capron & Owen Asztalos . Rowley 's shortest appearance was in The Long Haul , where he is only mentioned on one page . Susan Heffley ( edit ) Susan Heffley is Greg 's mother . Though she is loving and motherly , she sometimes seems naive , absent - minded , embarrassing , and overprotective , apparently thinking she knows about what kids Greg 's age are into when in fact , this is not the case . She does n't like technology . She also wants to become a good mother in front of her peers . She and her husband pay far more attention to Manny than their other two sons . She is portrayed by Rachael Harris in the first three films of the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series . In Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul , she is portrayed by Alicia Silverstone . In the online version of the first book , Susan was known as Ann Heffley . Frank Heffley ( edit ) Franklin `` Frank '' Heffley is Greg 's overreactive but well - meaning father . He is interested in U.S. history , and his replica of a Civil War battlefield is a plot point in the series . Frank is edgy around Rowley , does not appreciate Greg 's skill at video games , loathes heavy metal , adolescents . In Rodrick Rules , during Thanksgiving dinner , Frank turns up the thermostat to make everyone leave . He tries to toughen Greg up and threatens to send him to a military academy in The Last Straw , although ultimately this does not come to fruition , much to Greg 's relief . However , Greg and Frank grow together in Doge Days . Frank is portrayed by Steve Zahn in the first three films of the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series . In Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul , he is played by Tom Everett Scott . Manny Heffley ( edit ) Manny as drawn by Greg Manuel `` Manny '' Heffley is Greg and Rodrick 's younger brother . He is an annoying , spoiled child who is constantly doted on by his mother . He makes a great number of demands and throws temper tantrums if they are not fulfilled . Among Manny 's most well - known characteristics are his refusal to be toilet - trained and his complete inability to remain in nursery school . He frequently damages Greg 's property , and uses his age as an excuse for doing so . Whenever they go on vacations , Manny ends up ruining it and gets away with it . The excessive coddling he receives from his parents infuriates Greg . He also takes advantage of his overindulgence . It is revealed in The Third Wheel that Manny has imaginary friends , whom he blames for his misbehavior . Despite his very young age and spoilt attitude , Manny shows signs of actually possessing more intelligence than he appears to have . He surprises his family by his ability to speak Spanish in The Long Haul , but plays this to his advantage by persuading some Spanish men to take them to retrieve their pet pig . He is his grandmother 's favorite , although she denies this . In the three movies based on the first four books , Manny is portrayed by Connor and Owen Fielding . In the movie , Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul , he is portrayed by Wyatt and Dylan Walters . Manny has similar traits to those of Farley Drexel `` Fudge '' Hatcher . Rodrick Heffley ( edit ) Rodrick is Greg 's aggressive older brother . He is the drummer in a garage band called `` Löded Diper '' ( loaded diaper ) , noted for their substandard heavy metal concerts and limited musical abilities . Rodrick is not an exception to Frank 's notorious distrust of all teenagers . Rodrick is notorious for his stereotypical rebellious nature , feigning illness in Rodrick Rules so as to be allowed to remain at home to throw a chaotic house party during his parents ' absence , only for the evidence to appear in newly developed photographs that are quickly discovered by the boys ' parents . He bullies Greg a lot and pulls awful pranks that ruins Greg 's and his family 's life . Rodrick also possesses incompetent tendencies , as his school assignments are notoriously crude and idiotic . He assumes that Abraham Lincoln was the author of To Kill a Mockingbird and , with Greg 's aid , bases a science presentation around the hypothesis of whether or not plants sneeze . His spelling abilities are also poor , and he devotes a lot of time to tormenting Greg . In the books , Rodrick owns and drives a white van , which sports his band 's name written in large black letters , on either side of it and lacks any back seats , the reason being that Rodrick needs room for his band equipment . In the movie series , the van is revealed to be a 1996 Chevrolet Astro AWD van , which also sports a diaper 's pin drawn on the rear doors . In Rodrick Rules , Greg is haunted by the fact that Rodrick knows about his most mortifying experience during the summertime . This haunts him when he returns to school . However , his fears are quickly eased after the story becomes distorted to Greg 's advantage due to it being passed around by so many people ( à la Chinese Whispers ) , temporarily boosting his popularity . By the end of the film adaptation of Rodrick Rules , he is much closer to Greg , and his actions to him becomes much less aggressive . This is also shown in the film adaptation of Doge Days when Rodrick thanks Greg for getting him a gig at Heather Hills ' Sweet 16 . In the film series based on the books , Rodrick is played by Devon Bostick . In the film , Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul , Rodrick is played by Charlie Wright . Greg 's relatives and other family ( edit ) Grandma and Grampa ( edit ) Grandma and Grampa are Susan 's parents and Greg 's maternal grandparents . Grandma is known to drive a car like the Heffleys ' . Greg often calls her to his home as a way to avoid his dad 's scoldings , since his dad will not do this when she is around . When she is about to leave , Greg quickly goes to accompany her . Grampa has not appeared in the book series thus far ( except for the Do it Yourself book , in a family tree ) , implying that he and Grandma were divorced or he died . Grandpa Heffley ( edit ) Greg 's paternal grandpa is a typical unpredictable grandfather who is asked to babysit Rodrick and his brother in Rodrick Rules . He lives in a care home called Leisure Towers and enjoys playing games such as `` Gutbusters '' , which the two boys find boring . Grandpa is a smoker . He has his television tuned to the CCTV in the care home lobby , which he spends his time watching . In Old School , he moves out of Leisure Towers because the rent is too high and moves in with the Heffleys . Grandpa has a girlfriend named Darlene in the book `` Hard Luck '' and broke up with her in the book `` Old School '' . Grandpa dates on online . Greg is his favorite . Grandpa is known for making an awful dish named `` Watercress Salad '' which is just cucumber and floating beans in a pool of vinegar this dish is hated by Greg but Rodrick makes him have more . It 's stated that Grandpa never spent much time with Frank when Frank was a boy . Joe Heffley ( edit ) Joe Heffley is Frank 's brother and Greg 's uncle . Frank has a sibling rivalry with Joe due to his actions . When Manny started potty training , Uncle Joe insisted that there was a `` potty monster '' that was about to get him , causing him to fear using the bathroom , forcing Frank to change his diapers for a longer time . Greg says that he could hear Frank cursing at Joe when he changed Manny 's diapers because of this . Uncle Joe 's children call their uncle `` Aunt Fwank '' , which Frank swears he told them to do on purpose ; Susan thinks it 's cute . In Dog Days , Greg mentions that he tried to make Uncle Joe convince Frank to get a dog , but that did not work out . He also mentions that Joe 's dog , Killer ate most of his birthday cake . Joe Heffley 's wife ( edit ) Joe Heffley 's wife is a dark - haired woman and Greg 's aunt . She does not appear much in the books . Joe Heffley 's children ( edit ) Joe Heffley has at least 3 children , who appear to be a bit older than Manny , and are Greg 's cousins . They all call Frank `` Aunt Fwank . '' Charlie Heffley ( edit ) Charlie Heffley is Nana Heffley 's brother and Greg 's great uncle . He is also Greg 's `` secret weapon '' at Christmas , as he asks him to buy him presents that his parents have forbidden him from receiving . However , this backfires as he is usually given the wrong thing . For example , Greg wanted to use a Barbie dollhouse as a fort for his soldier action figures , but Charlie gave him a Barbie doll instead . Also , when it was brought up at a family meeting that Greg was into superheroes , he received Wonder Woman underwear . Charlie is a bachelor and spends his spare money well . Greg says he wants to follow in his footsteps . in the first book , Greg thought Charlie got him Twisted Wizard because of the size of the box , but it was just an 8x10 picture of Charlie . In The Last Straw , Charlie got Greg a laundry hoop , hinting that he is tired of being Greg 's secret weapon at Christmas , as the events that transpired meant that Greg effectively got a chore for Christmas . Uncle cecil ( edit ) Cecil is the boys ' uncle but is only 3 or 4 years old . He sits at the grown - ups table at family gatherings because Greg 's Great Aunt Marcie adopted him and since he 's her son , he 's allowed to sit at the grown - ups ' table . He only appears in Hard Luck . Loretta Heffley ( edit ) Loretta Heffley is Greg 's great - aunt and the sister of Grandpa , Arthur and Reba . Not much is known about her . She appeared mainly in Rodrick Rules at the Thanksgiving dinner . She also appeared a couple of times in the Do It Yourself Book and The Ugly Truth . It is implied that Greg and Rodrick dislike her , as they fight over who has to greet her first when she visits . Aunt Veronica ( edit ) Aunt Veronica is Greg 's aunt and Susan 's sister . Greg states that she has never been seen in person since he was 2 or 3 years old , but calls his family members on video chat . When Greg was sitting on the toilet playing games on his brand new phone ( which was actually a hand - me - down from his mother ) , she started a video chat with him . This startled him , leading to him dropping the phone into the toilet ... She appears in Hard Luck multiple times - often in person - but on other occasions by video conference on a tablet and the used phone that Susan gave to Greg . Terrence Heffley ( edit ) Terrence , who has a mustache and glasses , is Frank 's second cousin . It is implied that Greg thinks he is ugly . This was suggested when he was explaining that when Terrence was his age , he looked exactly like him , which is true . Greg then mentions he better start saving up for plastic surgery . Gammie Heffley ( edit ) Gammie is Greg 's great - grandmother , and the unofficial head of the Heffley family . She only appears in The Ugly Truth , as a minor character . She also has Legos that Susan bought so that her kids had something to do at her house . Gammie glued them together to make one whole brick because of the mess the blocks make . Gammie is a trickster and knows a lot because of `` experience '' . When someone in the family is about 12 or 13 years old she gives them The Talk , which is about how kids should not be hurrying to grow up . Gammie loves having visitors for dinner . One day she bought a scratch ticket , and matched up two pictures and told all her family members that she had won a lot of money . Everyone was in a very big rush to visit her . When they all arrived Frank told Gammie that to win you had to match up three pictures . When she found this out , she did not really care . She pulled a roast right out of the oven , and Greg figures she got what she really wanted anyway . Gammie is the mother of Grandpa , Arthur , Reba , and Loretta Heffley . Gammie is briefly mentioned by Greg in Cabin Fever when he says she gave a miniature carousel that held spoons from all over the world to Greg 's family five or six years before . Reba Heffley ( edit ) Reba Heffley is Greg 's great - aunt . Gammie forgot to give her an invitation at Christmas , but she came anyway . She made everyone feel guilty . She only appears in The Ugly Truth . She and Loretta are identical twins . Reba is the sister of Grandpa , Loretta , and Arthur Heffley . Gary Heffley ( edit ) Gary is Greg 's uncle and has been married four times . In The Ugly Truth it is revealed that all of his wives divorced him as soon as they found out about his financial situation and job . In The Third Wheel he comes to live with Greg 's family after he discovers his job selling shirts in Boston was a ripoff - `` Boston '' was spelled `` Botson '' . Later in the book he is chosen to be the DJ at Greg 's Valentine 's Day dance . In Double Down , Gary cut down a big branch hanging over his driveway and ended up breaking his collarbone . First wife : Linda ( edit ) Reason for divorce : Job unappealing for her ( Gary was working as a mascot at children 's parties ) . Second wife : charlene ( edit ) Reason for divorce : Financial miscommunication ( He had $45 in his bank instead of $45,000 . ) Third wife : Lydia ( edit ) Reason for divorce : Unknown , possibly because of a tattoo that used to read `` Lydia '' ( and was later modified to read `` I am not in love with Lydia anymore '' ) . Fourth wife : Sonja ( edit ) Reason for likely divorce : He was only engaged to her by accident when a plane with a banner saying `` MARRY ME SONJA '' flew over the baseball game where he was going to break up with her because he wanted to start dating her sister . Apparently , there was another Sonja at the baseball stadium . Before Gary could say anything , Sonja turned around and said `` YES , YES ! '' When they divorced , it was after their wedding when Gary 's friend included the story in his speech . Aunt Dorothy ( edit ) Dorothy is Greg 's aunt who always kisses him on the lips . Greg 's mom , Susan , says it is rude to wipe off the kisses Dorothy gives him . She is overweight and sometimes passes gas loudly , much to Greg 's dismay . She appears on the `` Have You Ever '' page in the Do - It - Yourself Book when Greg asks : `` Have you ever been kissed full on the lips by a relative who 's older than seventy ? '' This probably means she is older than 70 years old . Arthur Heffley ( edit ) Arthur Heffley is Greg 's great - uncle . He only speaks in grunts or makes random sounds . He never has an actual conversation with anybody , but sometimes Greg tries to respond to him just in case he is trying to communicate . For example , once when he said `` Rrup ? '' , Greg replied `` Umm ... No thank you '' . He wears glasses and a neck tie . Arthur is the brother of Reba , Grandpa , and Loretta Heffley . Great uncle Bruce ( edit ) Great Uncle Bruce is a deceased character who is mentioned in Cabin Fever and The Third Wheel . Greg is presented with a rather luxurious blanket as a Christmas gift , only to be repelled by it upon learning that it had formerly belonged to Great Uncle Bruce before his death . This leads him to give it to an unsuspecting Rodrick as a birthday present . In The Third Wheel , Greg uses Great Uncle Bruce 's old cologne on Valentine 's Day , which ends up attracting some old ladies . Byron Heffley ( edit ) Byron is Frank 's cousin whom Greg is not excited to see because at Gammie 's last meeting , he was sent out to get milk , but hit a pothole halfway home , and got a flat tire . Greg had to get him . He needed supplies , so Greg returned to Gammie 's . Because of his muddy shoes the ladies needed to warn him since he was about to track mud into the house . Unfortunately , he forgot about Byron 's tire , and he was not happy when he got to Gammie 's . Byron is Arthur Heffley 's son . He only appears in The Ugly Truth . Nana Heffley ( edit ) Not much is known about Nana , but according to a young Greg , she smelt like asparagus . She is Greg , Rodrick , and Manny 's paternal grandmother , mother to Frank , Joe and Gary , and Mother - in - law to Susan . She is Grandpa 's wife . It is revealed in Double Down she died when Greg was younger and it makes him uncomfortable to think she is `` watching '' him from heaven . Her first appearance was in Double Down . Aunt Cakey ( edit ) Aunt Cakey is Susan 's oldest sister and does not like kids . She used to have a dog . She despises kids , and Susan now never trusts her to babysit Greg . Aunt Audra ( edit ) Aunt Audra is one of Susan 's sisters . She believed in crystal balls and took Greg along with her to see her fortuneteller a few times . Susan think Audra is wasting her money , but the fortuneteller once told Greg , `` A dark haired woman will plant a seed of doubt in your mind . '' The fortuneteller also told Audra that Meemaw 's ring was inside a photo album . It turned out the fortuneteller did not mean it literally . Aunt Gretchen ( edit ) Aunt Gretchen is Susan 's youngest sister . She has two out - of - control twin sons , Malvin and Malcolm . Aunt Gretchen has at least thirty pets . In Hard Luck , her rabbit ( which everyone thought was a male ) has a litter of bunnies , angering Frank . Once they played throw and catch with a strong sharp piece of concrete . Malvin had to go to the emergency room to get stitches in his forehead . Malvin and Malcolm ( edit ) Malvin and Malcolm are Gretchen 's two sons . They are out - of control kids , playing catch with rocks and cement chunks . Malcolm is the wilder . He once got hold of Frank 's shaving kit and shaved himself . He also called the police to report Greg 's family for running out of ketchup . This results in Frank angrily making them leave . Meemaw and Peepaw ( edit ) Meemaw and Peepaw are the parents of Gramma and her two sisters , and are the grandparents of Susan . Their first appearance was in Hard Luck . Peepaw is portrayed as old and batty . Meemaw is dead , while Peepaw is still alive . Meemaw was in charge of putting prizes in the Easter eggs , and wore a diamond ring , which was extremely valuable because it had been in her family for three generations . Before she died , she accidentally put her ring in an Easter egg that was found by Greg at the end of the book . Meemaw appears in the film adaption of the Long Haul played by Mimi Gould . Meemaw 's birthday results in Susan 's `` great Heffley road trip '' . Gramma 's sisters ( edit ) Gramma 's sisters are the great - aunts of Rodrick , Greg , and Manny . They are the aunts of Susan Heffley and her sisters . Lawrence Heffley ( edit ) Lawrence Heffley is Greg 's uncle who is always traveling , and therefore is unable to make it to family events . He did , however , appear at Great - Grandpa Chester 's funeral by webcam . He only appears in The Ugly Truth . Chester `` Remus '' Heffley ( edit ) Chester Heffley was Greg 's great - grandfather and Gammie Heffley 's husband . It was revealed that he died in The Ugly Truth . Greg referred to him as Remus in The Do it Yourself Book . Georgia ( edit ) Georgia is Greg 's cousin who has an extremely loose tooth that she does not want to pull out . She only appears in Hard Luck . Benjy Heffley ( edit ) Benjy Heffley is Greg 's cousin . He can read chapter books and speak in full sentences . However , he still is n't potty trained . He only appears in The Ugly Truth . Tony and Patricia Heffley ( edit ) Tony and Patricia Heffley are Greg 's aunt and uncle and the parents of Benjy Heffley . Uncle Larry ( edit ) Uncle Larry is supposedly Greg 's uncle . Greg is not sure if he is an actual relative , and he thinks someone invited him to a family gathering at some point and that he has been coming ever since . When Audra 's fortuneteller told her Meemaw 's ring was in a photo album , Larry helped realize that that the ring was in a plastic egg . This was proved to be true , as it was found in a plastic egg by Greg later on . Martina ( edit ) Martina is Susan 's cousin who smashed her collarbone at a buffet in Las Vegas , and ended up suing the hotel . She possibly owns a Porsche . Gerald ( edit ) Gerald is Susan 's cousin who lives in California . He lived with Greg 's family a few months after Greg was born , and even used to change his diapers . Rowley 's family ( edit ) Mr. Jefferson ( edit ) Mr. Jefferson is Rowley 's father , and is far more shrill than Mr. Heffley . He is extremely rude and paranoid , and does not accept any criticism from anyone of himself or his property . He is the strictest father in the series so far . He will not let Rowley play any video game with the slightest bit of violence or fighting in it , as he thinks doing this could change Rowley into a different person . Mr. Jefferson thinks Greg is a `` bad influence '' on his son . It is also shown that Mr. Jefferson had a close bond with Rowley . He shows little interest in sports until Dog Days , where he is found playing tennis with Rowley and golf with a caddy . In Rodrick Rules , Greg and Rowley say in their secret language : `` Your - pa dad - pa smells - pa like - pa a woman - pa ! '' Greg is then sent home early , and questions how Mr. Jefferson cracked the code . In Dog Days , it is revealed that Mr. Jefferson 's first name is Robert . When Susan emailed him because of the note Greg sent her , it had Mr. Jefferson 's first name on it . In `` Old School '' , he is stuck chaperoning the group of extra kids ( which includes Rowley and Greg ) , much to Greg 's dismay . Later , Rowley adds poison ivy to a fire started by him and he has problems breathing on the next morning , which means he and Rowley ( Who had spots on his body ) would be going back home . In the film series , Mr. Jefferson has not spoken until the third film , implying that he is a man of a few words . Mrs. Jefferson ( edit ) Mrs. Jefferson is Rowley 's mother . She often seems to be concerned about Rowley such as the time he broke his big toe after Greg put one of his dad 's dumbbells under a pillow that Rowley kept kicking at Greg 's sleepover . She also had Greg apologize to her for what he did to Rowley . Despite this , Mrs. Jefferson always enjoys Greg 's company with Rowley . Although Mrs. Jefferson loves Greg , she does not let him come over because her husband dislikes him . In day 24 of the online version , it is revealed that her first name is Linda from Greg 's The Boy Whose Family Thinks He 's a DOG comic . In the first film , Rowley 's mother is portrayed by Kaye Capron , Robert Capron 's real life mother ; in Dog Days she is portrayed by Bronwen Smith . Rowley 's grandfather ( edit ) Rowley 's grandfather only appears in Rodrick Rules . It is his birthday and he asks for a chocolate cake for his next birthday . Because of his no lying policy Greg replies : `` If you 're even alive next year '' . He is 90 years old in Rodrick Rules . In the Rodrick Rules movie , Greg 's grandfather has this role instead . Other characters ( edit ) Fregley ( edit ) Fregley is Greg 's firm and impeccably graspable acquaintance and neighbor noted for his unexplained lot of odd or disgusting eccentricities . He has been known to perplex others with his behavior , and does not have any known friends . Greg has been forced to hang around with Fregley on several occasions , to his chagrin or aggravation . It has been mentioned that Fregley is prohibited from eating sugar by his parents , and the consumption of it in large quantities will send him into hysterical , uncontrollable frenzies . Fregley won the `` Student of the Week '' award in `` Cabin Fever '' for not biting anyone for five days . In the film adaptions of the books , Fregley is played by Grayson Russell . In the films , he is a close friend of Greg , while in the book series , Greg always tries to avoid him . Holly Elizabeth Hills ( edit ) Holly Elizabeth Hills is the name of one of Greg 's classmates ; an older girl who primarily serves as Greg 's unrequited romantic interest and also Heather Hills ' younger sister . She is the youngest daughter of Mr. Hills and Mrs. Hills . A minor character , she earns a prominent role in The Last Straw as the object of Greg 's most recent infatuation . He is continuously motivated to impress her to no avail . Virtually oblivious to Greg 's existence or identity ( Greg stops trying to impress her after she mistakes him for Fregley ) , she appears to take an interest in Rowley 's sweetness , judging by an enthusiastic message which she had signed in his yearbook ( as opposed to the note that she had written for the envious Greg ) . She seldom appears afterwards . Greg 's interest in her is seemingly damaged by events such as this and he starts showing an interest in other girls , including Holly 's older sister Heather . Whereas her personality is hardly explored in the books , Holly 's role was increased in film adaptions , debuting in Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Rodrick Rules as a newcomer to Greg 's middle school with whom he is instantly besotted . She is depicted as being friendly and good - natured . The relationship she shares with Greg and Rowley is emphasized and exaggerated in the film portrayals , to the extent it can be assumed that the feelings Greg has for her may be mutual . She reappears in Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days . Her family is portrayed as being wealthy and her sister shown to be tyrannical , spoiled , and selfish . Holly seems to enjoy the boys ' companionship , and shows gratitude for Rodrick Heffley 's unintentional blunders that wind up destroying the undeserving Heather 's birthday party . The party ends with Holly slipping her hand into Greg 's , implying that she likes him as well , and she , Greg and Rowley had a pool party not long after . Holly is portrayed by Peyton R. List . Chirag Gupta ( edit ) Chirag Gupta is one of Greg 's schoolmates and a minor character in the books . He is characterized by his short stature . Although he and Greg are well - acquainted and generally amiable to one another , Greg started the `` Invisible Chirag '' prank in Rodrick Rules . During the summer the Gupta family were to move away but an unexplained alteration in their plans changed this . As a result , Chirag 's classmates teasingly ignore his existence or presence for days on end , which aggravates and shocks him . Though Chirag has apparently forgiven Greg and his fellow schoolmates for concocting the prank , it is mentioned in one book that he takes advantage of his family 's non-observance of the Christmas holiday , and no obligation to behave for Santa Claus , to pick on Greg . In the movie adaptions , Chirag 's role is enhanced and he is a close friend of Greg and Rowley . He also plays a considerably more prominent role in these films , appearing in adaptions of books in which he is absent or hardly mentioned . He is depicted as being Indian - American . He is portrayed by Karan Brar . Patty Farrell ( edit ) Patricia `` Patty '' Farrell is a minor character who shares an intense rivalry with Greg , which is showcased on a few occasions . It is implied she is a hardworking but sanctimonious and domineering student . She earns Greg 's animosity after she suggests a map of the United States displayed in the classroom be covered during a geography quiz . Greg had planned to cheat using the map and this causes great difficulties for him , and makes him agitated . Motivated by his lust for revenge , he volunteers to play a tree in the school 's upcoming production of `` The Wizard of Oz `` after viewing the movie adaption for the first time . He believes the role entails having to bombard the character of Dorothy Gale ( whom Patty would be portraying in the play ) with apples , only to learn that this scene was deleted for the school production . He winds up re-enacting this scene , despite the script , sending his parents into a rage . She has yet to play quite as significant a role in the book series again . She has become something of a minor recurring character whose appearances are rare . In the film adaptions of the books , Patty 's role is enhanced slightly . She is depicted as being monstrously demanding . Her parents are involved with the school board in this portrayal . The motivation given for her hatred of Greg is his recital of an offensive playground chant poking fun at her that sent her bursting into tears in elementary school . She appears in the film adaptions of all three films Diary of a Wimpy Kid , Diary of a Wimpy Kid ; Rodrick Rules and Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days . Alterations made to the books include her talent for both wrestling and playing tennis . She snatches any opportunity to assault Greg somehow while engaged in either sport with him . She is played by Laine MacNeil . Heather Hills ( edit ) Heather Hills is the attractive elder sister of Holly Elizabeth Hills , with whom Rodrick is infatuated . A minor character in the books , but the main antagonist in the third film , Heather is only featured in several books as the object of Greg 's unrequited infatuation . However , she seems oblivious to this . A student attending Crossland High School with Rodrick , she has had several minor occupations throughout the course of the books , during each of which Rodrick fecklessly attempts to grab her attention or to impress her . Little insight into her personality is provided in the book series . Similar to her younger sister , Holly , Heather 's personality and role is further enhanced in the only film adaption in which she has appeared , Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days . In a modification of the events of the books , she is depicted as the oldest daughter of the Hills family . She is spoiled , obnoxious , rude , ignorant , selfish , conceited , ungrateful , unforgiving , cold - hearted , demanding , mistreating her family and acquaintances . Plus , she proves to be even worse than Rodrick . Lovelorn , Rodrick Heffley and his band are hired to perform at Heather 's ostentatious upcoming sixteenth birthday party , and , in an attempt to earn her admiration , Rodrick winds up messing up the celebration and decorations during a boisterous , and substandard performance of Justin Bieber 's `` Baby '' , which makes Heather very upset and the party ends in disaster . She is portrayed by Melissa Roxburgh . Heather has a slight reference to the behavior of the Carnotaur from Disney 's `` Dinosaur ( film ) '' . Albert Sandy ( edit ) Albert Sandy is a minor character , who talks often about rumors he has heard . The validity of his statements are unconfirmed . One of the statement which was not confirmed by Greg was when Albert told him that `` it was medically impossible for a girl to fart '' . Greg knew that it was not true because when his mom hugged Aunt Dorothy on Christmas Eve she farted . Albert has appeared in The Last Straw , The Ugly Truth , Old School , and Double Down . Mr. Ira ( edit ) Only appearing in Diary of a Wimpy Kid , Mr. Ira is a teacher at Greg 's middle school who is on the school newspaper adult staff , and enlists a replacement comic strip for the newspaper . He was made fun of in a comic strip entitled Dumb Teachers , and later bowdlerises Greg 's Creighton the Cretin comic . He does not do the same with Rowley 's Zoo - Wee Mama strip , much to Greg 's chagrin . The Snellas ( edit ) First appearing in The Last Straw , The Snellas are a family that lives in the Heffleys ' neighborhood . They have a lot of children , all of whom are male , with names beginning with the letter S. Five of the children 's names are revealed , and they are ( from oldest to youngest ) : Shawn , Shane , Sam , Scott , and Seth . In The Last Straw , it is revealed that each Snella child has a half birthday party at which the adults perform funny stunts , to attempt to make the babies laugh . According to Greg , however , no baby has laughed once . Mr. Snella records the action on his camcorder . Mr. Snella then sends the videos to America 's Funniest Families , a spoof and parody of America 's Funniest Home Videos , and has never won anything ( though after Greg is filmed wearing Wonder Woman underoos hanging off a tree with his trousers below his ankles at the end of The Last Straw , the footage is sent , and it is never explained if Mr Snella won with it ) . Their most recent appearance was in The Ugly Truth , when they move to another house because of a strange smell they can not get rid of in their home . The smell was deviled eggs , which Greg hates and threw into one of their plant pots when he was having dinner at their house . Despite trying to find the cause of the smell , the Snellas can not figure it out and eventually just move . Greg feels guilty when he sees that they are taking the plant pot with them , but he resolves to try to find a way to sneak deviled eggs into Fregley 's house . In Cabin Fever , it is revealed a man named Mr. Alexander moved into the Snellas ' house . Scotty douglas ( edit ) Scotty is a first grader from Rowley 's karate class . In Rodrick Rules , Scotty was going to do a magic act in the Talent Show with Rowley as his assistant . But after Greg breaks Rowley 's big toe , he has to fill in for Rowley . Greg complains about being a magician 's assistant to Scotty , but Susan tells Scotty 's mother that Greg would be happy to replace Rowley . In the tryouts , Greg messes up the act so badly they are the only ones not to make the auditions . Scotty has a remarkably similar appearance to Greg 's comic character , Creighton The Cretin , except Creighton 's eyes are wide open and Scotty 's eyes are beady just like all the other characters that do not wear glasses . In The Ugly Truth , he becomes the new Peachy Breeze kid , yet can not say the slogan right . Between Rodrick Rules and The Ugly Truth it appears that Scotty has two siblings - an unnamed baby sister and an older brother ( who is supposed to be ugly ) . In The Third Wheel , when Greg and Rowley become private investigators Greg looks through the window at his house to find him playing one of Greg 's video games with Rowley . Mr. Underwood ( edit ) Mr. Underwood is Greg 's Phys Ed coach . In the film series , he is named Coach Malone . Bill Walter ( edit ) Bill Walter is a 35 - year - old high school drop out , and professional singer , who has a rude attitude . Rodrick idolizes him and his lifestyle . In the novel Rodrick Rules , he was voted `` Most Likely to Be a Rock Star '' which influenced Rodrick to persuade him to join the band . Frank Heffley strongly dislikes Bill because he disapproves of his lifestyle , and is afraid Rodrick will follow in his footsteps . In the movie version of Rodrick Rules he is portrayed by Fran Kranz and is the main antagonist . He agrees to join Rodrick 's rock band Loded Diper and later attempts to kick him out for an unknown reason . After performing the song Exploded Diper , Rodrick retaliates and kicks him out . He also makes an appearance with Rodrick at the beginning at the roller rink . In the book Greg describes him as unemployed still living with his parents even though he is 35 years old . Also , in Rodrick Rules Bill appears to be a slob , as he `` slorks '' pot roast . Dr. salazar Kagan ( edit ) Dr. Kagan , Frank 's dentist , makes his debut in The Ugly Truth . Frank takes Greg to Dr. Kagan instead of his usual dentist , a pretty woman named Rachel on whom Greg has a crush . Greg bites Dr. Kagan 's finger when his teeth are being checked . In what Greg believes to be an act of revenge , Dr. Kagan tells Frank that Greg needs headgear to correct his overbite . Greg says Dr. Kagan is scary and evil and that he never fools around . He has sharp metal tools and never smiles -- not even when his picture is taken . He also has billboards on the highway with ads that freak Greg out . His motto is , `` Bad oral health is nothing to smile about . '' Dr. Kagan makes a brief appearance in Double Down when Greg compares him to a book he read called Spineticklers # 67 : My Dentist is The Devil . Lenwood Heath ( edit ) Lenwood Heath only appears in The Last Straw . He is a rebellious teenager , who was Greg 's father 's arch - enemy for about three months before he was sent to military academy . This resulted in him becoming a fine young man who works at the movie theater . In the Dog Days film , he is portrayed by Tom Stevens , and is seen working as a lifeguard at the pool the Heffleys are attending . Taylor Pringle ( edit ) Taylor Pringle is a minor character who only appears in the films , Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Rodrick Rules and Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days and does not appear in the books . She is a girl who is very rude and unforgiving , and is first seen at the end of the opening scene in Rodrick Rules in which during her birthday party at the roller rink , Rodrick embarrasses Greg , prompting Greg to try and tackle him , but he misses and lands in Taylor 's birthday cake , destroying it . As a result of this , Taylor gets angry and she and her friends begin beating up Greg as the intro begins . She appears again in Dog Days , at the country club 's pool , in which she simply asks Heather what time the snack bar closes and Heather obnoxiously shuns Taylor . Later , when Greg attempts to impress Holly by jumping off the high diving board , he becomes nervous , due to it being very high above the water . Taylor then comes up behind Greg and states that he is talking to himself , due to being scared . When Greg gives Taylor a brush - off that he is not scared and that she is `` just a little kid '' , she pressures him to jump . When Greg jumps , he loses his swimsuit on the board , and Taylor chucks it onto a nearby fence to get back at Greg for berating her . As a result , Greg is forced to borrow a girl 's swimsuit that reads Holly on it until he goes to the fence to retrieve his own swimsuit , and as he does so , he gets taunted by Patty . Taylor is portrayed by Dalila Bela . Jordan Jury ( edit ) Only appearing in The Ugly Truth , Jordan Jury is a popular boy in a grade above Greg , who always has blowout parties . Greg is amazed when he discovers that he has been given a textbook that used to belong to him . Jordan invites Greg and Rowley to his latest party , but Greg can not not go because of his Uncle Gary 's fourth wedding . However , he later realises that he is lucky that he could n't go , because the only reason Jordan invited kids in Greg 's grade to the party was to use them as servants . Angie Steadman ( edit ) Angie Steadman only appears as an additional character in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film . She is in seventh grade , has a pink streak of hair , works for the school newspaper , and hates middle school , calling it an `` intellectual wasteland . '' In the film , Greg and Rowley meet her under the bleachers during a game of `` Gladiator '' . She gets along with Rowley , but starts a rocky relationship with Greg after he egotistically declines her offer to join the school newspaper . Greg later tells the whole school he ate the cheese instead of Rowley and she compliments and accepts him when she sees that Greg is learning the errors of his ways . In the film , she is portrayed by Chloë Grace Moretz . Pete Hosey ( edit ) Pete Hosey is the leader of the teenagers who attacked Greg and Rowley on Halloween . He is an antagonist in the first film . He is unnamed in the first book and he is replaced by Herbie Reamer in the online version . After hassling Greg and Rowley on Halloween , Greg yells that he will call the cops , and they chase him to Greg 's grandmother 's house . In the book , Greg and Rowley sneak back home , but in the movie , they try to intimidate Pete and his friends with a weed hacker , before Pete scratches his car and they are chased into the woods . In both the book and the movie , the teens hold a vendetta against Greg and Rowley . Near the end they corner them on the school field and decide to force them to eat the moldy cheese . Rowley is forced to eat the cheese , but Greg avoids it by saying he 's lactose intolerant . In the movie they are chased off by the coach . The Warrens ( edit ) Although his family is vaguely referenced in the books , the Warren 's are what got Frank thinking of making Greg more manly . Frank is deeply jealous of the Warrens . In stark contrast to Greg , the Warrens ' children are shown to be athletic and sporty . In the third film , Stan , the father of the family , is shown to be a neighbor of the Heffley 's . He had a childhood rivalry with Frank , that they appear to have gotten over as adults . Greg finds out that Stan has been making fun of his father behind his back and comes up with an elaborate prank to get back at him . In the movie , Mr Warren is the troop master of the Wilderness Explorers , and invites everyone over for an Independence Day party . They only appear in Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Last Straw . The Beardos ( edit ) Only appearing in The Long Haul , the Beardos are the main antagonists of the book . They are a couple with three sons . The Heffleys indirectly meet them during their road trip , though only Greg knows who they are . Their first encounter is at a motel , where Greg angrily berates one of the Beardo children , who then tells his father on him , causing Greg to fear running into them again . Greg and his family are convinced that the Beardos have stolen their luggage and belongings at a place they both attended called `` Soak Central . '' They try to track them down though it was revealed at the end that Greg actually had the key to their locker in Soak Central , and that he got the number wrong . Their belongings were actually there . The Beardos were known for driving a purple van , similar to the Heffleys ' minivan . The family 's real surname is unknown , as Greg himself does not who they are . It is likely he dubbed them this because of the patriarch 's noticeably long beard . In the film adaption of The Long Haul , Mr. and Mrs. Beardo are portrayed by Chris Coppola and Kimberli Lincoln , and have a daughter named Brandi and two sons named Brandon and Brent . Joshie ( edit ) Joshie is a singer who is famous in Europe and is Rowley 's favorite singer and idol . Greg believes that Joshie is for six - year old girls , but Rowley ignores him , saying that Greg is jealous because he was the one who `` discovered '' Joshie . Maddox Selsam ( edit ) Maddox Selsam is a boy who lives in the middle of nowhere . He is not allowed to have any screen time , and does not have a TV at his house . He enjoys playing with his Legos and practicing his violin . He met Greg in Double Down when he found Greg 's balloon for the Balloon Brigade at his school . Pets and other animals ( edit ) Dogs ( edit ) Sweetie ( edit ) Sweetie is a dog that first appeared in Dog Days . Greg 's dad buys him after discovering that his father lied about accidentally killing his childhood dog , Nutty . Sweetie wreaks havoc in the Heffley household and is given to Gramma at the end of the book ... Sweetie undergoes drastic weight gain at Gramma 's house because he is fed lots of table scraps . Eventually Gramma dresses him up in a suit and tie like a little human . Greg and Rodrick like playing with him by going up behind him and making flatulence sounds . He will then sniff his rear end until he goes to sleep . Nutty ( edit ) Nutty is Frank 's old dog which he had when he was around Greg 's age . Grandpa accidentally ran over and killed Nutty with his station wagon when he backed out of the driveway . Grandpa covered the truth by saying that Nutty ran away to a butterfly farm . Frank is very angry when he finds out the truth during a Father 's Day brunch . Killer ( edit ) Killer is Joe Heffley 's family dog . In Dog Days , he wreaks havoc by eating part of Greg 's birthday cake . Rudy ( edit ) Rudy was Aunt Cakey 's dog . He was usually oblivious to what was going on around him , opting to stare straight ahead doing nothing . It is not known how Rudy died . Henry ( edit ) Henry is Gramma 's dog who died around the time of the dog days of summer . Rebel ( edit ) Rebel is a Rottweiler that used to chase Greg and Rowley on their way to school before his owner installed an electric fence around the front yard . He only appears in Hard Luck . Fish ( edit ) Greg 's fish ( edit ) In Dog Days , Greg buys an angel fish from a pet store . He also buys a journal to log the actions of his fish but later realizes he can not put much in it . Greg 's fish was later made to share a tank with Rodrick 's fish , who ate it while Greg and his family were at the water park on Father 's Day . Rodrick 's fish ( edit ) Rodrick 's fish is a piranha - type fish that was picked out the fish at a pet store in Dog Days , because it was described as aggressive . Due to Rodrick 's neglect at cleaning the tank it was made to share a tank with Greg 's fish , which it ate . The fish has not appeared since Dog Days , with no further mention of its eventual fate . Other animals ( edit ) Aunt Gretchen 's pets ( edit ) Aunt Gretchen has about thirty pets that the Heffleys pet - sit in Hard Luck , while she is sightseeing . Her pets include three dogs , two cats , a mouse , a parakeet , a turtle , a snake , a lizard , and a litter of bunnies that her rabbit gave birth to while Gretchen is away . Squirm ( edit ) Squirm was an inchworm Greg found and took care of when he was nine . It was stood on and squashed by Manny when he began learning how to walk . The pig ( edit ) The Heffley 's pet pig first appeared in The Long Haul , and has appeared in all books after that . It first appeared when Manny Heffley won it at a country fair for correctly guessing the weight of a hog . The Pig shows extraordinary intelligence , and gains human characteristics , both disturbing and annoying Greg . A running gag is that the Pig will open objects such as soda cans and a jar full of candy corn despite not having opposable thumbs . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McCarron , Heather ( October 12 , 2009 ) . `` Nothing ' Wimpy ' about local author 's success '' . Milford Daily News . Retrieved October 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ ' Diary of a Wimpy Kid ' Sequel to Bow Next March . Moviefone.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ All about Jeff Kinney ^ Jump up to : Kinney , Jeff ( 2007 ) . Diary of a Wimpy Kid . Diary of a Wimpy Kid . Amulet Books . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 9313 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Kinney , Jeff ( 2008 ) . Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Rodrick Rules . Diary of a Wimpy Kid . ^ Jump up to : Kinney , Jeff ( 2009 ) . Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Last Straw . Diary of a Wimpy Kid . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 7068 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Kinney , Jeff ( 2010 ) . Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Ugly Truth . Diary of a Wimpy Kid . Jump up ^ Kenney , Jeff ( 2011 ) . Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Cabin Fever . Diary of a Wimpy Kid . ( hide ) The Diary of a Wimpy Kid series by Jeff Kinney Novels Diary of a Wimpy Kid Rodrick Rules The Last Straw Dog Days The Ugly Truth Cabin Fever The Third Wheel Hard Luck The Long Haul Old School Double Down The Getaway Characters Greg Heffley Film series Diary of a Wimpy Kid Rodrick Rules Dog Days The Long Haul Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Diary_of_a_Wimpy_Kid_characters&oldid=802167108 '' Categories : Lists of literary characters Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing style editing from April 2012 All articles needing style editing Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from April 2012 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles lacking reliable references from July 2014 All articles lacking reliable references Use American English from August 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English All articles with links needing disambiguation Articles with links needing disambiguation from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 11 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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what is the defense of marriage act 1996

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Defense_of_Marriage_Act&oldid=834188205

Defense of marriage Act - wikipedia Defense of marriage Act Jump to : navigation , search `` DOMA '' redirects here . For other uses , see Doma ( disambiguation ) . For other uses of `` Defense of Marriage Act '' , see Defense of marriage amendment . Defense of Marriage Act Long title An Act to define and protect the institution of marriage Acronyms ( colloquial ) DOMA Enacted by the 104th United States Congress Effective September 21 , 1996 Citations Public law Pub. L. 104 -- 199 Statutes at Large 110 Stat. 2419 ( 1996 ) Codification Titles amended 1 U.S.C. General Provisions 28 U.S.C. Judiciary and Judicial Procedure U.S.C. sections created 1 U.S.C. § 7 ( Struck down , June 26 , 2013 ) Legislative history Introduced in the House as H.R. 3396 by Bob Barr ( R -- GA ) on May 7 , 1996 Committee consideration by Committee on the Judiciary ( Subcommittee on the Constitution ) Passed the House on July 12 , 1996 ( Yeas : 342 ; Nays : 67 ) Passed the Senate on September 10 , 1996 ( Yeas : 85 ; Nays : 14 ) Signed into law by President Bill Clinton on September 21 , 1996 United States Supreme Court cases United States v. Windsor , No. 12 - 307 , 570 U.S. ___ ( 2013 ) , in which Section 3 ( 1 U.S.C. § 7 ) was struck down by the Supreme Court on June 26 , 2013 The Defense of Marriage Act ( DOMA ) ( Pub. L. 104 -- 199 , 110 Stat. 2419 , enacted September 21 , 1996 , 1 U.S.C. § 7 and 28 U.S.C. § 1738C ) was a United States federal law that , prior to being ruled unconstitutional , defined marriage for federal purposes as the union of one man and one woman , and allowed states to refuse to recognize same - sex marriages granted under the laws of other states . Until Section 3 of the Act was struck down in 2013 ( United States v. Windsor ) , DOMA , in conjunction with other statutes , had barred same - sex married couples from being recognized as `` spouses '' for purposes of federal laws , effectively barring them from receiving federal marriage benefits . DOMA 's passage did not prevent individual states from recognizing same - sex marriage , but it imposed constraints on the benefits received by all legally married same - sex couples . Initially introduced in May 1996 , DOMA passed both houses of Congress by large , veto - proof majorities and was signed into law by President Bill Clinton in September 1996 . By defining `` spouse '' and its related terms to signify a heterosexual couple in a recognized marriage , Section 3 codified non-recognition of same - sex marriages for all federal purposes , including insurance benefits for government employees , social security survivors ' benefits , immigration , bankruptcy , and the filing of joint tax returns , as well as excluding same - sex spouses from the scope of laws protecting families of federal officers ( 18 U.S.C. § 115 ) , laws evaluating financial aid eligibility , and federal ethics laws applicable to opposite - sex spouses . In United States v. Windsor ( 2013 ) , the U.S. Supreme Court declared Section 3 of DOMA unconstitutional under the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment . Obergefell v. Hodges ( 2015 ) struck down the act 's provisions disallowing same - sex marriages to be performed under federal jurisdiction . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Text 3 Enactment and role of President Clinton 4 Impact 5 Political debate 5.1 Bush administration 5.2 Obama administration 5.3 Congressional intervention 6 Repeal proposals 7 Challenges to Section 3 in Federal court 7.1 Golinski v. Office of Personnel Management 7.2 Gill and Massachusetts 7.3 United States v. Windsor 7.4 Pedersen v. Office of Personnel Management 7.5 Other cases 7.5. 1 Military and veterans cases 7.5. 2 Bankruptcy court 7.5. 3 Immigration cases 7.5. 4 Tribunals 8 Challenges to Section 2 in federal court 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 External links Background ( edit ) Main article : Same - sex marriage in the United States The issue of legal recognition of same - sex marriage attracted mainstream attention infrequently until the 1980s . A sympathetic reporter heard several gay men raise the issue in 1967 and described it as `` high among the deviate 's hopes '' . In one early incident , gay activist Jack Baker brought suit against the state of Minnesota in 1970 after being denied a marriage license to marry another man ; the Minnesota Supreme Court ruled ( in Baker v. Nelson ) that limiting marriage to opposite - sex couples did not violate the Constitution . Baker later changed his legal name to Pat Lynn McConnell and married his male partner in 1971 , but the marriage was not legally recognized . A 1972 off - Broadway play , Nightride , depicted `` a black -- white homosexual marriage '' . In 1979 , IntegrityUSA , an organization of gay Episcopalians , raised the issue when the U.S. Episcopal Church considered a ban on the ordination of homosexuals as priests . The New York Times said the question was `` all but dormant '' until the late 1980s when , according to gay activists , `` the AIDS epidemic ... brought questions of inheritance and death benefits to many people 's minds . '' In May 1989 , Denmark established registered partnerships that granted same - sex couples many of the rights associated with marriage . In the same year , New York 's highest court ruled that two homosexual men qualified as a family for the purposes of New York City 's rent - control regulations . Within the movement for gay and lesbian rights , a debate between advocates of sexual liberation and of social integration was taking shape , with Andrew Sullivan publishing an essay `` Here Comes the Groom '' in The New Republic in August 1989 arguing for same - sex marriage : `` A need to rebel has quietly ceded to a desire to belong . '' In September 1989 , the State Bar Association of California urged recognition of marriages between homosexuals even before gay rights advocates adopted the issue . Gary Bauer , head of the socially conservative Family Research Council , predicted the issue would be `` a major battleground in the 1990s '' . In 1991 , Georgia Attorney General Michael J. Bowers withdrew a job offer to a lesbian who planned to marry another woman in a Jewish wedding ceremony . In 1993 , a committee of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America released a report asking Lutherans to consider blessing same - sex marriages and stating that lifelong abstinence was harmful to same - sex couples . The Conference of Bishops responded , `` There is basis neither in Scripture nor tradition for the establishment of an official ceremony by this church for the blessing of a homosexual relationship . '' In a critique of radicalism in the gay liberation movement , Bruce Bawer 's A Place at the Table ( 1993 ) advocated the legalization of same - sex marriage . In Baehr v. Miike ( 1993 ) , the Supreme Court of Hawaii ruled that the state must show a compelling interest in prohibiting same - sex marriage . This finding prompted concern among opponents of same - sex marriage , who feared that same - sex marriage might become legal in Hawaii and that other states would recognize or be compelled to recognize those marriages under the Full Faith and Credit Clause of the United States Constitution . The House Judiciary Committee 's 1996 Report called for DOMA as a response to Baehr , because `` a redefinition of marriage in Hawaii to include homosexual couples could make such couples eligible for a whole range of federal rights and benefits '' . Text ( edit ) The main provisions of the act were as follows : Section 1 . Short title This Act may be cited as the `` Defense of Marriage Act '' . Section 2 . Powers reserved to the states No State , territory , or possession of the United States , or Indian tribe , shall be required to give effect to any public act , record , or judicial proceeding of any other State , territory , possession , or tribe respecting a relationship between persons of the same sex that is treated as a marriage under the laws of such other State , territory , possession , or tribe , or a right or claim arising from such relationship . Section 3 . Definition of marriage In determining the meaning of any Act of Congress , or of any ruling , regulation , or interpretation of the various administrative bureaus and agencies of the United States , the word ' marriage ' means only a legal union between one man and one woman as husband and wife , and the word ' spouse ' refers only to a person of the opposite sex who is a husband or a wife . Enactment and role of President Clinton ( edit ) Georgia Representative Bob Barr , then a Republican , authored the Defense of Marriage Act and introduced it in the House of Representatives on May 7 , 1996 . Senator Don Nickles , ( R ) Oklahoma , introduced the bill in the Senate . The House Judiciary Committee stated that the Act was intended by Congress to `` reflect and honor a collective moral judgment and to express moral disapproval of homosexuality '' . The Act 's congressional sponsors stated , `` ( T ) he bill amends the U.S. Code to make explicit what has been understood under federal law for over 200 years ; that a marriage is the legal union of a man and a woman as husband and wife , and a spouse is a husband or wife of the opposite sex . '' Nickles said , `` If some state wishes to recognize same - sex marriage , they can do so '' . He said the bill would ensure that `` the 49 other states do n't have to and the Federal Government does not have to . '' In opposition to the bill , Colorado Rep. Patricia Schroeder said , `` You ca n't amend the Constitution with a statute . Everybody knows that . This is just stirring the political waters and seeing what hate you can unleash . '' Barr countered that the Full Faith and Credit Clause of the Constitution grants Congress power to determine `` the effect '' of the obligation of each state to grant `` full faith and credit '' to other states ' acts . The 1996 Republican Party platform endorsed DOMA , referencing only Section 2 of the act : `` We reject the distortion of ( anti-discrimination ) laws to cover sexual preference , and we endorse the Defense of Marriage Act to prevent states from being forced to recognize same - sex unions . '' The Democratic Party platform that year did not mention DOMA or same - sex marriage . In a June 1996 interview in the gay and lesbian magazine The Advocate , Clinton said , `` I remain opposed to same - sex marriage . I believe marriage is an institution for the union of a man and a woman . This has been my long - standing position , and it is not being reviewed or reconsidered . '' But he also criticized DOMA as `` divisive and unnecessary . '' The bill moved through Congress on a legislative fast track and met with overwhelming approval in both houses of the Republican - controlled Congress . On July 12 , 1996 , with only 65 Democrats and then Rep. Bernie Sanders ( Independent - Vermont ) and Rep. Steve Gunderson ( Republican - Wisconsin ) , in opposition , 342 members of the U.S. House of Representatives -- 224 Republicans and 118 Democrats -- voted to pass DOMA . Then , on September 10 , 1996 , 84 Senators -- a majority of the Democratic Senators and all of the Republicans -- voted in favor of DOMA . Democratic Senators voted for the bill 32 to 14 ( with Pryor of Arkansas absent ) , and Democratic Representatives voted for it 118 to 65 , with 15 not participating . All Republicans in both houses voted for the bill with the sole exception of the one openly gay Republican Congressman , Rep. Steve Gunderson of Wisconsin . While his stated position was against same - sex marriage , Clinton criticized DOMA as `` unnecessary and divisive '' , and his press - secretary called it `` gay baiting , plain and simple '' . However , after Congress had passed the bill with enough votes to override a presidential veto , Clinton signed DOMA . Years later , he said that he did so reluctantly in view of the veto - proof majority , both to avoid associating himself politically with the then - unpopular cause of same - sex marriage and to defuse momentum for a proposed Federal Amendment to the U.S. Constitution banning same - sex marriage . Clinton , who was traveling when Congress acted , signed it into law promptly upon returning to Washington , D.C. , on September 21 , 1996 ; no signing ceremony was held for DOMA and no photographs were taken of him signing it into law . The White House released a statement in which Clinton said `` that the enactment of this legislation should not , despite the fierce and at times divisive rhetoric surrounding it , be understood to provide an excuse for discrimination , violence or intimidation against any person on the basis of sexual orientation '' . In 2013 , Mike McCurry , the White House press secretary at the time , recalled that Clinton 's `` posture was quite frankly driven by the political realities of an election year in 1996 . '' James Hormel , who was appointed by Clinton as the first openly gay U.S. Ambassador , described the reaction from the gay community to Clinton signing DOMA as shock and anger . On Hormel 's account , Clinton had been the first President to advocate gay rights , push for AIDS funding , support gay and lesbian civil rights legislation , and appoint open LGBT people to his Administration . Thus his signing of DOMA was viewed by much of the community as a great betrayal . Clinton did not mention DOMA in his 2004 autobiography . Over time , Clinton 's public position on same - sex marriage shifted . He spoke out against the passage of California 's Proposition 8 and recorded robocalls urging Californians to vote against it . In July 2009 , he officially came out in support for same - sex marriage . On August 13 , 2009 , during Netroots Nation , when confronted by LGBT activist Lane Hudson , Clinton explained that he had to sign DOMA in order to prevent a constitutional amendment that would proscribe same - sex marriage : `` We were attempting at the time , in a very reactionary Congress , to head off an attempt to send a constitutional amendment banning gay marriage to the states . And if you look at the eleven referenda much later -- in 2004 , in the election -- which the Republicans put on the ballot to try to get the base vote for President Bush up , I think it 's obvious that something had to be done to try to keep the Republican Congress from presenting that . '' In an op - ed written on March 7 , 2013 , for The Washington Post , Clinton again suggested that DOMA was necessary in order to preclude , at that time , the passage of a constitutional amendment banning same - sex marriage and urged the Supreme Court , which would shortly hear arguments on United States v. Windsor , to overturn DOMA . Clinton 's explanation for signing DOMA has been disputed by gay rights activist Elizabeth Birch : `` In 1996 , I was President of the Human Rights Campaign , and there was no real threat of a Federal Marriage Amendment . That battle would explode about eight years later , in 2004 , when President Bush announced it was a central policy goal of his administration to pass such an amendment . '' Evan Wolfson , who , in 1996 , ran the National Freedom to Marry Coalition , while an attorney at Lambda Legal , has also criticized the suggestion that DOMA was stopping something worse : `` That 's complete nonsense . There was no conversation about something ' worse ' until eight years later . There was no talk of a constitutional amendment , and no one even thought it was possible -- and , of course , it turned out it was n't really possible to happen . So , the idea that people were swallowing DOMA in order to prevent a constitutional amendment is really just historic revisionism and not true . That was never an argument made in the ' 90s . '' However , political discussion of the possibility of using a constitutional amendment to restrict marriage rights was not unheard of in the 1990s . In January 1996 , for example , the House Judiciary Committee for the state of Hawaii voted 12 - 1 in favor of passing bill HB 117 , which was aimed at amending the constitution of Hawaii to define marriage as involving one man and one woman . In 1998 , the first anti-same - sex marriage amendment was added to the constitution of a U.S. state , though it was not until 2002 that a federal marriage amendment was first introduced in the U.S. Congress . Impact ( edit ) The General Accounting Office issued a report in 1997 identifying `` 1,049 federal statutory provisions classified to the United States Code in which benefits , rights , and privileges are contingent on marital status or in which marital status is a factor '' . In updating its report in 2004 , the GAO found that this number had risen to 1,138 as of December 31 , 2003 . With respect to Social Security , housing , and food stamps , the GAO found that `` recognition of the marital relationship is integral to the design of the program ( s ) . '' The report also noted several other major program categories that were affected -- veterans ' benefits , including pensions and survivor benefits ; taxes on income , estates , gifts , and property sales ; and benefits due federal employees , both civilian and military -- and identified specifics such as the rights of the surviving spouse of a creator of copyrighted work and the financial disclosure requirements of spouses of Congress members and certain officers of the federal government . Education loan programs and agriculture price support and loan programs also implicate spouses . Financial aid to `` family farms '' for example , is restricted to those in which `` a majority interest is held by individuals related by marriage or blood . '' Because the federal Employee Retirement Income Security Act ( ERISA ) controls most employee benefits provided by private employers , DOMA removed some tax breaks for employers and employees in the private sector when it comes to health care , pension , and disability benefits to same - sex spouses on an equal footing with opposite - sex spouses . ERISA does not affect employees of state and local government or churches , nor does it extend to such benefits as employee leave and vacation . Under DOMA , persons in same - sex marriages were not considered married for immigration purposes . U.S. citizens and permanent residents in same - sex marriages could not petition for their spouses , nor could they be accompanied by their spouses into the U.S. on the basis of a family or employment - based visa . A non-citizen in such a marriage could not use it as the basis for obtaining a waiver or relief from removal from the U.S. Following the end of the U.S. military 's ban on service by open gays and lesbians , `` Do n't ask , do n't tell , '' in September 2011 , Admiral Mike Mullen , Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , noted that DOMA limited the military 's ability to extend the same benefits to military personnel in same - sex marriages as their peers in opposite - sex marriages received , notably health benefits . Same - sex spouses of military personnel were denied the same access to military bases , legal counseling , and housing allowances provided to different - sex spouses . Political debate ( edit ) The 2000 Republican Party platform endorsed DOMA in general terms and indicated concern about judicial activism : `` We support the traditional definition of ' marriage ' as the legal union of one man and one woman , and we believe that federal judges and bureaucrats should not force states to recognize other living arrangements as marriages . '' The Democratic Party platform that year did not mention DOMA or marriage in this context . Bush administration ( edit ) In 2004 , President George W. Bush endorsed a proposed constitutional amendment to restrict marriage to opposite - sex couples because he thought DOMA vulnerable : `` After more than two centuries of American jurisprudence and millennia of human experience , a few judges and local authorities are presuming to change the most fundamental institution of civilization . Their actions have created confusion on an issue that requires clarity . '' In January 2005 , however , he said he would not lobby on its behalf , since too many U.S. senators thought DOMA would survive a constitutional challenge . Obama administration ( edit ) President Barack Obama 's 2008 political platform endorsed the repeal of DOMA . On June 12 , 2009 , the Justice Department issued a brief defending the constitutionality of DOMA in the case of Smelt v. United States , continuing its longstanding practice of defending all federal laws challenged in court . On June 15 , 2009 , Human Rights Campaign President Joe Solmonese wrote an open letter to Obama that asked for actions to balance the DOJ 's courtroom position : `` We call on you to put your principles into action and send legislation repealing DOMA to Congress . '' A representative of Lambda Legal , an LGBT impact litigation and advocacy organization , noted that the Obama administration 's legal arguments omitted the Bush administration 's assertion that households headed by opposite - sex spouses were better at raising children than those headed by same - sex spouses . On February 23 , 2011 , Attorney General Eric Holder released a statement regarding lawsuits challenging DOMA Section 3 . He wrote : After careful consideration , including a review of my recommendation , the President has concluded that given a number of factors , including a documented history of discrimination , classifications based on sexual orientation should be subject to a more heightened standard of scrutiny . The President has also concluded that Section 3 of DOMA , as applied to legally married same - sex couples , fails to meet that standard and is therefore unconstitutional . Given that conclusion , the President has instructed the Department not to defend the statute in such cases . He also announced that although it was no longer defending Section 3 in court , the administration intended to continue to enforce the law `` unless and until Congress repeals Section 3 or the judicial branch renders a definitive verdict against the law 's constitutionality . '' In a separate letter to Speaker of the House John Boehner , Holder noted that Congress could participate in these lawsuits . On February 24 , the Department of Justice notified the First Circuit Court of Appeals that it would `` cease to defend '' Gill and Massachusetts as well . On July 1 , 2011 , the DOJ , with a filing in Golinski , intervened for the first time on behalf of a plaintiff seeking to have DOMA Section 3 ruled unconstitutional , arguing that laws that use sexual orientation as a classification need to pass the court 's intermediate scrutiny standard of review . The DOJ made similar arguments in a filing in Gill on July 7 . In June 2012 , filing an amicus brief in Golinski , two former Republican Attorneys General , Edwin Meese and John Ashcroft , called the DOJ 's decision not to defend DOMA Section 3 `` an unprecedented and ill - advised departure from over two centuries of Executive Branch practice '' and `` an extreme and unprecedented deviation from the historical norm '' . Congressional intervention ( edit ) On March 4 , 2011 , Boehner announced that the Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group ( BLAG ) would convene to consider whether the House of Representatives should defend DOMA Section 3 in place of the Department of Justice , and on March 9 the committee voted 3 -- 2 to do so . On April 18 , 2011 , House leaders announced the selection of former United States Solicitor General Paul Clement to represent BLAG . Clement , without opposition from other parties to the case , filed a motion to be allowed to intervene in the suit `` for the limited purpose of defending the constitutionality of Section III '' of DOMA . On April 25 , 2011 , King & Spalding , the law firm through which Clement was handling the case , announced it was dropping the case . On the same day , Clement resigned from King & Spalding in protest and joined Bancroft PLLC , which took on the case . The House 's initial contract with Clement capped legal fees at $500,000 , but on September 30 a revised contract raised the cap to $1.5 million . A spokesman for Boehner explained that BLAG would not appeal in all cases , citing bankruptcy cases that are `` unlikely to provide the path to the Supreme Court ... ( E ) ffectively defending ( DOMA ) does not require the House to intervene in every case , especially when doing so would be prohibitively expensive . '' Repeal proposals ( edit ) Further information : Respect for Marriage Act On September 15 , 2009 , three Democratic members of Congress , Jerrold Nadler of New York , Tammy Baldwin of Wisconsin , and Jared Polis of Colorado , introduced legislation to repeal DOMA called the Respect for Marriage Act . The bill had 91 original co-sponsors in the House of Representatives and was supported by Clinton , Barr , and several legislators who voted for DOMA . Congressman Barney Frank and John Berry , head of the Office of Personnel Management , did not support that effort , stating that `` the backbone is not there '' in Congress . Frank and Berry suggested DOMA could be overturned more quickly through lawsuits such as Gill v. Office of Personnel Management filed by Gay & Lesbian Advocates & Defenders ( GLAD ) . Following Holder 's announcement that the Obama Administration would no longer defend DOMA Section 3 in court , on March 16 , 2011 , Senator Dianne Feinstein introduced the Respect for Marriage Act in the Senate again and Nadler introduced it in the House . The Senate Judiciary Committee voted 10 -- 8 in favor of advancing the bill to the Senate floor , but observers believed it would not gain the 60 votes needed to end debate and bring it to a vote . After the Supreme Court struck down DOMA Section 3 on June 26 , 2013 , Feinstein and Nadler reintroduced the Respect for Marriage Act as S. 1236 and H.R. 2523 . Challenges to Section 3 in federal Court ( edit ) Numerous plaintiffs have challenged DOMA . Prior to 2009 , all federal courts upheld DOMA in its entirety . Later cases focused on Section 3 's definition of marriage . The courts , using different standards , have all found Section 3 unconstitutional . Requests for the Supreme Court to hear appeals were filed in five cases , listed below ( with Supreme Court docket numbers ) : Gill v. Office of Personnel Management ( 12 - 13 as BLAG v. Gill ) Massachusetts v. United States Department of Health and Human Services ( 12 - 15 as Dept. of HHS v. Massachusetts , 12 - 97 ) Golinski v. Office of Personnel Management ( 12 - 16 OPM v. Golinski ) Windsor v. United States ( 12 - 63 ) Pedersen v. Office of Personnel Management ( 12 - 231 ) Golinski v. Office of Personnel Management ( edit ) Golinski v. Office of Personnel Management is a challenge to Section 3 of DOMA in federal court based on a judicial employee 's attempt to receive spousal health benefits for her wife . In 2008 , Karen Golinski , a 19 - year employee of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals , applied for health benefits for her wife . When the application was denied , she filed a complaint under the Ninth Circuit 's Employment Dispute Resolution Plan . Chief Judge Alex Kozinski , in his administrative capacity , ruled in 2009 that she was entitled to spousal health benefits , but the Office of Personnel Management ( OPM ) announced that it would not comply with the ruling . On March 17 , 2011 , U.S. District Judge Jeffrey White dismissed the suit on procedural grounds but invited Golinski to amend her suit to argue the unconstitutionality of DOMA Section 3 , which she did on April 14 . Following the Attorney General 's decision to no longer defend DOMA , the Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group ( BLAG ) , an arm of the House of Representatives , took up the defense . Former United States Solicitor General Paul Clement filed , on BLAG 's behalf , a motion to dismiss raising arguments previously avoided by the Department of Justice : that DOMA 's definition of marriage is valid `` because only a man and a woman can beget a child together , and because historical experience has shown that a family consisting of a married father and mother is an effective social structure for raising children . '' On July 1 , 2011 , the DOJ filed a brief in support of Golinski 's suit , in which it detailed for the first time its case for heightened scrutiny based on `` a significant history of purposeful discrimination against gay and lesbian people , by governmental as well as private entities '' and its arguments that DOMA Section 3 fails to meet that standard . On February 22 , 2012 , White ruled for Golinski , finding DOMA `` violates her right to equal protection of the law under the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution . '' He wrote that Section 3 of DOMA could not pass the `` heightened scrutiny '' or the `` rational basis '' test . He wrote , The Court finds that neither Congress ' claimed legislative justifications nor any of the proposed reasons proffered by BLAG constitute bases rationally related to any of the alleged governmental interests . Further , after concluding that neither the law nor the record can sustain any of the interests suggested , the Court , having tried on its own , can not conceive of any additional interests that DOMA might further . While the case was on appeal to the Ninth Circuit , on July 3 , 2012 , the DOJ asked the Supreme Court to review the case before the Ninth Circuit decides it so it can be heard together with two other cases in which DOMA Section 3 was held unconstitutional , Gill v. Office of Personnel Management and Massachusetts v. United States Department of Health and Human Services . The Supreme Court chose to hear Windsor instead of these cases , and following the Supreme Court decision in Windsor the Ninth Circuit dismissed the appeal in Golinski with the consent of all parties on July 23 . Gill and Massachusetts ( edit ) On March 3 , 2009 , GLAD filed a federal court challenge , Gill v. Office of Personnel Management , based on the Equal Protection Clause and the federal government 's consistent deference to each state 's definition of marriage prior to the enactment of DOMA . The case questioned only the DOMA provision that the federal government defines marriage as the union of a man and a woman . On May 6 , 2010 , Judge Joseph L. Tauro heard arguments in the U.S. District Court in Boston . On July 8 , 2009 , Massachusetts Attorney General Martha Coakley filed a suit , Massachusetts v. United States Department of Health and Human Services , challenging the constitutionality of DOMA . The suit claims that Congress `` overstepped its authority , undermined states ' efforts to recognize marriages between same - sex couples , and codified an animus towards gay and lesbian people . '' Tauro , the judge also handling Gill , heard arguments on May 26 , 2010 . On July 8 , 2010 , Tauro issued his rulings in both Gill and Massachusetts , granting summary judgment for the plaintiffs in both cases . He found in Gill that Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act violates the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution . In Massachusetts he held that the same section of DOMA violates the Tenth Amendment and falls outside Congress ' authority under the Spending Clause of the Constitution . Those decisions were stayed after the DOJ filed an appeal on October 12 , 2010 . On November 3 , 2011 , 133 House Democrats filed an amicus brief in support of the plaintiffs in Gill and Massachusetts , asserting their belief that Section 3 of DOMA was unconstitutional . Included among the members of Congress signing the brief were 14 members who had voted for the bill in 1996 . Seventy major employers also filed an amicus brief supporting the plaintiffs . A three - judge panel heard arguments in the case on April 4 , 2012 , during which the DOJ for the first time took the position that it could not defend Section 3 of DOMA under any level of scrutiny . On May 31 , 2012 , the panel unanimously affirmed Tauro 's ruling , finding Section 3 of DOMA unconstitutional . On June 29 , BLAG filed a petition for certiorari with the Supreme Court . The DOJ did so on July 3 , while asking the Supreme Court to review Golinski as well . The Commonwealth of Massachusetts filed a response to both petitions adding the Spending Clause and Tenth Amendment issues as questions presented . The Supreme Court denied these petitions on June 27 , 2013 , following its decision in Windsor . United States v. Windsor ( edit ) Main article : United States v. Windsor On November 9 , 2010 , the American Civil Liberties Union and the law firm Paul , Weiss , Rifkind , Wharton & Garrison filed United States v. Windsor in New York on behalf of a surviving same - sex spouse whose inheritance from her deceased spouse had been subject to federal taxation as if they were unmarried . New York is part of the Second Circuit , where no precedent exists for the standard of review to be followed in sexual - orientation discrimination cases . New York Attorney General Eric Schneiderman filed a brief supporting Windsor 's claim on July 26 , 2011 . Same - sex couple celebrating legal victory at San Francisco Pride 2013 On June 6 , 2012 , Judge Barbara Jones ruled that based on rational basis review Section 3 of DOMA is unconstitutional and ordered the requested tax refund be paid to Windsor . The plaintiff commented , `` It 's thrilling to have a court finally recognize how unfair it is for the government to have treated us as though we were strangers . '' Windsor 's attorneys filed a petition of certiorari with the Supreme Court on July 16 , asking for the case to be considered without waiting for the Second Circuit 's review . On October 18 , the Second Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the lower court 's ruling that Section 3 of DOMA is unconstitutional . According to an ACLU press release , this ruling was `` the first federal appeals court decision to decide that government discrimination against gay people gets a more exacting level of judicial review '' In an opinion authored by Chief Judge Dennis Jacobs , the Second Circuit Court of Appeals stated : Our straightforward legal analysis sidesteps the fair point that same - sex marriage is unknown to history and tradition , but law ( federal or state ) is not concerned with holy matrimony . Government deals with marriage as a civil status -- however fundamental -- and New York has elected to extend that status to same - sex couples . On December 7 , 2012 , the Supreme Court agreed to hear the case . Oral arguments were heard on March 27 , 2013 . In a 5 -- 4 decision on June 26 , 2013 , the Court ruled Section 3 of DOMA to be unconstitutional , declaring it `` a deprivation of the liberty of the person protected by the Fifth Amendment . '' On July 18 , 2013 , the Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group ( BLAG ) , which had mounted a defense of Section 3 when the administration declined to , acknowledged that in Windsor `` ( t ) he Supreme Court recently resolved the issue of DOMA Section 3 's constitutionality '' and said `` it no longer will defend that statute . '' Pedersen v. Office of Personnel Management ( edit ) Pedersen v. Office of Personnel Management is a case filed by GLAD in Connecticut on behalf of same - sex couples in Connecticut , Vermont , and New Hampshire , in which GLAD repeats the arguments it made in Gill . On July 31 , 2012 , Judge Vanessa Bryant ruled that `` having considered the purported rational bases proffered by both BLAG and Congress and concluded that such objectives bear no rational relationship to Section 3 of DOMA as a legislative scheme , the Court finds that that no conceivable rational basis exists for the provision . The provision therefore violates the equal protection principles incorporated in the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution . '' She held that `` laws that classify people based on sexual orientation should be subject to heightened scrutiny by courts '' but determined Section 3 of DOMA `` fails to pass constitutional muster under even the most deferential level of judicial scrutiny . '' The case is currently on appeal to the Second Circuit , and on August 21 , 2012 , Pedersen asked the Supreme Court to review the case before the Second Circuit decides it so it can be heard together with Gill v. Office of Personnel Management and Massachusetts v. United States Department of Health and Human Services . The Supreme Court denied these petitions on June 27 , 2013 , following its decision in Windsor . Other cases ( edit ) Other cases that challenged DOMA include : Dragovich v. Department of the Treasury , No. 10 - 1564 ( N.D. Cal . ) , a class action in which California same - sex couples seek equal access to California 's long - term care insurance program for public employees and their families . U.S. District Court Judge Claudia Wilken on May 24 , 2012 , found Section 3 of DOMA and certain IRS regulations violated the plaintiffs ' equal protection rights . Hara v. Office of Personnel Management , No. 09 - 3134 ( Fed . Cir . ) Hara is one of the plaintiffs in Gill . Torres - Barragan v. Holder , No. 10 - 55768 ( 9th Cir . ) An immigration - related DOMA challenge in which the district court rejected the constitutional challenges . Cozen O'Connor v. Tobits , No. 11 - 00045 - CDJ , Pennsylvania , in which two parties dispute who inherits the proceeds of a law firm 's profit - sharing plan under ERISA and DOMA . The DOJ filed a brief arguing the unconstitutionality of DOMA . Following the decision in Windsor , Judge C. Darnell Jones II ruled that the widow qualified as the deceased 's spouse since Illinois , their state of domicile , recognized them as spouses in a civil union as defined by Illinois . The deceased 's parents dropped their appeal on August 30 . On April 5 , 2012 , Chief Judge James Ware of the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California ordered the federal court clerk to reimburse Christopher Nathan , a court employee , for the costs of health insurance coverage for his same - sex spouse comparable to that denied him by Section 3 of DOMA . On November 21 , 2012 , the Ninth Circuit Judicial Conference affirmed Ware 's decision and ordered the court to determine the amount due Nathan and pay him within 10 days . Military and Veterans cases ( edit ) On October 13 , 2011 , Carmen Cardona , a U.S. Navy veteran , filed a lawsuit in the United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims seeking disability benefits for her wife that the Veterans Administration and the Board of Veterans Appeals had denied . Cardona is represented by the Yale Law School Legal Services Clinic . At the request of BLAG , which is defending the government 's action , and over Cardona 's objections , the court postponed oral argument in Cardona v. Shinseki pending the Supreme Court 's disposition of writs of certiorari in other DOMA cases . On October 27 , 2011 , the Servicemembers Legal Defense Network ( SLDN ) brought suit in federal court on behalf of several military servicemembers and veterans in same - sex marriages . In a November 21 filing in the case of McLaughlin v. Panetta , they wrote , `` Any claim that DOMA , as applied to military spousal benefits , survives rational basis review is strained because paying unequal benefits to service members runs directly counter to the military values of uniformity , fairness and unit cohesion . '' The benefits at issue include medical and dental benefits , basic housing and transportation allowances , family separation benefits , visitation rights in military hospitals , and survivor benefit plans . The case was assigned to Judge Richard G. Stearns . One of the plaintiffs in the case , lesbian Charlie Morgan , who was undergoing chemotherapy , met with an assistant to Boehner on February 9 , 2012 , to ask him to consider not defending DOMA . The case is on hold at the request of both sides in anticipation of the outcome of two other First Circuit cases on appeal , Gill v. Office of Personnel Management and Massachusetts v. United States Department of Health and Human Services . On February 17 , the DOJ announced it could not defend the constitutionality of the statutes challenged in the case . In May 2012 , the parties filed briefs arguing whether BLAG has a right to intervene . On June 27 , Stearns asked the parties to explain by July 18 why given the decision in Windsor he should not find for the plaintiffs . On July 18 , BLAG 's response acknowledged that `` ( t ) he Supreme Court recently resolved the issue of DOMA Section 3 's constitutionality '' and asked to be allowed to withdraw from the case . It took no position on the two statutes at issue in the case , which define a `` spouse '' as `` a person of the opposite sex '' , except to say that `` the question of whether ( that definition ) is constitutional remains open '' . Tracey Cooper - Harris , an Army veteran from California , sued the Veterans Administration and the DOJ in federal court on February 1 , 2012 , asking for her wife to receive the benefits normally granted to spouses of disabled veterans . BLAG sought a delay in Cooper - Harris v. United States pending the resolution of Golinski , which the attorneys for Cooper - Harris , the Southern Poverty Law Center , opposed . The court denied BLAG 's motion on August 4 . In February 2013 , Judge Consuelo Marshall rejected the DOJ 's argument that the case could only be heard by the Board of Veterans ' Appeals and allowed the case to proceed . BLAG asked to withdraw from the lawsuit on July 22 . Bankruptcy Court ( edit ) In May 2011 , DOMA - based challenges by the Department of Justice to joint petitions for bankruptcy by married same - sex couples were denied in two cases , one in the Southern District of New York on May 4 and one in the Eastern District of California on May 31 . Both rulings stressed practical considerations and avoided ruling on DOMA . On June 13 , 2011 , 20 of the 25 judges of the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Central District of California signed an opinion in the case in re Balas and Morales that found that a same - sex married couple filing for bankruptcy `` have made their case persuasively that DOMA deprives them of the equal protection of the law to which they are entitled . '' The decision found DOMA Section 3 unconstitutional and dismissed BLAG 's objections to the joint filing : Although individual members of Congress have every right to express their views and the views of their constituents with respect to their religious beliefs and principles and their personal standards of who may marry whom , this court can not conclude that Congress is entitled to solemnize such views in the laws of this nation in disregard of the views , legal status and living arrangements of a significant segment of our citizenry that includes the Debtors in this case . To do so violates the Debtors ' right to equal protection of those laws embodied in the due process clause of the Fifth Amendment . This court can not conclude from the evidence or the record in this case that any valid governmental interest is advanced by DOMA as applied to the Debtors . A spokesman for House Speaker Boehner said BLAG would not appeal the ruling , On July 7 , 2011 , the DOJ announced that after consultation with BLAG it would no longer raise objections to `` bankruptcy petitions filed jointly by same - sex couples who are married under state law '' . Immigration cases ( edit ) Bi-national same - sex couples were kept from legally living in the United States by DOMA 's Section 3 , which prevented one spouse from sponsoring the other for a green card . Following some uncertainty after the Obama Administration determined Section 3 to be unconstitutional , the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services ( USCIS ) reaffirmed its policy of denying such applications . With respect to obtaining a visitor 's visa , Bureau rules treated bi-national same - sex spouses the same as bi-national opposite - sex unmarried partners under the classification `` cohabiting partners '' . Tim Coco and Genesio J. Oliveira , a same - sex couple married in Massachusetts in 2005 , successfully challenged this policy and developed a model since followed by other immigration activists . The U.S. refused to recognize their marriage , and in 2007 Oliveira , a Brazilian national , accepted `` voluntary departure '' and returned to Brazil . They conducted a national press campaign A Boston Globe editorial commented , `` Great strides toward equality for gays have been made in this country , but the woeful fate of Tim Coco and Genesio Oliveira shows that thousands of same - sex couples , even in Massachusetts , still are n't really full citizens . '' The editorial gained the attention of Senator John F. Kerry , who first lobbied Attorney General Eric Holder without success . He then gained the support of Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano , who granted Oliveira humanitarian parole , enabling the couple to reunite in the U.S. in June 2010 . Humanitarian parole is granted on a case - by - case basis at the Secretary 's discretion . On September 28 , 2011 , in Lui v. Holder , U.S. District Court Judge Stephen V. Wilson rejected a challenge to DOMA , citing Adams v. Howerton ( 1982 ) . The plaintiffs in that case had unsuccessfully challenged the denial of immediate relative status to the same - sex spouse of an American citizen . Early in 2012 , two bi-national same - sex couples were granted `` deferred action '' status , suspending deportation proceedings against the non-U.S. citizen for a year . A similar Texas couple had a deportation case dismissed in March 2012 , leaving the non-citizen spouse unable to work legally in the United States but no longer subject to the threat of deportation . On January 5 , 2012 , the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois in Chicago decided the suit of a same - sex binational couple . Demos Revelis and Marcel Maas , married in Iowa in 2010 , sought to prevent the USCIS from applying Section 3 of DOMA to Revelis 's application for a permanent residence visa for Maas and , in the court 's words , `` that their petition be reviewed and decided on the same basis as other married couples . '' Judge Harry D. Leinenweber , a Reagan appointee , denied the government 's motion to dismiss . BLAG has argued for the suit to be dismissed . In July the court stayed proceedings until mid-October because the USCIS was considering denying the plaintiffs ' request on grounds unrelated to DOMA . On April 2 , 2012 , five bi-national same - sex couples represented by Immigration Equality and Paul , Weiss filed a lawsuit , Blesch v. Holder , in the District Court for the Eastern District of New York , claiming that Section 3 of DOMA violated their equal protection rights by denying the U.S. citizen in the relationship the same rights in the green card application process granted a U.S. citizen who is in a relationship of partners of the opposite sex . On July 25 , Chief Judge Carol Bagley Amon stayed the case pending the resolution of Windsor by the Second Circuit . Immigration rights advocate Lavi Soloway reported on June 19 , 2012 , that the Board of Immigration Appeals ( BIA ) had in four cases responded to green card denials on the part of the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services ( USCIS ) by asking the USCIS to document the marital status of the same - sex couples and determine whether the foreign national would qualify for a green card in the absence of DOMA Section 3 . He said the BIA is `` essentially setting the stage for being able to approve the petitions in a post-DOMA universe . '' On April 19 , 2013 , U.S. District Judge Consuelo Marshall ordered that a suit brought in July 2012 by Jane DeLeon , a Philippine citizen , and her spouse , Irma Rodriguez , a U.S. citizen , could proceed as a class action . The plaintiffs , represented by the Center for Human Rights and Constitutional Law , contended that DeLeon was denied a residency waiver because of DOMA Section 3 . On June 28 , 2013 , the USCIS notified U.S. citizen Julian Marsh that it had approved the green card petition for his Bulgarian husband Traian Popov . Both are residents of Florida . On July 3 , the USCIS office in Centennial , Colorado , granted Cathy Davis , a citizen of Ireland , a green card based on her marriage to U.S. citizen Catriona Dowling . Tribunals ( edit ) In 2009 , United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit Judge Stephen Reinhardt declared DOMA unconstitutional in in re Levenson , an employment dispute resolution tribunal case , where the federal government refused to grant spousal benefits to Tony Sears , the husband of deputy federal public defender Brad Levenson . As an employee of the federal judiciary , Levenson is prohibited from suing his employer in federal court . Rather , employment disputes are handled at employment dispute resolution tribunals in which a federal judge hears the dispute in their capacity as a dispute resolution official . Challenges to Section 2 in federal Court ( edit ) Section 2 of DOMA states to give legal relief to any state from recognizing same - sex marriages performed in other jurisdictions . Various federal lawsuits , some filed alongside challenges to Section 3 , have challenged Section 2 . In re Kandu , a same - sex couple in the state of Washington , who had married in Canada , attempted to file a joint bankruptcy petition , but were not allowed to do so . Wilson v. Ake , an unsuccessful attempt by a Florida same - sex couple , married in Massachusetts , to have their marriage license accepted in Florida . Smelt v. Orange County and Smelt v. United States , In February 2004 , Arthur Smelt and Christopher Hammer sued Orange County , California , in federal court for refusing to issue them a marriage license . The district court ruled that the couple did not have standing to challenge Section 2 of DOMA and rejected their challenge to the constitutionality of Section 3 . On May 5 , 2006 , the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit dismissed the suit , and on October 10 the United States Supreme Court refused to consider the couple 's appeal . On March 9 , 2009 , the same couple , having legally married in California , filed Smelt v. United States , challenging the constitutionality of DOMA and California 's Proposition 8 . District Judge David O. Carter dismissed the case on August 24 , because the couple had not applied for and been denied any federal benefit and therefore lacked `` an injury in fact . '' Bishop v. United States , two lesbian couples in Oklahoma , one of which couples sought a marriage license and the other to have the state recognize either their Canadian marriage or their Vermont civil union . The court stayed consideration of the case pending the outcome of Windsor . Later it ruled the couple challenging Section 2 did not have standing , but ruled Oklahoma 's same - sex marriage ban unconstitutional under Bishop v. Oklahoma . Obergefell v. Hodges On June 26 , 2015 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Obergefell v. Hodges that the 14th Amendment requires all U.S. state laws to recognize same - sex marriages . This left Section 2 of DOMA as superseded and unenforceable . See also ( edit ) LGBT rights in the United States Marriage Protection Act Same - sex marriage in the United States Same - sex unions in the United States Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For a review of the play see Barnes , Clive ( December 10 , 1971 ) . `` ' Nightride ' -- No Apologies and No Regrets '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ For the theological background beginning in 1967 , see Fiske , Edward B. ( December 3 , 1967 ) . `` Views on Homosexuals '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Commonwealth also filed its own petition in Massachusetts in case the court found the response was not the proper way to raise those issues . Jump up ^ The court held that in enacting Section 2 of DOMA `` Congress ' actions are an appropriate exercise of its power to regulate conflicts between the laws of two different States '' under the Full Faith and Credit Clause . 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Jump up ^ Levine , Dan ( March 16 , 2011 ) . `` Lesbian U.S. employee set back in benefits fight '' . Reuters . Retrieved March 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Golinski v. OPM , Second Amended Complaint. April 14 , 2011 . Retrieved June 8 , 2011 Jump up ^ Geidner , Chris ( June 10 , 2011 ) . `` House GOP Leadership Defends ' Traditional ' Marriage From Being ' Radically Redefined ' '' . Metro Weekly . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2011 . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Golinski v. OPM , Memorandum of Points and Authorities in Support of the Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group of the U.S. House of Representatives ' Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff 's Second Amended Complaint Archived May 7 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... June 3 , 2011 . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Golinski v. OPM , Defendants ' Brief in Opposition to Motions to Dismiss Archived May 7 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... July 1 , 2011 . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Geidner , Chris ( February 22 , 2012 ) . `` DOMA 's Federal Definition of Marriage Unconstitutional , Judge Rules in Golinski Case '' . Metro Weekly . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2012 . Retrieved February 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Geidner , Chris ( July 3 , 2012 ) . `` DOJ Asks Supreme Court to Take Two DOMA Cases , Maintains Law Is Unconstitutional '' . Metro Weekly . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2012 . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Order : Golinski v. Office of Personnel Management '' . Lambda Legal . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goodnough , Abby ; Zezima , Katie ( March 2 , 2009 ) . `` Suit Seeks to Force Government to Extend Benefits to Same - Sex Couples '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` '' DOMA '' Means Federal Discrimination Against Married Same - Sex Couples `` . GLAD . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seelye , Katharine Q. ( May 6 , 2010 ) . `` Marriage Law Is Challenged as Equaling Discrimination '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Finucane , Martin ( July 8 , 2009 ) . `` Mass. challenges federal Defense of Marriage Act '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved November 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Massachusetts challenges Marriage Act '' . UPI . May 26 , 2010 . Retrieved June 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gill v. Office of Personnel Management , 699 F. Supp. 2d 374 ( D. Mass . 2010 ) . Retrieved February 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Massachusetts v. United States Department of Health and Human Services , 698 F. Supp. 2d 234 ( D. Mass . 2010 ) . Retrieved February 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Geidner , Chris ( July 8 , 2010 ) . `` Federal Court Rules DOMA Sec. 3 Violates Equal Protection '' . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2010 . Retrieved July 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ DOMA decisions released Bay Windows . July 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lavoie , Denise ( October 12 , 2010 ) . `` Feds Appeal Mass Rulings against U.S. Marriage Law '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved October 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Mackenzie Weinger ( November 3 , 2011 ) . `` DOMA opposed by 133 House Democrats '' . Politico . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Peter J. ( November 4 , 2011 ) . `` Seventy Major Employers Line Up Against DOMA '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Geidner , Chris ( April 4 , 2012 ) . `` Federal Appeals Judges Consider Whether DOMA Is Constitutional in Historic Hearing in Boston '' . Metro Weekly . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2012 . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey , Don ; Dolmetsch , Chris ( May 31 , 2012 ) . `` Defense of Marriage Act Unconstitutional , Appeals Court Says '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Massachusetts v. United States Department of Health and Human Services Archived June 1 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , No. 10 - 2204 , slip op . ( May 31 , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Johnson , Chris ( June 20 , 2012 ) . `` Boehner appeals DOMA cases to Supreme Court '' . Washington Blade . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , John ( November 8 , 2010 ) . `` Gay Couples to Sue Over U.S. Marriage Law '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andrew M. Harris ( February 28 , 2011 ) . `` Widow 's $363,000 Tax Bill Led to Obama Shift on Marriage Act '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Geidner , Chris ( July 26 , 2011 ) . `` New York Attorney General Takes Edith Windsor 's Side in DOMA Challenge '' . Metro Weekly . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2011 . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Geidner , Chris ( June 6 , 2012 ) . `` Another Federal Judge Finds DOMA Marriage Definition Unconstitutional , Now in Widow 's Case '' . Metro Weekly . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2012 . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Snow , Justin ( July 16 , 2012 ) . `` Widow Petitions DOMA Case to the Supreme Court '' . Metro Weekly . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Baynes , Terry ( October 18 , 2012 ) . `` Appeals court rules against Defense of Marriage Act '' . Reuters . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Windsor v. USA '' ( PDF ) . United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 8 , 2013 . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Appeals Court Declares `` Defense of Marriage Act '' Unconstitutional `` . ACLU Press Release . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Debra Cassens ( 18 October 2012 ) . `` 2nd Circuit Rules for Surviving Gay Spouse , Says DOMA Violates Equal Protection Clause '' . ABA Journal . Retrieved 18 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Stempel , Jonathan ( January 7 , 2013 ) . `` Supreme Court to hear same - sex marriage cases in late March '' . Reuters . Retrieved January 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Geidner , Chris ( July 18 , 2013 ) . `` House Republicans Cave On Marriage Fight '' . BuzzFeed . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bolcer , Julie ( 31 July 2012 ) . `` Judge Rules DOMA Unconstitutional in Pedersen Case '' . Retrieved 31 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Geidner , Chris ( 31 July 2012 ) . `` Federal Trial Court In Connecticut Strikes Down DOMA 's Marriage Definition '' . BuzzFeed Politics . Retrieved 31 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Geidner , Ryan J. ( 31 July 2012 ) . `` Bush Appointee Rules DOMA Unconstitutional '' . Talking Points Memo . Retrieved 31 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Pedersen v. Office of Personnel Management , Petition for Certiorari Before Judgment Archived September 24 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved August 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pending cases where the Defense of Marriage Act is being challenged '' . February 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Geidner , Chris ( May 25 , 2012 ) . `` Federal Judge Rules DOMA , Tax Code Force Unconstitutional Treatment For Same - Sex Couples '' . Metro Weekly . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2012 . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Torres - Barragan v. Holder '' . Civilo Rights Litigation Clearinghouse . University of Michigan Law School . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Passarella , Gina ( January 9 , 2012 ) . `` U.S. Justice Department argues that Defense of Marriage Act is unconstitutional '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved February 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Geidner , Chris ( July 29 , 2013 ) . `` Federal Judge Says DOMA Ruling Changes Private Companies ' Retirement Plans '' . BuzzFeed . Retrieved August 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Packel , Dan ( August 30 , 2013 ) . `` Late Cozen Atty 's Family Drops Same - Sex Benefits Fight '' . Law 360 . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Egelko , Bob ( April 5 , 2012 ) . `` Same - sex benefits denial is ruled discriminatory '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Egelko , Bob ( November 25 , 2012 ) . `` Same - sex case ruling favors gay employee '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved November 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dao , James ( 12 October 2011 ) . `` Denied Veterans Benefits Over Same - Sex Marriage , Ex-Sailor Challenges Law '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 3 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cardona v. Shinseki '' . Veterans Legal Services Clinic . Yale Law School . Retrieved 3 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims : Number : 11 - 3083 , accessed November 26 , 2012 Jump up ^ Geidner , Chris ( November 23 , 2011 ) . `` SLDN Takes Aim at DOMA '' . Metro Weekly . Retrieved February 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stone , Andrea ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` Charlie Morgan , Lesbian Guardsman With Cancer , Meets John Boehner Staffer To Push DOMA Repeal '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved February 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Geidner , Chris ( February 16 , 2012 ) . `` SLDN , DOJ Agree to 60 - Day Delay in Case Challenging Gay Servicemembers ' Spousal Benefits '' . Metro Weekly . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2012 . Retrieved February 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Geidner , Chris ( February 17 , 2012 ) . `` DOJ Wo n't Defend Laws Preventing Equal Treatment for Servicemembers With Same - Sex Spouses '' . Metro Weekly . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2012 . Retrieved February 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Boehner moves to defend anti-gay DOMA in military case '' . Wisconsin Gazette . May 4 , 2012 . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2013 . Retrieved June 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Geidner , Chris ( July 17 , 2013 ) . `` House Republicans Face Decision On Fighting Gay Veterans ' Spousal Benefits '' . BuzzFeed . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Geidner , Chris ( July 18 , 2013 ) . `` House Republicans Cave On Marriage Fight '' . BuzzFeed . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pasadena same - sex couple sues VA over benefits '' . Pasadena Sun . February 1 , 2012 . Retrieved February 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Snow , Justin ( August 3 , 2012 ) . `` Court Denies Motion To Stay DOMA Case Proceedings '' . Metro Weekly . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2012 . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tracey Cooper - Harris , Gay California Veteran , Moves Forward With DOMA Lawsuit '' . Huffington Post . February 25 , 2013 . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Application to Withdraw , accessed July 23 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Bankruptcy Judge Bypasses DOMA to Allow Joint Bankruptcy Filing by Same - Sex Spouses '' . American Bankruptcy Institute . June 3 , 2011 . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ In re Somers and Caggiano Archived September 16 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , 10 - 38296 , slip op . ( Bky. S.D.N.Y. May 4 , 2011 ) . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Geidner , Chris ( June 13 , 2011 ) . `` Bankruptcy Court : DOMA Unconstitutionally Limits Same - Sex Married Couples From Joint Bankruptcy Filing '' . Metro Weekly . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2011 . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bankruptcy Court rules section 3 of DOMA is unconstitutional '' . SDGLN . June 13 , 2011 . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , John ( June 14 , 2011 ) . `` A California Bankruptcy Court Rejects U.S. Law Barring Same - Sex Marriage '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Geidner , Chris ( July 7 , 2011 ) . `` U.S. Trustee Withdraws Appeal of Gay Couple 's Bankruptcy Court DOMA Victory '' . Metro Weekly . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2011 . Retrieved July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wernick , Allan ( June 10 , 2009 ) . `` Vermont Senator urges same - sex marriages OK for ' immigrant spouses ' '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved December 19 , 2011 . 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Jump up ^ Foley , Elise ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` Same - Sex Couple Wins Immigration Relief , Despite Defense Of Marriage Act '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Susan ( March 9 , 2012 ) . `` Gay , married immigrant spared from deportation '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved March 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Revelis v. Napolitano , 11 C 1991 , slip op . ( N.D. Ill . January 5 , 2012 ) . Retrieved March 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Geidner , Chris ( April 2 , 2012 ) . `` Immigration Equality Files DOMA Challenge , Obama Administration Left Them ' No Choice ' '' . Metro Weekly . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2012 . Retrieved April 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Revelis v. Napolitano , granting motion to stay Archived September 16 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , July 12 , 2012 . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Blesch v. Holder ( Immigration Equality 's DOMA case ) put on hold '' . Prop8TrialTracker . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2013 . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Geidner , Chris ( June 19 , 2012 ) . `` Same - Sex Couples Facing Immigration Questions Receive Temporary Relief From DOJ Immigration Board '' . Metro Weekly . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2012 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Judge rules lesbian immigrant can challenge DOMA '' . U-T San Diego . April 20 , 2013 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dobuzinskis , Alex ( July 13 , 2012 ) . `` Lesbian immigrant from PH challenges US gay marriage ban '' . ABS - CBN News . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Mollie ( June 29 , 2013 ) . `` Gay Couple Receives Green Card After Supreme Court Ruling : DOMA Project '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bunch , Joey ( July 5 , 2013 ) . `` Boulder lesbian couple gets green card after DOMA falls - The Denver Post '' . Denver Post . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 560 F. 3d 1145 ( 9th Cir. 2009 ) . Jump up ^ `` Federal judge rules denial of health coverage to same - sex spouse unconstitutional '' . Los Angeles Times . February 9 , 2009 . Retrieved November 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ In re Kandu , 315 B.R. 123 , 138 ( Bankr . D. Wash. 2004 ) . Retrieved February 26 , 2011 . Archived February 9 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` DOMA 's Unlikely Victim 's '' . The Advocate . September 28 , 2004 . p. 15 . Retrieved February 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wilson v. Ake , 354 F. Supp . 2d 1298 ( M.D. Fla. 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Smelt v. County of Orange , 447 F. 3d 673 ( 9th Cir. 2006 ) . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Supreme Court refuses marriage case '' . Jump up ^ Smelt v. United States , Notice of Removal . Retrieved November 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gay California couple 's lawsuit dismissed '' . UPI . Retrieved February 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bishop v. Oklahoma , 447 F. Supp. 2d 1239 ( N.D. Okla . 2006 ) . Retrieved February 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bishop v. US , No. 04 - CV - 848 - TCK - TLW , slip op . ( N.D. Okla . November 24 , 2009 ) . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Obergefell v. Hodges , 576 U.S. ___ , ___ ( 2015 ) ( `` The Court now holds that same - sex couples may exercise the fundamental right to marry . '' ) . Bibliography ( edit ) Feigen , Brenda . `` Same - Sex Marriage : An Issue of Constitutional rights not Moral Opinions . '' 2004 . 27 Harv . Women 's L.J. 345 . `` Litigating the Defense of Marriage Act : The Next Battleground for Same - Sex Marriage . '' 2004 . 117 Harv . L. Rev. 2684 . Manning , Jason ( April 30 , 2004 ) . `` Backgrounder : The Defense of Marriage Act '' . The Online News Hour . The News Hour with Jim Lehrer . Retrieved January 13 , 2007 . `` Same Sex Marriage Passage '' CQ Weekly . Congressional Quarterly . May 2 , 2005 . United States . 104th Congress . Defense of Marriage Act . House of Representatives Committee Report . 1996 . Wardle , Lynn D. `` A Critical Analysis of Constitutional Claims for Same Sex Marriage . '' 1996 . 1996 B.Y.U.L. Rev. 1 . Carter , W. Burlette . `` The Federal Law of Marriage : Deference , Deviation and DOMA . '' 2013 . 21 Am. U.J. Gender , Soc . Pol'y & L 70 ; http://scholarship.law.gwu.edu/faculty_publications/701/ External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Defense of Marriage Act Wikinews has news related to : Defense of Marriage Act GovTrack THOMAS ( Library of Congress ) ( hide ) LGBT rights in the United States By entity Federal One , Inc. v. Olesen Order 1895 - 94 Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 Executive Order 12968 Romer v. Evans Executive Order 13087 Lawrence v. Texas Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr . Hate Crimes Prevention Act Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell Repeal Act of 2010 Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2013 United States v. Windsor Executive Order 13672 Obergefell v. Hodges Pavan v. Smith Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission Repealed or overturned federal laws Immigration Act of 1917 Immigration Act of 1952 Executive Order 10450 Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 Bowers v. Hardwick Department of Defense Directive 1304.26 Defense of Marriage Act Executive Order 13769 Presidential Memorandum of August 25 , 2017 Presidential Memorandum of March 23 , 2018 States or Commonwealths Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district District of Columbia Unincorporated territories American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands By type Adoption Age of consent Bans on conversion therapy for minors Hate crimes Housing discrimination Intersex rights Military Gender identity Sexual orientation Employment discrimination by municipality State bans on local anti-discrimination laws Immigration No promo homo laws Public accommodations Religious exemptions Same - sex unions Civil unions Domestic partnerships by municipality Marriage State bans on local anti-discrimination laws Transgender rights Voting Repealed or overturned Bans on same - sex unions State constitutional amendments Same - sex unions Civil unions Domestic partnerships State statutes Same - sex unions Civil unions Domestic partnerships Bathrooms Sodomy See also Lavender scare LGBT movements Sex Deviates Program VIAF : 185296971 LCCN : no96058318 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Defense_of_Marriage_Act&oldid=834188205 '' Categories : 104th United States Congress 1990s in LGBT history 1996 in law 1996 in the United States Clinton administration controversies Defense of Marriage Act Discrimination against LGBT people in the United States LGBT rights in the United States Same - sex marriage in the United States United States federal civil rights legislation Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from July 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia 日本 語 Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Svenska 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 11 : 47 . 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what is the difference between monte carlo and monaco

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Monte_Carlo&oldid=836855794

Monte Carlo - wikipedia Monte Carlo Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Monte Carlo ( disambiguation ) . Monte Carlo Quarter and Ward of Monaco Monte Carlo in Monaco ( Ward shown ) Monte Carlo Location in relation to France Coordinates : 43 ° 44 ′ 23 '' N 7 ° 25 ′ 38 '' E  /  43.73972 ° N 7.42722 ° E  / 43.73972 ; 7.42722 Coordinates : 43 ° 44 ′ 23 '' N 7 ° 25 ′ 38 '' E  /  43.73972 ° N 7.42722 ° E  / 43.73972 ; 7.42722 Country Monaco Government Type Principality Area Urban 0.61 km (. 234 sq mi ) Population Quarter and Ward of Monaco 15,200 ( in the quarter ) 3,500 ( in the ward ) Postcode 98000 Monte Carlo ( / ˈmɒnti ˈkɑːrloʊ / ; Italian : ( ˈmonte ˈkarlo ) ; French : Monte - Carlo ( mɔ̃te kaʁlo ) , or colloquially Monte - Carl ( mɔ̃te kaʁl ) ; Monégasque : Monte - Carlu ) officially refers to an administrative area of the Principality of Monaco , specifically the ward of Monte Carlo / Spélugues , where the Monte Carlo Casino is located . Informally the name also refers to a larger district , the Monte Carlo Quarter ( corresponding to the former municipality of Monte Carlo ) , which besides Monte Carlo / Spélugues also includes the wards of La Rousse / Saint Roman , Larvotto / Bas Moulins , and Saint Michel . The permanent population of the ward of Monte Carlo is about 3,500 , while that of the quarter is about 15,000 . Monaco has four traditional quarters . From west to east they are : Fontvieille ( the newest ) , Monaco - Ville ( the oldest ) , La Condamine , and Monte Carlo . Monte Carlo ( literally `` Mount Charles '' ) is situated on a prominent escarpment at the base of the Maritime Alps along the French Riviera . Near the quarter 's western end is the world - famous Place du Casino , the gambling center which has made Monte Carlo `` an international byword for the extravagant display and reckless dispersal of wealth '' . It is also the location of the Hôtel de Paris , the Café de Paris , and the Salle Garnier ( the casino theatre which is the home of the Opéra de Monte - Carlo ) . The quarter 's eastern part includes the community of Larvotto with Monaco 's only public beach , as well as its new convention center ( the Grimaldi Forum ) , and the Monte - Carlo Bay Hotel & Resort . At the quarter 's eastern border , one crosses into the French town of Beausoleil ( sometimes referred to as Monte - Carlo - Supérieur ) , and just 8 kilometres ( 5 mi ) to its east is the western border of Italy . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 3 Sport and leisure 4 Salle Garnier 5 Twin cities 6 Hôtel de Paris 7 In entertainment 8 Notable residents 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of Monaco Charles III of Monaco was responsible for turning the Monte Carlo district and Monaco into a thriving town . By the 1850s Monaco 's reigning family was almost bankrupt ; this was a result of the loss of two towns , Menton and Roquebrune , which had provided most of the principality 's revenues with their lemon , orange and olive crops . At the time , a number of small towns in Europe were growing prosperous from the establishment of casinos , notably in German towns such as Baden - Baden and Homburg . In 1856 Charles III of Monaco granted a concession to Napoleon Langlois and Albert Aubert to establish a sea - bathing facility for the treatment of various diseases , and to build a German - style casino in Monaco . The initial casino was opened in La Condamine in 1862 , but was not a success ; its present location in the area called `` Les Spélugues '' ( The Caves ) of Monte Carlo , came only after several relocations in the years that followed . The success of the casino grew slowly , largely due to the area 's inaccessibility from much of Europe . The installation of the railway in 1868 , however , brought with it an influx of people into Monte Carlo and saw it grow in wealth . Saint - Charles Church on Monte Carlo 's Avenue Sainte - Charles was completed in 1883 . It was restored in its centenary year . In 1911 when the Constitution divided the principality of Monaco in three municipalities , the municipality of Monte Carlo was created covering the existing neighborhoods of La Rousse / Saint Roman , Larvotto / Bas Moulins and Saint Michel . The municipalities were merged into one in 1917 , after accusations that the government was acting according to the motto `` divide and conquer '' and they were accorded the status of wards ( quartiers ) thereafter . Today , Monaco is divided into 10 wards , with an eleventh ward planned ( but currently postponed ) to encompass land reclaimed from the sea ( see the `` Administrative Divisions '' section of Monaco for additional details ) . The quarter of Monte Carlo was served by tramways from 1900 to 1953 , linking all parts of Monaco ( see transportation in Monaco ) . In 2003 a new cruise ship pier was completed in the harbour at Monte Carlo . Geography ( edit ) Climate ( edit ) ( hide ) Climate data for Monte Carlo , Monaco Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 12.5 ( 54.5 ) 13.1 ( 55.6 ) 14.5 ( 58.1 ) 16.7 ( 62.1 ) 19.8 ( 67.6 ) 23.3 ( 73.9 ) 26.4 ( 79.5 ) 26.6 ( 79.9 ) 24.2 ( 75.6 ) 20.8 ( 69.4 ) 16.2 ( 61.2 ) 13.5 ( 56.3 ) 19.0 ( 66.2 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 8.7 ( 47.7 ) 9.4 ( 48.9 ) 10.9 ( 51.6 ) 13.2 ( 55.8 ) 16.4 ( 61.5 ) 19.9 ( 67.8 ) 22.9 ( 73.2 ) 23.0 ( 73.4 ) 20.5 ( 68.9 ) 17.0 ( 62.6 ) 12.4 ( 54.3 ) 9.6 ( 49.3 ) 15.3 ( 59.5 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 4.9 ( 40.8 ) 5.6 ( 42.1 ) 7.2 ( 45 ) 9.7 ( 49.5 ) 13.0 ( 55.4 ) 16.4 ( 61.5 ) 19.3 ( 66.7 ) 19.3 ( 66.7 ) 16.9 ( 62.4 ) 13.2 ( 55.8 ) 8.6 ( 47.5 ) 5.7 ( 42.3 ) 11.7 ( 53.1 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 82.7 ( 3.256 ) 76.4 ( 3.008 ) 70.5 ( 2.776 ) 62.2 ( 2.449 ) 48.6 ( 1.913 ) 36.9 ( 1.453 ) 15.6 ( 0.614 ) 31.3 ( 1.232 ) 54.4 ( 2.142 ) 108.2 ( 4.26 ) 104.2 ( 4.102 ) 77.5 ( 3.051 ) 768.5 ( 30.256 ) Average precipitation days 6.8 6.4 6.1 6.3 5.2 4.1 1.9 3.1 4.0 5.8 7.0 6.0 62.7 Mean monthly sunshine hours 148.8 152.6 201.5 228.0 269.7 297.0 341.0 306.9 240.0 204.6 156.0 142.6 2,668.7 Percent possible sunshine 53 55 54 58 58 66 73 71 67 60 52 51 59.8 Source # 1 : Hong Kong Observatory Source # 2 : Weather Atlas ( possible sunshine ) ( hide ) Climate data for Monaco Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 12.25 ( 54.05 ) 12.52 ( 54.54 ) 13.97 ( 57.15 ) 16.13 ( 61.03 ) 19.36 ( 66.85 ) 22.98 ( 73.36 ) 25.78 ( 78.4 ) 25.93 ( 78.67 ) 23.81 ( 74.86 ) 19.9 ( 67.8 ) 16.09 ( 60.96 ) 13.41 ( 56.14 ) 18.511 ( 65.317 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 8.08 ( 46.54 ) 8.16 ( 46.69 ) 9.6 ( 49.3 ) 11.62 ( 52.92 ) 14.83 ( 58.69 ) 18.49 ( 65.28 ) 21.18 ( 70.12 ) 21.51 ( 70.72 ) 19.28 ( 66.7 ) 15.57 ( 60.03 ) 11.91 ( 53.44 ) 9.25 ( 48.65 ) 14.123 ( 57.423 ) Average precipitation days 5.9 5.2 6.7 6 5.6 2.8 1.3 2.5 4.5 7.5 7.7 6.8 62.5 Source : Monaco website Climate data for Monte Carlo Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average sea temperature ° C ( ° F ) 13.4 ( 56.2 ) 13.0 ( 55.5 ) 13.4 ( 56.1 ) 14.6 ( 58.4 ) 18.0 ( 64.3 ) 21.8 ( 71.3 ) 23.1 ( 73.6 ) 23.6 ( 74.4 ) 22.2 ( 71.9 ) 19.6 ( 67.2 ) 17.4 ( 63.3 ) 14.9 ( 58.9 ) 17.9 ( 64.3 ) Mean daily daylight hours 9.0 10.0 12.0 13.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 14.0 12.0 11.0 10.0 9.0 12.1 Average Ultraviolet index 5 7 8 8 7 5 4.4 Source : Weather Atlas Sport and leisure ( edit ) Monte Carlo Casino Monte Carlo is host to most of the Circuit de Monaco , on which the Formula One Monaco Grand Prix takes place . It also hosts world championship boxing bouts , the European Poker Tour Grand Final and the World Backgammon Championship as well as the Monaco International Auto Show ( Fr : Salon International de l'Automobile de Monaco ) , fashion shows and other events . Although the Monte Carlo Masters tennis tournament is billed as taking place in the community , its actual location is in the adjacent French commune of Roquebrune - Cap - Martin . Monte Carlo has been visited by royalty as well as the public and movie stars for decades . The Monte Carlo Rally is one of the longest running and most respected car rallies ; from 1973 to 2008 and again from 2012 , it marks the start of World Rally Championship season , having also served as the curtain - raiser for the Intercontinental Rally Challenge between 2009 and 2011 . The rally , however , takes place outside the Monte Carlo quarter and is run mostly on French roads . Monte Carlo is one of Europe 's leading tourist resorts , although many of the key tourist destinations are in other parts of Monaco , including such attractions as Monaco Cathedral , the Napoleon Museum , the Oceanographic Museum and aquarium , and the Prince 's Palace , all of which are in Monaco - Ville . Salle Garnier ( edit ) Main article : Opéra de Monte - Carlo The Opéra de Monte - Carlo or Salle Garnier was built to designs of the architect Charles Garnier , who also designed the Paris opera house now known as the Palais Garnier . Although much smaller , the Salle Garnier is very similar in style with decorations in red and gold , and frescoes and sculptures all around the auditorium . It was inaugurated on 25 January 1879 with a performance by Sarah Bernhardt dressed as a nymph . The first opera performed there was Robert Planquette 's Le Chevalier Gaston on 8 February 1879 , and that was followed by three more in the first season . With the influence of the first director , Jules Cohen ( who was instrumental in bringing Adelina Patti ) and the fortunate combination of Raoul Gunsbourg , the new director from 1883 , and Princess Alice , the opera - loving American wife of Charles III 's successor , Albert I , the company was thrust onto the world 's opera community stage . Gunsbourg had remained for sixty years . By the early years of the twentieth century , the Salle Garnier was to see such great performers as Nellie Melba and Enrico Caruso in La Bohème and Rigoletto ( in 1902 ) , and Feodor Chaliapin in the premiere of Jules Massenet 's Don Quichotte ( 1910 ) . This production formed part of a long association between the company and Massenet and his operas , two of which were presented there posthumously . Other famous twentieth - century singers to appear at Monte Carlo included Titta Ruffo , Geraldine Farrar , Mary Garden , Tito Schipa , Beniamino Gigli , Claudia Muzio , Georges Thill , and Lily Pons . Apart from Massenet , composers whose works had their first performances at Monte Carlo included : Saint - Saëns ( Hélène , 1904 ) ; Mascagni ( Amica , 1905 ) ; and Puccini ( La rondine , 1917 ) . Indeed , since its inauguration , the theatre has hosted 45 world premiere productions of operas . René Blum was retained to found the Ballet de l'Opéra . The `` Golden Age '' of the Salle Garnier is gone , as small companies with small houses are not able to mount productions that cost astronomical sums . Nonetheless , the present day company still presents a season containing five or six operas . Twin cities ( edit ) Campagna , Italy and Ceuta , Spain are Monte Carlo 's twin cities . Hotel de Paris ( edit ) Main article : Hotel de Paris Hotel de Paris The Hôtel de Paris , established in 1864 by Charles III of Monaco , is located on the west side of the Place du Casino in the heart of Monte Carlo . It belongs to the Société des bains de mer de Monaco ( SBM ) , and is part of the elite Palace Grand Hotels in Monaco with the Hotel Hermitage , the Monte - Carlo Beach Hotel on Monte - Carlo Bay Hotel & Resort , the Metropole Hotel and Fairmont hotel . The hotel has 106 rooms divided into four groups based on type of view , decoration and luxury . The Exclusive City View offers 20 rooms , the Superior Courtyard has 29 large rooms , the Exclusive Sea View 59 and the Exclusive Casino has six . Additionally , there are 74 suites and junior suites which are grouped similarly , offering more luxury than the rooms . There are single and double suites as well as courtyard junior suites and Sea / Casino Junior suites . There is also one Presidential suite . A project to renovate the hotel began October 2014 to create a garden courtyard , add a new spa , fitness and pool area , exceptional suites and a `` rooftop villa '' with a private garden and pool . In Entertainment ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Monte Carlo has featured in numerous films and television series , most recently in the 2011 movie of the same name . Monte Carlo was the setting for the 1922 Erich von Stroheim silent film Foolish Wives although it was filmed in California . The casino featured in the James Bond films Never Say Never Again ( 1983 ) , and GoldenEye ( 1995 ) . To Catch a Thief ( 1954 ) was an Alfred Hitchcock film with Monte Carlo and its famous casino as the setting and featured Cary Grant and Grace Kelly , the future Princess Grace of Monaco , as the stars . There is a scene in the movie where the - then Grace Kelly drives a car very quickly -- and dangerously -- along the steep winding roads of Monaco that surround the heights of Monte Carlo ; an interesting coincidence to her actual fate in 1982 . Monte Carlo was even a location for the late 1960s British London based series Randall and Hopkirk ( Deceased ) where in the eleventh episode of the series , `` The Ghost who Saved the Bank at Monte Carlo '' , Mike Pratt , Kenneth Cope and Annette Andre went to Monte Carlo to accompany a highly talented elderly woman to gamble inside the casino and waylay a group of thugs ( amongst them Brian Blessed ) . And Grand Prix ( 1966 ) was filmed here , which starred James Garner , Eva M. Saint , and Yves Montand . Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo ( 1977 ) starring Dean Jones & Don Knotts . The motor race Monaco World Prix 1 in Monte Carlo also featured in the 2010 film Iron Man 2 . Other films such as I Spy , Cars 2 and Monte Carlo use the city as a setting . The video game series Gran Turismo often features Monte Carlo as a location , and the Indie game Monaco : What 's Yours is Mine features Monte Carlo as a setting . There are two difficult heists in the endgame that take place in the Casino . The hotel in Monte Carlo , Monaco also made an appearance in the 2012 DreamWorks Animation SKG film Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted . In 2016 and again in 2017 , The Bold and the Beautiful featured a number of episodes filmed on location in the city . Monte Carlo is the location for the annual Spencer Summit hosted by the Spencer family . Panorama of La Condamine and Monte Carlo from the lookout near the Prince 's Palace of Monaco in Monaco - Ville . Monaco city panorama from train station , May 2015 Notable residents ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Victoria Azarenka ( tennis player ) Shirley Bassey ( singer ) Bono ( singer with U2 ) Jenson Button ( former Formula One driver ) Loris Capirossi ( former MotoGP rider ) Jolanda Čeplak ( former athlete ) Marin Čilić ( tennis player ) David Coulthard ( former Formula One driver ) Grigor Dimitrov ( tennis player ) Novak Djokovic ( tennis player ) Richard Dunne ( former professional footballer ) Mohamed Al - Fayed ( ex-Harrods owner ) Michele Ferrero ( Ferrero SpA owner ) Matthew Goss ( professional cyclist ) Philip Green ( entrepreneur ) Stelios Haji - Ioannou ( owner of EasyJet ) Lewis Hamilton ( Formula One driver ) Daniela Hantuchová ( tennis player ) Justin Hayward ( singer with the Moody Blues ) Justine Henin ( former tennis player ) Markus Hipfl ( former tennis player ) Dominik Hrbatý ( former tennis player ) Jean - Raymond Boulle ( businessman ) Thor Hushovd ( cyclist ) Robert Kubica ( former Formula One driver ) Karol Kučera ( former tennis player ) Petra Kvitová ( tennis player ) Gina Lollobrigida ( actress ) Felipe Massa ( former Formula One driver ) Andriy Medvedev ( tennis player ) Gian Carlo Menotti ( classical composer ) Helmut Newton ( photographer ) Mike Oldfield ( musician ) Stefano Pessina ( exec chair of Alliance Boots ) Paula Radcliffe ( marathon world record holder ) Milos Raonic ( tennis player ) Daniel Ricciardo ( Formula One driver ) Keke Rosberg ( former Formula One driver ) Nico Rosberg ( former Formula One driver ) Marc Rosset ( former tennis player ) Lucie Šafářová ( tennis player ) Marat Safin ( former tennis player ) David Shilling ( milliner ) Robin Söderling ( tennis player ) Ringo Starr ( drummer with the Beatles ) Bernard Tomic ( tennis player ) Edwina Tops - Alexander Yanina Wickmayer ( tennis player ) Jeff Wooller ( accountant ) Caroline Wozniacki ( tennis player ) Alexander Zverev Jr. ( tennis player ) Mischa Zverev ( tennis player ) Thierry Neuville ( WRC driver ) Andreas Mikkelsen ( WRC driver ) See also ( edit ) Chevrolet Monte Carlo - a Two - Door Coupe produced by Chevrolet for 6 Generations Geography of Monaco with suburbs and features Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted Monte Carlo Casino Monaco Heliport Monte Carlo method Monte Carlo Resort and Casino - hotel and casino in Paradise , Nevada , on the Las Vegas Strip . Opéra de Monte - Carlo Radio Monte Carlo Télé Monte Carlo References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Monaco '' in The New Encyclopædia Britannica , 15th edition ( Chicago , 1991 ) , vol. 8 , p. 243 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of Monte Carlo Casino '' . Craps Dice Control . Retrieved 23 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Monuments '' . Visit Monaco - Monuments . Visit Monaco . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` English Community '' . Saint - Charles Church . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Climatological Information for Monte Carlo , Monaco '' - Hong Kong Observatory ^ Jump up to : `` Monte Carlo , Monaco - Climate data '' . Weather Atlas . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Monaco - Climate '' . Monaco website . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1er Salon International de l'Automobile de Monaco - 2017 '' . 1er salon international de l'automobile de Monaco ( in French ) . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Luxury hotel rooms and luxurious suites in the Hotel de Paris '' . En.hoteldeparismontecarlo.com . Archived from the original on 16 February 2007 . Retrieved 2 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Palace Hotel de Paris in Monte - Carlo '' . En.hoteldeparismontecarlo.com . Retrieved 2 July 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.hoteldeparismontecarlo.com/discover-the-hotel/renovation-works/ Jump up ^ `` ExclusiveGP '' . ExclusiveGP . Jump up ^ Grupa Wirtualna Polska . `` Formuła 1 '' . sportowefakty.wp.pl . Jump up ^ `` Davis Cup -- The World Cup of Tennis '' . Jump up ^ World Entertainment News Network . `` Ringo Moves To Monte Carlo To Avoid Tax Laws '' . Contactmusic.com . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Monte Carlo . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Monte Carlo . Monaco Portal Administrative divisions of Monaco Traditional Quartiers Monaco - Ville La Condamine Monte Carlo Fontvieille Current Wards 01 Monte Carlo 02 Saint Roman 03 Larvotto 04 La Condamine 05 Monaco - Ville 06 Fontvieille 07 La Colle 08 Les Révoires 09 Moneghetti 10 Saint Michel 11 Le Portier ordered by age of foundation ordered by official Ward number Planned for 2015 VIAF : 243225276 GND : 7600215 - 9 BNF : cb11951891g ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monte_Carlo&oldid=836855794 '' Categories : Monte Carlo Quarters of Monaco Cities in Monaco France -- Monaco border crossings Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use dmy dates from September 2015 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing French - language text Articles needing additional references from February 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from August 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Ænglisc Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Kalaallisut ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Dorerin Naoero Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 66 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 07 : 13 . 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who was jim thorpe and what did he do

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Jim_Thorpe&oldid=808638815

Jim Thorpe - wikipedia Jim Thorpe Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Jim Thorpe ( disambiguation ) . `` Bright Path '' redirects here . For the 1940 Soviet film , see Tanya ( 1940 film ) . Jim Thorpe Thorpe with the Canton Bulldogs some time between 1915 and 1920 No. 21 , 3 , 1 Position : Back Date of birth : May 22 or 28 , 1887 Place of birth : Near Prague , Indian Territory ( now in Oklahoma ) Date of death : March 28 , 1953 ( 1953 - 03 - 28 ) ( aged 65 ) Place of death : Lomita , California Height : 6 ft 1 in ( 1.85 m ) Weight : 202 lb ( 92 kg ) Career information College : Carlisle Career history As player : Canton Bulldogs ( 1915 -- 1917 , 1919 -- 1920 ) Cleveland Indians ( 1921 ) Oorang Indians ( 1922 -- 1923 ) Rock Island Independents ( 1924 ) New York Giants ( 1925 ) Rock Island Independents ( 1925 ) Tampa Cardinals ( 1926 ) Canton Bulldogs ( 1926 ) Chicago Cardinals ( 1928 ) As coach : Indiana ( 1915 ) Canton Bulldogs ( 1915 -- 1920 ) Cleveland Indians ( 1921 ) Oorang Indians ( 1922 -- 1923 ) Tampa Cardinals ( 1926 ) Career highlights and awards First - team All - Pro ( 1923 ) NFL 1920s All - Decade Team 2 × Consensus All - American ( 1911 , 1912 ) Career NFL statistics Player stats at NFL.com Head coaching record Career : 14 -- 25 -- 2 Pro Football Hall of Fame College Football Hall of Fame James Francis Thorpe ( Sac and Fox ( Sauk ) : Wa - Tho - Huk , translated as `` Bright Path '' ; May 22 or 28 , 1887 -- March 28 , 1953 ) was an American athlete and Olympic gold medalist . A member of the Sac and Fox Nation , Thorpe became the first Native American to win a gold medal for his home country . Considered one of the most versatile athletes of modern sports , he won Olympic gold medals in the 1912 pentathlon and decathlon , and played American football ( collegiate and professional ) , professional baseball , and basketball . He lost his Olympic titles after it was found he had been paid for playing two seasons of semi-professional baseball before competing in the Olympics , thus violating the amateurism rules that were then in place . In 1983 , 30 years after his death , the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) restored his Olympic medals . Thorpe grew up in the Sac and Fox Nation in Oklahoma , and attended Carlisle Indian Industrial School , where he was a two - time All - American for the school 's football team . After his Olympic success in 1912 , which included a record score in the decathlon , he added a victory in the All - Around Championship of the Amateur Athletic Union . In 1913 , Thorpe signed with the New York Giants , and he played six seasons in Major League Baseball between 1913 and 1919 . Thorpe joined the Canton Bulldogs American football team in 1915 , helping them win three professional championships ; he later played for six teams in the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played as part of several all - American Indian teams throughout his career , and barnstormed as a professional basketball player with a team composed entirely of American Indians . From 1920 to 1921 , Thorpe was nominally the first president of the American Professional Football Association ( APFA ) , which became the NFL in 1922 . He played professional sports until age 41 , the end of his sports career coinciding with the start of the Great Depression . He struggled to earn a living after that , working several odd jobs . He suffered from alcoholism , and lived his last years in failing health and poverty . He was married three times and had eight children , before suffering from heart failure and dying in 1953 . Thorpe has received various accolades for his athletic accomplishments . The Associated Press named him the `` greatest athlete '' from the first 50 years of the 20th century , and the Pro Football Hall of Fame inducted him as part of its inaugural class in 1963 . A Pennsylvania town was named in his honor and a monument site there is the site of his remains , which were the subject of legal action . Thorpe was portrayed in the 1951 film Jim Thorpe -- All - American , and appeared in several films himself . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Amateur career 2.1 College career 2.2 Olympic career 2.3 All - Around champion 2.4 Controversy 3 Professional career 3.1 Baseball free agent 3.2 Baseball , football , and basketball 4 Marriage and family 5 Later life 6 Death 7 Victim of racism 8 Legacy 8.1 Olympic awards reinstated 8.2 Honors 8.3 Jim Thorpe , Pennsylvania 9 In film 10 Notes 11 Sources 12 Further reading 13 External links Early life ( edit ) Information about Thorpe 's birth , name and ethnic background varies widely . He was baptized `` Jacobus Franciscus Thorpe '' in the Catholic Church . Thorpe was born in Indian Territory , but no birth certificate has been found . He was generally considered to have been born on May 22 , 1887 , near the town of Prague , Oklahoma . Thorpe himself said in a note to The Shawnee News - Star in 1943 that he was born May 28 , 1888 , `` near and south of Bellemont -- Pottawatomie County -- along the banks of the North Fork River ... hope this will clear up the inquiries as to my birthplace . '' However , most biographers believe that he was born on May 22 , 1887 , as that is what is listed on his baptismal certificate . Bellemont was a small community , now disappeared , on the line between Pottawatomie and Lincoln Counties . Thorpe referred to Shawnee as his birthplace in the 1943 note . Thorpe 's parents were both of mixed - race ancestry . His father , Hiram Thorpe , had an Irish father and a Sac and Fox Indian mother . His mother , Charlotte Vieux , had a French father and a Potawatomi mother , a descendant of Chief Louis Vieux . He was raised as a Sac and Fox , and his native name , Wa - Tho - Huk , translated as `` path lit by great flash of lightning '' or , more simply , `` Bright Path '' . As was the custom for Sac and Fox , he was named for something occurring around the time of his birth , in this case the light brightening the path to the cabin where he was born . Thorpe 's parents were both Roman Catholic , a faith which Thorpe observed throughout his adult life . Thorpe attended the Sac and Fox Indian Agency school in Stroud , Oklahoma , with his twin brother , Charlie . Charlie helped him through school until he succumbed to a bout of pneumonia when they were nine years old . He ran away from school several times . His father then sent him to the Haskell Institute , an Indian boarding school in Lawrence , Kansas , so that he would not run away again . When his mother died of childbirth complications two years later , he became depressed . After several arguments with his father , he left home to work on a horse ranch . In 1904 the sixteen - year - old Thorpe returned to his father and decided to attend Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Carlisle , Pennsylvania . There his athletic ability was recognized and he was coached by Glenn Scobey `` Pop '' Warner , one of the most influential coaches of early American football history . Later that year he became orphaned after Hiram Thorpe died from gangrene poisoning after being wounded in a hunting accident , and Jim again dropped out of school . He resumed farm work for a few years and then returned to Carlisle Indian Industrial School . Amateur career ( edit ) College career ( edit ) Jim Thorpe in Carlisle Indian Industrial School uniform , c. 1909 . Thorpe began his athletic career at Carlisle in 1907 when he walked past the track and beat all the school 's high jumpers with an impromptu 5 - ft 9 - in jump still in street clothes . His earliest recorded track and field results come from 1907 . He also competed in football , baseball , lacrosse and even ballroom dancing , winning the 1912 intercollegiate ballroom dancing championship . Jim Thorpe tackling a dummy that is made of weights and pulley on wire , with Coach Warner , 1912 . Pop Warner was hesitant to allow Thorpe , his best track and field athlete , to compete in a physical game such as football . Thorpe , however , convinced Warner to let him try some rushing plays in practice against the school team 's defense ; Warner assumed he would be tackled easily and give up the idea . Thorpe `` ran around past and through them not once , but twice '' . He then walked over to Warner and said `` Nobody is going to tackle Jim '' , while flipping him the ball . Thorpe gained nationwide attention for the first time in 1911 . As a running back , defensive back , placekicker and punter , Thorpe scored all his team 's points -- four field goals and a touchdown -- in an 18 -- 15 upset of Harvard , a top ranked team in those early days of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . His team finished the season 11 -- 1 . In 1912 Carlisle won the national collegiate championship largely as a result of his efforts -- he scored 25 touchdowns and 198 points during the season , according to CNN 's Greg Botelho . Steve Boda , a researcher for the NCAA , credits Thorpe with 27 touchdowns and 224 points . Thorpe rushed 191 times for 1,869 yards , according to Boda ; the figures do not include statistics from 2 of Carlisle 's 14 games in 1912 because full records are not available . Carlisle 's 1912 record included a 27 -- 6 victory over Army . In that game , Thorpe 's 92 - yard touchdown was nullified by a teammate 's penalty , but on the next play Thorpe rushed for a 97 - yard touchdown . Future President Dwight Eisenhower , who played against him that season , recalled of Thorpe in a 1961 speech : Here and there , there are some people who are supremely endowed . My memory goes back to Jim Thorpe . He never practiced in his life , and he could do anything better than any other football player I ever saw . He was awarded All - American honors in both 1911 and 1912 . Football was -- and would remain -- Thorpe 's favorite sport . He did not compete in track and field in 1910 or 1911 , even though this turned out to be the sport in which he gained his greatest fame . In the spring of 1912 , he started training for the Olympics . He had confined his efforts to jumps , hurdles and shot - puts , but now added pole vaulting , javelin , discus , hammer and 56 lb weight . In the Olympic trials held at Celtic Park in New York , his all - round ability stood out in all these events and so he riveted a claim to a place on the team that went to Sweden . Olympic career ( edit ) Thorpe at the 1912 Summer Olympics For the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm , Sweden , two new multi-event disciplines were included , the pentathlon and the decathlon . A pentathlon , based on the ancient Greek event , had been introduced at the 1906 Intercalated Games . The 1912 version consisted of the long jump , javelin throw , 200 - meter dash , discus throw and 1500 - meter run . The decathlon was a relatively new event in modern athletics , although it had been part of American track meets since the 1880s and a version had been featured on the program of the 1904 St. Louis Olympics . The events of the new decathlon differed slightly from the American version . Both seemed appropriate for Thorpe , who was so versatile that he served as Carlisle 's one - man team in several track meets . According to his obituary in The New York Times , he could run the 100 - yard dash in 10 seconds flat ; the 220 in 21.8 seconds ; the 440 in 51.8 seconds ; the 880 in 1 : 57 , the mile in 4 : 35 ; the 120 - yard high hurdles in 15 seconds ; and the 220 - yard low hurdles in 24 seconds . He could long jump 23 ft 6 in and high - jump 6 ft 5 in . He could pole vault 11 feet ; put the shot 47 ft 9 in ; throw the javelin 163 feet ; and throw the discus 136 feet . Jim Thorpe , ca . 1910 Thorpe entered the U.S. Olympic trials for both the pentathlon and the decathlon . He easily earned a place on the pentathlon team , winning three events . The decathlon trial was subsequently cancelled , and Thorpe was chosen to represent the U.S. in the event . The pentathlon and decathlon teams also included future International Olympic Committee president Avery Brundage . His schedule in the Olympics was busy . Along with the decathlon and pentathlon , he competed in the long jump and high jump . The first competition was the pentathlon . He won four of the five events and placed third in the javelin , an event he had not competed in before 1912 . Although the pentathlon was primarily decided on place points , points were also earned for the marks achieved in the individual events . He won the gold medal . That same day , he qualified for the high jump final in which he placed fourth , and also took seventh place in the long jump . Even more remarkably , because someone had stolen his shoes just before he was due to compete , he found some discarded ones in a rubbish bin and won his medals wearing them . Olympic medal record Men 's athletics Representing the United States 1912 Stockholm Decathlon 1912 Stockholm Pentathlon Thorpe 's final event was the decathlon , his first -- and as it turned out , his only -- Olympic decathlon . Strong competition from local favorite Hugo Wieslander was expected . Thorpe , however , easily defeated Wieslander by more than 700 points . He placed in the top four in all ten events , and his Olympic record of 8,413 points would stand for nearly two decades . Overall , Thorpe won eight of the 15 individual events comprising the pentathlon and decathlon . As was the custom of the day , the medals were presented to the athletes during the closing ceremonies of the games . Along with the two gold medals , Thorpe also received two challenge prizes , which were donated by King Gustav V of Sweden for the decathlon and Czar Nicholas II of Russia for the pentathlon . Several sources recount that , when awarding Thorpe his prize , King Gustav said , `` You , sir , are the greatest athlete in the world '' , to which Thorpe replied , `` Thanks , King '' . Contemporary sources from 1912 are lacking , suggesting that the story was apocryphal , however . The anecdote appeared in newspapers as early as 1948 , 36 years after his appearance in the Olympics , and in books as early as 1952 . Thorpe 's successes had not gone unnoticed at home , and he was honored with a ticker - tape parade on Broadway . He remembered later , `` I heard people yelling my name , and I could n't realize how one fellow could have so many friends . '' Apart from his track and field appearances , he also played in one of two exhibition baseball games at the 1912 Olympics , which featured two teams composed mostly of U.S. track and field athletes . Thorpe had previous experience in the sport , as the public would soon learn . All - around champion ( edit ) After his victories at the Olympic Games in Sweden , on September 2 , 1912 , he returned to Celtic Park , the home of the Irish American Athletic Club , in Queens , New York ( where he had qualified four months earlier for the Olympic Games ) , to compete in the Amateur Athletic Union 's All - Around Championship . Competing against Bruno Brodd of the Irish American Athletic Club and J. Bredemus of Princeton University , he won seven of the ten events contested and came in second in the remaining three . With a total point score of 7,476 points , Thorpe broke the previous record of 7,385 points set in 1909 , ( also set at Celtic Park ) , by Martin Sheridan , the champion athlete of the Irish American Athletic Club . Sheridan , a five - time Olympic gold medalist , was present to watch his record broken , approached Thorpe after the event and shook his hand saying , `` Jim , my boy , you 're a great man . I never expect to look upon a finer athlete . '' He told a reporter from New York World , `` Thorpe is the greatest athlete that ever lived . He has me beaten fifty ways . Even when I was in my prime , I could not do what he did today . '' Controversy ( edit ) In 1912 , strict rules regarding amateurism were in effect for athletes participating in the Olympics . Athletes who received money prizes for competitions , were sports teachers or had competed previously against professionals were not considered amateurs and were barred from competition . In late January 1913 , the Worcester Telegram published a story announcing that Thorpe had played professional baseball , and other U.S. newspapers followed up the story . Thorpe had indeed played professional baseball in the Eastern Carolina League for Rocky Mount , North Carolina , in 1909 and 1910 , receiving meager pay ; reportedly as little as US $2 ( $51 today ) per game and as much as US $35 ( $900 today ) per week . College players , in fact , regularly spent summers playing professionally but most used aliases , unlike Thorpe . Although the public did n't seem to care much about Thorpe 's past , the Amateur Athletic Union ( AAU ) , and especially its secretary James Edward Sullivan , took the case very seriously . Thorpe wrote a letter to Sullivan , in which he admitted playing professional baseball : I hope I will be partly excused by the fact that I was simply an Indian schoolboy and did not know all about such things . In fact , I did not know that I was doing wrong , because I was doing what I knew several other college men had done , except that they did not use their own names ... His letter did not help . The AAU decided to withdraw Thorpe 's amateur status retroactively . Later that year , the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) unanimously decided to strip Thorpe of his Olympic titles , medals and awards and declare him a professional . Although Thorpe had played for money , the AAU and IOC did not follow the rules for disqualification . The rulebook for the 1912 Olympics stated that protests had to be made `` within '' 30 days from the closing ceremonies of the games . The first newspaper reports did not appear until January 1913 , about six months after the Stockholm Games had concluded . There is also some evidence that Thorpe was known to have played professional baseball before the Olympics , but the AAU had ignored the issue until being confronted with it in 1913 . The only positive element of this affair for Thorpe was that , as soon as the news was reported that he had been declared a professional , he received offers from professional sports clubs . Professional career ( edit ) Baseball free agent ( edit ) Jim Thorpe Thorpe as a member of the New York Giants Outfielder Batted : Right Threw : Right MLB debut April 14 , 1913 , for the New York Giants Last MLB appearance September 25 , 1919 , for the Boston Braves MLB statistics Batting average . 252 Home runs 7 Runs batted in 82 Hits 176 Teams New York Giants ( 1913 -- 1915 , 1917 ) Cincinnati Reds ( 1917 ) New York Giants ( 1918 -- 1919 ) Boston Braves ( 1919 ) Because the minor league team that last held Jim Thorpe 's contract had disbanded in 1910 , he found himself in the rare position of being a sought - after free agent at the major league level during the era of the reserve clause , and thus had a choice of baseball teams for which to play . In January 1913 , he turned down a starting position with the American League cellar - dwelling St. Louis Browns , choosing instead to join the 1912 National League champion New York Giants , who , with Thorpe playing in 19 of their 151 games , would repeat as the 1913 National League champions . Immediately following the Giants ' October loss in the 1913 World Series , Thorpe and the Giants joined the Chicago White Sox for a world tour . Barnstorming across the United States and then around the world , Thorpe was the celebrity of the tour . Thorpe 's presence increased the publicity , attendance and gate receipts for the tour . He met with Pope Pius X and Abbas II Hilmi Bey ( the last Khedive of Egypt ) , and played before 20,000 people in London including King George V . Baseball , football , and basketball ( edit ) World Famous Indians letterhead Jim Thorpe Thorpe signed with the New York Giants baseball club in 1913 and played sporadically with them as an outfielder for three seasons . After playing in the minor leagues with the Milwaukee Brewers in 1916 , he returned to the Giants in 1917 but was sold to the Cincinnati Reds early in the season . In the `` double no - hitter '' between Fred Toney of the Reds and Hippo Vaughn of the Chicago Cubs , Thorpe drove in the winning run in the 10th inning . Late in the season , he was sold back to the Giants . Again , he played sporadically for them in 1918 before being traded to the Boston Braves on May 21 , 1919 , for Pat Ragan . In his career , he amassed 91 runs scored , 82 runs batted in and a . 252 batting average over 289 games . He continued to play minor league baseball until 1922 . But Thorpe had not abandoned football either . He first played professional football in 1913 as a member of the Indiana - based Pine Village Pros , a team that had a several - season winning streak against local teams during the 1910s . He then signed with the Canton Bulldogs in 1915 . They paid him $250 ( $5,919 today ) a game , a tremendous wage at the time . Before signing him Canton was averaging 1,200 fans a game , but 8,000 showed up for his debut against the Massillon Tigers . The team won titles in 1916 , 1917 , and 1919 . He reportedly ended the 1919 championship game by kicking a wind - assisted 95 - yard punt from his team 's own 5 - yard line , effectively putting the game out of reach . In 1920 , the Bulldogs were one of 14 teams to form the American Professional Football Association ( APFA ) , which would become the National Football League ( NFL ) two years later . Thorpe was nominally the APFA 's first president , but spent most of the year playing for Canton and a year later was replaced as president by Joseph Carr . He continued to play for Canton , coaching the team as well . Between 1921 and 1923 , he helped organize and played for the Oorang Indians ( LaRue , Ohio ) , an all - Native American team . Although the team 's record was 3 -- 6 in 1922 , and 1 -- 10 in 1923 , he played well and was selected for the Green Bay Press - Gazette 's first All - NFL team in 1923 , which would later be formally recognized by the NFL as the league 's official All - NFL team in 1931 ) . Thorpe never played for an NFL championship team . He retired from professional football at age 41 , having played 52 NFL games for six teams from 1920 to 1928 . Until 2005 , most of Thorpe 's biographers were unaware of his basketball career until a ticket that documented his time in professional basketball was discovered in an old book that year . By 1926 , he was the main feature of the `` World Famous Indians '' of LaRue , a traveling basketball team . `` Jim Thorpe 's world famous Indians '' barnstormed for at least two years ( 1927 -- 28 ) in multiple states . Although stories about Thorpe 's team were published in some local newspapers at the time , his basketball career had not been well - documented afterwards . Marriage and family ( edit ) Thorpe married three times and had eight children ( one of whom died in childhood ) . In 1913 , Thorpe married Iva M. Miller , whom he had met at Carlisle . In 1917 , Iva and Thorpe bought a house now known as the Jim Thorpe House in Yale , Oklahoma , and lived there until 1923 . They had four children : Gail , James F. , Charlotte , and Frances . Miller filed for divorce from Thorpe in 1925 , claiming desertion . In 1926 , Thorpe married Freeda Verona Kirkpatrick ( September 19 , 1905 -- March 2 , 2007 ) . She was working for the manager of the baseball team for which he was playing at the time . They had four sons : Phillip , William , Richard , and John . Kirkpatrick divorced Thorpe in 1941 , after they had been married for 15 years . Lastly , Thorpe married Patricia Gladys Askew on June 2 , 1945 ; she was with him when he died . Later life ( edit ) After his athletic career , Thorpe struggled to provide for his family . He found it difficult to work a non-sports - related job and never held a job for an extended period of time . During the Great Depression in particular , he had various jobs , among others as an extra for several movies , usually playing an American Indian chief in Westerns . He also worked as a construction worker , a doorman ( bouncer ) , a security guard and a ditch digger , and briefly joined the United States Merchant Marine in 1945 . Thorpe was a chronic alcoholic during his later life . He ran out of money sometime in the early 1950s . When hospitalized for lip cancer in 1950 , he was admitted as a charity case . At a press conference announcing the procedure , his wife , Patricia , wept and pleaded for help , saying , `` We 're broke ... Jim has nothing but his name and his memories . He has spent money on his own people and has given it away . He has often been exploited . '' Death ( edit ) In early 1953 , Thorpe went into heart failure for the third time while dining with Patricia in their home in Lomita , California . He was briefly revived by artificial respiration and spoke to those around him , but lost consciousness shortly afterward and died on March 28 at the age of 65 . Victim of racism ( edit ) Thorpe , whose parents were both half Caucasian , was raised as an American Indian . His accomplishments occurred during a period of severe racial inequality in the United States . It has often been suggested that his medals were stripped because of his ethnicity . While it is difficult to prove this , the public comment at the time largely reflected this view . At the time Thorpe won his gold medals , not all Native Americans were recognized as U.S. citizens . ( The U.S. government had wanted them to make concessions to adopt European - American ways to receive such recognition . ) Citizenship was not granted to all American Indians until 1924 . While Thorpe attended Carlisle , students ' ethnicity was used for marketing purposes . The football team was called the Indians . A photograph of Thorpe and the 1911 football team emphasized racial differences among the competing athletes ; the inscription on the most important game ball of that season reads , `` 1911 , Indians 18 , Harvard 15 . '' Additionally , the school and journalists often categorized sporting competitions as conflicts of Indians against whites ; newspaper headlines such as `` Indians Scalp Army 27 -- 6 '' or `` Jim Thorpe on Rampage '' made stereotypical journalistic play of the Indian background of Carlisle 's football team . The first notice of Thorpe in The New York Times was headlined `` Indian Thorpe in Olympiad ; Redskin from Carlisle Will Strive for Place on American Team . '' His accomplishments were described in a similar racial context by other newspapers and sportswriters throughout his life . Legacy ( edit ) Olympic awards reinstated ( edit ) Over the years , supporters of Thorpe attempted to have his Olympic titles reinstated . US Olympic officials , including former teammate and later president of the IOC Avery Brundage , rebuffed several attempts , with Brundage once saying , `` Ignorance is no excuse . '' Most persistent were the author Robert Wheeler and his wife , Florence Ridlon . They succeeded in having the AAU and United States Olympic Committee overturn its decision and restore Thorpe 's amateur status before 1913 . In 1982 , Wheeler and Ridlon established the Jim Thorpe Foundation and gained support from the U.S. Congress . Armed with this support and evidence from 1912 proving that Thorpe 's disqualification had occurred after the 30 - day time period allowed by Olympics rules , they succeeded in making the case to the IOC . In October 1982 , the IOC Executive Committee approved Thorpe 's reinstatement . In an unusual ruling , they declared that Thorpe was co-champion with Ferdinand Bie and Wieslander , although both of these athletes had always said they considered Thorpe to be the only champion . In a ceremony on January 18 , 1983 , the IOC presented two of Thorpe 's children , Gale and Bill , with commemorative medals . Thorpe 's original medals had been held in museums , but they had been stolen and have never been recovered . Although Thorpe is listed as a gold medalist by the IOC , his results from 1912 have not been restored to the official Olympic records . Honors ( edit ) Thorpe as backfield coach for Indiana , 1915 Thorpe 's monument , featuring the quote from Gustav V ( `` You , sir , are the greatest athlete in the world . '' ) , still stands near the town named for him , Jim Thorpe , Pennsylvania . The grave rests on mounds of soil from Thorpe 's native Oklahoma and from the stadium in which he won his Olympic medals . Thorpe 's achievements received great acclaim from sports journalists , both during his lifetime and since his death . In 1950 , an Associated Press poll of almost 400 sportswriters and broadcasters voted Thorpe the `` greatest athlete '' of the first half of the 20th century . That same year , the Associated Press named Thorpe the `` greatest American football player '' of the first half of the century . In 1999 , the Associated Press placed him third on its list of the top athletes of the century , following Babe Ruth and Michael Jordan . ESPN ranked Thorpe seventh on their list of best North American athletes of the century . Thorpe was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1963 , one of seventeen players in the charter class . Thorpe is memorialized in the Pro Football Hall of Fame rotunda with a larger - than - life statue . He was also inducted into halls of fame for college football , American Olympic teams , and the national track and field competition . President Richard Nixon , as authorized by U.S. Senate Joint Resolution 73 , proclaimed Monday , April 16 , 1973 , as `` Jim Thorpe Day '' to promote the nationwide recognition of Thorpe . In 1986 , the Jim Thorpe Association established an award with Thorpe 's name . The Jim Thorpe Award is given annually to the best defensive back in college football . The annual Thorpe Cup athletics meeting is named in his honor . The United States Postal Service issued a 32 ¢ stamp on 3 February 1998 as part of the Celebrate the Century stamp sheet series . In a poll of sports fans conducted by ABC Sports , Thorpe was voted the Greatest Athlete of the Twentieth Century out of 15 other athletes including Muhammad Ali , Babe Ruth , Jesse Owens , Wayne Gretzky , Jack Nicklaus , and Michael Jordan . In 2015 , proposed designs for the 2018 Native American dollar coin featuring Thorpe were released . Jim Thorpe , Pennsylvania ( edit ) After Thorpe 's funeral was held at St. Benedict 's Catholic Church in Shawnee , Oklahoma , his body was lying in state at Fairview Cemetery after citizens had paid to have it moved to Shawnee by train from California . The people were in a fund - raising effort to erect a permanent monument and burial place for Thorpe at the town 's Athletic Park . Local officials had asked the state legislature for funding but were turned down , so they doubled their efforts to raise the money on their own . Meanwhile , Thorpe 's third wife , unbeknownst to the rest of his family , `` stole '' Thorpe 's body and had it shipped to Pennsylvania when she heard that the small Pennsylvania towns of Mauch Chunk and East Mauch Chunk were seeking to attract business . She made a deal with officials which , according to Thorpe 's son Jack , was done by Patricia for monetary considerations . The towns bought Thorpe 's remains , erected a monument to him , merged , and renamed the newly united town in his honor Jim Thorpe , Pennsylvania , even though Thorpe had never been there . The monument site contains his tomb , two statues of him in athletic poses , and historical markers describing his life story . In June 2010 , Jack Thorpe filed a federal lawsuit against the borough of Jim Thorpe , seeking to have his father 's remains returned to his homeland and re-interred near other family members in Oklahoma . Citing the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act , Jack was arguing to bring his father 's remains to the reservation in Oklahoma , where they would be buried near those of his father , sisters and brother , a mile from the place he was born . He claimed that the agreement between his stepmother and Jim Thorpe , Pennsylvania , borough officials was made against the wishes of other family members who want him buried in Native American land . Jack Thorpe died at 73 on February 22 , 2011 . In April 2013 , U.S. District Judge Richard Caputo ruled that Jim Thorpe borough in northeastern Pennsylvania amounts to a museum under the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act ( `` NAGPRA '' ) . A lawyer for Bill and Richard Thorpe said the men would pursue the legal process to have their father returned to Sac and Fox land in central Oklahoma . On October 23 , 2014 , the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit reversed Judge Caputo 's ruling . The appeals court held that Jim Thorpe borough is not a `` museum '' , as that term is used in NAGPRA , and that the plaintiffs therefore could not invoke that federal statute to seek reinterment of Thorpe 's remains . In NAGPRA language , `` ' museum ' means any institution or State or local government agency ( including any institution of higher learning ) that receives Federal funds and has possession of , or control over , Native American cultural items . '' The Court of Appeals directed the trial court to enter a judgment in favor of the borough . The appeals court said Pennsylvania law allows the plaintiffs to ask a state court to order reburial of Thorpe 's remains , but noted , `` once a body is interred there is great reluctance in permitting same to be moved , absent clear and compelling reasons for such a move . '' On October 5 , 2015 , the United States Supreme Court refused to hear the matter , effectively bringing the legal process to an end . In film ( edit ) 1933 Goudey Sport Kings card In the 1930s , Thorpe appeared in several short films and features . Usually , his roles were cameo appearances as an Indian , although in the 1932 comedy , Always Kickin , Thorpe was prominently cast in a speaking part as himself , a kicking coach teaching young football players to drop - kick . In 1931 , during the Great Depression , he sold the film rights to his life story to MGM for $1,500 ( $24,000 today ) . Thorpe portrayed an umpire in the 1940 film Knute Rockne , All American . He played a member of the Navajo band in the 1950 film Wagon Master . Thorpe was memorialized in the Warner Bros. film Jim Thorpe -- All - American ( 1951 ) starring Burt Lancaster , with Billy Gray performing as Thorpe as a child . The film was directed by Michael Curtiz . Although there were rumors that Thorpe received no money , he was paid $15,000 by Warner Bros. plus a $2,500 donation toward an annuity for him by the studio head of publicity . The movie included archival footage of the 1912 and 1932 Olympics . Thorpe was seen in one scene as a coaching assistant . It was also distributed in the United Kingdom , where it was called Man of Bronze . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Hall of Famers by Jersey Number '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sources vary . See , for example , Flatter , Ron . `` Thorpe preceded Deion , Bo '' , ESPN . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 , and Golus , Carrie ( 2012 ) . Jim Thorpe ( Revised Edition ) , Twenty - First Century Books . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4677 - 0397 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Thorpe Biography '' . Encyclopedia of World Biography . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Golus , Carrie ( August 1 , 2012 ) . Jim Thorpe ( Revised Edition ) . Twenty - First Century Books . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4677 - 0397 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : O'Hanlon - Lincoln . pg. 129 ^ Jump up to : `` Jim Thorpe Is Dead On West Coast at 64 '' , The New York Times , March 29 , 1953 . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Wheeler . pg. 291 Jump up ^ `` Bellemont : `` Ghost '' town of Pottawatomie County , Oklahoma `` . Rootsweb . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Author of Jim Thorpe 's biography shakes things up '' . Times News Online . November 22 , 2010 . Retrieved May 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hannigan , Dave ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` America at Large : Bizarre coda to Olympian Jim Thorpe 's epic life '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Redmond , Patrick R. ( 2014 ) . The Irish and the Making of American Sport , 1835 -- 1920 . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland and Company . p. 279 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 0584 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Thorpe Leaps To Fame On Carlisle Athletic Field '' . The Washington Post . December 15 , 1912 . p. 2 . Retrieved October 24 , 2015 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ O'Hanlon - Lincoln . pg. 131 ^ Jump up to : Jim Thorpe -- Fast facts , cgmworldwide.com . Retrieved April 23 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Jim Thorpe -- Olympic Hero and Native American , olympics30.com . Retrieved April 23 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Hoxie . pg. 628 ^ Jump up to : Botelho , Greg . `` Roller - coaster life of Indian icon , sports ' first star '' , CNN.com , July 14 , 2004 . Retrieved April 23 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Encyclopedia of World Biography . Jim Thorpe , Thomson - Gale , Bookrags , June 2006 . Retrieved April 23 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jim Thorpe cruelly treated by authorities '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Reuters . August 8 , 2004 . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2007 . Retrieved April 15 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Jeansonne . pg. 60 ^ Jump up to : `` Indian Thorpe in Olympiad : Redskin from Carlisle Will Strive for Place on American Team '' , The New York Times , April 28 , 1912 . Retrieved April 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Buford . pg. 151 ^ Jump up to : Jim Thorpe , usoc.org , Retrieved April 26 , 2007 . Archived September 30 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ O'Hanlon - Lincoln . pg. 144 * Jim Thorpe , profootballhalloffame.com . Retrieved April 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Buford . pg. 113 ^ Jump up to : Buford . pg. 112 Jump up ^ Zarnowski . pg. 150 Jump up ^ Buford . pg. 114 Jump up ^ Findling and Pelle . pgs. 473 -- 4 Jump up ^ `` Battle over athlete Jim Thorpe 's burial site continues '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Sally ( August 10 , 2012 ) . `` Greatest Olympic athlete ? Jim Thorpe , not Usain Bolt '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Flatter , Ron . `` Thorpe preceded Deion , Bo '' , ESPN.com . Retrieved April 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Thorpe , Sac and Fox Athlete '' by Bob Berontas , Chelsea House Publications ( London , 1993 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7910 - 1722 - 7 . Jump up ^ Kate Buford , Native American Son : The Life and Sporting Legend of Jim Thorpe ( Random House Digital , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ e.g. , `` Sports in Brief '' , Amarillo ( TX ) Daily News , Saturday , March 13 , 1948 , pg. 2 ( available at newspaperarchive.com ) . Jump up ^ John Durant and Otto Bettmann , Pictorial History of American Sports , from Colonial Times to the Present ( A.S. Barnes , 1952 ) pg. 143 . Jump up ^ Cava . pgs. 8 -- 9 Jump up ^ Buford . pgs. 158 -- 61 Jump up ^ `` Indian Thorpe is Best Athlete -- Olympic Champion Wins All - Around Championship and Breaks Record '' . The New York Times , September 3 , 1912 . Jump up ^ Wheeler . pg. 118 Jump up ^ Buford . pg. 121 Jump up ^ `` '' Jim '' Thorpe Admits He Is Professional , and Retires from Athletics `` , The Washington Post , January 28 , 1913 , pg. 8 . `` Charges that Thorpe had played professional baseball in Winston Salem , N.C. were first published in a Worcester ( Mass . ) newspaper last week . '' ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Dave . `` Jim Thorpe 's Family Feud '' , The New York Times , February 7 , 1983 . Retrieved April 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Schaffer and Smith . pg. 50 . Jump up ^ Schaffer and Smith . pg. 40 . Jump up ^ Buford . pg. 161 Jump up ^ Campagna , Jeff ( May 28 , 2010 ) . `` Wishing Jim Thorpe a Happy Birthday '' . Smithsonian . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Buford . pg. 167 Jump up ^ Thomas , Louisa ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` Doping and an Olympic Crisis of Idealism '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Quirk . pg. 42 Jump up ^ Buford . pg. 162 Jump up ^ Dyreson . pg. 171 Jump up ^ Rogge , Johnson , and Rendell . pg. 60 Jump up ^ `` Thorpe is to Play Ball with Giants ; Famous Indian Athlete Accepts McGraw 's Terms Over the Telephone '' , The New York Times , February 1 , 1913 . Retrieved April 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sox and Giants on World 's Tour ; Comiskey - McGraw Party Leaves Chicago Oct 19 and Arrives in New York March 6 '' , The New York Times . Retrieved April 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Elfers . pg. 210 ^ Jump up to : Clavin , Tom . `` The Inside Story of Baseball 's Grand World Tour of 1914 '' , Smithsonian , March 21 , 2014 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Elfers . pgs. 185 -- 7 , 233 Jump up ^ `` Jim Thorpe 's Speed Big Hit In A.A. '' The Janesville Daily Gazette , July 10 , 1916 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Daley , Arthur . `` Baseball 's ' Ten Greatest Moments ' '' , The New York Times , April 17 , 1949 . Retrieved April 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jim Thorpe , baseball-reference.com . Retrieved April 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Buford . pg. 232 Jump up ^ `` NFL History by Decade , 1911 -- 1920 '' . National Football League . Retrieved September 7 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Neft , Cohen , and Korch . pg. 18 Jump up ^ Neft , Cohen , and Korch . pg. 20 Jump up ^ C. Richard King ( 2006 ) . Native athletes in sport & society : a reader . Bison Books . pp. 11 -- 12 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 7828 - 4 . Jump up ^ Neft , Cohen , and Korch . pg. 34 Jump up ^ Neft , Cohen , and Korch . pg. 40 Jump up ^ Neft , Cohen , and Korch . pg. 41 Jump up ^ `` Jim Thorpe '' . Pro Football Reference . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` History Detectives -- Episode 10 , 2005 : Jim Thorpe Ticket , Jamestown , New York '' ( PDF ) . pbs.org . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Buford . pgs. 253 -- 4 Jump up ^ Pennington , Bill . `` Jim Thorpe and a Ticket to Serendipity '' , The New York Times , March 29 , 2005 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` National Register of Historic Places Inventory -- Nomination Form '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ List of marriages , divorces , births , and deaths , Time , April 6 , 1925 , available online via time.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Athlete Thorpe 's 2nd wife , Freeda , dies at 101 '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Associated Press . March 7 , 2007 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Buford . pg. 366 Jump up ^ O'Hanlon - Lincoln . pgs. 144 -- 5 Jump up ^ Briefs , Time , February 22 , 1943 , available online via time.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jeansonne . pg. 61 ^ Jump up to : Associated Press . `` Thorpe Has Cancerous Growth Removed From Lip in Hospital at Philadelphia '' , The New York Times , November 10 , 1951 . Retrieved April 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Watterson . pg. 151 * Elfers . pg. 18 Jump up ^ Schaffer and Smith . pg. 50 Jump up ^ Lincoln and Slagle . pg. 282 ^ Jump up to : Bloom quoted in Bird . pg. 97 Jump up ^ Jim Thorpe Photo Collection , historicalsociety.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Demaree , Al . `` Thorpe , the Indian , Best All - American '' , Los Angeles Times , November 24 , 1926 . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . * `` Jim Thorpe Dies of Heart Attack at 64 '' Chicago Tribune , March 29 , 1953 . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . * Buffalo Courier columnist Billy Kelly quoted in Miller . pg. 66 Jump up ^ Anderson , Dave . `` Jim Thorpe 's Medals '' , The New York Times , June 22 , 1975 . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wethe , David and Whiteley , Michael . `` Legends lunches begin this fall with Bob Lilly '' , Dallas Business Journal , July 19 , 2002 . Retrieved April 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ O'Hanlon - Lincoln . pg 132 Jump up ^ Jenkins , Sally ( July 2012 ) . `` Why Are Jim Thorpe 's Olympic Records Still Not Recognized ? '' . Smithsonian . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jim Thorpe , Pennsylvania : Jim Thorpe 's Tourist Attraction Grave , Roadside America . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Thorpe '' , Archived September 8 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . encarta.msn.com . Retrieved April 23 , 2007 . Archived October 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jim Thorpe Biography , cgmworldwide.com . Retrieved April 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Top 100 athletes of the 20th century , Archived March 12 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . USA Today , December 21 , 1999 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top N. American athletes of the century '' , espn.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Famers by Year of Enshrinement '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Richard Nixon : Proclamation 4209 -- Jim Thorpe Day , The American Presidency Project . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 16 Jahre `` Thorpe Cup '' `` . Zehnkampf.de ( in German ) . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2010 . Retrieved August 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` American Indian Subjects on United States Postage Stamps '' ( PDF ) . United States Postal Service . February 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 30 , 2013 . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wide World of Sports athlete of the century '' . ESPN Network . January 14 , 2000 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Thorpe : All - Around Athlete and American Indian Advocate '' . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Unser , Mike ( November 6 , 2015 ) . 2018 `` Native American $1 Coin Designs Depict Jim Thorpe '' . Coin News . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Thorpe Body Arrives Home For Burial Rite '' . The Wilmington News . United Press . April 13 , 1953 . p. 9 . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hagerty , James R. ( July 21 , 2010 ) . `` Is There Life After Jim Thorpe For Jim Thorpe , Pa. ? '' . The Wall Street Journal . p . A14 . Jump up ^ `` Frank Deford of Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel interviews Jack Thorpe '' . HBO ( official channel on YouTube ) . Retrieved July 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Hanlon - Lincoln . pg. 148 ^ Jump up to : `` Pennsylvania town named for Jim Thorpe can keep athlete 's body '' . CBS News . October 23 , 2014 . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hedes , Jarrad ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` Jim Thorpe plans to add third Olympian statue '' . Lehighton Times News . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Loverro , Thom ( August 2 , 2013 ) . `` Jim Thorpe sleeps on -- for now -- in town where everyone knows his name '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Peggy ( June 24 , 2010 ) . `` Son Of Jim Thorpe Sues for His Remains '' . wnep.com . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2012 . Retrieved June 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Thorpe 's son sues town of Jim Thorpe over location of athlete 's remains '' . The Patriot - News . Associated Press . June 24 , 2010 . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Thorpe 's son Jack dies '' . Retrieved July 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Judge Sides With Sons About Legendary Athlete Jim Thorpe 's Remains '' . KOTV - DT. April 21 , 2013 . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 25 USC Ch. 32 : Native American Graves Protection And Repatriation . Office of the Law Revision Counsel . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ John Thorpe ( et al ) v. Borough of Jim Thorpe , No. 13 - 2446 ( 3d Cir . ) . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 Jump up ^ Hall , Peter ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` U.S. Supreme Court : Jim Thorpe 's body to remain in town that bears his name '' . Pocono Record . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Hanlon - Lincoln . pg. 145 Jump up ^ Buford . pgs. 313 -- 4 Jump up ^ Hilger . pg. 324 Jump up ^ Kate Buford , Native American Son , The Life and Sporting Legend of Jim Thorpe , Alfred A. Knopf ( New York , 2010 ) , pg. 356 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 41324 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Thorp , Charles . `` 8 Olympic Movies That Medal '' . Men 's Journal . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams . pg. 133 Sources ( edit ) Bird . Elizabeth S. Dressing in Feathers : The Construction of the Indian in American Popular Culture , Boulder : Westview Press , 1996 . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 2667 - 2 Bloom , John . There is a Madness in the Air : The 1926 Haskell Homecoming and Popular Representations of Sports in Federal and Indian Boarding Schools , ed. in Bird . Boulder : Westview Press . 1996 . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 2667 - 2 Buford , Kate . Native American Son : The Life and Sporting Legend of Jim Thorpe , Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 4089 - 6 Cava , Pete ( Summer 1992 ) . `` Baseball in the Olympics '' ( PDF ) , Citius , Altius , Fortius. 1 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 15 . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Dyreson , Mark . Making the American Team : Sport , Culture , and the Olympic Experience , Urbana : University of Illinois Press , 1998 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 06654 - 2 Elfers , James E. The Tour to End All Tours , Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 6748 - 7 Findling , John E. and Pelle , Kimberly D. , eds . Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement , Westport : Greenwood Press , 2004 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32278 - 5 Gerasimo , Luisa and Whiteley , Sandra . The Teacher 's Calendar of Famous Birthdays . McGraw - Hill , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 141230 - 1 Hilger , Michael . Native Americans in the Movies : Portrayals from Silent Films to the Present , Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield , 2015 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 4002 - 5 Hoxie , Frederick E. Encyclopedia of North American Indians New York : Houghton Mifflin Books , 1996 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 66921 - 9 Jeansonne , Glen . A Time of Paradox : America Since 1890 . Rowman & Littlefield , 2006 . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 3377 - 8 Landrum , Dr. Gene . Empowerment : The Competitive Edge in Sports , Business & Life , Brendan Kelly Publishing Incorporated , 2006 . ISBN 1 - 895997 - 24 - 0 Lincoln , Kenneth and Slagle , Al Logan . The Good Red Road : Passages into Native America , University of Nebraska Press , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 7974 - 4 Magill , Frank Northern . Great Lives from History . New York : Salem Press , 1987 . ISBN 0 - 89356 - 529 - 6 Miller , Jeffrey J. Buffalo 's Forgotten Champions , Xlibris Corporation , 2004 . ISBN 1 - 4134 - 5005 - 9 Neft , David S. , Cohen , Richard M. , and Korch , Rick . The Complete History of Professional Football from 1892 to the Present . New York : St. Martin 's Press , 1994 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 11435 - 4 O'Hanlon - Lincoln , Ceane . Chronicles : A Vivid Collection of Fayette County , Pennsylvania Histories , Mechling Bookbindery , 2006 . ISBN 0 - 9760563 - 4 - 8 Quirk , Charles E. , ed . Sports and the Law : Major Legal Cases , London : Routledge , 2014 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 68222 - 4 Rogge , M. Jacque , Johnson , Michael , and Rendell , Matt . The Olympics : Athens to Athens 1896 -- 2004 , Sterling Publishing , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 297 - 84382 - 6 Schaffer , Kay and Smith , Sidonie . The Olympics at the Millennium : Power , Politics and the Games , Rutger University Press , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 2820 - 8 Watterson , John Sayle . College Football : history , spectacle , controversy , Johns Hopkins University Press , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 7114 - X Wheeler , Robert W. Jim Thorpe , World 's Greatest Athlete , University of Oklahoma Press , 1979 . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 1745 - 1 Williams , Randy . Sports Cinema 100 Movies : The Best of Hollywood 's Athletic Heroes , Losers , Myths , and Misfits , Pompton Plains : Limelight Editions , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87910 - 331 - 6 Zarnowski , Frank . The Pentathlon of the Ancient World , Jefferson : McFarland & Company , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 6783 - 9 Further reading ( edit ) Benjey , Tom . Doctors , Lawyers , Indian Chiefs . Carlisle , Pennsylvania : Tuxedo Press , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9774486 - 7 - 8 `` In the Matter of Jacobus Franciscus Thorpe '' in Bill Mallon and Ture Widlund , The 1912 Olympic Games -- Results for All Competitors in All Events , with Commentary . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1047 - 7 Newcombe , Jack . The Best of the Athletic Boys : The White Man 's Impact on Jim Thorpe . Garden City , New York : Doubleday , 1975 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 06186 - 2 Updyke , Rosemary Kissinger . Jim Thorpe , the Legend Remembered . Gretna , Louisiana : Pelican , 1997 . ISBN 1 - 56554 - 539 - 7 Wallechinsky , David . The Complete Book of the Summer Olympics . Woodstock , New York : Overlook Press , 2000 . ISBN 1 - 58567 - 046 - 4 External links ( edit ) American football portal Baseball portal Olympics portal Biography portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jim Thorpe . Jim Thorpe at the Pro Football Hall of Fame Jim Thorpe at the College Football Hall of Fame Career statistics and player information from NFL.com Pro-Football - Reference Coaching record at Pro-Football-Reference.com Career statistics and player information from Baseball - Reference , or Baseball - Reference ( Minors ) Jim Thorpe on IMDb Voices of Oklahoma interview with Bill Thorpe . First person interview conducted on August 3 , 2015 , with Bill Thorpe about his father , Jim Thorpe . Canton Bulldogs head coaches Bill Laub ( 1905 ) Blondy Wallace ( 1905 -- 1906 ) Jack Cusack ( 1912 -- 1915 ) Harry Hazlett ( 1913 -- 1915 ) Jim Thorpe ( 1915 -- 1920 ) Cap Edwards ( 1921 ) Guy Chamberlin ( 1922 -- 1923 ) Harry Robb ( 1925 -- 1926 ) Pete Henry ( 1926 ) Cleveland Tigers / Indians head coaches Peggy Parratt ( 1916 ) Stan Cofall & Al Pierotti ( 1920 ) Jim Thorpe ( 1921 ) Oorang Indians Defunct National Football League club 1922 -- 1923 Based in La Rue , Ohio The Franchise History Players Lore Nick Lassa wrestles a Bear Invention of the halftime show Owner Walter Lingo Coach Thorpe Culture Native Americans Airedale Terrier NFL Commissioners and presidents Jim Thorpe ( 1920 -- 1921 ) Joseph Carr ( 1921 -- 1939 ) Carl Storck ( 1939 -- 1941 ) Elmer Layden ( 1941 -- 1946 ) Bert Bell ( 1946 -- 1959 ) Austin Gunsel # ( 1959 -- 1960 ) Pete Rozelle ( 1960 -- 1989 ) Paul Tagliabue ( 1989 -- 2006 ) Roger Goodell ( 2006 -- ) Pound sign ( # ) denotes interim commissioner . National Football League founders Group who founded the National Football League in Canton , Ohio on September 17 , 1920 at Ralph Hay 's Hupmobile dealership Akron Pros Frank Nied Art Ranney Canton Bulldogs Ralph Hay Jim Thorpe Cleveland Indians Stan Cofall Jimmy O'Donnell Dayton Triangles Carl Storck Decatur Staleys George Halas Morgan O'Brien Hammond Pros Doc Young Massillon Tigers Ralph Hay Muncie Flyers Earl Ball Cooney Checkaye Racine ( Chicago ) Cardinals Chris O'Brien Rochester Jeffersons Leo Lyons Rock Island Independents Walter Flanigan Jim Thorpe -- awards and honors 1911 College Football All - America Team consensus selections Backfield QB Art Howe QB Earl Sprackling HB Jim Thorpe HB Percy Langdon Wendell FB John Dalton Line E Douglas Bomeisler E Sanford White T Leland Devore T Edward Hart G Joseph Duff G Bob Fisher C Hank Ketcham 1912 College Football All - America Team consensus selections Backfield QB George Crowther HB Charles Brickley HB Jim Thorpe FB Leroy Mercer Line E Douglas Bomeisler E Sam Felton T Bob Butler T Wesley Englehorn G John Logan G Stan Pennock C Hank Ketcham New York Giants 1925 inaugural season roster 20 Doc Alexander 3 Al Bedner 2 Heinie Benkert 7 Lynn Bomar 5 Matt Brennan 23 Art Carney 9 Jim Frugone 1 Hinkey Haines 6 Dutch Hendrian Cowboy Hill 22 Paul Jappe William C. Kenyon 16 Jack McBride 10 Ed McGinley 21 Century Milstead Tom Moran 4 Tommy Myers 8 Bob Nash 11 Swede Nordstrom Mike Palm 12 Babe Parnell Earl Potteiger 17 Owen Reynolds Bill Rooney 21 Jim Thorpe Tommy Tomlin 15 Larry Walbridge Phil White 25 Joe Williams Head Coach : Bob Folwell NFL 's 1920s All - Decade Team Jimmy Conzelman Paddy Driscoll Red Grange Joe Guyon Curly Lambeau Jim Thorpe Ernie Nevers Guy Chamberlin LaVern Dilweg George Halas Ed Healey Pete Henry Cal Hubbard Steve Owen Hunk Anderson Walt Kiesling Mike Michalske George Trafton Pro Football Hall of Fame Class of 1963 Sammy Baugh Bert Bell Joseph Carr Dutch Clark Red Grange George Halas Mel Hein Pete Henry Cal Hubbard Don Hutson Curly Lambeau Tim Mara George Preston Marshall John McNally Bronko Nagurski Ernie Nevers Jim Thorpe Members of the Pro Football Hall of Fame Quarterbacks Pre-modern era Baugh Clark Conzelman Driscoll Friedman Herber Luckman A. Parker Modern era Aikman Blanda Bradshaw L. Dawson Elway Favre Fouts Graham Griese Jurgensen J. Kelly Layne Marino Montana Moon Namath Stabler Starr Staubach Tarkenton Tittle Unitas Van Brocklin Warner Waterfield Young Running backs Pre-modern era Battles Canadeo Dudley Grange Guyon Hinkle Lambeau Leemans McAfee McNally Nagurski Nevers Pollard Strong Thorpe Van Buren Modern era M. Allen Bettis J. Brown Campbell Csonka T. Davis Dickerson Dorsett Faulk Gifford Harris Hornung J.H. Johnson L. Kelly F. Little Martin Matson McElhenny Moore Motley Payton Perry Riggins B. Sanders Sayers Simpson E. Smith Jim Taylor T. Thomas Tomlinson Trippi Walker Wide receivers / ends Pre-modern era Badgro Chamberlin Flaherty Halas Hewitt Hutson Millner Modern era Alworth Berry Biletnikoff T. Brown Carter Fears Harrison Hayes Hirsch Irvin Joiner Largent Lavelli Lofton Maynard McDonald Mitchell Monk Pihos Reed Rice Stallworth Swann C. Taylor Warfield Tight ends Casper Ditka Mackey Newsome C. Sanders Sharpe J. Smith Winslow Offensive linemen L. Allen B. Brown R. Brown Creekmur D. Dawson DeLamielleure Dierdorf Gatski Gregg Grimm Hannah Hickerson S. Jones W. Jones Langer L. Little Mack Matthews McCormack McDaniel Mix Munchak Muñoz Ogden Otto Pace J. Parker Ringo Roaf Shaw Shell Shields Slater St. Clair Stanfel Stephenson Tingelhoff Upshaw Webster Wright Yary Zimmerman Pre-modern era two - way players Edwards Fortmann Healey Hein Henry Hubbard Kiesling Kinard Lyman Michalske Musso Owen Stydahar Trafton Turner Wojciechowicz Defensive linemen Atkins Bethea Buchanan Culp W. Davis Dean Dent Doleman Donovan Eller Ford J. Greene Haley Hampton Humphrey D. Jones Jordan Kennedy Lilly Long Marchetti Nomellini Olsen Page Randle Robustelli Sapp Selmon B. Smith Stautner Strahan Ja . Taylor Weinmeister Ra . White Re . White Willis Youngblood Linebackers Bednarik Bo . Bell Brooks Buoniconti Butkus Carson Connor George K. Greene Ham Hanburger Hendricks Huff Jackson Lambert Lanier Nitschke Richter Robinson Schmidt Seau Singletary L. Taylor D. Thomas Tippett Wilcox Defensive backs Adderley Barney Blount W. Brown Butler Christiansen Easley Green Haynes Houston J. Johnson Krause Lane Lary LeBeau Lott Renfro D. Sanders E. Thomas Tunnell Wehrli Williams L. Wilson Wood Woodson Placekickers & punters Andersen Groza Guy Stenerud Coaches G. Allen P. Brown Chamberlin Conzelman Dungy Ewbank Flaherty Gibbs Gillman Grant Halas Lambeau Landry Levy Lombardi Madden Neale Noll Owen Parcells Shula Stram Walsh Contributors Be . Bell Bidwill Carr A. Davis DeBartolo Finks Halas Hunt J. Jones Lambeau T. Mara W. Mara Marshall Polian Ray Reeves A. Rooney D. Rooney Rozelle Sabol Schramm R. Wilson Wolf Olympic champions in the men 's all - around , pentathlon and decathlon All - around 1904 Tom Kiely ( GBR ) Pentathlon 1912 Jim Thorpe ( USA ) 1912 Ferdinand Bie ( NOR ) 1920 Eero Lehtonen ( FIN ) 1924 Eero Lehtonen ( FIN ) Decathlon 1912 Jim Thorpe ( USA ) 1912 Hugo Wieslander ( SWE ) 1920 Helge Løvland ( NOR ) 1924 Harold Osborn ( USA ) 1928 Paavo Yrjölä ( FIN ) 1932 James Bausch ( USA ) 1936 Glenn Morris ( USA ) 1948 Bob Mathias ( USA ) 1952 Bob Mathias ( USA ) 1956 Milt Campbell ( USA ) 1960 Rafer Johnson ( USA ) 1964 Willi Holdorf ( EUA ) 1968 Bill Toomey ( USA ) 1972 Mykola Avilov ( URS ) 1976 Bruce Jenner ( USA ) 1980 Daley Thompson ( GBR ) 1984 Daley Thompson ( GBR ) 1988 Christian Schenk ( GDR ) 1992 Robert Změlík ( TCH ) 1996 Dan O'Brien ( USA ) 2000 Erki Nool ( EST ) 2004 Roman Šebrle ( CZE ) 2008 Bryan Clay ( USA ) 2012 Ashton Eaton ( USA ) 2016 Ashton Eaton ( USA ) VIAF : 8264133 LCCN : n79117906 GND : 12224088X BNF : cb149758484 ( data ) NDL : 00709304 IATH : w62237ks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim_Thorpe&oldid=808638815 '' Categories : 1887 births 1953 deaths Akron Buckeyes players All - American college football players American ballroom dancers American male film actors American pentathletes American male decathletes American football drop kickers American football running backs American sailors American people of French descent American people of Irish descent American people of Native American descent American Roman Catholics Athletes ( track and field ) at the 1912 Summer Olympics Baseball controversies Baseball players at the 1912 Summer Olympics Baseball players from Oklahoma Basketball players from Oklahoma Basketball players from Pennsylvania Boston Braves players Canton Bulldogs coaches Canton Bulldogs players Canton Bulldogs ( Ohio League ) players Carlisle Indians baseball players Carlisle Indians football players Chicago Cardinals players Cincinnati Reds players Cleveland Indians ( NFL ) players Cleveland Tigers - Indians coaches College Football Hall of Fame inductees American men 's basketball players Fayetteville Highlanders players Harrisburg Senators players Hartford Senators players Identical twins Indiana Hoosiers football coaches Jersey City Skeeters players Major League Baseball outfielders Male actors from Oklahoma Medalists at the 1912 Summer Olympics Milwaukee Brewers ( minor league ) players National Football League commissioners National Football League founders Native American male actors Native American sportspeople New York Giants ( NL ) players New York Giants players Newark Indians players Olympic baseball players of the United States Olympic gold medalists for the United States in track and field Olympic track and field athletes of the United States Oorang Indians players People from Carlisle , Pennsylvania People from Lincoln County , Oklahoma People from Lomita , California People from Pottawatomie County , Oklahoma Players of American football from Oklahoma Portland Beavers players Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees Rock Island Independents players Rocky Mount Railroaders players Sac and Fox people Sportspeople from Shawnee , Oklahoma Toledo Mud Hens players 20th - century American male actors Twin people from the United States Twin sportspeople Worcester Boosters players Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use mdy dates from May 2012 NFL player with coaching information NFL player missing current team parameter Infobox NFL biography articles missing alt text Featured articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu Aymar aru Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Македонски Malagasy मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Runa Simi Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017 , at 04 : 12 . 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who was the doctor that led the research on cte and was criticized by the nfl

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Bennet_Omalu&oldid=826061047

Bennet Omalu - wikipedia Bennet Omalu Jump to : navigation , search Dr. Bennet Omalu Bennet Omalu in 2015 September 1968 ( age 49 ) Nnokwa , Idemili South , Anambara State , Nigeria Residence Lodi , California Nationality Nigerian and naturalized US citizen Alma mater University of Nigeria , Nsukka ( MBBS , 1990 ) University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health ( MPH , Epidemiology , 2004 ) Carnegie Mellon University ( MBA , 2008 ) Occupation Medical Doctor , Forensic Pathologist , Professor , Medical Examiner Known for The first to discover and publish findings of chronic traumatic encephalopathy in American football players while working at the Allegheny County Coroner 's Office in Pittsburgh . Notable work Truth Does n't Have a Side : My Alarming Discovery about the Danger of Contact Sports Spouse ( s ) Prema Mutiso Children Website www.bennetomalu.com Bennet Ifeakandu Omalu ( born September 1968 ) is a Nigerian - American physician , forensic pathologist , and neuropathologist who was the first to discover and publish findings of chronic traumatic encephalopathy ( CTE ) in American football players while working at the Allegheny County Coroner 's Office in Pittsburgh . He later became the chief medical examiner for San Joaquin County , California , and is a professor at the University of California , Davis , Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Education and career 3 Research on CTE 4 In popular media 5 Personal life 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Omalu was born in Nnokwa , Idemili South , Anambra in southeastern Nigeria on September 30 , 1968 , the sixth of seven siblings . He was born during the Nigerian Civil War , which caused his family to flee from their home in the predominantly Igbo village of Enugu - Ukwu in southeastern Nigeria . They returned two years after Omalu 's birth . Omalu 's mother was a seamstress and his father a civil mining engineer and community leader in Enugu - Ukwu . The family name , Omalu , is a shortened form of the surname , Onyemalukwube , which translates to `` he who knows , speak . '' Education and career ( edit ) Omalu began primary school at age three and earned entrance into the Federal Government College Enugu for secondary school . He attended medical school starting at age 16 at the University of Nigeria , Nsukka . After graduating with a Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery ( MBBS ) in June 1990 , he completed a clinical internship , followed by three years of service work doctoring in the highland city of Jos . He became disillusioned with Nigeria after presidential candidate Moshood Abiola failed to win the Nigerian presidency during an inconclusive election in 1993 and began to search for scholarship opportunities in the United States . Omalu first came to Seattle , Washington in 1994 to complete an epidemiology fellowship at the University of Washington . In 1995 , he left Seattle for New York City , where he joined Columbia University 's Harlem Hospital Center for a residency training program in anatomic and clinical pathology . After residency , he trained as a forensic pathologist under noted forensic consultant Cyril Wecht at the Allegheny County Coroner 's Office in Pittsburgh . Omalu became particularly interested in neuropathology . Omalu holds eight advanced degrees and board certifications , later receiving fellowships in pathology and neuropathology through the University of Pittsburgh in 2000 and 2002 respectively , a Master of Public Health ( MPH ) in epidemiology in 2004 from University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health , and a Master of Business Administration ( MBA ) from Tepper School of Business at Carnegie Mellon University in 2008 . Omalu served as chief medical examiner of San Joaquin County , California from 2007 until he resigned in 2017 after accusing the county 's Sheriff , who doubles as Coroner , of repeatedly interfering with death investigations to protect law enforcement officers who killed people . An assistant forensic pathologist who joined the office for the opportunity to work with Omalu resigned a few days earlier citing similar allegations . Omalu is a professor in the UC Davis Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine . Research on CTE ( edit ) Main articles : Concussions in American football , Concussions in sport , and Chronic traumatic encephalopathy ( CTE ) Omalu 's autopsy of former Pittsburgh Steelers player Mike Webster in 2002 led to the re-emergence of awareness of a neurologic condition associated with chronic head trauma called chronic traumatic encephalopathy , or CTE , which had been previously described in boxers and other professional athletes . Webster had died suddenly and unexpectedly following years of struggling with cognitive and intellectual impairment , destitution , mood disorders , depression , drug abuse , and suicide attempts . Although Webster 's brain looked normal at autopsy , Omalu conducted independent and self - financed tissue analyses . He suspected that Webster suffered from dementia pugilistica , which is a form of dementia that is induced by repeated blows to the head , a condition found previously in boxers . Using specialized staining , Omalu found large accumulations of tau protein in Webster 's brain , which affect mood , emotions , and executive functions similar to the way that clumps of beta - amyloid protein contribute to Alzheimer 's disease . Together with colleagues in the Department of Pathology at the University of Pittsburgh , Omalu published his findings in the journal Neurosurgery in 2005 in a paper titled `` Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in a National Football League Player . '' In it , Omalu called for further study of the disease : `` We herein report the first documented case of long - term neurodegenerative changes in a retired professional NFL player consistent with chronic traumatic encephalopathy ( CTE ) . This case draws attention to a disease that remains inadequately studied in the cohort of professional football players , with unknown true prevalence rates . '' Omalu believed the National Football League ( NFL ) doctors would be `` pleased '' to read it and that his research could be used to `` fix the problem . '' The paper received little attention initially , but members of the NFL 's Mild Traumatic Brain Injury ( MTBI ) Committee later called for its retraction in May 2006 . Their letter requesting the retraction characterized Omalu 's description of CTE as `` completely wrong '' and called the paper `` a failure . '' Omalu later partnered with Julian Bailes , a neurosurgeon , concussion researcher , and then chairman of the Department of Neurosurgery at West Virginia University School of Medicine , and West Virginia attorney Robert P. Fitzsimmons to found the Brain Injury Research Institute which established a brain and tissue bank . In November 2006 , Omalu published a second Neurosurgery paper based on his findings in the brain of former NFL player Terry Long , who suffered from depression and committed suicide in 2005 . Though Long died at 45 , Omalu found tau protein concentrations more consistent with `` a 90 - year - old brain with advanced Alzheimer 's . '' As with Mike Webster , Omalu asserted that Long 's football career had caused later brain damage and depression . Omalu also found evidence of CTE in the brains of retired NFL players Justin Strzelczyk ( d . 2004 at 36 years old ) , Andre Waters ( d . 2006 at 44 ) , and Tom McHale ( d . 2008 at 45 ) . In summer 2007 , Bailes presented his and Omalu 's findings to NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell at a league - wide concussion summit . Bailes later said that the research was `` dismissed '' . The NFL 's MTBI committee chair , Dr. Ira Casson , told the press : `` In my opinion , the only scientifically valid evidence of a chronic encephalopathy in athletes is in boxers and in some Steeplechase jockeys . '' The NFL did not publicly acknowledge the link between concussions sustained in football and long - term neurological effects until December 2009 , seven years after Omalu 's discovery . However , as late as 2013 , the annual meeting of the American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology ( AACN ) included a debate between two sports concussion experts regarding the validity ( or existence ) of CTE . Finally , in March 2016 , the NFL 's senior vice president for health and safety policy , Jeff Miller , testified before congress that the NFL now believed that there was a link between football and CTE . Omalu has also discovered CTE in the brains of military veterans , publishing the first documented case in a November 2011 article . Omalu found evidence of CTE in a 27 - year - old Iraq War veteran who suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) and later committed suicide . Omalu 's paper links PTSD to the CTE spectrum of diseases and calls for further study . Omalu is lead author in a study published in November 2017 that for the first time confirmed CTE in a living person . A chemical tracer , FDDNP , binds to tau proteins , detectable by positron emission tomography , and associated with the distinctive topographical distributions characteristic of CTE . Tested on at least a dozen former NFL players , it was confirmed postmortem in former linebacker Fred McNeill . In popular media ( edit ) Omalu 's efforts to study and publicize CTE in the face of NFL opposition were reported in a GQ magazine article in 2009 by journalist Jeanne Marie Laskas . The article was later expanded by Laskas into a book , Concussion ( Penguin Random House , 2015 ) , and adapted into a film of the same name where Omalu , portrayed by Will Smith , is the central character . The film has been criticized for not being truthful to the actual events . Nevertheless , the movie 's production led to the creation of a foundation named after Omalu to advance CTE and concussion research . In September 2016 , Omalu attracted media attention when he suggested on Twitter that Hillary Clinton was possibly poisoned and advised members of her presidential campaign to `` perform toxicologic analysis of Ms. Clinton 's blood . '' He further tweeted , `` I do not trust Mr. Putin and Mr. Trump . With those two , all things are possible . '' Omalu 's book Truth Does n't Have a Side : My Alarming Discovery about the Danger of Contact Sports was published in August 2017 by HarperCollins . He previously wrote Play Hard , Die Young : Football Dementia , Depression , and Death , published in 2008 . Personal life ( edit ) Omalu is married to Prema Mutiso , originally from Kenya . They live in Lodi , California and have two children , Ashly and Mark . He is a practicing Catholic and became a naturalized U.S. citizen in February 2015 . See also ( edit ) List of whistleblowers References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` About Bennet Omalu '' , Bennet Omalu Foundation website . ^ Jump up to : Laskas , Jeanne Marie ( 24 November 2015 ) . `` The Doctor the NFL Tried to Silence '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on 25 November 2015 . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Laskas , Jeanne Marie ( 2015 - 11 - 24 ) . Concussion . Random House Trade Paperbacks . ISBN 9780812987577 . Jump up ^ `` CV : Bennet Omalu '' , UC Davis Medical Center ^ Jump up to : `` Bennet Omalu , M.D. , M.B.A. , MPH , CPE , DABP - AP , CP , FP , NP '' . University of California , Davis Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Small , Julie ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Autopsy Doctor Resigns , Says Sheriff Overrode Death Findings to Protect Officers '' . KQED . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Small , Julie ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` Autopsy Doctor Quits , Alleges Sheriff Interfered in Death Probes '' . KQED . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Sabharwal RK , Sanchetee PC , Sethi PK , Dhamija RM . Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in boxers . J Assoc Physicians India . 1987 Aug ; 35 ( 8 ) : 571 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Laskas , Jeanne Marie . `` Game Brain : Football Players and Concussions '' . GQ . Archived from the original on 11 November 2015 . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Omalu , Bennet I. ; DeKosky , Steven T. ; Minster , Ryan L. ; Kamboh , M. Ilyas ; Hamilton , Ronald L. ; Wecht , Cyril H. ( 2005 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in a National Football League player '' . Neurosurgery. 57 ( 1 ) : 128 -- 134 ; discussion 128 -- 134 . doi : 10.1227 / 01. neu. 0000163407.92769. ed . ISSN 1524 - 4040 . PMID 15987548 . ^ Jump up to : `` Timeline : The NFL 's Concussion Crisis -- League of Denial : The NFL 's Concussion Crisis - FRONTLINE '' . FRONTLINE . PBS . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Omalu , Bennet I. ; DeKosky , Steven T. ; Hamilton , Ronald L. ; Minster , Ryan L. ; Kamboh , M. Ilyas ; Shakir , Abdulrezak M. ; Wecht , Cyril H. ( 2006 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in a national football league player : part II '' . Neurosurgery. 59 ( 5 ) : 1086 -- 1092 ; discussion 1092 -- 1093 . doi : 10.1227 / 01. NEU. 0000245601.69451. 27 . ISSN 1524 - 4040 . PMID 17143242 . Jump up ^ `` Sports concussions debate : Does CTE really exist ? '' . Science Daily . Loyola University Health System . June 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Belson , Ken ; Schwarz , Alan ( 2016 - 03 - 15 ) . `` N.F.L. Shifts on Concussions , and Game May Never Be the Same '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ Omalu , Bennet ; Hammers , Jennifer L. ; Bailes , Julian ; Hamilton , Ronald L. ; Kamboh , M. Ilyas ; Webster , Garrett ; Fitzsimmons , Robert P. ( 2011 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in an Iraqi war veteran with posttraumatic stress disorder who committed suicide '' . Neurosurgical Focus. 31 ( 5 ) : E3 . doi : 10.3171 / 2011.9. FOCUS11178 . ISSN 1092 - 0684 . PMID 22044102 . Jump up ^ Omalu , Bennet ; et al. ( 2017 ) . `` Postmortem Autopsy - Confirmation of Antemortem ( F - 18 ) FDDNP - PET Scans in a Football Player With Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy '' . Neurosurgery . doi : 10.1093 / neuros / nyx536 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Kounang , Nadia ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` Ex-NFL player confirmed as 1st case of CTE in living patient '' . CNN . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Engber , Daniel ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` Concussion Lies : The film about the NFL 's apparent CTE epidemic feeds the pervasive national myths about head trauma . '' . Slate . Jump up ^ `` ' Concussion ' Subject Bennet Omalu Exaggerated His Role , Researchers Say '' . CBS New York . December 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About the Foundation Bennet Omalu Foundation '' . bennetomalufoundation.org . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ Boren , Cindy . `` The man who discovered CTE thinks Hillary Clinton may have been poisoned '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Gary ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` Why it took a foreign - born doctor to blow the whistle on the NFL 's concussion epidemic '' . Bay Area News Group . Jump up ^ Almond , Elliott ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Concussion ' doc 's six sports kids should never play '' . Bay Area News Group . Jump up ^ `` Bennet Omalu Foundation launches in Pittsburgh '' . Pittsburgh City Paper . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 05 . External links ( edit ) Official site Twitter Bennet Omalu on IMDb VIAF : 231374355 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bennet_Omalu&oldid=826061047 '' Categories : Living people 20th - century Nigerian medical doctors University of Nigeria , Nsukka alumni University of Pittsburgh alumni Tepper School of Business alumni American forensic pathologists Nigerian pathologists 1968 births Nigerian emigrants to the United States University of California , Davis faculty Concussion activists American football controversies Nigerian Roman Catholics American people of Nigerian descent American people of Igbo descent Igbo physicians People of the Nigerian Civil War 21st - century American physicians People from Anambra State 20th - century American physicians African - American physicians People with acquired American citizenship People from Lodi , California Whistleblowers Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Deutsch Español Français Basa Jawa Português Русский کوردی 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 February 2018 , at 23 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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what kind of car is the mach 5

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Mach_Five&oldid=828161756

Mach Five - wikipedia Mach Five Jump to : navigation , search For the song by The Presidents of the United States of America , see Mach 5 ( song ) . For the Mach speed rating system , see Mach number . Speed Racer at the wheel of his vehicle , The Mach Five The Mach Five ( マッハ 号 , Mahha - gō ) is the racing car Speed Racer ( Go Mifune in the Japanese version ) drives in the anime series of the same name ( known as `` Mach Go ! Go ! Go ! '' in Japan ) . The car was designed , built , and created by `` Pops Racer '' ( Daisuke Mifune ) , Speed Racer 's father . It features a set of special devices which Speed Racer uses throughout the series . In the original 1967 series , the Mach Five is a white racing car with an `` M '' written on its hood ( which does not stand for `` Mach 5 '' , but instead stands for `` Mifune '' , both Go 's last name , and the name of his father 's motor company ) . In the 1993 American remake , the design was completely changed . Its name probably derives from the fact that speeds above Mach 5 are known as hypersonic . However , the Mach Five can not reach Mach speeds . The name is also a pun in two languages : the word for `` five '' in Japanese is `` go '' . However , the `` go '' used for the car 's name is a suffix attached to the names of ships , etc . Thus , the car is known in the Japanese version as simply the `` Mach '' . Actual race cars that closely resemble the Mach Five are the 1966 Japanese Grand Prix - winning Prince R380 ( 1965 ) / Nissan R380 - II ( 1966 - 68 ) , the Le Mans - winners Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa ( designed by Scaglietti around 1958 through 1961 ) , the Aston Martin DBR1 ( Le Mans winner in 1959 ) , the Ford GT40 ( which was a very popular and successful racecar , mainly in Le Mans and other Touring series , in the 1960s ) , and the Chaparral 2C . Though perhaps most similar of all is the 1968 Ferrari 250 P5 , designed by Pininfarina . The car is designed to compete in a type of `` open formula '' racing , where cars are usually built with the maximum power and minimum of weight . Contents ( hide ) 1 Special features 2 Speed Racer X 3 The New Adventures of Speed Racer 4 The `` Real '' Mach Five 5 Portrayal in film 6 Speed Racer : The Next Generation 7 Mach Five in popular culture 8 References 9 External links Special features ( edit ) The Mach Five 's steering wheel hub . The car has seven mechanisms triggered by buttons labeled from A to G on the steering wheel hub . Their functions ( and names , taken from the Japanese production ) are : Button A , Auto Jack ( オート ジャッキ , Ōto Jakki , Auto Jack ) : Releases four jacks to boost the car up so that it can be repaired . Although designed for this function , the auto jacks are more often used to jump the car short distances , as a wedge to keep the car from toppling over a waterfall , or as an alternative braking system . The spring - like sound the jacks make is distinctive to the show . Button B , Belt Tires ( ベルト タイヤ , Beruto Taiya , Belt Tire ) : Sprouts special grip tires for traction over any kind of terrain ( firm , icy , or unsteady ground ; ocean floor ; vertical mountainsides ) . At the same time , 5,000 horsepower ( 3,700 kW ) is distributed evenly to all four wheels ( 1,250 hp / 932.13 kW ) . Button C , Cutter Blades ( カッター , Kattā , Cutter ) : Powerful rotary saws protrude from the front of the Mach Five to remove obstacles in its way such as trees . Mostly used for racing in forest areas ( especially when Speed gets forced off the road ) . Button D , Deflector ( ディ フェンサー , Difensā , Defensor ) : Releases a powerful deflector which seals the cockpit in a bullet - proof and crash - proof , and either an air - tight or water - tight chamber depending on the environment around the car . Inside it , the car driver is completely invulnerable . Button E , Evening or Illuminating Eye or Special Illumination ( イブニング アイ , Ibuningu Ai , Evening Eye ) : The control for special illumination which can be traversed singly or in tandem , and which enables to see much farther and more clearly than with ordinary headlights . When used with the `` night shades '' attached to Speed 's helmet , his vision is enhanced with infrared light . Button E was later modified to activate mini-wings ( Pops got the idea from the Car Acrobatic Team ) that would slide out from under the car to assist Speed in long jumps . Button F , Frogger Mode ( フロッガー , Furoggā , Frogger ) : Used when the Mach Five is under water . First , the cockpit is supplied with oxygen . Then , a periscope is raised to scan the surface of the water . Everything that is seen is relayed down to the driver 's seat by television . The 100 - pound ( 45 kg ) auxiliary supply of oxygen is enough to last for thirty minutes . Button G , Go Homing Robot ( ギズモ 号 , Gizumo - gō , Gizmo ) : Releases a homing robot bird from the front of the car . The homing robot bird can fly and can carry pictures or tape recorded messages , handwritten messages , X-ray film , rope , and small Egyptian statues , and it has been used as a last resort as a makeshift weapon for means of defense . The bird - like device is operated by a built - in remote control within the cockpit . Button H , Homing Device ( ホーミング , Hōmingu , Homing ) : This button is , unlike the other buttons , not located on the steering wheel ; instead is located on a console between the seats . Button H is part of the Go Homing Robot 's controls , and it simply sends the robot `` home '' to a pre-programmed location , usually Speed 's house . The Mach Five also has a small trunk , which is unusual in a race car but was featured in many episodes , often as a hiding place for main characters Spritle ( Kurio Mifune ) and Chim - Chim ( Senpei ) . While the original manga features many of the above functions seen in the anime , and while there are buttons on the steering wheel , it does not `` codify '' the functions in any way , making the letter designations exclusive to the anime . Speed Racer X ( edit ) In Speed Racer X ( not to be confused with the 1993 Fred Wolf remake ) , the buttons had name changes , and sometimes function changes : Button A , Aero Jack ( エアロ ジャッキ , Earojakki ) : Similar to the Auto - Jacks , but uses compressed air and rocket thrusters to propel the car into the air , rather than actual metal jacks ( making `` Aero Jack '' a bit of a misnomer ) . Unlike the original series , this can only be used to make the car jump . This function actually appears in the original manga replacing the original Auto Jacks . Button B , Balloon Tire ( バルーン タイヤ , Barūn Taiya ) : Inflates the tires like balloons , giving them better traction ( similar to monster truck tires ) , as well as allowing the Mach 5 to float on water . Button C , Cutter Blade ( カッター ブレード , Kattā Burēdo ) : Instead of saws , this button activates laser `` blades '' to cut through obstacles . Button D , Defense Shield ( ディフェンス シールド , Difensu Shīrudo ) : Closes the cockpit in a bulletproof protective dome , like the original series . Button E , Emergency Wire ( エマージェンシー ワイヤー , Emājenshī Waiyā ) : Completely different from the original series , this shoots out a rope and grappling hook to snag objects , either to keep the Mach 5 from falling into dangerous situations , or to hoist itself out of them . Button F , Fish Diver ( フィッシュ ダイバー , Fisshu Daibā ) : Functionally identical to Frogger Mode , but causes a M.A.S.K. - like physical transformation in the car , the wheels folding in and maneuverability fins sprouting . Button G , The Gallant ( ギャラント 号 , Gyaranto - gō ) : Again , identical to the Gizmo Rocket , but with a new name . The new adventures of Speed Racer ( edit ) The steering wheel of the Mach Five in this series had eight unmarked rectangular buttons , arranged in two columns of four on either side of the steering wheel 's center . The car appeared to have the same functions as the Mach Five in the original series , but the buttons Speed pressed to activate them seemed more or less random , with the same button activating different abilities ( or different buttons activating the same ability ) in different episodes . The `` real '' Mach Five ( edit ) Mach 5 replica at Fourth of July parade in 2015 Northville , Michigan In 2000 , a prototype Mach Five with actual cutting blades was produced as a concept car . 100 production models were planned to be made in 2002 as a street legal vehicle . Built on a 2001 Chevrolet Corvette Chassis , the body was to be extensively modified to look like the Mach Five . It was to have 345 horsepower , and cost between $75,000 and $125,000 each . The Petersen Automotive Museum in Los Angeles , California has a mid-engine prototype of the Mach Fives in its collection . Portrayal in film ( edit ) Main article : Speed Racer ( film ) The Mach Five appears in the live - action film adaptation Speed Racer , directed by the Wachowski brothers , produced by Joel Silver , and released by Warner Bros. Pictures . The Mach Five is an actual vehicle and used in the major race of the film . Instead of being driven on pavement , it was hung from a crane and had its effects computer - generated . Along with the Mach Five , the movie features the `` Mach 4 '' and the `` Mach 6 '' , two different single - seater cars created specifically for stunt races . The designs of the Mach 4 and Mach 6 are vaguely reminiscent of the Mach Five 's ( as in the original American comics ) , although the only functions the Mach 6 features are the jump jacks , which are standard equipment in race cars in the movie . Little about the Mach 4 is known , as it appears only briefly in the film and is portrayed as a red - colored companion to the 6 . The film portrays the Mach Five as initially being a regular everyday vehicle , justifying the existence of its trunk door ( rather than having it serve solely as an excuse for Spritle and Chim - Chim to stow away in the vehicle ) . The Mach Five is later modified with gadgets and becomes Speed 's alternate car for off - track races such as the Casa Cristo 5000 , as well as everyday driving like a normal car . The Mach Five originally belonged to Speed 's older brother Rex , who relinquished ownership of it to Speed before he left the Racer home . Speed 's main car for races on the WRL track ( Thunderhead , etc . ) is the Mach 6 . The Mach 6 was destroyed in a fixed race , but was later rebuilt for the film 's final race . The steering wheel hub is still present on this version of the Mach Five . Although most of the original functions of the car are still intact , some are activated by different buttons . The underwater functions are abandoned completely and replaced with new functions exclusive to racing combat . Instead of being built with these features from the beginning , the special functions were added to the Mach Five in order to enter it in the Casa Cristo 5000 . The features that are still kept in this incarnation are : Auto Jacks Grip Tires ( Not as belt tires but as crampon tire spikes . ) Deflector Rotary Saws Homing Robot The functions abandoned in this version of the Mach Five are : Frogger Mode Evening Eye The functions on this Mach Five are : ( * ) New functions are represented with Bold Italics . Control A = Jump Jacks ( Originally called the Auto Jacks ) When pressed , the car releases and immediately retracts long automated car jacks that make the car jump over any hazardous obstacle . The car no longer releases these jacks to boost it for any repairs and adjustments . It is considered a standard racing gadget in the film . The jacks can be activated in pairs to perform various kinds of flips , and at specific intensities to control jump height . Control B = Bullet - proof polymer deflector ( D in the original , B activated the Grip Tires in the original ) When pressed , the car sprouts a bullet - and impact - proof shield that encloses the cockpit . Control C = Tire Shields ( C activated the rotary saws in the original , replaced Frogger Mode ) When pressed , the car sprouts shields from its tires to prevent tire damage from secret weapons of other racing competitors . Speed can control the motion of the shields by remote control inside the cockpit . Control D = Hexodyne emergency spare tires ( D activated the Deflector shield in the original , replaces Evening eye ) If a tire does get heavily damaged , this button causes it to regenerate . This function applies to any of the Mach 5 's four tires . Control E = Zircon - tipped cutter blades ( C in the original , E originally activated the special Evening Eye ) When pressed , the Mach Five releases two rotary saws from the front of the car that can cut through almost anything . The cutter blades can pivot around for more dynamic combat in racing . Control F = Tire crampon grips ( B in the original , F originally activated Frogger mode in the original ) When pressed , the Mach Five sprouts special spiked grip tires for traction over any kind of terrain ( firm , icy , unsteady ground , and significant slopes ) . Control G = Homing robot ( As in the original ) When pressed , the Mach Five releases a remote control robot bird capable of transmitting footage back to the Mach Five from wherever it is . This function was n't used in the film . In the 1959 movie `` On the Beach '' Dr Julian Osborne ( played by Fred Astaire ) races in a white number 5 Ferrari while wearing a white helmet and goggles -- eerily similar to Speed Racer in the Mach Five . Speed Racer : the next generation ( edit ) Main article : Speed Racer : The Next Generation In the animated 2008 series , which takes place about 40 years after the events in the original anime , the Mach Five only has a part in the second episode . The protagonists find it in pieces in a junkyard near the school they attend , and rebuild it . The second episode features the rebuilt Mach Five designed as it appeared in the original anime , the only difference 's is that it is animated in CGI like all of the cars in the show and the wheel rims are black while in the original show they were a silver white color . Minor changes have occurred in the Mach Five in this series . Although the function for the Homing Robot is present , the overall design of the actual robot has changed . In the original anime , the robot resembles a sleek , futuristic robot dove , while in this series , the robot resembles more of a metal peacock . The Deflector was used as the roof of the Mach Five . Also revealed in this show is an ejector 's seat underneath the driver 's seat in case of emergencies . A parachute was made , but was forgotten to be installed at the time . Its return is brief , as one of the antagonists destroys it successfully . However , plans for a new car are discovered and soon the protagonists build the Mach 6 . The Mach 6 's engine is not designed to run on gas , which is a crucial story point , even though gas is still used for it through most of the series . It has all the features of the Mach Five , but redesigned or changed in some form or another . For example , the rotary saws are kept , but they 're turned into laser saws , and the blades can pivot so things that are over head can be cut . The new car features a transparent , holographic screen over the dashboard that the driver can use to interact live with his crew , and with other racers . Functions are not activated by a steering wheel hub lettered A-G , but instead , by switches mounted around the steering wheel . The Mach 6 succeeded the Mach 5 as the main vehicle for the rest of the series . More of the original gadgets were gradually revealed ( such as the sludge slick ) and used in future episodes . Eventually , the Mach 5 returned as Speed Racer Sr. 's main car in the season 2 premiere . Mach Five in popular culture ( edit ) The Presidents of the United States of America released a car - themed song named `` Mach 5 '' in 1996 . Road & Track magazine released an article about a `` real '' Mach 5 prototype car on 31 March 2008 ( the day before April 1st ) , about a `` genuine running model '' made for the 2008 film . The article included performance data and feature descriptions for the car that was `` in a league by itself '' . `` New Future Weapon '' , a 2008 song by Billy Idol , mentions the titular object is `` faster than a Mach Five '' . In the video game Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 by Infinity Ward , you can wear a title in the multiplayer part of the game which displays a car wheel along with the title `` Mach 5 '' , unlocked after shooting an entire submachine gun magazine without missing . In the Dexter 's Laboratory episode `` Mock 5 '' which is a Speed Racer parody , Dexter , who portrays Speed , drives a car with a lot of the same characteristics called the Mach 5 . In the Shadow Warrior first person shooter video game , the main character Lo Wang plays with a remote - controlled Mach - 5 toy car to get a key . When playing , Lo Wang sings the Speed Racer theme . In the online typing game , Nitro Type , it is available as an achievement car for completing 30,000 races and is renamed the `` Wach 6 '' . It was created as a commemoration to the player CarriePirc . The Mach Five is featured in episode nine of the 2015 anime series , Yatterman Night , including its own interpretation of Chimchim named Sanpee . In Foster 's Home For Imaginary Friends , Mac fantasises about the `` Mach Schnell 5 '' , and while he does , the iconic image of Speed Racer alighting from the Mach 5 is recreated with Mac in for Speed , and the `` Mach Schnell 5 '' -- a smaller car , but , similar in appearance -- stands in for the Mach 5 . The Mach Five is featured in the 2018 movie Ready Player One ( film ) during a car racing scene . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Speed Racer X Episodes 1 - 34 Jump up ^ The New Adventures of Speed Racer Episode one Jump up ^ `` Buy a Mach 5 '' . Jump up ^ `` Petersen Mach 5 '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Scott Bowles ( 2007 - 05 - 31 ) . `` First look : ' Speed Racer 's ' demon on wheels '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ IMDb Video : Speed Racer Jump up ^ Sam Mitani ( 31 March 2008 ) . `` Racer Motors Mach 5 '' . Road & Track . Retrieved 25 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nitro Type News Stone the Crows ! CarriePirc Does It Again ! '' . Nitrotype.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ IGN ( 2017 - 12 - 10 ) , Ready Player One Trailer # 2 ( 2018 ) , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 19 External links ( edit ) Official Website ( hide ) Speed Racer by Tatsuo Yoshida Franchise Manga Anime The New Adventures X The Next Generation episodes characters Film soundtrack Race to the Future Video games The Challenge of Racer X My Most Dangerous Adventures Speed Racer ( 1995 ) Speed Racer ( 1996 ) Speed Racer ( 2008 ) Miscellaneous Mach Five Racer X Lego Speed Racer Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mach_Five&oldid=828161756 '' Categories : Fictional racing cars Speed Racer Hidden categories : Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 22 : 36 . About Wikipedia

3176041515418332100

what does the solicitor general of texas do

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Solicitor_General_of_Texas&oldid=851337111

Solicitor General of Texas - Wikipedia Solicitor General of Texas Solicitor General of Texas Incumbent Scott A. Keller since January 2015 Style The Honorable Appointer Attorney General of Texas Term length No fixed term Formation 1999 First holder Greg Coleman Website Official website The Solicitor General of Texas is the top appellate solicitor or lawyer for the U.S. state of Texas . It is an appointed position in the Office of the Texas Attorney General that focuses on the office 's major appellate cases . The majority of the cases handled by the Solicitor are argued in the United States Supreme Court and the Supreme Court of Texas . However some cases within the Solicitor 's responsibilities are under the jurisdiction of the United States Court of Appeals for the 5th Circuit and the state appellate courts . The Solicitor represents the Attorney General of Texas before the Supreme Court of Texas and other appellate courts , as needed . The Office of the Solicitor General writes most of the amicus briefs filed by the Texas attorney general 's office . Contents 1 History 2 Notable alumni of the Office of the Solicitor General 3 List of Solicitors General 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) The position was created in January 1999 by Texas Attorney General John Cornyn and was first filled by Greg Coleman . It is a similar position to solicitors in many states and is modeled after the Solicitor General of the United States . The office has two deputies and other assistant solicitors general . Notable alumni of the Office of the Solicitor General ( edit ) J. Campbell Barker , Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas ( Nominee ) Jimmy Blacklock , Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Texas , 2018 -- present Ted Cruz , U.S. Senator from Texas , 2013 -- present S. Kyle Duncan , Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit , 2018 -- present James C. Ho , Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit , 2018 -- present Jonathan F. Mitchell , Chairman of the Administrative Conference of the United States ( Nominee ) Andy Oldham , Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit , 2018 -- present List of solicitors General ( edit ) The following is a table of Solicitors General of Texas . Parties Republican ( 6 ) Democratic ( 0 ) No party ( 0 ) No . Portrait Name Took Office Left Office Attorney General Greg Coleman 1999 2001 John Cornyn Julie Parsley 2001 2002 Ted Cruz January 9 , 2003 May 12 , 2008 Greg Abbott James C. Ho May 2008 December 9 , 2010 5 Jonathan F. Mitchell December 10 , 2010 January 5 , 2015 6 Scott A. Keller January 2015 Incumbent Ken Paxton References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Office of Solicitor General '' . The Attorney General of Texas . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ted Cruz longest - serving solicitor general of Texas , Jerry Falwell said '' . External links ( edit ) Office of the Attorney General of Texas Solicitors General of Texas Greg Coleman ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Julie Parsley ( 2001 -- 02 ) Ted Cruz ( 2003 -- 2008 ) James C. Ho ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Jonathan F. Mitchell ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Scott A. Keller ( 2015 -- present ) This article relating to law in the United States or its constituent jurisdictions is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This Texas - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solicitor_General_of_Texas&oldid=851337111 '' Categories : Solicitors General of Texas Government of Texas Texas law United States law stubs Texas stubs Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2018 All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 July 2018 , at 16 : 09 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

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what is the story behind the song snuff

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Snuff_(song)&oldid=850713060

Snuff ( song ) - wikipedia Snuff ( song ) For the Slayer song of the same name , see World Painted Blood . `` Snuff '' Single by Slipknot from the album All Hope Is Gone A-side `` Snuff '' ( Radio Edit ) B - side `` Snuff '' ( Album Version ) Released September 28 , 2009 Format CD single Recorded 2008 ( 2008 ) at Sound Farm Studio , Jamaica , Iowa Length 4 : 36 ( album version ) 4 : 12 ( radio edit ) Label Roadrunner Songwriter ( s ) Corey Taylor Mick Thomson Jim Root Craig Jones Sid Wilson Shawn Crahan Chris Fehn Paul Gray Joey Jordison Producer ( s ) Dave Fortman Slipknot Slipknot singles chronology `` Sulfur '' ( 2009 ) `` Snuff '' ( 2009 ) `` The Negative One '' ( 2014 ) `` Sulfur '' ( 2009 ) `` Snuff '' ( 2009 ) `` The Negative One '' ( 2014 ) `` Snuff '' is a power ballad by American metal band Slipknot . Released as the fifth single from their fourth album All Hope Is Gone on September 28 , 2009 , the song charted at number two on the Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart , their highest - charted single to date , surpassing `` Dead Memories '' . It was not included in the All Hope Is Gone World Tour setlist but the band performed the song live at the October 11 , 2009 performance in Kennewick , Washington . Roadrunner Records placed `` Snuff '' at number 6 for its greatest music videos of all time . The song was also nominated for Best Single at the Kerrang ! Awards 2010 , but lost to `` Liquid Confidence '' by You Me at Six . It is the final single released from the band before the death of their bassist , Paul Gray who died just eight months after its release , and also the final single release before Joey Jordison left the band four years later . During recent solo acoustic shows , Corey Taylor has performed an acoustic version of `` Snuff '' as a tribute to Paul Gray . `` Snuff '' , `` Wait and Bleed '' , `` Left Behind '' , and `` Pulse of the Maggots '' were released as downloadable songs in the Rock Band series . Contents 1 Background 2 Music video 3 Chart positions 4 Track listing 5 Personnel 6 References Background ( edit ) `` This is the slow one . It 's another personal one . Again , not naming names , it 's about someone who helped me through a lot and I thought she felt the same way that I did and then she really let me down . At the same time , it was good that she did , because it was that final push to me figuring out myself . The lyrics are pretty self - explanatory . '' -- Corey Taylor `` Corey does n't really write music for Slipknot -- but , when he came over to hear the songs Paul ( Gray , bassist ) and I were working on for All Hope Is Gone , he showed me this ... I had him lay a scratch track down in the studio . Then I went in late at night , without telling him , and laid down some drums ... When he heard it the next day , he started crying . It 's Corey 's masterpiece . '' -- Joey Jordison Music video ( edit ) It was announced on October 14 , 2009 by Roadrunner Records that a music video fit within enough production quality to be considered a short film was to be released for `` Snuff '' , which premiered on December 18 , 2009 at 11 : 09 PM CST . It was co-directed by Shawn `` Clown '' Crahan and P.R. Brown , and features Malcolm McDowell and Ashley Laurence of Hellraiser fame . Corey Taylor is seen for the third time in a Slipknot video without his mask ( the other two times being : `` Dead Memories '' and `` Before I Forget '' ) and is cross-dressed at the end of the short film . The video is about a man ( played by Corey Taylor ) who has broken up with his girlfriend , but is truly obsessed with her . The man enters the woman 's apartment , smelling things with her scent on it . He then notices on the television a tape that he and the woman had made , and then collapses on to the woman 's bed . As she walks out the door , she does n't notice the man lying on her bed . The man then dives out after her , but she has already gone to visit a neighbor . Going back in , he sits at a table and holds a wine glass that she was drinking from . The glass shatters in his hands and the man goes into a rage , throwing things around and screaming . The video ends with the man cross dressed as his ex and exiting the corridor , revealing it was the man who had exited the apartment and not the woman ; the concierge , not seeing the difference , walks back along the corridor whistling the tune to the song . Chart positions ( edit ) Chart ( 2009 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles 14 U.S. Billboard Alternative Songs 12 U.S. Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks U.S. Billboard Rock Songs 6 Track listing ( edit ) Promo single `` Snuff '' ( Radio Edit ) -- 4 : 12 `` Snuff '' ( Album Version ) -- 4 : 36 Personnel ( edit ) Aside from their real names , members of the band are referred to by numbers zero through eight . Slipknot ( # 8 ) Corey Taylor -- vocals , acoustic guitar ( # 7 ) Mick Thomson -- rhythm guitar ( # 4 ) Jim Root -- lead guitar ( # 2 ) Paul Gray -- bass ( # 1 ) Joey Jordison -- drums ( # 6 ) Shawn Crahan -- percussion , backing vocals , director ( # 3 ) Chris Fehn -- percussion , backing vocals ( # 0 ) Sid Wilson -- turntables , keyboards ( # 5 ) Craig Jones -- samples , media Production Dave Fortman -- producer Jeremy Parker -- engineering Colin Richardson -- mixer Matt Hyde -- mix engineering Oli Wright -- assistant engineering Ted Jensen -- mastering References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Maggot Brains '' . Spin. 24 ( 9 ) : 118 . September 2008 . ISSN 0886 - 3032 . Jump up ^ Slipknot - Snuff Archived 2009 - 09 - 25 at the Wayback Machine ... FMQB . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Snuff - Slipknot '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ Slipknot Performs `` Snuff '' on YouTube . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Guyre , Jen ( 2010 - 04 - 30 ) . `` The Ten Greatest Music Videos in Roadrunner History '' . Roadrunner . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Relentless Energy Drink Kerrang ! Awards 2010 '' . Kerrang ! . June 23 , 2010 . Retrieved June 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` And the winners are ... '' Dan . 2010 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Snuff '' by Slipknot . Songfacts . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 31 Jump up ^ Bryant , Tom ( 14 July 2012 ) . `` Hell unleashed '' . Kerrang # 1423 . p. 25 . Jump up ^ `` New Music : Slipknot , Megadeth , Killswitch Engage '' . Roadrunner. 2009 - 10 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ B. Crawford , Allyson ( 2009 - 12 - 18 ) . `` Slipknot , ' Snuff ' -- Short Film Premiere '' . Noisecreep . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Snuff short film featuring Ashley Laurence . Dailyradar . Horrorblips . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ See Slipknot 's Short Film Snuff Starring Some Familiar Faces Jump up ^ `` Biography '' . Slipknot . AllMusic . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 31 . Slipknot Shawn Crahan Craig Jones Mick Thomson Corey Taylor Sid Wilson Chris Fehn Jim Root Alex Venturella Jay Weinberg Donnie Steele Joey Jordison Paul Gray Brandon Darner ( details ) Studio albums Slipknot Iowa Vol. 3 : ( The Subliminal Verses ) All Hope Is Gone . 5 : The Gray Chapter Live albums 9.0 : Live Day of the Gusano : Live in Mexico Compilation albums Antennas to Hell Demo albums Mate . Feed . Kill . Repeat . Singles `` Wait and Bleed '' `` Spit It Out '' `` Left Behind '' `` My Plague '' `` Duality '' `` Vermilion '' `` Before I Forget '' `` All Hope Is Gone '' `` Psychosocial '' `` Dead Memories '' `` Sulfur '' `` Snuff '' `` The Negative One '' `` The Devil in I '' `` Custer '' `` Killpop '' `` XIX '' `` Goodbye '' Promotional singles `` The Heretic Anthem '' `` Vermilion Pt. 2 '' `` The Nameless '' `` Sarcastrophe '' `` AOV '' `` Skeptic '' Video albums Welcome to Our Neighborhood Disasterpieces Voliminal : Inside the Nine ( sic ) nesses Tours World Domination Tour Tattoo the Earth Iowa World Tour The Subliminal Verses World Tour All Hope Is Gone World Tour Memorial World Tour Knotfest Summer 's Last Stand Tour North America Fall Tour Related articles Lists Awards Discography Members Songs Articles Behind the Mask Behind the Player : Paul Gray Infected List of Slipknot tribute albums Nic Diederichs Technical High School slashing Outside the Nine Roadrage 2003 Rollerball Tattered and Torn Up to Our Necks Bands Dirty Little Rabbits Junk Beer Kidnap Band Murderdolls Stone Sour To My Surprise Labels Big Orange Clown Great Big Mouth Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snuff_(song)&oldid=850713060 '' Categories : 2009 singles 2000s ballads Slipknot ( band ) songs Songs written by Corey Taylor 2008 songs Roadrunner Records singles Rock ballads Songs written by Joey Jordison Songs written by Paul Gray ( American musician ) Songs written by Jim Root Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Italiano Magyar Polski Português Русский Simple English 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 July 2018 , at 16 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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where do turkeys go after being pardoned by the president

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=National_Thanksgiving_Turkey_Presentation&oldid=822761895

National Thanksgiving turkey presentation - Wikipedia National Thanksgiving turkey presentation Jump to : navigation , search President Harry S. Truman receiving a Thanksgiving turkey ( this one a Bronze ) from members of the Poultry and Egg National Board and other representatives of the turkey industry , outside the White House on November 16 , 1949 . National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation is a ceremony that takes place at the White House every year shortly before Thanksgiving . The President of the United States is presented with a live domestic turkey by the National Turkey Federation , usually of the Broad Breasted White variety . The early years also included a joint presentation with the Poultry and Egg National Board . The ceremony dates back to the 1940s , with presidents occasionally sparing the bird presented to them ; since 1989 , during George H.W. Bush 's first Thanksgiving as president , it has been an annual tradition for the president to `` pardon '' the turkey . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Selection process 3 List of turkeys pardoned 3.1 Reagan Presidency 3.2 Clinton Presidency 3.3 George W. Bush Presidency 3.4 Obama Presidency 3.5 Trump presidency 4 State ceremonies 5 Popular culture 6 Gallery 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) `` If they 'd given me a different answer on Charlie and his future , I would have pardoned him . '' ― Ronald Reagan , 1987 . On various occasions , turkeys had been donated to the President as gifts from private citizens . Henry Vose , a Rhode Island turkey farmer , presented a turkey to the President each year from 1873 until his death in 1913 . The official presentation of a turkey to the President each year began in 1947 under President Harry Truman , and many sources erroneously attribute the origin of the turkey pardon to Truman . However , the Truman Library says that no documents , speeches , newspaper clippings , photographs or other contemporary records are known to exist that specify that he ever `` pardoned '' a turkey ; there are records that he publicly admitted to eating at least some of them . The presentation was partially borne out of a lobbying campaign : the Truman Administration , in an effort to conserve grain for foreign aid campaigns , began promoting `` Meatless Tuesdays '' and `` Poultryless Thursdays '' in the autumn of 1947 . Not only did American citizens quickly grow frustrated with the ( voluntary , but strongly encouraged ) restrictions and begin disregarding them in short order , the National Poultry and Egg Board , incensed at the attack on their industry , noted that not only was Thanksgiving on a Thursday ( thus making the annual Thanksgiving turkey a taboo ) , but Christmas and New Year 's Day also landed on a Thursday that year . A truce was called in the dispute in early November , before the Thanksgiving holiday , but `` Eggless Thursdays '' continued to be promoted for the rest of the year , meaning that pumpkin pie , another Thanksgiving staple , was still on the forbidden foods list . The Eisenhower Presidential Library says documents in their collection reveal that President Dwight Eisenhower ate the birds presented to him during his two terms . President John F. Kennedy spontaneously spared a turkey on November 18 , 1963 , just four days before his assassination . The bird was wearing a sign reading , `` Good Eating Mr. President . '' Kennedy returned the massive 55 - pound ( 25 kg ) turkey to the farm , saying `` we 'll let this one grow . '' Scattered reports in The Washington Post and Los Angeles Times referred to it as a pardon , but Kennedy did not refer to it as such . Likewise , Richard Nixon also spared some of the turkeys given to him during his time as President . The first President on record issuing a `` pardon '' to his turkey was Ronald Reagan . Reagan had been sending the turkeys presented to him to farms and zoos since at least 1982 , and 1987 's turkey , Charlie , was likewise headed to a petting zoo . At the time , Reagan was facing questions over the Iran - Contra affair , on whether or not he would consider pardoning Oliver North ( who had yet to be tried for his involvement in the affair ) ; Reagan conjured the notion of the turkey pardon as a joke to deflect those questions . Reagan did not pardon a turkey in his final year as President in 1988 , but his successor , George H.W. Bush , instituted the turkey pardon as a permanent part of the presentation beginning his first year in office , 1989 , in response to the protests of animal rights activists . The phrase `` presidential pardon '' in that ceremony was apparently inserted by a speechwriter ; Bush initially was indifferent to the terminology , saying `` ' Reprieve , ' ' keep him going , ' or ' pardon ' : it 's all the same for the turkey , as long as he does n't end up on the president 's holiday table . '' Since then , at least one of the turkeys presented to the President has been taken to a farm where it will live out the rest of its natural life . For many years the turkeys were sent to Frying Pan Farm Park in Fairfax County , Virginia . From 2005 to 2009 , the pardoned turkeys were sent to either the Disneyland Resort in California or the Walt Disney World Resort in Florida , where they served as the honorary grand marshals of Disney 's Thanksgiving Day Parade . In 2010 , 2011 and 2012 , the turkeys were sent to live at Mount Vernon , the estate and home of George Washington ; Mount Vernon stopped displaying and accepting the turkeys due to the fact that they violated the estate 's policy of maintaining its own historical accuracy ( Washington never farmed turkeys ) . The 2013 , 2014 and 2015 turkeys were sent to Morven Park in Leesburg , Virginia , the estate of former Virginia governor ( and prolific turkey farmer ) Westmoreland Davis . Virginia Polytechnic Institute housed the 2016 pardoned turkey as well as the 2017 turkeys ; Virginia Tech was chosen because of the college 's poultry science program , and the National Turkey Federation wanted to begin a tradition of cooperation between the turkey industry and universities . Selection process ( edit ) The turkeys are raised in the same fashion as turkeys designated for slaughter and are fed a grain - heavy diet of fortified corn and soybeans to increase the birds ' size . A flock of approximately 80 birds , typically from the farm of the current National Turkey Federation chairperson , are selected to be acclimated to handle loud noises , flash photography and large crowds ; from the flock of 80 , the 20 best - preened and best - behaved are chosen and eventually narrowed down to two finalists , whose names are chosen by the White House staff from suggestions by school children from the state where they were raised . Thanksgiving turkeys are bred and raised to provide more meat than those of the 1960s . Turkey hens are usually marketed at 14 weeks and weigh 15.5 pounds ( 7.0 kg ) when processed . This compares to the tom , which takes 18 weeks to reach a market weight of 38 pounds ( 17 kg ) . The turkeys for the National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation are usually 21 week - old toms ( males ) weighing 45 pounds by the time of their White House visit , compared to the shorter growing period for turkeys destined for market . Broad Breasted White turkeys are bred for size at the expense of longer life , making them prone to health problems associated with obesity such as heart disease , respiratory failure and joint damage . For many years , the pardoned turkeys were documented to have very short lives after their pardoning , frequently dying within a year of being pardoned ; for comparison , a wild or heritage turkey has a lifespan of at least five years . The lifespans of the pardoned turkeys have steadily improved in recent years , frequently having lifespans of over two years and occasionally reaching three years of age , an improvement attributed to better choices of homes after the pardons ; rather than serving solely as tourist attractions , the turkeys are now placed in the care of experts who make conscious efforts to maintain the turkeys ' health for as long as possible . List of turkeys pardoned ( edit ) Play media President Barack Obama grants the traditional turkey pardon to Liberty during the ceremony at the North Portico of the White House on November 23 , 2011 . Liberty was one of the few to survive more than a year after being pardoned . Reagan presidency ( edit ) 1987 : `` Charlie '' , the pardoned turkey , was sent to a petting zoo in 1987 . Clinton presidency ( edit ) 1999 : `` Harry the Turkey '' is the first in the record of the formal pardon process to have been given an official name . 2000 : `` Jerry the Turkey '' , a 45 - pounder ( 20 kg ) from Barron , Wisconsin . The pardoned turkey ( the eighth in Clinton 's presidency ) and its unnamed alternate were both sent to Kidwell Farm 's petting zoo in Herndon , Virginia . George W. Bush presidency ( edit ) 2001 : Liberty and his back - up Freedom , so named in the wake of 9 / 11 attacks . They weighed 48 and 52 pounds ( 22 and 24 kg ) , respectively . 2002 : Katie , the first - ever female turkey pardoned . The 30 - pound ( 14 kg ) bird bred by Ron Prestage , chairman of the National Turkey Federation , as well as alternate bird Zack . The turkeys were named after Prestage 's children . 2003 : Stars and backup Stripes . 2004 : Biscuits and backup Gravy . 2005 : Marshmallow and alternate bird Yam , raised in Henning , Minnesota . Beginning in 2005 pardoned birds were sent to Disneyland to live , and serve as the `` honorary grand marshal '' of that year 's thanksgiving day parade , following concerns raised by animal rights groups that the birds had not survived for long . For the previous 15 years they had been sent to Frying Pan Farm Park near Herndon , Virginia . Names were generally chosen in online votes taken at the White House website . 2006 : Flyer and alternate bird Fryer , raised in Missouri . 2007 : 45 - pound ( 20 kg ) May and backup Flower , raised in Indiana . 2008 : 45 - pound backup `` vice '' turkey named Pumpkin , after the number one turkey Pecan fell ill the night before the ceremony . Both turkeys were allowed to live . Obama presidency ( edit ) 2009 : Courage , a 45 - pound turkey provided by the National Turkey Federation , and alternate bird Carolina , raised in North Carolina . 2010 : Apple , a 45 - pound turkey from Foster Farms in Modesto , California ; and alternate bird Cider . Both had died of natural causes by Thanksgiving 2011 . 2011 : A 45 - pound turkey named Liberty and an alternate bird named Peace , both of which were raised in Willmar , Minnesota . Peace survived until shortly before Thanksgiving 2012 , when he was euthanized . Liberty survived until being euthanized April 26 , 2013 at the age of 2 . 2012 : Cobbler and Gobbler , both 40 - pound ( 18 kg ) turkeys from Rockingham County , Virginia . Gobbler died suddenly in February 2013 ; Cobbler was euthanized on August 22 of that year . 2013 : Popcorn , a 38 - pound ( 17 kg ) turkey from Badger , Minnesota . Popcorn won an online contest over its identically sized stablemate Caramel , which was also spared . Popcorn died of heatstroke in summer 2014 . Caramel survived much longer ; it outlived one of the next year 's turkeys and did not die until October 2015 , spending most of its two years of life at Morven Park as the companion of a brown heritage turkey named Franklin . 2014 : Cheese and alternate bird Mac , both of which were 48 - pound ( 22 kg ) turkeys from Fort Recovery , Ohio . Mac died of suspected heatstroke in July 2015 ; Cheese remains alive as of November 2015 , with the surviving Franklin as its companion . Cheese was implied dead some time before June 2017 , as the Morven Park Web site mentioned only housing the 2015 turkeys by that time . 2015 : Abe , a 43 - pound ( 20 kg ) turkey again presented by Foster Farms . The alternate was 42 - pound ( 19 kg ) Honest . Morven Park reported that both were still alive as of November 2016 and were still listed as alive on Morven Park 's Web site in November 2017 . 2016 : Tater and Tot , 40 - pound and 391⁄2 - pound ( 18 kg respectively ) turkeys from Storm Lake , Iowa . Both were reported as still alive and healthy but showing signs of old age as of November 2017 . Trump presidency ( edit ) 2017 : Drumstick , a 36 - pound ( 16 kg ) turkey , who was chosen over alternate Wishbone , a 47 - pound ( 21 kg ) turkey ; both were from Alexandria , Minnesota . Two pre-slaughtered turkeys from Orefield , Pennsylvania were also presented , with those turkeys being donated to Martha 's Table . State ceremonies ( edit ) A number of U.S. states have similar turkey - pardoning events , including Minnesota . The pardoning ceremonies have also been extended to other holidays ; for instance , Erie County , New York 's county executive facetiously pardons a butter lamb during Holy Week . Popular culture ( edit ) In The West Wing episode `` Shibboleth , '' when C.J. learns the alternate turkey is to be slaughtered , she appeals to President Bartlet to save it . He points out that he can not pardon a turkey , as it had committed no crime and he has no `` judicial jurisdiction over birds '' . So , he drafts the turkey into military service to spare its life . In real life , both the turkey and the alternate are spared . The animated film Free Birds centers around a turkey who was pardoned , then is recruited to go back in time in an attempt to change history and remove turkey from the menu of the first Thanksgiving dinner at Plymouth Colony . In David Mamet 's play November , an incumbent president losing his bid for reelection uses the yearly tradition to extort the turkey manufacturers to add to his lacking campaign fund . Gallery ( edit ) President Harry Truman receives a turkey from a private citizen in 1946 . President John F. Kennedy spares the turkey presented to him , 1963 , only three days before his assassination . President Lyndon Johnson accepting a non-pardoned turkey , 1967 . President Richard Nixon spares the turkey presented to him , 1971 . President Gerald Ford accepting a non-pardoned turkey , 1975 . President Ronald Reagan accepting a turkey , 1983 . President George H.W. Bush at the 3rd annual pardoning of the Thanksgiving turkey , 1991 . President Bill Clinton at the 11th annual pardoning of the Thanksgiving turkey , 1999 . President George W. Bush at the 20th annual pardoning of the Thanksgiving turkey , 2008 . President Barack Obama pardoned a turkey called `` Courage '' on November 25 , 2009 . Obama , Sasha Obama and Malia Obama look upon pardoned turkey `` Mac '' in 2014 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hesse , Monica . 2007 . Turkey Pardons , The Stuffing of Historic Legend . The Washington Post , November 21 . ( accessed November 22 , 2007 ) . ^ Jump up to : Kirkpatrick , Melanie . The turkey pardoning tradition may have started with a raccoon . The New York Post ( November 20 , 2016 ) . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Cynthia . 2003 . Did Truman pardon a Turkey ? http://www.trumanlibrary.org/trivia/turkey.htm ( accessed November 24 , 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Humes , Michele ( November 23 , 2009 ) . `` The Way We Ate : The Year Harry Truman Passed on Pumpkin Pie '' . Diner 's Journal . The New York Times . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bruce , Mary ( November 22 , 2013 ) . Obama pardons turkeys ... then they die . ABC News . Retrieved November 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Presidential turkey pardons not as long a history as you might think . NBC News . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lee , Jolie ( November 25 , 2014 ) . Thanksgiving traditions : Turkey pardoning explained . USA Today . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Monkman , Betty . `` Pardoning the Thanksgiving turkey '' . White House Historical Association . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The actual , surprising origin of presidential turkey pardoning . MSNBC . November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) NTF Chairman Presents President Obama with the National Thanksgiving Turkey ) . National Turkey Federation . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Merica , Dan ( November 27 , 2013 ) . Where pardoned turkeys go to die . CNN . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pardoned National Thanksgiving Turkey to Reside at Virginia Tech '' . The Roanoke Star . November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Korth , Robby . Trump - pardoned turkeys to live out days at Virginia Tech . The Roanoke Times . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 10 things you did n't know about Presidential turkey pardons . Time . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) ^ Jump up to : Fox , Lauren ( November 23 , 2011 ) . 2010 Turkeys Pardoned By Obama Died This Year . U.S. News . Retrieved November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of a Heritage Turkey '' . albc-usa.org . American Livestock Breeds Conservancy . Retrieved July 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ History of Names . Note that this source cites this Wikipedia article as a source , but Harry 's name was not listed on this article until after this page was posted . Jump up ^ Staff and Wire Reports ( November 22 , 2000 ) . `` Clinton spares ' Jerry ' the turkey in annual Thanksgiving rite '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Bijal P. Trivedi ( November 20 , 2001 ) . `` Where Do Turkeys Go After Being Pardoned by the President ? '' . National Geographic . Jump up ^ Elisabeth Bumiller ( November 27 , 2002 ) . `` In New Spin on Tradition , Turkey Pardon Goes to ' Katie ' '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Pardoned turkeys may not live happily ever after '' . cnn . November 26 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Bush sends pardoned turkeys to Disneyland '' . New Zealand Herald . November 23 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Bush Pardons Turkeys , But PETA Wants Better After - Care '' . Fox News . November 22 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Bush Gobbles Up Tradition In Turkey Pardon : Turkeys Head To Disney World '' . KERO . November 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bush pardons Thanksgiving turkey '' . Associated Press . November 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Manuel Roig - Franzia ( November 27 , 2008 ) . `` Thankfully , Bush Never Had an Ax To Grind '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Peter Grier ( November 25 , 2009 ) . `` Obama pardons ' Courage , ' the Thanksgiving turkey '' . Christian Science Monitor . Jump up ^ Heim , Joe ( November 25 , 2010 ) . `` At White House , President Obama 's pardons prevent turkeys ' ' shellacking ' '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Boyer , Dave ( November 23 , 2011 ) . Obama pardons turkey -- unilaterally . The Washington Times . Retrieved November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ahlers , Mike ( November 21 , 2012 ) . Pardoned turkey 's death untimely ? Only to the naive . CNN.com . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Schwab , Nikki ( November 19 , 2013 ) . All of President Obama 's pardoned turkeys are dead . U.S. News . Retrieved November 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Obama to pardon Thanksgiving turkey . Associated Press . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ President Obama Pardons Turkey . United Press International , Inc . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jackson , David ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Obama pardons Thanksgiving turkey ( and tells jokes ) '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Turkey Pardoned From Death By Obama Last Year Is Still Gobbling Up The Good Life . The Huffington Post . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Klein , Kerry ( November 25 , 2015 ) . The Post-Pardon Life of the Presidential Turkey . The Atlantic . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Decision 2014 redux : Ohio turkey farmers narrow down choice birds for presidential pardon . New York Daily News . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kim , Eun Kyung ( November 26 , 2014 ) . No Thanksgiving Mac and Cheese : Obama pardons turkeys in annual ritual . Today . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.morvenpark.org/explore/turkey-hill-farm/ Jump up ^ Wolf , Ali ( November 20 , 2015 ) . Meet the Modesto Turkey Chosen for Presidential Pardon . Fox 40 Sacramento . Retrieved November 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Turkey pardon saves Honest , Abe : Obama saves birds in time for Thanksgiving . Today . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.facebook.com/morvenpk/photos/a.184664231572350.37611.180696458635794/1231294596909303/?type=3&theater Jump up ^ https://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2016/11/22/president-obama-final-turkey-pardon Jump up ^ Yes We Cran : Obama pardons turkeys for last time as POTUS ^ Jump up to : Dziemanowicz , Joe . Presidential turkey pardon prep underway and last year 's survivors ' doing well ' . New York Daily News . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seyler , Matt ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` President Trump spares turkey in second pardon of administration '' . ABC News . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Minnesota - bred turkey heads to DC for a Thanksgiving pardon from President Trump Jump up ^ `` Trump will pardon his first turkey next week '' . CBS News . November 16 , 2017 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cassie Crowe & Becky Nahm ( November 24 , 2009 ) . `` Turkey Celebrates Pardon at State Capitol '' . kstp . Jump up ^ Erie County Executive Pardons Butter Lamb . WGRZ ( April 16 , 2014 ) . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation . Official Web site of the presidential turkey Official photo gallery of Presidents pardoning Turkeys President Abraham Lincoln Pardoned Jack , the White House Turkey Truman Trivia : Did Truman pardon a Turkey ? The Ungobbled Gobbler ( hide ) Thanksgiving History and traditions Canada Samuel de Champlain Martin Frobisher Halifax First Nations United States Pilgrims Mayflower Plymouth Colony Plymouth , Massachusetts Plymouth Rock Native Americans Samoset Squanto Wampanoag Cornucopia National Thanksgiving Proclamation Franksgiving National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation William Penn Sarah Josepha Hale Blackout Wednesday Abraham Lincoln Mourt 's Relation Cuisine Thanksgiving dinner Turkey Deep - fried Tofurkey Stuffing Gravy Butternut squash Apple cider Hazelnuts Cranberry sauce Carrots Mashed potatoes Sweet potatoes Acorn squash Yams Corn Green bean casserole Apple pie Pumpkin pie Pecan pie Sweet potato pie Tamale Songs `` Alice 's Restaurant '' `` Bless This House '' `` Bringing In the Sheaves '' `` Come , Ye Thankful People , Come '' `` For the Beauty of the Earth '' `` Jingle Bells '' `` Let All Things Now Living '' `` Now Thank We All Our God '' `` Over the River and Through the Wood '' `` Simple Gifts '' `` The Thanksgiving Song '' `` We Gather Together '' `` We Plough the Fields and Scatter '' Associated events Cultural Christmas and holiday season Harvest festivals Thanksgiving in film Thanksgiving television specials Winter festivals Lighting of the Macy 's Great Tree World 's Largest Disco Black Friday Parades Novant Health ( Charlotte ) McDonald 's ( Chicago ) America 's ( Detroit ) Oktoberfest ( Kitchener - Waterloo ) Hollywood Christmas ( Los Angeles ) Macy 's ( New York City ) 6abc - Dunkin ' Donuts ( Philadelphia ) Celebrate the Season ( Pittsburgh ) America 's Hometown ( Plymouth ) Protests National Day of Mourning Unthanksgiving Day Buy Nothing Day Sports Football NFL on Thanksgiving Day CFL Thanksgiving Classic English -- Latin rivalry Missouri Turkey Day Game Turkey Day Classic Basketball AdvoCare Invitational Battle 4 Atlantis Wooden Legacy Maui Invitational Tournament Turkey Trots Atlanta Marathon Berwick Run for the Diamonds Buffalo Turkey Trot Dallas Turkey Trot Feaster Five Road Race Manchester Road Race Others National Dog Show Pumpkin chucking Turkey bowling Turkey Night Grand Prix Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Thanksgiving_Turkey_Presentation&oldid=822761895 '' Categories : Thanksgiving ( United States ) Animal rights Recipients of American presidential pardons Animals in politics Poultry Ceremonies in the United States Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2016 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Magyar Edit links This page was last edited on 28 January 2018 , at 09 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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describe the components of current in npn transistor

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Bipolar_junction_transistor&oldid=827733959

Bipolar junction transistor - wikipedia Bipolar junction transistor Jump to : navigation , search `` Junction transistor '' redirects here . For other uses , see Junction transistor ( disambiguation ) . `` BJT '' redirects here . For the Japanese language proficiency test , see Business Japanese Proficiency Test . For Beijing Time , see China Standard Time . NPN PNP BJT schematic symbols Typical individual BJT packages . From top to bottom : TO - 3 , TO - 126 , TO - 92 , SOT - 23 A bipolar junction transistor ( bipolar transistor or BJT ) is a type of transistor that uses both electron and hole charge carriers . In contrast , unipolar transistors , such as field - effect transistors , only use one kind of charge carrier . For their operation , BJTs use two junctions between two semiconductor types , n - type and p - type . BJTs are manufactured in two types , NPN and PNP , and are available as individual components , or fabricated in integrated circuits , often in large numbers . The basic function of a BJT is to amplify current . This allows BJTs to be used as amplifiers or switches , giving them wide applicability in electronic equipment , including computers , televisions , mobile phones , audio amplifiers , industrial control , and radio transmitters . Contents ( hide ) 1 Note on current direction 2 Function 2.1 Voltage , current , and charge control 2.2 Turn - on , turn - off , and storage delay 2.3 Transistor parameters : alpha ( α ) and beta ( β ) 3 Structure 3.1 NPN 3.2 PNP 3.3 Heterojunction bipolar transistor 4 Regions of operation 4.1 Active - mode transistors in circuits 5 History 5.1 Germanium transistors 5.2 Early manufacturing techniques 5.2. 1 Bipolar transistors 6 Theory and modeling 6.1 Large - signal models 6.1. 1 Ebers -- Moll model 6.1. 1.1 Base - width modulation 6.1. 1.2 Punchthrough 6.1. 2 Gummel -- Poon charge - control model 6.2 Small - signal models 6.2. 1 hybrid - pi model 6.2. 2 h - parameter model 6.2. 2.1 Etymology of h 6.3 Industry models 7 Applications 7.1 High - speed digital logic 7.2 Amplifiers 7.3 Temperature sensors 7.4 Logarithmic converters 8 Vulnerabilities 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Note on current direction ( edit ) By convention , the direction of current on diagrams is shown as the direction that a positive charge would move . This is called conventional current . However , current in many metal conductors is due to the flow of electrons which , because they carry a negative charge , move in the opposite direction to conventional current . On the other hand , inside a bipolar transistor , currents can be composed of both positively charged holes and negatively charged electrons . In this article , current arrows are shown in the conventional direction , but labels for the movement of holes and electrons show their actual direction inside the transistor . The arrow on the symbol for bipolar transistors indicates the PN junction between base and emitter and points in the direction conventional current travels . Function ( edit ) This section may be too technical for most readers to understand . Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts , without removing the technical details . ( July 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) BJTs come in two types , or polarities , known as PNP and NPN based on the doping types of the three main terminal regions . An NPN transistor comprises two semiconductor junctions that share a thin p - doped region , and a PNP transistor comprises two semiconductor junctions that share a thin n - doped region . NPN BJT with forward - biased E -- B junction and reverse - biased B -- C junction Charge flow in a BJT is due to diffusion of charge carriers across a junction between two regions of different charge concentrations . The regions of a BJT are called emitter , collector , and base . A discrete transistor has three leads for connection to these regions . Typically , the emitter region is heavily doped compared to the other two layers , whereas the majority charge carrier concentrations in base and collector layers are about the same ( collector doping is typically ten times lighter than base doping ) . By design , most of the BJT collector current is due to the flow of charges injected from a high - concentration emitter into the base where they are minority carriers that diffuse toward the collector , and so BJTs are classified as minority - carrier devices . In typical operation , the base -- emitter junction is forward - biased , which means that the p - doped side of the junction is at a more positive potential than the n - doped side , and the base -- collector junction is reverse - biased . In an NPN transistor , when positive bias is applied to the base -- emitter junction , the equilibrium is disturbed between the thermally generated carriers and the repelling electric field of the n - doped emitter depletion region . This allows thermally excited electrons to inject from the emitter into the base region . These electrons diffuse through the base from the region of high concentration near the emitter towards the region of low concentration near the collector . The electrons in the base are called minority carriers because the base is doped p - type , which makes holes the majority carrier in the base . To minimize the fraction of carriers that recombine before reaching the collector -- base junction , the transistor 's base region must be thin enough that carriers can diffuse across it in much less time than the semiconductor 's minority - carrier lifetime . In particular , the thickness of the base must be much less than the diffusion length of the electrons . The collector -- base junction is reverse - biased , and so little electron injection occurs from the collector to the base , but electrons that diffuse through the base towards the collector are swept into the collector by the electric field in the depletion region of the collector -- base junction . The thin shared base and asymmetric collector -- emitter doping are what differentiates a bipolar transistor from two separate and oppositely biased diodes connected in series . Voltage , current , and charge control ( edit ) The collector -- emitter current can be viewed as being controlled by the base -- emitter current ( current control ) , or by the base -- emitter voltage ( voltage control ) . These views are related by the current -- voltage relation of the base -- emitter junction , which is the usual exponential current -- voltage curve of a p -- n junction ( diode ) . The physical explanation for collector current is the concentration of minority carriers in the base region . Due to low - level injection ( in which there are much fewer excess carriers than normal majority carriers ) the ambipolar transport rates ( in which the excess majority and minority carriers flow at the same rate ) is in effect determined by the excess minority carriers . Detailed transistor models of transistor action , such as the Gummel -- Poon model , account for the distribution of this charge explicitly to explain transistor behaviour more exactly . The charge - control view easily handles phototransistors , where minority carriers in the base region are created by the absorption of photons , and handles the dynamics of turn - off , or recovery time , which depends on charge in the base region recombining . However , because base charge is not a signal that is visible at the terminals , the current - and voltage - control views are generally used in circuit design and analysis . In analog circuit design , the current - control view is sometimes used because it is approximately linear . That is , the collector current is approximately β F ( \ displaystyle \ beta _ ( F ) ) times the base current . Some basic circuits can be designed by assuming that the emitter -- base voltage is approximately constant and that collector current is β times the base current . However , to accurately and reliably design production BJT circuits , the voltage - control ( for example , Ebers -- Moll ) model is required . The voltage - control model requires an exponential function to be taken into account , but when it is linearized such that the transistor can be modeled as a transconductance , as in the Ebers -- Moll model , design for circuits such as differential amplifiers again becomes a mostly linear problem , so the voltage - control view is often preferred . For translinear circuits , in which the exponential I -- V curve is key to the operation , the transistors are usually modeled as voltage - controlled current sources whose transconductance is proportional to their collector current . In general , transistor - level circuit design is performed using SPICE or a comparable analog - circuit simulator , so model complexity is usually not of much concern to the designer . Turn - on , turn - off , and storage delay ( edit ) Main article : Baker clamp Most bipolar transistors , and especially power transistors , have long base - storage times when they are driven into saturation ; the base storage limits turn - off time in switching applications . A Baker clamp can prevent the transistor from heavily saturating , which reduces the amount of charge stored in the base and thus improves switching time . Transistor parameters : alpha ( α ) and beta ( β ) ( edit ) The proportion of electrons able to cross the base and reach the collector is a measure of the BJT efficiency . The heavy doping of the emitter region and light doping of the base region causes many more electrons to be injected from the emitter into the base than holes to be injected from the base into the emitter . The common - emitter current gain is represented by β or the h - parameter h ; it is approximately the ratio of the DC collector current to the DC base current in forward - active region . It is typically greater than 50 for small - signal transistors , but can be smaller in transistors designed for high - power applications . Another important parameter is the common - base current gain , α . The common - base current gain is approximately the gain of current from emitter to collector in the forward - active region . This ratio usually has a value close to unity ; between 0.980 and 0.998 . It is less than unity due to recombination of charge carriers as they cross the base region . Alpha and beta are more precisely related by the following identities ( NPN transistor ) : α F = I C I E , β F = I C I B , α F = β F 1 + β F ⟺ β F = α F 1 − α F . ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ alpha _ ( F ) & = ( \ frac ( I_ ( \ text ( C ) ) ) ( I_ ( \ text ( E ) ) ) ) , & \ beta _ ( F ) & = ( \ frac ( I_ ( \ text ( C ) ) ) ( I_ ( \ text ( B ) ) ) ) , \ \ \ alpha _ ( F ) & = ( \ frac ( \ beta _ ( F ) ) ( 1 + \ beta _ ( F ) ) ) & \ iff \ beta _ ( F ) & = ( \ frac ( \ alpha _ ( F ) ) ( 1 - \ alpha _ ( F ) ) ). \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Structure ( edit ) Simplified cross section of a planar NPN bipolar junction transistor A BJT consists of three differently doped semiconductor regions : the emitter region , the base region and the collector region . These regions are , respectively , p type , n type and p type in a PNP transistor , and n type , p type and n type in an NPN transistor . Each semiconductor region is connected to a terminal , appropriately labeled : emitter ( E ) , base ( B ) and collector ( C ) . The base is physically located between the emitter and the collector and is made from lightly doped , high - resistivity material . The collector surrounds the emitter region , making it almost impossible for the electrons injected into the base region to escape without being collected , thus making the resulting value of α very close to unity , and so , giving the transistor a large β . A cross-section view of a BJT indicates that the collector -- base junction has a much larger area than the emitter -- base junction . The bipolar junction transistor , unlike other transistors , is usually not a symmetrical device . This means that interchanging the collector and the emitter makes the transistor leave the forward active mode and start to operate in reverse mode . Because the transistor 's internal structure is usually optimized for forward - mode operation , interchanging the collector and the emitter makes the values of α and β in reverse operation much smaller than those in forward operation ; often the α of the reverse mode is lower than 0.5 . The lack of symmetry is primarily due to the doping ratios of the emitter and the collector . The emitter is heavily doped , while the collector is lightly doped , allowing a large reverse bias voltage to be applied before the collector -- base junction breaks down . The collector -- base junction is reverse biased in normal operation . The reason the emitter is heavily doped is to increase the emitter injection efficiency : the ratio of carriers injected by the emitter to those injected by the base . For high current gain , most of the carriers injected into the emitter -- base junction must come from the emitter . Die of a KSY34 high - frequency NPN transistor . Bond wires connect to the base and emitter The low - performance `` lateral '' bipolar transistors sometimes used in CMOS processes are sometimes designed symmetrically , that is , with no difference between forward and backward operation . Small changes in the voltage applied across the base -- emitter terminals cause the current between the emitter and the collector to change significantly . This effect can be used to amplify the input voltage or current . BJTs can be thought of as voltage - controlled current sources , but are more simply characterized as current - controlled current sources , or current amplifiers , due to the low impedance at the base . Early transistors were made from germanium but most modern BJTs are made from silicon . A significant minority are also now made from gallium arsenide , especially for very high speed applications ( see HBT , below ) . NPN ( edit ) The symbol of an NPN BJT . A mnemonic for the symbol is `` not pointing in '' . NPN is one of the two types of bipolar transistors , consisting of a layer of P - doped semiconductor ( the `` base '' ) between two N - doped layers . A small current entering the base is amplified to produce a large collector and emitter current . That is , when there is a positive potential difference measured from the base of an NPN transistor to its emitter ( that is , when the base is high relative to the emitter ) , as well as a positive potential difference measured from the collector to the emitter , the transistor becomes active . In this `` on '' state , current flows from the collector to the emitter of the transistor . Most of the current is carried by electrons moving from emitter to collector as minority carriers in the P - type base region . To allow for greater current and faster operation , most bipolar transistors used today are NPN because electron mobility is higher than hole mobility . A mnemonic device for the NPN transistor symbol is `` not pointing in '' , based on the arrows in the symbol and the letters in the name . PNP ( edit ) The symbol of a PNP BJT . A mnemonic for the symbol is `` points in proudly '' . The other type of BJT is the PNP , consisting of a layer of N - doped semiconductor between two layers of P - doped material . A small current leaving the base is amplified in the collector output . That is , a PNP transistor is `` on '' when its base is pulled low relative to the emitter . In a PNP transistor , the emitter -- base region is forward biased , so holes are injected into the base as minority carriers . The base is very thin , and most of the holes cross the reverse - biased base -- collector junction to the collector . The arrows in the NPN and PNP transistor symbols indicate the PN junction between the base and emitter . When the device is in forward active or forward saturated mode , the arrow , placed on the emitter leg , points in the direction of the conventional current . A mnemonic device for the PNP transistor symbol is `` pointing in ( proudly / permanently ) '' , based on the arrows in the symbol and the letters in the name . Heterojunction bipolar transistor ( edit ) Bands in graded heterojunction NPN bipolar transistor . Barriers indicated for electrons to move from emitter to base and for holes to be injected backward from base to emitter ; also , grading of bandgap in base assists electron transport in base region . Light colors indicate depleted regions . The heterojunction bipolar transistor ( HBT ) is an improvement of the BJT that can handle signals of very high frequencies up to several hundred GHz . It is common in modern ultrafast circuits , mostly RF systems . Symbol for NPN bipolar transistor with current flow direction Heterojunction transistors have different semiconductors for the elements of the transistor . Usually the emitter is composed of a larger bandgap material than the base . The figure shows that this difference in bandgap allows the barrier for holes to inject backward from the base into the emitter , denoted in the figure as Δφ , to be made large , while the barrier for electrons to inject into the base Δφ is made low . This barrier arrangement helps reduce minority carrier injection from the base when the emitter - base junction is under forward bias , and thus reduces base current and increases emitter injection efficiency . The improved injection of carriers into the base allows the base to have a higher doping level , resulting in lower resistance to access the base electrode . In the more traditional BJT , also referred to as homojunction BJT , the efficiency of carrier injection from the emitter to the base is primarily determined by the doping ratio between the emitter and base , which means the base must be lightly doped to obtain high injection efficiency , making its resistance relatively high . In addition , higher doping in the base can improve figures of merit like the Early voltage by lessening base narrowing . The grading of composition in the base , for example , by progressively increasing the amount of germanium in a SiGe transistor , causes a gradient in bandgap in the neutral base , denoted in the figure by Δφ , providing a `` built - in '' field that assists electron transport across the base . That drift component of transport aids the normal diffusive transport , increasing the frequency response of the transistor by shortening the transit time across the base . Two commonly used HBTs are silicon -- germanium and aluminum gallium arsenide , though a wide variety of semiconductors may be used for the HBT structure . HBT structures are usually grown by epitaxy techniques like MOCVD and MBE . Regions of operation ( edit ) Applied voltages B-E junction bias ( NPN ) B-C junction bias ( NPN ) Mode ( NPN ) E < B < C Forward Reverse Forward - active E < B > C Forward Forward Saturation E > B < C Reverse Reverse Cut - off E > B > C Reverse Forward Reverse - active Applied voltages B-E junction bias ( PNP ) B-C junction bias ( PNP ) Mode ( PNP ) E < B < C Reverse Forward Reverse - active E < B > C Reverse Reverse Cut - off E > B < C Forward Forward Saturation E > B > C Forward Reverse Forward - active Bipolar transistors have four distinct regions of operation , defined by BJT junction biases . Forward - active ( or simply active ) The base -- emitter junction is forward biased and the base -- collector junction is reverse biased . Most bipolar transistors are designed to afford the greatest common - emitter current gain , β , in forward - active mode . If this is the case , the collector -- emitter current is approximately proportional to the base current , but many times larger , for small base current variations . Reverse - active ( or inverse - active or inverted ) By reversing the biasing conditions of the forward - active region , a bipolar transistor goes into reverse - active mode . In this mode , the emitter and collector regions switch roles . Because most BJTs are designed to maximize current gain in forward - active mode , the β in inverted mode is several times smaller ( 2 -- 3 times for the ordinary germanium transistor ) . This transistor mode is seldom used , usually being considered only for failsafe conditions and some types of bipolar logic . The reverse bias breakdown voltage to the base may be an order of magnitude lower in this region . Saturation With both junctions forward - biased , a BJT is in saturation mode and facilitates high current conduction from the emitter to the collector ( or the other direction in the case of NPN , with negatively charged carriers flowing from emitter to collector ) . This mode corresponds to a logical `` on '' , or a closed switch . Cut - off In cut - off , biasing conditions opposite of saturation ( both junctions reverse biased ) are present . There is very little current , which corresponds to a logical `` off '' , or an open switch . Avalanche breakdown region The relationship between I C ( \ displaystyle I_ ( C ) ) , U C E ( \ displaystyle U_ ( CE ) ) and I B ( \ displaystyle I_ ( B ) ) The modes of operation can be described in terms of the applied voltages ( this description applies to NPN transistors ; polarities are reversed for PNP transistors ) : Forward - active Base higher than emitter , collector higher than base ( in this mode the collector current is proportional to base current by β F ( \ displaystyle \ beta _ ( F ) ) ) . Saturation Base higher than emitter , but collector is not higher than base . Cut - off Base lower than emitter , but collector is higher than base . It means the transistor is not letting conventional current go through from collector to emitter . Reverse - active Base lower than emitter , collector lower than base : reverse conventional current goes through transistor . In terms of junction biasing : ( reverse biased base -- collector junction means V < 0 for NPN , opposite for PNP ) Although these regions are well defined for sufficiently large applied voltage , they overlap somewhat for small ( less than a few hundred millivolts ) biases . For example , in the typical grounded - emitter configuration of an NPN BJT used as a pulldown switch in digital logic , the `` off '' state never involves a reverse - biased junction because the base voltage never goes below ground ; nevertheless the forward bias is close enough to zero that essentially no current flows , so this end of the forward active region can be regarded as the cutoff region . Active - mode transistors in circuits ( edit ) Structure and use of NPN transistor . Arrow according to schematic . The diagram shows a schematic representation of an NPN transistor connected to two voltage sources . ( The same description applies to a PNP transistor with reversed directions of current flow and applied voltage . ) To make the transistor conduct appreciable current ( on the order of 1 mA ) from C to E , V must be above a minimum value sometimes referred to as the cut - in voltage . The cut - in voltage is usually about 650 mV for silicon BJTs at room temperature but can be different depending on the type of transistor and its biasing . This applied voltage causes the lower P-N junction to ' turn on ' , allowing a flow of electrons from the emitter into the base . In active mode , the electric field existing between base and collector ( caused by V ) will cause the majority of these electrons to cross the upper P-N junction into the collector to form the collector current I . The remainder of the electrons recombine with holes , the majority carriers in the base , making a current through the base connection to form the base current , I. As shown in the diagram , the emitter current , I , is the total transistor current , which is the sum of the other terminal currents , ( i.e. , I = I + I ) . In the diagram , the arrows representing current point in the direction of conventional current -- the flow of electrons is in the opposite direction of the arrows because electrons carry negative electric charge . In active mode , the ratio of the collector current to the base current is called the DC current gain . This gain is usually 100 or more , but robust circuit designs do not depend on the exact value ( for example see op - amp ) . The value of this gain for DC signals is referred to as h FE ( \ displaystyle h_ ( \ text ( FE ) ) ) , and the value of this gain for small signals is referred to as h fe ( \ displaystyle h_ ( \ text ( fe ) ) ) . That is , when a small change in the currents occurs , and sufficient time has passed for the new condition to reach a steady state h fe ( \ displaystyle h_ ( \ text ( fe ) ) ) is the ratio of the change in collector current to the change in base current . The symbol β ( \ displaystyle \ beta ) is used for both h FE ( \ displaystyle h_ ( \ text ( FE ) ) ) and h fe ( \ displaystyle h_ ( \ text ( fe ) ) ) . The emitter current is related to V BE ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ text ( BE ) ) ) exponentially . At room temperature , an increase in V BE ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ text ( BE ) ) ) by approximately 60 mV increases the emitter current by a factor of 10 . Because the base current is approximately proportional to the collector and emitter currents , they vary in the same way . History ( edit ) The bipolar point - contact transistor was invented in December 1947 at the Bell Telephone Laboratories by John Bardeen and Walter Brattain under the direction of William Shockley . The junction version known as the bipolar junction transistor ( BJT ) , invented by Shockley in 1948 , was for three decades the device of choice in the design of discrete and integrated circuits . Nowadays , the use of the BJT has declined in favor of CMOS technology in the design of digital integrated circuits . The incidental low performance BJTs inherent in CMOS ICs , however , are often utilized as bandgap voltage reference , silicon bandgap temperature sensor and to handle electrostatic discharge . Germanium transistors ( edit ) The germanium transistor was more common in the 1950s and 1960s , and while it exhibits a lower `` cut - off '' voltage , typically around 0.2 V , making it more suitable for some applications , it also has a greater tendency to exhibit thermal runaway . Early manufacturing techniques ( edit ) Various methods of manufacturing bipolar transistors were developed . Bipolar transistors ( edit ) Point - contact transistor -- first transistor ever constructed ( December 1947 ) , a bipolar transistor , limited commercial use due to high cost and noise . Tetrode point - contact transistor -- Point - contact transistor having two emitters . It became obsolete in the middle 1950s . Junction transistors Grown - junction transistor -- first bipolar junction transistor made . Invented by William Shockley at Bell Labs on June 23 , 1948 . Patent filed on June 26 , 1948 . Alloy - junction transistor -- emitter and collector alloy beads fused to base . Developed at General Electric and RCA in 1951 . Micro-alloy transistor ( MAT ) -- high speed type of alloy junction transistor . Developed at Philco . Micro-alloy diffused transistor ( MADT ) -- high speed type of alloy junction transistor , speedier than MAT , a diffused - base transistor . Developed at Philco . Post-alloy diffused transistor ( PADT ) -- high speed type of alloy junction transistor , speedier than MAT , a diffused - base transistor . Developed at Philips . Tetrode transistor -- high speed variant of grown - junction transistor or alloy junction transistor with two connections to base . Surface - barrier transistor -- high - speed metal barrier junction transistor . Developed at Philco in 1953 . Drift - field transistor -- high speed bipolar junction transistor . Invented by Herbert Kroemer at the Central Bureau of Telecommunications Technology of the German Postal Service , in 1953 . Spacistor -- circa 1957 . Diffusion transistor -- modern type bipolar junction transistor . Prototypes developed at Bell Labs in 1954 . Diffused - base transistor -- first implementation of diffusion transistor . Mesa transistor -- Developed at Texas Instruments in 1957 . Planar transistor -- the bipolar junction transistor that made mass - produced monolithic integrated circuits possible . Developed by Jean Hoerni at Fairchild in 1959 . Epitaxial transistor -- a bipolar junction transistor made using vapor phase deposition . See epitaxy . Allows very precise control of doping levels and gradients . Theory and Modeling ( edit ) Band diagram for NPN transistor at equilibrium Band diagram for NPN transistor in active mode , showing injection of electrons from emitter to base , and their overshoot into the collector Transistors can be thought of as two diodes ( P -- N junctions ) sharing a common region that minority carriers can move through . A PNP BJT will function like two diodes that share an N - type cathode region , and the NPN like two diodes sharing a P - type anode region . Connecting two diodes with wires will not make a transistor , since minority carriers will not be able to get from one P -- N junction to the other through the wire . Both types of BJT function by letting a small current input to the base control an amplified output from the collector . The result is that the transistor makes a good switch that is controlled by its base input . The BJT also makes a good amplifier , since it can multiply a weak input signal to about 100 times its original strength . Networks of transistors are used to make powerful amplifiers with many different applications . In the discussion below , focus is on the NPN bipolar transistor . In the NPN transistor in what is called active mode , the base -- emitter voltage V BE ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ text ( BE ) ) ) and collector -- base voltage V CB ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ text ( CB ) ) ) are positive , forward biasing the emitter -- base junction and reverse - biasing the collector -- base junction . In the active mode of operation , electrons are injected from the forward biased n - type emitter region into the p - type base where they diffuse as minority carriers to the reverse - biased n - type collector and are swept away by the electric field in the reverse - biased collector -- base junction . For a figure describing forward and reverse bias , see semiconductor diodes . Large - signal models ( edit ) In 1954 , Jewell James Ebers and John L. Moll introduced their mathematical model of transistor currents : Ebers -- Moll model ( edit ) Ebers -- Moll model for an NPN transistor . I , I and I are the base , collector and emitter currents ; I and I are the collector and emitter diode currents ; α and α are the forward and reverse common - base current gains . Ebers -- Moll model for a PNP transistor Approximated Ebers -- Moll model for an NPN transistor in the forward active mode . The collector diode is reverse - biased so I is virtually zero . Most of the emitter diode current ( α is nearly 1 ) is drawn from the collector , providing the amplification of the base current . The DC emitter and collector currents in active mode are well modeled by an approximation to the Ebers -- Moll model : I E = I ES ( e V BE V T − 1 ) I C = α F I E I B = ( 1 − α F ) I E ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) I_ ( \ text ( E ) ) & = I_ ( \ text ( ES ) ) \ left ( e ^ ( \ frac ( V_ ( \ text ( BE ) ) ) ( V_ ( \ text ( T ) ) ) ) - 1 \ right ) \ \ I_ ( \ text ( C ) ) & = \ alpha _ ( F ) I_ ( \ text ( E ) ) \ \ I_ ( \ text ( B ) ) & = \ left ( 1 - \ alpha _ ( F ) \ right ) I_ ( \ text ( E ) ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) The base internal current is mainly by diffusion ( see Fick 's law ) and J n ( base ) = 1 W q D n n b o e V EB V T ( \ displaystyle J_ ( n \ , ( ( \ text ( base ) ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( W ) ) qD_ ( n ) n_ ( bo ) e ^ ( \ frac ( V_ ( \ text ( EB ) ) ) ( V_ ( \ text ( T ) ) ) ) ) where V T ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ text ( T ) ) ) is the thermal voltage k T / q ( \ displaystyle kT / q ) ( approximately 26 mV at 300 K ≈ room temperature ) . I E ( \ displaystyle I_ ( \ text ( E ) ) ) is the emitter current I C ( \ displaystyle I_ ( \ text ( C ) ) ) is the collector current α F ( \ displaystyle \ alpha _ ( F ) ) is the common base forward short - circuit current gain ( 0.98 to 0.998 ) I ES ( \ displaystyle I_ ( \ text ( ES ) ) ) is the reverse saturation current of the base -- emitter diode ( on the order of 10 to 10 amperes ) V BE ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ text ( BE ) ) ) is the base -- emitter voltage D n ( \ displaystyle D_ ( n ) ) is the diffusion constant for electrons in the p - type base W is the base width The α ( \ displaystyle \ alpha ) and forward β ( \ displaystyle \ beta ) parameters are as described previously . A reverse β ( \ displaystyle \ beta ) is sometimes included in the model . The unapproximated Ebers -- Moll equations used to describe the three currents in any operating region are given below . These equations are based on the transport model for a bipolar junction transistor . i C = I S ( ( e V BE V T − e V BC V T ) − 1 β R ( e V BC V T − 1 ) ) i B = I S ( 1 β F ( e V BE V T − 1 ) + 1 β R ( e V BC V T − 1 ) ) i E = I S ( ( e V BE V T − e V BC V T ) + 1 β F ( e V BE V T − 1 ) ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) i_ ( \ text ( C ) ) & = I_ ( \ text ( S ) ) \ left ( \ left ( e ^ ( \ frac ( V_ ( \ text ( BE ) ) ) ( V_ ( \ text ( T ) ) ) ) - e ^ ( \ frac ( V_ ( \ text ( BC ) ) ) ( V_ ( \ text ( T ) ) ) ) \ right ) - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ beta _ ( R ) ) ) \ left ( e ^ ( \ frac ( V_ ( \ text ( BC ) ) ) ( V_ ( \ text ( T ) ) ) ) - 1 \ right ) \ right ) \ \ i_ ( \ text ( B ) ) & = I_ ( \ text ( S ) ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ beta _ ( F ) ) ) \ left ( e ^ ( \ frac ( V_ ( \ text ( BE ) ) ) ( V_ ( \ text ( T ) ) ) ) - 1 \ right ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ beta _ ( R ) ) ) \ left ( e ^ ( \ frac ( V_ ( \ text ( BC ) ) ) ( V_ ( \ text ( T ) ) ) ) - 1 \ right ) \ right ) \ \ i_ ( \ text ( E ) ) & = I_ ( \ text ( S ) ) \ left ( \ left ( e ^ ( \ frac ( V_ ( \ text ( BE ) ) ) ( V_ ( \ text ( T ) ) ) ) - e ^ ( \ frac ( V_ ( \ text ( BC ) ) ) ( V_ ( \ text ( T ) ) ) ) \ right ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ beta _ ( F ) ) ) \ left ( e ^ ( \ frac ( V_ ( \ text ( BE ) ) ) ( V_ ( \ text ( T ) ) ) ) - 1 \ right ) \ right ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) where i C ( \ displaystyle i_ ( \ text ( C ) ) ) is the collector current i B ( \ displaystyle i_ ( \ text ( B ) ) ) is the base current i E ( \ displaystyle i_ ( \ text ( E ) ) ) is the emitter current β F ( \ displaystyle \ beta _ ( F ) ) is the forward common emitter current gain ( 20 to 500 ) β R ( \ displaystyle \ beta _ ( R ) ) is the reverse common emitter current gain ( 0 to 20 ) I S ( \ displaystyle I_ ( \ text ( S ) ) ) is the reverse saturation current ( on the order of 10 to 10 amperes ) V T ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ text ( T ) ) ) is the thermal voltage ( approximately 26 mV at 300 K ≈ room temperature ) . V BE ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ text ( BE ) ) ) is the base -- emitter voltage V BC ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ text ( BC ) ) ) is the base -- collector voltage Base - width modulation ( edit ) Top : NPN base width for low collector - base reverse bias ; Bottom : narrower NPN base width for large collector - base reverse bias . Hashed regions are depleted regions . Main article : Early Effect As the collector -- base voltage ( V CB = V CE − V BE ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ text ( CB ) ) = V_ ( \ text ( CE ) ) - V_ ( \ text ( BE ) ) ) ) varies , the collector -- base depletion region varies in size . An increase in the collector -- base voltage , for example , causes a greater reverse bias across the collector -- base junction , increasing the collector -- base depletion region width , and decreasing the width of the base . This variation in base width often is called the `` Early effect '' after its discoverer James M. Early . Narrowing of the base width has two consequences : There is a lesser chance for recombination within the `` smaller '' base region . The charge gradient is increased across the base , and consequently , the current of minority carriers injected across the emitter junction increases . Both factors increase the collector or `` output '' current of the transistor in response to an increase in the collector -- base voltage . In the forward - active region , the Early effect modifies the collector current ( i C ( \ displaystyle i_ ( \ text ( C ) ) ) ) and the forward common emitter current gain ( β F ( \ displaystyle \ beta _ ( F ) ) ) as given by : i C = I S e v BE V T ( 1 + V CE V A ) β F = β F 0 ( 1 + V CB V A ) r o = V A I C ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) i_ ( \ text ( C ) ) & = I_ ( \ text ( S ) ) \ , e ^ ( \ frac ( v_ ( \ text ( BE ) ) ) ( V_ ( \ text ( T ) ) ) ) \ left ( 1 + ( \ frac ( V_ ( \ text ( CE ) ) ) ( V_ ( \ text ( A ) ) ) ) \ right ) \ \ \ beta _ ( F ) & = \ beta _ ( F0 ) \ left ( 1 + ( \ frac ( V_ ( \ text ( CB ) ) ) ( V_ ( \ text ( A ) ) ) ) \ right ) \ \ r_ ( \ text ( o ) ) & = ( \ frac ( V_ ( \ text ( A ) ) ) ( I_ ( \ text ( C ) ) ) ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) where : V CE ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ text ( CE ) ) ) is the collector -- emitter voltage V A ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ text ( A ) ) ) is the Early voltage ( 15 V to 150 V ) β F 0 ( \ displaystyle \ beta _ ( F0 ) ) is forward common - emitter current gain when V CB ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ text ( CB ) ) ) = 0 V r o ( \ displaystyle r_ ( \ text ( o ) ) ) is the output impedance I C ( \ displaystyle I_ ( \ text ( C ) ) ) is the collector current Punchthrough ( edit ) When the base -- collector voltage reaches a certain ( device - specific ) value , the base -- collector depletion region boundary meets the base -- emitter depletion region boundary . When in this state the transistor effectively has no base . The device thus loses all gain when in this state . Gummel -- Poon charge - control model ( edit ) The Gummel -- Poon model is a detailed charge - controlled model of BJT dynamics , which has been adopted and elaborated by others to explain transistor dynamics in greater detail than the terminal - based models typically do . This model also includes the dependence of transistor β ( \ displaystyle \ beta ) - values upon the direct current levels in the transistor , which are assumed current - independent in the Ebers -- Moll model . Small - signal models ( edit ) Hybrid - pi model ( edit ) Hybrid - pi model Main article : hybrid - pi model The hybrid - pi model is a popular circuit model used for analyzing the small signal behavior of bipolar junction and field effect transistors . Sometimes it is also called Giacoletto model because it was introduced by L.J. Giacoletto in 1969 . The model can be quite accurate for low - frequency circuits and can easily be adapted for higher - frequency circuits with the addition of appropriate inter-electrode capacitances and other parasitic elements . H - parameter model ( edit ) Generalized h - parameter model of an NPN BJT . Replace x with e , b or c for CE , CB and CC topologies respectively . Another model commonly used to analyze BJT circuits is the h - parameter model , closely related to the hybrid - pi model and the y - parameter two - port , but using input current and output voltage as independent variables , rather than input and output voltages . This two - port network is particularly suited to BJTs as it lends itself easily to the analysis of circuit behaviour , and may be used to develop further accurate models . As shown , the term , x , in the model represents a different BJT lead depending on the topology used . For common - emitter mode the various symbols take on the specific values as : Terminal 1 , base Terminal 2 , collector Terminal 3 ( common ) , emitter ; giving x to be e i , base current ( i ) i , collector current ( i ) V , base - to - emitter voltage ( V ) V , collector - to - emitter voltage ( V ) and the h - parameters are given by : h = h , the input impedance of the transistor ( corresponding to the base resistance r ) . h = h , represents the dependence of the transistor 's I -- V curve on the value of V. It is usually very small and is often neglected ( assumed to be zero ) . h = h , the current - gain of the transistor . This parameter is often specified as h or the DC current - gain ( β ) in datasheets . h = 1 / h , the output impedance of transistor . The parameter h usually corresponds to the output admittance of the bipolar transistor and has to be inverted to convert it to an impedance . As shown , the h - parameters have lower - case subscripts and hence signify AC conditions or analyses . For DC conditions they are specified in upper - case . For the CE topology , an approximate h - parameter model is commonly used which further simplifies the circuit analysis . For this the h and h parameters are neglected ( that is , they are set to infinity and zero , respectively ) . The h - parameter model as shown is suited to low - frequency , small - signal analysis . For high - frequency analyses the inter-electrode capacitances that are important at high frequencies must be added . Etymology of h ( edit ) The h refers to its being an h - parameter , a set of parameters named for their origin in a hybrid equivalent circuit model . F is from forward current amplification also called the current gain . E refers to the transistor operating in a common emitter ( CE ) configuration . Capital letters used in the subscript indicate that h refers to a direct current circuit . Industry models ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2015 ) The Gummel -- Poon SPICE model is often used , but it suffers from several limitations . These have been addressed in various more advanced models : Mextram , VBIC , HICUM , Modella . Applications ( edit ) The BJT remains a device that excels in some applications , such as discrete circuit design , due to the very wide selection of BJT types available , and because of its high transconductance and output resistance compared to MOSFETs . The BJT is also the choice for demanding analog circuits , especially for very - high - frequency applications , such as radio - frequency circuits for wireless systems . High - speed digital logic ( edit ) Emitter - coupled logic ( ECL ) use BJTs . Bipolar transistors can be combined with MOSFETs in an integrated circuit by using a BiCMOS process of wafer fabrication to create circuits that take advantage of the application strengths of both types of transistor . Amplifiers ( edit ) Main article : Electronic amplifier The transistor parameters α and β characterizes the current gain of the BJT . It is this gain that allows BJTs to be used as the building blocks of electronic amplifiers . The three main BJT amplifier topologies are : Common emitter Common base Common collector Temperature Sensors ( edit ) Main article : Silicon bandgap temperature sensor Because of the known temperature and current dependence of the forward - biased base -- emitter junction voltage , the BJT can be used to measure temperature by subtracting two voltages at two different bias currents in a known ratio . Logarithmic converters ( edit ) Because base -- emitter voltage varies as the logarithm of the base -- emitter and collector -- emitter currents , a BJT can also be used to compute logarithms and anti-logarithms . A diode can also perform these nonlinear functions but the transistor provides more circuit flexibility . Vulnerabilities ( edit ) Exposure of the transistor to ionizing radiation causes radiation damage . Radiation causes a buildup of ' defects ' in the base region that act as recombination centers . The resulting reduction in minority carrier lifetime causes gradual loss of gain of the transistor . Transistors have `` maximum ratings '' , including power ratings ( essentially limited by self - heating ) , maximum collector and base currents ( both continuous / DC ratings and peak ) , and breakdown voltage ratings , beyond which the device may fail or at least perform badly . In addition to normal breakdown ratings of the device , power BJTs are subject to a failure mode called secondary breakdown , in which excessive current and normal imperfections in the silicon die cause portions of the silicon inside the device to become disproportionately hotter than the others . The electrical resistivity of doped silicon , like other semiconductors , has a negative temperature coefficient , meaning that it conducts more current at higher temperatures . Thus , the hottest part of the die conducts the most current , causing its conductivity to increase , which then causes it to become progressively hotter again , until the device fails internally . The thermal runaway process associated with secondary breakdown , once triggered , occurs almost instantly and may catastrophically damage the transistor package . If the emitter - base junction is reverse biased into avalanche or Zener mode and charge flows for a short period of time , the current gain of the BJT will be permanently degraded . See also ( edit ) Electronics portal Bipolar transistor biasing Gummel plot Technology CAD ( TCAD ) KT315 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ See point - contact transistor for the historical origin of these names . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Chenming Calvin Hu ( 2010 ) . Modern Semiconductor Devices for Integrated Circuits . ^ Jump up to : Paul Horowitz and Winfield Hill ( 1989 ) . The Art of Electronics ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 37095 - 0 . Jump up ^ Juin Jei Liou and Jiann S. Yuan ( 1998 ) . Semiconductor Device Physics and Simulation . Springer . ISBN 0 - 306 - 45724 - 5 . Jump up ^ General Electric ( 1962 ) . Transistor Manual ( 6th ed . ) . p. 12 . `` If the principle of space charge neutrality is used in the analysis of the transistor , it is evident that the collector current is controlled by means of the positive charge ( hole concentration ) in the base region ... When a transistor is used at higher frequencies , the fundamental limitation is the time it takes the carriers to diffuse across the base region ... '' ( same in 4th and 5th editions ) . Jump up ^ Paolo Antognetti and Giuseppe Massobrio ( 1993 ) . Semiconductor Device Modeling with Spice . McGraw -- Hill Professional . ISBN 0 - 07 - 134955 - 3 . Jump up ^ Alphonse J. Sistino ( 1996 ) . Essentials of electronic circuitry . CRC Press . p. 64 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8247 - 9693 - 8 . Jump up ^ Alphonse J. Sistino ( 1996 ) . Essentials of electronic circuitry . CRC Press . p. 102 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8247 - 9693 - 8 . Jump up ^ D.V. Morgan , Robin H. Williams ( Editors ) ( 1991 ) . Physics and Technology of Heterojunction Devices . London : Institution of Electrical Engineers ( Peter Peregrinus Ltd . ) . ISBN 0 - 86341 - 204 - 1 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Peter Ashburn ( 2003 ) . SiGe Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors . New York : Wiley . Chapter 10 . ISBN 0 - 470 - 84838 - 3 . Jump up ^ Paul Horowitz and Winfield Hill ( 1989 ) . The Art of Electronics ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 62 -- 66 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 37095 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` 1947 : Invention of the Point - Contact Transistor - The Silicon Engine - Computer History Museum '' . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1948 : Conception of the Junction Transistor - The Silicon Engine - Computer History Museum '' . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Third case study -- the solid state advent Archived September 27 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . ( PDF ) Jump up ^ Transistor Museum , Historic Transistor Photo Gallery , Bell Labs Type M1752 Jump up ^ Morris , Peter Robin ( 1990 ) . `` 4.2 '' . A History of the World Semiconductor Industry . IEE History of Technology Series 12 . London : Peter Peregrinus Ltd. p. 29 . ISBN 0 - 86341 - 227 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Transistor Museum Photo Gallery RCA TA153 '' . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ High Speed Switching Transistor Handbook ( 2nd ed . ) . Motorola . 1963 . p. 17 . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Transistor Museum , Historic Transistor Photo Gallery , Western Electric 3N22 Jump up ^ The Tetrode Power Transistor PDF Jump up ^ `` Transistor Museum Photo Gallery Philco A01 Germanium Surface Barrier Transistor '' . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Transistor Museum Photo Gallery Germanium Surface Barrier Transistor '' . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Herb 's Bipolar Transistors IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices , vol. 48 , no . 11 , November 2001 PDF Jump up ^ Influence of Mobility and Lifetime Variations on Drift - Field Effects in Silicon - Junction Devices PDF Jump up ^ `` Transistor Museum Photo Gallery Bell Labs Prototype Diffused Base Germanium Silicon Transistor '' . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Transistor Museum Photo Gallery Fairchild 2N1613 Early Silicon Planar Transistor '' . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1960 : Epitaxial Deposition Process Enhances Transistor Performance - The Silicon Engine - Computer History Museum '' . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ J.J. Ebers and J.L Moll ( 1954 ) `` Large - signal behavior of junction transistors '' , Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers , 42 ( 12 ) : 1761 -- 1772 . Jump up ^ Adel S. Sedra and Kenneth C. Smith ( 1987 ) . Microelectronic Circuits , second ed. p. 903 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 007328 - 6 . Jump up ^ A.S. Sedra and K.C. Smith ( 2004 ) . Microelectronic Circuits ( 5th ed . ) . New York : Oxford . Eqs . 4.103 -- 4.110 , p. 305 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 514251 - 9 . Jump up ^ H.K. Gummel and R.C. Poon , `` An integral charge control model of bipolar transistors '' , Bell Syst . Tech . J. , vol. 49 , pp. 827 -- 852 , May -- June 1970 Jump up ^ `` Bipolar Junction Transistors '' . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ A.S. Sedra and K.C. Smith ( 2004 ) . Microelectronic Circuits ( 5th ed . ) . New York : Oxford . p. 509 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 514251 - 9 . Jump up ^ http://www.silvaco.com/content/kbase/smartspice_device_models.pdf Jump up ^ Gennady Gildenblat , ed. ( 2010 ) . Compact Modeling : Principles , Techniques and Applications . Springer Science & Business Media . Part II : Compact Models of Bipolar Junction Transistors , pp. 167 - 267 cover Mextram and HiCuM in - depth . ISBN 978 - 90 - 481 - 8614 - 3 . Jump up ^ Michael Schröter ( 2010 ) . Compact Hierarchical Bipolar Transistor Modeling with Hicum . World Scientific . ISBN 978 - 981 - 4273 - 21 - 3 . Jump up ^ http://joerg-berkner.de/Fachartikel/pdf/2002_ICCAP_UM_Berkner_Compact_Models_4_BJTs.pdf Jump up ^ `` IC Temperature Sensors Find the Hot Spots - Application Note - Maxim '' . maxim-ic.com . February 21 , 2002 . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bipolar junction transistors . This section 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( July 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Lessons In Electric Circuits -- Bipolar Junction Transistors ( Note : this site shows current as a flow of electrons , rather than the convention of showing it as a flow of holes ) EncycloBEAMia -- Bipolar Junction Transistor Characteristic curves ENGI 242 / ELEC 222 : BJT Small Signal Models Transistor Museum , Historic Transistor Timeline ECE 327 : Transistor Basics -- Summarizes simple Ebers -- Moll model of a bipolar transistor and gives several common BJT circuits . ECE 327 : Procedures for Output Filtering Lab -- Section 4 ( `` Power Amplifier '' ) discusses design of a BJT - Sziklai - pair - based class - AB current driver in detail . BJT Operation description for undergraduate and first year graduate students to describe the basic principles of operation of Bipolar Junction Transistor . Transistor amplifiers Bipolar junction transistor : Common emitter Common collector Common base Field - effect transistor : Common source Common drain Common gate Multiple transistors : Darlington transistor Sziklai pair Cascode Long - tailed pair Electronic components Semiconductor devices Avalanche diode Transistor Tetrode transistor Pentode transistor Memistor Memristor Bipolar junction transistor ( BJT ) FinFET CMOS MOSFET JFET Field - effect transistor ( FET ) Quantum circuit Constant - current diode ( CLD , CRD ) Darlington transistor DIAC Diode Heterostructure barrier varactor Insulated-gate bipolar transistor ( IGBT ) Integrated circuit ( IC ) Light - emitting diode ( LED ) Photodetector Photodiode PIN diode Schottky diode Silicon controlled rectifier ( SCR ) Thyristor TRIAC Unijunction transistor ( UJT ) Varicap Zener diode Voltage regulators Linear regulator Low - dropout regulator Switching regulator Buck Boost Buck -- boost Split - pi Ćuk SEPIC Charge pump Switched capacitor Vacuum tubes Acorn tube Audion Beam tetrode Barretter Compactron Diode Fleming valve Nonode Nuvistor Pentagrid ( Hexode , Heptode , Octode ) Pentode Photomultiplier Phototube Tetrode Triode Vacuum tubes ( RF ) Backward - wave oscillator ( BWO ) Cavity magnetron Crossed - field amplifier ( CFA ) Gyrotron Inductive output tube ( IOT ) Klystron Maser Sutton tube Traveling - wave tube ( TWT ) Cathode ray tubes Beam deflection tube Charactron Iconoscope Magic eye tube Monoscope Selectron tube Storage tube Trochotron Video camera tube Williams tube Gas - filled tubes Cold cathode Crossatron Dekatron Ignitron Krytron Mercury - arc valve Neon lamp Nixie tube Thyratron Trigatron Voltage - regulator tube Adjustable Potentiometer digital Variable capacitor Varicap Passive Connector audio and video electrical power RF Electrolytic detector Ferrite Fuse resettable Resistor Switch Thermistor Transformer Varistor Wire Wollaston wire Reactive Capacitor types Ceramic resonator Crystal oscillator Inductor Parametron Relay reed relay mercury switch GND : 4145669 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bipolar_junction_transistor&oldid=827733959 '' Categories : Transistor modeling Transistor types Bipolar transistors Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles that are too technical from July 2012 All articles that are too technical Articles needing expert attention from July 2012 All articles needing expert attention All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2007 Articles to be expanded from January 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Wikipedia external links cleanup from July 2012 Wikipedia spam cleanup from July 2012 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Latina Latviešu മലയാളം Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 February 2018 , at 12 : 16 . 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what does the bible say about a dog returning to its vomit

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As a dog returns to his vomit , so a fool repeats his folly - wikipedia As a dog returns to his vomit , so a fool repeats his folly `` As a dog returns to his vomit , so a fool repeats his folly '' is an aphorism which appears in the Book of Proverbs in the Bible -- Proverbs 26 : 11 ( Hebrew : כְּ֭כֶלֶב שָׁ֣ב עַל ־ קֵאֹ֑ו כְּ֝סִ֗יל שֹׁונֶ֥ה בְאִוַּלְתֹּֽו ‎ Kəḵeleḇ šāḇ ' al - qê'ōw ; kəsîl , šōwneh ḇə'iwwaltōw . ) , also partially quoted in the New Testament , 2 Peter 2 : 22 . It means that fools are stubbornly inflexible and this is illustrated with the repulsive simile of the dog that eats its vomit again , even though this may be poisonous . Dogs were considered unclean in Biblical times as they were commonly scavengers of the dead and they appear in the Bible as repugnant creatures , symbolising evil . The reference to vomit indicates excessive indulgence and so also symbolises revulsion . The incorrigible nature of fools is further emphasised in Proverbs 27 : 22 , `` Though you grind a fool in a mortar , grinding them like grain with a pestle , you will not remove their folly from them . '' In Proverbs , the `` fool '' represents a person lacking moral behavior or discipline , and the `` wise '' represents someone who behaves carefully and righteously . The modern association of these words with intellectual capacity is not in the original context . Contents 1 Development 2 Usage 3 See also 4 References Development ( edit ) The Greek translation in the Septuagint developed the idea , imbuing it with a sense of shame and guilt , `` As when a dog goes to his own vomit and becomes abominable , so is a fool who returns in his wickedness to his own sin . '' This was due to the contemporary idea of the fool as ungodly . Usage ( edit ) The Second Epistle of Peter refers to the proverb ( 2 Peter 2 : 22 ) , `` But it is happened unto them according to the true proverb , The dog is turned to his own vomit again ; and the sow that was washed to her wallowing in the mire . '' Kipling cites this in his poem The Gods of the Copybook Headings as one of several classic examples of repeated folly : `` As it will be in the future , it was at the birth of Man There are only four things certain since Social Progress began . That the Dog returns to his Vomit and the Sow returns to her Mire , And the burnt Fool 's bandaged finger goes wabbling back to the Fire ; '' The proverb is a favourite of the British politician Ken Livingstone who used it on the occasion of his failure to rejoin the Labour Party in 2002 . It was also used on occasion in the Parliament of Australia by Paul Keating , in reference to his political opponents . In the TV programme Endeavour ( the prequel to Inspector Morse ) , in the episode titled `` Home , '' Endeavour returns to his family home to visit his sick father . He goes with his sister Joyce to a pub for a drink and the following is part of their conversation : Joyce : `` Why did you go back to Oxford ? '' Endeavour : `` Oh ! A policeman goes where he 's sent . '' Joyce : `` When I told Pop , he just said , ' Proverbs 26 : 11 . ' '' Endeavour : ( Recognizing the verse ) `` Well I 've many faults , God knows , but I try to draw the line at masochism . Besides , traditionally it 's the killer that returns to the scene of the crime , not the ... whatever I was . '' See also ( edit ) Digger wasps and their habit of sphexishness References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bruce K. Waltke ( 2005 ) , The Book of Proverbs : Chapters 15 -- 31 , Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing , p. 354 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 2776 - 0 Jump up ^ James McNab McCrimmon ( 1973 ) , Writing with a purpose , Houghton Mifflin , p. 144 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 395 - 17740 - 2 Jump up ^ Sophia Menache ( 1997 ) , `` Dogs : God 's Worst Enemies ? '' , Society and Animals , 5 ( 1 ) : 23 -- 44 , doi : 10.1163 / 156853097X00204 Jump up ^ Tova Forti ( 2008 ) , `` Dog and Fool '' , Animal imagery in the book of Proverbs , ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 16287 - 7 Jump up ^ Leland Ryken ; Jim Wilhoit ; James C. Wilhoit ; Tremper Longman ; Colin Duriez ; Douglas Penney ; Daniel G. Reid ( 1998 ) , Dictionary of biblical imagery , InterVarsity Press , p. 296 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8308 - 1451 - 0 Jump up ^ Tova Forti ( June 2007 ) , `` Conceptual Stratification in LXX Prov 26 , 11 : Toward Identifying the Tradents Behind the Aphorism '' , Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft , 119 ( 2 ) : 241 -- 258 , doi : 10.1515 / ZAW. 2007.019 , ISSN 1613 - 0103 Jump up ^ Albert Barnes ( 1852 ) , Notes , explanatory and practical , on the general epistles of James , Peter , John and Jude , p. 285 Jump up ^ Paul Waugh ( 24 July 2002 ) , Livingstone vents his fury as his bid to rejoin Labour fails , The Independent Jump up ^ Piers Akerman ( Sep 26 , 2006 ) , `` The half wit , wisdom of a failed intellect '' , The Daily Telegraph , In 1990 , Paul Keating famously accused Wilson Tuckey of being `` a dog returning to its own vomit '' ... Jump up ^ Endeavour , Season 1 , Episode , 4 May 5th 2013 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=As_a_dog_returns_to_his_vomit,_so_a_fool_repeats_his_folly&oldid=813934834 '' Categories : Hebrew Bible words and phrases New Testament words and phrases Dogs in popular culture Adages Proverbs Wisdom literature Book of Proverbs Vomiting Animals in the Bible Metaphors referring to animals Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles containing Hebrew - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia සිංහල Edit links This page was last edited on 6 December 2017 , at 00 : 50 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

-4265517280497870183

when was the first virus found in both plants and animals

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Virus&oldid=855533381

Virus - wikipedia Virus This article is about the type of pathogen . For the type of malware , see Computer virus . For other uses , see Virus ( disambiguation ) . Type of non-cellular infectious agent For a more accessible and less technical introduction to this topic , see Introduction to viruses . Viruses Rotavirus Virus classification Group : I -- VII Groups I : dsDNA viruses II : ssDNA viruses III : dsRNA viruses IV : ( + ) ssRNA viruses V : ( − ) ssRNA viruses VI : ssRNA - RT viruses VII : dsDNA - RT viruses A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms . Viruses can infect all types of life forms , from animals and plants to microorganisms , including bacteria and archaea . Since Dmitri Ivanovsky 's 1892 article describing a non-bacterial pathogen infecting tobacco plants , and the discovery of the tobacco mosaic virus by Martinus Beijerinck in 1898 , about 5,000 virus species have been described in detail , although there are millions of types . Viruses are found in almost every ecosystem on Earth and are the most numerous type of biological entity . The study of viruses is known as virology , a sub-speciality of microbiology . While not inside an infected cell or in the process of infecting a cell , viruses exist in the form of independent particles . These viral particles , also known as virions , consist of : ( i ) the genetic material made from either DNA or RNA , long molecules that carry genetic information ; ( ii ) a protein coat , called the capsid , which surrounds and protects the genetic material ; and in some cases ( iii ) an envelope of lipids that surrounds the protein coat . The shapes of these virus particles range from simple helical and icosahedral forms for some virus species to more complex structures for others . Most virus species have virions that are too small to be seen with an optical microscope . The average virion is about one one - hundredth the size of the average bacterium . The origins of viruses in the evolutionary history of life are unclear : some may have evolved from plasmids -- pieces of DNA that can move between cells -- while others may have evolved from bacteria . In evolution , viruses are an important means of horizontal gene transfer , which increases genetic diversity . Viruses are considered by some to be a life form , because they carry genetic material , reproduce , and evolve through natural selection , but lack key characteristics ( such as cell structure ) that are generally considered necessary to count as life . Because they possess some but not all such qualities , viruses have been described as `` organisms at the edge of life '' , and as replicators . Viruses spread in many ways ; viruses in plants are often transmitted from plant to plant by insects that feed on plant sap , such as aphids ; viruses in animals can be carried by blood - sucking insects . These disease - bearing organisms are known as vectors . Influenza viruses are spread by coughing and sneezing . Norovirus and rotavirus , common causes of viral gastroenteritis , are transmitted by the faecal -- oral route and are passed from person to person by contact , entering the body in food or water . HIV is one of several viruses transmitted through sexual contact and by exposure to infected blood . The variety of host cells that a virus can infect is called its `` host range '' . This can be narrow , meaning a virus is capable of infecting few species , or broad , meaning it is capable of infecting many . Viral infections in animals provoke an immune response that usually eliminates the infecting virus . Immune responses can also be produced by vaccines , which confer an artificially acquired immunity to the specific viral infection . Some viruses , including those that cause AIDS and viral hepatitis , evade these immune responses and result in chronic infections . Antibiotics have no effect on viruses , but several antiviral drugs have been developed . Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Origins 4 Microbiology 4.1 Life properties 4.2 Structure 4.3 Genome 4.3. 1 Genome size 4.4 Genetic mutation 4.5 Replication cycle 4.6 Genome replication 4.7 Cytopathic effects on the host cell 4.8 Dormant and latent infections 4.9 Host range 5 Classification 5.1 ICTV classification 5.2 Baltimore classification 6 Role in human disease 6.1 Epidemiology 6.2 Epidemics and pandemics 6.3 Cancer 6.4 Host defence mechanisms 6.5 Prevention and treatment 6.5. 1 Vaccines 6.5. 2 Antiviral drugs 7 Infection in other species 7.1 Animal viruses 7.2 Plant viruses 7.3 Bacterial viruses 7.4 Archaeal viruses 8 Role in aquatic ecosystems 9 Role in evolution 10 Applications 10.1 Life sciences and medicine 10.1. 1 Virotherapy 10.2 Materials science and nanotechnology 10.3 Synthetic viruses 10.4 Weapons 11 See also 12 References 12.1 Notes 12.2 Bibliography 13 External links Etymology The word is from the Latin neuter vīrus referring to poison and other noxious liquids , from ' the same Indo - European base as Sanskrit viṣa poison , Avestan vīša poison , ancient Greek ἰός poison ' , first attested in English in 1398 in John Trevisa 's translation of Bartholomeus Anglicus 's De Proprietatibus Rerum . Virulent , from Latin virulentus ( poisonous ) , dates to c. 1400 . A meaning of `` agent that causes infectious disease '' is first recorded in 1728 , before the discovery of viruses by Dmitri Ivanovsky in 1892 . The English plural is viruses ( sometimes also viri or vira ) , whereas the Latin word is a mass noun , which has no classically attested plural ( vīra is used in Neo-Latin ) . The adjective viral dates to 1948 . The term virion ( plural virions ) , which dates from 1959 , is also used to refer to a single , stable infective viral particle that is released from the cell and is fully capable of infecting other cells of the same type . History Martinus Beijerinck in his laboratory in 1921 Main articles : History of virology and Social history of viruses Louis Pasteur was unable to find a causative agent for rabies and speculated about a pathogen too small to be detected using a microscope . In 1884 , the French microbiologist Charles Chamberland invented a filter ( known today as the Chamberland filter or the Pasteur - Chamberland filter ) with pores smaller than bacteria . Thus , he could pass a solution containing bacteria through the filter and completely remove them . In 1892 , the Russian biologist Dmitri Ivanovsky used this filter to study what is now known as the tobacco mosaic virus . His experiments showed that crushed leaf extracts from infected tobacco plants remain infectious after filtration . Ivanovsky suggested the infection might be caused by a toxin produced by bacteria , but did not pursue the idea . At the time it was thought that all infectious agents could be retained by filters and grown on a nutrient medium -- this was part of the germ theory of disease . In 1898 , the Dutch microbiologist Martinus Beijerinck repeated the experiments and became convinced that the filtered solution contained a new form of infectious agent . He observed that the agent multiplied only in cells that were dividing , but as his experiments did not show that it was made of particles , he called it a contagium vivum fluidum ( soluble living germ ) and re-introduced the word virus . Beijerinck maintained that viruses were liquid in nature , a theory later discredited by Wendell Stanley , who proved they were particulate . In the same year Friedrich Loeffler and Paul Frosch passed the first animal virus -- agent of foot - and - mouth disease ( aphthovirus ) -- through a similar filter . In the early 20th century , the English bacteriologist Frederick Twort discovered a group of viruses that infect bacteria , now called bacteriophages ( or commonly phages ) , and the French - Canadian microbiologist Félix d'Herelle described viruses that , when added to bacteria on an agar plate , would produce areas of dead bacteria . He accurately diluted a suspension of these viruses and discovered that the highest dilutions ( lowest virus concentrations ) , rather than killing all the bacteria , formed discrete areas of dead organisms . Counting these areas and multiplying by the dilution factor allowed him to calculate the number of viruses in the original suspension . Phages were heralded as a potential treatment for diseases such as typhoid and cholera , but their promise was forgotten with the development of penicillin . The study of phages provided insights into the switching on and off of genes , and a useful mechanism for introducing foreign genes into bacteria . By the end of the 19th century , viruses were defined in terms of their infectivity , their ability to be filtered , and their requirement for living hosts . Viruses had been grown only in plants and animals . In 1906 , Ross Granville Harrison invented a method for growing tissue in lymph , and , in 1913 , E. Steinhardt , C. Israeli , and R.A. Lambert used this method to grow vaccinia virus in fragments of guinea pig corneal tissue . In 1928 , H.B. Maitland and M.C. Maitland grew vaccinia virus in suspensions of minced hens ' kidneys . Their method was not widely adopted until the 1950s , when poliovirus was grown on a large scale for vaccine production . Another breakthrough came in 1931 , when the American pathologist Ernest William Goodpasture and Alice Miles Woodruff grew influenza and several other viruses in fertilised chickens ' eggs . In 1949 , John Franklin Enders , Thomas Weller , and Frederick Robbins grew polio virus in cultured human embryo cells , the first virus to be grown without using solid animal tissue or eggs . This work enabled Jonas Salk to make an effective polio vaccine . The first images of viruses were obtained upon the invention of electron microscopy in 1931 by the German engineers Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll . In 1935 , American biochemist and virologist Wendell Meredith Stanley examined the tobacco mosaic virus and found it was mostly made of protein . A short time later , this virus was separated into protein and RNA parts . The tobacco mosaic virus was the first to be crystallised and its structure could therefore be elucidated in detail . The first X-ray diffraction pictures of the crystallised virus were obtained by Bernal and Fankuchen in 1941 . On the basis of her pictures , Rosalind Franklin discovered the full structure of the virus in 1955 . In the same year , Heinz Fraenkel - Conrat and Robley Williams showed that purified tobacco mosaic virus RNA and its protein coat can assemble by themselves to form functional viruses , suggesting that this simple mechanism was probably the means through which viruses were created within their host cells . The second half of the 20th century was the golden age of virus discovery and most of the over 2,000 recognised species of animal , plant , and bacterial viruses were discovered during these years . In 1957 , equine arterivirus and the cause of Bovine virus diarrhoea ( a pestivirus ) were discovered . In 1963 , the hepatitis B virus was discovered by Baruch Blumberg , and in 1965 , Howard Temin described the first retrovirus . Reverse transcriptase , the enzyme that retroviruses use to make DNA copies of their RNA , was first described in 1970 , independently by Howard Martin Temin and David Baltimore . In 1983 Luc Montagnier 's team at the Pasteur Institute in France , first isolated the retrovirus now called HIV . In 1989 Michael Houghton 's team at Chiron Corporation discovered Hepatitis C . Origins See also : Viral evolution Viruses are found wherever there is life and have probably existed since living cells first evolved . The origin of viruses is unclear because they do not form fossils , so molecular techniques have been used to compare the DNA or RNA of viruses and are a useful means of investigating how they arose . In addition , viral genetic material may occasionally integrate into the germline of the host organisms , by which they can be passed on vertically to the offspring of the host for many generations . This provides an invaluable source of information for paleovirologists to trace back ancient viruses that have existed up to millions of years ago . There are three main hypotheses that aim to explain the origins of viruses : Regressive hypothesis Viruses may have once been small cells that parasitised larger cells . Over time , genes not required by their parasitism were lost . The bacteria rickettsia and chlamydia are living cells that , like viruses , can reproduce only inside host cells . They lend support to this hypothesis , as their dependence on parasitism is likely to have caused the loss of genes that enabled them to survive outside a cell . This is also called the degeneracy hypothesis , or reduction hypothesis . Cellular origin hypothesis Some viruses may have evolved from bits of DNA or RNA that `` escaped '' from the genes of a larger organism . The escaped DNA could have come from plasmids ( pieces of naked DNA that can move between cells ) or transposons ( molecules of DNA that replicate and move around to different positions within the genes of the cell ) . Once called `` jumping genes '' , transposons are examples of mobile genetic elements and could be the origin of some viruses . They were discovered in maize by Barbara McClintock in 1950 . This is sometimes called the vagrancy hypothesis , or the escape hypothesis . Co-evolution hypothesis This is also called the virus - first hypothesis and proposes that viruses may have evolved from complex molecules of protein and nucleic acid at the same time as cells first appeared on Earth and would have been dependent on cellular life for billions of years . Viroids are molecules of RNA that are not classified as viruses because they lack a protein coat . They have characteristics that are common to several viruses and are often called subviral agents . Viroids are important pathogens of plants . They do not code for proteins but interact with the host cell and use the host machinery for their replication . The hepatitis delta virus of humans has an RNA genome similar to viroids but has a protein coat derived from hepatitis B virus and can not produce one of its own . It is , therefore , a defective virus . Although hepatitis delta virus genome may replicate independently once inside a host cell , it requires the help of hepatitis B virus to provide a protein coat so that it can be transmitted to new cells . In similar manner , the sputnik virophage is dependent on mimivirus , which infects the protozoan Acanthamoeba castellanii . These viruses , which are dependent on the presence of other virus species in the host cell , are called satellites and may represent evolutionary intermediates of viroids and viruses . In the past , there were problems with all of these hypotheses : the regressive hypothesis did not explain why even the smallest of cellular parasites do not resemble viruses in any way . The escape hypothesis did not explain the complex capsids and other structures on virus particles . The virus - first hypothesis contravened the definition of viruses in that they require host cells . Viruses are now recognised as ancient and as having origins that pre-date the divergence of life into the three domains . This discovery has led modern virologists to reconsider and re-evaluate these three classical hypotheses . The evidence for an ancestral world of RNA cells and computer analysis of viral and host DNA sequences are giving a better understanding of the evolutionary relationships between different viruses and may help identify the ancestors of modern viruses . To date , such analyses have not proved which of these hypotheses is correct . It seems unlikely that all currently known viruses have a common ancestor , and viruses have probably arisen numerous times in the past by one or more mechanisms . Prions are infectious protein molecules that do not contain DNA or RNA . They can cause infections such as scrapie in sheep , bovine spongiform encephalopathy ( `` mad cow '' disease ) in cattle , and chronic wasting disease in deer ; in humans , prionic diseases include Kuru , Creutzfeldt -- Jakob disease , and Gerstmann -- Sträussler -- Scheinker syndrome . Although prions are fundamentally different from viruses and viroids , their discovery gives credence to the theory that viruses could have evolved from self - replicating molecules . Microbiology. Life properties Opinions differ on whether viruses are a form of life , or organic structures that interact with living organisms . They have been described as `` organisms at the edge of life '' , since they resemble organisms in that they possess genes , evolve by natural selection , and reproduce by creating multiple copies of themselves through self - assembly . Although they have genes , they do not have a cellular structure , which is often seen as the basic unit of life . Viruses do not have their own metabolism , and require a host cell to make new products . They therefore can not naturally reproduce outside a host cell -- although bacterial species such as rickettsia and chlamydia are considered living organisms despite the same limitation . Accepted forms of life use cell division to reproduce , whereas viruses spontaneously assemble within cells . They differ from autonomous growth of crystals as they inherit genetic mutations while being subject to natural selection . Virus self - assembly within host cells has implications for the study of the origin of life , as it lends further credence to the hypothesis that life could have started as self - assembling organic molecules . Structure Diagram of how a virus capsid can be constructed using multiple copies of just two protein molecules Structure of tobacco mosaic virus : RNA coiled in a helix of repeating protein sub-units Structure of icosahedral adenovirus . Electron micrograph of with a cartoon to show shape Structure of chickenpox virus . They have a lipid envelope Structure of an icosahedral cowpea mosaic virus Viruses display a wide diversity of shapes and sizes , called morphologies . In general , viruses are much smaller than bacteria . Most viruses that have been studied have a diameter between 20 and 300 nanometres . Some filoviruses have a total length of up to 1400 nm ; their diameters are only about 80 nm . Most viruses can not be seen with an optical microscope so scanning and transmission electron microscopes are used to visualise them . To increase the contrast between viruses and the background , electron - dense `` stains '' are used . These are solutions of salts of heavy metals , such as tungsten , that scatter the electrons from regions covered with the stain . When virions are coated with stain ( positive staining ) , fine detail is obscured . Negative staining overcomes this problem by staining the background only . A complete virus particle , known as a virion , consists of nucleic acid surrounded by a protective coat of protein called a capsid . These are formed from identical protein subunits called capsomeres . Viruses can have a lipid `` envelope '' derived from the host cell membrane . The capsid is made from proteins encoded by the viral genome and its shape serves as the basis for morphological distinction . Virally coded protein subunits will self - assemble to form a capsid , in general requiring the presence of the virus genome . Complex viruses code for proteins that assist in the construction of their capsid . Proteins associated with nucleic acid are known as nucleoproteins , and the association of viral capsid proteins with viral nucleic acid is called a nucleocapsid . The capsid and entire virus structure can be mechanically ( physically ) probed through atomic force microscopy . In general , there are four main morphological virus types : Helical These viruses are composed of a single type of capsomere stacked around a central axis to form a helical structure , which may have a central cavity , or tube . This arrangement results in rod - shaped or filamentous virions : These can be short and highly rigid , or long and very flexible . The genetic material , in general , single - stranded RNA , but ssDNA in some cases , is bound into the protein helix by interactions between the negatively charged nucleic acid and positive charges on the protein . Overall , the length of a helical capsid is related to the length of the nucleic acid contained within it and the diameter is dependent on the size and arrangement of capsomeres . The well - studied tobacco mosaic virus is an example of a helical virus . Icosahedral Most animal viruses are icosahedral or near - spherical with chiral icosahedral symmetry . A regular icosahedron is the optimum way of forming a closed shell from identical sub-units . The minimum number of identical capsomeres required for each triangular face is 3 , which gives 60 for the icosahedron . Many viruses , such as rotavirus , have more than 60 capsomers and appear spherical but they retain this symmetry . To achieve this , the capsomeres at the apices are surrounded by five other capsomeres and are called pentons . Capsomeres on the triangular faces are surrounded by six others and are called hexons . Hexons are in essence flat and pentons , which form the 12 vertices , are curved . The same protein may act as the subunit of both the pentamers and hexamers or they may be composed of different proteins . Prolate This is an icosahedron elongated along the fivefold axis and is a common arrangement of the heads of bacteriophages . This structure is composed of a cylinder with a cap at either end . Envelope Some species of virus envelop themselves in a modified form of one of the cell membranes , either the outer membrane surrounding an infected host cell or internal membranes such as nuclear membrane or endoplasmic reticulum , thus gaining an outer lipid bilayer known as a viral envelope . This membrane is studded with proteins coded for by the viral genome and host genome ; the lipid membrane itself and any carbohydrates present originate entirely from the host . The influenza virus and HIV use this strategy . Most enveloped viruses are dependent on the envelope for their infectivity . Complex These viruses possess a capsid that is neither purely helical nor purely icosahedral , and that may possess extra structures such as protein tails or a complex outer wall . Some bacteriophages , such as Enterobacteria phage T4 , have a complex structure consisting of an icosahedral head bound to a helical tail , which may have a hexagonal base plate with protruding protein tail fibres . This tail structure acts like a molecular syringe , attaching to the bacterial host and then injecting the viral genome into the cell . The poxviruses are large , complex viruses that have an unusual morphology . The viral genome is associated with proteins within a central disc structure known as a nucleoid . The nucleoid is surrounded by a membrane and two lateral bodies of unknown function . The virus has an outer envelope with a thick layer of protein studded over its surface . The whole virion is slightly pleiomorphic , ranging from ovoid to brick shape . Mimivirus is one of the largest characterised viruses , with a capsid diameter of 400 nm . Protein filaments measuring 100 nm project from the surface . The capsid appears hexagonal under an electron microscope , therefore the capsid is probably icosahedral . In 2011 , researchers discovered the largest then known virus in samples of water collected from the ocean floor off the coast of Las Cruces , Chile . Provisionally named Megavirus chilensis , it can be seen with a basic optical microscope . In 2013 , the Pandoravirus genus was discovered in Chile and Australia , and has genomes about twice as large as Megavirus and Mimivirus . Some viruses that infect Archaea have complex structures that are unrelated to any other form of virus , with a wide variety of unusual shapes , ranging from spindle - shaped structures , to viruses that resemble hooked rods , teardrops or even bottles . Other archaeal viruses resemble the tailed bacteriophages , and can have multiple tail structures . Genome Genomic diversity among viruses Property Parameters Nucleic acid DNA RNA Both DNA and RNA ( at different stages in the life cycle ) Shape Linear Circular Segmented Strandedness Single - stranded Double - stranded Double - stranded with regions of single - strandedness Sense Positive sense ( + ) Negative sense ( − ) Ambisense ( + / − ) An enormous variety of genomic structures can be seen among viral species ; as a group , they contain more structural genomic diversity than plants , animals , archaea , or bacteria . There are millions of different types of viruses , although only about 5,000 types have been described in detail . As of September 2015 , the NCBI Virus genome database has more than 75,000 complete genome sequences . but there are doubtlessly many more to be discovered . A virus has either a DNA or an RNA genome and is called a DNA virus or an RNA virus , respectively . The vast majority of viruses have RNA genomes . Plant viruses tend to have single - stranded RNA genomes and bacteriophages tend to have double - stranded DNA genomes . Viral genomes are circular , as in the polyomaviruses , or linear , as in the adenoviruses . The type of nucleic acid is irrelevant to the shape of the genome . Among RNA viruses and certain DNA viruses , the genome is often divided up into separate parts , in which case it is called segmented . For RNA viruses , each segment often codes for only one protein and they are usually found together in one capsid . All segments are not required to be in the same virion for the virus to be infectious , as demonstrated by brome mosaic virus and several other plant viruses . A viral genome , irrespective of nucleic acid type , is almost always either single - stranded or double - stranded . Single - stranded genomes consist of an unpaired nucleic acid , analogous to one - half of a ladder split down the middle . Double - stranded genomes consist of two complementary paired nucleic acids , analogous to a ladder . The virus particles of some virus families , such as those belonging to the Hepadnaviridae , contain a genome that is partially double - stranded and partially single - stranded . For most viruses with RNA genomes and some with single - stranded DNA genomes , the single strands are said to be either positive - sense ( called the plus - strand ) or negative - sense ( called the minus - strand ) , depending on if they are complementary to the viral messenger RNA ( mRNA ) . Positive - sense viral RNA is in the same sense as viral mRNA and thus at least a part of it can be immediately translated by the host cell . Negative - sense viral RNA is complementary to mRNA and thus must be converted to positive - sense RNA by an RNA - dependent RNA polymerase before translation . DNA nomenclature for viruses with single - sense genomic ssDNA is similar to RNA nomenclature , in that the template strand for the viral mRNA is complementary to it ( − ) , and the coding strand is a copy of it ( + ) . Several types of ssDNA and ssRNA viruses have genomes that are ambisense in that transcription can occur off both strands in a double - stranded replicative intermediate . Examples include geminiviruses , which are ssDNA plant viruses and arenaviruses , which are ssRNA viruses of animals . Genome size Genome size varies greatly between species . The smallest viral genomes -- the ssDNA circoviruses , family Circoviridae -- code for only two proteins and have a genome size of only two kilobases ; the largest -- the pandoraviruses -- have genome sizes of around two megabases which code for about 2500 proteins . Virus genes rarely have introns and often are arranged in the genome so that they overlap . In general , RNA viruses have smaller genome sizes than DNA viruses because of a higher error - rate when replicating , and have a maximum upper size limit . Beyond this limit , errors in the genome when replicating render the virus useless or uncompetitive . To compensate for this , RNA viruses often have segmented genomes -- the genome is split into smaller molecules -- thus reducing the chance that an error in a single - component genome will incapacitate the entire genome . In contrast , DNA viruses generally have larger genomes because of the high fidelity of their replication enzymes . Single - strand DNA viruses are an exception to this rule , as mutation rates for these genomes can approach the extreme of the ssRNA virus case . Genetic mutation How antigenic shift , or reassortment , can result in novel and highly pathogenic strains of human flu Viruses undergo genetic change by several mechanisms . These include a process called antigenic drift where individual bases in the DNA or RNA mutate to other bases . Most of these point mutations are `` silent '' -- they do not change the protein that the gene encodes -- but others can confer evolutionary advantages such as resistance to antiviral drugs . Antigenic shift occurs when there is a major change in the genome of the virus . This can be a result of recombination or reassortment . When this happens with influenza viruses , pandemics might result . RNA viruses often exist as quasispecies or swarms of viruses of the same species but with slightly different genome nucleoside sequences . Such quasispecies are a prime target for natural selection . Segmented genomes confer evolutionary advantages ; different strains of a virus with a segmented genome can shuffle and combine genes and produce progeny viruses or ( offspring ) that have unique characteristics . This is called reassortment or viral sex . Genetic recombination is the process by which a strand of DNA is broken and then joined to the end of a different DNA molecule . This can occur when viruses infect cells simultaneously and studies of viral evolution have shown that recombination has been rampant in the species studied . Recombination is common to both RNA and DNA viruses . Replication cycle Viral populations do not grow through cell division , because they are acellular . Instead , they use the machinery and metabolism of a host cell to produce multiple copies of themselves , and they assemble in the cell . A typical virus replication cycle Some bacteriophages inject their genomes into bacterial cells ( not to scale ) The life cycle of viruses differs greatly between species but there are six basic stages in the life cycle of viruses : Attachment is a specific binding between viral capsid proteins and specific receptors on the host cellular surface . This specificity determines the host range of a virus . For example , HIV infects a limited range of human leucocytes . This is because its surface protein , gp120 , specifically interacts with the CD4 molecule -- a chemokine receptor -- which is most commonly found on the surface of CD4+ T - Cells . This mechanism has evolved to favour those viruses that infect only cells in which they are capable of replication . Attachment to the receptor can induce the viral envelope protein to undergo changes that results in the fusion of viral and cellular membranes , or changes of non-enveloped virus surface proteins that allow the virus to enter . Penetration follows attachment : Virions enter the host cell through receptor - mediated endocytosis or membrane fusion . This is often called viral entry . The infection of plant and fungal cells is different from that of animal cells . Plants have a rigid cell wall made of cellulose , and fungi one of chitin , so most viruses can get inside these cells only after trauma to the cell wall . Nearly all plant viruses ( such as tobacco mosaic virus ) can also move directly from cell to cell , in the form of single - stranded nucleoprotein complexes , through pores called plasmodesmata . Bacteria , like plants , have strong cell walls that a virus must breach to infect the cell . Given that bacterial cell walls are much thinner than plant cell walls due to their much smaller size , some viruses have evolved mechanisms that inject their genome into the bacterial cell across the cell wall , while the viral capsid remains outside . Uncoating is a process in which the viral capsid is removed : This may be by degradation by viral enzymes or host enzymes or by simple dissociation ; the end - result is the releasing of the viral genomic nucleic acid . Replication of viruses involves primarily multiplication of the genome . Replication involves synthesis of viral messenger RNA ( mRNA ) from `` early '' genes ( with exceptions for positive sense RNA viruses ) , viral protein synthesis , possible assembly of viral proteins , then viral genome replication mediated by early or regulatory protein expression . This may be followed , for complex viruses with larger genomes , by one or more further rounds of mRNA synthesis : `` late '' gene expression is , in general , of structural or virion proteins . Assembly -- Following the structure - mediated self - assembly of the virus particles , some modification of the proteins often occurs . In viruses such as HIV , this modification ( sometimes called maturation ) occurs after the virus has been released from the host cell . Release -- Viruses can be released from the host cell by lysis , a process that kills the cell by bursting its membrane and cell wall if present : This is a feature of many bacterial and some animal viruses . Some viruses undergo a lysogenic cycle where the viral genome is incorporated by genetic recombination into a specific place in the host 's chromosome . The viral genome is then known as a `` provirus '' or , in the case of bacteriophages a `` prophage '' . Whenever the host divides , the viral genome is also replicated . The viral genome is mostly silent within the host . At some point , the provirus or prophage may give rise to active virus , which may lyse the host cells . Enveloped viruses ( e.g. , HIV ) typically are released from the host cell by budding . During this process the virus acquires its envelope , which is a modified piece of the host 's plasma or other , internal membrane . Genome replication The genetic material within virus particles , and the method by which the material is replicated , varies considerably between different types of viruses . DNA viruses The genome replication of most DNA viruses takes place in the cell 's nucleus . If the cell has the appropriate receptor on its surface , these viruses enter the cell sometimes by direct fusion with the cell membrane ( e.g. , herpesviruses ) or -- more usually -- by receptor - mediated endocytosis . Most DNA viruses are entirely dependent on the host cell 's DNA and RNA synthesising machinery , and RNA processing machinery . Viruses with larger genomes may encode much of this machinery themselves . In eukaryotes the viral genome must cross the cell 's nuclear membrane to access this machinery , while in bacteria it need only enter the cell . RNA viruses Replication usually takes place in the cytoplasm . RNA viruses can be placed into four different groups depending on their modes of replication . The polarity ( whether or not it can be used directly by ribosomes to make proteins ) of single - stranded RNA viruses largely determines the replicative mechanism ; the other major criterion is whether the genetic material is single - stranded or double - stranded . All RNA viruses use their own RNA replicase enzymes to create copies of their genomes . Reverse transcribing viruses These have ssRNA ( Retroviridae , Metaviridae , Pseudoviridae ) or dsDNA ( Caulimoviridae , and Hepadnaviridae ) in their particles . Reverse transcribing viruses with RNA genomes ( retroviruses ) , use a DNA intermediate to replicate , whereas those with DNA genomes ( pararetroviruses ) use an RNA intermediate during genome replication . Both types use a reverse transcriptase , or RNA - dependent DNA polymerase enzyme , to carry out the nucleic acid conversion . Retroviruses integrate the DNA produced by reverse transcription into the host genome as a provirus as a part of the replication process ; pararetroviruses do not , although integrated genome copies of especially plant pararetroviruses can give rise to infectious virus . They are susceptible to antiviral drugs that inhibit the reverse transcriptase enzyme , e.g. zidovudine and lamivudine . An example of the first type is HIV , which is a retrovirus . Examples of the second type are the Hepadnaviridae , which includes Hepatitis B virus . Cytopathic effects on the host cell The range of structural and biochemical effects that viruses have on the host cell is extensive . These are called cytopathic effects . Most virus infections eventually result in the death of the host cell . The causes of death include cell lysis , alterations to the cell 's surface membrane and apoptosis . Often cell death is caused by cessation of its normal activities because of suppression by virus - specific proteins , not all of which are components of the virus particle . The distinction between cytopathic and harmless is gradual . Some viruses , such as Epstein -- Barr virus , can cause cells to proliferate without causing malignancy , while others , such as papillomaviruses , are established causes of cancer . Dormant and latent infections Some viruses cause no apparent changes to the infected cell . Cells in which the virus is latent and inactive show few signs of infection and often function normally . This causes persistent infections and the virus is often dormant for many months or years . This is often the case with herpes viruses . Host range Viruses are by far the most abundant biological entities on Earth and they outnumber all the others put together . They infect all types of cellular life including animals , plants , bacteria and fungi . Different types of viruses can infect only a limited range of hosts and many are species - specific . Some , such as smallpox virus for example , can infect only one species -- in this case humans , and are said to have a narrow host range . Other viruses , such as rabies virus , can infect different species of mammals and are said to have a broad range . The viruses that infect plants are harmless to animals , and most viruses that infect other animals are harmless to humans . The host range of some bacteriophages is limited to a single strain of bacteria and they can be used to trace the source of outbreaks of infections by a method called phage typing . Classification Main article : Virus classification Classification seeks to describe the diversity of viruses by naming and grouping them on the basis of similarities . In 1962 , André Lwoff , Robert Horne , and Paul Tournier were the first to develop a means of virus classification , based on the Linnaean hierarchical system . This system based classification on phylum , class , order , family , genus , and species . Viruses were grouped according to their shared properties ( not those of their hosts ) and the type of nucleic acid forming their genomes . In 1966 , the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses ( ICTV ) was formed . The system proposed by Lwoff , Horne and Tournier was never fully accepted by the ICTV because small genome size viruses and their high rate of mutation makes it difficult to determine their ancestry beyond order . As such , the Baltimore classification is used to supplement the more traditional hierarchy . ICTV classification The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses ( ICTV ) developed the current classification system and wrote guidelines that put a greater weight on certain virus properties to maintain family uniformity . A unified taxonomy ( a universal system for classifying viruses ) has been established . Only a small part of the total diversity of viruses has been studied . The general taxonomic structure is as follows : Order ( - virales ) Family ( - viridae ) Subfamily ( - virinae ) Genus ( - virus ) Species ( - virus ) As of 2017 , nine orders , 131 families , 46 subfamilies , 803 genera , and 4,853 species of viruses have been defined by the ICTV . The orders are the Caudovirales , Herpesvirales , Ligamenvirales , Mononegavirales , Nidovirales , Ortervirales , Picornavirales , Bunyavirales and Tymovirales . Baltimore classification The Baltimore Classification of viruses is based on the method of viral mRNA synthesis Main article : Baltimore classification The Nobel Prize - winning biologist David Baltimore devised the Baltimore classification system . The ICTV classification system is used in conjunction with the Baltimore classification system in modern virus classification . The Baltimore classification of viruses is based on the mechanism of mRNA production . Viruses must generate mRNAs from their genomes to produce proteins and replicate themselves , but different mechanisms are used to achieve this in each virus family . Viral genomes may be single - stranded ( ss ) or double - stranded ( ds ) , RNA or DNA , and may or may not use reverse transcriptase ( RT ) . In addition , ssRNA viruses may be either sense ( + ) or antisense ( − ) . This classification places viruses into seven groups : I : dsDNA viruses ( e.g. Adenoviruses , Herpesviruses , Poxviruses ) II : ssDNA viruses ( + strand or `` sense '' ) DNA ( e.g. Parvoviruses ) III : dsRNA viruses ( e.g. Reoviruses ) IV : ( + ) ssRNA viruses ( + strand or sense ) RNA ( e.g. Picornaviruses , Togaviruses ) V : ( − ) ssRNA viruses ( − strand or antisense ) RNA ( e.g. Orthomyxoviruses , Rhabdoviruses ) VI : ssRNA - RT viruses ( + strand or sense ) RNA with DNA intermediate in life - cycle ( e.g. Retroviruses ) VII : dsDNA - RT viruses DNA with RNA intermediate in life - cycle ( e.g. Hepadnaviruses ) As an example of viral classification , the chicken pox virus , varicella zoster ( VZV ) , belongs to the order Herpesvirales , family Herpesviridae , subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae , and genus Varicellovirus . VZV is in Group I of the Baltimore Classification because it is a dsDNA virus that does not use reverse transcriptase . The complete set of viruses in an organism or habitat is called the virome ; for example , all human viruses constitute the human virome . Role in human disease Overview of the main types of viral infection and the most notable species involved See also : Viral disease Examples of common human diseases caused by viruses include the common cold , influenza , chickenpox , and cold sores . Many serious diseases such as Ebola virus disease , AIDS , avian influenza , and SARS are caused by viruses . The relative ability of viruses to cause disease is described in terms of virulence . Other diseases are under investigation to discover if they have a virus as the causative agent , such as the possible connection between human herpesvirus 6 ( HHV6 ) and neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis and chronic fatigue syndrome . There is controversy over whether the bornavirus , previously thought to cause neurological diseases in horses , could be responsible for psychiatric illnesses in humans . Viruses have different mechanisms by which they produce disease in an organism , which depends largely on the viral species . Mechanisms at the cellular level primarily include cell lysis , the breaking open and subsequent death of the cell . In multicellular organisms , if enough cells die , the whole organism will start to suffer the effects . Although viruses cause disruption of healthy homeostasis , resulting in disease , they may exist relatively harmlessly within an organism . An example would include the ability of the herpes simplex virus , which causes cold sores , to remain in a dormant state within the human body . This is called latency and is a characteristic of the herpes viruses , including Epstein -- Barr virus , which causes glandular fever , and varicella zoster virus , which causes chickenpox and shingles . Most people have been infected with at least one of these types of herpes virus . These latent viruses might sometimes be beneficial , as the presence of the virus can increase immunity against bacterial pathogens , such as Yersinia pestis . Some viruses can cause lifelong or chronic infections , where the viruses continue to replicate in the body despite the host 's defence mechanisms . This is common in hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections . People chronically infected are known as carriers , as they serve as reservoirs of infectious virus . In populations with a high proportion of carriers , the disease is said to be endemic . Epidemiology Viral epidemiology is the branch of medical science that deals with the transmission and control of virus infections in humans . Transmission of viruses can be vertical , which means from mother to child , or horizontal , which means from person to person . Examples of vertical transmission include hepatitis B virus and HIV , where the baby is born already infected with the virus . Another , more rare , example is the varicella zoster virus , which , although causing relatively mild infections in humans , can be fatal to the foetus and newborn baby . Horizontal transmission is the most common mechanism of spread of viruses in populations . Transmission can occur when : body fluids are exchanged during sexual activity , e.g. , HIV ; blood is exchanged by contaminated transfusion or needle sharing , e.g. , hepatitis C ; exchange of saliva by mouth , e.g. , Epstein -- Barr virus ; contaminated food or water is ingested , e.g. , norovirus ; aerosols containing virions are inhaled , e.g. , influenza virus ; and insect vectors such as mosquitoes penetrate the skin of a host , e.g. , dengue . The rate or speed of transmission of viral infections depends on factors that include population density , the number of susceptible individuals , ( i.e. , those not immune ) , the quality of healthcare and the weather . Epidemiology is used to break the chain of infection in populations during outbreaks of viral diseases . Control measures are used that are based on knowledge of how the virus is transmitted . It is important to find the source , or sources , of the outbreak and to identify the virus . Once the virus has been identified , the chain of transmission can sometimes be broken by vaccines . When vaccines are not available , sanitation and disinfection can be effective . Often , infected people are isolated from the rest of the community , and those that have been exposed to the virus are placed in quarantine . To control the outbreak of foot - and - mouth disease in cattle in Britain in 2001 , thousands of cattle were slaughtered . Most viral infections of humans and other animals have incubation periods during which the infection causes no signs or symptoms . Incubation periods for viral diseases range from a few days to weeks , but are known for most infections . Somewhat overlapping , but mainly following the incubation period , there is a period of communicability -- a time when an infected individual or animal is contagious and can infect another person or animal . This , too , is known for many viral infections , and knowledge of the length of both periods is important in the control of outbreaks . When outbreaks cause an unusually high proportion of cases in a population , community , or region , they are called epidemics . If outbreaks spread worldwide , they are called pandemics . Epidemics and pandemics Transmission electron microscope image of a recreated 1918 influenza virus See also : 1918 flu pandemic , AIDS , and Ebola virus disease Further information : List of epidemics Native American populations were devastated by contagious diseases , in particular , smallpox , brought to the Americas by European colonists . It is unclear how many Native Americans were killed by foreign diseases after the arrival of Columbus in the Americas , but the numbers have been estimated to be close to 70 % of the indigenous population . The damage done by this disease significantly aided European attempts to displace and conquer the native population . A pandemic is a worldwide epidemic . The 1918 flu pandemic , which lasted until 1919 , was a category 5 influenza pandemic caused by an unusually severe and deadly influenza A virus . The victims were often healthy young adults , in contrast to most influenza outbreaks , which predominantly affect juvenile , elderly , or otherwise - weakened patients . Older estimates say it killed 40 -- 50 million people , while more recent research suggests that it may have killed as many as 100 million people , or 5 % of the world 's population in 1918 . Most researchers believe that HIV originated in sub-Saharan Africa during the 20th century ; it is now a pandemic , with an estimated 38.6 million people now living with the disease worldwide . The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV / AIDS ( UNAIDS ) and the World Health Organization ( WHO ) estimate that AIDS has killed more than 25 million people since it was first recognised on 5 June 1981 , making it one of the most destructive epidemics in recorded history . In 2007 there were 2.7 million new HIV infections and 2 million HIV - related deaths . Ebola ( top ) and Marburg viruses ( bottom ) Several highly lethal viral pathogens are members of the Filoviridae . Filoviruses are filament - like viruses that cause viral hemorrhagic fever , and include ebolaviruses and marburgviruses . Marburg virus , first discovered in 1967 , attracted widespread press attention in April 2005 for an outbreak in Angola . Ebola Virus Disease has also caused intermittent outbreaks with high mortality rates since 1976 when it was first identified . The worst and most recent one is the West Africa epidemic . Cancer Further information : Oncovirus Viruses are an established cause of cancer in humans and other species . Viral cancers occur only in a minority of infected persons ( or animals ) . Cancer viruses come from a range of virus families , including both RNA and DNA viruses , and so there is no single type of `` oncovirus '' ( an obsolete term originally used for acutely transforming retroviruses ) . The development of cancer is determined by a variety of factors such as host immunity and mutations in the host . Viruses accepted to cause human cancers include some genotypes of human papillomavirus , hepatitis B virus , hepatitis C virus , Epstein -- Barr virus , Kaposi 's sarcoma - associated herpesvirus and human T - lymphotropic virus . The most recently discovered human cancer virus is a polyomavirus ( Merkel cell polyomavirus ) that causes most cases of a rare form of skin cancer called Merkel cell carcinoma . Hepatitis viruses can develop into a chronic viral infection that leads to liver cancer . Infection by human T - lymphotropic virus can lead to tropical spastic paraparesis and adult T - cell leukaemia . Human papillomaviruses are an established cause of cancers of cervix , skin , anus , and penis . Within the Herpesviridae , Kaposi 's sarcoma - associated herpesvirus causes Kaposi 's sarcoma and body - cavity lymphoma , and Epstein -- Barr virus causes Burkitt 's lymphoma , Hodgkin 's lymphoma , B lymphoproliferative disorder , and nasopharyngeal carcinoma . Merkel cell polyomavirus closely related to SV40 and mouse polyomaviruses that have been used as animal models for cancer viruses for over 50 years . Host defence mechanisms See also : Immune system The body 's first line of defence against viruses is the innate immune system . This comprises cells and other mechanisms that defend the host from infection in a non-specific manner . This means that the cells of the innate system recognise , and respond to , pathogens in a generic way , but , unlike the adaptive immune system , it does not confer long - lasting or protective immunity to the host . RNA interference is an important innate defence against viruses . Many viruses have a replication strategy that involves double - stranded RNA ( dsRNA ) . When such a virus infects a cell , it releases its RNA molecule or molecules , which immediately bind to a protein complex called a dicer that cuts the RNA into smaller pieces . A biochemical pathway -- the RISC complex -- is activated , which ensures cell survival by degrading the viral mRNA . Rotaviruses have evolved to avoid this defence mechanism by not uncoating fully inside the cell , and releasing newly produced mRNA through pores in the particle 's inner capsid . Their genomic dsRNA remains protected inside the core of the virion . When the adaptive immune system of a vertebrate encounters a virus , it produces specific antibodies that bind to the virus and often render it non-infectious . This is called humoral immunity . Two types of antibodies are important . The first , called IgM , is highly effective at neutralising viruses but is produced by the cells of the immune system only for a few weeks . The second , called IgG , is produced indefinitely . The presence of IgM in the blood of the host is used to test for acute infection , whereas IgG indicates an infection sometime in the past . IgG antibody is measured when tests for immunity are carried out . Antibodies can continue to be an effective defence mechanism even after viruses have managed to gain entry to the host cell . A protein that is in cells , called TRIM21 , can attach to the antibodies on the surface of the virus particle . This primes the subsequent destruction of the virus by the enzymes of the cell 's proteosome system . Two rotaviruses : the one on the right is coated with antibodies that prevent its attachment to cells and infecting them . A second defence of vertebrates against viruses is called cell - mediated immunity and involves immune cells known as T cells . The body 's cells constantly display short fragments of their proteins on the cell 's surface , and , if a T cell recognises a suspicious viral fragment there , the host cell is destroyed by killer T cells and the virus - specific T - cells proliferate . Cells such as the macrophage are specialists at this antigen presentation . The production of interferon is an important host defence mechanism . This is a hormone produced by the body when viruses are present . Its role in immunity is complex ; it eventually stops the viruses from reproducing by killing the infected cell and its close neighbours . Not all virus infections produce a protective immune response in this way . HIV evades the immune system by constantly changing the amino acid sequence of the proteins on the surface of the virion . This is known as `` escape mutation '' as the viral epitopes escape recognition by the host immune response . These persistent viruses evade immune control by sequestration , blockade of antigen presentation , cytokine resistance , evasion of natural killer cell activities , escape from apoptosis , and antigenic shift . Other viruses , called neurotropic viruses , are disseminated by neural spread where the immune system may be unable to reach them . Prevention and treatment Because viruses use vital metabolic pathways within host cells to replicate , they are difficult to eliminate without using drugs that cause toxic effects to host cells in general . The most effective medical approaches to viral diseases are vaccinations to provide immunity to infection , and antiviral drugs that selectively interfere with viral replication . Vaccines Further information : Vaccination Vaccination is a cheap and effective way of preventing infections by viruses . Vaccines were used to prevent viral infections long before the discovery of the actual viruses . Their use has resulted in a dramatic decline in morbidity ( illness ) and mortality ( death ) associated with viral infections such as polio , measles , mumps and rubella . Smallpox infections have been eradicated . Vaccines are available to prevent over thirteen viral infections of humans , and more are used to prevent viral infections of animals . Vaccines can consist of live - attenuated or killed viruses , or viral proteins ( antigens ) . Live vaccines contain weakened forms of the virus , which do not cause the disease but , nonetheless , confer immunity . Such viruses are called attenuated . Live vaccines can be dangerous when given to people with a weak immunity ( who are described as immunocompromised ) , because in these people , the weakened virus can cause the original disease . Biotechnology and genetic engineering techniques are used to produce subunit vaccines . These vaccines use only the capsid proteins of the virus . Hepatitis B vaccine is an example of this type of vaccine . Subunit vaccines are safe for immunocompromised patients because they can not cause the disease . The yellow fever virus vaccine , a live - attenuated strain called 17D , is probably the safest and most effective vaccine ever generated . Antiviral drugs The structure of the DNA base guanosine and the antiviral drug acyclovir Antiviral drugs are often nucleoside analogues ( fake DNA building - blocks ) , which viruses mistakenly incorporate into their genomes during replication . The life - cycle of the virus is then halted because the newly synthesised DNA is inactive . This is because these analogues lack the hydroxyl groups , which , along with phosphorus atoms , link together to form the strong `` backbone '' of the DNA molecule . This is called DNA chain termination . Examples of nucleoside analogues are aciclovir for Herpes simplex virus infections and lamivudine for HIV and Hepatitis B virus infections . Aciclovir is one of the oldest and most frequently prescribed antiviral drugs . Other antiviral drugs in use target different stages of the viral life cycle . HIV is dependent on a proteolytic enzyme called the HIV - 1 protease for it to become fully infectious . There is a large class of drugs called protease inhibitors that inactivate this enzyme . Hepatitis C is caused by an RNA virus . In 80 % of people infected , the disease is chronic , and without treatment , they are infected for the remainder of their lives . There is now an effective treatment that uses the nucleoside analogue drug ribavirin combined with interferon . The treatment of chronic carriers of the hepatitis B virus by using a similar strategy using lamivudine has been developed . Infection in other species Viruses infect all cellular life and , although viruses occur universally , each cellular species has its own specific range that often infect only that species . Some viruses , called satellites , can replicate only within cells that have already been infected by another virus . Animal viruses Main articles : Animal virus and Veterinary virology Viruses are important pathogens of livestock . Diseases such as foot - and - mouth disease and bluetongue are caused by viruses . Companion animals such as cats , dogs , and horses , if not vaccinated , are susceptible to serious viral infections . Canine parvovirus is caused by a small DNA virus and infections are often fatal in pups . Like all invertebrates , the honey bee is susceptible to many viral infections . Most viruses co-exist harmlessly in their host and cause no signs or symptoms of disease . Plant viruses Peppers infected by mild mottle virus Main article : Plant virus There are many types of plant virus , but often they cause only a loss of yield , and it is not economically viable to try to control them . Plant viruses are often spread from plant to plant by organisms , known as vectors . These are normally insects , but some fungi , nematode worms , and single - celled organisms have been shown to be vectors . When control of plant virus infections is considered economical , for perennial fruits , for example , efforts are concentrated on killing the vectors and removing alternate hosts such as weeds . Plant viruses can not infect humans and other animals because they can reproduce only in living plant cells . Plants have elaborate and effective defence mechanisms against viruses . One of the most effective is the presence of so - called resistance ( R ) genes . Each R gene confers resistance to a particular virus by triggering localised areas of cell death around the infected cell , which can often be seen with the unaided eye as large spots . This stops the infection from spreading . RNA interference is also an effective defence in plants . When they are infected , plants often produce natural disinfectants that kill viruses , such as salicylic acid , nitric oxide , and reactive oxygen molecules . Plant virus particles or virus - like particles ( VLPs ) have applications in both biotechnology and nanotechnology . The capsids of most plant viruses are simple and robust structures and can be produced in large quantities either by the infection of plants or by expression in a variety of heterologous systems . Plant virus particles can be modified genetically and chemically to encapsulate foreign material and can be incorporated into supramolecular structures for use in biotechnology . Bacterial viruses Transmission electron micrograph of multiple bacteriophages attached to a bacterial cell wall Main article : Bacteriophage Bacteriophages are a common and diverse group of viruses and are the most abundant biological entity in aquatic environments -- there are up to ten times more of these viruses in the oceans than there are bacteria , reaching levels of 250,000,000 bacteriophages per millilitre of seawater . These viruses infect specific bacteria by binding to surface receptor molecules and then entering the cell . Within a short amount of time , in some cases just minutes , bacterial polymerase starts translating viral mRNA into protein . These proteins go on to become either new virions within the cell , helper proteins , which help assembly of new virions , or proteins involved in cell lysis . Viral enzymes aid in the breakdown of the cell membrane , and , in the case of the T4 phage , in just over twenty minutes after injection over three hundred phages could be released . The major way bacteria defend themselves from bacteriophages is by producing enzymes that destroy foreign DNA . These enzymes , called restriction endonucleases , cut up the viral DNA that bacteriophages inject into bacterial cells . Bacteria also contain a system that uses CRISPR sequences to retain fragments of the genomes of viruses that the bacteria have come into contact with in the past , which allows them to block the virus 's replication through a form of RNA interference . This genetic system provides bacteria with acquired immunity to infection . Archaeal viruses Some viruses replicate within archaea : these are double - stranded DNA viruses with unusual and sometimes unique shapes . These viruses have been studied in most detail in the thermophilic archaea , particularly the orders Sulfolobales and Thermoproteales . Defences against these viruses involve RNA interference from repetitive DNA sequences within archaean genomes that are related to the genes of the viruses . Most archaea have CRISPR -- Cas systems as an adaptive defence against viruses . These enable archaea to retain sections of viral DNA , which are then used to target and eliminate subsequent infections by the virus using a process similar to RNA interference . Role in aquatic ecosystems Main article : Marine bacteriophage A teaspoon of seawater ( ~ 5 mL ) contains about 50 million viruses , which contain enormous genetic diversity . Most of these are bacteriophages infecting heterotrophic bacteria and cyanophages infecting cyanobacteria ; these viruses are harmless to plants and animals , and are essential to the regulation of marine and freshwater ecosystems ; they are also important mortality agents of phytoplankton , the base of the foodchain in aquatic environments . They infect and destroy bacteria in aquatic microbial communities , and are one of the most important mechanisms of recycling carbon and nutrient cycling in marine environments . The organic molecules released from the dead bacterial cells stimulate fresh bacterial and algal growth , in a process known as the viral shunt . In particular , lysis of bacteria by viruses has been shown to enhance nitrogen cycling and stimulate phytoplankton growth . Viral activity may also affect the biological pump , the process whereby carbon is sequestered in the deep ocean . Microorganisms constitute more than 90 % of the biomass in the sea . It is estimated that viruses kill approximately 20 % of this biomass each day and that there are 10 to 15 times as many viruses in the oceans as there are bacteria and archaea . Viruses are also major agents responsible for the destruction of phytoplankton including harmful algal blooms , The number of viruses in the oceans decreases further offshore and deeper into the water , where there are fewer host organisms . In January 2018 , scientists reported that 800 million viruses , mainly of marine origin , are deposited daily from the Earth 's atmosphere onto every square meter of the planet 's surface , as the result of a global atmospheric stream of viruses , circulating above the weather system , but below the altitude of usual airline travel , distributing viruses around the planet . Like any organism , marine mammals are susceptible to viral infections . In 1988 and 2002 , thousands of harbour seals were killed in Europe by phocine distemper virus . Many other viruses , including caliciviruses , herpesviruses , adenoviruses and parvoviruses , circulate in marine mammal populations . Role in evolution Main article : Horizontal gene transfer Viruses are an important natural means of transferring genes between different species , which increases genetic diversity and drives evolution . It is thought that viruses played a central role in early evolution , before the diversification of the last universal common ancestor into bacteria , archaea and eukaryotes . Viruses are still one of the largest reservoirs of unexplored genetic diversity on Earth . Applications Life Sciences and Medicine Scientist studying the H5N1 influenza virus Viruses are important to the study of molecular and cell biology as they provide simple systems that can be used to manipulate and investigate the functions of cells . The study and use of viruses have provided valuable information about aspects of cell biology . For example , viruses have been useful in the study of genetics and helped our understanding of the basic mechanisms of molecular genetics , such as DNA replication , transcription , RNA processing , translation , protein transport , and immunology . Geneticists often use viruses as vectors to introduce genes into cells that they are studying . This is useful for making the cell produce a foreign substance , or to study the effect of introducing a new gene into the genome . In similar fashion , virotherapy uses viruses as vectors to treat various diseases , as they can specifically target cells and DNA . It shows promising use in the treatment of cancer and in gene therapy . Eastern European scientists have used phage therapy as an alternative to antibiotics for some time , and interest in this approach is increasing , because of the high level of antibiotic resistance now found in some pathogenic bacteria . Expression of heterologous proteins by viruses is the basis of several manufacturing processes that are currently being used for the production of various proteins such as vaccine antigens and antibodies . Industrial processes have been recently developed using viral vectors and a number of pharmaceutical proteins are currently in pre-clinical and clinical trials . Virotherapy Main article : Virotherapy Virotherapy involves the use of genetically modified viruses to treat diseases . Viruses have been modified by scientists to reproduce in cancer cells and destroy them but not infect healthy cells . Talimogene laherparepvec ( T - VEC ) , for example , is a modified herpes simplex virus that has had a gene , which is required for viruses to replicate in healthy cells , deleted and replaced with a human gene ( GM - CSF ) that stimulates immunity . When this virus infects cancer cells , it destroys them and in doing so the presence the GM - CSF gene attracts dendritic cells from the surrounding tissues of the body . The dendritic cells process the dead cancer cells and present components of them to other cells of the immune system . Having completed successful clinical trials , this virus is expected to gain approval for the treatment of a skin cancer called melanoma in late 2015 . Viruses that have been reprogrammed to kill cancer cells are called oncolytic viruses . Materials science. and nanotechnology Current trends in nanotechnology promise to make much more versatile use of viruses . From the viewpoint of a materials scientist , viruses can be regarded as organic nanoparticles . Their surface carries specific tools designed to cross the barriers of their host cells . The size and shape of viruses , and the number and nature of the functional groups on their surface , is precisely defined . As such , viruses are commonly used in materials science as scaffolds for covalently linked surface modifications . A particular quality of viruses is that they can be tailored by directed evolution . The powerful techniques developed by life sciences are becoming the basis of engineering approaches towards nanomaterials , opening a wide range of applications far beyond biology and medicine . Because of their size , shape , and well - defined chemical structures , viruses have been used as templates for organising materials on the nanoscale . Recent examples include work at the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington , D.C. , using Cowpea mosaic virus ( CPMV ) particles to amplify signals in DNA microarray based sensors . In this application , the virus particles separate the fluorescent dyes used for signalling to prevent the formation of non-fluorescent dimers that act as quenchers . Another example is the use of CPMV as a nanoscale breadboard for molecular electronics . Synthetic viruses Many viruses can be synthesised de novo ( `` from scratch '' ) and the first synthetic virus was created in 2002 . Although somewhat of a misconception , it is not the actual virus that is synthesised , but rather its DNA genome ( in case of a DNA virus ) , or a cDNA copy of its genome ( in case of RNA viruses ) . For many virus families the naked synthetic DNA or RNA ( once enzymatically converted back from the synthetic cDNA ) is infectious when introduced into a cell . That is , they contain all the necessary information to produce new viruses . This technology is now being used to investigate novel vaccine strategies . The ability to synthesise viruses has far - reaching consequences , since viruses can no longer be regarded as extinct , as long as the information of their genome sequence is known and permissive cells are available . As of November 2017 , the full - length genome sequences of 7454 different viruses , including smallpox , are publicly available in an online database maintained by the National Institutes of Health . Weapons Further information : Biological warfare The ability of viruses to cause devastating epidemics in human societies has led to the concern that viruses could be weaponised for biological warfare . Further concern was raised by the successful recreation of the infamous 1918 influenza virus in a laboratory . Smallpox virus devastated numerous societies throughout history before its eradication . There are only two centres in the world that are authorised by the WHO to keep stocks of smallpox virus : the State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR in Russia and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the United States . Fears that it may be used as a weapon may not be totally unfounded . 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PMID 18583614 . Bibcode : 2008Sci ... 320.1784 C . Jump up ^ `` NIH viral genome database '' . Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Shors p. 331 ^ Jump up to : Artenstein AW , Grabenstein JD . Smallpox vaccines for biodefense : need and feasibility . Expert Review of Vaccines. 2008 ; 7 ( 8 ) : 1225 -- 37 . doi : 10.1586 / 14760584.7. 8.1225 . PMID 18844596 . Bibliography Collier , Leslie ; Balows , Albert ; Sussman , Max ( 1998 ) Topley and Wilson 's Microbiology and Microbial Infections ninth edition , Volume 1 , Virology , volume editors : Mahy , Brian and Collier , Leslie . Arnold . ISBN 0 - 340 - 66316 - 2 . Dimmock , N.J ; Easton , Andrew J ; Leppard , Keith ( 2007 ) Introduction to Modern Virology sixth edition , Blackwell Publishing , ISBN 1 - 4051 - 3645 - 6 . Knipe , David M ; Howley , Peter M ; Griffin , Diane E ; Lamb , Robert A ; Martin , Malcolm A ; Roizman , Bernard ; Straus Stephen E. ( 2007 ) Fields Virology , Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . 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External links ViralZone A Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics resource for all viral families , providing general molecular and epidemiological information David Baltimore online Seminar : `` Introduction to Viruses and HIV '' Ari Helenius online seminar : `` Virus entry '' `` A Gazillion Tiny Avatars '' , article on viruses by Olivia Judson , NY Times , 15 December 2009 Khan Academy , video lecture Viruses -- an Open Access journal 3D virus structures in EM Data Bank ( EMDB ) Virus - Host DB database related to virus - host relationships Baltimore ( virus classification ) DNA I : dsDNA viruses Caudovirales Myoviridae Podoviridae Siphoviridae Herpesvirales Alloherpesviridae Herpesviridae Malacoherpesviridae Ligamenvirales Lipothrixviridae Rudiviridae Unassigned NLCDV : Ascoviridae Asfarviridae Iridoviridae Marseilleviridae Mimiviridae Phycodnaviridae Poxviridae genera : Dinodnavirus nonenveloped : Adenoviridae Papillomaviridae Papovaviridae ( obsolete ) Polyomaviridae genera : Rhizidiovirus Ampullaviridae Baculoviridae Bicaudaviridae Clavaviridae Corticoviridae Fuselloviridae Globuloviridae Guttaviridae Hytrosaviridae Nimaviridae Nudiviridae Plasmaviridae Polydnaviridae Sphaerolipoviridae Tectiviridae Turriviridae genera : Salterprovirus II : ssDNA viruses Anelloviridae Bidnaviridae Circoviridae Geminiviridae Inoviridae Microviridae Nanoviridae Parvoviridae Spiraviridae genera : Bacilladnavirus RNA III : dsRNA viruses Amalgaviridae Birnaviridae Chrysoviridae Cystoviridae Endornaviridae Hypoviridae Megabirnaviridae Partitiviridae Picobirnaviridae Quadriviridae Reoviridae Totiviridae IV : ( + ) ssRNA viruses ( primarily icosahedral ) Nidovirales Arteriviridae Coronaviridae Mesoniviridae Roniviridae Picornavirales Comoviridae ( obsolete ) Dicistroviridae Iflaviridae Marnaviridae Picornaviridae Secoviridae Sequiviridae ( obsolete ) genera : Bacillarnavirus Labyrnavirus Tymovirales Alphaflexiviridae Betaflexiviridae Gammaflexiviridae Tymoviridae Unassigned Alphatetraviridae Alvernaviridae Astroviridae Barnaviridae Benyviridae Bromoviridae Caliciviridae Carmotetraviridae Closteroviridae Flaviviridae Flexiviridae ( obsolete ) Hepeviridae Leviviridae Luteoviridae Narnaviridae Nodaviridae Permutotetraviridae Potyviridae Tetraviridae ( obsolete ) Togaviridae Tombusviridae Virgaviridae genera : Cilevirus Higrevirus Idaeovirus Ourmiavirus Polemovirus Sobemovirus V : ( -- ) ssRNA viruses ( primarily helical ) Mononegavirales Bornaviridae Filoviridae Nyamiviridae Paramyxoviridae Rhabdoviridae Bunyavirales Hantaviridae Nairoviridae Peribunyaviridae Phenuiviridae Tospoviridae Feraviridae Fimoviridae Jonviridae Phasmaviridae Unassigned Arenaviridae Ophioviridae Orthomyxoviridae genera : Deltavirus RT VI : ssRNA - RT viruses Metaviridae Pseudoviridae Retroviridae VII : dsDNA - RT viruses Caulimoviridae Hepadnaviridae Microbiology : Virus Components Viral envelope Capsid Viral protein Viral life cycle Viral entry Viral replication Viral shedding Virus latency Viroplasm Genetics Reassortment Antigenic shift Antigenic drift Phenotype mixing By host Bacteriophage Virophage Mycovirus Plant virus ( Plant to Human ) Animal virus Human virome Archea virus Amoeba virus Other Viral disease Helper virus Laboratory diagnosis of viral infections Viral load Virus - like particle Virus quantification Antiviral drug Neurotropic virus Oncovirus Social history of viruses Satellite virus Giant virus Evolutionary biology portal Science portal Viruses portal Taxon identifiers Wikidata : Q808 Wikispecies : Virus EoL : 5006 GBIF : 8 iNaturalist : 131236 NCBI : 10239 BNF : cb11938341t ( data ) GND : 4063589 - 2 LCCN : sh85143833 NDL : 00560678 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virus&oldid=855533381 '' Categories : Virology Viruses 1898 in biology Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - 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what impact did the geography of new england have on the farming communities

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=The_impact_of_geography_on_colonial_America&oldid=837238085

The impact of geography on colonial America - wikipedia The impact of geography on colonial America Jump to : navigation , search This article is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor 's personal feelings about a topic . Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Before the foundation of the United States in 1776 , the Kingdom of Great Britain owned Thirteen Colonies on eastern shore of North America . The geography and climate of the area had a significant impact on the economy and survival of the colonies . Contents ( hide ) 1 New England Colonies 1.1 Geography 1.2 Climate 1.3 People 1.4 Trade goods 2 Middle Colonies 2.1 Geography 2.2 Climate 2.3 People 2.4 Trade goods 3 Southern colonies 3.1 Geography 3.2 Climate 3.3 Demographics 3.4 Effect on the economy 4 References New England colonies ( edit ) The New England colonies tried to help the Native Americans and also , known as the North - Eastern , included Massachusetts Colony , Rhode Island Colony , Connecticut Colony , and New Hampshire Colony . The region was first found by people from Britain in 1620 . British colonies These colonies provided fish , whale products , and lumber . They imported agricultural products from other regions . Geography ( edit ) The geology of New England includes many mountains , and it is thick with trees and rivers . The forest provided large amounts of lumber for New England and led them to specialize in the shipbuilding industry . However , the landscape was unsuitable for cereal crops , so they were imported from the other colonies . Originally this region had fertile soil , but during the last glacial period , large glaciers scraped away the fertile soil and moved it south , leaving a rocky landscape that was not suitable for farming . Climate ( edit ) The New England region is located further north and it has longer winters and the coldest weather among the three regions . Summer is mild and short . The growing season is short . People ( edit ) When English people made the Northern colonies they named their region `` New England '' for their homeland . Famous people from the region included John Winthrop from Massachusetts , Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson from Rhode Island , Thomas Hooker from Connecticut , and John Mason from New Hampshire . Residents in the northern region were mostly Puritans . That was the only religion throughout the New England Colonies , because the Puritans wanted it that way . There was no religious freedom in the region . Trade goods ( edit ) Since the soil and weather in New England was not suitable for farming , many people did not farm . Instead they imported crops from other regions or even other countries . In return , they would trade products they had to other countries . These products included fish , whale products , ships , timber products . Also , they traded furs and livestock products made from animals living in the surrounding forests . Using the large numbers of trees in the forest , people from New England worked at shipbuilding . People in New England cut down trees for lumber to build ships . They would then use them for fishing and hunting whales . That is also a factor that affected what goods people in New England would trade . There was much trade between New England and other regions or countries such as England . New England would export resources like fish and lumber to Africa , England , and the West Indies . Then from Africa , New England would receive hardworking slaves in return . Middle colonies ( edit ) Middle Colonies , North America The middle colonies were the Delaware Colony , the New Jersey Colony , the New York Colony , and the Pennsylvania Colony . Their climate helped them become the ' breadbasket ' of British North America . Arable land was plentiful and the soil was fertile . The excellent natural harbors helped the middle colonies become traders among the colonies . Due in part to immigration from foreign ( Mainland Europe ) countries , the people were ethnically and religiously diverse . Geography ( edit ) These colonies included New York , Pennsylvania , New Jersey , and Delaware . New York is dominated by farms , forests , rivers , mountains , and lakes . Manhattan Island is a well known location of New York , originally called New Amsterdam . Lake Erie is the great lake that New York shares a border with . The Appalachian Mountains run through the middle of Pennsylvania . Pennsylvania is bordered by New York , New Jersey , Delaware , Maryland , West Virginia and Ohio . This region also shares a border with Lake Erie . Many rivers run through the state including the Ohio and Delaware Rivers . On the Eastern Seaboard of the United States , Delaware is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean and Delaware Bay , as well as by the states of New Jersey , Pennsylvania and Maryland . The area of Delaware , Pennsylvania , and New York is known as the Highlands . The Atlantic Coastal Plain is a region along the middle colonies primarily composed of marsh , rivers and swampland . Climate ( edit ) Since the colonies were further south , the days were longer with a lot of sunlight and plenty of rain . The climate in the coastal region of the middle colonies is moderate year round . Average monthly temperatures range from 76 to 32 degrees . Average temperature in the summer months is 74 degrees . About 57 % of the days are sunny . Annual precipitation is approximately 45 inches . Temperatures along the Atlantic Coast are about 10 degrees warmer in winter and 10 degrees cooler in summer . The average growing season varies from 170 to 200 days . The Coastal Plain is humid in the summers and had temperate winters . People ( edit ) The middle colonies contained Native American tribes of Algonquian and Iroquois language groups as well as a sizable percentage of African slaves during the early years . Unlike solidly Puritan New England , the middle colonies presented an assortment of religions . The presence of Quakers , Mennonites , Lutherans , Dutch Calvinists , and Presbyterians made the dominance of one faith next to impossible . This was because some of the proprietors there believed in religious tolerance and some did not care as long the people paid for the land they inhabited . Some wealthy people worked in the city although most colonists were farmers . Because of fertile soil and a good growing season , most farmers grew enough for their family and a surplus , which they could sell . They grew wheat , grains , and many other things . New York and Philadelphia were the Middle Colonies ' biggest cities . This was because they were the center of trade with all the harbors to import and export goods . Many people were artisans or merchants with many skills . Other people tried to become apprentices to learn their trade . Other people became laborers . They could find general work such as helping load or unload ships or being house servants . Boys could learn shoe or boat making . Girls could open a cloth shop . However , most parents believed children should learn to run the family farm instead of going to college . Trade goods ( edit ) There were considerable differences between the New England , Middle and Southern regions . Economic activities and trade was dependent of the environment in which the Colonists lived . The geography and climate impacted the trade and economic activities of Middle Colonies . The Middle Colonies exported agricultural products and natural resources . The Middle colonies are often called the breadbasket colonies because they grew so many crops , especially wheat . The Middle colonies built flour mills where wheat was ground into flour , then shipped to England . A typical farm was 50 to 150 acres consisting of a house , barn , yard and fields . The Middle Colonies were also able to manufacture iron ore products such as plows , tools , kettles , nails and large blocks of iron which they exported to England . Cottage industries such as weaving , shoe - making , cabinetmaking , and other crafts were prominent in middle colonies , particularly Pennsylvania . The Middle Colonies were in the prime location for the growth of grains . A predominate feature of the region is the Coastal Plain . This region had humid summers and temperate winters which is prime conditions for agriculture . Due to the climate of temperate summers , the grains were allowed to grow for longer periods of time . In the north , the winters were much too harsh to grow these grains . These grains were then exported to other Colonies due to its prime location to the ocean . The climate was prime for these grains which is a direct correlation to how geography relates to trade goods in the Middle Eastern Colonies . Southern colonies ( edit ) Location of Jamestown , Virginia The southern British colonies in North America were the Colony of Virginia , Province of North Carolina , Province of South Carolina , and Province of Georgia . The first successful English colony in N. America was Jamestown , established off the Chesapeake Bay in 1607 . In 1668 King Charles II granted the Carolina charter to eight Lords Proprietor . Georgia was not established as colony until 1732 under a charter granted to James Oglethorpe by King George II . Geography ( edit ) Located between 40 degrees and 30 degrees latitude , the physiographic makeup of the southern colonies is generally divided into three regions . The Atlantic Coastal Plain ( divided into two parts ; the Inner Coastal Plain and the Tidewater ) , the Piedmont , and the Blue Ridge Mountains and Appalachian mountain regions . The Atlantic Coastal plains developed over the last 6,000 years , flattening out via the global flood as well as the transportation of sediment by river systems from the Appalachian Mountains . Crisscrossed by these river systems , the area became known as the Tidewater region due to the noticeable effect of the ocean 's tides on the rivers that run through it . French for `` foothills '' , the Piedmont is characterized by rolling hills stretching between the coastal plain and the Blue Ridge Mountains . It is separated from the coastal plain by the `` fall line '' , line where elevation falls noticeably , and is the sight of many waterfalls on the rivers in the region . The Blue Ridge Mountains is a specific region of the Appalachians . The ridgeline of the mountains varies from being 5 to 65 miles wide , with peaks averaging around 2000 to 4000 ft above sea level . The area is covered in forests with hundreds of species of trees found within the range , and today are a source of timber . Beyond the Blue mountains continues the rest of the Appalachians , except in Virginia where the Shenandoah valley opens up . Climate ( edit ) While the southern coast of the United States is located in similar latitudes of Southern Spain and Morocco , the climate is dominated by weather patterns moving overland as opposed to the oceanic weather patterns that dominate Western Europe . Due to this the east coast of North America is cooler than the regions congruent to it in the `` Old World '' , with climate in the United States being roughly equivalent to climates 40 - 60 degrees latitude in Europe . During the time of colonization this effect was even more pronounced as the world was in the middle of the `` Little Ice Age ''. The soil there is moist , which was perfect for farming . Demographics ( edit ) Colonization of the South during the period of 1600 -- 1650 was mainly confined to Virginia and the Jamestown region in particular . While the majority of people who initially arrived at Jamestown in the first few years of colonization were Englishmen , the Virginia Company did hire artisans from Prussia , the Netherlands and Poland to fill the ranks of colonists , with the hope that they would be able to produce profitable goods for the company to sell in England . Population growth was very slow at first , and depended on an increasing amount of settlers coming into Jamestown . Besides recruiting foreign artisans , the Virginia company tried many schemes to increase settlement of the colony , including transporting `` Vagrant Children '' from England to Virginia and shipping young women to be married to colonists . The Virginia Company also began to use the practice of indentured servitude , promising land at the end of the term to increase immigration to the colonies. 1619 marked the first time African slaves were brought to the colony , when 20 arrived on the White Lion , a Dutch trade ship that had captured them from a Portuguese slave ship . During the English Civil War and the Commonwealth Period of England , Virginia was a haven for cavaliers or royalists still loyal to the crown to live , known as Virginia Cavaliers . Effect on the economy ( edit ) The colonization of the south was greatly affected by the geography of the region . Jamestown Island ( then a peninsula ) itself was chosen for its physical geographic properties . Located inland a ways the peninsula offered protection from European powers as well as the James River ran deep enough in that the colonists could anchor their ships off shore , providing a simple and easy access . Geography often had a role in playing in settlement selection in the south , with most early settlements only extending as far inland as ships or boat could easily travel . The fall line between the piedmont and tidewater region is marked by settlements on where boats could not travel further due to the waterfalls and rapids common in this region . Early colonization was marked by disaster and the failure of colonists to provide properly for themselves as well as turn a profit for the Virginia Company . This is in part due to the misconceptions about climate in Europe . Common belief in the `` old world '' had it that climates were the same at similar latitudes all across the world . Therefore , the southern United States , and Virginia in particular , were expected to be similar in climate to Southern Spain . Because of this colonists and Virginia Company initially tried to cultivate such plants as mulberry trees and orange trees , which were not sustainable . While not as prevalent a belief , some European colonial leaders argued that the warmer climates of the southern latitudes would also cause such precious metals to rise towards the surface of the earth . Along with the stories of Spanish conquests finding `` cities of gold '' , the Virginia Company sent along with their initial colonists equipment for prospecting and mining gold . These beliefs were shown to be wrong and equipment for agriculture and cultivation would have aided the early colonists . Despite these initial misconceptions , the southern United States was rich geographically in particular for agricultural production . Tobacco , rice , and indigo were the main cash crops of the south during the colonial period . In 1612 John Rolfe introduced Tobacco into Jamestown and by 1640 England was importing 1.5 million pounds of tobacco from Virginia . Tobacco Cultivation was extremely difficult , and simple farmers on an acre of land just could not meet the demands in England on their own . With the introduction of African slaves in 1619 , plantations began to arise that could meet the demand in the Europe . Indigo was mainly cultivated in South Carolina beginning in 1739 , due to the efforts of Eliza Lucas Pickney , and became one of the biggest cash crops of the colony up until the end of the war . American indigo reached its peak in 1773 when 1.1 million pounds were exported to England . South Carolina 's swampy wetlands also made it a prime area for the cultivation of rice . In the 1700s , the South Carolina economy was based upon the exportation of rice from its tidewater region . The first attempts at cultivation were failures , and South Carolinian planters began to pay premiums to have slaves imported from specific regions in Africa where rice was grown . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ New England Colonies. ( 2007 ) . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 , from http://matsumoto.eesd.org/tm28/col09/colne.html Jump up ^ New England Colonies. ( 2007 ) . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 , from http://matsumoto.eesd.org/tm28/col09/colne.html Jump up ^ Alchin , L. ( 2014 , June ) . New England Colonies . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 , from http://www.landofthebrave.info/new-england-colonies.htm Jump up ^ Alchin , L. ( 2014 , June ) . Puritans . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 , from http://www.landofthebrave.info/puritans.htm Jump up ^ New England Colonies. ( 2007 ) . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 , from http://matsumoto.eesd.org/tm28/col09/colne.html Jump up ^ Delaware Geography . ( n.d. ) . Retrieved December 2014 , from Delaware. gob : http://www.delaware.gov/topics/facts/geo.shtml Jump up ^ Delaware Geography . ( n.d. ) . Retrieved December 2014 , from Delaware. gob : http://www.delaware.gov/topics/facts/geo.shtml Jump up ^ Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain. ( 2014 ) . Retrieved from LandScope America : http://www.landscope.org/explore/natural_geographies/ecoregions/Mid-Atlantic%20Coastal%20Plain/ Jump up ^ The Middle Colonies. ( 2008 - 2014 ) . Retrieved December 2014 , from U.S. History : Pre-Columbian to the New Millennium : http://www.ushistory.org/us/4.asp Jump up ^ Brandon , R.T. ( 2001 ) . Middle Colonies . Retrieved December 2014 , from Early American Colonies : http://matsumoto.eesd.org/tm28/col09/colmc.html Jump up ^ Alchin , L. ( 2013 ) . Middle Colonies . Retrieved December 2014 , from Land of the Brave : http://www.landofthebrave.info/middle-colonies.htm Jump up ^ Alchin , L. ( 2013 ) . Middle Colonies . Retrieved December 2014 , from Land of the Brave : http://www.landofthebrave.info/middle-colonies.htm Jump up ^ Hamby , A.L. ( 2011 ) . Outline of U.S. History . Washington D.C. : Bureau of International Information Programs , U.S. Department of State . Jump up ^ GEOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY OF THE NEW YORK BIGHT . ( n.d. ) . Retrieved December 17 , 2014 , from http://www.geo.hunter.cuny.edu/bight/coastal.html Jump up ^ Blue Ridge ( mountains , United States ) . ( n.d. ) . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 , from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/70358/Blue-Ridge Jump up ^ Blue Ridge ( mountains , United States ) . ( n.d. ) . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 , from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/70358/Blue-Ridge Jump up ^ Kupperman , K.O. ( 1982 ) . The Puzzle of the American Climate in the Early Colonial Period ( Book Review ) . American Historical Review , 87 ( 5 ) , 1262 . ( pg 1265 ) . Jump up ^ Kupperman , K.O. ( 1982 ) . The Puzzle of the American Climate in the Early Colonial Period ( Book Review ) . American Historical Review , 87 ( 5 ) , 1262 . ( pg 1265 ) . Jump up ^ German American Corner : First Germans at Jamestown 1 . ( n.d. ) . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 , from http://www.germanheritage.com/Publications/Jamestown/first.html Jump up ^ First Polish Settlers . ( n.d. ) . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 , from http://www.polishamericancenter.org/FirstSettlers.html Jump up ^ Ransome , D.R. ( 1991 ) . Wives for Virginia , 1621 . William & Mary Quarterly , 48 ( 1 ) , 3 - 18 Jump up ^ Virginia 's First Africans . ( n.d. ) . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 , from http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Virginia_s_First_Africans Jump up ^ GEOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY OF THE NEW YORK BIGHT . ( n.d. ) . Retrieved December 17 , 2014 , from http://www.geo.hunter.cuny.edu/bight/coastal.html Jump up ^ Kupperman , K.O. ( 1982 ) . The Puzzle of the American Climate in the Early Colonial Period ( Book Review ) . American Historical Review , 87 ( 5 ) , 1262 Jump up ^ Kupperman , K.O. ( 1982 ) . The Puzzle of the American Climate in the Early Colonial Period ( Book Review ) . American Historical Review , 87 ( 5 ) , 1262 Jump up ^ A Southern Plantation . ( n.d. ) . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 , from http://www.watertown.k12.ma.us/cunniff/americanhistorycentral/06lifeinbcolonies/A_Southern_Pla.html Jump up ^ United States . National Park Service . ( 2014 , December 13 ) . Tobacco : Colonial Cultivation Methods . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 , from http://www.nps.gov/jame/historyculture/tobacco-colonial-cultivation-methods.htm Jump up ^ A Brief History of Indigo in the United States . ( n.d. ) . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 , from http://static.sewanee.edu/Chem/Chem&Art/Detail_Pages/Projects_2000/Leopold/History.html Jump up ^ `` The Gullah : Rice , Slavery , and the Sierra Leone - American Connection '' . Yale University . Retrieved 28 September 2016 . Jump up ^ South Carolina Rice Plantations . ( n.d. ) . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 , from http://www.yale.edu/glc/gullah/02.htm Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_impact_of_geography_on_colonial_America&oldid=837238085 '' Categories : Colonial United States ( British ) Geography of the United States Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2016 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from September 2016 All articles needing style editing Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 15 : 37 . 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how old is the wife of president of france

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Brigitte_Macron&oldid=800323045

Brigitte Macron - wikipedia Brigitte Macron Jump to : navigation , search Brigitte Macron Spouse of the President of the French Republic Incumbent Assumed office 14 May 2017 President Emmanuel Macron Preceded by Julie Gayet ( as Partner of the President of France ) Personal details Brigitte Marie - Claude Trogneux ( 1953 - 04 - 13 ) 13 April 1953 ( age 64 ) Amiens , Somme , France Spouse ( s ) André - Louis Auzière ( m . 1974 ; div. 2006 ) Emmanuel Macron ( m . 2007 ) Relations Jean - Michel Macron ( father - in - law ) Children Parents Simone Pujol Jean Trogneux Residence Élysée Palace Occupation High school teacher Brigitte Marie - Claude Macron ( French pronunciation : ​ ( bri. ʒit ma. ʁi klod ma. kʁɔ᷉ ) ; née Trogneux , pronounced ( tʁɔ. ɲø ) , previously Auzière , French pronunciation : ​ ( o. zjɛːʁ ) ; born 13 April 1953 ) is the wife and former high school teacher of Emmanuel Macron , the President of the French Republic . In 2015 , to help support her husband in his political career , she ended her career as a teacher of literature at the elite lycée Saint - Louis de Gonzague in Paris . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 2 Career 3 Politics 4 Personal life 5 References 6 External links Early life and education ( edit ) Jean Trogneux shop , Saint - Quentin , 2012 Brigitte Macron was born Brigitte Marie - Claude Trogneux in Amiens , France . Her parents were Simone ( née Pujol ; 1910 -- 1998 ) and Jean Trogneux ( 1909 -- 1994 ) , the owners of the five - generation Chocolaterie Trogneux , founded in 1872 in Amiens . The company , now known as Jean Trogneux , is run by her nephew , Jean - Alexandre Trogneux . She was the youngest of her parents ' six children . Career ( edit ) Brigitte Auzière taught literature at the Collège Lucie - Berger in Strasbourg in the 1980s . By the 1990s , she taught French and Latin at Lycée la Providence , a Jesuit high school in Amiens . It was at that high school that she and Emmanuel Macron first met . He attended her literature classes and she was in charge of the theater class he attended . Their romance was not typical as she was his senior by 24 years and 8 months , and Macron has described it as `` a love often clandestine , often hidden , misunderstood by many before imposing itself '' . Politics ( edit ) Brigitte Auzière ran for the city council of Truchtersheim in 1989 , but lost . It would be the only time she would run for office . In 2017 , Brigitte Macron played an active role in her husband 's presidential campaign ; a top adviser was quoted as saying that `` her presence is essential for him '' . Emmanuel Macron stated that upon his winning of the French presidency , his wife `` will have the role that she always had with me , she will not be hidden '' . Following a petition against a proposed change in her status that gathered more than 275,000 signatures , the French government announced that Brigitte Macron will not be holding the official title of `` First Lady '' , and will not be allocated an official budget for her activities . In an interview with French magazine Elle , she stated that a soon - to - be published transparency charter would clarify her `` role and accompanying resources '' , including the composition and size of her staff . Personal life ( edit ) On 22 June 1974 , she married the banker André - Louis Auzière , with whom she had three children : Sébastien Auzière ( born 1975 ) , an engineer , Dr Laurence Auzière - Jourdan ( born in 1977 ) , a cardiologist and Tiphaine Auzière ( born in 1984 ) , a lawyer . They resided in Truchtersheim until 1991 , when they moved to Amiens . She divorced Auzière in 2006 and married Macron in 2007 . In August 2017 , the Presidential couple announced their adoption of a pet dog that they named Nemo . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Brigitte Trogneux -- La biographie de Brigitte Trogneux avec Gala.fr '' . Gala.fr ( in French ) . Média Prisma . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brigitte Macron , l'ex - prof de français qui pourrait entrer à l'Elysée '' . leparisien.fr. 5 May 2017 . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lévy - Frébault , Tiphaine ( 25 June 2015 ) . `` Qui est Brigitte Trogneux , l'épouse d'Emmanuel Macron ? '' . L'Express . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arras : la chocolaterie Trogneux va déménager sur la place des Héros '' . La Voix du Nord. 30 October 2015 . Retrieved 7 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Homepage '' . Jean Trogneux . Retrieved 7 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brigitte TROGNEUX -- Fraternelle : l'encyclopédie biographique de l'Homo erectus -- Geneanet '' . gw.geneanet.org . Retrieved 15 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hartzer , Renaud ( 8 May 2017 ) . `` Brigitte Macron a fait ses premiers pas en politique ... en Alsace '' . France 3 Grand Est . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Druckerman , Pamela ( 2 February 2017 ) . `` Sex and the French Elections '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` France 's Macron defied parental veto on schoolboy love affair with teacher '' . Reuters. 12 April 2017 . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Persio , Sofia Lotto ( 6 February 2017 ) . `` Emmanuel Macron : From teacher 's pet to teacher 's husband to President of France ? '' . International Business Times UK . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Singular Woman Behind France 's Front - Runner '' . Bloomberg.com. 7 April 2017 . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Pithers , Ellie . `` How Brigitte Macron Is Redefining First Lady Dressing '' . British Vogue . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Willsher , Kim ( 2017 - 08 - 08 ) . `` No ' first lady ' title for Brigitte Macron after petition over her status '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Brigitte Macron : A ' first lady ' in all but title - France 24 '' . France 24 . 2017 - 08 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Brigitte Macron '' . Retrieved 12 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Gerber , Louis . `` Emmanuel Macron the new French minister of the economy '' . www.cosmopolis.ch . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . Jump up ^ VIDEO . Les images du mariage d'Emmanuel Macron temps de Brigitte Trogneux diffusées . Le Parisien ( 22 November 2016 ) . Jump up ^ lefigaro.fr . `` Nemo , le nouveau labrador de l'Élysée '' . Le Figaro ( in French ) . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brigitte Macron . Honorary titles Preceded by Julie Gayet as Partner of the President of France First Lady of France 2017 -- present Incumbent VIAF : 189149368782485980005 LCCN : nb2017010126 GND : 1130664244 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brigitte_Macron&oldid=800323045 '' Categories : 1953 births Living people French schoolteachers Macron family People from Amiens Spouses of French presidents Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use dmy dates from May 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 20 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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what does it mean to stress a syllable

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Stress_(linguistics)&oldid=865617413

Stress ( linguistics ) - wikipedia Stress ( linguistics ) Not to be confused with accent ( sociolinguistics ) . Primary stress ˈ ◌ IPA number 501 Encoding Entity ( decimal ) & # 712 ; Unicode ( hex ) U + 02C8 Secondary stress ˌ ◌ IPA number 502 Encoding Entity ( decimal ) ​ & # 716 ; Unicode ( hex ) U + 02CC In linguistics , and particularly phonology , stress or accent is relative emphasis or prominence given to a certain syllable in a word , or to a certain word in a phrase or sentence . This emphasis is typically caused by such properties as increased loudness and vowel length , full articulation of the vowel , and changes in pitch . The terms stress and accent are often used synonymously in this context , but they are sometimes distinguished . For example , when emphasis is produced through pitch alone , it is called pitch accent , and when produced through length alone , it is called quantitative accent . When caused by a combination of various intensified properties , it is called stress accent or dynamic accent ; English uses what is called variable stress accent . Since stress can be realised through a wide range of phonetic properties , such as loudness , vowel length , and pitch , which are also used for other linguistic functions , it is difficult to define stress solely phonetically . The stress placed on syllables within words is called word stress or lexical stress . Some languages have fixed stress , meaning that the stress on virtually any multisyllable word falls on a particular syllable , such as the penultimate ( e.g. Polish ) or the first . Other languages , like English and Russian , have variable stress , where the position of stress in a word is not predictable in that way . Sometimes more than one level of stress , such as primary stress and secondary stress , may be identified . However , some languages , such as French and Mandarin , are sometimes analyzed as lacking lexical stress entirely . The stress placed on words within sentences is called sentence stress or prosodic stress . This is one of the three components of prosody , along with rhythm and intonation . It includes phrasal stress ( the default emphasis of certain words within phrases or clauses ) , and contrastive stress ( used to highlight an item − a word , or occasionally just part of a word − that is given particular focus ) . Contents 1 Phonetic realization 2 Lexical stress 2.1 Levels of stress 3 Prosodic stress 4 Stress and vowel reduction 5 Stress and rhythm 6 Historical effects of stress 7 Stress `` deafness '' 8 Spelling and notation for stress 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Phonetic realization ( edit ) There are various ways in which stress manifests itself in the speech stream , and these depend to some extent on which language is being spoken . Stressed syllables are often louder than non-stressed syllables , and may have a higher or lower pitch . They may also sometimes be pronounced longer . There are sometimes differences in place or manner of articulation -- in particular , vowels in unstressed syllables may have a more central ( or `` neutral '' ) articulation , while those in stressed syllables have a more peripheral articulation . Stress may be realized to varying degrees on different words in a sentence ; sometimes the difference between the acoustic signals of stressed and unstressed syllables are minimal . These particular distinguishing features of stress , or types of prominence in which particular features are dominant , are sometimes referred to as particular types of accent -- dynamic accent in the case of loudness , pitch accent in the case of pitch ( although this term usually has more specialized meanings ) , quantitative accent in the case of length , and qualitative accent in the case of differences in articulation . These can be compared to the various types of accent in music theory . In some contexts , the term stress or stress accent is used to mean specifically dynamic accent ( or as an antonym to pitch accent in its various meanings ) . A prominent syllable or word is said to be accented or tonic ; the latter term does not imply that it carries phonemic tone . Other syllables or words are said to be unaccented or atonic . Syllables are frequently said to be in pretonic or post-tonic position ; certain phonological rules apply specifically to such positions . For instance , in American English , / t / and / d / are flapped in post-tonic position . In Mandarin Chinese , which is a tone language , stressed syllables have been found to have tones realized with a relatively large swing in fundamental frequency , while unstressed syllables typically have smaller swings . ( See also Stress in Standard Chinese . ) Stressed syllables are often perceived as being more forceful than non-stressed syllables . Research has shown , however , that although dynamic accent is accompanied by greater respiratory force , it does not mean a more forceful articulation in the vocal tract . Lexical stress ( edit ) Lexical stress , or word stress , is the stress placed on a given syllable in a word . The position of lexical stress in a word may depend on certain general rules applicable in the language or dialect in question , but in other languages , it must be learned for each word , as it is largely unpredictable . Languages in which position of the stress can usually be predicted by a simple rule are said to have fixed stress . For example , in Czech , Finnish , Icelandic and Hungarian , the stress almost always comes on the first syllable of a word . In Armenian the stress is on the last syllable of a word . In Quechua , Esperanto , and Polish , the stress is almost always on the penult ( second - last syllable ) . In Macedonian , it is on the antepenult ( third - last syllable ) . Other languages have stress placed on different syllables but in a predictable way , as in Classical Arabic and Latin ( whose stress is conditioned by the structure of the penult ) . They are said to have a regular stress rule . Statements about the position of stress are sometimes affected by the fact that when a word is spoken in isolation , prosodic factors ( see below ) come into play , which do not apply when the word is spoken normally within a sentence . French words are sometimes said to be stressed on the final syllable , but that can be attributed to the prosodic stress that is placed on the last syllable ( unless it is a schwa , when it is the second - last ) of any string of words in that language . Thus , it is on the last syllable of a word analyzed in isolation . The situation is similar in Standard Chinese . French ( some authors add Chinese ) can be considered to have no real lexical stress . Languages in which the position of stress in a word is less predictable are said to have variable stress like English , Russian , Italian , Portuguese and Spanish . Stress is usually truly lexical and must be memorized as part of the pronunciation of an individual word . In some languages , such as in Spanish , in Portuguese , in Lakota and , to some extent in Italian , stress is even represented in writing using diacritical marks , for example in the Spanish words célebre and celebré . In Russian , diacritical marks are sometimes written for people learning the language , whether as a first or second language . In such languages with variable stress , stress may be phonemic in that it can serve to distinguish otherwise identical words . For example , the English words insight and incite are distinguished in pronunciation only by the fact that the stress falls on the first syllable in the former and on the second syllable in the latter . Other examples include umschreiben ( `` rewrite '' ) vs. umschreiben ( `` paraphrase , outline '' ) in German , за́мок ( `` castle '' ) vs. замо́к ( `` lock '' ) in Russian , and ancora ( `` anchor '' ) , ancora ( `` more , still , yet '' ) in Italian , and the triple example sábia ( `` wise woman '' ) , sabia ( `` know '' ) , sabiá ( `` type of bird '' ) from Portuguese . English compound nouns can change their meaning based on stress , as with paper bág ( a bag made of paper ) and páper bag ( a bag for carrying newspapers ) . Dialects of the same language may have different stress placement . For instance , the English word laboratory is stressed on the second syllable in British English ( labóratory often pronounced `` labóratry '' , the second o being silent ) , but the first syllable in American English , with a secondary stress on the `` tor ' syllable ( láboratory often pronounced `` lábratory '' ) . The Spanish word video is stressed on the first syllable in Spain ( vídeo ) but on the second syllable in the Americas ( vidéo ) . The Portuguese words for Madagascar and the continent Oceania are stressed on the third syllable in European Portuguese ( Madagáscar and Oceânia ) , but on the fourth syllable in Brazilian Portuguese ( Madagascar and Oceania ) . Levels of stress ( edit ) Main article : Secondary stress Some languages are described as having both primary stress and secondary stress . A syllable with secondary stress is stressed relative to unstressed syllables but not as strongly as a syllable with primary stress . As with primary stress , the position of secondary stress may be more or less predictable depending on language . In English , it is not fully predictable : the words organization and accumulation both have primary stress on the fourth syllable , but the secondary stress comes on the first syllable in the former word and on the second syllable in the latter . In some analyses , for example the one found in Chomsky and Halle 's The Sound Pattern of English , English has been described as having four levels of stress : primary , secondary , tertiary , and quaternary , but the treatments often disagree with one another . Peter Ladefoged and other phoneticians have noted that it is possible to describe English with only one degree of stress , as long as unstressed syllables are phonemically distinguished for vowel reduction . They believe that the multiple levels posited for English , whether primary -- secondary or primary -- secondary -- tertiary , are mere phonetic detail and not true phonemic stress , and often , the alleged secondary stress is not characterized by the increase in respiratory activity normally associated with primary stress in English or with all stress in other languages . ( For further detail see Stress and vowel reduction in English . ) Prosodic stress ( edit ) Extra stress ˈˈ ◌ Prosodic stress , or sentence stress , refers to stress patterns that apply at a higher level than the individual word -- namely within a prosodic unit . It may involve a certain natural stress pattern characteristic of a given language , but may also involve the placing of emphasis on particular words because of their relative importance ( contrastive stress ) . An example of a natural prosodic stress pattern is that described for French above ; stress is placed on the final syllable of a string of words ( or if that is a schwa , the next - to - final syllable ) . A similar pattern has been claimed for English ( see § Levels of stress above ) : the traditional distinction between ( lexical ) primary and secondary stress is replaced partly by a prosodic rule stating that the final stressed syllable in a phrase is given additional stress . ( A word spoken alone becomes such a phrase , hence such prosodic stress may appear to be lexical if the pronunciation of words is analyzed in a standalone context rather than within phrases . ) Another type of prosodic stress pattern is quantity sensitivity -- in some languages additional stress tends to be placed on syllables that are longer ( moraically heavy ) . Prosodic stress is also often used pragmatically to emphasize ( focus attention on ) particular words or the ideas associated with them . Doing this can change or clarify the meaning of a sentence ; for example : I did n't take the test yesterday . ( Somebody else did . ) I did n't take the test yesterday . ( I did not take it . ) I did n't take the test yesterday . ( I did something else with it . ) I did n't take the test yesterday . ( I took a different one . ) I did n't take the test yesterday . ( I took something else . ) I did n't take the test yesterday . ( I took it some other day . ) As in the examples above , stress is normally transcribed as italics in printed text or underlining in handwriting . In English , stress is most dramatically realized on focused or accented words . For instance , consider the dialogue `` Is it brunch tomorrow ? '' `` No , it 's dinner tomorrow . '' In it , the stress - related acoustic differences between the syllables of `` tomorrow '' would be small compared to the differences between the syllables of `` dinner '' , the emphasized word . In these emphasized words , stressed syllables such as `` din '' in `` dinner '' are louder and longer . They may also have a different fundamental frequency , or other properties . The main stress within a sentence , often found on the last stressed word , is called the nuclear stress . Stress and vowel reduction ( edit ) In many languages , such as Russian and English , vowel reduction may occur when a vowel changes from a stressed to an unstressed position . In English , unstressed vowels may reduce to schwa - like vowels , though the details vary with dialect ( see Stress and vowel reduction in English ) . The effect may be dependent on lexical stress ( for example , the unstressed first syllable of the word photographer contains a schwa / fəˈtɒɡrəfər / , whereas the stressed first syllable of photograph does not / ˈfoʊtəˌgræf - grɑːf / ) , or on prosodic stress ( for example , the word of is pronounced with a schwa when it is unstressed within a sentence , but not when it is stressed ) . Many other languages , such as Finnish and the mainstream dialects of Spanish , do not have unstressed vowel reduction ; in these languages vowels in unstressed syllables have nearly the same quality as those in stressed syllables . Stress and rhythm ( edit ) Some languages , such as English , are said to be stress - timed languages ; that is , stressed syllables appear at a roughly constant rate and non-stressed syllables are shortened to accommodate this . This contrasts with languages that have syllable timing ( e.g. Spanish ) or mora timing ( e.g. Japanese ) , where syllables or moras are spoken at a roughly constant rate regardless of stress . For details , see Isochrony . Historical effects of stress ( edit ) It is common for stressed and unstressed syllables to behave differently as a language evolves . For example , in the Romance languages , the original Latin short vowels / e / and / o / have often become diphthongs when stressed . Since stress takes part in verb conjugation , this has produced verbs with vowel alternation in the Romance languages . For example , the Spanish verb volver has the form volví in the past tense but vuelvo in the present tense ( see Spanish irregular verbs ) . Italian shows the same phenomenon but with / o / alternating with / uo / instead . This behavior is not confined to verbs ; note for example Spanish viento `` wind '' from Latin ventum , or Italian fuoco `` fire '' from Latin focum . Stress `` deafness '' ( edit ) An operational definition of word stress may be provided by the stress `` deafness '' paradigm . The idea is that if listeners perform poorly on reproducing the presentation order of series of stimuli that minimally differ in the position of phonetic prominence ( e.g. ( númi ) / ( numí ) ) , the language does n't have word stress . The task involves a reproduction of the order of stimuli as a sequence of key strokes , whereby key ' 1 ' is associated with one stress location ( e.g. ( númi ) ) and key ' 2 ' with the other ( e.g. ( numí ) ) . A trial may be from 2 to 6 stimuli in length . Thus , the order ( númi - númi - numí - númi ) is to be reproduced as ' 1121 ' . It was found that listeners whose native language was French performed significantly worse than Spanish listeners in reproducing the stress patterns by key strokes . The explanation is that Spanish has lexically contrastive stress , as evidenced by the minimal pairs like tópo ( `` mole '' ) and topó ( `` met '' ) , while in French , stress does not convey lexical information and there is no equivalent of stress minimal pairs as in Spanish . Spelling and notation for stress ( edit ) The orthographies of some languages include devices for indicating the position of lexical stress . Some examples are listed below : In Modern Greek , all polysyllables are written with an acute accent over the vowel of the stressed syllable . ( The acute accent is also used on some monosyllables in order to distinguish homographs , as in η ( `` the '' ) and ή ( `` or '' ) ; here the stress of the two words is the same . ) In Spanish orthography , stress may be written explicitly with a single acute accent on a vowel . Stressed antepenultimate syllables are always written with this accent mark , as in árabe . If the last syllable is stressed , the accent mark is used if the word ends in the letters n , s , or a vowel , as in está . If the penultimate syllable is stressed , the accent is used if the word ends in any other letter , as in cárcel . That is , if a word is written without an accent mark , the stress is on the penult if the last letter is a vowel , n , or s , but on the final syllable if the word ends in any other letter . However , as in Greek , the acute accent is also used for some words to distinguish various syntactical uses ( e.g. té `` tea '' vs. te a form of the pronoun tú ; dónde `` where '' as a pronoun or wh - complement , donde `` where '' as an adverb ) . For more information , see Stress in Spanish . In Portuguese , stress is sometimes indicated explicitly with an acute accent ( for i , u , and open a , e , o ) , or circumflex ( for close a , e , o ) . The orthography has an extensive set of rules that describe the placement of diacritics , based on the position of the stressed syllable and the surrounding letters . In Italian , the grave accent is needed in words ending with an accented vowel , e.g. città , `` city '' , and in some monosyllabic words that might otherwise be confused with other words , like là ( `` there '' ) and la ( `` the '' ) . It is optional for it to be written on any vowel if there is a possibility of misunderstanding , such as condomìni ( `` condominiums '' ) and condòmini ( `` joint owners '' ) . See Italian alphabet § Diacritics . Though not part of normal orthography , a number of devices exist that are used by linguists and others to indicate the position of stress ( and syllabification in some cases ) when it is desirable to do so . Some of these are listed here . In the International Phonetic Alphabet ( IPA ) , primary stress is indicated by a high vertical line before the stressed element , secondary stress by a low vertical line . For example , ( sɪˌlæbəfɪˈkeɪʃən ) or / sɪˌlæbəfɪˈkeɪʃən / . Extra stress can be indicated by doubling the symbol : ˈˈ ◌ . Most commonly , the stress mark is placed before the beginning of the stressed syllable , where a syllable is definable . However , it is occasionally placed immediately before the vowel . Linguists frequently mark primary stress with an acute accent over the vowel , and secondary stress by a grave accent . Example : ( sɪlæ̀bəfɪkéɪʃən ) or / sɪlæ̀bəfɪkéɪʃən / . This has the advantage that it does not require a decision about syllable boundaries . In English dictionaries that show pronunciation by respelling , stress is typically marked with a prime mark placed after the stressed syllable : / si - lab ′ - ə - fi - kay ′ - shən / . In ad hoc pronunciation guides , stress is often indicated using a combination of bold text and capital letters . For example , si - lab - if - i - KAY - shun or si - LAB - if - i - KAY - shun In Russian and Ukrainian dictionaries , stress is indicated with an acute accent ( ́ ) on a syllable 's vowel ( example : вимовля́ння ) or , in other editions , an apostrophe just after it ( example : гла'сная ) . Stressing is rare in general texts , but is still used when necessary : compare за́мок ( castle ) and замо́к ( lock ) . Stress marks are generally used only in materials for foreign learners of the language . In Dutch , ad hoc indication of stress is usually marked by an acute accent on the vowel ( or , in the case of a diphthong or double vowel , the first two vowels ) of the stressed syllable . Compare achterúítgang ( deterioration ) and áchteruitgang ( back exit ) . In Biblical Hebrew , a complex system of cantillation marks is used to mark stress , as well as verse syntax and the melody according to which the verse is chanted in ceremonial Bible reading . In Modern Hebrew , there is no standardized way to mark the stress . Most often , the cantillation mark oleh ( part of oleh ve - yored ) , which looks like a left - pointing arrow above the consonant of the stressed syllable , for example ב֫וקר bóker ( morning ) as opposed to בוק֫ר bokér ( cowboy ) . This mark is usually used in books by the Academy of the Hebrew Language , and it is available on the standard Hebrew keyboard at AltGr - 6 . In some books other marks , such as meteg , are used . See also ( edit ) Accent ( poetry ) Accent ( music ) Foot ( prosody ) Initial - stress - derived noun Pitch accent ( intonation ) Pitch - accent language Rhythm Syllable weight References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fry , D.B. ( 1955 ) . `` Duration and intensity as physical correlates of linguistic stress . Journal of the Acoustical Society of America '' . Journal of the Acoustical Society of America . 27 : 765 -- 768 . Jump up ^ Fry , D.B. ( 1958 ) . `` Experiments in the perception of stress '' . Language and Speech. 1 : 126 -- 152 . ^ Jump up to : G.H. Monrad - Krohn , `` The prosodic quality of speech and its disorders ( a brief survey from a neurologist 's point of view ) '' , Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , vol. 22 , issue 3 - 4 , pp. 255 - 269 . Jump up ^ Kochanski , G. , Shih , C. , Jing , H. ; Quantitative Measurement of Prosodic Strength in Mandarin , Speech Communication 41 ( 4 ) , November 2003 , doi : 10.1016 / S0167 - 6393 ( 03 ) 00100 - 6 Jump up ^ Mirakyan , Norayr ( 2016 ) . `` The Implications of Prosodic Differences Between English and Armenian '' ( PDF ) . Collection of Scientific Articles of YSU SSS . YSU Press . 1.3 ( 13 ) : 91 -- 96 . Jump up ^ San Duanmu ( 2000 ) , The Phonology of Standard Chinese , Oxford University Press , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Ladefoged ( 1975 etc . ) A course in phonetics § 5.4 ; ( 1980 ) Preliminaries to linguistic phonetics p 83 Jump up ^ M.E. Beckman , Stress and Non-Stress Accent , Dordrecht : Foris ( 1986 ) ISBN 90 - 6765 - 243 - 1 Jump up ^ R. Silipo and S. Greenberg , Automatic Transcription of Prosodic Stress for Spontaneous English Discourse , Proceedings of the XIVth International Congress of Phonetic Sciences ( ICPhS99 ) , San Francisco , CA , August 1999 , pages 2351 -- 2354 Jump up ^ G. Kochanski , E. Grabe , J. Coleman and B. Rosner , Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , volume 118 , number 2 , pages 1038 -- 1054 , doi : 10.1121 / 1.1923349 Jump up ^ Iggy Roca , Thematic Structure : Its Role in Grammar , Walter de Gruyter 1992 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Dupoux , Emmanuel ; Peperkamp , Sharon ; Sebastián - Gallés , Núria ( 2001 - 09 - 01 ) . `` A robust method to study stress `` deafness '' `` . The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America . 110 ( 3 ) : 1606 -- 1618 . doi : 10.1121 / 1.1380437 . ISSN 0001 - 4966 . Jump up ^ Payne , E.M. ( 2005 ) `` Phonetic variation in Italian consonant gemination '' , Journal of the International Phonetic Association , 35 : 153 -- 181 . Jump up ^ Dalʹ , Vladimir Ivanovich ( 1903 ) . Tolkovyĭ Slovarʹ Zhivogo Velikorusskago I︠a︡zyka . I.A. Boduėna - de-Kurtene ( ed . ) ( 3. , ispr . i znachitel'no dop . izd ed . ) . Sankt - Peterburg : Izd . T - va M.O. Vol'f . p. 4 . External links ( edit ) Feet and Metrical Stress ( The Cambridge Handbook of Phonology ) Word stress in English The six fundamental rules Word Stress rules based on affixation Suprasegmentals Timing Syllable Mora Metrical foot Vowel reduction Tone Tone contour Pitch accent Register Downstep Upstep Downdrift Tone terracing Floating tone Tone sandhi Tone letter Stress Secondary stress Vowel reduction Accent Length Chroneme Gemination Vowel length Extra-short Prosody Intonation ( pitch ) Pitch contour Pitch reset Stress Rhythm Loudness Prosodic unit Pausa Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stress_(linguistics)&oldid=865617413 '' Categories : Phonetics Stress ( linguistics ) Phonology Poetic rhythm Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego Ido Interlingua Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Kiswahili Latina Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русиньскый Русский Seeltersk Sicilianu Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Võro Walon 中文 43 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2018 , at 02 : 01 ( UTC ) . 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what do the colours on the olympic rings represent

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Olympic_symbols&oldid=814761370

Olympic symbols - wikipedia Olympic symbols Jump to : navigation , search Olympic Games Main topics Bids Boycotts Ceremonies Charter Host cities IFs IOC Medal Medal tables Medalists NOCs Pierre de Coubertin medal Scandals and controversies Sports Symbols Torch relays Venues Games Summer Winter Summer Paralympic Winter Paralympic Deaflympics Youth Special American Asian Pacific African European Ancient Intercalated The Olympic symbols are icons , flags and symbols used by the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) to elevate the Olympic Games . Some -- such as the flame , fanfare , and theme -- are more commonly used during Olympic competition , but others , such as the flags , can be seen throughout the years . Contents ( hide ) 1 Motto 2 Rings 3 Flag 3.1 Specific flags 3.1. 1 Antwerp flag 3.1. 2 Oslo flag 3.1. 3 Seoul flag 3.1. 4 Rio flag 3.1. 5 Singapore flag 4 Flame and torch relay 5 Medals 6 Anthems 7 Kotinos 8 Olympic salute 9 Mascots 10 Intellectual property 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Motto ( edit ) The Olympic motto is the hendiatris Citius , Altius , Fortius , which is Latin for `` Faster , Higher , Stronger '' . It was proposed by Pierre de Coubertin upon the creation of the International Olympic Committee in 1894 . Coubertin borrowed it from his friend Henri Didon , a Dominican priest who was an athletics enthusiast . Coubertin said `` These three words represent a programme of moral beauty . The aesthetics of sport are intangible . '' The motto was introduced in 1924 at the Olympic Games in Paris . A more informal but well - known motto , also introduced by Coubertin , is `` The most important thing is not to win but to take part ! '' Coubertin got this motto from a sermon by the Bishop of Pennsylvania during the 1908 London Games . Rings ( edit ) The five - ringed symbol of the Olympic Games . The rings are five interlocking rings , colored blue , yellow , black , green and red on a white field , known as the `` Olympic rings '' . The symbol was originally designed in 1912 by Baron Pierre de Coubertin , co-founder of the modern Olympic Games . He appears to have intended the rings to represent the five participating continents : Africa , Asia , America , Australia and Europe . According to Coubertin , the colors of the rings together with the white of the background included the colors composing every competing nation 's flag at the time . Upon its initial introduction , Coubertin stated the following in the August 1912 edition of Olympique : ... the six colors ( including the flag 's white background ) combined in this way reproduce the colours of every country without exception . The blue and yellow of Sweden , the blue and white of Greece , the tricolor flags of France , England , the United States , Germany , Belgium , Italy and Hungary , and the yellow and red of Spain are included , as are the innovative flags of Brazil and Australia , and those of ancient Japan and modern China . This , truly , is an international emblem . In his article published in the Olympic Revue the official magazine of the International Olympic Committee in November 1992 , the American historian Robert Barney explains that the idea of the interlaced rings came to Pierre de Coubertin when he was in charge of the USFSA , an association founded by the union of two French sports associations and until 1925 , responsible for representing the International Olympic Committee in France : The emblem of the union was two interlaced rings ( like the vesica piscis typical interlaced marriage rings ) and originally the idea of Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung : for him , the ring symbolized continuity and the human being . The 1914 Congress was suspended due to the outbreak of World War I , but the symbol and flag were later adopted . They would first officially debut at the Games of the VII Olympiad in Antwerp , Belgium in 1920 . The symbol 's popularity and widespread use began during the lead - up to the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin . Carl Diem , president of the Organizing Committee of the 1936 Summer Olympics , wanted to hold a torchbearers ' ceremony in the stadium at Delphi , site of the famous oracle , where the Pythian Games were also held . For this reason he ordered construction of a milestone with the Olympic rings carved in the sides , and that a torchbearer should carry the flame along with an escort of three others from there to Berlin . The ceremony was celebrated but the stone was never removed . Later , two American authors , Lynn and Gray Poole , when visiting Delphi in the late 1950s , saw the stone and reported in their History of the Ancient Games that the Olympic rings design came from ancient Greece . This has become known as `` Carl Diem 's Stone '' . This created a myth that the symbol had an ancient Greek origin . The current view of the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) is that the symbol `` reinforces the idea '' that the Olympic Movement is international and welcomes all countries of the world to join . As can be read in the Olympic Charter , the Olympic symbol represents the union of the `` five continents '' of the world and the meeting of athletes from throughout the world at the Olympic Games . However , no continent is represented by any specific ring . Prior to 1951 , the official handbook stated that each color corresponded to a particular continent : blue for Europe , yellow for Asia , black for Africa , green for Australia and Oceania and red for the Americas ; this was removed because there was no evidence that Coubertin had intended it ( the quotation above was probably an afterthought ) . Nevertheless , the logo of the Association of National Olympic Committees places the logo of each of its five continental associations inside the ring of the corresponding color . Flag ( edit ) The Olympic flag . The Olympic flag flying in Victoria , Canada in recognition of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver The Olympic flag was created by Pierre de Coubertin in 1914 . The Olympic flag has a white background , with five interlaced rings in the centre : blue , yellow , black , green and red . This design is symbolic ; it represents the five continents of the world , united by Olympism , while the six colours are those that appear on all the national flags of the world at the present time . -- Pierre de Coubertin ( 1931 ) Specific flags ( edit ) There are specific Olympic flags that are displayed by cities that will be hosting the next Olympic games . During each Olympic closing ceremony in what is traditionally known as the Antwerp Ceremony , the flag is passed from the mayor of one host city to the next host , where it will then be taken to the new host and displayed at city hall . These flags should not be confused with the larger Olympic flags designed and created specifically for each games , which are flown over the host stadium and then retired . Because there is no specific flag for this purpose , the flags flown over the stadiums generally have subtle differences , including minor color variations , and , more noticeably , the presence ( or lack ) of white outlines around each ring . Antwerp flag ( edit ) The first Olympic flag was presented to the IOC at the 1920 Summer Olympics by the city of Antwerp , Belgium . At the end of the Games , the flag could not be found and a new Olympic flag had to be made for the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris . Despite it being a replacement , the IOC officially still calls this the `` Antwerp Flag '' instead of the `` Paris Flag '' . It was passed on to the next organizing city of the Summer Olympics or Winter Olympics until the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo , Norway when a separate Olympic flag was created to be used only at the Winter Olympics ( see below ) . The 1924 flag then continued to be used at the Summer Olympics until the Games of Seoul 1988 when it was retired . In 1997 , at a banquet hosted by the US Olympic Committee , a reporter was interviewing Hal Haig Prieste who had won a bronze medal in platform diving as a member of the 1920 US Olympic team . The reporter mentioned that the IOC had not been able to find out what had happened to the original Olympic flag . `` I can help you with that , '' Prieste said , `` It 's in my suitcase . '' At the end of the Antwerp Olympics , spurred on by teammate Duke Kahanamoku , he climbed a flagpole and stole the Olympic flag . For 77 years the flag was stored away in the bottom of his suitcase . The flag was returned to the IOC by Prieste , by then 103 years old , in a special ceremony held at the 2000 Games in Sydney . The original Antwerp Flag is now on display at the Olympic Museum in Lausanne , Switzerland , with a plaque thanking him for donating it . Oslo flag ( edit ) The Oslo flag was presented to the IOC by the mayor of Oslo , Norway during the 1952 Winter Olympics . Since then , it has been passed to the next organizing city for the Winter Olympics . Currently , the actual Oslo flag is kept preserved in a special box , and a replica has been used during recent closing ceremonies instead . Seoul flag ( edit ) Flag of South Korea alongside an Olympic Flag in Olympic Park , Seoul As a successor to the Antwerp Flag , the Seoul flag was presented to the IOC at the 1988 Summer Olympics by the city of Seoul , South Korea , and has since then been passed on to the next organizing city of the Summer Olympics . The Seoul flag is currently on display at the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building . Rio flag ( edit ) As a successor to the Seoul Flag , the Rio flag was presented to the IOC at the 2016 Summer Olympics by the city of Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , and has since then been passed on to the next organizing city of the Summer Olympics . Singapore flag ( edit ) For the inaugural Youth Olympic Games , an Olympic flag was created for the junior version of the Games . The flag is similar to the Olympic flag , but has the host city and year on it and was first presented to Singapore by IOC President Jacques Rogge . During the closing ceremony on 26 August 2010 , Singapore officials presented it to the next organizing committee , Nanjing 2014 . Flame and torch relay ( edit ) Main article : Olympic flame The modern tradition of moving the Olympic Flame via a relay system from Greece to the Olympic venue began with the Berlin Games in 1936 . Months before the Games are held , the Olympic Flame is lit on a torch , with the rays of the Sun concentrated by a parabolic reflector , at the site of the Ancient Olympics in Olympia , Greece . The torch is then taken out of Greece , most often to be taken around the country or continent where the Games are held . The Olympic torch is carried by athletes , leaders , celebrities , and ordinary people alike , and at times in unusual conditions , such as being electronically transmitted via satellite for Montreal 1976 , submerged underwater without being extinguished for Sydney 2000 , or in space and at the North Pole for Sochi 2014 . On the final day of the torch relay , the day of the Opening Ceremony , the Flame reaches the main stadium and is used to light a cauldron situated in a prominent part of the venue to signify the beginning of the Games . Medals ( edit ) The Olympic medals awarded to winners are another symbol associated with the Olympic games . The medals are made of gold - plated silver ( commonly described as gold medals ) , silver , or bronze , and awarded to the top 3 finishers in a particular event . Each medal for an Olympiad has a common design , decided upon by the organizers for the particular games . From 1928 until 2000 , the obverse side of the medals contained an image of Nike , the traditional goddess of victory , holding a palm in her left hand and a winner 's crown in her right . This design was created by Giuseppe Cassioli . For each Olympic games , the reverse side as well as the labels for each Olympiad changed , reflecting the host of the games . In 2004 , the obverse side of the medals changed to make more explicit reference to the Greek character of the games . In this design , the goddess Nike flies into the Panathenic stadium , reflecting the renewal of the games . The design was by Greek jewelry designer Elena Votsi . Olympic diplomas are given to competitors placing fourth , fifth , and sixth since 1949 , and to competitors placing seventh and eighth since 1981 . Anthems ( edit ) Main article : Olympic Hymn The Olympic Hymn , officially known as the Olympic Anthem , is played when the Olympic Flag is raised . It is a musical piece composed by Spyridon Samaras with words written from a poem of the Greek poet and writer Kostis Palamas . Both the poet and the composer were the choice of Demetrius Vikelas , a Greek Pro-European and the first President of the IOC . The anthem was performed for the first time for the ceremony of opening of the 1896 Athens Olympic Games but was n't declared the official hymn by the IOC until 1957 . In the following years , every hosting nation commissioned the composition of a specific Olympic hymn for their own edition of the Games until the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome . Other notable Olympic anthems and fanfares include : The composer of the 1952 Olympic Fanfare , Aarre Merikanto , at Helsinki Olympic Stadium during the games . Olympische Hymne : A composition for orchestra and mixed chorus composed by Richard Strauss for the 1936 Berlin Summer Olympics . The Olympic Fanfare for the 1952 Helsinki Summer Olympics was originally composed by Aarre Merikanto for the 1940 Summer Olympics , which were cancelled . Merikanto 's Fanfare won the fanfare contest organized in Finland in 1939 , but the score was lost over a decade ; when rediscovered in 1951 , it was decided to use this Fanfare in 1952 . The popular Fanfare was recorded in 1953 . Bugler 's Dream : Written in 1958 by Leo Arnaud as part of his Charge Suite , the theme is often thought of by Americans as the `` Olympic theme '' due to its usage in television coverage by ABC and NBC , starting with the 1964 Olympics . The Olympic March : The theme written by Yūji Koseki for the Tokyo 1964 Summer Olympics theme song . Olympic Fanfare 1972 : The winning submission for the Munich 1972 Summer Olympics theme song , used as the TV signature tune of the German Olympic Center ( Deutsches Olympia - Zentrum , DOZ ) and the prelude to the medal ceremonies , composed by Herbert Rehbein . It was performed by the Orchestra of the Bavarian Broadcasting Company ( Orchester des Bayerischen Rundfunks ) and members of the Air Force Band Neubiberg , conducted by Willy Mattes . Olympic Fanfare and Theme : Composed by John Williams for the Los Angeles 1984 Summer Olympics , the theme was performed in the opening ceremonies by the United States Army Herald Trumpets conducted by then - Captain David Deitrick . The first recording , performed by an orchestra composed of Los Angeles - area musicians , was released in its entirety on the LP and cassette album The Official Music of the XXIIIrd Olympiad Los Angeles 1984 , with a concurrent Japan - only CD release ( which went on to win a Grammy in 1985 ) . A slightly different arrangement of the piece was released on the Philips album By Request : The Best of John Williams and the Boston Pops Orchestra . In 1996 , an alternate version of `` Olympic Fanfare and Theme '' was released on the album Summon the Heroes for the Atlanta Olympic Games , replacing the first part of the piece with Arnaud 's Bugler 's Dream . The theme was also used in closing ceremony of the 2010 Olympic Games , as the nations ' flagbearers entered BC Place Stadium surrounding the Olympic Flame and when the Olympic Flag was brought into the stadium by Vancouver mayor Gregor Robertson . The Olympic Spirit : The theme written by John Williams for the 1988 Olympics in Seoul and used in the corresponding NBC broadcasts . Summon the Heroes : The theme written by John Williams for the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta . The Adventures of Brisco County , Jr. : The theme song to this television show , composed by Randy Edelman , has been used by NBC for its television broadcasts since the 1996 Summer Olympics . Call of the Champions : The theme written by John Williams for the 2002 Salt Lake Winter Olympics . Several other composers have contributed Olympic music during the years , including Henry Mancini , Francis Lai , Marvin Hamlisch , Philip Glass , David Foster , Mikis Theodorakis , Ryuichi Sakamoto , Vangelis , Basil Poledouris , Michael Kamen , and Mark Watters . Kotinos ( edit ) Main article : Olive wreath The kotinos ( Greek : κότινος ) , is an olive branch , originally of wild olive - tree , intertwined to form a circle or a horse - shoe , introduced by Heracles . In the ancient Olympic Games there were no gold , silver , or bronze medals . There was only one winner per event , crowned with an olive wreath made of wild olive leaves from a sacred tree near the temple of Zeus at Olympia . Aristophanes in Plutus makes a sensible remark why victorious athletes are crowned with wreath made of wild olive instead of gold . The victorious athletes were honored , feted , and praised . Their deeds were heralded and chronicled so that future generations could appreciate their accomplishments . Herodotus describes the following story which is relevant to the olive wreath . Xerxes was interrogating some Arcadians after the Battle of Thermopylae . He inquired why there were so few Greek men defending the Thermopylae . The answer was `` All other men are participating in the Olympic Games '' . And when asked `` What is the prize for the winner ? '' , `` An olive - wreath '' came the answer . Then Tigranes , one of his generals uttered a most noble saying : `` Good heavens ! Mardonius , what kind of men are these against whom you have brought us to fight ? Men who do not compete for possessions , but for honour . '' However , in later times , this was not their only reward ; the athlete was rewarded with a generous sum of money by his country . The kotinos tradition was renewed specifically for the Athens 2004 Games , although in this case it was bestowed together with the gold medal . Apart from its use in the awards - ceremonies , the kotinos was chosen as the 2004 Summer Olympics emblem . Olympic salute ( edit ) The Olympic Salute sculpted by Gra Rueb , sculpted for the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam . The Olympic salute is a variant of the Roman salute , with the right arm and hand are stretched and pointing upward , the palm is outward and downward , with the fingers touching . However , unlike the Roman Salute , the arm is raised higher and at an angle to the right from the shoulder. The greeting is visible on the official posters of the games at Paris 1924 and Berlin 1936 . The Olympic salute has fallen out of use since World War II because of its strong resemblance to the Nazi salute . Mascots ( edit ) See also : List of Olympic mascots Since the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble , France , the Olympic Games have had a mascot , usually an animal native to the area or occasionally human figures representing the cultural heritage . The first major mascot in the Olympic Games was Misha in the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow . Misha was used extensively during the opening and closing ceremonies , had a TV animated cartoon and appeared on several merchandise products . Nowadays , most of the merchandise aimed at young people focuses on the mascots , rather than the Olympic flag or organization logos . Intellectual property ( edit ) The Olympic Movement is very protective of its symbols ; as many jurisdictions have given the movement exclusive rights to any interlocking arrangement of five rings , and usage of the word `` Olympic '' under trademark statutes . ( The rings themselves are not eligible for copyright , both because of their date of creation and because five circles arranged in a pattern do not reach the threshold of originality required for copyright to be invoked . ) They have taken action against numerous groups alleged to have violated this trademark , including the Gay Games ; the Minneapolis - based band The Hopefuls , formerly The Olympic Hopefuls ; Redneck Olympics or Redneck Games ; Awana Clubs International , a Christian youth ministry who used the term for its competitive games ; and Wizards of the Coast , publisher at the time of the IOC 's complaint of the card game Legend of the Five Rings . But a few companies have been successful in using the Olympic name , such as Olympic Paint , which even has a paintbrush in the form of a torch as its logo , and the former Greek airline Olympic Airlines . Norwegian brewery Frydenlund designed a label with the five Olympic rings on the brewery 's root beer , patenting the label in 1938 . In 1952 , when Norway was to arrange the Winter Olympics , the Olympic Committee was notified by Norway 's Patent Office that it was Frydenlund who owned the rights to the rings . Today , the brewery Ringnes AS owns the rights to continue the tradition with the five rings on its root beer . Certain other sporting organizations and events have been granted permission by the IOC to use the word `` Olympics '' in their name , such as Special Olympics , an international sporting event held every four years for people with intellectual disabilities . In recent years , organizing committees have also demanded the passing of laws to combat ambush marketing by non-official sponsors during the Games ( such as the London Olympic Games and Paralympic Games Act 2006 ) , putting heavy restrictions on using any term or imagery that could constitute an unauthorized association with the games , including mere mentioning of the host city , the year , and others . See also ( edit ) Paralympic symbols Pierre de Coubertin medal Olympiadane References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` What is the Olympic motto ? '' . International Olympic Committee . 2013 . Archived from the original on 18 September 2015 . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Opening Ceremony '' ( pdf ) . International Olympic Committee . 2002 . p. 3 . Retrieved 23 August 2012 . ; `` Sport athlétique '' , 14 mars 1891 : `` ( ... ) dans une éloquente allocution il a souhaité que ce drapeau les conduise ' souvent à la victoire , à la lutte toujours ' . Il a dit qu'il leur donnait pour devise ces trois mots qui sont le fondement et la raison d'être des sports athlétiques : citius , altius , fortius , ' plus vite , plus haut , plus fort ' . '' , cited in Hoffmane , Simone La carrière du père Didon , Dominicain. 1840 - 1900 , Doctoral thesis , Université de Paris IV -- Sorbonne , 1985 , p. 926 ; cf . Michaela Lochmann , Les fondements pédagogiques de la devise olympique `` citius , altius , fortius `` Jump up ^ Games of the VIII Olympiad - Paris 1924 Archived 3 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Olympic Summer Games '' ( PDF ) . International Olympic Committee . October 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 September 2015 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Lennartz , Karl ( 2002 ) . `` The Story of the Rings '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Olympic History . 10 : 32 . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Lennartz , Karl ( 2002 ) . `` The Story of the Rings '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Olympic History . 10 : 31 . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . De plus les six couleurs ainsi combinées reproduisent celles de toutes les nations sans exception . Le bleu et jaune de Suède , le bleu et blanc de Grèce , les tricolores français , anglais , américain , allemand , belge , italien , hongrois , le jaune et rouge d'Espagne voisinent avec les innovations brésilienne ou australienne , avec le vieux Japon et la jeune Chine . Voilà vraiment un emblème international . Jump up ^ Robert Knight Barney ( November 1992 ) . `` This Great Symbol '' ( PDF ) . Olympic Review ( 301 ) . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Findling , John E. ; Pele , Kimberly D. , eds. ( 30 March 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement . Greenwood Press . pp. 65 , 75 . ISBN 978 - 0313322785 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Poole , Lynn ; Poole , Gray Johnson ( 1963 - 01 - 01 ) . History of ancient Olympic games , . New York : I. Obolensky . Jump up ^ `` Logos & Mascots '' . 27 February 2007 . Retrieved 18 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Olympic symbols '' ( PDF ) . IOC. 2002 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 March 2007 . Retrieved 18 March 2007 . ( Broken link ) Jump up ^ `` Decision adopted by the Executive Committee '' ( PDF ) . Bulletin du Comité International Olympique ( Olympic Review ) . Lausanne : IOC ( 25 ) : 32 . January 1951 . Jump up ^ `` The Olympic Flag '' . Extract from : Textes choisis II , p. 470 . ( written in 1931 ) . Archived from the original on 28 August 2008 . Retrieved 29 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Charter '' ( PDF ) . The International Olympic Committee . 2 August 2015 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vancouver 2010 : The Olympic Flags the Closing Ceremony of the Los Angeles 1984 Olympic Games , the flag was passed on to the next Olympic Games city , Seoul , and then retired . ( emphasis added ) '' . Retrieved 1 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( 12 September 2000 ) . `` Missing Flag Returns to Glory , Courtesy of a Prankster '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 20 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Después de ochenta años le remordió la conciencia '' ( After Eighty Years , Conscience Kicked Him ) ( in Spanish ) . Montevideo : La Red21 Radio . 12 September 2000 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vancouver 2010 : The Olympic Flags and Emblem '' . Retrieved 1 March 2010 . Because it is so precious , and must be preserved for years to come , the Oslo flag is not used during the actual Closing Ceremony . Instead , a replica flag is traditionally used . Jump up ^ `` Vancouver 2010 : The Olympic Flags and Emblem '' . Retrieved 1 March 2010 . The successor to the Antwerp Flag , the Seoul flag was presented to the IOC at the 1988 Olympic Games by the city of Seoul , South Korea . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Flag arrives in Tokyo ahead of 2020 Games '' . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . Rio Mayor Eduardo Paes handed the Flag over to Tokyo Governor Yuriko Koike during the Rio 2016 Closing Ceremony at the Maracanã Stadium on Sunday ( August 21 ) . Jump up ^ `` Singapore 2010 Presented With Special Olympic Flag '' . Gamebids.com. 13 August 2010 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` S'pore presented with special Olympic flag '' . Channel NewsAsia. 13 August 2010 . Archived from the original on 28 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic flag handed to mayor of Nanjing '' . Sina Corp. 27 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Juergen Wagner ( 2 July 2003 ) . `` Olympic Games Winner Medal 2004 '' . Olympic-museum.de . Archived from the original on 11 January 2011 . Retrieved 31 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Heikinheimo , Seppo ( 1985 ) . Aarre Merikanto : Säveltäjänkohtalo itsenäisessä Suomessa ( Aarre Merikanto : The fate of the composer in independent Finland ) ( in Finnish ) . Helsinki : WSOY . pp. 465 , 467 , 473 , 479 . ISBN 978 - 9510133194 . Jump up ^ `` Herbert Rehbein '' . Songwriters Hall of Fame . 1993 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Guegold , William K. ( June 1996 ) . 100 Years of Olympic Music ( Music and Musicians of the Modern Olympic Games 1896 - 1996 ) . Golden Clef Publishing . pp. 56 -- 58 . ISBN 978 - 0965237109 . Jump up ^ `` The John Williams Web Pages : Olympic Fanfare and Theme '' . Johnwilliams.org . Retrieved 31 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ( 1940 ) . κότινος ( Olive Branch ) . A Greek -- English Lexicon ( in Greek ) . Clarendon Press . Jump up ^ Pausanias , Description of Greece , 5.7. 7 Jump up ^ Aristophanes , Plutus , 585 . Jump up ^ Herodotus , The Histories , Hdt . 8.26 ^ Jump up to : Droit , Jean ( 1924 ) . `` Paris 1924 - Jeux Olympiques '' . Olympic Games Museum . Retrieved 15 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Schaap , Jeremy ( 2007 ) . Triumph : the untold story of Jesse Owens and Hitler 's Olympics . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . pp. 163 -- 166 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 68822 - 7 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Games 1936 Berlin : Poster '' . Olympic Games Museum . 1936 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Olympic Salute Stopped Being Popularly Used After WWII Due to Strongly Resembling the `` Heil Hitler '' Salute `` . Today I Found Out . 2012 - 08 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian Patent Office record of the Frydenlund patent , showing the design '' . 1 November 1938 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Ringnes is the family name of the company 's founders . Jump up ^ Anderson , Steve ( 18 July 2012 ) . `` The Debate : Have Olympic sponsorship regulations gone too far ? '' . The Debate ( blog ) ( The Independent ) . London . Archived from the original on 21 July 2012 . Retrieved 21 July 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Feargus ( 13 June 2012 ) . `` The Pettiness of Olympic Branding '' . The Atlantic . Washington D.C . Retrieved 21 July 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Olympic symbols . PBS The Real Olympics , 2004 . the Raising of the Olympic flag in London , 26 September 2008 Olympic Files - Mascots ( in Russian ) Bear Cub Misha Lover 's Association , 1980 Summer Olympics mascot Misha 's fan page ( in Japanese ) ( hide ) Olympic symbols Olympic emblem Olympic flag Olympic flame Final torchbearers Torch relays designs Olympic Hymn Olympic mascot Olympic motto Olympic Oath Olympic Order Olympic poster Olive wreath International Olympic Committee ANOCs IFs NOCs OCOGs Charter Congresses Cup Meetings Members Order Presidents Sports Symbols Olympic Games Ceremonies Charter Participating nations Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Host cities Bids Venues IOC NOCs Country codes Medal Medal tables Medalists Ties Diploma Scandals and controversies Colonialism Doping Sports Symbols Torch relays Pierre de Coubertin medal Women Deaths WWI Summer Games 1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St. Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 Berlin 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 Tokyo 1944 London 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles 2032 TBD Winter Games 1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 Sapporo 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1948 St. Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games Olympics portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olympic_symbols&oldid=814761370 '' Categories : Olympic symbols Olympic movement Sports symbols Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 Greek - language sources ( el ) Use dmy dates from May 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles containing Greek - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Чӑвашла Cymraeg Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Қазақша Latviešu Magyar मैथिली مازِرونی नेपाली 日本 語 Português Русский Српски / srpski Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 December 2017 , at 19 : 51 . 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what is the best height for a soccer player

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Height_in_sports&oldid=833398293

Height in sports - wikipedia Height in sports Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor 's personal feelings about a topic . Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style . ( November 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( November 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( November 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Height can significantly influence success in sports , depending on how the design of the sport is linked to factors that are height - biased due to physics and biology . The balance of the intricate array of links will determine the degree to which height plays a role in success , if any . Advantages for below average height include : ) Greater strength to weight ratio Greater power to weight ratio Faster rotational capability Greater agility Greater balance and lower centre of gravity Lower risk of heat exhaustion Advantages for above average height include : Greater absolute strength Greater work capacity ( force multiplied by distance ) Greater work per unit of time ( Power ) Greater endurance Greater weight Greater reach ( very important in sports such as Basketball and Boxing ) Larger hands ( catching ) Greater visibility Lower resting metabolic rate Lower heart rate Less likely to break bones ( as they are thicker ) Less likely to become dehydrated Contents ( hide ) 1 Amateur wrestling 2 Artistic gymnastics 3 Association football 4 Australian rules football 5 Baseball 6 Basketball 7 Bodybuilding 8 Cricket 9 Cycling 10 Fencing 11 Formula 1 12 Gridiron football 13 Horse racing 14 Ice hockey 15 Judo 16 Mixed martial arts 17 Rowing 18 Rugby football 18.1 Rugby league 18.2 Rugby union 19 Sailing 20 Shooting 21 Sumo 22 Swimming 23 Taekwondo 24 Tennis 25 Volleyball 26 Weightlifting 27 See also 28 References Amateur wrestling ( edit ) Height can be both helpful and detrimental in wrestling . Since taller people have more bone mass , they will generally be slightly weaker than shorter people in the same weight class . This difference is made up in part by their longer arms , which allow them a longer reach and easier cradle . Long legs are detrimental in that they can easily be attacked by a lolly ( shot ) . They do , however , assist in performing some actions and positions such as throwing , sprawling to counter a takedown or riding legs . The heights of amateur wrestlers vary greatly with successful athletes being as short as Sushil Kumar at 1.65 m ( 5 ft 5 in ) and as tall as Alexander Karelin at 1.93 m ( 6 ft 4 in ) . Artistic gymnastics ( edit ) In artistic gymnastics , it is advantageous to be shorter . A lower center of gravity can give an athlete better balance . A smaller athlete may also have an easier time manipulating their body in the air . Association football ( edit ) In association football , or soccer , a player 's height may somewhat determine the position that they play ; however , people of all heights have an equal opportunity to excel professionally at the sport . Goalkeepers , centre backs and `` target '' heading forwards tend to be taller , while players in wide and attacking positions tend to be shorter . A study of the greatest male players in history showed that the distribution of heights approximated the average man and , when also looking at the typical weight distribution , an estimated 95 % of the world 's population would fall into the body type distribution of great footballers . A sample of reasonably select players from ages 11 -- 18 in the United States tended to approximate the height distribution of the population . However , there is an overwhelming tendency for the 11-most picked players in a squad to be shorter than their teammates , which could suggest a bias in the scouting system . For wide and attacking positions , the players are generally relatively shorter . Many of the world class players have been shorter than average and in many cases gained an advantage from their low centre of gravity . Examples include Lorenzo Insigne 1.63 m ( 5 ft 4 in ) , Sebastian Giovinco , Bernard , Ludovic Giuly 1.64 m ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) , Diego Maradona , Marco Verratti , Aaron Lennon 1.65 m ( 5 ft 5 in ) , Shaun Wright - Phillips 1.66 m ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) , Romário , Mathieu Valbuena 1.67 m ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) , Roberto Carlos , Paul Scholes , Claude Makélélé , N'Golo Kanté , Santi Cazorla 1.68 m ( 5 ft 6 in ) , Garrincha , Alexis Sánchez , Pedro 1.69 m ( 5 ft 6 ⁄ in ) , Lionel Messi , Xavi , David Silva , Franck Ribéry , Philipp Lahm 1.70 m ( 5 ft 7 in ) , Andrés Iniesta , Philippe Coutinho 1.71 m ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) , Zico , Luka Modrić , Robinho , Dani Alves 1.72 m ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) , Pelé , Eden Hazard , Sergio Agüero and Michael Owen 1.73 m ( 5 ft 8 in ) . However , height is considered advantageous for forwards who aim to score with their heads . Forwards who are particularly noted for their strength in the air include Lacina Traoré 2.03 m ( 6 ft 8 in ) , Jan Koller , Nikola Žigić 2.02 m ( 6 ft 7 ⁄ in ) , Peter Crouch 2.01 m ( 6 ft 7 in ) , Fernando Llorente and Andy Carroll 1.93 m ( 6 ft 4 in ) . Many of the world 's best forwards and midfielders are taller than average , while still possessing a high all round level of technical ability , such as Zlatan Ibrahimović 1.95 m ( 6 ft 5 in ) , Nemanja Matić 1.94 m ( 6 ft 4 ⁄ in ) , Luca Toni , Patrick Vieira 1.93 m ( 6 ft 4 in ) , Sócrates 1.92 m ( 6 ft 3 ⁄ in ) , Paul Pogba 1.91 m ( 6 ft 3 in ) , Ruud Gullit , Frank Rijkaard , Romelu Lukaku 1.90 m ( 6 ft 3 in ) , Didier Drogba , Yaya Touré , Sergio Busquets 1.89 m ( 6 ft 2 ⁄ in ) , Thierry Henry , Eric Cantona , Robert Pirès , Michael Ballack , Marco van Basten , Ruud van Nistelrooy , Robin van Persie 1.88 m ( 6 ft 2 in ) , Pierre - Emerick Aubameyang 1.87 m ( 6 ft 1 ⁄ in ) , Kaká , Rivaldo , Fernando Torres 1.86 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) , Zinedine Zidane , Cristiano Ronaldo , Robert Lewandowski and Gabriel Batistuta 1.85 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) , with their height being seen as an added bonus for their heading and physical ability , which adds to their completeness , it is seen as something desirable in modern top - level football forwards and midfielders . Height is often an advantage for central defenders , who are assigned to stop forwards from scoring through the air , as exemplified by players like Matej Bagarić 2.02 m ( 6 ft 7 ⁄ in ) , Brede Hangeland , Jannik Vestergaard 1.99 m ( 6 ft 6 ⁄ in ) , Per Mertesacker , Naldo 1.98 m ( 6 ft 6 in ) , Daniel Van Buyten 1.97 m ( 6 ft 5 ⁄ in ) , Sebastián Coates 1.96 m ( 6 ft 5 in ) , Joël Matip 1.95 m ( 6 ft 5 in ) , Gerard Piqué , Christoph Metzelder 1.94 m ( 6 ft 4 ⁄ in ) , Vincent Kompany , Sami Hyypiä , Marco Materazzi 1.93 m ( 6 ft 4 in ) , Laurent Blanc , Jérôme Boateng 1.92 m ( 6 ft 3 ⁄ in ) , Tony Adams , Jaap Stam , Mats Hummels , Raphaël Varane 1.91 m ( 6 ft 3 in ) , Nemanja Vidić and Leonardo Bonucci 1.90 m ( 6 ft 3 in ) . There are , however , central defenders who are not of above - average height , such as Héctor Chumpitaz 1.68 m ( 5 ft 6 in ) , Daniel Passarella , Iván Córdoba 1.73 m ( 5 ft 8 in ) , Javier Mascherano 1.74 m ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) , Fabio Cannavaro , Franco Baresi 1.76 m ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) , Gaetano Scirea , Carles Puyol , Roberto Ayala 1.78 m ( 5 ft 10 in ) and José Santamaría 1.79 m ( 5 ft 10 ⁄ in ) . Goalkeepers tend to be taller than average because their greater armspans and total reach when jumping enable them to cover more of the goal area . Examples of particularly tall goalkeepers include Simon Bloch Jorgensen 2.10 m ( 6 ft 10 ⁄ in ) , Kristof Van Hout 2.08 m ( 6 ft 10 in ) , Vanja Iveša 2.05 m ( 6 ft 8 ⁄ in ) , Jason Mooney 2.04 m ( 6 ft 8 ⁄ in ) , Costel Pantilimon 2.03 m ( 6 ft 8 in ) , Zeljko Kalac 2.02 m ( 6 ft 7 ⁄ in ) , Fraser Forster , Goran Blažević , 2.01 m ( 6 ft 7 in ) , Andreas Isaksson 2.00 m ( 6 ft 6 ⁄ in ) , Thibaut Courtois 1.99 m ( 6 ft 6 ⁄ in ) , Asmir Begović 1.98 m ( 6 ft 6 in ) , Edwin van der Sar , Maarten Stekelenburg 1.97 m ( 6 ft 5 ⁄ in ) , Petr Čech , Joe Hart , Dida , Wojciech Szczęsny , Diego López 1.96 m ( 6 ft 5 in ) and Vladimir Stojković 1.95 m ( 6 ft 5 in ) . In addition , there are examples of successful goalkeepers who are not significantly taller than average , such as Jorge Campos 1.68 m ( 5 ft 6 in ) , František Plánička , Óscar Pérez 1.72 m ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) , René Higuita 1.76 m ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) , Gyula Grosics 1.78 m ( 5 ft 10 in ) and Ladislao Mazurkiewicz 1.79 m ( 5 ft 10 ⁄ in ) . Australian rules football ( edit ) Height helps Australian rules footballers to gain `` free kicks '' from marking contests , perform ruckwork , as well as key attacking and defensive maneuvers . Pictured is Irish international Mike Finn ( 2.00 m ( 6 ft 7 in ) ) taking a contested mark . In Australian rules , a footballer 's height is considered an advantage . This is evidenced by statistics and trends from the professional ( Australian Football League ) level , including an average player height of 1.88 m ( 6 ft 2 in ) as well as an ongoing trend in the recruitment of tall athletes from other sports , particularly basketball such as Dean Brogan at 2.01 m ( 6 ft 7 in ) and rugby football such as Mike Pyke at 2.01 m ( 6 ft 7 in ) . In the sport players frequently compete for possession of the ball above the shoulders . Players gain `` free kick '' s from a marking , that is , catching the ball in the air from a kick . As such , height combined with a vertical leap ability are advantageous attributes . Long arms assist in marking and ruckwork and defensive spoiling and long legs add leverage for long distance kicking - all key components of the sport . Each Australian rules football team has at least one ruckman , a specialist position requiring height and leap . These player contest first possession of the ball or `` hit out '' after each goal or when the ball bounces out of the playing arena . At professional AFL level , the average height of ruckmen is over 2.00 m ( 6 ft 7 in ) tall . In addition , `` key position '' players also gain significant advantage in height . Attacking key positions such as centre half - forward , such as Lance Franklin at 1.98 m ( 6 ft 6 in ) and full - forward such as Tom Hawkins at 1.97 m ( 6 ft 6 in ) gain an advantage by being taller than their opponent centre half - back such as Heritier Lumumba at 1.88 m ( 6 ft 2 in ) and full - back such as Mal Michael at 1.9 m ( 6 ft 3 in ) and vice versa . Shorter players may have an advantage in the `` crumbing '' role of retrieve the ball from the ground or utilising pace to evade opponents . However taller players may also have these abilities and as such versatile talls are often favoured by professional recruiters ( such as in the AFL Draft ) . Mason Cox at 2.12 m ( 6 ft 11 in ) is the tallest to play in the AFL , taking this title from Aaron Sandilands and Peter Street are both 2.11 m ( 6 ft 11 in ) on debut in 2015 . Brownlow medal winners have ranged in height from Tony Liberatore at 1.63 m ( 5 ft 4 in ) to Scott Wynd at 2.01 m ( 6 ft 7 in ) . In 2013 , professional AFL players ranged 1.73 m ( 5 ft 8 in ) to 2.11 m ( 6 ft 11 in ) . Baseball ( edit ) The average height for a baseball player as evidenced by statistics is reported to be 1.87 m ( 6 ft 2 in ) tall.In baseball , being taller usually means longer legs , which power pitchers use to generate velocity and a release point closer to the plate , which means the ball reaches the batter more quickly . The ball also comes from a higher release angle opposed to a shorter pitcher . While taller position players have a larger strike zone , most position players are at least of average height because the larger frame allows them to generate more power . Basketball ( edit ) Taller players are often thought to have an advantage in basketball because their shots have less distance to travel to the basket , they start out closer to the rebound , and their ability to reach higher into the air yields a better chance of blocking shorter players ' shots . Empirically , the over-representation of extremely tall athletes in basketball lends credence to the theory that the sport provides tall players with a very significant advantage . The average American male is 5 ft 9.3 in ( 1.76 m ) and 99 % are 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) or shorter . Yet , the average player in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) is listed at 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) . Despite this , some shorter players have played , and even excelled , in the NBA . The list includes 5 ft 3 in ( 1.60 m ) Muggsy Bogues , 5 ft 5 in ( 1.65 m ) Earl Boykins , 5 ft 7 in ( 1.70 m ) Spud Webb , 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) Nate Robinson and Isaiah Thomas . Spud Webb and Nate Robinson have also been crowned as NBA slam dunk contest champions , with Robinson being the only 3 - time winner . In addition , a lower center of gravity allows greater ability to box out opponents for rebounds . Charles Barkley was considered to be undersized for his position at 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) but was nevertheless a powerful rebounder . As for guards , usually being the shortest position in basketball , they have better control over their dribbling , and taller players often struggle to defend against their dexterous ball handling and speed . At the same time , they can disrupt the opposing teams ' offensive flow or even steal the ball to create fast breaks and offensive opportunities . In the NBA , there is no standard on whether a player 's listed height uses their measurement with shoes on or without . The NBA Draft Combine , which most players attend before the draft , provides both measurements . Thereafter , a player 's team is solely responsible for their listed height , which can vary depending on the process selected . Bodybuilding ( edit ) In bodybuilding competitors are generally average height and below 5 ft 10 in ( 1.78 m ) . In bodybuilding height is often considered a disadvantage due to the fact that smaller bodies have a shorter range of motion in order to lift weights . Smaller bodies also tend to look more filled out compared to taller builds in the same weight class . However , taller people at the professional level tend to have the larger overall body mass . Notable body builders are : Jay Cutler 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) , Ronnie Coleman 5 ft 11 in ( 1.80 m ) , Phil Heath 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) and Franco Columbu 5 ft 3 in ( 1.60 m ) , who have held many world records . Cricket ( edit ) In cricket , some of the great batsmen like Donald Bradman 1.70 m ( 5 ft 7 in ) , Sachin Tendulkar 1.65 m ( 5 ft 5 in ) and Sunil Gavaskar 1.63 m ( 5 ft 4 in ) are or were below average height . This may be because a smaller body makes for an advantage in footwork and balance . Similarly , the most graceful wicket - keepers have tended to be average height or below . Although there are fewer tall batsmen , the stand - outs are often noted for their heavy hitting and an ability to get a long stride forward to reach a full length delivery . Australia 's Matthew Hayden at 1.91 m ( 6 ft 3 in ) India 's Yuvraj Singh at 1.89 m ( 6 ft 2 in ) and West Indies ' Chris Gayle at 1.91 m ( 6 ft 3 in ) are modern examples of powerful , tall batsman . Past greats like Clive Lloyd and Graeme Pollock were above 1.80 m ( 5 ft 11 in ) . On the other hand , many of the most successful fast bowlers have been well above average height ; for example past greats Joel Garner , Courtney Walsh , and Curtly Ambrose were all approximately 2.00 m ( 6 ft 6 ⁄ in ) tall . Glenn McGrath regarded as one of the finest bowlers to play the game , was 1.95 m ( 6 ft 5 in ) tall , well above average height similarly an example of Wasim Akram or Javagal Srinath may also be put forward who were 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) . Taller bowlers have access to a higher point of release , making it easier for them to make the ball bounce uncomfortably for a batsman . For extreme pace however , bowlers tend to be close to 5 ft 11 in ( 1.80 m ) such as Dale Steyn , Shoaib Akhtar , and Malcolm Marshall all at 1.80 m ( 5 ft 11 in ) thus combining advantage of shorter lever arms for pace generation with good ball release height . Since round arm bowling does not gain much advantage from taller release height , round arm bowlers tend to be shorter such as the classic Lasith Malinga at 1.68 m ( 5 ft 6 in ) . The fastest modern bowlers have ranged from Fidel Edwards 1.65 m ( 5 ft 5 in ) through to Brett Lee at 1.87 m ( 6 ft 2 in ) , and Steve Harmison and Shaun Tait at 1.93 m ( 6 ft 4 in ) . Height does not appear to be an advantage to spin bowling and few international spinners are ever much taller than 1.80 m ( 5 ft 11 in ) . Tall spin bowlers like Sulieman Benn ( 2.01 m ( 6 ft 7 in ) ) use extra pace and bounce , whereas spin is traditionally about using a looping , plunging trajectory at slow ( 70 -- 90 km / h or 40 -- 60 mph ) speeds . The most successful bowlers ever in Test cricket , Muttiah Muralitharan and Shane Warne are 1.70 m ( 5 ft 7 in ) and 1.83 m ( 6 ft 0 in ) respectively . For extracting steep bounce height is useful for fast bowlers like Steven Finn ( 2 m ( 6 ft 6 ⁄ in ) ) Boyd Rankin ( 2.02 m ( 6 ft 7 ⁄ in ) ) get benefit from their height players who are above six foot are Stuart Broad ( 1.98 m ( 6 ft 6 in ) ) Mitchell Starc ( 1.95 m ( 6 ft 5 in ) ) Josh Hazlewood ( 1.96 m ( 6 ft 5 in ) ) Ishant Sharma ( 1.96 m ( 6 ft 5 in ) ) Morne Morkel ( 1.95 m ( 6 ft 5 in ) ) Jason Holder ( 2.02 m ( 6 ft 7 ⁄ in ) ) Pankaj Singh ( 1.98 m ( 6 ft 6 in ) ) and Mohammad Irfan ( 2.17 m ( 7 ft 1 ⁄ in ) ) . Cycling ( edit ) Road racing cyclists can be of all heights but their height generally determines what role they choose . Taller cyclists tend to excel at the cobbled classics , as pure power helps get over the difficult and brutal cobblestones . Cyclists over 1.90 m ( 6 ft 3 in ) often understand the difficulties in hilly races , and realise their talents in cobbled classics from an early age and focus on them for their careers . This includes Johan Vansummeren 1.97 m ( 6 ft 5 ⁄ in ) Taylor Phinney 1.97 m ( 6 ft 6 in ) and Magnus Bäckstedt 1.93 m ( 6 ft 4 in ) . In recent years Paris -- Roubaix has been dominated by Fabian Cancellara 1.85 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) and Tom Boonen 1.92 m ( 6 ft 4 in ) . Smaller cyclists on the other hand dominate mountain stages of Grand Tours . Their lack of body mass helps as it means they have less weight to carry up the steep inclines . Marco Pantani 1.72 m ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) , Domenico Pozzovivo 1.65 m ( 5 ft 5 in ) , Joaquim Rodríguez 1.69 m ( 5 ft 6 ⁄ in ) , Nairo Quintana 1.67 m ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) , Gilberto Simoni 1.70 m ( 5 ft 7 in ) , José Rujano 1.62 m ( 5 ft 4 in ) and Igor Antón 1.72 m ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) are examples of pure climbers . However none of the above - mentioned small climbers are known for their time trialing abilities , and in this slightly taller climbers , known as all rounders often gain the advantage in grand tours . Richie Porte 1.73 m ( 5 ft 8 in ) , Alberto Contador 1.76 m ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) , Miguel Indurain 1.88 m ( 6 ft 2 in ) , and Denis Menchov 1.80 m ( 5 ft 11 in ) have all won long Time trial stages in many races . Alejandro Valverde 1.77 m ( 5 ft 10 in ) , Samuel Sánchez 1.81 m ( 5 ft 11 ⁄ in ) and Vincenzo Nibali 1.81 m ( 5 ft 11 ⁄ in ) are , on top of their climbing and time trialing abilities , 3 of the world 's best descenders . In recent years taller cyclists with low builds have become among the world 's best climbers , particularly on long gradual climbs . The best examples of this are Ivan Basso 1.82 m ( 6 ft 0 in ) who won on the Monte Zoncolan in 2010 , Mauricio Soler 1.90 m ( 6 ft 3 in ) , Chris Froome 1.86 metres ( 6 ft 1 in ) winner of the 2013 Tour de France , and the brothers Andy Schleck and Fränk Schleck both 1.86 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) who specialise on the Alpine stages of the Tour de France . While there are exceptions to these rules , taller climbers do feature more in cobbled races and smaller riders in mountain stages . But where cycling does become indiscriminate height wise , is in sprinting . Sprints have been contested between Robbie McEwen 1.71 m ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) and Mario Cipollini 1.89 m ( 6 ft 2 ⁄ in ) , or Mark Cavendish 1.75 m ( 5 ft 9 in ) and André Greipel 1.84 m ( 6 ft ⁄ in ) , or as the 2010 Milan -- San Remo between Óscar Freire 1.71 m ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) and Tom Boonen 1.92 m ( 6 ft 4 in ) . Fencing ( edit ) In fencing , it is generally advantageous ( especially in épée ) to be taller because a longer arm span allows one 's weapon to reach one 's opponent 's body from a further distance as well as in some instances being easier to make more angulated attacks . However there are some advantages a being a shorter fencer . Shorter fencers generally have less target area to defend . Furthermore it has been noted that if footwork abilities are equal , a smaller fencer finds it easier to co-ordinate their footwork when moving in and out of distance than taller opponents due to their lower center of balance . In some instances they may have a slight advantage when infighting as they can retract and replace their weapon point with more ease . A good example of such a fencer is Valentina Vezzali 1.64 m ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) who used her small size and lower centre of gravity to confound taller opponents . Differences in height can also be mitigated in sabre or foil , because those weapons have Right of Way rules , where hitting first does not necessarily result scoring being able to score a point as a riposte may take precedence . It is in épée where height poses a more distinct advantage : while the entire body is a target , and the closest point of the body ( the hand ) is always a sword 's distance away regardless of the fencers height . However when replacing the point in any ( remise ) actions generally lead to the taller person reaching the body first . Formula 1 ( edit ) The average height is around 1.75 m ( 5 ft 9 in ) . 13 of the 14 F1 seasons in the 21st century have been won by a drivers under 1.80 m tall , including Fernando Alonso 1.71 m ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) , Lewis Hamilton , Michael Schumacher 1.74 m ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) , Kimi Räikkönen 1.75 m ( 5 ft 9 in ) and Sebastian Vettel 1.76 m ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) with the exception of Jenson Button ( 1.82 m ( 5 ft 11 ⁄ in ) ) . As F1 has strict size regulations for cars , designing cars for shorter drivers is easier . Shorter drivers also tend to be lighter which is seen as an advantage . This advantage has changed from season to season as FIA has altered the rules for minimum weight of the cars . Gridiron football ( edit ) A 2014 CNN survey reported the average NFL player was 1.88 m ( 6 ft 2 in ) and weighed 98 kg ( 216 lb ) . In American and Canadian Football , a tall quarterback is at an advantage because it is easier for him to see over the heads of large offensive and defensive linemen while he is in the pocket in a passing situation . At 1.75 m ( 5 ft 9 in ) , Doug Flutie was initially considered to be too short to become a NFL quarterback despite his Heisman Trophy - winning success at the college level . In addition , shorter quarterbacks have an advantage with their lower center of gravity and balance , which means they are better able to duck under a tackle and avoid a sack . According to the former Washington Redskins quarterback Eddie LeBaron , being shorter means you can throw the ball higher instead of a sidearm release , meaning it is harder for the defense to knock it down . Shorter quarterbacks also generally have a quicker release time than taller quarterbacks . Tall wide receivers have an advantage of being able to jump considerably higher than shorter defensive backs to catch highly thrown passes . Of course , this advantage has limits because exceedingly tall receivers are normally not as agile or lack overall speed or strength . Tight ends are usually over 1.93 m ( 6 ft 4 in ) because they need greater body mass to be effective blockers and greater height is an advantage for them as receivers , since they run shorter routes based less on speed . By contrast , shorter defensive backs are utilized because of their typically greater agility , as the ability to change directions instantly is a prerequisite for the position . Offensive and defensive linemen tend to be at least 1.85 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) and are frequently as tall as 2.03 m ( 6 ft 8 in ) to be massive enough to effectively play their positions . Height is especially an advantage for defensive linemen , giving them the ability to knock down passes with their outstretched arms . Short running backs are at an advantage because their shorter stature and lower center of gravity generally makes them harder to tackle effectively . In addition , they can easily `` hide '' behind large offensive linemen , making it harder for defenders to react at the beginning of a play . Thus , in the National Football League and in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I football , running backs under 1.83 m ( 6 ft 0 in ) are more common than running backs over 1.91 m ( 6 ft 3 in ) . Former Heisman Trophy winner and Pro Football Hall of Famer Barry Sanders , thought by some to be the greatest running back in history , is a classic example of a running back with an extraordinarily low center of gravity , as he stood only 1.71 m ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) . Horse racing ( edit ) In horse racing , is it a considerable advantage for a jockey to be both short and light . Having a jockey who is of short stature and light weight makes it easier for the horse to run at top speed without being weighed down . At the Kentucky Derby , for example , a jockey can not exceed 126 pounds , including his equipment . There is no specific height requirement , but due to the weight restrictions , most jockeys stand between 4 ft 10 in ( 1.47 m ) and 5 ft 6 in ( 1.68 m ) . Examples of successful jockeys are Calvin Borel at 5 ft 4 in ( 1.63 m ) , Victor Espinoza at 5 ft 2 in ( 1.57 m ) , and Mario Gutierrez at 5 ft 2 in ( 1.57 m ) . Ice Hockey ( edit ) While the history of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) is filled with shorter players who achieved greatness ( Theo Fleury , Martin St. Louis ) , and the highest scorer in NHL history , Wayne Gretzky , is 1.83 m ( 6 ft 0 in ) tall and played at 185 lb ( 84 kg ) , the game 's increasingly physical style has put a premium on imposing players , particularly over 1.80 m ( 5 ft 11 in ) tall and over 100 kg ( 220 lb ) ( Mario Lemieux , Eric Lindros , Chris Pronger ) . Taller , bigger players have a longer reach , are more able to give out and sustain body checks , and have greater leverage on their shooting such as a slap shot ( examples include Tyler Myers at 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) , and Eric Staal , Rick Nash , Ryan Getzlaf , and Joe Thornton , all at 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) . The average height of an NHLer is just over 6 ft 1 in ( 1.85 m ) tall . Zdeno Chára , at 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) , is the tallest player ever to play in the NHL . In recent years , the height of goaltenders has increased as taller goaltenders can cover a larger portion of the goal when on their knees in the butterfly goaltending style . Ben Bishop at 2.01 m ( 6 ft 7 in ) is the tallest goaltender currently in the NHL . Judo ( edit ) In judo , height can work both ways . The shorter person tends to have an advantage ( both offensively and defensively ) in hip throws , dropping techniques i.e. drop seoi nage and wrestling style pickups such as ura nage . A low center of gravity allows better position for these throws . Taller players have an advantage in sweeps because they can often use these maneuvers before getting in range of the shorter person 's kuzushi . They can also use their long legs to their advantage with many ashi waza techniques and throws with a significance on legs such as uchi mata and harai goshi . In ne waza ( groundwork ) having shorter limbs makes it more difficult to be submitted but also more difficult to use your legs to escape from hold downs . In contrast being taller can help with escaping hold downs and certain submissions i.e. sangaku jime . The 2013 judo rules somewhat shift or even out the advantages that shorter fighters had by no longer allowing leg grabs and no longer being allowed to prevent your opponent from taking grips . Mixed martial arts ( edit ) In mixed martial arts , taller fighters have a distinct advantage in striking , because of their increased range . Shorter fighters on the other hand , tend to be stronger than taller opponents of equal weight and tend to pack a heavier punch . Shorter fighters often have the advantage while grappling defensively . Their lower centre of gravity makes it difficult to take them down and their shorter limbs make it harder to submit them . This however works both ways with smaller fighters sometimes struggling from certain positions i.e. the guard . While height is still regarded as an overall advantage , there have been many great fighters who are shorter than average such as José Aldo , Frankie Edgar and Fedor Emilianenko , once widely regarded as the greatest heavyweight fighter in the world , stands less than 6 ft 0 in ( 1.83 m ) , and has defeated opponents mostly taller than him , most imposing being Hong - man Choi , who stands 2.18 m ( 7 ft 2 in ) tall . Rowing ( edit ) In rowing , tallness is advantageous , because the taller a rower is , the longer his or her stroke can potentially be , thus moving the boat more effectively . The average male Olympic rower is 1.92 m ( 6 ft 3 ⁄ in ) , and the average female Olympic rower is 1.73 m ( 5 ft 8 in ) , well over the average height . Rugby football ( edit ) Rugby league ( edit ) Height is not generally seen as an important attribute in rugby league football , often with extreme height being a hindrance rather than useful . However , recent tactics of cross-field kicking have resulted in the success of taller outside backs . A survey of 121 senior player for the Australian Newcastle Knights team , in 2006 , found the average player was 182.1 cm ( range 169.0 - 198.0 cm ) , with an average mass of 93.0 kg ( range : 73.0 - 127.0 kg ) Fullbacks and halfbacks such as Andrew Johns ( 1.77 m ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) ) , Billy Slater ( 1.78 m ( 5 ft 10 in ) ) , Brett Hodgson ( 1.75 m ( 5 ft 9 in ) ) , Brett Kimmorley ( 1.73 m ( 5 ft 8 in ) ) , Cooper Cronk ( 1.77 m ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) ) , Darren Lockyer ( 1.78 m ( 5 ft 10 in ) ) , Hazem El Masri ( 1.78 m ( 5 ft 10 in ) ) , Johnathan Thurston ( 1.79 m ( 5 ft 10 ⁄ in ) ) , Kurt Gidley ( 1.78 m ( 5 ft 10 in ) ) , Matt Orford ( 1.75 m ( 5 ft 9 in ) ) , Rhys Wesser ( 1.74 m ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) ) and Scott Prince ( 1.77 m ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) ) are usually average height due to their speed and agility . Israel Folau ( 1.96 m ( 6 ft 5 in ) ) , Greg Inglis ( 1.95 m ( 6 ft 5 in ) ) , Shaun Kenny - Dowall ( 1.95 m ( 6 ft 5 in ) ) , Mark Gasnier ( 1.94 m ( 6 ft 4 ⁄ in ) ) , Colin Best ( 1.89 m ( 6 ft 2 ⁄ in ) ) , Manu Vatuvei ( 1.89 m ( 6 ft 2 ⁄ in ) ) , Jarryd Hayne ( 1.88 m ( 6 ft 2 in ) ) , Krisnan Inu ( 1.85 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) ) and Jason Nightingale ( 1.85 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) ) are examples of the trend in taller wingers and centres . Rugby union ( edit ) In rugby union , lineout jumpers , generally locks , are usually the tallest players , as this increases their chance of winning the ball , whereas scrum - halves are usually nearer the average . As examples , current world - class locks Victor Matfield , Chris Jack , Richie Gray and Paul O'Connell are all at least 1.98 m ( 6 ft 6 in ) , while George Gregan who has 139 international appearances with Australia , is 1.73 m ( 5 ft 8 in ) . Sailing ( edit ) When sailing small dinghies ( rather than keelboats ) , the crew hiking or trapezing - essentially hanging off the side - is an important factor in keeping the boat upright and sailing it fast . A tall sailor can get their centre of gravity further out , thus providing more righting moment . For example , in the 470 class , only the crew is on trapeze , so it is beneficial to have a taller crew and a smaller skipper ( because the boat requires a light overall weight ) . Australia 's top crew of Matt Belcher and Malcolm Page exemplify this at 1.7 m ( 5 ft 7 in ) and 1.85 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) respectively . Shooting ( edit ) In shooting sports , a shorter shooter can maintain better balance when standing for long periods of time holding a gun , as well as keep their gun steady . Sumo ( edit ) Professional sumo wrestlers are required to be at least 1.73 m ( 5 ft 8 in ) tall . Some aspiring sumo athletes have silicone implants added to the tops of their heads to reach the necessary height . The average height for a sumo wrestler is 1.80 m ( 5 ft 11 in ) , far above the national average in Japan . Swimming ( edit ) Elite swimmers are generally taller than the populations at large , indicating that height confers a competitive advantage . A main factor in swimming is the amount of drag the swimmer has to overcome when swimming . Drag is composed of pressure drag , friction drag , and wave - making resistance . D t o t a l = D p r e s s u r e + D f r i c t i o n + D w a v e − m a k i n g ( \ displaystyle D_ ( total ) = D_ ( pressure ) + D_ ( friction ) + D_ ( wave - making ) ) The pressure drag is related to cross section size , the friction drag is related to total skin surface ( which is generally higher in tall people ) , and the wave - making drag decreases with body length because a longer body will generally generate less waves due to a decreasing Froude number . Studies have found that total drag does not increase as swimmer height increases , mostly due to the decrease in wave - making drag . Since taller swimmers tend to have bigger muscles and bigger hands and feet to propel them , then they are generally at an advantage . An example of a tall swimmer is Michael Phelps , at 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) who won eight gold medals at the 2008 Olympic Games . The average height of the eight finalists in the 100 meter Freestyle final at the US Olympic Trials was 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) . Another exceptionally tall swimmer is Michael Groß , a German great of the 1980s who is 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) with an arm span of 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) . Notable exceptions for shorter swimmers , are Japanese Kosuke Kitajima , who at 1.78 m ( 5 ft 10 in ) is much shorter , and with a more slender build , than a typical Olympic champion swimmer , has achieved astounding results in breaststroke , and Ricardo Prado , a Brazilian medley swimmer of 1980 's , who at 1.68 m ( 5 ft 6 in ) held a world record and a world title for 400 metres medley for a number of years . Taekwondo ( edit ) In taekwondo , a taller height gives the advantage of having a longer range and increased chance to strike a target when sparring . However , due to the length of the kicks , combinations and reflexes will not be as quick when compared with a fighter standing at a shorter height . A shorter height will also increase a lower centre of gravity giving a fighter better balance . Tennis ( edit ) Height is advantageous to a tennis player as it allows players to create more power when serving as well as giving players a greater arm span , allowing them to get to sharp - angled shots more easily and a greater chance of returning a lobbed shot . However , being tall can have some disadvantages , such as difficulty bending down to reach low volleys or striking shots close to the abdomen . Examples of very tall players are Ivo Karlović 2.11 m ( 6 ft 11 in ) , John Isner 2.08 m ( 6 ft 10 in ) , Juan Martín del Potro 1.98 m ( 6 ft 6 in ) , and Marin Čilić 1.98 m ( 6 ft 6 in ) , all known for their powerful serves . The Big Four in the current day are tall but not exceedingly in the way those mentioned prior are . Roger Federer 1.85 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) , Rafael Nadal 1.85 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) , Novak Djokovic 1.88 m ( 6 ft 2 in ) , and Andy Murray 1.91 m ( 6 ft 3 in ) , are all between 1.85 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) and 1.91 m ( 6 ft 3 in ) in height . Other top greats of the game in the 21st century have been tall players such as Goran Ivanišević 1.93 m ( 6 ft 4 in ) and Andy Roddick 1.88 m ( 6 ft 2 in ) . Lindsay Davenport 1.89 m ( 6 ft 2 in ) , Maria Sharapova 1.88 m ( 6 ft 2 in ) , Venus Williams 1.85 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) , and Dinara Safina 1.85 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) , are successful tall players on the women 's side . For both sexes , there have also been some successful players with lesser height , like Billie Jean King 1.64 m ( 5 ft 5 in ) , Justine Henin 1.67 m ( 5 ft 6 in ) , Chris Evert 1.68 m ( 5 ft 6 in ) , Pancho Segura 1.68 m ( 5 ft 6 in ) , Arantxa Sánchez Vicario 1.69 m ( 5 ft 7 in ) , Rod Laver 1.73 m ( 5 ft 8 in ) , and Michael Chang 1.75 m ( 5 ft 9 in ) . Shorter players continue to thrive . Present - day examples include Dominika Cibulková 1.60 m ( 5 ft 3 in ) , Sara Errani 1.64 m ( 5 ft 5 in ) , David Ferrer 1.75 m ( 5 ft 9 in ) , Kei Nishikori 1.78 m ( 5 ft 10 in ) , and Fabio Fognini 1.78 m ( 5 ft 10 in ) . Volleyball ( edit ) In volleyball , tall players are usually desirable , because it would be easier for them to attack or block the ball . However , shorter players usually have faster reaction time during defense and can pass the ball better . Therefore , since this game is a mixture of speed , skills and tactics , a typical team consist of players of varying height to cater for the specific roles required . The introduction of the libero since 1998 has developed the need for agile and quick - moving players who are usually of shorter stature . In professional volleyball , the men 's height generally fall between 1.85 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) to 2.10 m ( 6 ft 11 in ) while for women it is between 1.70 m ( 5 ft 7 in ) to 1.95 m ( 6 ft 5 in ) . Thus , most of them are above average height . Weightlifting ( edit ) In weightlifting shorter levers are advantageous and taller than average competitors usually compete in the 105 kg ( 231 lb ) + group . Short people also have a lower consumption of ATP and glycogen than a tall person to make the same proportional effort . So at professional level , it is more advantageous to have short stature . See also ( edit ) List of tallest players in National Basketball Association history References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Samaras , Thomas ( 2007 ) . Human body size and the laws of scaling . New York : Nova Science . pp. 33 -- 61 . ISBN 1 - 60021 - 408 - 8 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Draper , Rob ( 10 July 2010 ) . `` Why ca n't England take a giant step like Spain ? '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Karageanes , Steven J. ( 2005 ) . Principles of manual sports medicine . USA : Limpincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 593 . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 9197 - 0 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 08 . Witzig , Richard ( 2006 ) . The Global Art of Soccer . USA : CusiBoy Publishing . p. 500 . ISBN 0 - 9776688 - 0 - 0 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 08 . Battinelli , Thomas ( 2007 ) . Physique , fitness , and performance . USA : Taylor & Francis Group LLC . p. 27 . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 9197 - 0 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 08 . Williams , Mark ( 2003 ) . Science and Soccer . USA : Routledge . pp. 24 , 303 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 26231 - 3 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Jonathan ( 26 January 2011 ) . `` Footballing trends in Europe : the long and the short of it -- Jonathan Wilson '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` The AFL and the lore of averages '' . Theage.com.au . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Second USA Combine begins '' . afl.com.au . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swans sign US basketballer Alex Starling '' . Heraldsun.com.au . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Port takes a punt on basketball star '' . Thewage.com.au . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Paton , Al ( 4 August 2010 ) . `` Swans give Canadian Mike Pyke two more years '' . Herald Sun . Retrieved 9 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Maine , Jim . `` Aussie Rules For Dummies '' . pg 20 Jump up ^ Hanlon , Peter . `` Little man has high hopes of making it in the VFL '' March 7 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` AFL News , Ladder , Fixture , Scores & Tipping 2015 - Real Footy '' . Realfooty.theage.com.au . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Clark , John . `` Peter Bell says he is too short to be drafted by an AFL team these days '' FOX SPORTS December 03 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Sport - Tallest AFL Players - Aaron Sandilands and Peter Street - The Australian Book of Records '' . Theaustralianbookofrecords.com . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . Jump up ^ FirstName . `` AFL Statistics & MARS Match - Ups '' . AFL.com.au . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ http://www.beyondtheboxscore.com/2011/4/19/2114631/the-changing-size-of-mlb-players-1870-2010 Jump up ^ The Complete Idiot 's Guide to Basketball , p. 111 , Walt Frazier and Alex Sachare , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 862679 - 6 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` NBA.com - 2007 - 08 Player Survey : Height '' . Nba.com . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Sherwood Strauss , Ethan ( December 29 , 2011 ) . `` Kevin Love and height liars in shoes '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goffinet , Larry ( January 25 , 2015 ) . `` Shoes should n't count in measuring height '' . Perry County News . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Knight , Matt ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` Rise of the supersize rugby player '' . CNN . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Physiology of the Elite Rower '' . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gabbett T , Kelly J , Pezet T ( November 2007 ) . `` Relationship between physical fitness and playing ability in rugby league players '' . Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research . 21 ( 4 ) : 1126 -- 33 . doi : 10.1519 / R - 20936.1 . PMID 18076242 . Jump up ^ Clark , Lee . `` Anthropometric and physical characteristics of rugby league players by grade and position ( manuscript ) / Lee Clark '' . trove.nla.gov.au . University of Newcastle ( N.S.W. ) . School of Biomedical Science . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` George Gregan '' . rugby.com.au. 1973 - 04 - 19 . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Discovery Channel South East Asia '' . Discoverychannelasia.com . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2008 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Exercise and Sport Science '' . Books.google.dk . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` In Today 's Power Game , Shorter Players Thrive With Quick Wits and Feet '' . The New York Times . June 21 , 2014 . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How Tall Guys Get Jacked '' . t-nation.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 15 . 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how did the house of saud come to power

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House of Saud - Wikipedia House of Saud Jump to : navigation , search This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( June 2017 ) `` Saud '' redirects here . For the King , see Saud of Saudi Arabia . For the eponymous ancestor , see Saud ibn Muhammad ibn Muqrin . For other uses , see Saud ( disambiguation ) . `` The template below ( Infobox noble house ) is being considered for merging . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' House of Saud Country Saudi Arabia Titles King of Saudi Arabia Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia Founded 1744 by Muhammad bin Saud Current head Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud Ethnicity Arab The House of Saud ( Arabic : آل سعود ‎ ‎ Āl Saʻūd IPA : ( ʔæːl saʕuːd ) ) is the ruling royal family of Saudi Arabia . The family has thousands of members . It is composed of the descendants of Muhammad bin Saud , founder of the Emirate of Diriyah , known as the First Saudi state ( 1744 -- 1818 ) , and his brothers , though the ruling faction of the family is primarily led by the descendants of Ibn Saud , the modern founder of Saudi Arabia . The most influential member of the Royal family is the King of Saudi Arabia , currently King Salman . The succession to the Saudi Arabian throne was designed to pass from one son of the first king , Ibn Saud , to another . The next in line , Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman , is the son of King Salman , and thus from the ruling House of Saud . The king - appointed cabinet includes more members of the royal family . The monarchy was hereditary by agnatic seniority until 2006 , when a royal decree provided that future Saudi kings are to be elected by a committee of Saudi princes . Although current King Salman first choose his nephew and then his son as a crown prince without any consulation with Allegiance Council . The family is estimated to comprise 15,000 members , but the majority of the power and wealth is possessed by a group of only about 2,000 . The House of Saud has gone through three phases : the Emirate of Diriyah , the First Saudi State ( 1744 -- 1818 ) , marked by the expansion of Wahhabism ; the Emirate of Nejd , the Second Saudi State ( 1824 -- 1891 ) , marked with continuous infighting ; and the Third Saudi State ( 1902 -- present ) , which evolved into Saudi Arabia in 1932 and now wields considerable influence in the Middle East . The family has had conflicts with the Ottoman Empire , the Sharif of Mecca , the Al Rashid family of Ha'il and their vassal houses in Najd , numerous Islamist groups both inside and outside Saudi Arabia and Shia minority in Saudi Arabia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Title 2 History 2.1 Origins and early history 2.2 First Saudi state 2.3 Second Saudi state 2.4 Saudi Arabia 3 Political power 4 Succession 5 Wealth 6 Opposition 7 Heads 7.1 First Saudi state 7.2 Second Saudi state 7.3 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 8 Most notable current members 8.1 Sons of King Abdulaziz 8.2 Daughters of King Abdulaziz 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Further reading 11 External links Title ( edit ) Genealogical table of the leaders of the Āl Saud House of Saud is a translation of Al Saud . The latter is an Arabic dynastic name formed by adding the word Al , meaning `` family of '' or `` House of '' , to the personal name of an ancestor . In the case of the Al Saud , this is Saud ibn Muhammad ibn Muqrin , the father of the dynasty 's 18th century founder , Muhammad bin Saud ( Muhammad , son of Saud ) . Today , the surname `` Al Saud '' is carried by any descendant of Muhammad bin Saud or his three brothers Farhan , Thunayyan , and Mishari . Al Saud 's other family branches like Saud al - Kabir , the Al Jiluwi , the Al Thunayan , the Al Mishari and the Al Farhan are called cadet branches . Members of the cadet branches hold high and influential positions in government though they are not in line of succession to Saudi throne . Many cadet members intermarry within the Al Saud to reestablish their lineage and continue to wield influence in the government . All members of the royal family have the title of Emir ( Prince ) but sons , daughters , patrilineal granddaughters and grandsons of Ibn Saud are referred to by the style `` His Royal Highness '' ( HRH ) , differing from those belonging to the cadet branches who are called `` His Highness '' ( HH ) , and in addition to that a reigning king has the title of Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques . History ( edit ) Origins and early history ( edit ) The earliest recorded ancestor of the Al Saud was Mani ' ibn Rabiah Al - Muraydi who settled in Diriyah in 1446 -- 1447 with his clan , the Mrudah . Although the Mrudah are believed to be descended from the Rabi'ah tribal confederation , it is unclear whether they trace their ancestry to the Banu Hanifa or the ' Anizza branches of the Rabi'ah . Mani was invited by a relative named Ibn Dir . Ibn Dir was the ruler of a set of villages and estates that make up modern - day Riyadh . Mani 's clan had been on a sojourn in east Arabia , near al - Qatif , from an unknown point in time . Ibn Dir handed Mani two estates called al - Mulaybeed and Ghusayba . Mani and his family settled and renamed the region `` al - Diriyah '' , after their benefactor Ibn Dir . The Mrudah became rulers of al - Diriyah , which prospered along the banks of Wadi Hanifa and became an important Najdi settlement . As the clan grew larger , power struggles ensued , with one branch leaving for nearby Dhruma , while another branch ( the `` Al Watban '' ) left for the town of az - Zubayr in southern Iraq . The Al Migrin became the ruling family among the Mrudah in Diriyah . The name of the clan comes from Sheikh Saud ibn Muhammad ibn Muqrin who died in 1725 . First Saudi State ( edit ) Main article : Emirate of Diriyah The First Saudi State was founded in 1744 . This period was marked by conquest of neighboring areas and by religious zeal . At its height , the First Saudi State included most of the territory of modern - day Saudi Arabia , and raids by Al Saud 's allies and followers reached into Yemen , Oman , Syria , and Iraq . Islamic Scholars , particularly Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahhab and his descendants , are believed to have played a significant role in Saudi rule during this period . The Saudis and their allies referred to themselves during this period as the Muwahhidun or Ahl al - Tawhid ( `` the monotheists '' ) . Later they were referred to as the Wahhabis , a group of particularly strict , puritanical Sunni sect , named for its founder . Leadership of the Al Saud during the time of their first state passed from father to son without incident . The first imam , Muhammad ibn Saud , was succeeded by his eldest son Abdulaziz in 1765 . In 1802 , Abdulaziz led ten thousand Wahhabi soldiers into an attack on the Shi'ite holy city of Karbala , in what is now southern Iraq and where Hussein ibn Ali , the grandson of the prophet Muhammad is buried . Led by Abdulaziz , the Wahhabi soldiers killed more than two thousand people , including women and children . The soldiers plundered the city , demolishing the massive golden dome above Hussein 's tomb and loaded hundreds of camels with weapons , jewelry , coins and other valuable goods . The attack on Karbala convinced the Ottomans and the Egyptians that the Saudis were a threat to regional peace . Abdulaziz was killed in 1803 by an assassin , believed by some to have been a Shi'ite seeking revenge over the sacking of Karbala the year before . Abdul - Aziz was in turn succeeded by his son , Saud , under whose rule the Saudi state reached its greatest extent . By the time Saud died in 1814 , his son and successor Abdullah ibn Saud had to contend with an Ottoman - Egyptian invasion in the Ottoman -- Wahhabi War seeking to retake lost Ottoman Empire territory . The mainly Egyptian force succeeded in defeating Abdullah 's forces , taking over the Saudi capital of Diriyyah in 1818 . Abdullah was taken prisoner and was soon beheaded by the Ottomans in Constantinople , putting an end to the First Saudi State . The Egyptians sent many members of the Al Saud clan and other members of the local nobility as prisoners to Egypt and Constantinople , and razed the Saudi capital Diriyyah . Second Saudi State ( edit ) Main article : Emirate of Nejd Flag of the Second Saudi State A few years after the fall of Diriyah in 1818 , the Saudis were able to re-establish their authority in Najd , establishing the Emirate of Nejd , commonly known as the Second Saudi State , with its capital in Riyadh . Compared to the First Saudi State , the second Saudi period was marked by less territorial expansion ( it never reconquered the Hijaz or ' Asir , for example ) and less religious zeal , although the Saudi leaders continued to go by the title of imam and still employed Salafi religious scholars . The second state was also marked by severe internal conflicts within the Saudi family , eventually leading to the dynasty 's downfall . In all but one instance , succession occurred by assassination or civil war , the exception being the passage of authority from Faisal ibn Turki to his son Abdullah ibn Faisal ibn Turki . Saudi Arabia ( edit ) Main articles : Unification of Saudi Arabia and Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Saudi Arabia Basic Law Monarchy ( show ) King and Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Salman Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman Deputy crown prince vacant Allegiance Council Succession Government ( show ) Prime Minister Salman Cabinet Consultative Assembly President : Abdullah ibn Muhammad Al ash - Sheikh National Security Council Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice Legal system ( show ) The Quran Judiciary Capital punishment Freedom of religion Human rights Women 's rights LGBT rights Recent elections ( show ) Municipal : 2005 2011 2015 Administrative divisions ( show ) Regions Governorates Foreign relations Other countries Atlas Ibn Saud and Franklin D. Roosevelt in February 1945 After his defeat at Mulayda , Abdul - Rahman ibn Faisal went with his family into exile in the deserts of eastern Arabia among the Al Murra bedouin . Soon afterward , however , he found refuge in Kuwait as a guest of the Kuwaiti emir , Mubarak Al Sabah . In 1902 , Abdul - Rahman 's son , Abdul Aziz , took on the task of restoring Saudi rule in Riyadh . Supported by a few dozen followers and accompanied by some of his brothers and relatives , Abdul Aziz was able to capture Riyadh 's Masmak fort and kill the governor appointed there by Ibn Rashid . Abdul Aziz , reported to have been barely 20 at the time , was immediately proclaimed ruler in Riyadh . As the new leader of the House of Saud , Abdul Aziz became commonly known from that time as `` Ibn Saud '' . Ibn Saud spent the next three decades trying to re-establish his family 's rule over as much of the Arabian Peninsula as possible , starting with his native Najd . His chief rivals were the Al Rashid clan in Ha'il , the Sharifs of Mecca in the Hijaz , and the Ottoman Turks in al - Hasa . Ibn Saud also had to contend , however , with the descendants of his late uncle Saud ibn Faisal ( later known as the `` Saud al - Kabir '' branch of the family ) , who posed as the rightful heirs to the throne . Though for a time acknowledging the sovereignty of the Ottoman Sultans and even taking the title of pasha , Ibn Saud allied himself to the British , in opposition to the Ottoman - backed Al Rashid . From 1915 to 1927 , Ibn Saud 's dominions were a protectorate of the British Empire , pursuant to the 1915 Treaty of Darin . Ibn Saud won final victory over the Rashidis in 1921 , making him the ruler of most of central Arabia . He consolidated his dominions as the Sultanate of Nejd . He then turned his attention to the Hijaz , finally conquering it in 1926 , just months before the British protectorate ended . For the next five and a half years , he administered the two parts of his dual realm , the Kingdom of Hijaz and Nejd , as separate units . By 1932 , Ibn Saud had disposed of all his main rivals and consolidated his rule over much of the Arabian Peninsula . He united his dominions into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia that year . Ibn Saud 's father , Abdul Rahman retained the honorary title of `` imam . '' In 1937 near Dammam , American surveyors discovered what later proved to be Saudi Arabia 's vast oil reserves . Before the discovery of oil , many family members were destitute . Ibn Saud sired dozens of children by his many wives . He had at most only four wives at one time . He divorced and married many times . He made sure to marry into many of the noble clans and tribes within his territory , including the chiefs of the Bani Khalid , Ajman , and Shammar tribes , as well as the Al ash - Sheikh ( descendants of Muhammad ibn Abd al - Wahhab ) . He also arranged for his sons and relatives to enter into similar marriages . He appointed his eldest surviving son , Saud as heir apparent , to be succeeded by the next eldest son , Faisal . The Saudi family became known as the `` royal family , '' and each member , male and female , was accorded the title amir ( `` prince '' ) or amira ( `` princess '' ) , respectively . Ibn Saud died in 1953 , after having cemented an alliance with the United States in 1945 . He is still celebrated officially as the `` Founder , '' and only his direct descendants may take on the title of `` his or her Royal Highness . '' The date of his recapture of Riyadh in 1902 was chosen to mark Saudi Arabia 's centennial in 1999 ( according to the Islamic lunar calendar ) . Upon Ibn Saud 's death , his son Saud assumed the throne without incident , but his lavish spending led to a power struggle with the new crown prince , Faisal . In 1964 , the royal family forced Saud to abdicate in favor of Faisal , aided by an edict from the country 's grand mufti . During this period , some of Ibn Saud 's younger sons , led by Talal ibn Abdul Aziz defected to Egypt , calling themselves the `` Free Princes '' and calling for liberalization and reform , but were later induced to return by Faisal . They were fully pardoned but were also barred from any future positions in government . U.S. President Barack Obama offers condolences on death of Saudi King Abdullah , Riyadh , 27 January 2015 Faisal was assassinated in 1975 by a nephew , Faisal ibn Musaid , who was promptly executed . Another brother , Khalid , assumed the throne . The next prince in line had actually been Prince Muhammad , but he had relinquished his claim to the throne in favor of Khalid , his only full brother . Khalid died of a heart attack in 1982 , and was succeeded by Fahd , the eldest of the powerful `` Sudairi Seven '' , so - called because they were all sons of Ibn Saud by his wife Hassa Al Sudairi . Fahd did away with the previous royal title of `` his Majesty '' and replaced it with the honorific `` Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques '' , in reference to the two Islamic holy sites in Mecca and Medina , in 1986 . A stroke in 1995 left Fahd largely incapacitated , and the crown prince , Abdullah , gradually took over most of the king 's responsibilities until Fahd 's death in August 2005 . Abdullah was proclaimed king on the day of Fahd 's death and promptly appointed his younger brother , Sultan bin Abdulaziz , the minister of defense and Fahd 's `` Second Deputy Prime Minister , '' as the new heir apparent . On 27 March 2009 , Abdullah appointed Prince Nayef Interior Minister as his `` second deputy prime minister '' and Crown Prince on 27 October . Sultan died in October 2011 while Nayef died in Geneva , Switzerland on 15 June 2012 . On 23 January 2015 , Abdullah died after a prolonged illness , ending his nine - year rule as the King of Saudi Arabia , and Crown Prince Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud was declared the new King . Political power ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Crown Prince and Defence Minister Mohammad with U.S. Secretary of Defense Ashton Carter , Pentagon , 13 May 2015 The head of the House of Saud is the King of Saudi Arabia who serves as Head of State and monarch of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia . The King holds almost absolute political power . The King appoints ministers to his cabinet who supervise their respective ministries in his name . The key ministries of Defence , the Interior , and Foreign Affairs are usually held by members of the Saud family , as are most of the thirteen regional governorships . Most portfolios , however , such as Finance , Labor , Information , Planning , Petroleum Affairs and Industry , have traditionally been given to commoners , often with junior Al Saud members serving as their deputies . House of Saud family members also hold many of the Kingdom 's critical military and governmental departmental posts . Ultimate power in the Kingdom has always rested upon the Al Saud , though support from the Ulema , the merchant community , and the population at large has been key to the maintenance of the royal family 's political status quo . Long - term political and government appointments , such as those of King Faisal , who was Foreign Minister almost continuously from 1932 to 1975 , King Abdullah , who was Commander of the National Guard from 1963 to 2010 , former Crown prince Sultan bin Abdulaziz , who was Minister of Defence and Aviation from 1962 until his death in 2011 , Prince Mutaib Minister of Municipal and Rural Affairs from 1975 to 2009 , former Crown Prince Nayef who was the Minister of Interior from 1975 to 2012 , and the current King Salman , who was governor of the Riyadh Region from 1963 to 2011 , have perpetuated the creation of fiefdoms where senior princes have , often , though not exclusively , co-mingled their personal wealth with that of their respective domains . They have often appointed their own sons to senior positions within their own fiefdom . Examples of these include Prince Mutaib bin Abdullah as assistant commander in the National Guard until 2010 ; Prince Khalid bin Sultan as assistant minister of defence until 2013 ; Prince Mansour bin Mutaib as assistant minister for Municipal and Rural Affairs until he replaced his father in 2009 ; and Prince Mohammed bin Nayef as assistant minister in the Interior Ministry . In cases , where portfolios have notably substantial budgets , appointments of younger , often full , brothers have been necessary , as deputies or vice ministers , ostensibly to share the wealth and the burdens of responsibility , of each fiefdom . Examples of these include Prince Abdul Rahman who was vice minister of defence and aviation under Prince Sultan ; Prince Badr , deputy to King Abdullah in the National Guard ; Prince Sattam , who was Deputy Riyadh Governor during King Salman 's term ; and Prince Ahmed , who held the deputy minister 's portfolio under Prince Nayef 's interior ministry . Unlike Western royal families , the Saudi Monarchy has not had a clearly defined order of succession . Historically , upon becoming King , the monarch has designated an heir apparent to the throne who serves as Crown Prince of the Kingdom . Upon the King 's death the Crown Prince becomes King , and during the King 's incapacitation the Crown Prince , likewise , assumes power as regent . Though other members of the Al Saud hold political positions in the Saudi government , technically it is only the King and Crown Prince who legally constitute the political institutions . Succession ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Succession to the Saudi Arabian throne U.S. President Jimmy Carter meets with King Khalid and Crown Prince Fahd in January 1978 Succession has been from brother - to - brother since the death of the Founder of modern Saudi Arabia . Ibn Saud was succeeded by his son Saud . Saud was succeeded by his brother Faisal . Faisal was succeeded by his brother Khalid who , in turn , was succeeded by his brother Fahd . Fahd , as before , was succeeded by his brother Abdullah and Abdullah succeeded by his brother Salman , the current King . Salman appointed his half - brother Muqrin as Crown Prince in January 2015 and removed him in April 2015 . Even Abdulaziz 's youngest son was to turn 70 in 2015 . Abdulaziz , in 1920 , had said that the further succession would be from brother - to - brother not from father - to - son . King Salman ended the brother - to - brother succession and appointed his 56 - year - old nephew Muhammad bin Nayef as Crown Prince in April 2015 , thus making the next succession from uncle - to - nephew . At the same time King Salman appointed his son Mohammed bin Salman , as Deputy Crown Prince , thus making the following succession from cousin - to - cousin , as Mohammad bin Salman is the cousin of Crown Prince Muhammad bin Nayef . King Salman elevated his son Mohammad bin Salman to Crown Prince in June 2017 , following his decision to depose Muhammad bin Nayef of all positions , making his son heir apparent to the throne ; and making the next succession father - to - son , for the first time since 1953 when Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud succeeded his father , the founder of Saudi Arabia , Ibn Saud . Wealth ( edit ) Luxury yacht Kingdom 5KR owned by Saudi royal family , docked in Antibes , French Riviera In June 2015 Forbes listed Prince Al - Waleed bin Talal as the 34th - richest man in the world , with an estimated net worth of US $28 billion . Prince Al - Waleed had a net worth of $20.4 billion in 2014 . King Salman had a net worth estimated at US $17 billion in 2016 . The net worth of the entire royal family has been estimated at well over $1.4 trillion which makes them one of the wealthiest families in the world if not the wealthiest . Opposition ( edit ) See also : Human rights in Saudi Arabia and Censorship in Saudi Arabia Demonstrators in Eastern Province during the 1979 Qatif Uprising Due to its authoritarian and quasi-theocratic rule , the House of Saud has attracted much criticism during its rule of Saudi Arabia . There have been numerous incidents , from the Wahhabi Ikhwan militia uprising during the reign of Ibn Saud to various coup attempts by the different branches of the Kingdom 's military . On 20 November 1979 , the Grand Mosque seizure saw the al - Masjid al - Haram in Mecca violently seized by a group of 500 heavily armed and provisioned Saudi dissidents led by Juhayman al - Otaybi and Abdullah al - Qahtani , consisting mostly of members of the former Ikhwan militia of Otaibah but also of other peninsular Arabs and a few Egyptians enrolled in Islamic studies at the Islamic University of Madinah . The Saudi royal family turned to the Ulema who duly issued a fatwa permitting the storming of the holy sanctuary by Saudi forces , aided by French and Pakistani special ops units , although officially , non-Muslims may not enter the city of Mecca . According to Lawrence Wright , the GIGN commandos did convert to Islam . All surviving males , including Al - Otaybi himself , were beheaded publicly in four cities of Saudi Arabia . In January 2016 , Saudi Arabia executed the prominent Shiite cleric Sheikh Nimr , who had called for pro-democracy demonstrations , along with forty - seven other Saudi shia citizens sentenced by the Specialized Criminal Court on terrorism charges . Since May 2017 in response to protests against the government , the predominantly Shia town of Al - Awamiyah has been put under full siege by the Saudi military . Residents are not allowed to enter or leave , and military indiscriminately shells the neighborhoods with airstrikes , mortar and artillery fire along with snipers shooting residents . Dozens of Shia civilians were killed , includinga a three year old and a two year - old children . The Saudi government claims it is fighting terrorists in al - Awamiyah . Heads ( edit ) King Salman bin Abdulaziz First Saudi state ( edit ) Muhammad ibn Saud ( approx. 1710 − 1765 ) ruled 1744 -- 1765 Abdul - Aziz ibn Muhammad ibn Saud ( died 1803 ) ruled 1765 -- 1803 Saud ibn Abdul - Aziz ibn Muhammad Al Saud ( died 1814 ) ruled 1803 -- 1814 Abdullah ibn Saud ( died 1818 ) ruled 1814 -- 1818 Second Saudi state ( edit ) 1 . Turki ibn Abdallah ( 1755 -- 1834 ) ruled 1824 − 1834 2 and 5 . Faisal ibn Turki Al Saud ( 1785 -- 1865 ) ruled 1834 -- 1838 and 1843 -- 1865 . Son of Turki 3 . Khalid bin Saud ibn Abdul - Aziz ibn Muhammad ibn Saud ruled 1838 -- 1841 . Distant cousin 4 . Abdullah ibn Thunayyan ruled 1841 -- 1843 . Distant cousin 6 , 8 , and 11 . Abdullah bin Faisal bin Turki Al Saud ruled 1865 -- 1871 , 1871 -- 1873 , 1876 -- 1889 . Son of Faisal 7 and 9 . Saud ibn Faisal ibn Turki ( died 1875 ) ruled 1871 and 1873 -- 1875 . Son of Faisal 10 and 12 . Abdul - Rahman bin Faisal ( 1850 -- 1928 ) ruled 1875 -- 1876 and 1889 -- 1891 . Son of Faisal Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ( edit ) Royal Standard of the King Abdulaziz bin Abdul - Rahman bin Faisal known as Ibn Saud ( 15 January 1876 -- 9 November 1953 ) ruled 1932 -- 1953 King Saud bin Abdulaziz ( 15 January 1902 -- 24 January 1969 ) ruled 1953 -- 1964 King Faisal bin Abdulaziz ( April 1906 -- 25 March 1975 ) ruled 1964 -- 1975 King Khalid bin Abdulaziz ( 13 February 1913 -- 13 June 1982 ) ruled 1975 -- 1982 King Fahd bin Abdulaziz ( 16 March 1920 -- 1 August 2005 ) ruled 1982 -- 2005 King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz ( 1 August 1924 -- 23 January 2015 ) ruled 2005 -- 2015 King Salman bin Abdulaziz ( born 31 December 1935 ) since 2015 Most notable current members ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Descendants of Ibn Saud Sons of King Abdulaziz ( edit ) The list of King Abdulaziz 's surviving sons , except for current Saudi monarch Salman , are as follows : Bandar bin Abdulaziz ( born 1923 ) -- Eldest surviving son , who is reportedly still alive . Mutaib bin Abdulaziz ( born 1931 ) -- Minister of municipal and rural affairs from 1975 to 2009 . He has a long - standing family alliance with King Abdullah . Talal bin Abdulaziz ( born 1931 ) -- Held the ministerial portfolios for finance and communications in the 1950s . Major businessman , special envoy to UNESCO and chairman of AGFUND . He had a leading role in the Free Princes movement of 1958 which sought government reform . He resigned in 2011 from the Allegiance Council . Abdul llah bin Abdulaziz ( born 1939 ) -- Former governor of Al Jawf Province . He was special advisor to King Abdullah from 2008 to 2015 . Mamdouh bin Abdulaziz ( born 1940 ) -- Former governor of Tabuk region who was removed from the post by King Fahd for insubordination . Later he was made director of Saudi Center of Strategic Studies . Ahmed bin Abdulaziz ( born 1942 ) -- Deputy minister of interior from 1975 to 2012 ; minister of interior from June 2012 to 5 November 2012 . Mashhur bin Abdulaziz ( born 1942 ) Muqrin bin Abdulaziz Al Saud ( born 1945 ) -- Director general of the General Intelligence Directorate from 2005 to 2012 ; former governor of Ha'il and Madinah provinces . He was appointed second deputy prime minister on 1 February 2013 and he was made crown prince on 23 January 2015 when his half - brother Salman became king . On 28 April 2015 Muqrin was granted resignation based on his request to start the next generation of the royals . Crown Prince Muhammad bin Nayef and Deputy Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman with Jared Kushner and Ivanka Trump , Riyadh , 20 May 2017 Daughters of King Abdulaziz ( edit ) Al Jawhara bint Abdulaziz Al Saud Latifa bint Abdulaziz See also ( edit ) Biography portal Royalty portal Saudi Arabia portal Bedouin Al ash - Sheikh Bani Hareth Bani Yas Banu Thaqif Banu Yam King of Saudi Arabia Saudi Royal Guard Regiment Death of a Princess References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The House of Al Saud -- A View of the Modern Saudi Dynasty '' . 18 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : CNN , Nicole Chavez , Tamara Qiblawi and James Griffiths . `` Saudi Arabia 's king replaces nephew with son as heir to throne '' . CNN . ^ Jump up to : Raghavan , Sudarsan ; Fahim , Kareem ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Saudi king names son as new crown prince , upending the royal succession line '' . The Washington Post . 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Forbes . 24 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi King , UAE President at the Center of the Panama Papers '' . TeleSUR. April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Wealth -- House of Saud '' . Jump up ^ J.A. Kechichican ( 1990 ) . `` Islamic Revivalism and Change in Saudi Arabia : Juhayman al - ' Utaybi 's ' Letters to the Saudi People ' '' . The Muslim World . 50 : 1 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Joseph Kostiner ( 8 July 1997 ) . `` State , Islam and Opposition in Saudi Arabia : The Post Desert - Storm Phase '' . The Middle East Review of International Affairs ( MERIA ) . 1 ( 2 ) . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Yaroslav Trofimov ( 22 September 2007 ) . `` Did ' Siege of Mecca ' Give Birth to Al - Qaida ? '' ( Interview ) . Interview with Jacki Lyden . NPR ( National Public Radio ) . Jump up ^ Wright Lawrence ( 2006 ) . The Looming Tower : Al - Qaeda and the Road to 9 / 11 ( 1st ed . ) . Alfred A. Knopf ( US ) . p. 110 . ISBN 978 - 0141029351 . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mecca '' . Global Security . 9 July 2011 . Retrieved 29 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi execution of Shia cleric sparks outrage in Middle East '' . The Guardian . 2 January 2016 . Jump up ^ ABNA24 ( 31 July 2017 ) . `` ABWA 's satement on condemnation of Al Saud 's crimes in Awamiyah '' . Jump up ^ ABNA24 , PressTV , ( 26 July 2017 ) . `` Saudi forces shell homes in Awamiyah , Two killed / Video & Pics '' . Jump up ^ `` Snipers Injure Scores of Civilians in Saudi Arabia 's Qatif '' . 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PressTV - Saudi forces shot dead youth in restive Qatif '' . Jump up ^ `` PressTV - Saudi regime offensive on Shia town enters week 2 '' . Jump up ^ `` ' You might get shot any time ' : Saudi forces raid Shia town as Riyadh welcomes Trump '' . Jump up ^ http://en.abna24.com/news/middle-east/saudi-shia-town-under-siege-from-kingdom's-security-services-for-sixth-day_829902.html Jump up ^ `` Three - year - old dies from wounds after Saudi security forces ' open fire on family ' '' . 10 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PressTV - Saudi forces kill toddler , young man in Qatif '' . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Forces Raid Al - Masoura in Awamiyah , Open Fire , Destroy Houses '' . Jump up ^ `` Timeline Saudi Arabia '' . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Turki ibn Abdallah ruled various parts of the area between 1819 and 1824 . The Second Saudi State was officially founded in 1824 . Jump up ^ Abdul - Aziz ruled various parts of the area between 1902 and 1932 . The Kingdom was officially founded in 1932 . Further reading ( edit ) Alexei Vassiliev , The History of Saudi Arabia , London , UK : Al Saqi Books , 1998 David Holden & Richard Johns , The House of Saud , Pan , 1982 , 0 - 330 - 26834 - 1 Madawi Al - Rasheed , A History of Saudi Arabia , Cambridge University Press , 2002 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 64412 - 7 The House of Saud by David Holden and Richard Johns . Contains 538 pages , plus bibliography , index , and family history , also sections of Black and White plates . ( Detail taken from The House of Saud , a reprint . First published by Sidgwick and Jackson in 1981 with an ISBN 0 - 283 - 98436 - 8 . ) David Fromkin , A Peace to end all peace , Holt , 1989 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 8809 - 0 . Supplements the foregoing material with a history of the dealings between the House of Saud and the British during and just after World War I . Craig Unger , House of Bush House of Saud , Scribner , 2004 , ISBN 0 - 7432 - 5337 - X External links ( edit ) `` A Chronology : The House of Saud '' , PBS ( Public Broadcasting Service ) , Frontline , 1 August 2005 `` The House of Saud : A View of the Modern Saudi Dynasty '' , PBS ( Public Broadcasting Service ) , Frontline , 1 August 2005 `` Structure of the House of Saud '' ( PDF ) , Global Security `` Saudi Royal Family Directory '' . Datarabia . `` Saudi Royal Family Website '' . Royal Families of the World . Saudi Arabia articles History Pre-Islamic Arabia Early Islamic State Rashidun Caliphate Umayyad Caliphate Abbasid Caliphate Ottoman Arabia Emirate of Diriyah Emirate of Nejd Unification Modern history Geography Cities and towns Climate Earthquakes Governorates Mountains Regions Politics Allegiance Council Cabinet Consultative Assembly Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Foreign relations King Mabahith ( secret police ) National Security Council Nuclear program Prime Minister Law Basic Law Capital punishment Freedom of religion Human rights LGBT Rape Women Mutaween ( religious police ) Passport Military Air Defense Air Force Army General Intelligence Presidency Military ranks National Guard Navy Economy Agriculture Companies Council of Economic and Development Affairs Energy Oil reserves History of the oil industry Foreign workers Irrigation OPEC Riyal ( currency ) Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency ( central bank ) Supreme Economic Council Tadawul ( stock exchange ) Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Censorship Crime Demographics Education List of universities Health care Human trafficking Obesity Prostitution Religion Terrorism Response to ISIL Water supply and sanitation Culture Art Cinema Cuisine Islam Language Media television Music Public holidays Sport Symbols Anthem Emblem Flag Motto Outline Index Book Portal Muslim dynasties in Arabian Peninsula Ziyadids ( 819 -- 1018 ) Yufirids ( 847 - 997 ) Banu Ukhaidhir ( 865 -- 1066 ) Rassids ( 893 -- 1970 ) Qarmatians ( 900 -- 1073 ) Wajihids ( 926 - 965 ) Sharif of Mecca ( 967 -- 1925 ) Sulayhids ( 1047 -- 1138 ) Najahids ( 1050 - 1158 ) Sulaymanids ( 1063 - 1174 ) Uyunids ( 1076 -- 1240 ) Zurayids ( 1083 - 1174 ) Hamdanids ( 1099 - 1174 ) Nabhani ( 1154 - 1624 ) Mahdids ( 1159 - 1174 ) Rasulids ( 1229 -- 1454 ) Usfurids ( 1253 -- 1320 ) Jarwanids ( 1305 -- 1487 ) Kathiri ( 1395 -- 1967 ) Jabrids ( 15th -- 16th century ) Tahirids ( 1454 -- 1526 ) Qasimids ( 1597 - 1872 ) Yaruba ( 1624 - 1742 ) Qawasim of Ras al Khaymah ( 1727 -- present ) House of Saud ( 1744 -- present ) Al Said ( 1749 - present ) House of Sabah ( 1752 -- present ) Al Nahyan family ( 1761 -- present ) Ajman ( 18th century -- present ) Qawasim of Sharjah ( 18th century -- present ) Umm al - Quwain ( 1775 -- present ) Al Khalifa family ( 1783 -- present ) Mahra Sultanate ( 18th century -- 1967 ) House of Thani ( 1825 -- present ) Al Maktoum ( 1833 -- present ) Rashidis ( 1836 -- 1921 ) Al Afifi ( 19th century -- 1967 ) Harharah ( 19th century -- 1967 ) Sharqis ( 1876 -- present ) Qu'aiti ( 1902 -- 1967 ) Emirate of Beihan ( 1903 -- 1967 ) Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen ( 1926 -- 1970 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=House_of_Saud&oldid=800544067 '' Categories : Rabi ` ah Kings of Saudi Arabia Middle Eastern royal families Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia articles in need of updating from June 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Use dmy dates from May 2015 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles needing additional references from July 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from June 2017 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from August 2017 Articles needing additional references from March 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latviešu მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 05 : 33 . 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United States Congress - wikipedia United States Congress For the current Congress , see 115th United States Congress . For the building , see United States Capitol . United States Congress 115th United States Congress Type Type Bicameral Houses Senate House of Representatives History Founded March 4 , 1789 ( 229 years ago ) ( 1789 - 03 - 04 ) Preceded by Congress of the Confederation New session started January 3 , 2017 Leadership President of the Senate & Vice President Mike Pence ( R ) Since January 20 , 2017 Speaker of the House of Representatives Paul Ryan ( R ) Since October 29 , 2015 President pro tempore of the Senate Orrin Hatch ( R ) Since January 6 , 2015 Structure Seats 535 voting members 100 senators 435 representatives 6 non-voting members Senate political groups Republican ( 51 ) Democratic ( 47 ) Independents ( 2 ) House of Representatives political groups Republican ( 235 ) Democratic ( 193 ) Vacant ( 7 ) Elections Senate last election November 8 , 2016 House of Representatives last election November 8 , 2016 Meeting place United States Capitol Washington , D.C. , United States Website www.congress.gov This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Kavanaugh Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government United States portal Other countries Atlas The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the Federal government of the United States . The legislature consists of two chambers : the House of Representatives and the Senate . The Congress meets in the United States Capitol in Washington , D.C. Both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election , though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a gubernatorial appointment . Congress has 535 voting members : 435 representatives and 100 senators . The House of Representatives has six non-voting members representing Puerto Rico , American Samoa , Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands , the U.S. Virgin Islands , and the District of Columbia in addition to its 435 voting members . Although they can not vote in the full house , these members can sit and vote in congressional committees and introduce legislation . The members of the House of Representatives serve two - year terms representing the people of a single constituency , known as a `` district '' . Congressional districts are apportioned to states by population using the United States Census results , provided that each state has at least one congressional representative . Each state , regardless of population or size , has two senators . Currently , there are 100 senators representing the 50 states . Each senator is elected at - large in their state for a six - year term , with terms staggered , so every two years approximately one - third of the Senate is up for election . To be eligible for election , a candidate must be aged at least 25 ( House ) or 30 ( Senate ) , have been a citizen of the United States for seven ( House ) or nine ( Senate ) years , and be an inhabitant of the state which they represent . The Congress was created by the Constitution of the United States and first met in 1789 , replacing in its legislative function the Congress of the Confederation . Although not legally mandated , in practice since the 19th century , Congress members are typically affiliated with the Republican Party or with the Democratic Party and only rarely with a third party or independents . Contents 1 Overview 2 History 2.1 1780s -- 1820s : formative era 2.2 1830s -- 1900s : partisan era 2.3 1910s -- 1960s : committee era 2.4 1970s -- present : contemporary era 3 Congress in the United States government 3.1 Powers of Congress 3.1. 1 Overview of congressional power 3.1. 2 Enumerated powers 3.1. 3 Implied powers and the commerce clause 3.1. 4 Territorial Government 3.2 Checks and balances 4 Structure 4.1 Committees 4.1. 1 Specializations 4.1. 2 Power 4.1. 3 Officer 4.2 Support services 4.2. 1 Library of Congress 4.2. 2 Congressional Research Service 4.2. 3 Congressional Budget Office 4.2. 4 Lobbyists 4.2. 5 United States Capitol Police 4.3 Partisanship versus bipartisanship 5 Procedures of Congress 5.1 Sessions 5.2 Joint sessions 5.3 Bills and resolutions 6 Congress and the public 6.1 Advantage of incumbency 6.1. 1 Citizens and representatives 6.1. 2 Expensive campaigns 6.1. 3 Television and negative advertising 6.1. 4 Public perceptions of Congress 6.2 Smaller states and bigger states 6.3 Members and constituents 6.4 Congressional style 7 Privileges and pay 7.1 Privileges protecting members 7.2 Pay and benefits 8 See also 9 Notes 10 Other notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Overview ( edit ) Play media Overview of the United States legislative process , as explained by the Library of Congress In 1868 , this committee of representatives prosecuted president Andrew Johnson in his impeachment trial , but the Senate did not convict him . Article One of the United States Constitution states , `` All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States , which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives . '' The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process -- legislation can not be enacted without the consent of both chambers . However , the Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers . The Senate ratifies treaties and approves presidential appointments while the House initiates revenue - raising bills . The House initiates impeachment cases , while the Senate decides impeachment cases . A two - thirds vote of the Senate is required before an impeached person can be forcibly removed from office . The term Congress can also refer to a particular meeting of the legislature . A Congress covers two years ; the current one , the 115th Congress , began on January 3 , 2017 , and will end on January 3 , 2019 . The Congress starts and ends on the third day of January of every odd - numbered year . Members of the Senate are referred to as senators ; members of the House of Representatives are referred to as representatives , congresswomen , or congressmen . Scholar and representative Lee H. Hamilton asserted that the `` historic mission of Congress has been to maintain freedom '' and insisted it was a `` driving force in American government '' and a `` remarkably resilient institution '' . Congress is the `` heart and soul of our democracy '' , according to this view , even though legislators rarely achieve the prestige or name recognition of presidents or Supreme Court justices ; one wrote that `` legislators remain ghosts in America 's historical imagination '' . One analyst argues that it is not a solely reactive institution but has played an active role in shaping government policy and is extraordinarily sensitive to public pressure . Several academics described Congress : Congress reflects us in all our strengths and all our weaknesses . It reflects our regional idiosyncrasies , our ethnic , religious , and racial diversity , our multitude of professions , and our shadings of opinion on everything from the value of war to the war over values . Congress is the government 's most representative body ... Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the great public policy issues of the day . -- Smith , Roberts , and Wielen Congress is constantly changing and is constantly in flux . In recent times , the American south and west have gained House seats according to demographic changes recorded by the census and includes more minorities and women although both groups are still underrepresented , according to one view . While power balances among the different parts of government continue to change , the internal structure of Congress is important to understand along with its interactions with so - called intermediary institutions such as political parties , civic associations , interest groups , and the mass media . The Congress of the United States serves two distinct purposes that overlap : local representation to the federal government of a congressional district by representatives and a state 's at - large representation to the federal government by senators . Most incumbents seek re-election , and their historical likelihood of winning subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent . The historical records of the House of Representatives and the Senate are maintained by the Center for Legislative Archives , which is a part of the National Archives and Records Administration . Congress is directly responsible for the governing of the District of Columbia , the current seat of the federal government . History ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States Congress The First Continental Congress was a gathering of representatives from twelve of the thirteen British Colonies in North America . On July 4 , 1776 , the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence , referring to the new nation as the `` United States of America '' . The Articles of Confederation in 1781 created the Congress of the Confederation , a unicameral body with equal representation among the states in which each state had a veto over most decisions . Congress had executive but not legislative authority , and the federal judiciary was confined to admiralty. and lacked authority to collect taxes , regulate commerce , or enforce laws . George Washington presiding over the signing of the United States Constitution . Government powerlessness led to the Convention of 1787 which proposed a revised constitution with a two -- chamber or bicameral congress . Smaller states argued for equal representation for each state . The two - chamber structure had functioned well in state governments . A compromise plan was adopted with representatives chosen by population ( benefiting larger states ) and exactly two senators chosen by state governments ( benefiting smaller states ) . The ratified constitution created a federal structure with two overlapping power centers so that each citizen as an individual was subjected to both the power of state government and the national government . To protect against abuse of power , each branch of government -- executive , legislative , and judicial -- had a separate sphere of authority and could check other branches according to the principle of the separation of powers . Furthermore , there were checks and balances within the legislature since there were two separate chambers . The new government became active in 1789 . Political scientist Julian E. Zelizer suggested there were four main congressional eras , with considerable overlap , and included the formative era ( 1780s -- 1820s ) , the partisan era ( 1830s -- 1900s ) , the committee era ( 1910s -- 1960s ) , and the contemporary era ( 1970s -- today ) . 1780s -- 1820s : formative era ( edit ) Federalists and anti-federalists jostled for power in the early years as political parties became pronounced , surprising the Constitution 's Founding Fathers of the United States . With the passage of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights , the Anti-Federalist movement was exhausted . Some activists joined the Anti-Administration Party that James Madison and Thomas Jefferson were forming about 1790 -- 91 to oppose policies of Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton ; it soon became the Democratic - Republican Party or the Jeffersonian Democrat Party and began the era of the First Party System . Thomas Jefferson 's election to the presidency marked a peaceful transition of power between the parties in 1800 . John Marshall , 4th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court empowered the courts by establishing the principle of judicial review in law in the landmark case Marbury v. Madison in 1803 , effectively giving the Supreme Court a power to nullify congressional legislation . 1830s -- 1900s : partisan era ( edit ) These years were marked by growth in the power of political parties . The watershed event was the Civil War which resolved the slavery issue and unified the nation under federal authority , but weakened the power of states rights . The Gilded Age ( 1877 -- 1901 ) was marked by Republican dominance of Congress . During this time , lobbying activity became more intense , particularly during the administration of President Ulysses S. Grant in which influential lobbies advocated for railroad subsidies and tariffs on wool . Immigration and high birth rates swelled the ranks of citizens and the nation grew at a rapid pace . The Progressive Era was characterized by strong party leadership in both houses of Congress as well as calls for reform ; sometimes reformers would attack lobbyists as corrupting politics . The position of Speaker of the House became extremely powerful under leaders such as Thomas Reed in 1890 and Joseph Gurney Cannon . The Senate was effectively controlled by a half dozen men . 1910s -- 1960s : committee era ( edit ) United States Congress meeting , c. 1915 A system of seniority -- in which long - time Members of Congress gained more and more power -- encouraged politicians of both parties to serve for long terms . Committee chairmen remained influential in both houses until the reforms of the 1970s . Important structural changes included the direct election of senators by popular election according to the Seventeenth Amendment , ratified in April 8 , 1913 , with positive effects ( senators more sensitive to public opinion ) and negative effects ( undermining the authority of state governments ) . Supreme Court decisions based on the Constitution 's commerce clause expanded congressional power to regulate the economy . One effect of popular election of senators was to reduce the difference between the House and Senate in terms of their link to the electorate . Lame duck reforms according to the Twentieth Amendment ended the power of defeated and retiring members of Congress to wield influence despite their lack of accountability . The Great Depression ushered in President Franklin Roosevelt and strong control by Democrats and historic New Deal policies . Roosevelt 's election in 1932 marked a shift in government power towards the executive branch . Numerous New Deal initiatives came from the White House rather than being initiated by Congress . The Democratic Party controlled both houses of Congress for many years . During this time , Republicans and conservative southern Democrats formed the Conservative Coalition . Democrats maintained control of Congress during World War II . Congress struggled with efficiency in the postwar era partly by reducing the number of standing congressional committees . Southern Democrats became a powerful force in many influential committees although political power alternated between Republicans and Democrats during these years . More complex issues required greater specialization and expertise , such as space flight and atomic energy policy . Senator Joseph McCarthy exploited the fear of communism and conducted televised hearings . In 1960 , Democratic candidate John F. Kennedy narrowly won the presidency and power shifted again to the Democrats who dominated both houses of Congress until 1994 . 1970s -- present : contemporary era ( edit ) Historical graph of party control of the Senate , House , and Presidency . Since 1980 , the Democrats have held the Presidency for four terms , but because of the Senate filibuster , have only been able to freely legislate in two years . The Republicans have been similarly disabled . Congress enacted Johnson 's Great Society program to fight poverty and hunger . The Watergate Scandal had a powerful effect of waking up a somewhat dormant Congress which investigated presidential wrongdoing and coverups ; the scandal `` substantially reshaped '' relations between the branches of government , suggested political scientist Bruce J. Schulman . Partisanship returned , particularly after 1994 ; one analyst attributes partisan infighting to slim congressional majorities which discouraged friendly social gatherings in meeting rooms such as the Board of Education . Congress began reasserting its authority . Lobbying became a big factor despite the 1971 Federal Election Campaign Act . Political action committees or PACs could make substantive donations to congressional candidates via such means as soft money contributions . While soft money funds were not given to specific campaigns for candidates , the money often benefited candidates substantially in an indirect way and helped reelect candidates . Reforms such as the 2002 McCain - Feingold act limited campaign donations but did not limit soft money contributions . One source suggests post-Watergate laws amended in 1974 meant to reduce the `` influence of wealthy contributors and end payoffs '' instead `` legitimized PACs '' since they `` enabled individuals to band together in support of candidates '' . From 1974 to 1984 , PACs grew from 608 to 3,803 and donations leaped from $12.5 million to $120 million along with concern over PAC influence in Congress . In 2009 , there were 4,600 business , labor and special - interest PACs including ones for lawyers , electricians , and real estate brokers . From 2007 to 2008 , 175 members of Congress received `` half or more of their campaign cash '' from PACs . From 1970 to 2009 , the House expanded delegates , along with their powers and privileges representing U.S. citizens in non-state areas , beginning with representation on committees for Puerto Rico 's Resident Commissioner in 1970 . In 1971 , a delegate for the District of Columbia was authorized , and in 1972 new delegate positions were established for U.S. Virgin Islands and Guam. 1978 saw an additional delegate for American Samoa , and another for the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands began in 2009 . These six Members of Congress enjoy floor privileges to introduce bills and resolutions , and in recent congresses they vote in permanent and select committees , in party caucuses and in joint conferences with the Senate . They have Capitol Hill offices , staff and two annual appointments to each of the four military academies . While their votes are constitutional when Congress authorizes their House Committee of the Whole votes , recent Congresses have not allowed for that , and they can not vote when the House is meeting as the House of Representatives . In the late 20th century , the media became more important in Congress 's work . Analyst Michael Schudson suggested that greater publicity undermined the power of political parties and caused `` more roads to open up in Congress for individual representatives to influence decisions '' . Norman Ornstein suggested that media prominence led to a greater emphasis on the negative and sensational side of Congress , and referred to this as the tabloidization of media coverage . Others saw pressure to squeeze a political position into a thirty - second soundbite . A report characterized Congress in 2013 as being unproductive , gridlocked , and `` setting records for futility '' . In October 2013 , with Congress unable to compromise , the government was shut down for several weeks and risked a serious default on debt payments , causing 60 % of the public to say they would `` fire every member of Congress '' including their own representative . One report suggested Congress posed the `` biggest risk to the US economy '' because of its brinksmanship , `` down - to - the - wire budget and debt crises '' and `` indiscriminate spending cuts '' , resulting in slowed economic activity and keeping up to two million people unemployed . There has been increasing public dissatisfaction with Congress , with extremely low approval ratings which dropped to 5 % in October 2013 . Congress in the United States government ( edit ) Powers of Congress ( edit ) Main article : Powers of the United States Congress Overview of congressional power ( edit ) Congress 's `` power of the purse '' authorizes taxing citizens , spending money , and printing currency . Article I of the Constitution creates and sets forth the structure and most of the powers of Congress . Sections One through Six describe how Congress is elected and gives each House the power to create its own structure . Section Seven lays out the process for creating laws , and Section Eight enumerates numerous powers . Section Nine is a list of powers Congress does not have , and Section Ten enumerates powers of the state , some of which may only be granted by Congress . Constitutional amendments have granted Congress additional powers . Congress also has implied powers derived from the Constitution 's Necessary and Proper Clause . Congress has authority over financial and budgetary policy through the enumerated power to `` lay and collect Taxes , Duties , Imposts and Excises , to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States '' . There is vast authority over budgets , although analyst Eric Patashnik suggested that much of Congress 's power to manage the budget has been lost when the welfare state expanded since `` entitlements were institutionally detached from Congress 's ordinary legislative routine and rhythm '' . Another factor leading to less control over the budget was a Keynesian belief that balanced budgets were unnecessary . The Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 extended congressional power of taxation to include income taxes without apportionment among the several States , and without regard to any census or enumeration . The Constitution also grants Congress the exclusive power to appropriate funds , and this power of the purse is one of Congress 's primary checks on the executive branch . Congress can borrow money on the credit of the United States , regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the states , and coin money . Generally , both the Senate and the House of Representatives have equal legislative authority , although only the House may originate revenue and appropriation bills . Congress authorizes defense spending such as the purchase of the USS Bon Homme Richard ( CV - 31 ) . Congress has an important role in national defense , including the exclusive power to declare war , to raise and maintain the armed forces , and to make rules for the military . Some critics charge that the executive branch has usurped Congress 's constitutionally defined task of declaring war . While historically presidents initiated the process for going to war , they asked for and received formal war declarations from Congress for the War of 1812 , the Mexican -- American War , the Spanish -- American War , World War I , and World War II , although President Theodore Roosevelt 's military move into Panama in 1903 did not get congressional approval . In the early days after the North Korean invasion of 1950 , President Truman described the American response as a `` police action '' . According to Time magazine in 1970 , `` U.S. presidents ( had ) ordered troops into position or action without a formal congressional declaration a total of 149 times . '' In 1993 , Michael Kinsley wrote that `` Congress 's war power has become the most flagrantly disregarded provision in the Constitution , '' and that the `` real erosion ( of Congress 's war power ) began after World War II . '' Disagreement about the extent of congressional versus presidential power regarding war has been present periodically throughout the nation 's history . '' Congress can establish post offices and post roads , issue patents and copyrights , fix standards of weights and measures , establish Courts inferior to the Supreme Court , and `` make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers , and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States , or in any Department or Officer thereof . '' Article Four gives Congress the power to admit new states into the Union . Congress oversees other government branches , for example , the Senate Watergate Committee , investigating President Nixon and Watergate , in 1973 -- 74 . One of Congress 's foremost non-legislative functions is the power to investigate and oversee the executive branch . Congressional oversight is usually delegated to committees and is facilitated by Congress 's subpoena power . Some critics have charged that Congress has in some instances failed to do an adequate job of overseeing the other branches of government . In the Plame affair , critics including Representative Henry A. Waxman charged that Congress was not doing an adequate job of oversight in this case . There have been concerns about congressional oversight of executive actions such as warrantless wiretapping , although others respond that Congress did investigate the legality of presidential decisions . Political scientists Ornstein and Mann suggested that oversight functions do not help members of Congress win reelection . Congress also has the exclusive power of removal , allowing impeachment and removal of the president , federal judges and other federal officers . There have been charges that presidents acting under the doctrine of the unitary executive have assumed important legislative and budgetary powers that should belong to Congress . So - called signing statements are one way in which a president can `` tip the balance of power between Congress and the White House a little more in favor of the executive branch , '' according to one account . Past presidents , including Ronald Reagan , George H.W. Bush , Bill Clinton , and George W. Bush have made public statements when signing congressional legislation about how they understand a bill or plan to execute it , and commentators including the American Bar Association have described this practice as against the spirit of the Constitution . There have been concerns that presidential authority to cope with financial crises is eclipsing the power of Congress . In 2008 , George F. Will called the Capitol building a `` tomb for the antiquated idea that the legislative branch matters . '' Enumerated powers ( edit ) Main article : Powers of the United States Congress The Constitution enumerates the powers of Congress in detail . In addition , other congressional powers have been granted , or confirmed , by constitutional amendments . The Thirteenth ( 1865 ) , Fourteenth ( 1868 ) , and Fifteenth Amendments ( 1870 ) gave Congress authority to enact legislation to enforce rights of African Americans , including voting rights , due process , and equal protection under the law . Generally militia forces are controlled by state governments , not Congress . Implied powers and the commerce Clause ( edit ) Congress also has implied powers deriving from the Constitution 's Necessary and Proper Clause which permit Congress to `` make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers , and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States , or in any Department or Officer thereof . '' Broad interpretations of this clause and of the Commerce Clause , the enumerated power to regulate commerce , in rulings such as McCulloch v Maryland , have effectively widened the scope of Congress 's legislative authority far beyond that prescribed in Section 8 . Territorial government ( edit ) Main article : Territories of the United States Constitutional responsibility for the oversight of Washington , D.C. , the federal district and national capital and the U.S. territories of Guam , American Samoa , Puerto Rico , the U.S. Virgin Islands , and the Northern Mariana Islands rests with Congress . The republican form of government in territories is devolved by Congressional statute to the respective territories including direct election of governors , the D.C. mayor and locally elective territorial legislatures . Each territory and Washington , D.C. elect a non-voting delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives as they have throughout Congressional history . They `` possess the same powers as other members of the House , except that they may not vote when the House is meeting as the House of Representatives . '' They are assigned offices and allowances for staff , participate in debate , and appoint constituents to the four military service academies for the Army , Navy , Air Force and Coast Guard . Washington , D.C. citizens alone among U.S. territories have the right to directly vote for the President of the United States , although the Democratic and Republican political parties nominate their presidential candidates at national conventions which include delegates from the five major territories . Checks and balances ( edit ) Main article : U.S. Congress in relation to the president and Supreme Court View of the United States Capitol from the United States Supreme Court building . Representative Lee H. Hamilton explained how Congress functions within the federal government : To me the key to understanding it is balance . The founders went to great lengths to balance institutions against each other -- balancing powers among the three branches : Congress , the president , and the Supreme Court ; between the House of Representatives and the Senate ; between the federal government and the states ; among states of different sizes and regions with different interests ; between the powers of government and the rights of citizens , as spelled out in the Bill of Rights ... No one part of government dominates the other . The Constitution provides checks and balances among the three branches of the federal government . Its authors expected the greater power to lie with Congress as described in Article One . The influence of Congress on the presidency has varied from period to period depending on factors such as congressional leadership , presidential political influence , historical circumstances such as war , and individual initiative by members of Congress . The impeachment of Andrew Johnson made the presidency less powerful than Congress for a considerable period afterwards . The 20th and 21st centuries have seen the rise of presidential power under politicians such as Theodore Roosevelt , Woodrow Wilson , Franklin D. Roosevelt , Richard Nixon , Ronald Reagan , and George W. Bush . However , in recent years , Congress has restricted presidential power with laws such as the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 and the War Powers Resolution . Nevertheless , the Presidency remains considerably more powerful today than during the 19th century . Executive branch officials are often loath to reveal sensitive information to members of Congress because of concern that information could not be kept secret ; in return , knowing they may be in the dark about executive branch activity , congressional officials are more likely to distrust their counterparts in executive agencies . Many government actions require fast coordinated effort by many agencies , and this is a task that Congress is ill - suited for . Congress is slow , open , divided , and not well matched to handle more rapid executive action or do a good job of overseeing such activity , according to one analysis . The impeachment trial of President Clinton in 1999 , Chief Justice William Rehnquist presiding . The Constitution concentrates removal powers in the Congress by empowering and obligating the House of Representatives to impeach both executive and judicial officials for `` Treason , Bribery , or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors . '' Impeachment is a formal accusation of unlawful activity by a civil officer or government official . The Senate is constitutionally empowered and obligated to try all impeachments . A simple majority in the House is required to impeach an official ; however , a two - thirds majority in the Senate is required for conviction . A convicted official is automatically removed from office ; in addition , the Senate may stipulate that the defendant be banned from holding office in the future . Impeachment proceedings may not inflict more than this ; however , a convicted party may face criminal penalties in a normal court of law . In the history of the United States , the House of Representatives has impeached sixteen officials , of whom seven were convicted . Another resigned before the Senate could complete the trial . Only two presidents have ever been impeached : Andrew Johnson in 1868 and Bill Clinton in 1999 . Both trials ended in acquittal ; in Johnson 's case , the Senate fell one vote short of the two - thirds majority required for conviction . In 1974 , Richard Nixon resigned from office after impeachment proceedings in the House Judiciary Committee indicated he would eventually be removed from office . The Senate has an important check on the executive power by confirming Cabinet officials , judges , and other high officers `` by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate . '' It confirms most presidential nominees but rejections are not uncommon . Furthermore , treaties negotiated by the President must be ratified by a two - thirds majority vote in the Senate to take effect . As a result , presidential arm - twisting of senators can happen before a key vote ; for example , President Obama 's secretary of state , Hillary Clinton , urged her former senate colleagues to approve a nuclear arms treaty with Russia in 2010 . The House of Representatives has no formal role in either the ratification of treaties or the appointment of federal officials , other than in filling a vacancy in the office of the vice president ; in such a case , a majority vote in each House is required to confirm a president 's nomination of a vice president . In 1803 , the Supreme Court established judicial review of federal legislation in Marbury v. Madison , holding , however , that Congress could not grant unconstitutional power to the Court itself . The Constitution does not explicitly state that the courts may exercise judicial review ; however , the notion that courts could declare laws unconstitutional was envisioned by the founding fathers . Alexander Hamilton , for example , mentioned and expounded upon the doctrine in Federalist No. 78 . Originalists on the Supreme Court have argued that if the constitution does not say something explicitly it is unconstitutional to infer what it should , might or could have said . Judicial review means that the Supreme Court can nullify a congressional law . It is a huge check by the courts on the legislative authority and limits congressional power substantially . In 1857 , for example , the Supreme Court struck down provisions of a congressional act of 1820 in its Dred Scott decision . At the same time , the Supreme Court can extend congressional power through its constitutional interpretations . Investigations are conducted to gather information on the need for future legislation , to test the effectiveness of laws already passed , and to inquire into the qualifications and performance of members and officials of the other branches . Committees may hold hearings , and , if necessary , compel individuals to testify when investigating issues over which it has the power to legislate by issuing subpoenas . Witnesses who refuse to testify may be cited for contempt of Congress , and those who testify falsely may be charged with perjury . Most committee hearings are open to the public ( the House and Senate intelligence committees are the exception ) ; important hearings are widely reported in the mass media and transcripts published a few months afterwards . Congress , in the course of studying possible laws and investigating matters , generates an incredible amount of information in various forms , and can be described as a publisher . Indeed , it publishes House and Senate reports and maintains databases which are updated irregularly with publications in a variety of electronic formats . Congress also plays a role in presidential elections . Both Houses meet in joint session on the sixth day of January following a presidential election to count the electoral votes , and there are procedures to follow if no candidate wins a majority . The main result of congressional activity is the creation of laws , most of which are contained in the United States Code , arranged by subject matter alphabetically under fifty title headings to present the laws `` in a concise and usable form '' . Structure ( edit ) Main article : Structure of the United States Congress Congress is split into two chambers -- House and Senate -- and manages the task of writing national legislation by dividing work into separate committees which specialize in different areas . Some members of Congress are elected by their peers to be officers of these committees . Further , Congress has ancillary organizations such as the Government Accountability Office and the Library of Congress to help provide it with information , and members of Congress have staff and offices to assist them as well . In addition , a vast industry of lobbyists helps members write legislation on behalf of diverse corporate and labor interests . Committees ( edit ) Play media Library of Congress video explanation of committees in the United States Congress . Second committee room in Congress Hall in Philadelphia Main article : United States congressional committee Specializations ( edit ) The committee structure permits members of Congress to study a particular subject intensely . It is neither expected nor possible that a member be an expert on all subject areas before Congress . As time goes by , members develop expertise in particular subjects and their legal aspects . Committees investigate specialized subjects and advise the entire Congress about choices and trade - offs . The choice of specialty may be influenced by the member 's constituency , important regional issues , prior background and experience . Senators often choose a different specialty from that of the other senator from their state to prevent overlap . Some committees specialize in running the business of other committees and exert a powerful influence over all legislation ; for example , the House Ways and Means Committee has considerable influence over House affairs . Power ( edit ) Committees write legislation . While procedures such as the House discharge petition process can introduce bills to the House floor and effectively bypass committee input , they are exceedingly difficult to implement without committee action . Committees have power and have been called independent fiefdoms . Legislative , oversight , and internal administrative tasks are divided among about two hundred committees and subcommittees which gather information , evaluate alternatives , and identify problems . They propose solutions for consideration by the full chamber . In addition , they perform the function of oversight by monitoring the executive branch and investigating wrongdoing . Officer ( edit ) At the start of each two - year session the House elects a speaker who does not normally preside over debates but serves as the majority party 's leader . In the Senate , the Vice President is the ex officio president of the Senate . In addition , the Senate elects an officer called the President pro tempore . Pro tempore means for the time being and this office is usually held by the most senior member of the Senate 's majority party and customarily keeps this position until there 's a change in party control . Accordingly , the Senate does not necessarily elect a new president pro tempore at the beginning of a new Congress . In both the House and Senate , the actual presiding officer is generally a junior member of the majority party who is appointed so that new members become acquainted with the rules of the chamber . Support services ( edit ) Library of Congress ( edit ) Library of Congress Jefferson Building Main article : Library of Congress The Library of Congress was established by an act of Congress in 1800 . It is primarily housed in three buildings on Capitol Hill , but also includes several other sites : the National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped in Washington , D.C. ; the National Audio - Visual Conservation Center in Culpeper , Virginia ; a large book storage facility located at Ft . Meade , Maryland ; and multiple overseas offices . The Library had mostly law books when it was burned by a British raiding party during the War of 1812 , but the library 's collections were restored and expanded when Congress authorized the purchase of Thomas Jefferson 's private library . One of the Library 's missions is to serve the Congress and its staff as well as the American public . It is the largest library in the world with nearly 150 million items including books , films , maps , photographs , music , manuscripts , graphics , and materials in 470 languages . Congressional Research Service ( edit ) Main article : Congressional Research Service The Congressional Research Service provides detailed , up - to - date and non-partisan research for senators , representatives , and their staff to help them carry out their official duties . It provides ideas for legislation , helps members analyze a bill , facilitates public hearings , makes reports , consults on matters such as parliamentary procedure , and helps the two chambers resolve disagreements . It has been called the `` House 's think tank '' and has a staff of about 900 employees . Congressional budget office ( edit ) Main article : Congressional Budget Office The Congressional Budget Office or CBO is a federal agency which provides economic data to Congress . It was created as an independent nonpartisan agency by the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 . It helps Congress estimate revenue inflows from taxes and helps the budgeting process . It makes projections about such matters as the national debt as well as likely costs of legislation . It prepares an annual Economic and Budget Outlook with a mid-year update and writes An Analysis of the President 's Budgetary Proposals for the Senate 's Appropriations Committee . The Speaker of the House and the Senate 's President pro tempore jointly appoint the CBO Director for a four - year term . Lobbyists ( edit ) Lobbying depends on cultivating personal relationships over many years . Photo : Lobbyist Tony Podesta ( left ) with former senator Kay Hagan ( center ) and her husband . Main article : Lobbying in the United States Lobbyists represent diverse interests and often seek to influence congressional decisions to reflect their clients ' needs . Lobby groups and their members sometimes write legislation and whip bills . In 2007 , there were approximately 17,000 federal lobbyists in Washington . They explain to legislators the goals of their organizations . Some lobbyists represent non-profit organizations and work pro bono for issues in which they are personally interested . United States Capitol Police ( edit ) Main article : United States Capitol Police Partisanship versus bipartisanship ( edit ) Congress has alternated between periods of constructive cooperation and compromise between parties known as bipartisanship and periods of deep political polarization and fierce infighting known as partisanship . The period after the Civil War was marked by partisanship as is the case today . It is generally easier for committees to reach accord on issues when compromise is possible . Some political scientists speculate that a prolonged period marked by narrow majorities in both chambers of Congress has intensified partisanship in the last few decades but that an alternation of control of Congress between Democrats and Republicans may lead to greater flexibility in policies as well as pragmatism and civility within the institution . Procedures of Congress ( edit ) Main article : Procedures of the United States Congress Sessions ( edit ) A term of Congress is divided into two `` sessions '' , one for each year ; Congress has occasionally been called into an extra or special session . A new session commences on January 3 each year unless Congress decides differently . The Constitution requires Congress meet at least once each year and forbids either house from meeting outside the Capitol without the consent of the other house . Joint sessions ( edit ) Main article : Joint session of the United States Congress Joint Sessions of the United States Congress occur on special occasions that require a concurrent resolution from both House and Senate . These sessions include counting electoral votes after a presidential election and the president 's State of the Union address . The constitutionally - mandated report , normally given as an annual speech , is modeled on Britain 's Speech from the Throne , was written by most presidents after Jefferson but personally delivered as a spoken oration beginning with Wilson in 1913 . Joint Sessions and Joint Meetings are traditionally presided over by the Speaker of the House except when counting presidential electoral votes when the Vice President ( acting as the President of the Senate ) presides . Bills and resolutions ( edit ) See also : Act of Congress and List of United States federal legislation An Act of Congress from 1960 . The House Financial Services committee meets . Committee members sit in the tiers of raised chairs , while those testifying and audience members sit below . Ideas for legislation can come from members , lobbyists , state legislatures , constituents , legislative counsel , or executive agencies . Anyone can write a bill , but only members of Congress may introduce bills . Most bills are not written by Congress members , but originate from the Executive branch ; interest groups often draft bills as well . The usual next step is for the proposal to be passed to a committee for review . A proposal is usually in one of these forms : Bills are laws in the making . A House - originated bill begins with the letters `` H.R. '' for `` House of Representatives '' , followed by a number kept as it progresses . Joint resolutions . There is little difference between a bill and a joint resolution since both are treated similarly ; a joint resolution originating from the House , for example , begins `` H.J. Res . '' followed by its number . Concurrent Resolutions affect only both the House and Senate and accordingly are not presented to the president for approval later . In the House , they begin with `` H. Con. Res . '' Simple resolutions concern only the House or only the Senate and begin with `` H. Res . '' or `` S. Res . '' Representatives introduce a bill while the House is in session by placing it in the hopper on the Clerk 's desk . It 's assigned a number and referred to a committee which studies each bill intensely at this stage . Drafting statutes requires `` great skill , knowledge , and experience '' and sometimes take a year or more . Sometimes lobbyists write legislation and submit it to a member for introduction . Joint resolutions are the normal way to propose a constitutional amendment or declare war . On the other hand , concurrent resolutions ( passed by both houses ) and simple resolutions ( passed by only one house ) do not have the force of law but express the opinion of Congress or regulate procedure . Bills may be introduced by any member of either house . However , the Constitution states , `` All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives . '' While the Senate can not originate revenue and appropriation bills , it has power to amend or reject them . Congress has sought ways to establish appropriate spending levels . Each chamber determines its own internal rules of operation unless specified in the Constitution or prescribed by law . In the House , a Rules Committee guides legislation ; in the Senate , a Standing Rules committee is in charge . Each branch has its own traditions ; for example , the Senate relies heavily on the practice of getting `` unanimous consent '' for noncontroversial matters . House and Senate rules can be complex , sometimes requiring a hundred specific steps before becoming a law . Members sometimes use experts such as Walter Oleszek , a senior specialist in American national government at the Congressional Research Service , to learn about proper procedures . Each bill goes through several stages in each house including consideration by a committee and advice from the Government Accountability Office . Most legislation is considered by standing committees which have jurisdiction over a particular subject such as Agriculture or Appropriations . The House has twenty standing committees ; the Senate has sixteen . Standing committees meet at least once each month . Almost all standing committee meetings for transacting business must be open to the public unless the committee votes , publicly , to close the meeting . A committee might call for public hearings on important bills . Each committee is led by a chair who belongs to the majority party and a ranking member of the minority party . Witnesses and experts can present their case for or against a bill . Then , a bill may go to what 's called a mark - up session where committee members debate the bill 's merits and may offer amendments or revisions . Committees may also amend the bill , but the full house holds the power to accept or reject committee amendments . After debate , the committee votes whether it wishes to report the measure to the full house . If a bill is tabled then it is rejected . If amendments are extensive , sometimes a new bill with amendments built in will be submitted as a so - called clean bill with a new number . Both houses have procedures under which committees can be bypassed or overruled but they are rarely used . Generally , members who have been in Congress longer have greater seniority and therefore greater power . A bill which reaches the floor of the full house can be simple or complex and begins with an enacting formula such as `` Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled . '' Consideration of a bill requires , itself , a rule which is a simple resolution specifying the particulars of debate -- time limits , possibility of further amendments , and such . Each side has equal time and members can yield to other members who wish to speak . Sometimes opponents seek to recommit a bill which means to change part of it . Generally , discussion requires a quorum , usually half of the total number of representatives , before discussion can begin , although there are exceptions . The house may debate and amend the bill ; the precise procedures used by the House and Senate differ . A final vote on the bill follows . Once a bill is approved by one house , it is sent to the other which may pass , reject , or amend it . For the bill to become law , both houses must agree to identical versions of the bill . If the second house amends the bill , then the differences between the two versions must be reconciled in a conference committee , an ad hoc committee that includes both senators and representatives sometimes by using a reconciliation process to limit budget bills . Both houses use a budget enforcement mechanism informally known as pay - as - you - go or paygo which discourages members from considering acts which increase budget deficits . If both houses agree to the version reported by the conference committee , the bill passes , otherwise it fails . The Constitution specifies that a majority of members known as a quorum be present before doing business in each house . However , the rules of each house assume that a quorum is present unless a quorum call demonstrates the contrary . Since representatives and senators who are present rarely demand quorum calls , debate often continues despite the lack of a majority . Voting within Congress can take many forms , including systems using lights and bells and electronic voting . Both houses use voice voting to decide most matters in which members shout `` aye '' or `` no '' and the presiding officer announces the result . The Constitution , however , requires a recorded vote if demanded by one - fifth of the members present . If the voice vote is unclear or if the matter is controversial , a recorded vote usually happens . The Senate uses roll - call voting , in which a clerk calls out the names of all the senators , each senator stating `` aye '' or `` no '' when their name is announced . In the Senate , the vice president may cast the tie - breaking vote if present . The House reserves roll - call votes for the most formal matters , as a roll call of all 435 representatives takes quite some time ; normally , members vote by using an electronic device . In the case of a tie , the motion in question fails . Most votes in the House are done electronically , allowing members to vote yea or nay or present or open . Members insert a voting ID card and can change their votes during the last five minutes if they choose ; in addition , paper ballots are used on some occasions -- yea indicated by green and nay by red . One member can not cast a proxy vote for another . Congressional votes are recorded on an online database . After passage by both houses , a bill is enrolled and sent to the president for approval . The president may sign it making it law or veto it , perhaps returning it to Congress with their objections . A vetoed bill can still become law if each house of Congress votes to override the veto with a two - thirds majority . Finally , the president may do nothing -- neither signing nor vetoing the bill -- and then the bill becomes law automatically after ten days ( not counting Sundays ) according to the Constitution . But if Congress is adjourned during this period , presidents may veto legislation passed at the end of a congressional session simply by ignoring it ; the maneuver is known as a pocket veto , and can not be overridden by the adjourned Congress . Congress and the public ( edit ) Main article : U.S. Congress and citizens Advantage of incumbency ( edit ) Citizens and Representatives ( edit ) Senators face reelection every six years , and representatives every two . Reelections encourage candidates to focus their publicity efforts at their home states or districts . Running for reelection can be a grueling process of distant travel and fund - raising which distracts senators and representatives from paying attention to governing , according to some critics although others respond that the process is necessary to keep members of Congress in touch with voters . In this example , the more even distribution is on the left and the gerrymandering is presented on the right . Nevertheless , incumbent members of Congress running for reelection have strong advantages over challengers . They raise more money because donors expect incumbents to win , they give their funds to them rather than challengers , and donations are vital for winning elections . One critic compared being elected to Congress to receiving life tenure at a university . Another advantage for representatives is the practice of gerrymandering . After each ten - year census , states are allocated representatives based on population , and officials in power can choose how to draw the congressional district boundaries to support candidates from their party . As a result , reelection rates of members of Congress hover around 90 percent , causing some critics to accuse them of being a privileged class . Academics such as Princeton 's Stephen Macedo have proposed solutions to fix gerrymandering . Both senators and representatives enjoy free mailing privileges called franking privileges . Expensive campaigns ( edit ) In 1971 , the cost of running for congress in Utah was $70,000 but costs have climbed . The biggest expense is television ads . Today 's races cost more than a million dollars for a House seat , and six million or more for a Senate seat . Since fundraising is vital , `` members of Congress are forced to spend ever - increasing hours raising money for their re-election . '' Nevertheless , the Supreme Court has treated campaign contributions as a free speech issue . Some see money as a good influence in politics since it `` enables candidates to communicate with voters . '' Few members retire from Congress without complaining about how much it costs to campaign for reelection . Critics contend that members of Congress are more likely to attend to the needs of heavy campaign contributors than to ordinary citizens . Elections are influenced by many variables . Some political scientists speculate there is a coattail effect ( when a popular president or party position has the effect of reelecting incumbents who win by `` riding on the president 's coattails '' ) , although there is some evidence that the coattail effect is irregular and possibly declining since the 1950s . Some districts are so heavily Democratic or Republican that they are called a safe seat ; any candidate winning the primary will almost always be elected , and these candidates do not need to spend money on advertising . But some races can be competitive when there is no incumbent . If a seat becomes vacant in an open district , then both parties may spend heavily on advertising in these races ; in California in 1992 , only four of twenty races for House seats were considered highly competitive . Television and negative advertising ( edit ) Since members of Congress must advertise heavily on television , this usually involves negative advertising , which smears an opponent 's character without focusing on the issues . Negative advertising is seen as effective because `` the messages tend to stick . '' However , these ads sour the public on the political process in general as most members of Congress seek to avoid blame . One wrong decision or one damaging television image can mean defeat at the next election , which leads to a culture of risk avoidance , a need to make policy decisions behind closed doors , and concentrating publicity efforts in the members ' home districts . Public perceptions of Congress ( edit ) The Federalist Papers argued in favor of a strong connection between citizens and their representatives . Prominent Founding Fathers writing in The Federalist Papers felt that elections were essential to liberty , and that a bond between the people and the representatives was particularly essential and that `` frequent elections are unquestionably the only policy by which this dependence and sympathy can be effectually secured . '' In 2009 , however , few Americans were familiar with leaders of Congress . The percentage of Americans eligible to vote who did , in fact , vote was 63 % in 1960 , but has been falling since , although there was a slight upward trend in the 2008 election . Public opinion polls asking people if they approve of the job Congress is doing have , in the last few decades , hovered around 25 % with some variation . Scholar Julian Zeliger suggested that the `` size , messiness , virtues , and vices that make Congress so interesting also create enormous barriers to our understanding the institution ... Unlike the presidency , Congress is difficult to conceptualize . '' Other scholars suggest that despite the criticism , `` Congress is a remarkably resilient institution ... its place in the political process is not threatened ... it is rich in resources '' and that most members behave ethically . They contend that `` Congress is easy to dislike and often difficult to defend '' and this perception is exacerbated because many challengers running for Congress run against Congress , which is an `` old form of American politics '' that further undermines Congress 's reputation with the public : The rough - and - tumble world of legislating is not orderly and civil , human frailties too often taint its membership , and legislative outcomes are often frustrating and ineffective ... Still , we are not exaggerating when we say that Congress is essential to American democracy . We would not have survived as a nation without a Congress that represented the diverse interests of our society , conducted a public debate on the major issues , found compromises to resolve conflicts peacefully , and limited the power of our executive , military , and judicial institutions ... The popularity of Congress ebbs and flows with the public 's confidence in government generally ... the legislative process is easy to dislike -- it often generates political posturing and grandstanding , it necessarily involves compromise , and it often leaves broken promises in its trail . Also , members of Congress often appear self - serving as they pursue their political careers and represent interests and reflect values that are controversial . Scandals , even when they involve a single member , add to the public 's frustration with Congress and have contributed to the institution 's low ratings in opinion polls. -- Smith , Roberts & Wielen An additional factor that confounds public perceptions of Congress is that congressional issues are becoming more technical and complex and require expertise in subjects such as science , engineering and economics . As a result , Congress often cedes authority to experts at the executive branch . Since 2006 , Congress has dropped 10 points in the Gallup confidence poll with only 9 % having `` a great deal '' or `` quite a lot '' of confidence in their legislators . Since 2011 , Gallup poll has reported Congress 's approval rating among Americans at 10 % or below three times . Public opinion of Congress plummeted further to 5 % in October 2013 after parts of the U.S. government deemed ' nonessential government ' shut down . Smaller States and bigger States ( edit ) When the Constitution was ratified in 1787 , the ratio of the populations of large states to small states was roughly twelve to one . The Connecticut Compromise gave every state , large and small , an equal vote in the Senate . Since each state has two senators , residents of smaller states have more clout in the Senate than residents of larger states . But since 1787 , the population disparity between large and small states has grown ; in 2006 , for example , California had seventy times the population of Wyoming . Critics such as constitutional scholar Sanford Levinson have suggested that the population disparity works against residents of large states and causes a steady redistribution of resources from `` large states to small states . '' However , others argue that the Connecticut compromise was deliberately intended by the Framers to construct the Senate so that each state had equal footing not based on population , and contend that the result works well on balance . Members and constituents ( edit ) A major role for members of Congress is providing services to constituents . Constituents request assistance with problems . Providing services helps members of Congress win votes and elections and can make a difference in close races . Congressional staff can help citizens navigate government bureaucracies . One academic described the complex intertwined relation between lawmakers and constituents as home style . Congressional style ( edit ) One way to categorize lawmakers , according to political scientist Richard Fenno , is by their general motivation : Reelection . These are lawmakers who `` never met a voter they did n't like '' and provide excellent constituent services . Good public policy . Legislators who `` burnish a reputation for policy expertise and leadership . '' Power in the chamber . Lawmakers who spend serious time along the `` rail of the House floor or in the Senate cloakroom ministering to the needs of their colleagues . '' Famous legislator Henry Clay in the mid-19th century was described as an `` issue entrepreneur '' who looked for issues to serve his ambitions . Privileges and pay ( edit ) Privileges protecting members ( edit ) Members of Congress enjoy parliamentary privilege , including freedom from arrest in all cases except for treason , felony , and breach of the peace and freedom of speech in debate . This constitutionally derived immunity applies to members during sessions and when traveling to and from sessions . The term arrest has been interpreted broadly , and includes any detention or delay in the course of law enforcement , including court summons and subpoenas . The rules of the House strictly guard this privilege ; a member may not waive the privilege on their own , but must seek the permission of the whole house to do so . Senate rules , however , are less strict and permit individual senators to waive the privilege as they choose . The Constitution guarantees absolute freedom of debate in both houses , providing in the Speech or Debate Clause of the Constitution that `` for any Speech or Debate in either House , they shall not be questioned in any other Place . '' Accordingly , a member of Congress may not be sued in court for slander because of remarks made in either house , although each house has its own rules restricting offensive speeches , and may punish members who transgress . Obstructing the work of Congress is a crime under federal law and is known as contempt of Congress . Each member has the power to cite individuals for contempt but can only issue a contempt citation -- the judicial system pursues the matter like a normal criminal case . If convicted in court , an individual found guilty of contempt of Congress may be imprisoned for up to one year . The franking privilege allows members of Congress to send official mail to constituents at government expense . Though they are not permitted to send election materials , borderline material is often sent , especially in the run - up to an election by those in close races . Indeed , some academics consider free mailings as giving incumbents a big advantage over challengers . Pay and Benefits ( edit ) See also : Salaries of members of the United States Congress From 1789 to 1815 , members of Congress received only a daily payment of $6 while in session . Members received an annual salary of $1,500 per year from 1815 to 1817 , then a per diem salary of $8 from 1818 to 1855 ; since then they have received an annual salary , first pegged in 1855 at $3,000 . In 1907 , salaries were raised to $7,500 per year , the equivalent of $173,000 in 2010 . In 2006 , members of Congress received a yearly salary of $165,200 . Congressional leaders were paid $183,500 per year . The Speaker of the House of Representatives earns $212,100 annually . The salary of the President pro tempore for 2006 was $183,500 , equal to that of the majority and minority leaders of the House and Senate . Privileges include having an office and paid staff . In 2008 , non-officer members of Congress earned $169,300 annually . Some critics complain congressional pay is high compared with a median American income of $45,113 for men and $35,102 for women . Others have countered that congressional pay is consistent with other branches of government . Another criticism is that members of Congress have access to free or low - cost medical care in the Washington D.C. area . The petition , `` Remove health - care subsidies for Members of Congress and their families '' , has already gathered over 1,076,000 signatures on the website Change.org . In January 2014 , it was reported that for the first time over half of the members of Congress were millionaires . Congress has been criticized for trying to conceal pay raises by slipping them into a large bill at the last minute . Others have criticized the wealth of members of Congress . Representative Jim Cooper of Tennessee told Harvard professor Lawrence Lessig that a chief problem with Congress was that members focused on lucrative careers as lobbyists after serving -- -- that Congress was a `` Farm League for K Street '' -- -- instead of on public service . Members elected since 1984 are covered by the Federal Employees Retirement System ( FERS ) . Like other federal employees , congressional retirement is funded through taxes and participants ' contributions . Members of Congress under FERS contribute 1.3 % of their salary into the FERS retirement plan and pay 6.2 % of their salary in Social Security taxes . And like Federal employees , members contribute one - third of the cost of health insurance with the government covering the other two - thirds . The size of a congressional pension depends on the years of service and the average of the highest three years of their salary . By law , the starting amount of a member 's retirement annuity may not exceed 80 % of their final salary . In 2006 , the average annual pension for retired senators and representatives under the Civil Service Retirement System ( CSRS ) was $60,972 , while those who retired under FERS , or in combination with CSRS , was $35,952 . Members of Congress make fact - finding missions to learn about other countries and stay informed , but these outings can cause controversy if the trip is deemed excessive or unconnected with the task of governing . For example , the Wall Street Journal reported in 2009 that lawmaker trips abroad at taxpayer expense had included spas , $300 - per - night extra unused rooms , and shopping excursions . Lawmakers respond that `` traveling with spouses compensates for being away from them a lot in Washington '' and justify the trips as a way to meet officials in other nations . See also ( edit ) Caucuses of the United States Congress Elections in the United States § Congressional elections Current members of the United States House of Representatives Current members of the United States Senate List of United States Congresses Lobbying in the United States 115th United States Congress Oath of office § United States Party divisions of United States Congresses Term limits in the United States United States Congressional Baseball Game United States congressional hearing United States presidents and control of congress United States Congress Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction Radio and Television Correspondents ' Association Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : John V. Sullivan ( July 24 , 2007 ) . `` How Our Laws Are Made '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lee H. Hamilton ( 2004 ) . How Congress works and why you should care . Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 34425 - 5 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Steven S. Smith ; Jason M. Roberts ; Ryan J. Vander Wielen ( 2006 ) . `` The American Congress ( Fourth Edition ) '' . Cambridge University Press . p. 23 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Julian E. Zelizer ( editor ) Joanne Barrie Freeman , Jack N. Rakove , Alan Taylor ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` The American Congress : The Building of Democracy '' . Houghton Mifflin Company . pp. xiii -- xiv . ISBN 0 - 618 - 17906 - 2 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Steven S. Smith ; Jason M. Roberts ; Ryan J. Vander Wielen ( 2006 ) . `` The American Congress ( Fourth Edition ) '' . Cambridge University Press . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Perry Bacon Jr . ( August 31 , 2009 ) . `` Post Politics Hour : Weekend Review and a Look Ahead '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Information about the Archives of the United States Senate '' . U.S. Senate . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kramnick , Isaac ( ed ) ; Thomas Paine ( 1982 ) . Common Sense . Penguin Classics . p. 21 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` References about weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation '' . * Pauline Maier ( book reviewer ) ( November 18 , 2007 ) . `` HISTORY -- The Framers ' Real Motives ( book review ) UNRULY AMERICANS AND THE ORIGINS OF THE CONSTITUTION book by Woody Holton '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . * `` The Constitution and the Idea of Compromise '' . PBS . October 10 , 2009 . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . * Alexander Hamilton ( 1788 ) . `` FEDERALIST No. 15 -- The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union '' . FoundingFathers.info . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ English ( 2003 ) , pp. 5 -- 6 Jump up ^ Collier ( 1986 ) , p. 5 Jump up ^ James Madison ( 1787 ) . `` James Madison and the Federal Constitutional Convention of 1787 -- Engendering a National Government '' . The Library of Congress -- American memory . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Founding Fathers : New Jersey '' . The Charters of Freedom . October 10 , 2009 . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` THE PRESIDENCY : Vetoes '' . Time . March 9 , 1931 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : David E. Kyvig , author , Julian E. Zelizer ( editor ) ( 2004 ) . `` The American Congress : The Building of Democracy '' . Houghton Mifflin Company . p. 362 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 17906 - 2 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ David B. Rivkin Jr. & Lee A. Casey ( August 22 , 2009 ) . `` Illegal Health Reform '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Founding Fathers via FindLaw ( 1787 ) . `` U.S. Constitution : Article I ( section 8 paragraph 3 ) -- Article Text -- Annotations '' . FindLaw . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ English ( 2003 ) , p. 7 Jump up ^ English ( 2003 ) , p. 8 Jump up ^ `` The Convention Timeline '' . U.S. Constitution Online . October 10 , 2009 . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Eric Patashnik , author , Julian E. Zelizer ( editor ) ( 2004 ) . `` The American Congress : The Building of Democracy '' . Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 618 - 17906 - 2 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Margaret S. Thompson , The `` Spider Web '' : Congress and Lobbying in the Age of Grant ( 1985 ) Jump up ^ Elisabeth S. Clemens , The People 's Lobby : Organizational Innovation and the Rise of Interest - Group Politics in the United States , 1890 -- 1925 ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ David B. Rivkin Jr. & Lee A. Casey ( August 22 , 2009 ) . `` Illegal Health Reform '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Steven S. Smith ; Jason M. Roberts ; Ryan J. Vander Wielen ( 2006 ) . `` The American Congress ( Fourth Edition ) '' . Cambridge University Press . p. 38 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ David E. Kyvig , author , Julian E. Zelizer ( editor ) ( 2004 ) . `` The American Congress : The Building of Democracy '' . Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 618 - 17906 - 2 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` THE CONGRESS : 72nd Made '' . Time . November 17 , 1930 . Retrieved October 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : English ( 2003 ) , p. 14 Jump up ^ `` THE CONGRESS : Democratic Senate '' . Time . November 14 , 1932 . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` POLITICAL NOTES : Democratic Drift '' . Time . November 16 , 1936 . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` THE CONGRESS : The 76th '' . Time . November 21 , 1938 . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` THE VICE PRESIDENCY : Undeclared War '' . Time . March 20 , 1939 . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CONGRESS : New Houses '' . Time . November 11 , 1940 . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Before the G.O.P. Lay a Forked Road '' . Time . November 16 , 1942 . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Business & Finance : Turn of the Tide '' . Time . November 16 , 1942 . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Congress : Effort toward Efficiency '' . Time . May 21 , 1965 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` National Affairs : JUDGMENTS & PROPHECIES '' . Time . November 15 , 1954 . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` THE CONGRESS : Ahead of the Wind '' . Time . November 17 , 1958 . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Party in Power - Congress and Presidency - A Visual Guide to the Balance of Power in Congress , 1945 - 2008 '' . Uspolitics.about.com . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2012 . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bruce J. Schulman ( author ) , Julian E. Zelizer ( editor ) ( 2004 ) . `` The American Congress : The Building of Democracy '' . Houghton Mifflin Company . p. 638 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 17906 - 2 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` THE HOUSE : New Faces and New Strains '' . Time . November 18 , 1974 . ^ Jump up to : Steven S. Smith ; Jason M. Roberts ; Ryan J. Vander Wielen ( 2006 ) . `` The American Congress ( Fourth Edition ) '' . Cambridge University Press . p. 58 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Nick Anderson ( March 30 , 2004 ) . `` Political Attack Ads Already Popping Up on the Web '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Susan Tifft ; Richard Homik ; Hays Corey ( August 20 , 1984 ) . `` Taking an Ax to the PACs '' . Time . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : ADAM CLYMER ( October 29 , 1992 ) . `` Campaign spending in congress races soars to new high '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffrey H. Birnbaum ( October 3 , 2004 ) . `` Cost of Congressional Campaigns Skyrockets '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Richard E. Cohen ( August 12 , 1990 ) . `` PAC Paranoia : Congress Faces Campaign Spending -- Politics : Hysteria was the operative word when legislators realized they could not return home without tougher campaign finance laws '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Walter Isaacson , Evan Thomas , other bureaus ( October 25 , 1982 ) . `` Running with the PACs '' . Time . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : John Fritze ( March 2 , 2009 ) . `` PACs spent record $416 M on federal election '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Thomas Frank ( October 29 , 2006 ) . `` Beer PAC aims to put Congress under influence '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Michael Isikoff & Dina Fine Maron ( March 21 , 2009 ) . `` Congress -- Follow the Bailout Cash '' . Newsweek . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Richard L. Berke ( February 14 , 1988 ) . `` Campaign Finance ; Problems in the PAC 's : Study Finds Frustration '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Betsy . Delegates to the U.S. Congress : history and current status , Congressional Research Service ; U.S. House of Representatives , `` The House Explained '' , viewed January 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Julian E. Zelizer ( editor ) Michael Schudson ( author ) ( 2004 ) . `` The American Congress : The Building of Democracy '' . Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 618 - 17906 - 2 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Steven S. Smith ; Jason M. Roberts ; Ryan J. Vander Wielen ( 2006 ) . `` The American Congress ( Fourth Edition ) '' . Cambridge University Press . p. 12 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mark Murray , NBC News , June 30 , 2013 , Unproductive Congress : How stalemates became the norm in Washington DC . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 Jump up ^ Domenico Montanaro , NBC News , October 10 , 2013 , NBC / WSJ poll : 60 percent say fire every member of Congress . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 , `` ... 60 percent of Americans ... if they had the chance to vote to defeat and replace every single member of Congress ... they would ... '' Jump up ^ Andy Sullivan of Reuters , NBC News , October 17 , 2013 , Washington : the biggest risk to US economy . Retrieved October 18 , 2013 , `` ... the biggest risk to the world 's largest economy may be its own elected representatives ... Down - to - the - wire budget and debt crises , indiscriminate spending cuts and a 16 - day government shutdown ... '' Jump up ^ Domenico Montanaro , NBC News , October 10 , 2013 , NBC / WSJ poll : 60 percent say fire every member of Congress . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 , `` ... 60 percent of Americans ... saying if they had the chance to vote to defeat and replace every single member of Congress , including their own representative , they would ... '' ^ Jump up to : Wall Street Journal , Approval of Congress Matches All - Time Low . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : Carrie Dann , NBC News , Americans ' faith in Congress lower than all major institutions -- ever . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : `` White House : Republicans Will ' Do the Right Thing ' '' . Voice of America . October 9 , 2013 . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Epps , Garrett ( 2013 ) . American Epic : Reading the U.S. Constitution . New York : Oxford . p. 9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 938971 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Eric Patashnik ( 2004 ) . `` The American Congress : The Building of Democracy '' . Houghton Mifflin Company . pp. 671 -- 2 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 17906 - 2 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Davidson ( 2006 ) , p. 18 Jump up ^ `` Congress and the Dollar '' . New York Sun . May 30 , 2008 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kate Zernike ( September 28 , 2006 ) . `` Senate Passes Detainee Bill Sought by Bush '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` References about congressional war declaring power '' . Dana D. Nelson ( October 11 , 2008 ) . `` The ' unitary executive ' question '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 4 , 2009 . Steve Holland ( May 1 , 2009 ) . `` Obama revelling in U.S. power unseen in decades '' . Reuters UK . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . `` The Law : The President 's War Powers '' . Time . June 1 , 1970 . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Law : The President 's War Powers '' . Time . June 1 , 1970 . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The President 's News Conference of June 29 , 1950 '' . Teachingamericanhistory.org . June 29 , 1950 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Michael Kinsley ( March 15 , 1993 ) . `` The Case for a Big Power Swap '' . Time . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Time Essay : Where 's Congress ? '' . Time . May 22 , 1972 . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Law : The President 's War Powers '' . Time . June 1 , 1970 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The proceedings of congress. ; senate '' . The New York Times . June 28 , 1862 . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ David S. Broder ( March 18 , 2007 ) . `` Congress 's Oversight Offensive '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Thomas Ferraro ( April 25 , 2007 ) . `` House committee subpoenas Rice on Iraq '' . Reuters . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ James Gerstenzang ( July 16 , 2008 ) . `` Bush claims executive privilege in Valerie Plame Wilson case '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2008 . Retrieved October 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth B. Bazan and Jennifer K. Elsea , legislative attorneys ( January 5 , 2006 ) . `` Presidential Authority to Conduct Warrantless Electronic Surveillance to Gather Foreign Intelligence Information '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Linda P. Campbell & Glen Elsasser ( October 20 , 1991 ) . `` Supreme Court Slugfests A Tradition '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Eric Cantor ( July 30 , 2009 ) . `` Obama 's 32 Czars '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Christopher Lee ( January 2 , 2006 ) . `` Alito Once Made Case For Presidential Power '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dan Froomkin ( March 10 , 2009 ) . `` Playing by the Rules '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dana D. Nelson ( October 11 , 2008 ) . `` The ' unitary executive ' question '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Charlie Savage ( March 16 , 2009 ) . `` Obama Undercuts Whistle - Blowers , Senator Says '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Binyamin Appelbaum & David Cho ( March 24 , 2009 ) . `` U.S. Seeks Expanded Power to Seize Firms Goal Is to Limit Risk to Broader Economy '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ George F. Will -- op - ed columnist ( December 21 , 2008 ) . `` Making Congress Moot '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Davidson ( 2006 ) , p. 19 Jump up ^ J. Leslie Kincaid ( January 17 , 1916 ) . `` To Make the Militia a National Force : The Power of Congress Under the Constitution `` for Organizing , Arming , and Disciplining '' the State Troops `` . The New York Times . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stephen Herrington ( February 25 , 2010 ) . `` Red State Anxiety and The Constitution '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline '' . CBS News . 2010 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Randy E. Barnett ( April 23 , 2009 ) . `` The Case for a Federalism Amendment '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Executive Order 13423 Sec. 9. ( l ) . `` The ' United States ' when used in a geographical sense , means the fifty states , the District of Columbia , the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico , Guam , American Samoa , the U.S. Virgin Islands , and the Northern Mariana Islands , and associated territorial waters and airspace . '' Jump up ^ U.S. State Department , Dependencies and Areas of Special Sovereignty Chart , under `` Sovereignty '' , lists five places under United States sovereignty administered by a local ' Administrative Center ' , with ' Short form names ' , American Samoa , Guam , Northern Mariana Islands , Puerto Rico , Virgin Islands , U.S. Jump up ^ House Learn webpage . Viewed January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Green Papers , 2016 Presidential primaries , caucuses and conventions , viewed September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The very structure of the Constitution gives us profound insights about what the founders thought was important ... the Founders thought that the Legislative Branch was going to be the great branch of government . '' -- Hon . John Charles Thomas ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Susan Sachs ( January 7 , 1999 ) . `` Impeachment : The Past ; Johnson 's Trial : 2 Bitter Months for a Still - Torn Nation '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Greene , Richard ( January 19 , 2005 ) . `` Kings in the White House '' . BBC News . Retrieved October 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Steven S. Smith ; Jason M. Roberts ; Ryan J. Vander Wielen ( 2006 ) . `` The American Congress ( Fourth Edition ) '' . Cambridge University Press . pp. 18 -- 19 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Steven S. Smith ; Jason M. Roberts ; Ryan J. Vander Wielen ( 2006 ) . `` The American Congress ( Fourth Edition ) '' . Cambridge University Press . p. 19 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Charles Wolfson ( August 11 , 2010 ) . `` Clinton Presses Senate to Ratify Nuclear Arms Treaty with Russia '' . CBS News . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Constitutional Interpretation the Old Fashioned Way '' . Center For Individual Freedom . Retrieved September 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Decision of the Supreme Court in the Dred Scott Case '' . The New York Times . March 6 , 1851 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Frank Askin ( July 21 , 2007 ) . `` Congress 's Power To Compel '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Ben 's Guide to US Government ( 2010 ) . `` Congressional Hearings : About '' . GPO Access . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2010 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : United States government ( 2010 ) . `` Congressional Reports : Main Page '' . U.S. Government Printing Office . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2010 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : 112th Congress , 1st session ( 2011 ) . `` Tying It All Together : Learn about the Legislative Process '' . United States House of Representatives . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved April 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ English ( 2003 ) , pp. 46 -- 47 Jump up ^ English , p. 46 Jump up ^ Schiller , Wendy J. ( 2000 ) . Partners and Rivals : Representation in U.S. Senate Delegations . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 04887 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Committees '' . U.S. Senate . 2010 . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Committee Types and Roles , Congressional Research Service , April 1 , 2003 Jump up ^ `` General Information - Library of Congress '' . Jump up ^ `` The Congressional Research Service and the American Legislative Process '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . 2008 . Retrieved July 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Arthur ; Sheffrin , Steven M. ( 2003 ) . Economics : Principles in Action . Upper Saddle River , New Jersey 07458 : Pearson Prentice Hall . p. 388 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 063085 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Congressional Budget Office -- About CBO '' . Cbo.gov . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2010 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Washington Representatives ( 32 ed . ) . Bethesda , MD : Columbia Books . November 2007 . p. 949 . ISBN 1 - 880873 - 55 - 9 . Jump up ^ Steven S. Smith ; Jason M. Roberts ; Ryan J. Vander Wielen ( 2006 ) . The American Congress ( Fourth Edition ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 17 -- 18 . ISBN 9781139446990 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Partnership for Public Service ( March 29 , 2009 ) . `` Walter Oleszek : A Hill Staffer 's Guide to Congressional History and Habit '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` BLACKS : Confronting the President '' . Time . April 5 , 1971 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` News from Washington '' . The New York Times . December 3 , 1861 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ United States government ( 2010 ) . `` Recent Votes '' . United States Senate . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The U.S. Congress -- Votes Database -- Members of Congress / Robert Byrd '' . The Washington Post . June 17 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2010 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Larry J. Sabato ( September 26 , 2007 ) . `` An amendment is needed to fix the primary mess '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Joseph A. Califano Jr . ( May 27 , 1988 ) . `` PAC 's Remain a Pox '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Brian Kalish ( May 19 , 2008 ) . `` GOP exits to cost party millions '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Susan Page ( May 9 , 2006 ) . `` 5 keys to who will control Congress : How immigration , gas , Medicare , Iraq and scandal could affect midterm races '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Macedo , Stephen ( August 11 , 2008 ) . `` Toward a more democratic Congress ? Our imperfect democratic constitution : the critics examined '' . Boston University Law Review . Boston University Law Review . 89 : 609 -- 628 . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Time Essay : Campaign Costs : Floor , Not Ceiling '' . Time . May 17 , 1971 . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Barbara Borst , Associated Press ( October 29 , 2006 ) . `` Campaign spending up in U.S. congressional elections '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Dan Froomkin ( September 15 , 1997 ) . `` Campaign Finance -- Introduction '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Evan ( April 4 , 2008 ) . `` At What Cost ? -- Sen. John Warner and Congress 's money culture '' . Newsweek . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` References about diffname '' . Jean Merl ( October 18 , 2000 ) . `` Gloves Come Off in Attack Ads by Harman , Kuykendall '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Shanto Iyengar -- Director , Political Communications Lab , Stanford University ( August 12 , 2008 ) . `` Election 2008 : The Advertising '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Dave Lesher ( September 12 , 1994 ) . `` COLUMN ONE -- TV Blitz Fueled by a Fortune -- Once obscure , Huffington now is pressing Feinstein . His well - financed rapid - response team has mounted an unprecedented ad attack '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Howard Kurtz ( October 28 , 1998 ) . `` Democrats Chase Votes With a Safety Net '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ James Oliphant ( April 9 , 2008 ) . `` ' 08 Campaign costs nearing $2 Billion . Is it worth it ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Campaign Finance Groups Praise Rep. Welch for Cosponsoring Fair Elections Now Act '' . Reuters . May 19 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2010 . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ John Balzar ( May 24 , 2006 ) . `` Democrats Battle Over a Safe Seat in Congress '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Congress : An Idea on the March '' . Time . January 11 , 1963 . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Decision ' 92 -- SPECIAL VOTERS ' GUIDE TO STATE AND LOCAL ELECTIONS -- THE CONGRESSIONAL RACES '' . Los Angeles Times . October 25 , 1992 . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` References about prevalence of attack ads '' . Brooks Jackson & Justin Bank ( February 5 , 2009 ) . `` Radio , Radio -- New Democratic ads attacking House Republicans in the lead - up to the 2010 midterm elections do n't tell the whole story '' . Newsweek . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Fredreka Schouten ( September 19 , 2008 ) . `` Union helps non-profit groups pay for attack ads '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Ruth Marcus ( August 8 , 2007 ) . `` Attack Ads You 'll Be Seeing '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Chris Cillizza ( September 20 , 2006 ) . `` Ads , Ads Everywhere ! '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . SAMANTHA GROSS Associated Press ( September 7 , 2007 ) . `` Coming Soon : Personalized Campaign Ads '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Howard Kurtz ( January 6 , 2008 ) . `` CAMPAIGN ON TELEVISION People May Dislike Attack Ads , but the Messages Tend to Stick '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Steven S. Smith ; Jason M. Roberts ; Ryan J. Vander Wielen ( 2006 ) . `` The American Congress ( Fourth Edition ) '' . Cambridge University Press . p. 21 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander Hamilton or James Madison ( February 8 , 1788 ) . `` The Federalist Paper No. 52 '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Congress ' Approval Rating at Lowest Point for Year '' . Reuters . September 2 , 2009 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2009 . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` THE CONGRESS : Makings of the 72nd ( Cont . ) '' . Time . September 22 , 1930 . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Peterson ( October 21 , 1996 ) . `` Confident Clinton Lends Hand to Congress Candidates '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` References about diffname '' . `` THE CONGRESS : Makings of the 72nd ( Cont . ) '' . Time . September 22 , 1930 . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Maki Becker ( June 17 , 1994 ) . `` Informed Opinions on Today 's Topics -- Looking for Answers to Voter Apathy '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Daniel Brumberg ( October 30 , 2008 ) . `` America 's Re-emerging Democracy '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Karen Tumulty ( July 8 , 1986 ) . `` Congress Must Now Make Own Painful Choices '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Janet Hook ( December 22 , 1997 ) . `` As U.S. Economy Flows , Voter Vitriol Ebbs '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Congress gets $4,100 pay raise '' . USA Today . Associated Press . January 9 , 2008 . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gallup Poll / Newsweek ( October 8 , 2009 ) . `` Congress and the Public : Congressional Job Approval Ratings Trend ( 1974 -- present ) '' . The Gallup Organization . Retrieved October 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` References about low approval ratings '' . `` Congress ' Approval Rating Jumps to 31 % '' . Gallup . February 17 , 2009 . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . `` Congress ' Approval Rating at Lowest Point for Year '' . Reuters . September 2 , 2009 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2009 . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . John Whitesides ( September 19 , 2007 ) . `` Bush , Congress at record low ratings : Reuters poll '' . Reuters . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Seung Min Kim ( February 18 , 2009 ) . `` Poll : Congress ' job approval at 31 % '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ interview by David Schimke ( September -- October 2008 ) . `` Presidential Power to the People -- Author Dana D. Nelson on why democracy demands that the next president be taken down a notch '' . Utne Reader . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Guy Gugliotta ( November 3 , 2004 ) . `` Politics In , Voter Apathy Out Amid Heavy Turnout '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Voter Turnout Rate Said to Be Highest Since 1968 '' . The Washington Post . Associated Press . December 15 , 2008 . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Julian E. Zelizer ( editor ) ( 2004 ) . `` The American Congress : The Building of Democracy '' . Houghton Mifflin Company . p. xiv -- xv . ISBN 0 - 618 - 17906 - 2 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Norman , Jim ( 2016 - 06 - 13 ) . `` Americans ' Confidence in Institutions Stays Low '' . Gallup . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roger Sherman and The Connecticut Compromise '' . Connecticut Judicial Branch : Law Libraries . January 10 , 2010 . Retrieved January 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cass R. Sunstein ( October 26 , 2006 ) . `` It Could Be Worse '' . The New Republic . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2010 . Retrieved January 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Reviewed by Robert Justin Lipkin ( January 2007 ) . `` OUR UNDEMOCRATIC CONSTITUTION : WHERE THE CONSTITUTION GOES WRONG ( AND HOW WE THE PEOPLE CAN CORRECT IT ) '' . Widener University School of Law . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2009 . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sanford Levinson ( 2006 ) . `` Our Undemocratic Constitution '' . p. 60 . Retrieved January 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Richard Labunski interviewed by Policy Today 's Dan Schwartz ( October 18 , 2007 ) . `` Time for a Second Constitutional Convention ? '' . Policy Today . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Charles L. Clapp , The Congressman , His Work as He Sees It ( Washington , D.C. : The Brookings Institution , 1963 ) , p. 55 ; cf . pp. 50 -- 55 , 64 -- 66 , 75 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report 35 ( September 3 , 1977 ) : 1855 . English , op . cit. , pp. 48 -- 49 , notes that members will also regularly appear at local events in their home district , and will maintain offices in the home congressional district or state . Jump up ^ Robert Preer ( August 15 , 2010 ) . `` Two Democrats in Senate race stress constituent services '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Daniel Malloy ( August 22 , 2010 ) . `` Incumbents battle association with stimulus , Obama '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Amy Gardner ( November 27 , 2008 ) . `` Wolf 's Decisive Win Surprised Even the GOP '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : William T. Blanco , editor ( 2000 ) . `` Congress on display , Congress at work '' . University of Michigan . ISBN 0 - 472 - 08711 - 8 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Davidson ( 2006 ) , p. 17 Jump up ^ English ( 2003 ) , pp. 24 -- 25 Jump up ^ Simpson , G.R. ( October 22 , 1992 ) . `` Surprise ! Top Frankers Also Have the Stiffest Challenges '' . Roll Call . Jump up ^ Steven S. Smith ; Jason M. Roberts ; Ryan J. Vander Wielen ( 2006 ) . `` The American Congress ( Fourth Edition ) '' . Cambridge University Press . p. 79 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Senate Salaries since 1789 . United States Senate . Retrieved August 13 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Salaries of Members of Congress ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved August 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Salaries of Legislative , Executive , and Judicial Officials ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved August 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` US Census Bureau news release in regards to median income '' . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2010 . Retrieved August 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Lui , Kevin ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` A Petition to Remove Health Care Subsidies From Members of Congress Has Nearly 500000 Signatures '' . Time Magazine . Washington D.C . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lipton , Eric ( January 9 , 2014 ) . `` Half of Congress Members Are Millionaires , Report Says '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Quiet Raise -- Congressional Pay -- special report '' . The Washington Post . 1998 . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lessig , Lawrence ( February 8 , 2010 ) . `` How to Get Our Democracy Back '' . CBS News . Retrieved December 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lessig , Lawrence ( November 16 , 2011 ) . `` Republic , Lost : How Money Corrupts Congress -- and a Plan to Stop It '' . Google , YouTube , The Huffington Post . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 . ( see 30 : 13 minutes into the video ) Jump up ^ Scott , Walter ( April 25 , 2010 ) . `` Personality Parade column : Q. Does Congress pay for its own health care ? '' . New York , NY : Parade . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Retirement Benefits for Members of Congress ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service , February 9 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Brody Mullins & T.W. Farnam ( December 17 , 2009 ) . `` Congress Travels More , Public Pays : Lawmakers Ramp Up Taxpayer - Financed Journeys ; Five Days in Scotland '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved December 17 , 2009 . Other notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The two independent senators formally caucus with the Democratic Party . References ( edit ) `` How To Clean Up The Mess From Inside The System , A Plea -- And A Plan -- To Reform Campaign Finance Before It 's Too '' . NEWSWEEK . October 28 , 1996 . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . `` The Constitution and the Idea of Compromise '' . PBS . October 10 , 2009 . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Alexander Hamilton ( 1788 ) . `` FEDERALIST No. 15 -- The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union '' . FoundingFathers.info . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Bacon , Donald C. ; Davidson , Roger H. ; Keller , Morton , editors ( 1995 ) . Encyclopedia of the United States Congress ( 4 vols . ) . Simon & Schuster . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Collier , Christopher & Collier , James Lincoln ( 1986 ) . Decision in Philadelphia : The Constitutional Convention of 1787 . Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 394 - 52346 - 6 . Davidson , Roger H. & Walter J. Oleszek ( 2006 ) . Congress and Its Members ( 10th ed . ) . Congressional Quarterly ( CQ ) Press . ISBN 0 - 87187 - 325 - 7 . ( Legislative procedure , informal practices , and other information ) English , Ross M. ( 2003 ) . The United States Congress . Manchester University Press . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 6309 - 4 . Francis - Smith , Janice ( October 22 , 2008 ) . `` Waging campaigns against incumbents in Oklahoma '' . The Oklahoma City Journal Record . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2010 . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Herrnson , Paul S. ( 2004 ) . Congressional Elections : Campaigning at Home and in Washington . CQ Press . ISBN 1 - 56802 - 826 - 1 . Huckabee , David C. ( 2003 ) . Reelection Rates of Incumbents . Hauppauge , New York : Novinka Books , an imprint of Nova Science Publishers . p. 21 . ISBN 1 - 59033 - 509 - 0 . Huckabee , David C. -- Analyst in American National Government -- Government Division ( March 8 , 1995 ) . `` Reelection rate of House Incumbents 1790 -- 1990 Summary ( page 2 ) '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service -- The Library of Congress . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Maier , Pauline ( book reviewer ) ( November 18 , 2007 ) . `` HISTORY -- The Framers ' Real Motives ( book review ) UNRULY AMERICANS AND THE ORIGINS OF THE CONSTITUTION book by Woody Holton '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Oleszek , Walter J. ( 2004 ) . Congressional Procedures and the Policy Process . CQ Press . ISBN 0 - 87187 - 477 - 6 . Polsby , Nelson W. ( 2004 ) . How Congress Evolves : Social Bases of Institutional Change . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 516195 - 5 . Price , David E. ( 2000 ) . The Congressional Experience . Westview Press . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 1157 - 8 . Struble , Robert , Jr. ( 2007 ) . chapter seven , Treatise on Twelve Lights . TeLL . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Zelizer , Julian E. ( 2004 ) . The American Congress : The Building of Democracy . Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 618 - 17906 - 2 . Further Reading ( edit ) Baker , Ross K. ( 2000 ) . House and Senate , 3rd ed . New York : W.W. Norton . ( Procedural , historical , and other information about both houses ) Barone , Michael and Richard E. Cohen . The Almanac of American Politics , 2006 ( 2005 ) , elaborate detail on every district and member ; 1920 pages Berg - Andersson , Richard E. ( 2001 ) . Explanation of the types of Sessions of Congress ( Term of congress ) Berman , Daniel M. ( 1964 ) . In Congress Assembled : The Legislative Process in the National Government . London : The Macmillan Company . ( Legislative procedure ) Bianco , William T. ( 2000 ) Congress on Display , Congress at Work , University of Michigan Press . Hamilton , Lee H. ( 2004 ) How Congress Works and Why You Should Care , Indiana University Press . Herrick , Rebekah ( 2001 ) . `` Gender effects on job satisfaction in the House of Representatives '' . Women and Politics . 23 ( 4 ) : 85 -- 98 . doi : 10.1300 / J014v23n04_04 . Hunt , Richard ( 1998 ) . `` Using the Records of Congress in the Classroom '' . OAH Magazine of History . 12 ( Summer ) : 34 -- 37 . doi : 10.1093 / maghis / 12.4. 34 . Imbornoni , Ann - Marie , David Johnson , and Elissa Haney . ( 2005 ) . `` Famous Firsts by American Women . '' Infoplease . Lee , Frances and Bruce Oppenheimer . ( 1999 ) . Sizing Up the Senate : The Unequal Consequences of Equal Representation . University of Chicago Press : Chicago . ( Equal representation in the Senate ) Rimmerman , Craig A. ( 1990 ) . `` Teaching Legislative Politics and Policy Making . '' Political Science Teacher , 3 ( Winter ) : 16 -- 18 . Ritchie , Donald A. ( 2010 ) . The U.S. Congress : A Very Short Introduction . ( History , representation , and legislative procedure ) Smith , Steven S. , Jason M. Roberts , and Ryan Vander Wielen ( 2007 ) . The American Congress ( 5th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 19704 - X . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ( Legislative procedure , informal practices , and other information ) Story , Joseph . ( 1891 ) . Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States . ( 2 vols ) . Boston : Brown & Little . ( History , constitution , and general legislative procedure ) Tarr , David R. and Ann O'Connor . Congress A to Z ( CQ Congressional Quarterly ) ( 4th 2003 ) 605pp Wilson , Woodrow. ( 1885 ) . Congressional Government . New York : Houghton Mifflin . Some information in this article has been provided by the Senate Historical Office . 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who was glumdalclitch how did she help gulliver

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Glumdalclitch&oldid=805209466

Glumdalclitch - wikipedia Glumdalclitch Jump to : navigation , search This article is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor 's personal feelings about a topic . Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Gulliver and Glumdalclitch , from a French edition of Gulliver 's Travels ( 1850s ) Glumdalclitch is the name Gulliver gives his `` nurse '' in Book II of Jonathan Swift 's Gulliver 's Travels . In Book I , Gulliver travels to the land of Lilliput . Leaving there , he travels to the land of Brobdingnag . In Lilliput , Gulliver was a giant , and in Brobdingnag , he is a dwarf , with the proportions reversed . When he comes ashore , he is captured by a giant farmer , who perceives Gulliver only as an animal , a freak of nature resembling a man - shaped mouse . He takes Gulliver home and gives him to his nine - year - old daughter , a child `` not above forty feet high , being little for her age . '' She makes Gulliver her pet , creates a small travel case for him ( a miniature bed - chamber in a box ) , and is amused to play with him as if he were a doll . Gulliver grows very fond of the girl , and gives her the pet name of Glumdalclitch , or `` little nurse '' in the Brobdingian language . ( Of course `` little '' is highly ironic considering the circumstances . If Gulliver knows her real name , he does not tell the reader . ) Glumdalclitch is a skilled seamstress with a talent for making dolls ' clothes . Although Gulliver admires the wardrobe that she makes for him , he finds that even the finest Brodingnagian fabric is coarse and irritates his skin . The farmer takes Gulliver about as a freak show , charging observers money for performances . Gulliver grows very proud of the stunts that he performs for Glumdalclitch 's amusement . When the Queen of Brobdingnag takes Gulliver into her court , he has Glumdalclitch brought to court with him . The prideful Gulliver thinks of himself as being greatly honored and promoted by moving to court , but never ceases to love and seek the approval of the little girl who first helped him . Indeed , he remembers her fondly even after returning to England . While Book I is narrowly allegorical , Book II of Gulliver 's Travels is less specifically a roman a clef and more generally a political and philosophical discussion . While Glumdalclitch could represent Swift 's memories of the young Stella from his time living with William Temple at Moor Park , Surrey , she probably does not stand in for any particularly identifiable historical person . If one does take Glumdalclitch as the young Stella and the entire episode as an encoding of the time at Moor Park , then it is a poignant story indeed . Swift , like Gulliver , delighted in performing for Stella ( e.g. his Meditation Upon a Broomstick , which he wrote for her ) , was shown about by her `` father '' ( William Temple ) , found the living too coarse for his sensibilities , left her company for a `` promotion '' to London and court life , and mourned her absence for the rest of his life . In popular culture ( edit ) In television and film adaptations , the character has been played by Sherry Alberoni , Ági Szirtes , and Kate Maberly , and voiced by Janet Waldo . The character was reimagined in the 2010 film adaptation ( in a non-speaking role ) as a child and treats Gulliver as a baby doll , presumably to keep with the comedy themes . It was a family nickname for the novelist Jane Octavia Brookfield . Glumdalclitch is the subject of an eponymous novel by Leo Sonderegger published in 2000 as a sequel to Gulliver 's Travels . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Internet Movie Database Jump up ^ Leo Sonderegger ( Author ) ( 2000 - 11 - 01 ) . `` ' ' Glumdalclitch ' ' on '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 01 . Jonathan Swift 's Gulliver 's Travels ( 1726 ) Characters Lemuel Gulliver Glumdalclitch Locations Balnibarbi Brobdingnag Glubbdubdrib Japan Lagado Laputa Lilliput and Blefuscu Lindalino Luggnagg Maldonada Other The Engine Houyhnhnm Struldbrug Yahoo Films Gulliver 's Travels Among the Lilliputians and the Giants ( 1902 ) Gulliver en el país de los Gigantes ( 1903 ) The New Gulliver ( 1935 ) Gulliver 's Travels ( 1939 ) The Three Worlds of Gulliver ( 1960 ) Gulliver 's Travels Beyond the Moon ( 1965 ) Gulliver 's Travels ( 1977 ) Jajantaram Mamantaram ( 2003 ) Gulliver 's Travels ( 2010 ) Television The Mind Robber ( 1968 ) The Adventures of Gulliver ( 1968 -- 1969 ) Saban 's Gulliver 's Travels ( 1992 -- 1993 ) Gulliver 's Travels ( 1996 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glumdalclitch&oldid=805209466 '' Categories : Characters in British novels of the 18th century Fictional giants Gulliver 's Travels Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing style editing from October 2017 All articles needing style editing Talk About Wikipedia ไทย Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 13 October 2017 , at 20 : 17 . About Wikipedia

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what is the song 3 little birds about

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Three_Little_Birds&oldid=861932655

Three Little Birds - wikipedia Three Little Birds Song by Bob Marley and the Wailers This article is about the Bob Marley & The Wailers song . For the fairytale , see The Three Little Birds . `` Three Little Birds '' Single by Bob Marley and the Wailers from the album Exodus B - side `` Every Need Got an Ego to Feed '' Released June 3 , 1977 ( album ) September 12 , 1980 ( single ) Format 7 '' Recorded 1977 Genre Roots reggae Length 3 : 01 Label Tuff Gong Songwriter ( s ) Bob Marley Producer ( s ) Bob Marley and the Wailers Bob Marley and the Wailers singles chronology `` Could You Be Loved '' ( 1980 ) `` Three Little Birds '' ( 1977 ) `` Redemption Song '' ( 1980 ) `` Could You Be Loved '' ( 1980 ) `` Three Little Birds '' ( 1980 ) `` Redemption Song '' ( 1980 ) `` Three Little Birds '' is a song by Bob Marley and the Wailers . It is the fourth track on side two of their 1977 album Exodus and was released as a single in 1980 . The song reached the Top 20 in the UK , peaking at number 17 . It is one of Bob Marley 's most popular songs . The song has been covered by numerous other artists . The song is often thought to be named `` Do n't Worry About a Thing '' or `` Every Little Thing is Gonna Be Alright '' , because of the prominent and repeated use of these phrases in the chorus . Contents 1 Writing and inspiration 2 Covers 2.1 Releases 2.2 Other uses 3 Monty Alexander version 3.1 Track listings 4 Connie Talbot version 4.1 Background 4.2 Release and reception 4.3 Music video 4.4 Chart performance 4.5 Track listing 5 References 6 External links Writing and inspiration ( edit ) The source of Marley 's inspiration for the lyrics of `` Three Little Birds '' remains disputed . They are partly inspired by birds that Marley was fond of , that used to fly and sit next to his home . Tony Gilbert , a long time friend of Marley , was present at the time he was writing the song and elaborated , `` Bob got inspired by a lot of things around him , he observed life . I remember the three little birds . They were pretty birds , canaries , who would come by the windowsill at Hope Road . '' However , three female singers from the reggae group I Threes who did shows with Marley claim it is a reference to them . I Threes member Marcia Griffiths remarked , `` After the song was written , Bob would always refer to us as the Three Little Birds . After a show , there would be an encore , sometimes people even wanted us to go back onstage four times . Bob would still want to go back and he would say , ' What is my Three Little Birds saying ? ' '' Covers ( edit ) Releases ( edit ) Karen David recorded and released the song on her 2012 EP , Touch . Robbie Williams sings the song in his concert released on DVD . Gilberto Gil recorded and released the song as a single and for his 2002 album Kaya N'Gan Daya . Billy Ocean does a version on his 2005 greatest hits album `` The Best Of ... '' . Ziggy Marley and Sean Paul recorded a cover for the 2004 animated film Shark Tale and its soundtrack . also in 2007 for the movie Surf 's Up . Connie Talbot released a cover of the song as the first single from her album Over the Rainbow in June 2008 . The Postmarks covered this tune on their 2008 lp By the Numbers . Alvin and the Chipmunks made a cover version of this song on their 2008 album Undeniable . Jason Mraz also performs this song in conjunction with the song `` I 'm Yours '' in concerts . Panic ! at the Disco 's frontman Brendon Urie recorded a cover , which has become well known through YouTube . Elizabeth Mitchell recorded a cover of `` Three Little Birds '' on her 2006 album `` You Are My Little Bird '' released by Smithsonian Folkways . Black 47 performed this song for Live In New York City , their seventh album . A version of the song was included on the Fisher - Price 's Little People album `` Let 's Go to the Beach '' , which featured a number of popular songs performed by the Little People characters . Keith Frank recorded an up - tempo zydeco version with his Soileau Zydeco Band . Toots and the Maytals recorded the song on 2012 release , Ska Never Grow Old . Maroon 5 recorded a version of the song , as a promotional advertisement by Hyundai for the 2018 FIFA World Cup and released it with a music video in June 2018 . Other uses ( edit ) Former baseball player Shane Victorino , a fan of Bob Marley , used the song 's chorus as his at - bat music . During his tenure with the Boston Red Sox , the crowd at Fenway Park would sing along whenever Victorino came to bat . The song became associated with the 2013 Red Sox team , who won that year 's World Series . At Amsterdam Arena , the song is played during Ajax games near the end of half - time . The song was used in the `` Full of Life '' ad for Danone Actimel Ireland . In 2012 , Marley 's oldest child , Cedella Marley , adapted lyrics from the song in a picture book titled Every Little Thing , featuring illustrations by Vanessa Brantley - Newton . In 2013 , Marley 's son , Stephen Marley , with Jason Bentley , remixed the song for an ad campaign by the automobile manufacturer Hyundai in the United States for their Bluelink in - vehicle telematics system . In 2015 , Plymouth Argyle fans sang the song 's chorus in a playoff match against Wycombe Wanderers . Plymouth Argyle were losing 3 - 0 with 10 minutes to go , but after the fans began singing , Zak Ansah and Jason Banton both scored goals and kept the Pilgrims playoff hopes alive . In 2016 , the travelling fans of Liverpool F.C. adopted it as they followed their team across Europe . Since then it can now also be heard regularly at their home games . The Milwaukee Brewers baseball team plays the song as fans leave Miller Park after home losses . Monty Alexander version ( edit ) `` Three Little Birds '' Single by Monty Alexander from the album Stir it up - The Music of Bob Marley Released September 25 , 1999 Format 7 `` , CD Genre Jazz , Reggae Label Telarc International Corporation Songwriter ( s ) Bob Marley Monty Alexander recorded a cover of `` Three Little Birds '' in January 1992 and , in 1999 , he released it as a hit single . The Cover was also produced from him and unlike the original the Monty Alexander version is very Jazz - heavy . The original Length is 3 : 00 . Track listings ( edit ) Side one No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Three Little Birds '' Bob Marley 3 : 00 Side two No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 2 . `` Could You Be Loved '' Bob Marley 2 : 50 Connie Talbot version ( edit ) `` Three Little Birds '' Single by Connie Talbot from the album Over the Rainbow B - side `` You Raise Me Up '' Released June 10 , 2008 ( 2008 - 06 - 10 ) Format CD Single Genre Reggae Length 3 : 08 Label Rainbow Recording Company Songwriter ( s ) Bob Marley Producer ( s ) Simon Hill and Rob May Music video Three Little Birds on YouTube `` Three Little Birds '' was released as the first single by British child singer , Connie Talbot on 10 June 2008 . It was taken from the 2008 rerelease of her 2007 album , Over the Rainbow . Talbot released a music video to publicise the single , which was filmed in Jamaica . The release reached number 3 on the UK Independent Singles Chart , and number 1 on the Billboard Hot Singles Sales chart in the United States . Background ( edit ) After rising to fame on the first series of Britain 's Got Talent , Talbot signed with Rainbow Recording Company and began production of her debut album , Over the Rainbow . The album initially featured several Christmas themed songs , and the first single , `` Over the Rainbow '' / `` White Christmas '' , was planned be released on 3 December 2007 . The single was then cancelled in favour of an album - first release . The album was rereleased with more general tracks to replace the Christmas songs , and one of the new tracks was a cover of Bob Marley 's `` Three Little Birds '' . The songs on the album were chosen with collaboration between Talbot and her management ; first Talbot and her family wrote `` a list of the songs that Connie would sing at her birthday party '' , and the management then thought `` long and hard '' about including the more adult songs , including `` I Will Always Love You '' , but Talbot herself insisted . The album was recorded in a bedroom studio , nicknamed `` the hut '' . Release and reception ( edit ) `` Three Little Birds '' was released as Talbot 's first single on 10 June 2008 in the UK , and released alongside the album in the U.S. on 14 October . Rashvin Bedi , writing for Malaysian newspaper The Star , said that `` Three Little Birds '' was her favourite song on Over the Rainbow . The single peaked at number 3 on the Independent Singles Charts in the United Kingdom , and entered the Billboard Hot Singles Sales chart at number 2 , dropping to 3 the next week . It then raised back to number 2 , and , on the sixth week , reached number 1 . Talbot received attention from the British press because of the single 's success , with the Daily Mail and Daily Telegraph attributing her success in America to her appeal to the Christian market , and to the success of her videos on YouTube . Talbot 's father , Gavin , spoke about the song reaching number one , saying `` When we received the phone call we were driving back from doing a round of radio interviews in London and Connie was asleep in the back of the car . When we told her she just took it in her stride . I just can not believe that she is number one in America . We are all very proud of her . It is a big achievement -- people have just taken a shine to her . '' He also said it was `` a big shock to hear she was number one . It is tremendous . '' As of November 2008 , the single has sold more than 250,000 copies worldwide . Music video ( edit ) A music video for the song was shot in Jamaica in late March / early April 2008 . Talbot was quoted as saying that `` going to Jamaica was the best thing I 've done this year '' . The video begins with images of Talbot skipping through a garden , which is then replaced with an image of her singing on a beach . She then joins a child whose parents had been arguing and plays with them and others in a field , then dances with them on the beach . The children are then lead to a stage , where Talbot performs as the others sing and play musical instruments . The video closes with Talbot in the garden , skipping away from the camera . After the success of the single in the U.S. , the Daily Mail attributed much of Talbot 's success to her YouTube videos , mentioning that the `` Three Little Birds '' music video had attracted more than 82 million views . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart Country Peak Date Independent Singles Charts United Kingdom 20 June 2008 Hot Singles Sales United States 27 November 2008 Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Lyrics Music Length 1 . `` Three Little Birds '' Bob Marley Bob Marley 3 : 08 2 . `` You Raise Me Up '' Brendan Graham Rolf Løvland 4 : 04 References ( edit ) Footnotes ^ Jump up to : Goldman ( 2006 ) , p. 241 Jump up ^ `` Gilberto Gil '' . Gilberto Gil . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Hyundai x 2018 FIFA World Cup TM ᅵ World Cup campaign with Maroon 5 '' . YouTube . June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon 5 -- Three Little Birds '' . YouTube . June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Marley , Shane Victorino and the Series '' . ESPN.com. 2013 - 10 - 24 . Retrieved 30 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Alden ( 2013 - 10 - 31 ) . `` Victorino 's ' big moment ' leads Red Sox back to top '' . MLB.com . Retrieved 31 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sewards , Lisa ( 2007 - 11 - 17 ) . `` Connie gets second bite at stardom as gap - toothed girl shrugs off Cowell 's rejection '' . London : Daily Mail . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Connie 's dream of a hit single '' . Express & Star . 2008 - 01 - 13 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Britain 's Got Talent Connie Talbot sings Three Little Birds '' . Daily Mirror. 2008 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Mason , Kerri ( 2008 - 10 - 10 ) . `` Record buyers head - '' Over `` - heels for 7 - year - old '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Lopez , Korina ( 2008 - 11 - 02 ) . `` ' Talent ' star Connie Talbot is 7 going on globally successful '' . U.S.A. Today . Retrieved 11 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Buy Connies single today ! '' . Rhythm Riders . 2008 - 06 - 10 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Connie Talbot Soars ' Over The Rainbow ' and Up the Billboard Charts ( press release ) '' . AAO Music / Reality Records . 2008 - 10 - 27 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Bedi , Rashvin . `` Over the Rainbow '' . The Star . Retrieved 11 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Connies single at No. 3 ! '' . Rhythm Riders . 2008 - 06 - 20 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 31 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Three Little Birds - Hot 100 '' . Billboard. 2008 - 11 - 22 . Retrieved 16 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Singles Sales '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ de Wilde , Gervase ( 2008 - 11 - 28 ) . `` Connie Talbot goes to Number One on the Billboard Charts '' . London : Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Connie Talbot , 8 , the Britain 's Got Talent star snubbed by Simon Cowell , breaks America '' . London : Daily Mail . 2008 - 11 - 28 . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Connie tops the US charts '' . Sutton Coldfield Observer. 2008 - 12 - 03 . Retrieved 3 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Ruth ( 2008 - 11 - 27 ) . `` Album Review : Connie Talbot 's Christmas Album '' . FemaleFirst . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Van Guens , Sharon ( 2008 - 04 - 06 ) . `` Britains Got Talent star Connie 's got teeth '' . The Sunday Mirror . Archived from the original on 10 April 2008 . Retrieved 16 November 2008 . Bibliography Goldman , Vivien ( 2006 ) , The book of Exodus : the making and meaning of Bob Marley and the Wailers ' album of the century , Random House , ISBN 1 - 4000 - 5286 - 6 External links ( edit ) Talbot 's `` Three Little Birds '' music video on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Bob Marley and the Wailers Bob Marley ( outline ) Peter Tosh Bunny Wailer Other vocalists : Junior Braithwaite Cherry Smith Beverley Kelso Constantine `` Vision '' Walker Rita Marley Marcia Griffiths Judy Mowatt Musicians : Aston Barrett Carlton Barrett Earl Lindo Tyrone Downie Alvin `` Seeco '' Patterson Al Anderson Earl `` Chinna '' Smith Donald Kinsey Junior Marvin Studio albums Early The Wailing Wailers ( 1965 ) Soul Rebels ( 1970 ) Soul Revolution ( 1971 ) The Best of The Wailers ( 1971 ) Island Catch a Fire ( 1973 ) Burnin ' ( 1973 ) Natty Dread ( 1974 ) Rastaman Vibration ( 1976 ) Exodus ( 1977 ) Kaya ( 1978 ) Survival ( 1979 ) Uprising ( 1980 ) Confrontation ( 1983 ) Compilations Island Legend ( 1984 ) Rebel Music ( 1986 ) Natural Mystic : The Legend Lives On ( 1995 ) One Love : The Very Best of Bob Marley & The Wailers ( 2001 ) Gold ( 2005 ) Africa Unite : The Singles Collection ( 2005 ) Others African Herbsman ( 1973 ) Rasta Revolution ( 1974 ) Other albums Live Live ! ( 1975 ) Babylon by Bus ( 1978 ) Talkin ' Blues ( 1991 ) Live at the Roxy ( 2003 ) Live Forever : The Stanley Theatre , Pittsburgh , PA , September 23 , 1980 ( 2011 ) Remix Chances Are ( 1981 ) Chant Down Babylon ( 1999 ) B Is for Bob ( 2009 ) Box set Songs of Freedom ( 1992 ) The Complete Bob Marley & the Wailers 1967 -- 1972 ( 1997 -- 2002 ) Songs `` Get Up , Stand Up '' `` No Woman , No Cry '' `` Jah Live '' `` Positive Vibration '' `` Exodus '' `` Waiting in Vain '' `` Jamming '' `` Punky Reggae Party '' `` Three Little Birds '' `` One Love / People Get Ready '' `` Is This Love '' `` Satisfy My Soul '' `` Stir It Up '' `` Survival '' `` Could You Be Loved '' `` Redemption Song '' `` Buffalo Soldier '' `` Iron Lion Zion '' `` Sun Is Shining '' `` Turn Your Lights Down Low '' `` I Shot the Sheriff '' `` Slogans '' `` Mr. Brown '' Performances Catch a Fire Tour ( 1973 ) Burnin ' Tour ( 1973 ) Natty Dread Tour ( 1975 ) Rastaman Vibration Tour ( 1976 ) Smile Jamaica Concert ( 1976 ) Exodus Tour ( 1977 ) One Love Peace Concert ( 1978 ) Kaya Tour ( 1978 ) Babylon by Bus Tour ( 1979 ) Survival Tour ( 1979 -- 1980 ) Uprising Tour ( 1980 ) Associated acts The Skatalites The Upsetters Word , Sound and Power The Wailers Band The Original Wailers Related people Chris Blackwell Errol Brown Allan Cole Coxsone Dodd Vincent Ford Neville Garrick Joe Higgs Lee Jaffe Arthur Jenkins King Sporty Leslie Kong Johnny Nash Jimmy Norman Lee `` Scratch '' Perry Mortimer Planno Karl Pitterson Alex Sadkin Related articles Discography Band members Marley Natural Upsetter Records Tuff Gong Bob Marley Museum Tribute to the Legend : Bob Marley Marley ( soundtrack ) Hall of Fame : A Tribute to Bob Marley 's 50th Anniversary Time Will Tell : A Tribute to Bob Marley One Love : The Bob Marley Musical Book Category Portal WikiProject Connie Talbot Studio albums Over the Rainbow ( 2007 ) Connie Talbot 's Christmas Album ( 2008 ) Holiday Magic ( 2009 ) Beautiful World ( 2012 ) Singles `` Three Little Birds '' ( 2008 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( 2009 ) Amsterdamsche Football Club Ajax Players Managers Honours Seasons Cup Europe Records and statistics Current season History History of AFC Ajax AFC Ajax kit history Teams I. 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who became defense against the dark arts teacher

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Magic_in_Harry_Potter&oldid=866495254

Magic in Harry Potter - wikipedia Magic in Harry Potter In J.K. Rowling 's Harry Potter series , magic is depicted as a supernatural force that can be used to override the usual laws of nature . Many fictional magical creatures exist in the series , while ordinary creatures also sometimes exhibit magical properties . magical objects are also described . The small number of humans who are able to perform magic ( witches and wizards ) refer to the rest of the population , oblivious to the existence of magic , as `` Muggles '' in the United Kingdom and `` No - Maj '' in the United States . In humans , magic or the lack thereof is an inborn attribute . It is inherited , carried on `` dominant resilient genes '' . Magic is the norm for the children of magical couples and less common in those of Muggles . Exceptions exist : those unable to do magic who are born to magical parents are known as Squibs , whereas a witch or wizard born to Muggle parents is known as a Muggle - born , or by the derogatory term `` Mudblood '' . While Muggle - borns are quite common , Squibs are extremely rare . Rowling based many magical elements of the Harry Potter universe on real - world mythology and magic . She has described this as `` a way of giving texture to the world '' . The books present the idea that the Muggle interpretation of these stories is a distorted version of what goes on in the wizarding world . The magic of Harry Potter became the subject of a 2017 British Library exhibition and accompanying documentary . The exhibition , entitled Harry Potter : A History of Magic , is the first at the British Library to feature a living author as its subject . Contents 1 Using magic 1.1 Spellcasting 2 The limits of magic 2.1 Death 2.2 Principal Exceptions to Gamp 's Law of Elemental Transfiguration 2.3 Emotion 3 Magical abilities 3.1 Animagi 3.2 Metamorphmagi 3.3 Parseltongue 3.4 Seers 3.5 Legilimency and Occlumency 3.6 Apparition and Disapparition 3.7 Other teleportation 3.8 Veela charm 3.9 Magical resistance 4 Subjects at Hogwarts 4.1 Transfiguration 4.2 Defence Against the Dark Arts 4.3 Charms 4.4 Potions 4.5 Astronomy 4.6 History of Magic 4.7 Herbology 4.8 Arithmancy 4.9 Study of Ancient Runes 4.10 Divination 4.11 Care of Magical Creatures 4.12 Muggle Studies 4.13 Alchemy 4.14 Flying 4.15 Apparition 5 Spell - like effects 5.1 Unbreakable Vow 5.2 Priori Incantatem 6 Dark Arts 6.1 Unforgivable Curses 6.2 Dark Mark 6.3 Inferius 6.4 Horcrux 7 Portraits 7.1 Portraits in the Headmaster 's office 7.2 The Fat Lady 7.3 Photographs 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Using magic ( edit ) Witches and wizards need training to learn how to control their magic . With young and untrained children , magic will manifest itself subconsciously in moments of strong apprehension , fear , anger and sadness . For example , Harry Potter once made his hair grow back after a bad haircut , set a boa constrictor on his cousin Dudley at the London Zoo , and made Aunt Marge inflate to an enormous size . While this reaction is usually uncontrollable , as an untrained child , Lord Voldemort was able to make things move without touching them , make animals do what he wanted without training them , make `` bad things happen to people '' who annoyed him , or make them hurt if he wanted to . In addition , Lily Potter was able to guide and control the blooming of a flower by wanting to . Almost all magic is done with the use of a wand . On the subject of wandless magic , Rowling says : `` You can do unfocused and uncontrolled magic without a wand ( for instance when Harry blows up Aunt Marge ) but to do really good spells , yes , you need a wand . '' A wizard or witch is only at their best when using their own wand . When using another 's wand , one 's spells are not as strong as they normally would be . Within the books , technical details of magic are obscure . Of Harry 's lessons , only those involving magical creatures , potions or divination are given in any detail . Severus Snape once told Harry Potter that `` Time and space matter in magic '' during Harry 's first Occlumency lesson in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix and Albus Dumbledore told Harry after finding the magically concealed boat to reach the locket Horcrux that `` Magic always leaves traces , sometimes very distinctive traces . '' Spellcasting ( edit ) Spells are the every - purpose tools of a wizard or witch ; short bursts of magic used to accomplish single specialised tasks such as opening locks or creating fire . Typically casting requires an incantation , most often in a modified form of Latin ( see Dog Latin ) , and gesturing with a wand . However , Rowling has revealed that particularly talented wizards can cast spells without the aid of wand , although magic produced with one is generally more precise and powerful . Spells can also be cast non-verbally , but with a magical wand . This special technique is taught in the sixth year of study at Hogwarts and requires the caster to concentrate on the incantation . Some spells ( e.g. Levicorpus ) are apparently designed to be used non-verbally . While most magic shown in the books requires the caster to use their voice , some do not ( and this may depend on the witch or wizard ) . Dumbledore has been known to do impressive feats of magic without speaking , such as conjuring enough squashy purple sleeping bags to accommodate the entire student population or during his duel with Voldemort towards the end of Order of the Phoenix . It is possible to use a wand without holding it . In Order of the Phoenix , Harry himself performs Lumos to light his wand when it is lying on the ground somewhere near him . Additionally , Animagi and Metamorphmagi do not need wands to undergo their transformations . Spells are divided into rough categories , such as `` charms '' , `` curses '' , `` hexes '' , or `` jinxes '' . Although offensive and potentially dangerous curses exist in number , three are considered usable only for great evil , which earns them the special classification of `` Unforgivable Curses '' . The limits of magic ( edit ) Before publishing the first Harry Potter novel , Rowling spent five years establishing the limitations of magic -- determining what it could and could not do . `` The most important thing to decide when you 're creating a fantasy world , '' she said in 2000 , `` is what the characters ca n't do . '' For instance , while it is possible to conjure things out of thin air , it is far more tricky to create something that fits an exact specification rather than a general one ; moreover , any objects so conjured tend not to last . Death ( edit ) Rowling has described death as the most important theme in the books . Consequently , as Dumbledore states in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , there is no spell that can truly bring the dead back to life . While corpses can be transformed into obedient Inferi on a living wizard 's command , they are little more than zombies with no soul or will of their own . However , there are some methods of communicating with the dead , though with limited results . For example , all Hogwarts headmasters appear in a portrait when they die , allowing consultation by future generations . It is also possible through the rare Priori Incantatem effect to converse with ghost - like `` shadows '' of magically murdered people . The Resurrection Stone also allows one to talk to the dead , but those brought back by the Stone are not corporeal , nor do they wish to be disturbed from their peaceful rest . Throughout the series , this limit is continually mentioned , and wizards try to transcend it at their own peril . Likewise , it is not possible to make oneself immortal unless one makes use of an object of great power to sustain life , such as the Philosopher 's Stone or horcruxes . If one were to possess the three Deathly Hallows , it is fabled that they would possess the tools to become the `` master of death '' . However , it is hinted that to be a true `` master of death '' is to be willing to accept that death is inevitable . Other methods of extending life include drinking unicorn blood , which will keep a person alive even if death is imminent , but at the terrible price of being cursed forever . Being magical can contribute to one 's longevity , as there are several characters in the series who are unusually long - lived ( such as Griselda Marchbanks , who was an invigilator during Albus Dumbledore 's O.W.L examinations ) . It is revealed by Nearly Headless Nick in the fifth book that all witches and wizards have the choice of becoming ghosts upon dying ; however , it is described as `` a pale imitation of life '' . Snape states that a ghost is merely `` the imprint of a departed soul left upon the earth '' . Death is studied at the Department of Mysteries in a chamber containing an enigmatic veil , which Rowling has described as `` the divide between life and death '' . With regard to what is on the other side , she elaborated : `` Do I believe you go on ? Yes , I do believe you go on . I do believe in an afterlife , although I 'm absolutely doubt - ridden and always have been but there you are . '' Sirius falls through this veil in Order of the Phoenix after he is hit with a curse from Bellatrix . Principal Exceptions to Gamp 's law of Elemental Transfiguration ( edit ) The Principal Exceptions to Gamp 's Law of Elemental Transfiguration is a magical theory mentioned by Hermione and later repeated by Ron in the final book . She explains that food is one of these : witches or wizards can cook and prepare food using magic , and even multiply it , but not create it out of nothing . There are numerous examples in the series of food appearing to have been conjured from nothing , such as the sudden materialisation of ingredients in the pots of Molly Weasley 's kitchen and when Professor McGonagall creates a self - refilling plate of sandwiches for Harry and Ron in Chamber of Secrets . In all cases , these events can be reasonably explained as food either being multiplied or transported from elsewhere . One example of the latter is banqueting at Hogwarts -- the food is prepared by elves in the kitchens and laid onto four replica tables , directly below the actual house tables in the Great Hall . The food is then magically transported to the tables . This is the only exception mentioned explicitly in the series . However , Rowling herself has stated once in an interview that money is something wizards can not simply materialise out of thin air , or the economic system of the wizarding world would then be gravely flawed and disrupted . While the Philosopher 's Stone does permit alchemy , this is portrayed as an extremely rare , even unique , object , whose owner does not exploit its powers . Emotion ( edit ) As explained earlier , young untrained wizards can trigger uncontrolled magic when they are in the state of heightened emotions . But emotions also affect trained witches and wizards and their magical abilities . For instance , in Half - Blood Prince , a heartbroken Nymphadora Tonks temporarily loses her power as a Metamorphmagus when Remus Lupin starts distancing himself from her . The form of her Patronus changes to reflect her depression . Another example is Merope Gaunt , who only demonstrated any magical ability when removed from her father 's oppression , but then lost it again when her husband abandoned her . Several magical spells require the use of certain emotions when casting them . The Patronus charm , for example , requires the caster to concentrate on a happy memory . ( Force of will , under extenuating circumstances , helps a lot . An example of this is when Harry is able to conjure a corporeal Patronus when Sirius is in danger of being administered the Dementor 's Kiss . ) Another example is the Cruciatus Curse , which causes immense pain ; as Harry discovers during a duel with Bellatrix Lestrange , effective use of this forbidden dark magic requires sadistic desires . Love ( in its broadest meaning ) is depicted as a particularly powerful form of magic . According to Dumbledore , love is a `` force that is at once more wonderful and more terrible than death , than human intelligence , than forces of nature . '' Lily 's voluntary sacrifice on Harry 's behalf saves him from Voldemort as a baby , and Harry makes a similar sacrifice to save his friends at the end of Deathly Hallows . A certain key prophecy in the series describes Harry as having `` power the Dark Lord knows not '' , referencing his capacity for love . True love is impossible to create magically ; Amortentia , a love potion , can only create a powerful sense of infatuation and obsession . Magical abilities ( edit ) The following is a list of special abilities that a wizard or witch in the Harry Potter universe may have . Animagi ( edit ) An Animagus ( portmanteau of animal and magus ) is a witch or wizard who can turn into a particular animal or magical creature at will . This ability is not innate : it must be acquired by magical means . All Animagi must register at a central authority by law , though a number of characters are revealed over the course of the series to have remained unregistered illegally : James Potter , Sirius Black , Peter Pettigrew and Rita Skeeter . Animagi transformation can be performed wandlessly . Sirius and Peter are left wandless for over 10 years , but both retain the ability with no apparent ill effects . When Animagi transform , they take on the appearance of a normal animal . However , in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban , it is noted that Ron 's pet rat Scabbers ( later revealed as Peter Pettigrew 's Animagus form ) has lived over twelve years when only expected to live three . Also , an Animagus in animal form retains the ability to think like a human , which is the principal difference between being an animagus and being transfigured into an animal . Otherwise , they would forget that they were a wizard and be trapped , unknowingly , in this form unless transformed back by another wizard . Characteristics of an Animagus ' human form can manifest themselves in the animal transformation ; for example , the markings around McGonagall 's eyes as a cat resemble her glasses . When an Animagus registers , they must record all the defining physical traits of their animal form so that the Ministry can identify them . Each Animagus has a specific animal form , and can not transform into any other animal . The animal can not be chosen : it is uniquely suited to that individual 's personality , and in most cases the Animagus will change into the same animal used in the person 's Patronus Charm . Explicit emphasis is placed in the books on the differences between Animagi and werewolves . Animagi have full control over their transformations and retain their minds , whereas werewolves ' transformations are involuntary and include severe changes in personality . After the person has transformed into a werewolf , he no longer remembers who he is ; he would kill his best friend if he got anywhere near him . A werewolf only responds to the call of his own kind . The only way that a werewolf can retain his sanity , intelligence and memory while transformed is using the Wolfsbane Potion . Metamorphmagi ( edit ) A Metamorphmagus ( a portmanteau of metamorph and magus ) is a witch or wizard born with the innate ability to change some or all of their appearance at will . The talent can not be acquired ; a witch or wizard who has it must be born with it . Nymphadora Tonks and her son , Teddy Lupin are currently the only known Metamorphmagi in the series ; it is a very rare ability , possibly hereditary . Tonks is known to change her hair colour and style according to her mood . She even appears as an old woman on occasion . She can also change her nose appearance , as she does when eating with the Weasley family to entertain Ginny and Hermione . Her son , Teddy Lupin , also inherited this trait , as his hair is mentioned repeatedly changing colour . The extent of these appearance - altering abilities and the limits thereof are not entirely clear . According to Rowling , a Metamorphmagus can alter his or her appearance completely , for instance , from black to white , young to old , handsome to plain and so on . In one example , Tonks changes her facial appearance by reshaping her nose into `` a beaklike protuberance like Snape 's '' , to `` something resembling a button mushroom '' , and `` one like a pig snout '' which reminded Harry of his cousin Dudley . The emotional state of a Metamorphmagus can affect their abilities . Parseltongue ( edit ) Parseltongue is the language of snakes . It is often associated with Dark Magic , although Dumbledore stated that it is not necessarily an evil quality . Those possessing the ability to speak it ( `` Parselmouths '' ) occur very rarely . People apparently acquire the skill through learning or via a method of xenoglossia , such as through genetic inheritance ( or by use of Dark or dangerous Magic ) . Harry was a Parselmouth until the age of 17 . Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets explains this was because of Voldemort 's passing on some of his abilities to Harry the night he tried to kill him . Deathly Hallows reveals that a part of Voldemort 's soul within Harry grants him this ability , which is later destroyed leaving Harry stripped of the ability . Other known Parselmouths include Salazar Slytherin and his descendants , including the Gaunts and Voldemort . Dumbledore can also understand Parseltongue ; however , he learned it and did not naturally possess the ability . In Half - Blood Prince he repeats Morfin Gaunt 's words `` the big house over the way '' , which were spoken in Parseltongue . Ron uses Parseltongue in the final book to reopen the Chamber of Secrets , but he is only imitating the sound of a phrase Harry used earlier in the book . Rowling borrowed the term from `` an old word for someone who has a problem with the mouth , like a hare lip '' . Professor Francis Nolan , Professor of Phonetics at University of Cambridge , designed the version of Parseltongue used in the films as an ergative - absolutive language featuring geminate consonants and VSO word order . It has a high frequency of fricative and pharyngeal consonants to acoustically approximate the physiology of a snake . Seers ( edit ) A Seer is a witch or wizard with the clairvoyant ability to predict future events . The predictions given through this ability can sometimes be self - fulfilling prophecies , and Dumbledore states in Order of the Phoenix that not all of them come true , depending on the choices made by those mentioned . This would seem to indicate that a Seer predicts possible or likely events , at least in some cases . In the Hall of Prophecy at the Department of Mysteries , thousands upon thousands of glass spheres are imbued with records of prophecies made by Seers . Only a person mentioned in a prophecy can safely retrieve it ; anyone else who tries to do so will be driven insane . According to McGonagall , true Seers are extremely rare . Sybill Trelawney is the only Seer portrayed in the books , although it is mentioned that Sybill 's great - great - grandmother , Cassandra Trelawney , was a renowned Seer in her day . Trelawney is considered an `` old fraud '' by her students , and is sacked by Dolores Umbridge in the fifth book for it . However , she has twice made true prophecies . Sybill Trelawney is noted to never remember that she has made a prophecy when it is a true one . She speaks in a hoarse voice , and only if a wizard is present will anyone know about it . Legilimency and Occlumency ( edit ) Legilimency is the magical skill of extracting feelings and memories from another person 's mind -- a form of magical `` telepathy '' ( although Snape , an able practitioner of the art , dismisses the colloquial term `` mind - reading '' , as a drastic oversimplification ) . It also allows one to convey visions or memories to another person , whether real or imaginary . A witch or wizard possessing this skill is called a Legilimens , and can , for example , detect lies and deceit in another person , witness memories in another person 's past , or `` plant '' false visions in another 's mind . The counter-skill to Legilimency is Occlumency ( and its user , known as an Occlumens ) , by which one can compartmentalize one 's emotions , or prevent a Legilimens from discovering thoughts or memories which contradict one 's spoken words or actions . An advanced form of Occlumency is planting false temporary memories inside an Occlumens ' own head while blocking all other true memories , so if a Legilimens , even a highly skilled one , were to attempt to read the mind , he or she would find false memories only and believe everything was right . The skills are first mentioned in Order of the Phoenix . Legilimency and Occlumency are not part of the normal curriculum at Hogwarts , and most students would graduate without learning them . Voldemort , Snape , and Dumbledore are all showed to be skilled in Legilimency and Occlumency . Voldemort is said to be the master of Legilimency by Snape , as he , in almost all cases , immediately knows if someone lied to him . In addition , in Deathly Hallows , Voldemort repeatedly uses Legilimency to interrogate his victims . Voldemort practices Occlumency throughout the period of Half - Blood Prince to deny Harry access to his thoughts and emotions . However , in Deathly Hallows , Voldemort repeatedly loses grip , resulting in occasional but very powerful burst of thoughts , visions and emotions to be sent to Harry . Throughout the books , Snape is repeatedly said to be highly skilled in Occlumency . This is how Snape was able to lie to Voldemort for years . Even before Order of the Phoenix , Harry repeatedly gets the impression that Snape can read minds . Bellatrix Lestrange and Draco also have skill in Occlumency , since Bellatrix was clearly said to have taught Draco to shield his thoughts from Snape . During the Order of Phoenix Snape is instructed by Dumbledore to give Harry lessons in Occlumency . Whether as a result of Snape 's poor instruction , or poor aptitude on Harry 's part , Harry did not make any progress . ( Only once did Harry manage to overcome Snape with the use of Occlumency . ) In Deathly Hallows , Harry finally masters Occlumency -- shutting his mind to Voldemort -- when Dobby dies . He realises that his grief -- or as Dumbledore calls it , love -- is what can block out the Dark Lord . Queenie Goldstein , in Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them , is revealed to be a proficient Legilimens , born with the ability , as she is able to read the minds of Jacob Kowalski and others in the film , as well as sense and hear them from afar through their thoughts and emotions . Apparition and Disapparition ( edit ) Apparition is a magical form of teleportation , through which a witch or wizard can disappear ( `` Disapparate '' ) from one location and reappear ( `` Apparate '' ) in another . It is sometimes accompanied by a distinctive cracking or popping sound , though the most skilled wizards can Apparate `` so suddenly and silently '' that they seem to have `` popped out of the ground '' ( Dumbledore ) . The act is also accompanied by a very unpleasant squeezing sensation , as though being sent through a tight rubber tube , according to Harry . The Ministry of Magic licenses Apparition . A witch or wizard must be 17 years old or older and have a licence to Apparate as a means of transportation in much the same way real - world governments require individuals to have a licence to drive a motor vehicle . Students at Hogwarts may attend Ministry - administered Apparition lessons during their sixth year , and take their examination once they turn seventeen . It is shown that although it is possible to Apparate without a licence , it is not usually done ( unless in lessons ) and is illegal . In Deathly Hallows , Harry does not possess a licence , but since his Trace has been lifted , the Ministry is likely unaware that he does it . Learning to Apparate is difficult , and students run the risk of splinching -- being physically split between the origin and destination -- which requires the assistance of the Ministry 's Accidental Magic Reversal Squad to undo properly , although essence of dittany can also mend certain wounds . Splinching is quite common during lessons , and can be uncomfortable ( and at times rather gruesome ) depending on the body parts splinched , but is ultimately harmless if properly reversed . It is implied that though Ron can Apparate , he is n't terribly skilled at it , seeing as he splinches himself at least three times ( once losing half an eyebrow , two fingernails and part of his arm . ) ; Harry and Hermione both pick up the skill quickly in comparison . As explained in the Half - Blood Prince , there is no word spell to Apparate or Disapparate , but the caster has to concentrate on the location on which he has to apparate , needs to be fully focused on the spell , and also has to `` feel '' it through the whole body . It has been indicated that it is considered rude to Apparate directly into a private area , such as a home . Dumbledore states in Half - Blood Prince that it would be `` quite as rude as kicking down the front door '' . For this reason , and for reasons of security , many homes have Anti-Apparition spells protecting them from uninvited intrusions . The accepted way to travel to a home is to Apparate to a nearby location and continue to the final destination on foot . Apparition is considered unreliable over long distances , and even experienced users of the technique sometimes prefer other means of transport , such as broomsticks . Rowling has stated that Apparating over long distances depends on the skill of the wizard , and `` Cross-continental Apparition would almost certainly result in severe injury or death . '' Indeed , even the prodigiously skilled Lord Voldemort elects to fly back to England after visiting the far - flung Nurmengard . For reasons of security , the grounds and buildings of Hogwarts are protected by ancient Anti-Apparition and Anti-Disapparition spells , which prevent humans from Apparating on the school grounds . There is also a spell that prevents individuals from Disapparating , which Dumbledore places on the Death Eaters captured at the Ministry in Order of the Phoenix ; a sister spell , which allows one to Apparate into a location but prevents them from Disapparating out of it , is cast by the Death Eaters in Hogsmeade in concordance with the Caterwauling Charm . Dumbledore is the only person who can both Apparate and Disapparate from the school grounds , since he is the headmaster . A witch or wizard can use Side - Along Apparition to take others with them during Apparition . Dumbledore successfully transports Harry this way several times in Half - Blood Prince , and notably , Harry 's first non-lesson attempt at the skill is the Side - Along Apparition with the weakened Dumbledore when they return from the seaside cave . In the Order of the Phoenix film , Death Eaters and Order members Apparate and Disapparate in clouds of smoke . Death Eaters appear and disappear in black smoke , Order members in white . In the film , both sides also appear to be able to `` half - apparate '' in which their bodies were made out of smoke , giving them the ability to fly . Both times Fred and George apparated and disapparated , they did it with a pop as in the books . In the books , the words `` Apparate '' and `` Disapparate '' , like many other neologisms used by Rowling , are capitalised , whereas established English words such as `` jinx '' and `` hex '' are not . The words themselves are most likely derived from the French apparaître and disparaître , meaning ' to appear ' and ' to disappear ' . Another possible derivation is from the English word `` apparition '' , meaning `` a supernatural appearance of a person or thing ; anything that appears , especially something remarkable or startling ; an act of appearing '' , which comes from the Latin `` apparitio '' , meaning attendance . `` Disapparate '' probably comes from the same word but with the prefix : `` dis - '' expressing negation or reversal . Other teleportation ( edit ) Some magical creatures have their own forms of instantaneous travel , such as a house elf 's ability to teleport or a phoenix 's ability to appear and disappear in a burst of flame . Unlike wizards , these creatures are not restricted by anti-Apparition magic . Dobby , Kreacher and the rest of the house - elf population can Apparate within the Hogwarts grounds , as they demonstrate on multiple occasions , most notably when Dobby visits Harry in the hospital wing , and when Harry summons Dobby and Kreacher and assigns them to tail Draco Malfoy . Fawkes disapparates from the headmaster 's office at Hogwarts along with Dumbledore when the latter evades arrest at the hands of Ministry officials in Order of the Phoenix . Some magical devices like the Floo Network , Portkeys and Vanishing Cabinets also provide forms of magical teleportation . Veela charm ( edit ) An ability attributed to Veela and those of Veela heritage , such as Fleur Delacour . It is used to charm males , much like the Sirens in The Odyssey . Men who are exposed to it over time become more resistant to it , although the Veela charm takes full effect if the Veela surprises the man , as noted by Ron in Half - Blood Prince . As shown in Goblet of Fire , Veela hair can be used as cores to create magical wands . According to famed wandmaker Mr. Ollivander , these wands are a little `` temperamental '' . Magical resistance ( edit ) This refers to a certain degree of immunity against hexes and spells found in powerful creatures such as trolls , dragons , and giants . Hagrid is resistant to certain spells , like the Stunning Spell , due to his giant blood . This type of resistance is not insurmountable ; if enough Stunning Spells , for example , are fired at a creature with magical resistance at once , the creature may still be rendered unconscious . Also , wizards and witches can resist certain spells with the power of their own sheer will , such as Harry did in Goblet of Fire , when Barty Crouch Jr. disguised as Alastor Moody tried to control Harry with the Imperius curse and Harry resisted . Subjects at Hogwarts ( edit ) At Hogwarts , students must study a core group of subjects for the first two years , after which they must choose between several electives . During their final two years , students are permitted to take more specialized subjects such as Alchemy . Transfiguration , Defence Against the Dark Arts , Charms , Potions , Astronomy , History of Magic , and Herbology are compulsory subjects for the first five years , as well as flying lessons . At the end of their second year , students are required to add at least two optional subjects to their syllabus for the start of the third year . The five choices are Arithmancy , Muggle Studies , Divination , Study of Ancient Runes and Care of Magical Creatures . Very specialised subjects such as Alchemy are sometimes offered in the final two years , if there is sufficient demand . There is a total of twelve named Professors at Hogwarts , each specializing in one of these subjects . Transfiguration ( edit ) Transfiguration is essentially the art of changing the properties of an object . Transfiguration is a theory - based subject , including topics such as `` Switching Spells '' ( altering only a part of some object , such as when Hagrid gave Dudley a pig tail ) ; Vanishing Spells ( causing an object to completely disappear ) ; and Conjuring Spells ( creating objects out of thin air ) . It is possible to change inanimate objects into animate ones and vice versa -- Minerva McGonagall , the class 's teacher , transfigures her desk into a pig and back in Philosopher 's Stone . Defence Against the Dark Arts ( edit ) Defence Against the Dark Arts , commonly shortened to D.A.D.A. , is the class that teaches students defensive techniques to defend against the Dark Arts , and to be protected from Dark creatures . In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , with Death - Eaters in charge of the school , the subject is renamed the Dark Arts , and involves pupils practicing the Cruciatus Curse on those who have earned detentions . The subject has an extraordinarily high turnover of staff members -- throughout the series no Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher has retained the post for more than one school year . Harry is exceptionally skilled in this subject . During the period the story takes place , the class is taught by Quirinus Quirrell ( book one ) , Gilderoy Lockhart ( book two ) , Remus Lupin ( book three ) , Bartemius Crouch Jr impersonating Alastor `` Mad - eye '' Moody ( book four ) , Dolores Umbridge ( book five ) , Severus Snape ( book six ) , and Amycus Carrow ( book seven ) . Hagrid suggests in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets that `` They 're startin ' ter think the job 's jinxed . No one 's lasted long for a while now . '' In Half - Blood Prince , Dumbledore suggests that Voldemort cursed the position because his application for it was rejected . The existence of the jinx was eventually confirmed by Rowling . The position had also been coveted by Snape , but he was denied the position as well . Snape was finally appointed D.A.D.A. professor in Half - Blood Prince . Rowling announced in an interview that once Voldemort had died , the jinx he placed on the office was lifted and a permanent professor had been teaching the subject between the end of Deathly Hallows and the epilogue , set nineteen years afterwards . Furthermore , she imagines that Harry Potter occasionally comes to the class to give lectures on the subject . Charms ( edit ) Charms is the class that teaches how to develop incantations for the uses of bewitchment . Rowling has described Charms as a type of magic spell concerned with giving an object new and unexpected properties . Charms classes are described as notoriously noisy and chaotic , as the lessons are largely practical . Many of the exposition sequences in the books are set in Charms classes , which are on the second floor of Hogwarts . The class is taught by Filius Flitwick . Potions ( edit ) Further information : Potions in Harry Potter Potions is described as the art of creating mixtures with magical effects . It requires the correct mixing and stirring of ingredients at the right times and temperatures . As to the question of whether a Muggle could brew a potion , given the correct magical ingredients , Rowling has said , `` Potions seems , on the face of it , to be the most Muggle - friendly subject . But there does come a point in which you need to do more than stir . '' Rowling later confirmed on Pottermore that `` There is always some element of wandwork necessary to make a potion . '' Snape 's lessons are depicted as unhappy , oppressing times set in a gloomy dungeon in the basement of the castle , whilst Slughorn 's , who replaces Snape as Potions Master , are shown as more cheerful and even fun at times . Astronomy ( edit ) Astronomy classes take place in the Astronomy Tower , the tallest tower in Hogwarts , and are taught by Professor Aurora Sinistra . Lessons involve observations of the night skies with telescopes . No astronomy lessons are shown in the books , but they are frequently referenced . Rowling describes one of Harry 's Astronomy exams in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix . Also , bits of the Astronomy Tower are seen throughout the film series , such as HP2 and HP3 , and featured in Half - Blood Prince , as the place where Dumbledore died , and seen in Deathly Hallows . Known student homework activities include learning the names of stars , constellations and planets , and their location , movements , and environments . History of magic ( edit ) History of Magic is the study of magical history . Cuthbert Binns ' lessons are depicted as some of the most boring at Hogwarts . They are only lectures , given without pause , about significant events in wizarding history . Topics have included goblin rebellions , giant wars , and the origins of wizarding secrecy . This is the only class at Hogwarts that is taught by a ghost , as the professor never noticed he had died and simply continued teaching as if nothing had changed . Herbology ( edit ) Herbology is the study of magical plants and how to take care of , utilise and combat them . There are at least three greenhouses described in the books , holding a variety of magical plants . Herbology is also the only subject Neville excels in . The epilogue to Deathly Hallows explains that he later replaces Professor Sprout as the Herbology teacher . Arithmancy ( edit ) Arithmancy is a branch of magic concerned with the magical properties of numbers . As Harry Potter does not take this subject , the class is never described in the books . It is , however , a favourite subject of Hermione . Arithmancy is reportedly difficult , as it requires memorising or working with many charts . In Order of the Phoenix , it is mentioned that the study of Arithmancy is required to become a Curse - Breaker for Gringotts . The subject is taught by Professor Septima Vector . Study of ancient Runes ( edit ) Study of Ancient Runes , more commonly known as Ancient Runes , is a generally theoretical subject that studies the ancient runic scripts . Because only Hermione studies it , little else is known about this subject , taught by Professor Bathsheba Babbling . In Deathly Hallows Dumbledore bequeaths his copy of The Tales of Beedle the Bard , which is written in ancient runes , to Hermione . Divination ( edit ) Divination is the art of predicting the future . Various methods are described , including tea leaves , fire omens , crystal balls , palmistry , cartomancy ( including the reading of conventional playing cards and the tarot ) , astrology , and dream interpretations . Divination is described by Professor McGonagall as `` one of the most imprecise branches of magic '' . Supporters of the subject claim that it is an inexact science that requires innate gifts such as the `` Inner Eye '' . Those opposed claim that the subject is irrelevant and fraudulent . Harry is first taught Divination by Professor Trelawney , and then later by Firenze after Trelawney is sacked by Dolores Umbridge in Harry 's fifth year . In the sixth ( and presumably seventh ) year , Firenze and Professor Trelawney share Divination classes , divided by year . Care of magical creatures ( edit ) Care of Magical Creatures is the class which instructs students on how to care for magical beasts . Classes are held outside the castle . In Harry 's first two years , the class is taken by Professor Silvanus Kettleburn who then retires `` in order to enjoy more time with his remaining limbs '' . Dumbledore then recruits the gamekeeper Rubeus Hagrid to accept a teaching position along with his gamekeeping duties . Although Hagrid is obviously very experienced and knowledgeable , he does n't `` have a normal person 's view of what 's dangerous '' , an example being that the Care of Magical Creatures students were required to get a literally ferocious textbook called the `` Monster Book of Monsters '' , and so consistently misjudges the risk that the animals he uses in his lessons pose to his students , which sometimes results in chaos . When Hagrid is absent , his lessons are taken over by Wilhelmina Grubbly - Plank , a witch and an acquaintance of Dumbledore 's . Muggle Studies ( edit ) Muggle Studies is a class which involves the study of the muggle ( non-magical ) culture `` from a wizarding point of view . '' The only need for witches and wizards to learn about muggle ways and means is to ensure they can blend in with muggles while needing to do so ( for example , at the 1994 Quidditch World Cup ) . As the class is only mentioned as being taken by Hermione , and for just one year , little is known about its curriculum . In the opening chapter of the final book , Voldemort murders Professor Charity Burbage because she portrays muggles in a positive light and is opposed to limiting wizardry to only people of pure - blood origins . For the rest of the academic year covered by Deathly Hallows , the Death Eater Alecto Carrow teaches Muggle Studies . However , her lessons ( which are made compulsory ) mainly describe muggles and muggle - borns as subhuman and worthy of persecution . Alchemy ( edit ) Alchemy classes are not mentioned in the Harry Potter series ; however , Rowling has used Alchemy as an example of a ' specialized ' subject offered when there is sufficient demand . Alchemy is a philosophical tradition searching for the philosopher 's stone , which is said to have the power to turn base metals into gold and to contain the elixir of life , which makes or keeps the drinker young and immortal . As mentioned in Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , Nicholas Flamel created a Philosopher 's Stone , but it was destroyed at the end of Harry 's first year . Flying ( edit ) Flying is the class that teaches the use of broomsticks made for the use of flying and is taught only to Hogwarts first years by Rolanda Hooch . The subject is the only one that requires physicality . The only flying lesson depicted in the Harry Potter series is in Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone . Apparition ( edit ) Apparition is an optional class for those in the sixth and seventh years at Hogwarts , in preparation for obtaining their licence . In Harry 's sixth year , Wilkie Twycross , a Ministry of Magic Apparition instructor , teaches the lessons . Magical enchantments on Hogwarts castle and grounds prevent Apparition and Disapparition inside the castle ; however Half - Blood Prince explains that these protections are temporarily relaxed within the Great Hall for short periods to permit students to practice . Students are warned , though , that they will not be able to Apparate outside of the Great Hall and that it would be unwise to try . Spell - like effects ( edit ) Unbreakable Vow ( edit ) The Unbreakable Vow is a voluntary agreement made between two witches or wizards . It must be performed with a witness ( `` Bonder '' ) on hand , holding their wand on the agreeing persons ' linked hands to bind them with magic as a tongue of flame . The Vow is not literally `` unbreakable '' as the person taking it is still able to go back on his or her word , but doing so will cause instant death . The Unbreakable Vow was first introduced in Half - Blood Prince , in which Snape made a promise to Narcissa Malfoy to protect Draco , with Bellatrix as the `` Bonder '' , as her son attempted to fulfil the Dark Lord 's task , and for Snape to fulfil the task if something should prevent Draco from doing it . Another example in Half - Blood Prince occurs when Ron tells Harry how Fred and George tried to make him undertake an Unbreakable Vow , but because of their father 's intervention , they did not succeed . Priori Incantatem ( edit ) Priori Incantatem ( from Latin : priorem incantatum - a previous spell ) , or the Reverse Spell Effect , is used to detect the spells cast by a wand . The spells cast by the wand will emerge in smoky or ghost - like replicas in reverse order , with the latest spell emerging first . It is first encountered in Goblet of Fire when the house elf Winky is found holding Harry 's wand . This spell is used to reveal that it was indeed Harry 's wand that cast the Dark Mark . In Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince , it is revealed that the teenage Voldemort murdered his father and grandparents using his uncle Morfin 's wand , knowing that , when examined , the wand would incriminate Morfin as the murderer . In Deathly Hallows , Harry fears that a Priori Incantatem spell will be used on Hermione 's wand after the Death Eaters get hold of it . This would reveal that she had accidentally broken his holly - and - phoenix - feather wand when a curse misfired and they both narrowly escaped Voldemort earlier . As a result , the protection of the shared cores was lost and , worse still , this would now be made known to Voldemort . During the final duel between Harry and Voldemort , the latter mentions that he knows that the holly and phoenix wand is destroyed , implying that the Priori Incantatem has indeed been performed on Hermione 's wand , as they had feared . Forcing two wands that share the source of their cores to do battle can also cause a more potent form of Priori Incantatem . The tips of the two wands will connect , forming a thick golden `` thread '' of energy , and the two wands ' masters fight a battle of wills . The loser 's wand will regurgitate shadows of spells that it has cast in reverse order . This phenomenon occurs during the duel between Harry and Voldemort at the end of Goblet of Fire . Their simultaneous spells ( Harry and Voldemort cast `` Expelliarmus '' and `` Avada Kedavra '' respectively ) trigger the threads , and as Voldemort loses the battle of wills , his wand regurgitates , in reverse order , echoes of the people his wand had last murdered : Cedric Diggory ; Frank Bryce ; Bertha Jorkins ; as well as Harry 's parents . Harry was previously informed by Mr. Ollivander that the holly wand that `` chose '' Harry was the `` brother '' of the yew wand that gave him the lightning - shaped scar on his forehead , although the significance of this was not discussed then . Dumbledore later reveals to Harry that his and Voldemort 's wands both contain a tail feather given by Dumbledore 's pet phoenix , Fawkes . Dark Arts ( edit ) The Dark Arts are magical spells and practices that are usually used for malicious purposes . Practitioners of Dark Arts are referred to as Dark witches or wizards . The most prominent of these is Voldemort , known to them as the Dark Lord . His followers , known as Death Eaters , practice the Dark Arts while doing his bidding . The type of spells characteristic of Dark Arts are known as curses , which usually cause harm to the target . All , to a certain degree , are in some circumstances justifiable . The motivation of the caster affects a curse 's result . This is most notable in the case of Cruciatus : when cast by Harry , angered by the death of his godfather at Bellatrix 's hands and desiring to punish her , it causes a short moment of pain . As Bellatrix herself comments , righteous anger does not allow the spell to work for long . When cast by figures such as Voldemort , who desire to inflict pain for its own sake , it causes intense agony that can last as long as the Dark witch or wizard desires . Use of Dark Magic can corrupt the soul and body ; Voldemort has used such magic in his quest to prolong his life and obtain great power . The Dark Arts also cause Voldemort to look deformed and inhuman , a side effect of splitting his soul into Horcruxes . According to Snape , the Dark Arts `` are many , varied , ever - changing and eternal ... unfixed , mutating , indestructible '' . In magical dueling , there are any number of spells that may be used to attack , immobilise , or disarm an opponent without causing pain or lasting harm ; however , spells such as the Cruciatus Curse or Sectumsempra , judged to be Dark by reliable authorities , wound or seriously distress a victim in some way . Dark spells can be classified into three groups : jinxes , hexes & curses . In the wizarding world , use of the Dark Arts is strongly stigmatised and even illegal ; however , these spells are prevalent enough that even before the rise of Voldemort , many schools , ( including Hogwarts ) , taught Defence Against the Dark Arts as a standard subject . Techniques include anti-curses and simple spells to disable or disarm attackers or fight off certain creatures . Some schools , such as Durmstrang , teach Dark Magic . A Dark Arts class is also taught at Hogwarts while it is under Death Eater control . Unforgivable curses ( edit ) The Unforgivable Curses are some of the most powerful known Dark Arts spells . They were first classified as unforgivable in 1717 . Used by the books ' villains , such as Voldemort and the Death Eaters and in some cases the Ministry of Magic , their use inspires horror and great fear amongst others . The curses are so named because their use is forbidden and unforgivable in the wizarding world and is punishable by a life sentence in Azkaban . The only exception is if a person is proved to have done them under the influence of mind control . These curses are thus very rarely used openly . The Unforgivable Curses include : Avada Kedavra , the Killing Curse . The curse is used for murder . This is one of the most powerful curses . Normally , it can not be stopped or deflected , but it can be dodged or obstructed with a physical object . The spell causes immediate , painless death , and can not be reversed . Casting it requires immense magical power , so much so that the combined power of an entire class of 4th year students is not sufficient for it . The curse , when summoned , is shown as a bright green light ( a bolt or beam of green light in the films ) . Harry Potter is the only person known to have survived ( twice ) , nullified ( once ) and deflected ( once ) this curse . Crucio , the Cruciatus Curse . The curse is used for torturing a person by causing them physical pain and agony . The strength of the curse is determined by the person who cast it . The curse is so powerful that it can even torture a person to the point that they are exhausted to death , or in a more sadistic case , it causes permanent amnesia and insanity ( the case of Neville 's parents , who were tortured by Bellatrix Lestrange ) . Effective casting requires the caster to have sadistic desires . Harry finds out in Order of the Phoenix while attempting to use the Cruciatus Curse on Bellatrix that the caster must truly want their victim to suffer for the spell to work , and that his righteous anger is not enough . The curse , when summoned , is shown in a bright - faded blue light ( though it is usually invisible or even a red bolt of light in the films ) . When Hogwarts was under Death Eater control , the Dark Arts teacher forced the students in his class to use the Cruciatus Curse on students who had been assigned detention . Imperio , the Imperius Curse . The curse is used for mind control or hypnosis and can force the victim to do things he / she would be unwilling to do or even incapable of under normal circumstances . The strength ( and also the duration ) of the curse is determined by the determination of the person who cast it , as well as by the level of resistance of the victim . The curse , when summoned , is shown in a bright haze ( while it was either invisible or green , mist - like haze in the films ) . Harry Potter resisted an Imperius Curse cast by Voldemort . The use of the Unforgivable Curses was authorised against Voldemort and his followers by Bartemius Crouch Sr , during the First Wizarding War . ( Shortly after his resurrection , Voldemort names two Death Eaters `` killed by Aurors '' . ) In addition , in Deathly Hallows , the Unforgivable Curses are used liberally by good characters , ranging from Professor McGonagall with the Imperius Curse , to Harry effectively using the Cruciatus Curse . He also uses the Imperius Curse on a goblin and a suspicious Death Eater during their disguised attack upon Gringotts Bank . Dark Mark ( edit ) The Dark Mark is the symbol of Voldemort and the Death Eaters and takes the form of a skull with a snake coming out of the mouth in place of a tongue . The mark is cast into the sky by Death Eaters whenever they have murdered someone . The spell used by Death Eaters to conjure the Mark is Morsmordre . It first appears in Goblet of Fire and is described as a `` colossal skull , composed of what looked like emerald stars , with a serpent protruding from its mouth like a tongue '' . Once in the sky it was `` blazing in a haze of greenish smoke '' . Dark Marks are also branded on the left forearm of the closest followers of Voldemort . The mark serves as a connection between Voldemort and each who bears it ; he can summon them by touching his mark , causing it and those of his followers to burn and change colour . Death Eaters can summon Voldemort in the same fashion . Following Voldemort 's ultimate defeat , the Dark Marks on his Death Eaters fade into a scar `` similar '' to Harry 's . In the books , the Dark Mark is described as green ; however , in the films , it was only green at the Quidditch World Cup . In all other film appearances it has been grey . Inferius ( edit ) Distinguish from Infernus . An Inferius ( plural : Inferi ) is a corpse controlled through a Dark wizard 's spells . An Inferius is not alive , but a dead body that has been bewitched into acting like a puppet for the witch or wizard ; this manifests itself as a white mist in the controlled corpse 's eyes . They can not think for themselves : they are created to perform a specific duty assigned by the Dark wizard who commands them , and as seen in the Inferi guarding Voldemort 's Horcrux in a seaside cave , remain idle until their task can be performed . This task is then thoughtlessly carried out , whether or not it will produce any result . Inferi are difficult to harm by magic ; however , they can be repelled by fire or any other forms of heat or light , as the Inferi in Voldemort 's cave had never been exposed to either of these elements . When defeated , they return to their idle state . Inferi are considered dangerous and frightening enough by the magical world that impersonating an Inferius ( as Mundungus Fletcher is reported to have done in Half - Blood Prince ) is an offence worthy of imprisonment in Azkaban . The Ministry of Magic fears that Voldemort is killing enough people to make an army of Inferi : as they are dead , they are very difficult to stop . When Voldemort was hiding one of his Horcruxes in the past , he filled a lake in a cave with many Inferi , which were to attack and drown anyone but Voldemort who came into the cavern and took the locket . When Harry and Dumbledore took the locket , the Inferi attacked Harry ; Dumbledore repelled them with a rope of fire . It is also revealed that the Inferi almost killed Kreacher after he drank from the basin to help Voldemort hide his Horcruxes , but having been ordered to return to his master after his task with Voldemort was complete , he was able to apparate out of the cave . These Inferi later killed Regulus Black when he stole the Horcrux and ordered Kreacher to destroy it . In Latin , the word inferus ( plural : inferi ) means `` below '' , often referring in the plural to `` the gods below '' ( see di inferi ) or the spirits of the dead . Inferius is a neuter singular form of inferior , a comparative adjective meaning `` lower '' . Horcrux ( edit ) See also : Magical objects in Harry Potter § Horcruxes A horcrux is an object created using dark magic to attain effective immortality . The concept is first introduced in the sixth novel , Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , although horcruxes are present in earlier novels without being described or expanded upon . To create a horcrux , a witch or wizard must first prepare the chosen object in a ritual which is referred to only as `` too horrible to go into detail about '' . Following the preparation of the object , the witch or wizard must then take a life , an act which splits the soul . Following that , further dark rituals are required in order to remove the soul shard from the maker and place it into the prepared object . Once this is done , the Horcrux becomes impervious to almost all forms of destruction , requiring extremely powerful magic or substances to do so . Ordinarily , when one 's body is killed , the soul departs for the next world . If , however , the body of a horcrux owner is killed , that portion of his soul which had remained in his body will not pass on to the next world , but will rather exist in a non-corporeal form capable of being resurrected by another wizard . If all of someone 's horcruxes are destroyed , then his soul 's only anchor in the material world would be his body , the destruction of which would then cause his final death . Portraits ( edit ) In the Harry Potter series the subjects of magical portraits ( even those of characters that are dead ) can move , interact with living observers , speak and demonstrate apparent emotion and personality . Some can even move to other portraits to visit each other , or relay messages , or ( if more than one painting of the subject exists ) move between separate locations by way of their portraits . An example of this is Phineas Nigellus Black , who has a painting in the Headmaster 's office and at Number 12 Grimmauld Place . Many such portraits are found on the walls of Hogwarts . Some portraits are used to conceal the entrance of a room or passageway . For example , the Fat Lady 's portrait covers the entrance to the Gryffindor common room , and she can swing the portrait open when given the correct password or close to prevent entry . In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , there is a portrait of Ariana Dumbledore in the Room of Requirement that conceals a secret passageway to the Hog 's Head . There is also a painting of a large fruit bowl in front of the Hogwarts kitchen , which will swing open if the pear is tickled to reveal a hidden door . Portraits are enchanted to move by the artist , but the degree to which they can interact with others depends on the power of the subject . Rowling has commented that a portrait is merely a faint imprint of the deceased subject , imitating their basic personality and thought patterns . They are therefore `` not as fully realised as ghosts '' . In Harry Potter and the Cursed Child the portrait of Albus Dumbledore describes himself as only `` paint and memory '' and Professor McGonagall ( his successor as headteacher of Hogwarts ) comments that , although she speaks to Dumbledore to help her in making decisions , she is careful to remember that `` portraits do n't represent even half of their subjects '' . Portraits in the Headmaster 's office ( edit ) The portraits in the Headmaster 's office depict all the former Heads of Hogwarts , with the exception of Dolores Umbridge . They advise the Headmaster and are `` honour - bound to give service to the present headmaster '' ( according to Armando Dippet ) . Rowling has explained that portraits of past headteachers tend to be more realistic than most , as the subject in question usually imparts knowledge and teaches them how to behave before their death . The portrait of Snape was installed in the Headmaster 's Office at Harry 's request . The Fat Lady ( edit ) The portrait of the Fat Lady covers the door to Gryffindor Tower . She will open it ( sometimes grudgingly ) when the correct password is uttered . She is often upset after being awoken , and is sometimes seen drunk with her best friend , Violet . The Fat Lady has no other known name -- even the unfailingly polite Albus Dumbledore refers to her only as `` the Fat Lady '' -- and it may be that she does not represent a real person but is instead an invention of her portrait 's artist . In Philosopher 's Stone , she leaves her portrait in the middle of the night , locking Harry , Ron , Hermione , and Neville out of Gryffindor Tower , forcing them to run across the school . Luckily for them , when they return , she has returned to her portrait , allowing them to escape into Gryffindor Tower . In Prisoner of Azkaban , Sirius Black slashes the Fat Lady 's portrait when she wo n't let him in without a password and it is some time before she dares to guard Gryffindor Tower again . After her portrait is restored , she requests protection in case someone tries to attack her portrait again . Thus , two security trolls are hired . In Half Blood Prince , she gets so annoyed with Harry 's late return that she pretends the password has changed and tries to call him back when he heads off to talk to Dumbledore . When Harry later confirms Dumbledore 's death , she lets out a sob and , for the only time in the series , she opens without the password for Harry in her grief . In the first film the Fat Lady is played by Elizabeth Spriggs , and by Dawn French in the third film . Photographs ( edit ) Wizarding photographs of people have similar properties to magical painted portraits : the figures within move about or even sometimes leave the frame . They appear in wizard newspapers and other print media , as well as on Chocolate Frog cards . Colin Creevey mentions in Chamber of Secrets that a boy in his dormitory said that if he develops the film from his Muggle camera ' in the right potion ' , the pictures will move . However , unlike portraits , figures in wizarding pictures can not speak and display little sentience . It appears that they do have some knowledge of current events , as in Order of the Phoenix , the family photograph on Arthur 's desk shows everyone except Percy `` who appeared to have walked out of it '' , mirroring the deterioration of Percy 's relationship with his family . It is also mentioned that in a photo taken by Colin Creevey of Gilderoy Lockhart and Harry , Harry 's picture had walked out and was resisting all of Lockhart 's efforts to pull him back in . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` FAQ jkrowling.com '' . Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Harry Potter : A History of Magic. 28 October 2017 . BBC . Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( 8 August 2016 ) . `` Harry Potter 's 20th birthday to be marked with British Library show '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` J.K Rowling Official Site '' . Archived from the original on 26 September 2011 . Retrieved 27 February 2008 . Jump up ^ , chapter 13 Jump up ^ `` 2001 : Accio Quote ! , the largest archive of J.K Rowling interviews on the web '' . Archived from the original on 27 August 2008 . Retrieved 27 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` History of Magic in North America '' . Pottermore . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` JKR quotes about `` the rules '' of Harry Potter 's Wizarding World : `` . Retrieved 27 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Harry Potter and Me . Accio Quote. 28 December 2001 . BBC . Jump up ^ Anelli , Melissa . `` More About that Veil '' . Harry , A History . Archived from the original on 20 November 2008 . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J.K. Pottermore Presents : Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies . Pottermore . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78110 - 628 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` J.K. Rowling 's Official Site , rumour section '' . Archived from the original on 2011 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J.K. : `` Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix '' , page 85 . Scholastic , 2003 ^ Jump up to : `` J.K. Rowling Web Chat Transcript '' . Archived from the original on 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Transcript of JK Rowling web chat -- Harry Potter Beyond '' . Archived from the original on 21 February 2008 . Retrieved 27 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` J.K Rowling at the Royal Albert Hall 26 June 2003 '' . Retrieved 27 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Prince , Alan ( 2011 ) . The True Story of Severus Snape : An Essay About Harry Potter 's Most Disputed Character , p. 52 . Jump up ^ , chapter 26 Jump up ^ Rowling , J.K. `` Welcome to my new website ! '' . jkrowling.com . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : 1998 : Accio Quote ! , the Largest Archive of J.K. Rowling quotes on the web , quick-quote.quill.org Jump up ^ Rowling , J. K. ( 2005 ) . `` Silver and Opals '' . Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . Bloomsbury . ISBN 0747581088 . Jump up ^ Brown , Jen ( 24 July 2007 ) . `` Stop your sobbing ! More Potter to come '' . TODAYshow.com . NBC . Retrieved 24 July 2007 . Jump up ^ 2006 : Accio Quote ! , the largest archive of J.K. Rowling interviews on the web , quick-quote.quill.org Jump up ^ `` Potions '' . Pottermore . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Steve Vander Ark . `` HP-lexicon.org '' . HP-lexicon.org . Retrieved 16 July 2011 . Jump up ^ J.K. Rowling 's Official Site Archived 24 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ , chapter 9 ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Charlton T. ; Short , Charles ( 1879 ) . `` q.v. , inferus , as positive noun I.B , as comparative adjective II. A '' . A Latin Dictionary . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Jump up ^ Morphology of inferius by The Perseus Project Jump up ^ `` '' PotterCast Interviews J.K. Rowling , part one . '' ( 2007 ) , Accio Quote ! `` . www.accio-quote.org . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Rowling , J.K. `` Hogwarts Portraits '' . Pottermore . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` JK Rowling at the Edinburgh Book Festival '' . J.K. Rowling Official Web Site. 15 August 2004 . Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 . Jump up ^ , chapter 6 Jump up ^ , chapter 7 Further reading ( edit ) Highfield , Roger ( 2002 ) . The Science of Harry Potter : How magic really works . New York : Viking . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 03153 - 5 . Teare , Elizabeth ( 2002 ) . `` Harry Potter and the technology of magic '' . In Whited , Lana A . The Ivory Tower and Harry Potter : Perspectives on a literary phenomenon . Columbia , Missouri : University of Missouri Press . pp. 29 -- 342 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 1549 - 9 . Black , Sharon ( 2003 ) . `` The Magic of Harry Potter : Symbols and Heroes of Fantasy '' . Children 's Literature in Education . 34 ( 3 ) : 237 -- 247 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1025314919836 . External links ( edit ) Magic on Harry Potter Wiki , an external wiki Harry Potter by J.K. Rowling Wizarding World Novels The Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) The Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Film series Films The Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Related Cast members Production of The Deathly Hallows Fantastic Beasts and Where To Find Them soundtrack Fantastic Beasts : The Crimes of Grindelwald Characters Main Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Draco Malfoy Ginny Weasley Supporting Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore 's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Hogwarts Magic Magical creatures Magical objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Potions Quidditch Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Prequel Pottermore The Cursed Child Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Games and toys Quidditch World Cup Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 Lego Creator : Harry Potter Creator : Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Book of Spells Book of Potions Trading Card Game Hogwarts Mystery Wizards Unite Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Exhibitions Harry Potter : The Exhibition Harry Potter : A History of Magic Warner Bros. Studio Tour London -- The Making of Harry Potter Fandom Harry Potter Alliance The Leaky Cauldron MuggleNet LeakyCon Wizard rock Wrockstock The Methods of Rationality My Immortal Severus Snape and the Marauders Voldemort : Origins of the Heir Related Influences and analogues Legal disputes Parodies Politics Religious debates Translation A Very Potter Musical The Harry Potter Lexicon The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter Potter Puppet Pals Portkey Games List of organisms named after the Harry Potter series Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magic_in_Harry_Potter&oldid=866495254 '' Categories : Harry Potter universe Magic in fiction Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from November 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Svenska ไทย Türkçe 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 17 : 56 ( UTC ) . 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which stage of the cell cycle is variable

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cell_cycle&oldid=846190841

Cell cycle - wikipedia Cell cycle For the separation of chromosomes that occurs as part of the cell cycle , see mitosis . For the Academic journal , see Cell Cycle ( journal ) . See also : Cell division Life Cycle of the cell Onion ( Allium ) cells in different phases of the cell cycle . Growth in an ' organism ' is carefully controlled by regulating the cell cycle . The cell cycle or cell - division cycle is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication of its DNA ( DNA replication ) to produce two daughter cells . In bacteria , which lack a cell nucleus , the cell cycle is divided into the B , C , and D periods . The B period extends from the end of cell division to the beginning of DNA replication . DNA replication occurs during the C period . The D period refers to the stage between the end of DNA replication and the splitting of the bacterial cell into two daughter cells . In cells with a nucleus , as in eukaryotes , the cell cycle is also divided into three periods : interphase , the mitotic ( M ) phase , and cytokinesis . During interphase , the cell grows , accumulating nutrients needed for mitosis , preparing it for cell division and duplicating its DNA . During the mitotic phase , the chromosomes separate . During the final stage , cytokinesis , the chromosomes and cytoplasm separate into two new daughter cells . To ensure the proper division of the cell , there are control mechanisms known as cell cycle checkpoints . The cell - division cycle is a vital process by which a single - celled fertilized egg develops into a mature organism , as well as the process by which hair , skin , blood cells , and some internal organs are renewed . After cell division , each of the daughter cells begin the interphase of a new cycle . Although the various stages of interphase are not usually morphologically distinguishable , each phase of the cell cycle has a distinct set of specialized biochemical processes that prepare the cell for initiation of cell divisions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Phases 1.1 G phase ( quiescence ) 1.2 Interphase ( intermitosis ) 1.2. 1 G phase ( First growth phase or Post mitotic gap phase ) 1.2. 2 S phase ( DNA replication ) 1.2. 3 G phase ( growth ) 1.3 Mitotic phase ( chromosome separation ) 1.4 Cytokinesis phase ( separation of all cell components ) 2 Regulation of eukaryotic cell cycle 2.1 Role of cyclins and CDKs 2.1. 1 General mechanism of cyclin - CDK interaction 2.1. 2 Specific action of cyclin - CDK complexes 2.2 Inhibitors 2.3 Transcriptional regulatory network 2.4 DNA replication and DNA replication origin activity 3 Checkpoints 4 Fluorescence imaging of the cell cycle 5 Role in tumor formation 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Phases ( edit ) The cell cycle consists of four distinct phases : G phase , S phase ( synthesis ) , G phase ( collectively known as interphase ) and M phase ( mitosis ) . M phase is itself composed of two tightly coupled processes : karyokinesis , in which the cell 's chromosomes are divided , and cytokinesis , in which the cell 's cytoplasm divides forming two daughter cells . Activation of each phase is dependent on the proper progression and completion of the previous one . Cells that have temporarily or reversibly stopped dividing are said to have entered a state of quiescence called G phase . Schematic of the cell cycle . outer ring : I = Interphase , M = Mitosis ; inner ring : M = Mitosis , G = Gap 1 , G = Gap 2 , S = Synthesis ; not in ring : G = Gap 0 / Resting . State Phase Abbreviation Description Resting Gap 0 A phase where the cell has left the cycle and has stopped dividing . Interphase Gap 1 Cells increase in size in Gap 1 . The G checkpoint control mechanism ensures that everything is ready for DNA synthesis . Synthesis DNA replication occurs during this phase . Gap 2 During the gap between DNA synthesis and mitosis , the cell will continue to grow . The G checkpoint control mechanism ensures that everything is ready to enter the M ( mitosis ) phase and divide . Cell division Mitosis Cell growth stops at this stage and cellular energy is focused on the orderly division into two daughter cells . A checkpoint in the middle of mitosis ( Metaphase Checkpoint ) ensures that the cell is ready to complete cell division . After cell division , each of the daughter cells begin the interphase of a new cycle . Although the various stages of interphase are not usually morphologically distinguishable , each phase of the cell cycle has a distinct set of specialized biochemical processes that prepare the cell for initiation of cell division . G phase ( quiescence ) ( edit ) Plant cell cycle Animal cell cycle G is a resting phase where the cell has left the cycle and has stopped dividing . The cell cycle starts with this phase . The word `` post-mitotic '' is sometimes used to refer to both quiescent and senescent cells . Non-proliferative ( non-dividing ) cells in multicellular eukaryotes generally enter the quiescent G state from G and may remain quiescent for long periods of time , possibly indefinitely ( as is often the case for neurons ) . This is very common for cells that are fully differentiated . Cellular senescence occurs in response to DNA damage and external stress and usually constitutes an arrest in G. Some cells enter the G phase semi-permanently and are considered post-mitotic , e.g. , some liver , kidney , and stomach cells . Many cells do not enter G and continue to divide throughout an organism 's life , e.g. , epithelial cells . Cellular senescence is also a state that occurs in response to DNA damage or degradation that would make a cell 's progeny nonviable ; it is often a biochemical alternative to the self - destruction of such a damaged cell by apoptosis . Interphase ( intermitosis ) ( edit ) Before a cell can enter cell division , it needs to take in nutrients . All of the preparations are done during interphase . Interphase is a series of changes that takes place in a newly formed cell and its nucleus , before it becomes capable of division again . It is also called preparatory phase or intermitosis . Previously it was called resting stage because there is no apparent activity related to cell division. Typically interphase lasts for at least 91 % of the total time required for the cell cycle . Interphase proceeds in three stages , G , S , and G , followed by the cycle of mitosis and cytokinesis . The cell 's nuclear DNA contents are duplicated during S phase but may continue till G in case of heterochromatin . G phase ( first growth phase or post mitotic Gap phase ) ( edit ) The first phase within interphase , from the end of the previous M phase until the beginning of DNA synthesis , is called G ( G indicating gap ) . It is also called the growth phase . During this phase , the biosynthetic activities of the cell , which are considerably slowed down during M phase , resume at a high rate . The duration of G is highly variable , even among different cells of the same species . In this phase , the cell increases its supply of proteins , increases the number of organelles ( such as mitochondria , ribosomes ) , and grows in size . In G phase , a cell has three options . ( 1 ) To continue cell cycle and enter S phase ( 2 ) Stop cell cycle and enter G phase for undergoing differentiation. ( 3 ) Get arrested in G phase hence it may enter G phase or re-enter cell cycle . The deciding factor is availability of nitrogens and storage of energy rich compounds at the deciding point called check point . This check point is called the restriction point or START and is regulated by G / S cyclins , which cause transition from G to S phase . Passage through the G check point commits the cell to division . S phase ( DNA replication ) ( edit ) The ensuing S phase starts when DNA synthesis commences ; when it is complete , all of the chromosomes have been replicated , i.e. , each chromosome has two ( sister ) chromatids . Thus , during this phase , the amount of DNA in the cell has effectively doubled , though the ploidy of the cell remains the same . Rates of RNA transcription and protein synthesis are very low during this phase . An exception to this is histone production , most of which occurs during the S phase . G phase ( growth ) ( edit ) G2 phase occurs after DNA replication and is a period of protein synthesis and rapid cell growth to prepare the cell for mitosis . During this phase microtubules begin to reorganize to form a spindle . Mitotic phase ( chromosome separation ) ( edit ) Main article : Mitosis The relatively brief M phase consists of nuclear division ( karyokinesis ) . It is a relatively short period of the cell cycle . M phase is complex and highly regulated . The sequence of events is divided into phases , corresponding to the completion of one set of activities and the start of the next . These phases are sequentially known as : prophase , metaphase , anaphase , telophase Mitosis is the process by which a eukaryotic cell separates the chromosomes in its cell nucleus into two identical sets in two nuclei . During the process of mitosis the pairs of chromosomes condense and attach to fibers that pull the sister chromatids to opposite sides of the cell . Mitosis occurs exclusively in eukaryotic cells , but occurs in different ways in different species . For example , animals undergo an `` open '' mitosis , where the nuclear envelope breaks down before the chromosomes separate , while fungi such as Aspergillus nidulans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae ( yeast ) undergo a `` closed '' mitosis , where chromosomes divide within an intact cell nucleus . Prokaryotic cells , which lack a nucleus , divide by a process called binary fission . Cytokinesis phase ( separation of all cell components ) ( edit ) Main article : Cytokinesis Mitosis is immediately followed by cytokinesis , which divides the nuclei , cytoplasm , organelles and cell membrane into two cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components . Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells , genetically identical to each other and to their parent cell . This accounts for approximately 10 % of the cell cycle . Because cytokinesis usually occurs in conjunction with mitosis , `` mitosis '' is often used interchangeably with `` M phase '' . However , there are many cells where mitosis and cytokinesis occur separately , forming single cells with multiple nuclei in a process called endoreplication . This occurs most notably among the fungi and slime moulds , but is found in various groups . Even in animals , cytokinesis and mitosis may occur independently , for instance during certain stages of fruit fly embryonic development . Errors in mitosis can either kill a cell through apoptosis or cause mutations that may lead to cancer . The process of mitosis is complex and highly regulated . The sequence of events is divided into phases , corresponding to the completion of one set of activities and the start of the next . These stages are prophase , prometaphase , metaphase , anaphase and telophase . During the process of mitosis the pairs of chromosomes condense and attach to fibers that pull the sister chromatids to opposite sides of the cell . The cell then divides in cytokinesis , to produce two identical daughter cells . Regulation of eukaryotic cell cycle ( edit ) Regulation of the cell cycle involves processes crucial to the survival of a cell , including the detection and repair of genetic damage as well as the prevention of uncontrolled cell division . The molecular events that control the cell cycle are ordered and directional ; that is , each process occurs in a sequential fashion and it is impossible to `` reverse '' the cycle . Role of cyclins and CDKs ( edit ) Nobel Laureate Paul Nurse Nobel Laureate Tim Hunt Two key classes of regulatory molecules , cyclins and cyclin - dependent kinases ( CDKs ) , determine a cell 's progress through the cell cycle . Leland H. Hartwell , R. Timothy Hunt , and Paul M. Nurse won the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of these central molecules . Many of the genes encoding cyclins and CDKs are conserved among all eukaryotes , but in general more complex organisms have more elaborate cell cycle control systems that incorporate more individual components . Many of the relevant genes were first identified by studying yeast , especially Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; genetic nomenclature in yeast dubs many of these genes cdc ( for `` cell division cycle '' ) followed by an identifying number , e.g. cdc25 or cdc20 . Cyclins form the regulatory subunits and CDKs the catalytic subunits of an activated heterodimer ; cyclins have no catalytic activity and CDKs are inactive in the absence of a partner cyclin . When activated by a bound cyclin , CDKs perform a common biochemical reaction called phosphorylation that activates or inactivates target proteins to orchestrate coordinated entry into the next phase of the cell cycle . Different cyclin - CDK combinations determine the downstream proteins targeted . CDKs are constitutively expressed in cells whereas cyclins are synthesised at specific stages of the cell cycle , in response to various molecular signals . General mechanism of cyclin - CDK interaction ( edit ) Upon receiving a pro-mitotic extracellular signal , G cyclin - CDK complexes become active to prepare the cell for S phase , promoting the expression of transcription factors that in turn promote the expression of S cyclins and of enzymes required for DNA replication . The G cyclin - CDK complexes also promote the degradation of molecules that function as S phase inhibitors by targeting them for ubiquitination . Once a protein has been ubiquitinated , it is targeted for proteolytic degradation by the proteasome . However , results from a recent study of E2F transcriptional dynamics at the single - cell level argue that the role of G1 cyclin - CDK activities , in particular cyclin D - CDK4 / 6 , is to tune the timing rather than the commitment of cell cycle entry . Active S cyclin - CDK complexes phosphorylate proteins that make up the pre-replication complexes assembled during G phase on DNA replication origins . The phosphorylation serves two purposes : to activate each already - assembled pre-replication complex , and to prevent new complexes from forming . This ensures that every portion of the cell 's genome will be replicated once and only once . The reason for prevention of gaps in replication is fairly clear , because daughter cells that are missing all or part of crucial genes will die . However , for reasons related to gene copy number effects , possession of extra copies of certain genes is also deleterious to the daughter cells . Mitotic cyclin - CDK complexes , which are synthesized but inactivated during S and G phases , promote the initiation of mitosis by stimulating downstream proteins involved in chromosome condensation and mitotic spindle assembly . A critical complex activated during this process is a ubiquitin ligase known as the anaphase - promoting complex ( APC ) , which promotes degradation of structural proteins associated with the chromosomal kinetochore . APC also targets the mitotic cyclins for degradation , ensuring that telophase and cytokinesis can proceed . Specific action of cyclin - CDK complexes ( edit ) Cyclin D is the first cyclin produced in the cell cycle , in response to extracellular signals ( e.g. growth factors ) . Cyclin D binds to existing CDK4 , forming the active cyclin D - CDK4 complex . Cyclin D - CDK4 complex in turn phosphorylates the retinoblastoma susceptibility protein ( Rb ) . The hyperphosphorylated Rb dissociates from the E2F / DP1 / Rb complex ( which was bound to the E2F responsive genes , effectively `` blocking '' them from transcription ) , activating E2F . Activation of E2F results in transcription of various genes like cyclin E , cyclin A , DNA polymerase , thymidine kinase , etc . Cyclin E thus produced binds to CDK2 , forming the cyclin E-CDK2 complex , which pushes the cell from G to S phase ( G / S , which initiates the G / M transition ) . Cyclin B - cdk1 complex activation causes breakdown of nuclear envelope and initiation of prophase , and subsequently , its deactivation causes the cell to exit mitosis . A quantitative study of E2F transcriptional dynamics at the single - cell level by using engineered fluorescent reporter cells provided a quantitative framework for understanding the control logic of cell cycle entry , challenging the canonical textbook model . Genes that regulate the amplitude of E2F accumulation , such as Myc , determine the commitment in cell cycle and S phase entry . G1 cyclin - CDK activities are not the driver of cell cycle entry . Instead , they primarily tune the timing of E2F increase , thereby modulating the pace of cell cycle progression . Inhibitors ( edit ) Overview of signal transduction pathways involved in apoptosis , also known as `` programmed cell death '' . Two families of genes , the cip / kip ( CDK interacting protein / Kinase inhibitory protein ) family and the INK4a / ARF ( Inhibitor of Kinase 4 / Alternative Reading Frame ) family , prevent the progression of the cell cycle . Because these genes are instrumental in prevention of tumor formation , they are known as tumor suppressors . The cip / kip family includes the genes p21 , p27 and p57 . They halt cell cycle in G phase , by binding to , and inactivating , cyclin - CDK complexes . p21 is activated by p53 ( which , in turn , is triggered by DNA damage e.g. due to radiation ) . p27 is activated by Transforming Growth Factor of β ( TGF β ) , a growth inhibitor . The INK4a / ARF family includes p16 , which binds to CDK4 and arrests the cell cycle in G phase , and p14 which prevents p53 degradation . Synthetic inhibitors of Cdc25 could also be useful for the arrest of cell cycle and therefore be useful as antineoplastic and anticancer agents . Transcriptional regulatory network ( edit ) Current evidence suggests that a semi-autonomous transcriptional network acts in concert with the CDK - cyclin machinery to regulate the cell cycle . Several gene expression studies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae have identified 800 -- 1200 genes that change expression over the course of the cell cycle . They are transcribed at high levels at specific points in the cell cycle , and remain at lower levels throughout the rest of the cycle . While the set of identified genes differs between studies due to the computational methods and criteria used to identify them , each study indicates that a large portion of yeast genes are temporally regulated . Many periodically expressed genes are driven by transcription factors that are also periodically expressed . One screen of single - gene knockouts identified 48 transcription factors ( about 20 % of all non-essential transcription factors ) that show cell cycle progression defects . Genome - wide studies using high throughput technologies have identified the transcription factors that bind to the promoters of yeast genes , and correlating these findings with temporal expression patterns have allowed the identification of transcription factors that drive phase - specific gene expression . The expression profiles of these transcription factors are driven by the transcription factors that peak in the prior phase , and computational models have shown that a CDK - autonomous network of these transcription factors is sufficient to produce steady - state oscillations in gene expression ) . Experimental evidence also suggests that gene expression can oscillate with the period seen in dividing wild - type cells independently of the CDK machinery . Orlando et al. used microarrays to measure the expression of a set of 1,271 genes that they identified as periodic in both wild type cells and cells lacking all S - phase and mitotic cyclins ( clb1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ) . Of the 1,271 genes assayed , 882 continued to be expressed in the cyclin - deficient cells at the same time as in the wild type cells , despite the fact that the cyclin - deficient cells arrest at the border between G and S phase . However , 833 of the genes assayed changed behavior between the wild type and mutant cells , indicating that these genes are likely directly or indirectly regulated by the CDK - cyclin machinery . Some genes that continued to be expressed on time in the mutant cells were also expressed at different levels in the mutant and wild type cells . These findings suggest that while the transcriptional network may oscillate independently of the CDK - cyclin oscillator , they are coupled in a manner that requires both to ensure the proper timing of cell cycle events . Other work indicates that phosphorylation , a post-translational modification , of cell cycle transcription factors by Cdk1 may alter the localization or activity of the transcription factors in order to tightly control timing of target genes . While oscillatory transcription plays a key role in the progression of the yeast cell cycle , the CDK - cyclin machinery operates independently in the early embryonic cell cycle . Before the midblastula transition , zygotic transcription does not occur and all needed proteins , such as the B - type cyclins , are translated from maternally loaded mRNA . DNA replication and DNA replication origin activity ( edit ) Analyses of synchronized cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae under conditions that prevent DNA replication initiation without delaying cell cycle progression showed that origin licensing decreases the expression of genes with origins near their 3 ' ends , revealing that downstream origins can regulate the expression of upstream genes . This confirms previous predictions from mathematical modeling of a global causal coordination between DNA replication origin activity and mRNA expression , and shows that mathematical modeling of DNA microarray data can be used to correctly predict previously unknown biological modes of regulation . Checkpoints ( edit ) Main article : Cell cycle checkpoint Cell cycle checkpoints are used by the cell to monitor and regulate the progress of the cell cycle . Checkpoints prevent cell cycle progression at specific points , allowing verification of necessary phase processes and repair of DNA damage . The cell can not proceed to the next phase until checkpoint requirements have been met . Checkpoints typically consist of a network of regulatory proteins that monitor and dictate the progression of the cell through the different stages of the cell cycle . There are several checkpoints to ensure that damaged or incomplete DNA is not passed on to daughter cells . Three main checkpoints exist : the G / S checkpoint , the G / M checkpoint and the metaphase ( mitotic ) checkpoint . G / S transition is a rate - limiting step in the cell cycle and is also known as restriction point . This is where the cell checks whether it has enough raw materials to fully replicate its DNA ( nucleotide bases , DNA synthase , chromatin , etc . ) . An unhealthy or malnourished cell will get stuck at this checkpoint . The G / M checkpoint is where the cell ensures that it has enough cytoplasm and phospholipids for two daughter cells . But sometimes more importantly , it checks to see if it is the right time to replicate . There are some situations where many cells need to all replicate simultaneously ( for example , a growing embryo should have a symmetric cell distribution until it reaches the mid-blastula transition ) . This is done by controlling the G / M checkpoint . The metaphase checkpoint is a fairly minor checkpoint , in that once a cell is in metaphase , it has committed to undergoing mitosis . However that 's not to say it is n't important . In this checkpoint , the cell checks to ensure that the spindle has formed and that all of the chromosomes are aligned at the spindle equator before anaphase begins . While these are the three `` main '' checkpoints , not all cells have to pass through each of these checkpoints in this order to replicate . Many types of cancer are caused by mutations that allow the cells to speed through the various checkpoints or even skip them altogether . Going from S to M to S phase almost consecutively . Because these cells have lost their checkpoints , any DNA mutations that may have occurred are disregarded and passed on to the daughter cells . This is one reason why cancer cells have a tendency to exponentially accrue mutations . Aside from cancer cells , many fully differentiated cell types no longer replicate so they leave the cell cycle and stay in G until their death . Thus removing the need for cellular checkpoints . An alternative model of the cell cycle response to DNA damage has also been proposed , known as the postreplication checkpoint . Checkpoint regulation plays an important role in an organism 's development . In sexual reproduction , when egg fertilization occurs , when the sperm binds to the egg , it releases signalling factors that notify the egg that it has been fertilized . Among other things , this induces the now fertilized oocyte to return from its previously dormant , G , state back into the cell cycle and on to mitotic replication and division . p53 plays an important role in triggering the control mechanisms at both G / S and G / M checkpoints . In addition to p53 , checkpoint regulators are being heavily researched for their roles in cancer growth and proliferation . Fluorescence imaging of the cell cycle ( edit ) Fluorescent proteins visualize the cell cycle progression . IFP2. 0 - hGem ( 1 / 110 ) fluorescence is shown in green and highlights the S / G / M phases . smURFP - hCdtI ( 30 / 120 ) fluorescence is shown in red and highlights the G / G phases . Pioneering work by Atsushi Miyawaki and coworkers developed the fluorescent ubiquitination - based cell cycle indicator ( FUCCI ) , which enables fluorescence imaging of the cell cycle . Originally , a green fluorescent protein , mAG , was fused to hGem ( 1 / 110 ) and an orange fluorescent protein ( mKO ) was fused to hCdt1 ( 30 / 120 ) . Note , these fusions are fragments that contain a nuclear localization signal and ubiquitination sites for degradation , but are not functional proteins . The green fluorescent protein is made during the S , G , or M phase and degraded during the G or G phase , while the orange fluorescent protein is made during the G or G phase and destroyed during the S , G , or M phase . A far - red and near - infrared FUCCI was developed using a cyanobacteria - derived fluorescent protein ( smURFP ) and a bacteriophytochrome - derived fluorescent protein ( movie found at this link ) . Role in tumor formation ( edit ) A disregulation of the cell cycle components may lead to tumor formation . As mentioned above , when some genes like the cell cycle inhibitors , RB , p53 etc . mutate , they may cause the cell to multiply uncontrollably , forming a tumor . Although the duration of cell cycle in tumor cells is equal to or longer than that of normal cell cycle , the proportion of cells that are in active cell division ( versus quiescent cells in G phase ) in tumors is much higher than that in normal tissue . Thus there is a net increase in cell number as the number of cells that die by apoptosis or senescence remains the same . The cells which are actively undergoing cell cycle are targeted in cancer therapy as the DNA is relatively exposed during cell division and hence susceptible to damage by drugs or radiation . This fact is made use of in cancer treatment ; by a process known as debulking , a significant mass of the tumor is removed which pushes a significant number of the remaining tumor cells from G to G phase ( due to increased availability of nutrients , oxygen , growth factors etc . ) . Radiation or chemotherapy following the debulking procedure kills these cells which have newly entered the cell cycle . The fastest cycling mammalian cells in culture , crypt cells in the intestinal epithelium , have a cycle time as short as 9 to 10 hours . Stem cells in resting mouse skin may have a cycle time of more than 200 hours . 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London : New Science Press . p. 18 . ISBN 0 - 9539181 - 2 - 2 . Jump up ^ Omberg L , Meyerson JR , Kobayashi K , Drury LS , Diffley JF , Alter O ( October 2009 ) . `` Global effects of DNA replication and DNA replication origin activity on eukaryotic gene expression '' . Molecular Systems Biology . 5 : 312 . doi : 10.1038 / msb. 2009.70 . PMC 2779084 . PMID 19888207 . Jump up ^ Alter O , Golub GH , Brown PO , Botstein D ( 2004 ) . Deutscher MP , Black S , Boehmer PE , D'Urso G , Fletcher TM , Huijing F , Marshall A , Pulverer B , Renault B , Rosenblatt JD , Slingerland JM , Whelan WJ , eds . `` Novel Genome - Scale Correlation between DNA Replication and RNA Transcription During the Cell Cycle in Yeast is Predicted by Data - Driven Models '' ( PDF ) . Miami Nature Biotechnology Winter Symposium : Cell Cycle , Chromosomes and Cancer . Miami Beach , FL : University of Miami School of Medicine , vol. 15 ( January 31 -- February 4 , 2004 ) . 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PMID 8939848 . Jump up ^ LeMaire - Adkins R , Radke K , Hunt PA ( December 1997 ) . `` Lack of checkpoint control at the metaphase / anaphase transition : a mechanism of meiotic nondisjunction in mammalian females '' . The Journal of Cell Biology . 139 ( 7 ) : 1611 -- 9 . doi : 10.1083 / jcb. 139.7. 1611 . PMC 2132649 . PMID 9412457 . Jump up ^ Sakaue - Sawano A , Kurokawa H , Morimura T , Hanyu A , Hama H , Osawa H , Kashiwagi S , Fukami K , Miyata T , Miyoshi H , Imamura T , Ogawa M , Masai H , Miyawaki A ( February 2008 ) . `` Visualizing spatiotemporal dynamics of multicellular cell - cycle progression '' . Cell. 132 ( 3 ) : 487 -- 98 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cell. 2007.12. 033 . PMID 18267078 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez EA , Tran GN , Gross LA , Crisp JL , Shu X , Lin JY , Tsien RY ( September 2016 ) . `` A far - red fluorescent protein evolved from a cyanobacterial phycobiliprotein '' . Nature Methods. 13 ( 9 ) : 763 -- 9 . doi : 10.1038 / nmeth. 3935 . PMC 5007177 . PMID 27479328 . Jump up ^ Champeris Tsaniras S , Kanellakis N , Symeonidou IE , Nikolopoulou P , Lygerou Z , Taraviras S ( June 2014 ) . `` Licensing of DNA replication , cancer , pluripotency and differentiation : an interlinked world ? '' . Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology . 30 : 174 -- 80 . doi : 10.1016 / j. semcdb. 2014.03. 013 . PMID 24641889 . Further Reading ( edit ) Morgan DO ( 2007 ) . The Cell Cycle : Principles of Control . London : Published by New Science Press in association with Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 87893 - 508 - 8 . Alberts B , Johnson A , Lewis J , Raff M , Roberts K , Walter P ( 2008 ) . `` Chapter 17 '' . Molecular Biology of the Cell ( 5th ed . ) . New York : Garland Science . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 4111 - 6 . Krieger M , Scott MP , Matsudaira PT , Lodish HF , Darnell JE , Zipursky L , Kaiser C , Berk A ( 2004 ) . Molecular cell biology . New York : W.H. Freeman and CO . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 4366 - 3 . Watson JD , Baker TA , Bell SP , Gann A , Levine M , Losick R ( 2004 ) . `` Chapter 7 '' . Molecular biology of the gene ( 5th ed . ) . San Francisco : Pearson / Benjamin Cummings . ISBN 0 - 8053 - 4642 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cell cycle . This article incorporates public domain material from the NCBI document `` Science Primer '' . David Morgan 's seminar : Controlling the Cell Cycle The cell cycle & Cell death Transcriptional program of the cell cycle : high - resolution timing Cell cycle and metabolic cycle regulated transcription in yeast Cell Cycle Animation 1Lec.com Cell Cycle Fucci : Using GFP to visualize the cell - cycle Science Creative Quarterly 's overview of the cell cycle KEGG -- Human Cell Cycle hide Cell cycle proteins Cyclin A ( A1 , A2 ) B ( B1 , B2 , B3 ) D ( D1 , D2 , D3 ) E ( E1 , E2 ) CDK 5 6 7 8 9 10 CDK - activating kinase CDK inhibitor INK4a / ARF ( p14arf / p16 , p15 , p18 , p19 ) cip / kip ( p21 , p27 , p57 ) P53 p63 p73 family p53 p63 p73 Other Cdc2 Cdc25 Cdc42 Cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein E2F Maturation promoting factor Wee Cullin ( CUL7 ) Phases and checkpoints Interphase G phase S phase G phase M phase Mitosis ( Preprophase Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase ) Cytokinesis Cell cycle checkpoints Restriction point Spindle checkpoint Postreplication checkpoint Other cellular phases Apoptosis G phase Meiosis NDL : 00576703 Evolutionary biology portal Molecular and cellular biology portal Science portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cell_cycle&oldid=846190841 '' Categories : Cell cycle Cellular processes Cellular senescence Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States National Library of Medicine Use dmy dates from July 2011 Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Башҡортса Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 39 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 June 2018 , at 00 : 34 ( UTC ) . 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when do they throw fish at pike place market

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Pike_Place_Fish_Market&oldid=851416879

Pike Place fish Market - wikipedia Pike Place fish Market Coordinates : 47 ° 36 ′ 33.93 '' N 122 ° 20 ′ 30.12 '' W  /  47.6094250 ° N 122.3417000 ° W  / 47.6094250 ; - 122.3417000 Pike Place Fish Market Type Private Industry Seafood Founded 1930 Headquarters 86 Pike Place , Seattle , Washington , United States of America Owners Jaison Scott , Ryan Reese , Samuel Samson , and Anders Miller Website http://pikeplacefish.com Pike Place Fish Market The Pike Place Fish Market , founded in 1930 , is an open air fish market located in Seattle , Washington 's Pike Place Market , at the corner of Pike Street and Pike Place . It is known for their tradition of fishmongers throwing fish that customers have purchased , before they are wrapped . After nearing bankruptcy in 1986 , the fish market owner and employees decided to become `` world famous '' , changing their way of doing business by introducing their flying fish , games , and customer performances . Four years later , they were featured repeatedly in the national media and television shows . The store is now a popular tourist destination in Seattle , attracting up to 10,000 daily visitors , and is often billed as world - famous . Contents 1 History 2 Flying fish 3 Films , books and popular culture 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links History ( edit ) The Pike Place Fish Market was purchased in 1965 by John Yokoyama , a former employee of the fish market , who bought the store to make enough money on an owner 's salary to afford the car payments on his new Buick Riviera . Initially , Pike Place Fish Market was unknown outside of the Seattle area , but Yokoyama and his staff decided to change that in a meeting with a business coach in 1986 . Prior to the meeting , the Pike Place Fish Market was near to bankruptcy , and the consultant , Jim Bergquist , was helping them to conceive of ways to save the business . A fish market employee at the meeting suggested that they not only save the business , but make it `` world famous '' , with the ideas for the business ' flying and thrown fish , games with customers , and staff attitudes of always enjoying their work , so that customers would as well . In an interview , Yokoyama stated , `` We took a stand that we were going to become world famous . We just said it and it became so . '' Four years later , in 1990 , Ted Turner 's Goodwill Games were held in Seattle . News crews at the Pike Place Market discovered the fish market and its performances with customers , and they filmed them . Soon afterwards , the fish market appeared on Good Morning America , leading to the business and its employees being filmed by various film crews , and being featured in numerous magazines . Now , during the summer tourist season , the fishmongers will perform now in front of as many as 10,000 visitors daily . The success of the business has been cited to its human resources and employee attitudes . The employees of the fish market will often speak to businesses , civic groups , and schools on ways to be successful , and has led to their being featured in motivational books . A popular feature at the Pike Place Fish Market is the monkfish , which sometimes , thanks to a hidden line , is made to `` snap '' at customers . In 1991 , CNN named the Pike Place Fish Market as one of the three most fun places to work in America . In 2018 the market was bought by former employees . Flying fish ( edit ) A flying salmon The Pike Place Fish Market is best known for their habit of hurling customers ' orders across the shopping area . A typical routine will involve a customer ordering a fish , with their fishmongers in orange rubber overalls and boots calling out the order , which is loudly shouted back by all the other staff , at which point the original fishmonger will throw the customer 's fish behind the counter for wrapping . Initially , the shouted repeating of the ordered fish began as a prank on one employee , but was enjoyed by customers , so it became a tradition . While working , the staff continually yell to each other and chant in unison while they throw ordered fish . At times , the fish market staff will throw a foam fish into the crowd to scare bystanders , or select a customer from the crowds to participate in the fish toss . Above the areas in which they throw fish , the market hangs a sign that reads , `` Caution : Low Flying Fish '' . Films , books and popular culture ( edit ) Taho , longtime employee , staffing the counter In 1998 , the Pike Place Fish Market was the subject of a documentary film and accompanying book , FISH ! Philosophy . The Pike Place Fish Market has also been the setting for several best - selling corporate training videos , the aforementioned FISH ! , and also FISH ! Sticks , which have been used by firms such as Enterprise Rent - A-Car , Sprint Nextel , Southwest Airlines , Sainsbury 's , Saturn , and Scottish and Southern Energy , for employee training . The Pike Place Fish Market has been featured in a variety of television shows and commercials . These include a Spike Lee Levis jeans commercial ; MTV 's The Real World ; NBC 's Frasier , and ABC 's Good Morning America . In films , they have appeared in Free Willy . Reference to the Pike Place Fish Market is also made by American hip hop duo Macklemore & Ryan Lewis in their 2015 single `` Downtown '' featuring Eric Nally , Melle Mel , Kool Moe Dee and Grandmaster Caz . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Do you provide world - class service ? '' . Reliable Plant Magazine . Noria. 2008 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Caution : flying fish ahead : the 2006 general session promises insights , smiles and scales '' . Parks & Recreation . National Recreation and Park Association . 2006 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Delicious ways to explore Seattle 's foodie paradise '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . October 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Our Humble Beginnings '' . Pike Place Fish Market . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2008 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` HR philosophy goes fishing for positive work attitudes '' . Seattle Times . 2008 . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2011 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Fish , Peter ( 2007 - 06 - 01 ) . `` Seattle to market '' . Sunset . Sunset Publishing Corp . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Bauman , Margaret ( 2006 - 11 - 26 ) . `` Good times means good business at Pike Place '' . Alaska Journal of Commerce . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2009 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` ' It 's surreal ' : Seattle 's Pike Place Fish Market sold to fish - throwing employees '' . The Seattle Times . 2018 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Lelyveld , Nita ( 2000 - 08 - 04 ) . `` Pike Place fishmongers showing up as examples of fun at work '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Pfeiffer , Cristina ( 2006 - 03 - 22 ) . `` Seattle highlights '' . The Age . Melbourne . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Fishy tale could cause indigestion '' . Europe Intelligence Wire . Financial Times Ltd. 2005 - 11 - 08 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Landro , Laura ( 2006 - 08 - 19 ) . `` How I Got Hooked on Seattle '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 27 . Further reading ( edit ) Tourists gone , evening clean - up begins When Fish Fly : Lessons for Creating a Vital and Energized Workplace -- From the Word Famous Pike Place Fish Market , Yokoyama , John and Joseph Michelli . New York : Hyperion , 2004 . `` Catch : A Fishmonger 's Guide to Greatness '' , Crother , Cyndi and the crew of Pike Place Fish . Berrett - Koehler Publishers ( January 1 , 2005 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pike Place Fish Market . Pike Place Fish Market official website 5 : 12 : 60 official blog Pike Place Market Main History of the Pike Place Market Victor Steinbrueck Park Notable people Betty Bowen Victor Steinbrueck Mark Tobey Emmett Watson Businesses Beecher 's Handmade Cheese Lowell 's Original Starbucks Pike Place Fish Market Sur La Table Uli 's Famous Sausage Unexpected Productions Landmarks Butterworth Building Gum Wall Rachel the Pig Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pike_Place_Fish_Market&oldid=851416879 '' Categories : Companies based in Seattle Culture of Seattle Fish markets Food markets in the United States Pike Place Market Tourist attractions in Seattle Fishing in the United States Retail buildings in Washington ( state ) Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2010 Articles with dead external links from April 2012 Coordinates not on Wikidata Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 22 July 2018 , at 04 : 07 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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what is the full meaning of hb pencil

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Pencil&oldid=810606599

Pencil - wikipedia Pencil Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the writing implement . For other uses , see Pencil ( disambiguation ) . HB graphite pencils Coloured pencils ( Caran d'Ache ) A pencil is a writing implement or art medium constructed of a narrow , solid pigment core inside a protective casing which prevents the core from being broken and / or from leaving marks on the user 's hand during use . Pencils create marks by physical abrasion , leaving behind a trail of solid core material that adheres to a sheet of paper or other surface . They are distinct from pens , which instead disperse a trail of liquid or gel ink that stains the light colour of the paper by absorption . Most pencil cores are made of graphite mixed with a clay binder which leaves grey or black marks that can be easily erased . Graphite pencils are used for both writing and drawing and result in durable markings : though writing is easily removable with an eraser , it is otherwise resistant to moisture , most chemicals , ultraviolet radiation , and natural aging . Other types of pencil core are less widely used , such as charcoal pencils , which are mainly used by artists for drawing and sketching . Coloured pencils are sometimes used by teachers or editors to correct submitted texts , but are typically regarded as art supplies , especially those with waxy core binders that tend to smear on paper instead of erasing . Grease pencils have a softer , crayon - like waxy core that can leave marks on smooth surfaces such as glass or porcelain . The most common type of pencil casing is of thin wood , usually hexagonal in section but sometimes cylindrical , permanently bonded to the core . Similar permanent casings may be constructed of other materials such as plastic or paper . To use the pencil , the casing must be carved or peeled off to expose the working end of the core as a sharp point . Mechanical pencils have more elaborate casings which are not permanently bonded to the core . Instead , the casing supports a separate , mobile piece of pigment core that can be extended or retracted through the casing tip as needed ; these pencil casings can be re-loaded with a new core ( usually graphite ) when necessary . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Camel 's hair pencil 1.2 Discovery of graphite deposit 1.3 Wood holders added 1.4 New pencils from graphite powder , and graphite and clay 1.5 The pencil in America 1.6 Eraser attached 1.7 Pencil extenders 2 Types 2.1 By marking material 2.2 By use 2.3 By shape 2.4 By size 2.5 By manufacture 3 Health 4 Manufacture 5 Grading and classification 5.1 Pencil hardness test 6 External colour and shape of pencils 7 Notable pencil users 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 Further reading 12 External links History Old Soviet colored pencils with box ( circa 1959 ) Camel 's hair pencil Pencil , from Old French pincel , from Latin penicillus a `` little tail '' ( see penis ; pincellus is Latin from the post-classical period ) originally referred to an artist 's fine brush of camel hair , also used for writing before modern lead or chalk pencils . Though the archetypal pencil was an artist 's brush , the stylus , a thin metal stick used for scratching in papyrus or wax tablets , was used extensively by the Romans and for palm - leaf manuscripts . Discovery of graphite deposit Prior to 1565 ( some sources say as early as 1500 ) , a large deposit of graphite was discovered on the approach to Grey Knotts from the hamlet of Seathwaite in Borrowdale parish , Cumbria , England . This particular deposit of graphite was extremely pure and solid , and it could easily be sawn into sticks . It remains the only large - scale deposit of graphite ever found in this solid form . Chemistry was in its infancy and the substance was thought to be a form of lead . Consequently , it was called plumbago ( Latin for `` lead ore '' ) . Because the pencil core is still referred to as `` lead '' , or a `` lead '' , many people have the misconception that the graphite in the pencil is lead , and the black core of pencils is still referred to as lead , even though it never contained the element lead . The words for pencil in German ( bleistift ) , Irish ( peann luaidhe ) , Arabic ( قلم رصاص qalam raṣāṣ ) , and some other languages literally mean lead pen . The value of graphite would soon be realised to be enormous , mainly because it could be used to line the moulds for cannonballs ; the mines were taken over by the Crown and were guarded . When sufficient stores of graphite had been accumulated , the mines were flooded to prevent theft until more was required . The usefulness of graphite for pencils was discovered as well , but graphite for pencils had to be smuggled . The news of the usefulness of these early pencils spread far and wide , attracting the attention of artists all over the known world . Because graphite is soft , it requires some form of encasement . Graphite sticks were initially wrapped in string or sheepskin for stability . England would enjoy a monopoly on the production of pencils until a method of reconstituting the graphite powder was found in 1662 in Italy . However , the distinctively square English pencils continued to be made with sticks cut from natural graphite into the 1860s . The town of Keswick , near the original findings of block graphite , still manufactures pencils , the factory also being the location of the Cumberland Pencil Museum . The meaning of `` graphite writing implement '' apparently evolved late in the 16th century . Wood holders added Palomino Blackwing 602 pencils Around 1560 , an Italian couple named Simonio and Lyndiana Bernacotti made what are likely the first blueprints for the modern , wood - encased carpentry pencil . Their version was a flat , oval , more compact type of pencil . Their concept involved the hollowing out of a stick of juniper wood . Shortly thereafter , a superior technique was discovered : two wooden halves were carved , a graphite stick inserted , and the halves then glued together -- essentially the same method in use to this day . New pencils from graphite powder , and graphite and clay The first attempt to manufacture graphite sticks from powdered graphite was in Nuremberg , Germany , in 1662 . It used a mixture of graphite , sulphur , and antimony . English and German pencils were not available to the French during the Napoleonic Wars ; France , under naval blockade imposed by Great Britain , was unable to import the pure graphite sticks from the British Grey Knotts mines -- the only known source in the world . France was also unable to import the inferior German graphite pencil substitute . It took the efforts of an officer in Napoleon 's army to change this . In 1795 , Nicolas - Jacques Conté discovered a method of mixing powdered graphite with clay and forming the mixture into rods that were then fired in a kiln . By varying the ratio of graphite to clay , the hardness of the graphite rod could also be varied . This method of manufacture , which had been earlier discovered by the Austrian Joseph Hardtmuth , the founder of the Koh - I - Noor in 1790 , remains in use . In 1802 , the production of graphite leads from graphite and clay was patented by the Koh - I - Noor company in Vienna . In England , pencils continued to be made from whole sawn graphite . Henry Bessemer 's first successful invention ( 1838 ) was a method of compressing graphite powder into solid graphite thus allowing the waste from sawing to be reused . The pencil in america Pencil , perhaps made by Henry David Thoreau , in the Concord Museum Pencil manufacturing . The top sequence shows the old method that required pieces of graphite to be cut to size ; the lower sequence is the new , current method using rods of graphite and clay . American colonists imported pencils from Europe until after the American Revolution . Benjamin Franklin advertised pencils for sale in his Pennsylvania Gazette in 1729 , and George Washington used a three - inch pencil when he surveyed the Ohio Territory in 1762 . It is said that William Munroe , a cabinetmaker in Concord , Massachusetts , made the first American wood pencils in 1812 . This was not the only pencil - making occurring in Concord . According to Henry Petroski , transcendentalist philosopher Henry David Thoreau discovered how to make a good pencil out of inferior graphite using clay as the binder ; this invention was prompted by his father 's pencil factory in Concord , which employed graphite found in New Hampshire in 1821 by Charles Dunbar . Munroe 's method of making pencils was painstakingly slow , and in the neighbouring town of Acton , a pencil mill owner named Ebenezer Wood set out to automate the process at his own pencil mill located at Nashoba Brook . He used the first circular saw in pencil production . He constructed the first of the hexagon - and octagon - shaped wooden casings . Ebenezer did not patent his invention and shared his techniques with anyone . One of those was Eberhard Faber of New York , who became the leader in pencil production . Joseph Dixon , an inventor and entrepreneur involved with the Tantiusques granite mine in Sturbridge , Massachusetts , developed a means to mass - produce pencils . By 1870 , The Joseph Dixon Crucible Company was the world 's largest dealer and consumer of graphite and later became the contemporary Dixon Ticonderoga pencil and art supplies company . By the end of the 19th century , over 240,000 pencils were used each day in the US . The favoured timber for pencils was Red Cedar as it was aromatic and did not splinter when sharpened . In the early 20th century supplies of Red Cedar were dwindling so that pencil manufacturers were forced to recycle the wood from cedar fences and barns to maintain supply . One effect of this was that `` during World War II rotary pencil sharpeners were outlawed in Britain because they wasted so much scarce lead and wood , and pencils had to be sharpened in the more conservative manner -- with knives . '' It was soon discovered that Incense cedar , when dyed and perfumed to resemble Red Cedar , was a suitable alternative and most pencils today are made from this timber which is grown in managed forests . Over 14 billion pencils are manufactured worldwide annually . Less popular alternatives to cedar include basswood and alder . In Southeast Asia the wood Jelutong may be used to create pencils ( though the use of this rainforest species is controversial ) . Environmentalists prefer the use of Pulai -- another wood native to the region and used in pencil manufacturing . Eraser attached Attached eraser on the left ; Pencil lead on the right On 30 March 1858 , Hymen Lipman received the first patent for attaching an eraser to the end of a pencil . In 1862 , Lipman sold his patent to Joseph Reckendorfer for $100,000 , who went on to sue pencil manufacturer Faber - Castell for infringement . In 1875 , the Supreme Court of the US ruled against Reckendorfer declaring the patent invalid . Pencil extenders Main article : Pencil extender Historian Henry Petroski notes that while ever more efficient means of mass production of pencils has driven the replacement cost of a pencil down , before this people would continue to use even the stub of a pencil . For those who `` did not feel comfortable using a stub , pencil extenders were sold . These devices function something like a porte - crayon ... the pencil stub can be inserted into the end of a shaft ... Extenders were especially common among engineers and draftsmen , whose favorite pencils were priced dearly . The use of an extender also has the advantage that the pencil does not appreciably change its heft as it wears down . '' Artists currently use extenders to maximize the use of their colored pencils . Types By marking material Coloured pencils Promotional pencils Graphite pencils These are the most common types of pencil , and are encased in wood . They are made of a mixture of clay and graphite and their darkness varies from light grey to black . Their composition allows for the smoothest strokes . Solid graphite pencils These are solid sticks of graphite and clay composite ( as found in a ' graphite pencil ' ) , about the diameter of a common pencil , which have no casing other than a wrapper or label . They are often called `` woodless '' pencils . They are used primarily for art purposes as the lack of casing allows for covering larger spaces more easily , creating different effects , and providing greater economy as the entirety of the pencil is used . They are available in the same darkness range as wood - encased graphite pencils . Liquid graphite pencils These are pencils that write like pens . The technology was first invented in 1955 by Scripto and Parker Pens . Scripto 's liquid graphite formula came out about three months before Parker 's liquid lead formula . To avoid a lengthy patent fight the two companies agreed to share their formulas . Charcoal pencils Are made of charcoal and provide fuller blacks than graphite pencils , but tend to smudge easily and are more abrasive than graphite . Sepia - toned and white pencils are also available for duotone techniques . Carbon pencils They generally are made of a mixture of clay and lamp black , but are sometimes blended with charcoal or graphite depending on the darkness and manufacturer . They produce a fuller black than graphite pencils , but are smoother than charcoal . Coloured pencils , or pencil crayons These have wax - like cores with pigment and other fillers . Multiple colours are often blended together . Grease pencils They write on virtually any surface ( including glass , plastic , metal and photographs ) . The most commonly found grease pencils are encased in paper ( Berol and Sanford Peel - off ) , but they can also be encased in wood ( Staedtler Omnichrom ) . Watercolour pencils These are designed for use with watercolour techniques . The pencils can be used by themselves for sharp , bold lines . Strokes made by the pencil can also be saturated with water and spread with brushes . By use Two `` woodless '' graphite pencils , two charcoal pencils , and two grease pencils Carpenter 's pencils These are pencils that have two main properties : their shape prevents them from rolling , and their graphite is strong . The oldest surviving pencil is a German carpenter 's pencil dating from the 17th Century and now in the Faber - Castell collection . Obliteration by indelible pencil to censor mail in 1943 Copying pencils ( or indelible pencils ) These are graphite pencils with an added dye that creates an indelible mark . They were invented in the late 19th century for press copying and as a practical substitute for fountain pens . Their markings are often visually indistinguishable from those of standard graphite pencils , but when moistened their markings dissolve into a coloured ink , which is then pressed into another piece of paper . They were widely used until the mid 20th century when ball pens slowly replaced them . In Italy their use is still mandated by law for voting paper ballots in elections and referenda . Eyeliner pencil Eyliner pencil is used for make - up . Unlike traditional copying pencil , eyeliner pencil usually contains non-toxic dyes . Erasable colour pencils Unlike wax - based coloured pencils , these can be easily erased . Their main use is in sketching , where the objective is to create an outline using the same colour that other media ( such as wax pencils , or watercolour paints ) would fill or when the objective is to scan the colour sketch . Some animators prefer erasable colour pencils as opposed to graphite pencils because they do n't smudge as easily , and the different colours allow for better separation of objects in the sketch . Copy - editors find them useful too , as their markings stand out more than graphite but can be erased . Non-reproducing or non-photo blue pencils make marks that are not reproduced by photocopiers ( Sanford 's Copy - not or Staedtler 's Mars Non-photo ) or by whiteprint copiers ( Staedtler 's Mars Non-Print ) . Stenographer 's pencil Also known as a steno pencil . These pencils are expected to be very reliable , and their lead is break - proof . Nevertheless , steno pencils are sometimes sharpened at both ends to enhance reliability . They are round to avoid pressure pain during long texts . Golf pencil Golf pencils are usually short ( a common length is 9 cm ( 3.5 in ) ) and very cheap . They are also known as library pencils , as many libraries offer them as disposable , unspillable writing instruments . By shape Triangular ( more accurately a Reuleaux triangle ) Hexagonal Round Bendable ( flexible plastic ) By size Typical A standard , hexagonal , `` # 2 pencil '' is cut to a hexagonal height of ⁄ - inch ( 6 mm ) , but the outer diameter is slightly larger ( about ⁄ - inch ( 7 mm ) ) A standard , # 2 , hexagonal pencil is 19 cm ( 7.5 in ) long . Biggest On 3 September 2007 , Ashrita Furman unveiled his giant US $20,000 pencil -- 76 feet ( 23 m ) long , 18,000 pounds ( 8,200 kg ) ( with over 4,500 pounds ( 2,000 kg ) for the graphite centre ) -- after three weeks of creation in August 2007 as a birthday gift for teacher Sri Chinmoy . It is longer than the 65 - foot ( 20 m ) pencil outside the Malaysia HQ of stationers Faber - Castell . By manufacture Mechanical pencils Lead for mechanical pencils Flexible pencils There are also pencils which use mechanical methods to push lead through a hole at the end . These can be divided into two groups : propelling pencils use an internal mechanism to push the lead out from an internal compartment , while clutch pencils merely hold the lead in place ( the lead is extended by releasing it and allowing some external force , usually gravity , to pull it out of the body ) . The erasers ( sometimes replaced by a sharpener on pencils with larger lead sizes ) are also removable ( and thus replaceable ) , and usually cover a place to store replacement leads . Mechanical pencils are popular for their longevity and the fact that they may never need sharpening . Lead types are based on grade and size ; with standard sizes being 2.00 mm ( 0.079 in ) , 1.40 mm ( 0.055 in ) , 1.00 mm ( 0.039 in ) , 0.70 mm ( 0.028 in ) , 0.50 mm ( 0.020 in ) , 0.35 mm ( 0.014 in ) , 0.25 mm ( 0.0098 in ) , 0.18 mm ( 0.0071 in ) , and 0.13 mm ( 0.0051 in ) ( ISO 9175 - 1 ) -- the 0.90 mm ( 0.035 in ) size is available , but is not considered a standard ISO size . Pop a Point Pencils Pioneered by Taiwanese stationery manufacturer Bensia Pioneer Industrial Corporation in the early 1970s , the product is also known as Bensia Pencils , stackable pencils or non-sharpening pencils . It is a type of pencil where many short pencil tips are housed in a cartridge - style plastic holder . A blunt tip is removed by pulling it from the writing end of the body and re-inserting it into the open - ended bottom of the body , thereby pushing a new tip to the top . Plastic pencils Invented by Harold Grossman for Empire Pencil Company in 1967 and subsequently improved upon by Arthur D. Little for Empire from 1969 through the early 1970s ; the plastic pencil was commercialised by Empire as the `` EPCON '' Pencil . These pencils were co-extruded , extruding a plasticised graphite mix within a wood - composite core . Health Residual graphite from a pencil stick is not poisonous , and graphite is harmless if consumed . Although lead has not been used for writing since antiquity , lead poisoning from pencils was not uncommon . Until the middle of the 20th century the paint used for the outer coating could contain high concentrations of lead , and this could be ingested when the pencil was sucked or chewed . Manufacture The lead of the pencil is a mix of finely ground graphite and clay powders . Before the two substances are mixed , they are separately cleaned of foreign matter and dried in a manner that creates large square cakes . Once the cakes have fully dried , the graphite and the clay squares are mixed together using water . The amount of clay content added to the graphite depends on the intended pencil hardness ( lower proportions of clay makes the core softer ) , and the amount of time spent on grinding the mixture determines the quality of the lead . The mixture is then shaped into long spaghetti - like strings , straightened , dried , cut , and then tempered in a kiln . The resulting strings are dipped in oil or molten wax , which seeps into the tiny holes of the material and allows for the smooth writing ability of the pencil . A juniper or incense - cedar plank with several long parallel grooves is cut to fashion a `` slat , '' and the graphite / clay strings are inserted into the grooves . Another grooved plank is glued on top , and the whole assembly is then cut into individual pencils , which are then varnished or painted . Many pencils feature an eraser on the top and so the process is usually still considered incomplete at this point . Each pencil has a shoulder cut on one end of the pencil to allow for a metal ferrule to be secured onto the wood . A rubber plug is then inserted into the ferrule for a functioning eraser on the end of the pencil . Grading and classification Two graphite pencils . Both are labelled `` HB '' , but the numeric label differs between `` 2 '' and `` 21 / 2 '' A grading chart ranging from 9B to 9H Graphite pencils are made of a mixture of clay and graphite and their darkness varies from light grey to black : the more clay the harder the pencil . There is a wide range of grades available , mainly for artists who are interested in creating a full range of tones from light grey to black . Engineers prefer harder pencils which allow for a greater control in the shape of the lead . Manufacturers distinguish their pencils by grading them , but there is no common standard . Two pencils of the same grade but different manufacturers will not necessarily make a mark of identical tone nor have the same hardness . Most manufacturers , and almost all in Europe , designate their pencils with the letters H ( commonly interpreted as `` hardness '' ) to B ( commonly `` blackness '' ) , as well as F ( usually taken to mean `` fineness '' , although F pencils are no more fine or more easily sharpened than any other grade . also known as `` firm '' in Japan ) . The standard writing pencil is graded HB . This designation might have been first used in the early 20th century by Brookman , an English pencil maker . It used B for black and H for hard ; a pencil 's grade was described by a sequence or successive Hs or Bs such as BB and BBB for successively softer leads , and HH and HHH for successively harder ones . The Koh - i - Noor Hardtmuth pencil manufacturers claim to have first used the HB designations , with H standing for Hardtmuth , B for the company 's location of Budějovice , and F for Franz Hardtmuth , who was responsible for technological improvements in pencil manufacture . As of 2009 , a set of pencils ranging from a very hard , light - marking pencil to a very soft , black - marking pencil usually ranges from hardest to softest as follows : 9H 8H 7H 6H 5H 4H 3H 2H HB 2B 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 9B Hardest → Medium → Softest Koh - i - noor offers twenty grades from 10H to 8B for its 1500 series ; Mitsubishi Pencil offers twenty - two grades from 10H to 10B for its Hi - uni range ; Derwent produces twenty grades from 9H to 9B for its graphic pencils and Staedtler produces sixteen from 6H to 8B for its Mars Lumograph pencils . Numbers as designation were first used by Conté and later by John Thoreau , father of Henry David Thoreau , in the 19th century . Conté / Thoreau Tone US World # 1 # 2 HB # 21⁄2 # 3 # 4 2H Also seen as 24 / 8 , 2.5 , 25 / 10 Although Conté / Thoreau 's equivalence table is widely accepted , not all manufacturers follow it ; for example , Faber - Castell uses a different equivalence table in its Grip 2001 pencils : 1 = 2B , 2 = B , 21⁄2 = HB , 3 = H , 4 = 2H . Pencil hardness test Graded pencils can be used for a rapid test that provides relative ratings for a series of coated panels but ca n't be used to compare the pencil hardness of different coatings . This test defines a `` pencil hardness '' of a coating as the grade of the hardest pencil that does not permanently mark the coating when pressed firmly against it at a 45 degree angle . For standardized measurements , there are Mohs hardness testing pencils on the market . External colour and shape of pencils A typical yellow no . 2 pencil The majority of pencils made in the US are painted yellow . According to Henry Petroski , this tradition began in 1890 when the L. & C. Hardtmuth Company of Austria - Hungary introduced their Koh - I - Noor brand , named after the famous diamond . It was intended to be the world 's best and most expensive pencil , and at a time when most pencils were either painted in dark colours or not at all , the Koh - I - Noor was yellow . As well as simply being distinctive , the colour may have been inspired by the Austro - Hungarian flag ; it was also suggestive of the Orient at a time when the best - quality graphite came from Siberia . Other companies then copied the yellow colour so that their pencils would be associated with this high - quality brand , and chose brand names with explicit Oriental references , such as Mikado ( renamed Mirado ) and Mongol . Not all countries use yellow pencils . German and Brazilian pencils , for example , are often green , blue or black , based on the trademark colours of Faber - Castell , a major German stationery company which has plants in those countries . In southern European countries , pencils tend to be dark red or black with yellow lines , while in Australia , they are red with black bands at one end . In India , the most common pencil colour scheme was dark red with black lines , and pencils with a large number of colour schemes are produced by various companies . Pencils are commonly round , hexagonal , or sometimes triangular in section . Carpenters ' pencils are typically oval or rectangular , so they can not easily roll away during work . Notable pencil Users Thomas Edison had his pencils specially made by Eagle Pencil . Each pencil was three inches long , was thicker than standard pencils and had softer graphite than was normally available . Vladimir Nabokov rewrote everything he had ever published , usually several times , in pencil . John Steinbeck was an obsessive pencil user and is said to have used as many as 60 a day . His novel East of Eden took more than 300 pencils to write . Vincent van Gogh used only Faber pencils as they were `` superior to Carpenters pencils , a capital black and most agreeable '' . Johnny Carson regularly played with pencils at his Tonight Show desk . These pencils were specially made with erasers at both ends to avoid on - set accidents . Roald Dahl used only pencils with yellow casing to write his books . He had 6 sharpened pencils ready at the beginning of each day and only when all 6 pencils became unusable did he resharpen them . See also Book : Pencils Blackwing 602 IKEA pencil Pencil drawing Tortillon I , Pencil Pencil fighting References Jump up ^ `` pencil , n '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 3 ed . ) . Oxford University Press . 2005 . Jump up ^ Notes and Queries. 3 . 12 . Oxford University Press . 1868 . p. 419 . Jump up ^ Steven S. Zumdahl & Susan A. Zumdahl ( 2008 ) . `` No lead pencils '' . Chemistry . Belmont , CA : Cengage Learning . p. 343 . ISBN 0 - 547 - 12532 - 1 . Jump up ^ Martin and Jean Norgate , Geography Department , Portsmouth University ( 2008 ) . `` Old Cumbria Gazetteer , black lead mine , Seathwaite '' . Retrieved 19 May 2008 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Alfred Wainwright ( 2005 ) . A Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells , Western Fells . ISBN 0 - 7112 - 2460 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Graphite from the Plumbago Mine , Borrowdale , England '' . Department of Physics at Michigan Technological University . Retrieved 27 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Petroski , 1990 , pp. 168 , 358 Jump up ^ `` Lakeland 's Mining Heritage '' . cumbria-industries.org.uk . Retrieved 27 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of Plumbago '' . Answers.com . Retrieved 21 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of Plumbago '' . Thefreedictionary.com . Retrieved 21 April 2007 . Jump up ^ The big book of questions and answers , Publications International LTD , ( 1989 ) , p. 189 , ISBN 0 - 88176 - 670 - 4 Jump up ^ `` Why is lead used in pencils even though lead is poisonous ? '' . Science Questions with Surprising Answers . Retrieved 5 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Howard J. ( 26 November 2014 ) . `` Ever wondered about the lead in pencils ? '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 5 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pencil swallowing : MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia '' . www.nlm.nih.gov . Retrieved 5 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` graphite pencils The Weekend Historian '' . umeshmadan.wordpress.com . Retrieved 5 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Origins of the Pencil ( Circa 1500 -- 1565 ) : HistoryofInformation.com '' . www.historyofinformation.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Lead Facts - Uses , Properties , Element Pb , Plumbing , Pipes , Weights '' . www.sciencekids.co.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Keswick Pencil Museum '' . Pencilmuseum.co.uk . Retrieved 23 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Douglas Harper ( 27 June 2012 ) . `` pencil '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved 27 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Who invented the pencil ? '' . Rocket City Space Pioneers . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline Outline ViewEra : 1500 - 1550 '' . Historyofscience.com . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pencil '' . www.fact-index.com . Retrieved 23 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FREE Essay on The Pencil '' . www.directessays.com . Retrieved 23 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pencils '' . Borrowdale Points . Retrieved 23 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gyaat : The weapon we use from adolescence '' . www.gyaat.com . Retrieved 23 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Norman . `` Invention of Modern Pencil Lead '' . From Cave Paintings to the Internet . Jeremy Norman & Co . Jump up ^ `` History of Koh - i - noor Hardmuth company '' . Koh - i - noor Hardmuth company . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Henry Bessemer ( 1905 ) Sir Henry Bessemer , F.R.S : An Autobiography , London , Offices of `` Engineering , '' Chapter 3 . Jump up ^ `` Famous Pencil Users - Pencils.com '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Acton Conservation Lands , Early American Pencils '' . Actontrails.org . Retrieved 23 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Joseph Dixon 1799 -- 1869 '' . Dixon Ticonderoga Company . Archived from the original on 13 October 2007 . Retrieved 23 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tantiusques Graphite Mine '' . Thetrustees.org . Retrieved 23 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Henry Petroski ( 2010 ) . The Pencil : A History of Design and Circumstance . New York , NY : Random House LLC . ISBN 0307772438 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Franco . `` Famous Pencil Pushers '' . The Point of it All -- History of the Pencil . Archived from the original on 17 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Janita Poe ( 1 September 1993 ) . `` In World Of Politically Right , Pencils Can Be Wrong Stuff '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ `` Forest Management Public Summary for : PT Xylo Indah Pratama '' ( PDF ) . Rainforest Alliance . 15 March 2000 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fantasia -- The Quality Pencil Company -- About Us '' . Jump up ^ L. Lipman ( 30 March 1858 ) . `` US Patent 19783 Combination of Lead - Pencil and Eraser '' . Patft.uspto.gov . Archived from the original on 2 May 2017 . Retrieved 23 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Petroski , 1990 , p. 171 Jump up ^ `` Reckendorfer v. Faber 92 U.S. 347 ( 1875 ) '' . Supreme.justia.com . Retrieved 23 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Vintage Pen Blog '' . GoPens.com . ^ Jump up to : Categories of Wax - Based Drawing Media , palimpsest.stanford.edu Jump up ^ Doug Martin ( 2000 ) . `` Carpenter 's Pencils '' . Pencilpages.com . Retrieved 23 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` History Pencils & Historic Packaging '' . Faber Castell Australia Jump up ^ `` Oldest Known Pencil in Existence '' . Pencilpages.com . Retrieved 23 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` L. 6 febbraio 1948 , n . 29 '' . Archived from the original on 9 October 2012 . Retrieved 1 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gel Eyeliner Pencil by ULTA '' . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Art Supplies '' . Mccannas.com . Retrieved 23 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sketch to Paint in Photoshop '' . Digitalartsonline.co.uk . Retrieved 23 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tools of the Trade Papers Pencils and Erases '' . smackjeeves.com . Archived from the original on 8 July 2007 . Retrieved 23 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` See comment `` As a professional copy - editor ... '' `` . Pencilrevolution.com . Retrieved 23 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sanford Col - Erase Copy Not Pencils - You Ca n't Copy This Baby ! '' . Epinions.com . Archived from the original on 24 May 2008 . Retrieved 23 July 2009 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Paper and Pencil Blog ' Reporter Pencils ' '' . Penciltalk.org . Archived from the original on 28 July 2014 . Retrieved 23 July 2009 . Jump up ^ World 's largest pencil . The Pencil Pages . Jump up ^ World 's largest pencil unveiled in New York . Sri Chinmoy News . Jump up ^ World 's largest pencil ( video ) . Metacafe.com . Jump up ^ Harold Grossman . US Patent 3,360,489 , issued 26 December 1967 Jump up ^ For information about this invention see the writeup on ADL Chronicles The Epcon Plastic Pencil , adlittlechronicles.blogspot.com . Jump up ^ `` Graphite -- Identification , toxicity , use , water pollution potential , ecological toxicity , and regulatory information '' . Pesticideinfo.org . Retrieved 23 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Pencils , paint and pottery can give you lead poisoning '' . Life . 73 ( 1 ) : 46 . 7 July 1972 . Jump up ^ `` The HB Graphite Grading Scale '' . Pencils.com . Retrieved 14 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Petroski , 1990 , `` Appendix A Jump up ^ `` Staedtler Pencil , video '' . Archived from the original on 21 January 2013 . Retrieved 23 July 2009 . Staedtler.com Jump up ^ Petroski , 1990 Jump up ^ `` Derwent Manufacturing Process '' . Pencils.co.uk . Archived from the original on 17 May 2013 . Retrieved 23 July 2009 . Jump up ^ https://pencils.com/hb-graphite-grading-scale Jump up ^ Pencil grades vary `` depending upon the manufacturer , when the pencils are made , and the source of graphite and clay . One analyst found that graphitic carbon content , for example , to vary from about 30 to about 65 in a variety of different pencils bearing the same designation . '' Petroski , 1990 , p. 229 Jump up ^ えんぴつ の ナゾ を 解く . Mitsubishi Pencil Company ( in Japanese ) Jump up ^ `` Graphite Grading Scales Explained '' . Pencils.com . Jump up ^ Petroski , 1990 , p. 157 Jump up ^ `` Interesting information about the company '' . Koh - I - Noor Hardtmuth . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Norris , Mary ( 28 April 2016 ) . `` Comma Queen : On `` Impact '' '' ( Video ) . The New Yorker . Condé Nast . p. 2 : 35 . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Koh - i - noor Catalog : Graphite Pencis , koh-i-noor.cz Jump up ^ コード 表 , mpuni.co.jp ( Japanese ) Jump up ^ `` Derwent Graphic '' . Pencils.co.uk . Archived from the original on 19 June 2009 . Retrieved 23 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Staedtler Mars Lumograph Pencils . Staedtler.com . Retrieved 5 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Conté used integer numbers that started at 1 , with higher numbers indicating softer leads , while Thoreau used higher numbers to designate harder leads ( Petroski , 1990 , p. 157 ) . It is believed that Thoreau developed independently his method of mixing clay and graphite , and his use of numbers to designate grades is evidence that he was at least aware of Conté methods and tried to reverse engineer them . Thoreau offered pencils graduated from 1 to 4 in the mid-1800s ( Petroski , 1990 , p. 119 ) , see also John H. Lienhard ( 1989 ) . `` Thoreau 's Pencils '' . The Engines of Our Ingenuity . Episode 339 . Transcript . NPR . KUHF - FM Houston . uh.edu Jump up ^ Petroski , 1990 , p. 230 Jump up ^ This testing method is approved by the ISO as standard ISO 15184 : 1998 Paints and varnishes -- Determination of film hardness by pencil test ISO.org . See pra-world.com for a description of the test . Unfortunately the hardness of pencils is not standardised . For this reason the standard specifies various brands of pencils that are to be used in this test . Jump up ^ Mac Simmons ( April 2000 ) . `` The Pencil Hardness Test '' . Woodwork : 76 . Retrieved 13 September 2007 . Jump up ^ 75 % of the 2.8 billion pencils made in the US are painted yellow ( Steve Ritter `` Pencils & Pencil Lead '' , Chemical & Engineering News , Volume 79 , Number 42 page 35 , 15 October 2001 ) . Pubs.acs.org Jump up ^ Petroski , 1990 , pp. 162 -- 163 Jump up ^ Eagle Pencil Company applied for the trademark Mirado in 1947 ( US Trademark 71515261 ) . It is common belief that this was an attempt to disassociate the pencil brand from Japan , as one of the meanings of Mikado is emperor of Japan . Petroski states that Eagle Pencil Company changed the name after the Attack on Pearl Harbor . Jump up ^ Mikado / Mirado pencils were originally made by Eagle Pencil Company -- today Berol -- but can also be found today under the trademark Papermate and Sanford as Sanford owns Berol and the trademark Papermate Brandnamepencils.com Mirado Pencil Jump up ^ `` Eberhard Faber Pencil Gallery '' . Pencilpages.com . Retrieved 23 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Originally made by Eberhard Faber the Mongol trademark is now owned by Sanford Timberlines.blogspot.com Timberlines Blog `` Mongolized '' 31 August 2005 . Retrieved 23 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Faber Castell 's friends . Faber-castell.co.nz Jump up ^ The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson ( 1962 ) -- Trivia -- IMDb Jump up ^ `` The Humble Garden Shed Writing Hut of Roald Dahl '' . What Shed . Retrieved 2 August 2016 . Bibliography Petroski , Henry ( 1990 ) . The Pencil : A History of Design and Circumstance . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 0 - 394 - 57422 - 2 . Further reading Petroski , Henry . H.D. Thoreau , Engineer . American Heritage of Invention and Technology . 5 . pp. 8 -- 16 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pencils . Look up pencil in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Pencil ( writing implement ) at Encyclopædia Britannica How pencils are made ( video ) How A Pencil Is Made on YouTube ( hide ) Hand tools Sawhorse Toolbox Workbench Adjustable spanner Antique tools Basin wrench Block plane Brace Bradawl Breaker bar Card scraper Cat 's paw Caulking gun Clamp Crowbar Fish tape Gimlet Glass breaker Grease gun Hammer Hawk Hex key Hole punch Impact driver Jack Locking pliers Lug wrench Mallet Mitre box Monkey wrench Multi-tool Nut driver Paint roller Paintbrush Pencil sharpener Pincers Pipe wrench Pliers Plumber wrench Plumber 's snake Plunger Podger spanner Punch Punch down tool Putty knife Scratch awl Screwdriver Sledgehammer Socket wrench Spike maul Staple gun Stitching awl Strap wrench Tactical light Tire iron Tongue - and - groove pliers Torque wrench Tweezers Upholstery hammer Wrench Types of tools Cleaning Cutting and abrasive Forestry Garden Hand Machine and metalworking Measuring and alignment Power GND : 4121035 - 9 NDL : 00577172 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pencil&oldid=810606599 '' Categories : Pencils Art materials Stationery Writing implements Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use British English from September 2010 Use dmy dates from August 2016 Articles containing Latin - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from July 2017 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from January 2016 Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Atikamekw Aymar aru Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bikol Central Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Iñupiak Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پښتو ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Runa Simi Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Vahcuengh Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 November 2017 , at 09 : 08 . 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what kind of fish can you catch in the long island sound

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Long_Island_Sound&oldid=862159990

Long Island Sound - wikipedia Long Island Sound A tidal estuary on the east coast of the United States Long Island Sound is shown highlighted in pink between Connecticut ( to the north ) and Long Island ( to the south ) Long Island Sound is a tidal estuary of the Atlantic Ocean , lying between the eastern shores of Bronx County , New York City , southern Westchester County , and Connecticut to the north , and the North Shore of Long Island , to the south . From west to east , the sound stretches 110 miles ( 177 km ) from the East River in New York City , along the North Shore of Long Island , to Block Island Sound . A mix of freshwater from tributaries and saltwater from the ocean , Long Island Sound is 21 miles ( 34 km ) at its widest point and varies in depth from 65 to 230 feet ( 20 to 70 m ) . Long Island Sound at night , as seen from space . Contents 1 Shoreline 2 Climate and geography 2.1 Glacial history 2.2 Rivers 2.3 Watershed demographics 2.3. 1 New York 2.3. 2 Connecticut 2.3. 3 Rhode Island 2.3. 4 Massachusetts 2.3. 5 Vermont 2.3. 6 New Hampshire 3 Fauna and flora 3.1 Flora 3.1. 1 Seaweed 3.1. 2 Plants found in tidal marshes 3.1. 3 Plants found on beaches and dunes 3.1. 4 Upland vegetation 3.2 Fauna 3.2. 1 Fish 3.2. 2 Mollusks 3.2. 3 Crustacea 3.2. 4 Mammals , reptiles , and amphibians 3.2. 5 Birds 3.2. 6 Rare and endangered species 4 History 5 Uses 5.1 Transportation 5.2 Fishing 5.3 Further development 6 Pollution 6.1 Dumping of dredged sediment 7 Legal status 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Notes 9.2 Sources 10 External links Shoreline ( edit ) Part of a series of articles on Topics Geography History Economy Transportation Politics People Popular culture Recreation Law enforcement Viticulture Regions Brooklyn Queens Nassau County Suffolk County Municipalities North Shore South Shore North Fork South Fork Long Island Sound Barrier islands Several major cities are situated along Long Island Sound and more than 8 million people live within its watershed . Major Connecticut cities on the Sound include Bridgeport , New London , Stamford , Norwalk , and New Haven . Cities on the New York side of the Sound include Rye , Glen Cove , New Rochelle , and portions of Queens and the Bronx in New York City . Mansions and wealthy neighborhoods characterize a good portion of the coast of the sound from Port Jefferson and east on Long Island ; and from Pelham Manor and New Rochelle ( on the mainland of New York ) to Madison in Connecticut . Property values in Westchester County , Long Island , and southwestern Connecticut are among the highest in the nation , due to the proximity to New York City and their location on `` The Sound '' . Climate and geography ( edit ) Glacial History ( edit ) About 18,000 years ago , Connecticut , Long Island Sound , and much of Long Island were covered by a thick sheet of ice , part of the Late Wisconsin Glacier . About 3,300 feet ( 1,000 m ) thick in its interior and about 1,300 to 1,600 feet ( 400 to 500 m ) thick along its southern edge , it was the most recent of a series of glaciations that covered the area during the past 10 million years . Sea level at that time was about 330 feet ( 100 m ) lower than today . The continental ice sheet scraped off an average of 65 feet ( 20 m ) of surface material from the New England landscape , then deposited the material ( known as drift ) from the Connecticut coast into the Sound , creating what is now Long Island ( the terminal moraine ) . When the ice sheet stopped advancing 18,000 years ago ( as addition of snow at the origin was in equilibrium with the melting at the southern edge ) , a large amount of drift was deposited , known as the Ronkonkoma Moraine , which stretches along much of southern Long Island . Later , another period of equilibrium resulted in the Harbor Hill Moraine along most of northern Long Island . The next moraines ( recessional moraines ) to the north were created just on and off the Connecticut coast . These moraines , created by much smaller deposits ( probably from equilibrium states that were much shorter in time ) are discontinuous and much smaller than those to the south . The Connecticut coast moraines are in two groups : the Norwalk area and the Madison - Old Saybrook area . Sandy plains and beaches resulted from the erosion of moraines and redeposition in these areas , and to the east of each , where the drift cover is thinnest , exposed bedrock creates rocky headlands , often with marshlands behind them . The Captain Islands off Greenwich , Connecticut , along with the Norwalk Islands and Falkner Island off Guilford , Connecticut are parts of a recessional moraine . Other islands , including the Thimble Islands , are for the most part exposed bedrock with a thin amount of drift , often not continuous . Other shoals and islands off the Connecticut coast are a mixture of these two extremes . The glacier also created several sandy outwash deltas off the coast , including one off Bridgeport , Connecticut and another off New Haven , Connecticut . Fishers Island , New York appears to be related to the Harbor Hill Moraine . To the east of the Thimble Islands , inland moraines along the Connecticut coast include the broken Madison Moraine and the Old Saybrook Moraine . The Long Island Sound basin existed before the glaciers came . It probably had been formed by stream flows . A relatively thick cover of sand and gravel ( termed outwash ) was left in the basin from glacial meltwater streams . On the west , a ridge rising to about 65 feet ( 20 m ) below the present sea level is called the Mattatuck Sill . Its lowest point is about 80 feet ( 25 m ) below sea level . Glacial meltwater formed `` Lake Connecticut '' , a freshwater lake in the basin , until about 8,000 years ago , when the sea level rose to about 80 feet ( 25 m ) below today 's level . Seawater then overflowed into the basin , transforming it from a nontidal , freshwater lake to a tidal , saline arm of the sea . Rivers ( edit ) The Watershed of Long Island Sound includes nearly all of Connecticut and western Massachusetts , large swathes of Vermont , New Hampshire and Rhode Island , along with relatively small areas of New York state . ( The map is miscolored in two places : the area called `` 5 '' is part of the watershed , as is the area called `` 9 '' on Long Island ; the line dividing Long Island is the southerly limit of the watershed , which includes only a small fraction of the island , along the northern coast ) Numerous rivers empty into the Sound , including : Connecticut Connecticut River - Old Saybrook Housatonic River - Stratford & Milford Mianus River - Greenwich Mill River ( Quinnipiac River ) - New Haven Mill River ( Fairfield ) - Fairfield Norwalk River - Norwalk Pequonnock River - Bridgeport Quinnipiac River - New Haven Rooster River / Ash Creek - Bridgeport & Fairfield Rippowam River - Stamford Saugatuck River - Westport Thames River ( Connecticut ) - Groton & New London West River ( Connecticut ) - West Haven New York Byram River - Port Chester Hutchinson River - The Bronx Mamaroneck River - Mamaroneck Rhode Island Pawcatuck River Watershed demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1800 567,470 -- 1850 1,000,660 -- 1900 2,442,150 -- 1950 6,021,880 -- 1970 8,037,310 -- 1980 7,799,300 − 3.0 % 2000 8,626,920 -- 8,934,094 3.6 % Long Island Watershed Population ( data taken from US Census 's ) The whole watershed population is about 8.93 million as of the 2010 Census . Due to the large chunk of New England being under the watershed , due to the Connecticut River , many riverside cities / towns are covered in the watershed , here is a list of some of the large towns and cities in the watershed from south to north , west to east : New York ( edit ) Huntington Oyster Bay Smithtown Parts of these New York City boroughs : The Bronx Queens Brooklyn Port Chester Connecticut ( edit ) Stamford Bridgeport New Haven New London Danbury Waterbury Norwich Willimantic Torrington Hartford Rhode Island ( edit ) Westerly Massachusetts ( edit ) Springfield Worcester Pittsfield Vermont ( edit ) Brattleboro White River Jct . New Hampshire ( edit ) Keene West Lebanon Fauna and flora ( edit ) Flora ( edit ) Seaweed ( edit ) Seaweeds in the Sound occur in greatest abundance in rocky areas between high tide and low tide as well as on rocks on the sea floor . Green seaweed populations fluctuate with the seasons . Monostroma , reproduces in the early spring and dies out by late summer . Grinnellia appears in August and disappears four to six weeks later . In the rocky areas of the intertidal zone there are the seaweeds , which are characterized by their brown tone , Fucus and Ascophyllum , some species of which have air bladders that allow them to float and receive direct sunlight even at high tide . Also present are Ectocarpus and red algas Polysiphonia , Neosiphonia , Porphyra and Chondrus ( Irish moss ) . In the marshy areas of the intertidal zone can be found Cladophora ( mermaid 's hair ) , Ulva ( sea lettuce ) and Codium . In the subtidal zone ( below low tide ) are Palmaria palmata a red alga , along with two algae , Laminaria ( kelp ) and Chorda . Kelp can often be found washed up on the beach , and individual specimens are not uncommonly a yard or two long . Deeper in the subtidal zone are red algae such as Spermothamnion , Antithamnion and Callithamnion , which also often float freely . In tidal pools can be found red or pink colored Phymatolithon , which can often encrust rocks and mollusk shells . Also present are green algae , including Ulothrix , Cladophora , and Ulva . Plants found in tidal marshes ( edit ) Tidal marshes are some of the most productive biological systems in the world . Along the sound , they produce three to seven tons per acre per year of vegetation , largely in the form of salt marsh grasses . Much of this , enriched by decomposition , is flushed yearly into the estuary water where it directly contributes to the great finfish and shellfish production of the sound . Salt marsh plants Salt water cordgrass ( Spartina alterniflora ) grows along ditches and on the seaside edges of marshes where high tides daily inundate it . Salt meadow cordgrass ( Spartina patens ) and spikegrass ( Distichlis spicata ) grow in areas less frequently inundated by saltwater , typically closer to dry land . A short form of salt water cordgrass can sometimes be found in the depressions ( pannes ) in the higher areas where salt water collects and evaporates , leaving water even higher in salinity than seawater . Other plants in the pannes are sea lavender , salt marsh aster , seaside gerardia , and some species of glasswort . Plants found near the border of the marsh with the upland include bayberry and groundsel - tree shrubs , switchgrass ( growing where occasional storm tides reach ) , reeds and marsh elder . Cattail marshes In areas where the Sound 's salt water is more diluted with freshwater from rivers ( including along the shores of the larger river estuaries such as the Connecticut River , cattail marshes replace salt marshes . Various types of grasses , including wild rice , and sedges , including bulrushes , are found here . Eelgrass meadows Eelgrass - sometimes known as `` Saltwater Eelgrass '' in order to distinguish it from Freshwater Eelgrass , which is a different species ( Vallisneria americana ) - is typically found in protected bays , coves , and other areas of brackish water , but it also persists along areas of exposed shoreline along Long Island 's north shore near Orient . Eelgrass is one of the few vascular plants found in the marine environment . Despite its name , it is actually not a species of underwater grass ; instead , it is a plant that bears a physical resemblance to grass . It can tolerate a wide range of water salinity . It grows on muddy to sandy sediments ( even among rocks ) , mostly below low tide , often forming large meadows . it grows best in shallow water because it is dependent upon sunlight , and the water of the Long island Sound can be very murky . Eelgrass roots help stabilize muddy sediments and can trap moving sand , helping prevent erosion . The leaves , that can range in size from less than 1 m to 2 m long , slow currents , providing calm environments for many species of mollusks and other invertebrates . Eelgrass is also an important food source for waterfowl , especially brant , a type of goose . During the 1930s , the Long Island Sound was struck by an outbreak of a mold infection known as `` eelgrass wasting disease '' . As a result , most of the eelgrass that grew in the sound was killed off , and as an extension , populations of wildlife in the area that depended upon the eelgrass either as food or as a habitat went into a sharp decline . During the succeeding decades , areas along the Connecticut coast saw a slow gradual recovery of eelgrass populations . Unfortunately , the north shore of Long Island did not see much success , and efforts have been made to re-introduce eelgrass by planting it , especially in the eastern part of the Long Island Sound in the waters of Suffolk County . It is unlikely that the Long Island Sound will experience a complete recovery of its eelgrass population because there are still occasional outbreaks of eelgrass wasting disease within the Sound . Plants found on beaches and dunes ( edit ) Few undisturbed beach and dune systems exist on the Connecticut shore , the ones that do are located along the eastern portion of the coastline ( east of the Connecticut River ) . Sea rocket and dune grass occur here , but not in abundance . Dune grass and plants that thrive on dunes are largely responsible for the creation and growth of the dunes . On the seaward side of dunes can be found Lathyrus japonicus ( beach pea ) , Dusty Miller , and seaside goldenrod . Other beach plants are orache , beach clotbur , seaside spurge , and jimson weed . On the more protected landward side of dunes are beach plum , bayberry and beach rose . Rare species found on the landward side are beach knotweed and sand false heather . Upland vegetation ( edit ) In areas next to the shoreline but hardly ever salty , the sound 's environment can nevertheless be a crucial factor in the presence of certain species . Areas near the Connecticut shore are the northern limit for some species needing the warmer environment provided by proximity to the Sound ( which has a longer growing season than inland Connecticut and winters that are less harsh ) . These include sweetgum ( only found in Connecticut in the extreme southwestern area of the state ) , the American holly , post oak and persimmon , which only exist in Connecticut along the shore . For many species which grow typically in sandy soils , the Connecticut shore is the northern limit . Mature upland vegetation along the Connecticut coast is mostly hardwood forest , with dominant tree species including oaks and hickories , especially white oak , black oak , pignut hickory and mockernut hickory . Other trees include sassafras , black gum , and black cherry . Mature trees tend to be sparse in coastal forests , likely because of their greater exposure to the wind . This results in more sunlight reaching the forest floor , encouraging a jungle - like tangle of vines and shrubs , including the vines catbriar , poison ivy , bramble and bittersweet , and the shrubs blueberry , huckleberry , viburnum and hazelnut . Along with the moderate climate , rare coastline storms can have an important impact on observable vegetation patterns . The greatest storms to hit the Sound in the twentieth century were the 1938 hurricane , the 1955 hurricane , Hurricane Belle in 1976 , Hurricane Gloria in 1985 , and Hurricane Irene in 2011 . After Hurricane Belle , leaves near the coast were badly salt - burned , then turned brown and shriveled . Many trees were downed by the storm , leaving openings in the forest cover , promoting the growth of vines and shrubs . Fauna ( edit ) See also : List of animals of Long Island Sound Fish ( edit ) The Sound is inhabited by both marine fish and anadromous fish ( oceanic or estuarine species that spawn in freshwater streams and rivers , see fish migration ) . The most common marine fish in the Sound include porgy , butterfish , winter flounder , summer flounder , windowpane flounder , fourspot flounder , northern and striped sea robin , little skate , menhaden , Atlantic silversides , black seabass , blackfish ( tautog ) , cunner , bluefish , and smooth dogfish . Frequently Atlantic bonito and false albacore , both members of the tuna family , enter the sound and can be caught by anglers from small boats and shore . Many species have declined rapidly since 1975 due to over fishing . Winter flounder may not be currently present except for rare , small local populations . Tautog and summer flounder are also less numerous . Anadromous fishes include striped bass , white perch , alewives , blueback herring , and American and hickory shad . Although several shark species likely infrequently wander in and out of the Sound , e.g. blue shark , mako shark , hammerhead shark & thresher shark , there are only four species of sharks which are regularly found in the area . These are the sand tiger shark , the sandbar shark , the spiny dogfish and the smooth dogfish . Mollusks ( edit ) Mollusks ( gastropods and bivalves ) that can be found include the rough periwinkle near the high - tide line , the European periwinkle , the northern yellow periwinkle , the blue mussel ( a popular , edible species ) , the eastern oyster , the Atlantic slipper shell or `` common slippershell '' ( Crepidula fornicata ) , the hard clam ( also known as the quahog , little neck clam or cherrystone clam ) , the Atlantic bay scallop , the mud snail ( also known as the eastern mud nassa ) , the salt marsh snail ( or `` coffee bean snail '' ) , the Atlantic oyster drill , the northern moon snail , Atlantic moon snail , the channeled and knobbed whelks . Crustacea ( edit ) Crustaceans include crabs , shrimp and lobsters . In the Sound there are the green crab ( a non-native species first reported in Boston around 1900 , but a common crab found on the shore , where it feeds on eastern oysters and soft - shell clams ) , blue crab , red crab , Jonah crab in deepwater areas , and the Atlantic rock crab , which settles in large numbers along rocky shores , especially around Millstone Point , Niantic Bay and Fishers Island Sound . Other crabs found include the lady crab , spider crabs , and fiddler crabs ; hermit crabs and mole crabs are also found . By the late 1980s , the Japanese shore crab , an invasive species , was the most commonly found crab in the sound . The sand shrimp Crangon septemspinosa and two species of grass shrimp are plentiful along the shore , especially in late summer and fall . The American lobster is fished commercially . Mammals , reptiles , and amphibians ( edit ) Most animal species on the Connecticut side of the Sound also occur inland , but some are much more abundant along the shore . Animals along the Sound are most concentrated in the salt marshes . Two species of shrews , the masked shrew and the American short - tailed shrew , are common in salt marshes . The least shrew has been thought to exist in small numbers in the salt marshes of western Connecticut . Rodents include the white - footed mouse , the meadow vole ( probably the most abundant coastal mammal ) and the meadow jumping mouse . Muskrats are heavily trapped but remain abundant . Raccoons and red foxes who live in areas near the marshes will hunt in them . The long - tailed weasel and short - tailed weasel are both found near the Sound , occasionally living in the salt marshes . Harbor seals and gray seals can be found among the rocks off Stonington and Groton at the eastern end . Long - finned pilot whales and harbor porpoises can also be infrequently sighted in open water , a few miles off the coast . In 1975 , a finback whale beached itself in Groton . Animals that need moist woodlands are found in the coastal area ( and elsewhere ) , including the diamondback terrapin in salt marshes and brackish waters ( and deposits and hatches its eggs on nearby sandy beaches ) . Terrapin meat became such a popular delicacy in the early 1900s that the price for a dozen adult females reached as high as US $120 . Overhunting made the species uncommon and even rare through most of the Sound and completely eliminated at some places . After its popularity as food declined , the terrapin population started recovering . Sea turtles occasionally travel north on the Gulf Stream and wander into the Sound . The loggerhead turtle , green turtle and leatherback turtle are rarely seen along the Connecticut shore . Other reptiles and amphibians found along the edges of the salt marshes and nearby bodies of water include the green frog , bullfrog , pickerel frog , spotted turtle , painted turtle , northern water snake , and common snapping turtle . On beaches and sandy areas there are Fowler 's toads ( which are also found inland but find sandy areas preferable ) , the American toad , and the hognose snake ( which feeds on Fowler 's toads ) . Birds ( edit ) There are six broad categories of bird habitats near Long Island Sound : ( 1 ) open water areas , including bays , coves , rivers and the Sound itself ; ( 2 ) tidal marshes ; ( 3 ) mudflats ; ( 4 ) sandy beaches ; ( 5 ) offshore islands ; and ( 6 ) mainland uplands , including woodlands and fields . Some birds are summer residents or winter residents , while others are spring and fall transients . Year round residents include herring gull , greater black - backed gull , common tern and double - crested cormorant . Much of the terns habitat and nesting areas have been taken over by the over-abundant cormorant over the last several decades . The terns are now not commonly seen . Coastal migrants ( also called `` transients '' ) include shorebirds such as plovers , turnstones , sandpipers , willet and yellowlegs . Summer residents include the seaside sparrow , sharp - tailed sparrow , Nelson 's sparrow , clapper rail , mallard and black duck , herons and egrets , including the black - crowned night heron and snowy egret as well as the least tern and piping plover . Upland species include the hooded warbler , white - eyed vireo , eastern meadowlark and Carolina wren . Winter residents include large flocks of ducks , geese , and swans winter in the Sound . In West Haven , Connecticut 8,000 scaup ( also called broadbills or bluebills ) were regularly counted in the 1970s . Greater scaup , black ducks , mallards , and Canada geese are the most abundant wintering birds . There are also significant populations of red - breasted mergansers , common goldeneyes , buffleheads , scoters , American wigeons ( also sometimes called baldpate ) , canvasbacks , oldsquaws and mute swans . Others ( less abundant ) include gadwalls , northern pintails , green - winged teal , northern shovelers ( also sometimes called broadbill ) , ruddy ducks , redheads , ring - necked ducks , snow geese , and brant . Rare and endangered species ( edit ) Rare , endangered and extinct species of the Sound include the eastern spadefoot , a rare , toadlike amphibian that has n't been recorded in the area since 1935 . Its overall coloring is beige or off - white with a pattern of green markings . Small orange dots punctuate this pattern . As many as 1,500 shortnose sturgeon , listed as ' endangered ' by the Endangered Species Act , inhabit the Connecticut River ( CDEP 2003 , Savoy 2004 ) . Approximately 900 of those live downstream of Holyoke Dam ( Savoy and Shake 1992 ) . While shortnose sturgeon primarily remain in their natal rivers , they will feed in estuarine waters like Long Island Sound and make extended trips along the Atlantic Coast , tagged individuals sometime being identified in multiple rivers during their lifetimes . History ( edit ) Main articles : Lake Connecticut , Lenape , History of Long Island , and History of Connecticut Long Island Sound was formed when the terminal moraine that dammed the waters of glacial Lake Connecticut failed , and sea water mixed with the lake 's fresh waters . The first European to record the existence of Long Island Sound was the Dutch navigator Adriaen Block , who entered the sound from the East River in 1614 . The sound was known as The Devil 's Belt in colonial times and the reefs that run across the sound were known as Devil 's Stepping Stones , from which Stepping Stones Lighthouse got its name . Uses ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Long Island Sound in Branford , Connecticut Transportation ( edit ) Ferries provide service between Long Island and Connecticut , notably the Bridgeport & Port Jefferson Ferry ( between Port Jefferson and Bridgeport ) , and the Cross Sound Ferry ( between Orient Point and New London ) . The ferries that cross Long Island Sound carry automobiles , trucks and buses , as well as foot passengers . Fishing ( edit ) Long Island Sound has historically had rich recreational and commercial fishing , including oysters , lobsters , scallops , blue crabs , tuna flounder , striped bass , and bluefish . However , in recent years the western part of the sound has become increasingly deficient of marine life . The fishing and lobster industries have encouraged efforts to identify the cause of the dead water and rectify the problem . Lobsters have suffered diseases of unknown cause , but recreational fishing improved dramatically in the last 10 years due , in large part , to restoring a key component in the food chain , menhaden ( a.k.a. `` bunker '' ) fish which are a mainstay of striped bass and other pelagic fish . The ban of netting of bunker - which were over-fished in the late 1990s - has significantly improved the quality and volume of the striped bass population in Long Island Sound . Further development ( edit ) Underwater cables transmit electricity under Long Island Sound , most notably a new and controversial Cross Sound Cable that runs from New Haven in western Connecticut , to Shoreham in central Long Island , and an older one from Rye in Westchester County to Oyster Bay on Long Island . Scientists debate whether submarine power cables are safe for underwater lifeforms . Broadwater Energy LLC , a joint venture between the Shell Oil Company and TransCanada Corporation , has proposed building a floating liquefied natural gas ( LNG ) terminal 11 miles ( 18 km ) from the Connecticut shore and 9 miles ( 14 km ) from Long Island . The installation is estimated to save the region in excess of $600 million a year in energy costs . The terminal would regasify LNG offloaded from ships , and this gas would flow through pipelines under the sound to New York and Connecticut . Some politicians from both states , such as New York Senator Chuck Schumer , are fiercely opposed to the terminal , claiming that alternative energy sources and conservation should be pursued instead of adding new distribution lines and supply sources . Local Connecticut politicians have little influence since the terminal would be located entirely within waters that are part of New York State ( although Connecticut senators and representatives may be able to stop the platform at the federal level ) . Certain politicians in the United States Congress have proposed offshore oil drilling in Long Island Sound , which has met staunch opposition by residents of New York and Connecticut , environmentalists , and Democrats . Over the years , bridges over the sound have been proposed , including a bridge between Rye in Westchester County and Oyster Bay on Long Island ; between New Haven , Connecticut and Shoreham on Long Island ; between Bridgeport , Connecticut and Port Jefferson on Long Island ; or between Orient Point , New York and Rhode Island . A tunnel under the sound , as between Rye and Oyster Bay has also been proposed , to carry both freeway lanes and railroads . However , no crossing has been built since the Throgs Neck Bridge in the early 1960s . Pollution ( edit ) Long Island Sounds ecosystem has historically undergone negative impacts by a number of different sources delivering contaminates such as toxic substances like heavy metals ( a specific example includes mercury influx from the hatting industry in Danbury , Connecticut . ) , pathogens , debris , man - made pollution and fertilizers ( like nitrogen and phosphorus ) . Sources of contamination to the Sound consist of street run off from developed areas , waste water treatment plant effluent , and industries located within the watershed . Hypoxia and eutrophication ( low oxygen level resulting conditions ) are direct impacts felt by the Sound and are fulled by the following conditions : higher temperatures , stratified water columns ( when the water is not well mixed vertically ) and excess nutrients ( often nitrogen and phosphorus ) . It is commonly associated with overgrowth of algae that dies in large numbers , sinks to the bottom , and decomposes by using available oxygen in the water and leaving little for other species , causing the system to suffer as a whole . To date the primary target for water remediation tactics in Long Island Sound have been nutrients entering from waste water treatment facilities and watersheds such as the Connecticut River Watershed . The Connecticut River Water Shed extents though new England and into Canada and carries pollution from all of the communities it passes into the Sound at a rate of 18,400 cubic feet per second . Long Island Sound sustains significant populations of fish and nurseries . This biological function has been threatened by both terrestrial and chemical alterations resulting from urbanization of the area . Specifically 25 - 35 % of Long Island Sounds tidal wetlands have been dredged , filled , and developed over and hypoxia and eutrophication resulting from pollution have lead to low dissolved oxygen levels ( less that 4.8 mg of oxygen per liter ) in the water . The low dissolved oxygen levels limit the fishes ability to swim , feed , grow and reproduce and loss of habitat prevents success in fish larval growth . The impacts listed here are directly associated with these specific species in Long Island Sound : killifishes , silversides , bay anchovy , eels , menhaden , cunner , tautog , sticklebacks , winter flounder , weakfish , bluefish , tomcod and striped bass . An example of impacts from nitrogen is a shift in the types of plankton that make up their community in Long Island Sound . Over the last several decades , excess nitrogen may have adversely affected diatoms -- microscopic , single - celled algae at the base of the food chain , which make shells ( ' frustules ' ) of opaline silica . When diatoms are less productive , they are replaced by other phytoplankton such as dinoflagellates or blue - green algae , which grow well in waters with high nitrogen levels , but do not need silica . Such changes in the base of the food - chain leads to consequences such as an increase in abundance of jellyfish and decline in shellfish and other fish . Starting in the 1990s , Connecticut and federal Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) officials created no - dumping areas in which commercial or recreational boat users were prohibited from releasing untreated sewage into the Sound near the coastline . In 2007 state and federal officials announced the ban had extended to the entire Connecticut coast and applied to both treated and untreated sewage . New Hampshire and Maine have similar bans , but Massachusetts , Maine and New York do not ( all are with int the contributing watersheds ) . From the 1990s to 2007 , the number of pumping stations for boat sewage tripled to 90 at marinas up and down the coast . Violators may be charged with a state misdemeanor and face $250 fines , or a federal civil penalty , with fines of up to $2,000 . To address the water quality problems , the EPA created the Long Island Sound Study ( LISS ) to support development of a nitrogen TMDL in 1992 . The TMDL implements innovative strategies , including a nitrogen credit trading program for sewage treatment plants in Connecticut , and bubble permits for sewage treatment plants in New York . Results point to significant nitrogen reductions in Long Island Sound , and significant cost savings . By 1994 , a plan to reduce nitrogen outputs of effluent into the Sound was agreed upon by the federal government and the states of New York and Connecticut . The goal was to reduce the amount of nitrogen entering the Sound by 58.5 percent as of 2014 . New York City agreed with New York state and Connecticut to reduce nitrogen levels in 1998 , but backed off its commitment and was sued by the state . In early 2006 , the city agreed to lower nitrogen outputs and was given until 2017 to meet its reduction goals . By 2007 , $617 million had been spent in upgrading sewage treatment plants , with 39 out of 104 retrofitted with devices to remove nitrogen . According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 's National Estuary Program Coastal Protection Report for June 2007 the western part of the Sound was in the worst condition . The report gives a `` fair '' rating to water quality in the sound and poor marks to fish , bottom - feeders and sediment . High levels of PCBs , were found in fish samples , and high concentrations of DDT were found in sediment . Development resulting from population increases , past industrial pollution and stormwater runoff all contribute to the poor quality of the water , according to the report . Nitrogen pollution in the Sound is declining , at the end of 2014 , wastewater treatment facilities reached 94 percent of their nitrogen reduction goal set by Total Maximum Daily Load ( TMDL mentioned above ) . Achieving this goal means 108,000 fewer pounds of nitrogen were discharged into the Sound every day . In 2015 the Long Island Sound Study concluded that the Sound is cleaner and healthier than it has been , but still impaired from pollution and habitat loss . To continue improving the quality of Long Island Sound both ongoing challenges and adapting to new conditions due to climate change need to be addressed . Dumping of dredged sediment ( edit ) Polluted sediment from harbor , river and waterway dredging has been dumped in four sites in the Sound , although in late 2007 two of them at the eastern end of the Sound were scheduled to be closed at some future date . A dumping site near Stamford , Connecticut and another near New Haven , Connecticut were expected to remain open . In 2007 , the U.S. EPA and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers began a five - to seven - year , $16 million study on more environmentally friendly ways to dredge harbors in the Sound . Dumping the sediment in the Sound is considerably less expensive than other options , according to Connecticut harbor officials and state and federal environmental officials . Federal officials have said sediment from Bridgeport Harbor is too contaminated for disposal in the Sound , and in 2007 state Department of Environmental Protection officials required Norwalk , Connecticut to `` cap '' 350,000 cubic yards ( 270,000 m ) of dumped sediment from a planned Norwalk Harbor dredging project with 75,000 cubic yards ( 57,000 m ) of material . Silt and sediment from the harbor contains heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons , according to DEP officials . Legal status ( edit ) In 1985 , the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that Long Island Sound is a juridical bay . The case involved a jurisdictional dispute among New York State , Rhode Island , and The United States . The classification of juridical bay means that the states , and not the federal government , have jurisdiction over the Long Island Sound waters . This also means that the legal coastline of the United States incorporates the southern shore of Long Island , but not the alternative that would have been to consider the coastline to follow additionally the southern shores of Connecticut , and the eastern shores of Westchester County , The Bronx , and Manhattan . See also ( edit ) Coastal and Estuarine Research Federation Geography of New York City Long Island Crossing - various proposed bridges and tunnels between Long Island and Connecticut / Rhode Island Sound ( geography ) References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Long Island Sound Region at Night : Image of the Day '' . National Aeronautics and Space Administration . ^ Jump up to : `` Long Island Sound : An Atlas of Natural Resources '' , booklet `` Prepared under the supervision of the Coastal Area Management Program '' of the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection , November 1977 , `` 1 . Glacial History '' section , page 4 Jump up ^ `` Watershed Population `` Long Island Sound Study '' . longislandsoundstudy.net . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Sound Site - Soundkeeper '' . soundbook.soundkeeper.org . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Long Island Sound : An Atlas of Natural Resources '' , booklet `` Prepared under the supervision of the Coastal Area Management Program '' of the `` Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection '' , November 1977 , `` 5 . Vegetation '' section , pp 17 - 21 Jump up ^ Turner , J. ( 2011 ) . Exploring the Other Island : A seasonal guide to nature on Long Island . Harbor Electronic Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932916 - 34 - 8 . Jump up ^ Natural Resources Conservation Service ( NRCS ) . York&statefips = 36&symbol = LYCO `` PLANTS Profile , County Distribution Lychnis coronaria '' Check url = value ( help ) . The PLANTS Database . United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Long Island Sound : An Atlas of Natural Resources '' , booklet `` Prepared under the supervision of the Coastal Area Management Program '' of the `` Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection '' , November 1977 , `` 10 . Fishes '' section , pp 36 - 39 Jump up ^ `` Long Island Sound : An Atlas of Natural Resources '' , booklet `` Prepared under the supervision of the Coastal Area Management Program '' of the `` Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection '' , November 1977 , `` 8 . Mollusks '' section , pp 31 - 32 ^ Jump up to : `` Long Island Sound : An Atlas of Natural Resources '' , booklet `` Prepared under the supervision of the Coastal Area Management Program '' of the `` Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection '' , November 1977 , `` 7 . Crustacea '' section , pp 26 - 28 ^ Jump up to : `` Long Island Sound : An Atlas of Natural Resources '' , booklet `` Prepared under the supervision of the Coastal Area Management Program '' of the `` Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection '' , November 1977 , `` 12 . Mammals , Reptiles and Amphibians '' section , pp 43 - 44 ^ Jump up to : `` Long Island Sound : An Atlas of Natural Resources '' , booklet `` Prepared under the supervision of the Coastal Area Management Program '' of the `` Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection '' , November 1977 , `` 11 . Birds '' section , page 40 Jump up ^ `` History of the United States of America '' . google.com . Jump up ^ Illustrated History of the Moriches Bay Area ( excerpts ) , by Van and Mary Field Jump up ^ The Bridgeport & Port Jefferson Steamboat Company Archived 2009 - 03 - 15 at the Wayback Machine. , Cross Sound Ferry , between Orient Point and New London Jump up ^ `` Assemblyman seeks win as Democrat ; rival wants oil drilling in Sound '' . The Journal News . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Eastern Long Island Sound Crossing ( I - 495 , unbuilt ) '' . nycroads.com . ^ Jump up to : Varekamp , JC ; Buchholtz ten Brink , MR ; Mecray , EL ; Kreulen , B ( Summer 2000 ) . `` Mercury in Long Island Sound Sediments '' . Journal of Coastal Research . 16 ( 3 ) : 613 -- 626 . JSTOR 4300074 . ^ Jump up to : `` Total Maximum Daily Load ( TMDLs ) at Work : New York : Restoring the Long Island Sound While Saving Money '' . EPA . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Administration , US Department of Commerce , National Oceanic and Atmospheric . `` Responding to Hurricanes '' . oceanservice.noaa.gov . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` dischage of ct river - Google Search '' . www.google.com . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Lopez , Glenn ; Carey , Drew ; Carlton , James T. ; Cerrato , Robert ; Dam , Hans ; DiGiovanni , Rob ; Elphick , Chris ; Frisk , Michael ; Gobler , Christopher ( 2013 - 11 - 22 ) , `` Biology and Ecology of Long Island Sound '' , Springer Series on Environmental Management , Springer New York , pp. 285 -- 479 , doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4614 - 6126 - 5_6 , ISBN 9781461461258 , retrieved 2018 - 09 - 29 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ; ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Lockhart , Brian , `` State protects coast from boaters ' sewage : EPA declares no - discharge area '' , news article in The Advocate of Stamford , Connecticut , July 27 , 2007 pp 1 , A4 , Norwalk edition Jump up ^ Stelloh , Tom , `` 671M later , no clear picture of Sound 's health '' , news article in The Advocate of Stamford , Connecticut , July 15 , 2007 , pp 1 , A4 Jump up ^ ( 3 ) EPA Web page for navigation of the National Estuary Program Coastal Protection Report for June 2007 ; ( 4 ) Chapter 3 of the report , `` Northeast National Estuary Program Coastal Condition Long Island Sound Study '' , accessed June 27 , 2007 Jump up ^ Office. , Long Island Sound Study ( Organization ) New England Interstate Water Pollution Control Commission . United States . Environmental Protection Agency . Long Island Sound ( 2006 ) . Sound health , 2006 : a report on status and trends in the health of Long Island Sound . EPA Long Island Sound Office . OCLC 68622505 . ^ Jump up to : Two articles by Tim Stelloh in The Advocate of Stamford ( Norwalk edition ) : `` Dredge report : Sound disputes aired at hearing '' , page 1 ; `` Bid to skip dredging cap draws no support '' , page A7 ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Supreme Court '' . http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/ . FindLaw . Retrieved 15 October 2014 . External link in website = ( help ) Sources ( edit ) Working for Nature Series : Shortnose Sturgeon , CDEP ( Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection ) website . 2003 ... Savoy , T. 2004 . Population estimate and utilization of the lower Connecticut River by shortnose sturgeon . Pages 345 - 352 in P.M. Jacobson et al. ( Eds . ) The Connecticut River ecological study ( 1965 -- 1973 ) revisited : ecology of the lower Connecticut River 1973 - 2003 . American Fisheries Society Monograph . Savoy , T. and D. Shake. 1992 . Sturgeon status in Connecticut waters . Final Report to the National Marine Fisheries Service , Gloucester , Massachusetts . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Long Island Sound . Wikisource has the text of the 1879 American Cyclopædia article Long Island Sound . What Makes Long Island Sound So Special ? - EPA website Soundkeeper - non-profit preservation group Long Island Sound Foundation - non-profit preservation group Cross-Sound Cable - official CSC website Human Nature - New York Times series on Long Island Sound ( 5 ) - Wesleyan University Research on the Eutrophication of Long Island Sound SeagrassLI - LIS eelgrass restoration and monitoring Fraudwater - Information on Shell Oil Broadwater campaign Waterbodies of Connecticut Canals , Coves , Estuaries , Harbors , and Rivers Ash Creek Connecticut River Enfield Falls Canal Farm River Farmington Canal Hammonasset River Housatonic River Kidd Harbor Little Narragansett Bay Long Island Sound Mystic River New Haven Harbor Niantic River Oxoboxo River Oyster River Pawcatuck River Quinnipiac River Smith Cove Still River Thames River Wequetequock Cove Wethersfield Cove Ziegler 's Cove more Lakes and Ponds Ashford Lake Bantam Lake Burr Pond Converse Lake Crystal Lake Deer Lake Great Hollow Lake Highland Lake Lake Chaffee Lake Hayward Lake Pocotopaug Lake Quassapaug Lake Saltonstall Lake Waramaug Lake Whitney Mashapaug Lake Millers Pond Pinewood Lake Round Pond Squantz Pond Tuxis Pond Twin Lakes Wetherell Pond Whalen Pond Reservoirs Aspetuck Reservoir Candlewood Lake Hop Brook Lake Kohanza Reservoir Lake Beseck Lake Gaillard Lake Lillinonah Lake Zoar Mansfield Hollow Lake Quaddick Reservoir Saugatuck Reservoir Shenipsit Lake Success Lake West Hartford Reservoir West Thompson Lake Coordinates : 41 ° 05 ′ 48 '' N 72 ° 52 ′ 52 '' W  /  41.09667 ° N 72.88111 ° W  / 41.09667 ; - 72.88111 WorldCat Identities GND : 4566788 - 3 NARA : 10043086 VIAF : 240279110 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_Island_Sound&oldid=862159990 '' Categories : Long Island Sound New England Intracoastal Waterway Borders of New York ( state ) Borders of Connecticut Geography of New England Estuaries of Connecticut Estuaries of New York ( state ) Bodies of water of the Bronx Bodies of water of Westchester County , New York Bodies of water of Fairfield County , Connecticut Hidden categories : Pages with URL errors Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : external links Articles with short description Articles needing additional references from October 2014 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008 All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from November 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2008 Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2018 , at 15 : 12 ( UTC ) . 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which direction do the easter island heads face

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Moai&oldid=826099141

Moai - wikipedia Moai Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the monolithic statues of Easter Island . For other uses , see Moai ( disambiguation ) . Moai facing inland at Ahu Tongariki , restored by Chilean archaeologist Claudio Cristino in the 1990s Moai / ˈmoʊ. aɪ / ( listen ) , or mo'ai , are monolithic human figures carved by the Rapa Nui people on Easter Island in eastern Polynesia between the years 1250 and 1500 . Nearly half are still at Rano Raraku , the main moai quarry , but hundreds were transported from there and set on stone platforms called ahu around the island 's perimeter . Almost all moai have overly large heads three - eighths the size of the whole statue . The moai are chiefly the living faces ( aringa ora ) of deified ancestors ( aringa ora ata tepuna ) . The statues still gazed inland across their clan lands when Europeans first visited the island in 1722 , but all of them had fallen by the latter part of the 19th century . The production and transportation of the more than 900 statues are considered remarkable creative and physical feats . The tallest moai erected , called Paro , was almost 10 metres ( 33 ft ) high and weighed 82 tonnes ( 90.4 tons ) . The heaviest moai erected was a shorter but squatter moai at Ahu Tongariki , weighing 86 tonnes . And one unfinished sculpture , if completed , would have been approximately 21 m ( 69 ft ) tall , with a weight of about 270 tonnes . The moai were toppled in the late 18th and early 19th centuries , possibly as a result of European contact and / or internecine tribal wars . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 1.1 Characteristics 1.1. 1 Eyes 1.2 Symbolism 1.2. 1 Pukao topknots and headdresses 1.2. 2 Markings ( post stone working ) 2 History 2.1 Craftsmen 2.2 Transportation 2.3 Birdman cult 2.4 Moai Kavakava 2.5 1722 -- 1868 Toppling of the Moai 2.6 Removal 3 Preservation and restoration 4 Unicode character 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Description ( edit ) Moai set in the hillside at Rano Raraku The moai are monolithic statues , their minimalist style related to forms found throughout Polynesia . Moai are carved in relatively flat planes , the faces bearing proud but enigmatic expressions . The human figures would be outlined in the rock wall first , then chipped away until only the image was left . The over-large heads ( a three - to - five ratio between the head and the trunk , a sculptural trait that demonstrates the Polynesian belief in the sanctity of the chiefly head ) have heavy brows and elongated noses with a distinctive fish - hook - shaped curl of the nostrils . The lips protrude in a thin pout . Like the nose , the ears are elongated and oblong in form . The jaw lines stand out against the truncated neck . The torsos are heavy , and , sometimes , the clavicles are subtly outlined in stone . The arms are carved in bas relief and rest against the body in various positions , hands and long slender fingers resting along the crests of the hips , meeting at the hami ( loincloth ) , with the thumbs sometimes pointing towards the navel . Generally , the anatomical features of the backs are not detailed , but sometimes bear a ring and girdle motif on the buttocks and lower back . Except for one kneeling moai , the statues do not have clearly visible legs . Moais quarry at Rano Raraku All fifteen standing moai at Ahu Tongariki . Though moai are whole - body statues , they are erroneously referred to as `` Easter Island heads '' in some popular literature . This is partly because of the disproportionate size of most moai heads , and partly because many of the iconic images for the island showing upright moai are the statues on the slopes of Rano Raraku , many of which are buried to their shoulders . Some of the `` heads '' at Rano Raraku have been excavated and their bodies seen , and observed to have markings that had been protected from erosion by their burial . The average height of the moai is about 4 m ( 13 ft ) , with the average width at the base around 1.6 m ( 5.2 ft ) . These massive creations usually weigh in at around 12.5 tonnes ( 13.8 tons ) each . All but 53 of the more than 900 moai known to date were carved from tuff ( a compressed volcanic ash ) from Rano Raraku , where 394 moai in varying states of completion are still visible today . There are also 13 moai carved from basalt , 22 from trachyte and 17 from fragile red scoria . At the end of carving , the builders would rub the statue with pumice . Characteristics ( edit ) Re-erected tuff moai at Ahu Tahai with restored pukao and replica eyes Easter Island statues are known for their large , broad noses and strong chins , along with rectangle - shaped ears and deep eye slits . Their bodies are normally squatting , with their arms resting in different positions and are without legs . The majority of the ahu are found along the coast and face inland towards the community . There are some inland ahu such as Ahu Akivi . These moai face the community but given the small size of the island , also appear to face the coast . Eyes ( edit ) In 1979 , Sergio Rapu Haoa and a team of archaeologists discovered that the hemispherical or deep elliptical eye sockets were designed to hold coral eyes with either black obsidian or red scoria pupils . The discovery was made by collecting and reassembling broken fragments of white coral that were found at the various sites . Subsequently , previously uncategorized finds in the Easter Island museum were re-examined and recategorized as eye fragments . It is thought that the moai with carved eye sockets were probably allocated to the ahu and ceremonial sites , suggesting that a selective Rapa Nui hierarchy was attributed to the moai design until its demise with the advent of the Birdman religion , Tangata Manu . Symbolism ( edit ) Many archaeologists suggest that `` ( the ) statues were thus symbols of authority and power , both religious and political . But they were not only symbols . To the people who erected and used them , they were actual repositories of sacred spirit . Carved stone and wooden objects in ancient Polynesian religions , when properly fashioned and ritually prepared , were believed to be charged by a magical spiritual essence called mana . '' Archaeologists believe that the statues were a representation of the ancient Polynesians ' ancestors . The moai statues face away from the ocean and towards the villages as if to watch over the people . The exception is the seven Ahu Akivi which face out to sea to help travelers find the island . There is a legend that says there were seven men who waited for their king to arrive . Pukao topknots and headdresses ( edit ) Main article : Pukao The more recent moai had pukao on their heads , which represent the topknot of the chieftains . According to local tradition , the mana was preserved in the hair . The pukao were carved out of red scoria , a very light rock from a quarry at Puna Pau . Red itself is considered a sacred color in Polynesia . The added pukao suggest a further status to the moai . Hoa Hakananai'a in the British Museum Markings ( post stone working ) ( edit ) When first carved , the surface of the moai was polished smooth by rubbing with pumice . Unfortunately , the easily worked tuff from which most moai were carved is also easily eroded , and , today , the best place to see the surface detail is on the few moai carved from basalt or in photographs and other archaeological records of moai surfaces protected by burials . Those moai that are less eroded typically have designs carved on their backs and posteriors . The Routledge expedition of 1914 established a cultural link between these designs and the island 's traditional tattooing , which had been repressed by missionaries a half - century earlier . Until modern DNA analysis of the islanders and their ancestors , this was key scientific evidence that the moai had been carved by the Rapa Nui and not by a separate group from South America . At least some of the moai were painted ; Hoa Hakananai'a was decorated with maroon and white paint until 1868 , when it was removed from the island . It is now housed in the British Museum , London . History ( edit ) Map of Easter Island using moai to show locations of various ahu The statues were carved by the Polynesian colonizers of the island , mostly between circa 1250 A.D. and 1500 A.D. In addition to representing deceased ancestors , the moai , once they were erected on ahu , may also have been regarded as the embodiment of powerful living or former chiefs and important lineage status symbols . Each moai presented a status : `` The larger the statue placed upon an ahu , the more mana the chief who commissioned it had . '' The competition for grandest statue was ever prevalent in the culture of the Easter Islanders . The proof stems from the varying sizes of moai . Completed statues were moved to ahu mostly on the coast , then erected , sometimes with red stone cylinders ( pukao ) on their heads . Moai must have been extremely expensive to craft and transport ; not only would the actual carving of each statue require effort and resources , but the finished product was then hauled to its final location and erected . The quarries in Rano Raraku appear to have been abandoned abruptly , with a litter of stone tools and many completed moai outside the quarry awaiting transport and almost as many incomplete statues still in situ as were installed on ahu . In the nineteenth century , this led to conjecture that the island was the remnant of a sunken continent and that most completed moai were under the sea . That idea has long been debunked , and now it is understood that : Some statues were rock carvings and never intended to be completed . Some were incomplete because , when inclusions were encountered , the carvers would abandon a partial statue and start a new one ( tuff is a soft rock with occasional lumps of much harder rock included in it ) . Some completed statues at Rano Raraku were placed there permanently and not parked temporarily awaiting removal . Some were indeed incomplete when the statue - building era came to an end . Craftsmen ( edit ) It is not known exactly which group in the communities were responsible for carving statues . Oral traditions suggest that the moai were either carved by a distinguished class of professional carvers who were comparable in status to high - ranking members of other Polynesian craft guilds , or , alternatively , by members of each clan . The oral histories show that the Rano Raraku quarry was subdivided into different territories for each clan . Transportation ( edit ) Ahu Akivi , the furthest inland of all the ahus This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : the section is not chronological with its exploration of different theories and the ongoing debate . Please help improve this section if you can . ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Since the island was largely treeless by the time the Europeans first visited , the movement of the statues was a mystery for a long time ; pollen analysis has now established that the island was almost totally forested until 1200 A.D. The tree pollen disappeared from the record by 1650 . It is not known exactly how the moai were moved across the island . Earlier researchers assumed that the process almost certainly required human energy , ropes , and possibly wooden sledges ( sleds ) and / or rollers , as well as leveled tracks across the island ( the Easter Island roads ) . Another theory suggests that the moai were placed on top of logs and were rolled to their destinations . If that theory is correct it would take 50 - 150 people to move the moai . The most recent study demonstrates from the evidence in the archaeological record that the statues were harnessed with ropes from two sides and made to `` walk '' by tilting them from side to side while pulling forward . They would also use a chant , whilst ' walking ' the moai . Coordination and cohesion was essential , so they developed a chant in which the rhythm helped them pull at the precise moment necessary . Oral histories recount how various people used divine power to command the statues to walk . The earliest accounts say a king named Tuu Ku Ihu moved them with the help of the god Makemake , while later stories tell of a woman who lived alone on the mountain ordering them about at her will . Scholars currently support the theory that the main method was that the moai were `` walked '' upright ( some assume by a rocking process ) , as laying it prone on a sledge ( the method used by the Easter Islanders to move stone in the 1860s ) would have required an estimated 1500 people to move the largest moai that had been successfully erected . In 1998 , Jo Anne Van Tilburg suggested fewer than half that number could do it by placing the sledge on lubricated rollers . In 1999 , she supervised an experiment to move a nine - tonne moai . They attempted to load a replica on a sledge built in the shape of an A frame that was placed on rollers . A total of 60 people pulled on several ropes in two attempts to tow the moai . The first attempt failed when the rollers jammed up . The second attempt succeeded when they embedded tracks in the ground . This was on flat ground and used eucalyptus wood rather than the native palm trees that would have lived on the island . Sign indicating the protected status of the moai In 1986 , Pavel Pavel , Thor Heyerdahl and the Kon Tiki Museum experimented with a five - tonne moai and a nine - tonne moai . With a rope around the head of the statue and another around the base , using eight workers for the smaller statue and 16 for the larger , they `` walked '' the moai forward by swiveling and rocking it from side to side ; however , the experiment was ended early due to damage to the statue bases from chipping . Despite the early end to the experiment , Thor Heyerdahl estimated that this method for a 20 - tonne statue over Easter Island terrain would allow 320 feet ( 100 m ) per day . Other scholars concluded that it was probably not the way the moai were moved due to the reported damage to the base caused by the `` shuffling '' motion . Around the same time , archaeologist Charles Love experimented with a 10 - tonne replica . His first experiment found rocking the statue to walk it was too unstable over more than a few hundred yards . He then found that placing the statue upright on two sled runners atop log rollers , 25 men were able to move the statue 150 feet ( 46 m ) in two minutes . In 2003 , further research indicated this method could explain supposedly regularly spaced post holes ( his research on this claim has not yet been published ) where the statues were moved over rough ground . He suggested the holes contained upright posts on either side of the path so that as the statue passed between them , they were used as cantilevers for poles to help push the statue up a slope without the requirement of extra people pulling on the ropes and similarly to slow it on the downward slope . The poles could also act as a brake when needed . Based on detailed studies of the statues found along prehistoric roads , archaeologists Terry Hunt and Carl Lipo have shown that the pattern of breakage , form and position of statues is consistent with an `` upright '' hypothesis for transportation . Hunt and Lipo argue that when the statues were carved at a quarry , the sculptors left their bases wide and curved along the front edge . They showed that statues along the road have a center of mass that causes the statue to lean forward . As the statue tilts forward , it rocks sideways along its curved front edge and takes a `` step . '' Large flakes are seen broken off of the sides of the bases . They argue that once the stature was `` walked '' down the road and installed in the landscape , the wide and curved base was carved down . All of this evidence points to an upright transportation practice . Recent experimental recreations have proven that it is fully possible that the moai were literally walked from their quarries to their final positions by ingenious use of ropes . Teams of workers would have worked to rock the moai back and forth , creating the walking motion and holding the moai upright . If correct , it can be inferred that the fallen road moai were the result of the teams of balancers being unable to keep the statue upright , and it was presumably not possible to lift the statues again once knocked over . However , the debate continues . Birdman cult ( edit ) Main article : Tangata manu Originally , Easter Islanders had a paramount chief or single leader . Through the years the power levels veered from sole chiefs to a warrior class , known as `` matatoa '' . The therianthropic figure of a half bird and half man was the symbol of the matatoa ; the distinct character connected the sacred site of Orongo . The new cult prompted battles of tribes over worship of ancestry . Creating the moai was one way the islanders would honor their ancestors ; during the height of the birdman cult there is evidence which suggests that the construction of moai stopped . `` One of the most fascinating sights at Orongo are the hundreds of petroglyphs carved with birdman and Makemake images . Carved into solid basalt , they have resisted ages of harsh weather . It has been suggested that the images represent birdman competition winners . Over 480 birdman petroglyphs have been found on the island , mostly around Orongo . '' Orongo , the site of the cult 's festivities , was a dangerous landscape which consisted of a `` narrow ridge between a 1,000 foot drop into the ocean on one side and a deep crater on the other '' . Considered the sacred spot of Orongo , Mata Ngarau was the location where birdman priests prayed and chanted for a successful egg hunt . `` The purpose of the birdman contest was to obtain the first egg of the season from the offshore islet Motu Nui . Contestants descended the sheer cliffs of Orongo and swam to Motu Nui where they awaited the coming of the birds . Having procured an egg , the contestant swam back and presented it to his sponsor , who then was declared birdman for that year , an important status position . '' Moai kavakava ( edit ) Main article : Moai kavakava These figures are much smaller than the better - known stone moai . They are made of wood and have a small , slender aspect , giving them a sad appearance . These figures are believed to have been made after the civilization on Rapa Nui began to collapse , which is why they seem to have a more emaciated appearance to them . 1722 -- 1868 toppling of the moai ( edit ) Toppled moai At some point after the 1722 Roggeveen visit , all of the moai that had been erected on ahus were toppled , with the last standing statues reported in 1838 by Abel Aubert Dupetit Thouars , and no upright statues by 1868 , apart from the partially buried ones on the outer slopes of Rano Raraku . Oral histories include one account of a clan pushing down a single moai in the night but others refer to the `` earth shaking '' and other indications that at least some of them fell down through earthquakes . Some of the moai toppled forward such that their faces were hidden and often fell in such a way that their necks broke ; others fell off of the back of their platforms . Today , about 50 moai have been re-erected on their ahus or at museums elsewhere . The Rapa Nui people were then devastated by the slave trade that began at the island in 1862 . Within only a time span of one year the individuals that remained on the island were sick , injured , and lacking leadership . The survivors of the slave raids had new company from landing missionaries . The society was vulnerable and the converting process of Christianity did not take long . Native Easter Islanders lost their identity as first their style of clothing and soon their tattoos and body paint were banned by the new Christian proscriptions . The history of their ancestors was destroyed : artwork , buildings , sacred objects ; leaving little record of the islanders ' former lives . They were then subjected to forceful removal from their native lands and made to reside on a much smaller portion of the island while the rest was used for farming . `` Eventually all pure Rapa Nui blood died out . Annexation with Chile brought new influences , and today there are only a few individuals left with ties to the original population . '' Removal ( edit ) Main article : Relocation of moai objects Eleven or more moai have been removed from the island and transported to locations around the world , including six out of the thirteen moai that were carved from basalt . Ahu Tahai Preservation and restoration ( edit ) It is forbidden for visitors to climb on the moai . From 1955 through 1978 , an American archaeologist , William Mulloy , undertook extensive investigation of the production , transportation and erection of Easter Island 's monumental statuary . Mulloy 's Rapa Nui projects include the investigation of the Akivi - Vaiteka Complex and the physical restoration of Ahu Akivi ( 1960 ) ; the investigation and restoration of Ahu Ko Te Riku and Ahu Vai Uri and the Tahai Ceremonial Complex ( 1970 ) ; the investigation and restoration of two ahu at Hanga Kio'e ( 1972 ) ; the investigation and restoration of the ceremonial village at Orongo ( 1974 ) and numerous other archaeological surveys throughout the island . The Rapa Nui National Park and the moai are included in the 1972 UN convention concerning the protection of the world 's cultural and natural heritage and consequently on the 1994 list of UNESCO World Heritage sites . The moai have been mapped by a number of groups over the years including efforts by Father Sebastian Englert and Chilean researchers . The EISP ( Easter Island Statue Project ) conducted research and documentation on many of the moai on Rapa Nui and the artifacts held in museums overseas . The purpose of the project is to understand the figures ' original use , context , and meaning , with the results being provided to the Rapa Nui families and the island 's public agencies that are responsible for conservation and preservation of the moai . Other studies include work by Britton Shepardson and Terry L. Hunt and Carl P. Lipo . In 2008 , a Finnish tourist chipped a piece off the ear of one moai . The tourist was fined $17,000 in damages and was banned from the island for three years . Tukuturi at Rano Raraku is the only kneeling moai and one of the few made of red scoria . Early European drawing of moai , in the lower half of a 1770 Spanish map of Easter Island Unicode character ( edit ) In 2010 , Moai was included as an emoji in Unicode version 6.0 under the code point U + 1F5FF and is represented as such : 🗿 In operating systems that did not come with fonts that natively support all codepoints of Unicode 6.0 or greater , the Symbola font by George Douros is available , ' free for any use ' as per Douros . The official unicode name for the emoji is spelled `` Moyai '' . This is the name of a statue near Shibuya Station in Tokyo , which is inspired by Moai from the Easter Island but looks distinct . This has caused inconsistent drawings to be adopted for this emoji by various companies with proprietary emoji images . See also ( edit ) Marae -- The Polynesian ceremonial sites from which the moai and ahu traditions evolved . Ancestor worship List of megalithic sites Chemamull Dol hareubang Rapa Nui people Tiki Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Steven R Fischer . The island at the end of the world . Reaktion Books 2005 ISBN 1 - 86189 - 282 - 9 Jump up ^ The island at the end of the world . Reaktion Books 2005 ISBN 1 - 86189 - 282 - 9 Jump up ^ Van Tilburg , Jo Anne . `` Easter Island Statue Project '' . Eisp.org . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Hunt , Terry ; Lipo , Carl ( 2012 ) . The Statues That Walked : Unraveling the Mystery of Easter Island . Free Press . ISBN 1 - 4391 - 5031 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Easter Island Statue Project '' . 2009 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Carl P. Lipo , Terry L. Hunt , Sergio Rapu Hao ; Hunt ; Haoa ( 2013 ) . `` The ' Walking ' Megalithic Statues ( Moai ) of Easter Island '' . J. Archaeol . Sci. 40 ( 6 ) : 2859 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jas. 2012.09. 029 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ UNESCO World Heritage Centre ( 2009 - 05 - 29 ) . `` Rapa Nui National Park '' . Whc.unesco.org . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Young , Emma ( 2006 - 07 - 26 ) . `` Easter Island : A monumental collapse ? , pp. 30 -- 34 '' . Newscientist.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Van Tilburg , Jo Anne ( 2009 - 05 - 05 ) . `` Moai Paro digital reconstruction '' . Easter Island Statue Project ( eisp.org ) . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Collapse : How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed by Jared Diamond Jump up ^ . N.p. . Web . 29 Oct 2013 . < http://library.thinkquest.org/06aug/02100/easterislandmoai.htm > . Jump up ^ Van Tilburg , Jo Anne ( 1994 ) . Easter Island : Archaeology , Ecology and Culture . Washington , DC : Smithsonian Institution Press . p. 24 . Jump up ^ `` NOVA Online Secrets of Easter Island Stone Giants '' . Pbs.org . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Ford , Nick ( 15 December 2013 ) . `` Views on the origin and purpose of the Easter Island statues '' . Archived from the original on 30 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mystery of the Easter Island Statues . '' Red Ice Creations . N.p. , 27 Oct. 2011 . Web . 30 Oct. 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Rise & Fall of Easter Island 's Culture . '' Sentinels in Stone . N.p. , n.d. Web . 29 Oct. 2013 . Jump up ^ Katherine Routledge ( 1919 ) The Mystery of Easter Island ISBN 0 - 932813 - 48 - 8 page 220 Jump up ^ Katherine Routledge ( 1919 ) The Mystery of Easter Island ISBN 0 - 932813 - 48 - 8 page 181 Jump up ^ Katherine Routledge ( 1919 ) The Mystery of Easter Island ISBN 0 - 932813 - 48 - 8 page 186 Jump up ^ The human figures would be outlined in the rock wall first , then chipped away until only the image was left. ( 6 ) ^ Jump up to : Bloch , Hannah ( July 2012 ) . `` Easter Island : The riddle of the moving statues '' . National Geographic . National Geographic Society . 222 ( 1 ) : 30 -- 49 . Retrieved 3 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Unsolved Mysteries : The Secret of Easter Island a test of walking the statues Jump up ^ Bernstein , Josh . `` Digging For the Truth : Giants of Easter Island '' . Archived from the original on 31 October 2013 . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : History channel `` Mega Movers : Ancient Mystery Moves '' Jump up ^ Easter Island -- the mystery solved / Thor Heyerdahl 1989 Jump up ^ Flenley , John ( 2003 ) . The Enigmas of Easter Island : Island on the Edge . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280340 - 9 . Jump up ^ http://longnow.org/seminars/02013/jan/17/statues-walked-what-really-happened-easter-island/ Jump up ^ Mystery of Easter Island ( TV Documentary ) . NOVA and National Geographic Television . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Easter Island Statues Could Have ' Walked ' Into Position '' . Wired . Jump up ^ Ghose , Tia ( June 7 , 2013 ) . `` Easter Island 's ' Walking ' Stone Heads Stir Debate '' . LiveScience . ^ Jump up to : `` Mysterious Places : Explore Sacred Sites and Ancient Civilizations . '' Mysterious Places : Explore Sacred Sites and Ancient Civilizations . N.p. , n.d. Web . 29 Oct. 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Easter Island - Moai Statues and Rock Art of Rapa Nui . '' The Birdman Motif of Easter Island . N.p. , n.d. Web . 29 Oct. 2013 . Jump up ^ F. Forment ; D. Huyge ; H. Valladas . `` AMS 14C age determinations of Rapanui ( Easter Island ) wood sculpture : moai kavakava ET 48.63 from Brussels '' . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ J. Linton Palmer ( 1870 ) . A visit to Easter Island , or Rapa Nui , in 1868 . Journal of the Royal Geographic Society . 40 . pp. 167 -- 181 . doi : 10.2307 / 1798641 . ^ Jump up to : Edmundo Edwards ; Raul Marchetti ; Leopoldo Dominichetti ; Oscar Gonzales - Ferran ( 1996 ) . `` When the Earth Trembled , the Statues Fell '' . Rapa Nui Journal . 10 ( 1 ) . pp. 1 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Terry L. Hunt & Carl P. Lipo ( 2011 ) . The Statues That Walked : Unraveling the Mystery of Easter Island . Free Press . Jump up ^ Cristino , F. , C. , P. Vargas C. , and R. Izaurieta S. , ( 1981 ) . Atlas Arqueológico de Isla de Pascua . Santiago : Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo , Instituto de Estudios , Universidad de Chile . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Riquelme , S. , F. , R.I. San Juan , I.R. Kussner , L.G. Nualart , and P.V. Casanova ( 1991 ) . Teoria de las Proporciones . Generación de la Forma y procesos de Realización en la Escultura Megalítica de Isla de Pascua Sistema de Medidas en el Diseño Pascuense . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Britton Shepardson ( 2010 ) . `` Moai Database - Rapa Nui '' . Jump up ^ Carl Lipo & Terry Hunt ( 2011 ) . `` Rapa Nui Database '' . Jump up ^ `` Easter Island fines ear chipper '' . BBC News . 2008 - 04 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Tourist chips earlobe off ancient statue on Easter Island '' . Globe and Mail . 9 April 2008 . Archived from the original on 13 April 2008 . Retrieved 21 September 2008 . Jump up ^ http://emojipedia.org/moyai/ References ( edit ) Heyerdahl , Thor . Skjølsvold , Arne . Pavel Pavel . The `` Walking '' Moai of Easter Island . Retrieved 8 August 2005 . McCall , Grant ( 1995 ) . `` Rapanui ( Easter Island ) '' . Pacific Islands Year Book 17th Edition . Fiji Times . Retrieved 8 August 2005 . Matthews , Rupert ( 1988 ) . Ancient Mysteries . Wayland Publishing . ISBN 0 - 531 - 18246 - 0 . Pelta , Kathy ( 2001 ) . Rediscovering Easter Island . Lerner Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8225 - 4890 - 4 . Routledge , Katherine ( 1919 ) The Mystery of Easter Island ISBN 0 - 932813 - 48 - 8 . Van Tilburg , Jo Anne ( 2001 ) . `` Easter Island '' . In P.N. Peregine and M. Ember ( eds . ) , Encyclopedia of Prehistory , Volume 3 : East Asia and Oceania . Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers . ISBN 0 - 306 - 46257 - 5 Van Tilburg , Jo Anne ( 2006 ) . Remote Possibilities : Hoa Hakananai'a and HMS Topaze on Rapa Nui . British Museum Research Papers . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Moai . 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what is the historical significance of the townshend act

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Townshend_Acts&oldid=812067029

Townshend Acts - wikipedia Townshend Acts Jump to : navigation , search Charles Townshend spearheaded the Townshend Acts , but died before their detrimental effects became apparent . This article is part of a series about the American Revolution 1765 - 1783 Origins ( show ) Sugar Act Currency Act Quartering Acts Stamp Act 1765 Declaratory Act No taxation without representation Townshend Acts Tea Act Boston Massacre Boston Tea Party Intolerable Acts Revolutionary War ( show ) Continental Army Continental Navy Minutemen Battles Intelligence Treaty of Paris Costs Declaration of Independence ( show ) Continental Congress Committee of Five Lee Resolution Articles of Confederation United States Constitution ( show ) Philadelphia Convention Annapolis Convention The Federalist Papers Bill of Rights A New Republic ( show ) Republicanism American Enlightenment Liberalism First Great Awakening Role of Women Legacy ( show ) Atlantic Revolutions Bicentennial The Townshend Acts were a series of British acts passed beginning in 1767 and relating to the British American colonies in North America . The acts are named after Charles Townshend , the Chancellor of the Exchequer , who proposed the program . Historians vary slightly as to which acts they include under the heading `` Townshend Acts '' , but five acts are often mentioned : The Revenue Act of 1776 , the Indemnity Act ( 1776 ) , the Commissioners of Customs Act ( 1767 ) , the Vice Admiralty Court Act ( 1777 ) , and the New York Restraining Act ( 1776 . ) . The purpose of the Townshend Acts was to raise revenue in the colonies to pay the salaries of governors and judges so that they would remain loyal to Great Britain , to create a more effective means of enforcing compliance with trade regulations , to punish the province of New York for failing to comply with the 1765 Quartering Act , and to establish the precedent that the British Parliament had the right to tax the colonies . The Townshend Acts ( 1767 ) were met with resistance in the colonies , prompting the occupation of Boston by British troops in 1768 , which eventually resulted in the Boston Massacre of 1770 . As a result of widespread protest in the American colonies , Parliament began to partially repeal the Townshend duties . Most of the new taxes were repealed , but the tax on tea was retained . The British government continued in its attempt to tax the colonists without their consent and the American Revolution followed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Townshend 's Program 2.1 Raising revenue 2.2 American Board of Customs Commissioners 3 Reaction 3.1 Boycotts 3.2 Unrest in Boston 4 Partial repeal 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Background ( edit ) Following the Seven Years ' War ( 1756 -- 1763 ) , the British Empire was deep in debt . To help pay some of the costs of the newly expanded empire , the British Parliament decided to levy new taxes on the colonies of British America . Previously , through the Trade and Navigation Acts , Parliament had used taxation to regulate the trade of the empire . But with the Sugar Act of 1764 , Parliament sought , for the first time , to tax the colonies for the specific purpose of raising revenue . American colonists argued that there were constitutional issues involved . The Americans claimed they were not represented in Parliament but the British government retorted they had `` virtual representation , '' a concept the Americans rejected . This issue , only briefly debated following the Sugar Act , became a major point of contention following Parliament 's passage of the 1765 Stamp Act . The Stamp Act proved to be wildly unpopular in the colonies , contributing to its repeal the following year , along with the lack of substantial revenue being raised . Implicit in the Stamp Act dispute was an issue more fundamental than taxation and representation : the question of the extent of Parliament 's authority in the colonies . Parliament provided its answer to this question when it repealed the Stamp Act in 1766 by simultaneously passing the Declaratory Act , which proclaimed that Parliament could legislate for the colonies `` in all cases whatsoever '' . Townshend 's program ( edit ) Raising revenue ( edit ) The first of the Townshend Acts , sometimes simply known as the Townshend Act , was the Revenue Act of 1767 . This act represented the Chatham ministry 's new approach for generating tax revenue in the American colonies after the repeal of the Stamp Act in 1766 . The British government had gotten the impression that because the colonists had objected to the Stamp Act on the grounds that it was a direct ( or `` internal '' ) tax , colonists would therefore accept indirect ( or `` external '' ) taxes , such as taxes on imports . With this in mind , Charles Townshend , the Chancellor of the Exchequer , devised a plan that placed new duties on paper , paint , lead , glass , and tea that were imported into the colonies . These were items that were not produced in North America and that the colonists were only allowed to buy from Great Britain . The colonists ' objection to `` internal '' taxes did not mean that they would accept `` external '' taxes ; the colonial position was that any tax laid by Parliament for the purpose of raising revenue was unconstitutional . `` Townshend 's mistaken belief that Americans regarded internal taxes as unconstitutional and external taxes constitutional '' , wrote historian John Phillip Reid , `` was of vital importance in the history of events leading to the Revolution . '' The Townshend Revenue Act received the royal assent on 29 June 1767 . There was little opposition expressed in Parliament at the time . `` Never could a fateful measure have had a more quiet passage '' , wrote historian Peter Thomas . The Revenue Act was passed in conjunction with the Indemnity Act of 1767 , which was intended to make the tea of the British East India Company more competitive with smuggled Dutch tea . The Indemnity Act repealed taxes on tea imported to England , allowing it to be re-exported more cheaply to the colonies . This tax cut in England would be partially offset by the new Revenue Act taxes on tea in the colonies . The Revenue Act also reaffirmed the legality of writs of assistance , or general search warrants , which gave customs officials broad powers to search houses and businesses for smuggled goods . The original stated purpose of the Townshend duties was to raise a revenue to help pay the cost of maintaining an army in North America . Townshend changed the purpose of the tax plan , however , and instead decided to use the revenue to pay the salaries of some colonial governors and judges . Previously , the colonial assemblies had paid these salaries , but Parliament hoped to take the `` power of the purse '' away from the colonies . According to historian John C. Miller , `` Townshend ingeniously sought to take money from Americans by means of parliamentary taxation and to employ it against their liberties by making colonial governors and judges independent of the assemblies . '' Some members of Parliament objected because Townshend 's plan was expected to generate only £ 40,000 in yearly revenue , but he explained that once the precedent for taxing the colonists had been firmly established , the programme could gradually be expanded until the colonies paid for themselves . According to historian Peter Thomas , Townshend 's `` aims were political rather than financial '' . American Board of Customs Commissioners ( edit ) To better collect the new taxes , the Commissioners of Customs Act of 1767 established the American Board of Customs Commissioners , which was modeled on the British Board of Customs . The Board was created because of the difficulties the British Board faced in enforcing trade regulations in the distant colonies . Five commissioners were appointed to the board , which was headquartered in Boston . The American Customs Board would generate considerable hostility in the colonies towards the British government . According to historian Oliver M. Dickerson , `` The actual separation of the continental colonies from the rest of the Empire dates from the creation of this independent administrative board . '' The American Board of Customs Commissioners was notoriously corrupt according to historians . Political scientist Peter Andreas argues : merchants resented not only the squeeze on smuggling but also the exploits by unscrupulous customs agents that came with it . Such `` customs racketeering '' was , in the view of colonial merchants , essentially legalized piracy . Historian Edmund Morgan says : In the establishment of this American Board of Customs Commissioners , Americans saw the extension of England 's corrupt system of officeholding to America . As Professor Dickerson has shown , the Commissioners were indeed corrupt . They engaged in extensive `` customs racketeering '' and they were involved in many of the episodes of heightened the tension between England and the colonies : it was on their request that troops were sent to Boston ; The Boston Massacre took place before their headquarters ; the `` Gaspee '' was operating under their orders . Historian Doug Krehbiel argues : Disputes brought to the board were almost exclusively resolved in favor of the British government . Vice admiralty courts claimed to prosecute vigorously smugglers but were widely corrupt -- customs officials falsely accused ship owners of possessing undeclared items , thereby seizing the cargoes of entire vessels , and justices of the juryless courts were entitled to a percentage of the goods from colonial ships that they ruled unlawful . Writs of assistance and blanket search warrants to search for smuggled goods were liberally abused . John Hancock , the wealthy New England merchant , had his ship `` Liberty '' seized in 1768 on a false charge , incensing the colonists . Charges against Hancock were later dropped and his ship returned because of the fear that he would appeal to more scrupulous customs officials in Britain . Another measure to enforce the trade laws was the Vice Admiralty Court Act of 1768 . Although often included in discussions of the Townshend Acts , this act was initiated by the Cabinet when Townshend was not present , and was not passed until after his death . Before this act , there was just one vice admiralty court in North America , located in Halifax , Nova Scotia . Established in 1764 , this court proved to be too remote to serve all of the colonies , and so the 1768 Vice Admiralty Court Act created four district courts , which were located at Halifax , Boston , Philadelphia , and Charleston . One purpose of the vice admiralty courts , which did not have juries , was to help customs officials prosecute smugglers , since colonial juries were reluctant to convict persons for violating unpopular trade regulations . Townshend also faced the problem of what to do about the New York Provincial Assembly , which had refused to comply with the 1765 Quartering Act because its members saw the act 's financial provisions as levying an unconstitutional tax . The New York Restraining Act , which according to historian Robert Chaffin was `` officially a part of the Townshend Acts '' , suspended the power of the Assembly until it complied with the Quartering Act . The Restraining Act never went into effect because , by the time it was passed , the New York Assembly had already appropriated money to cover the costs of the Quartering Act . The Assembly avoided conceding the right of Parliament to tax the colonies by making no reference to the Quartering Act when appropriating this money ; they also passed a resolution stating that Parliament could not constitutionally suspend an elected legislature . Reaction ( edit ) Townshend knew that his program would be controversial in the colonies , but he argued that , `` The superiority of the mother country can at no time be better exerted than now . '' The Townshend Acts did not create an instant uproar like the Stamp Act had done two years earlier , but before long , opposition to the programme had become widespread . Townshend did not live to see this reaction , having died suddenly on September 4 , 1767 . Dickinson 's Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania The most influential colonial response to the Townshend Acts was a series of twelve essays by John Dickinson entitled `` Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania '' , which began appearing in December 1767 . Eloquently articulating ideas already widely accepted in the colonies , Dickinson argued that there was no difference between `` internal '' and `` external '' taxes , and that any taxes imposed on the colonies by Parliament for the sake of raising a revenue were unconstitutional . Dickinson warned colonists not to concede to the taxes just because the rates were low , since this would set a dangerous precedent . Dickinson sent a copy of his `` Letters '' to James Otis of Massachusetts , informing Otis that `` whenever the Cause of American Freedom is to be vindicated , I look towards the Province of Massachusetts Bay '' . The Massachusetts House of Representatives began a campaign against the Townshend Acts by first sending a petition to King George asking for the repeal of the Revenue Act , and then sending a letter to the other colonial assemblies , asking them to join the resistance movement . Upon receipt of the Massachusetts Circular Letter , other colonies also sent petitions to the king . Virginia and Pennsylvania also sent petitions to Parliament , but the other colonies did not , believing that it might have been interpreted as an admission of Parliament 's sovereignty over them . Parliament refused to consider the petitions of Virginia and Pennsylvania . In Great Britain , Lord Hillsborough , who had recently been appointed to the newly created office of Colonial Secretary , was alarmed by the actions of the Massachusetts House . In April 1768 he sent a letter to the colonial governors in America , instructing them to dissolve the colonial assemblies if they responded to the Massachusetts Circular Letter . He also sent a letter to Massachusetts Governor Francis Bernard , instructing him to have the Massachusetts House rescind the Circular Letter . By a vote of 92 to 17 , the House refused to comply , and Bernard promptly dissolved the legislature . Boycotts ( edit ) Non-importation agreement , dated October 1767 , signed by Bostonians including Paul Revere Merchants in the colonies , some of them smugglers , organized economic boycotts to put pressure on their British counterparts to work for repeal of the Townshend Acts . Boston merchants organized the first non-importation agreement , which called for merchants to suspend importation of certain British goods effective 1 January 1769 . Merchants in other colonial ports , including New York City and Philadelphia , eventually joined the boycott . In Virginia , the non-importation effort was organized by George Washington and George Mason . When the Virginia House of Burgesses passed a resolution stating that Parliament had no right to tax Virginians without their consent , Governor Lord Botetourt dissolved the assembly . The members met at Raleigh Tavern and adopted a boycott agreement known as the `` Association '' . The non-importation movement was not as effective as promoters had hoped . British exports to the colonies declined by 38 percent in 1769 , but there were many merchants who did not participate in the boycott . The boycott movement began to fail by 1770 , and came to an end in 1771 . Unrest in Boston ( edit ) Paul Revere 's engraving of British troops landing in Boston in 1768 . The newly created American Customs Board was seated in Boston , and so it was there that the Board concentrated on strictly enforcing the Townshend Acts . The acts were so unpopular in Boston that the Customs Board requested naval and military assistance . Commodore Samuel Hood complied by sending the fifty - gun warship HMS Romney , which arrived in Boston Harbor in May 1768 . On June 10 , 1768 , customs officials seized the Liberty , a sloop owned by leading Boston merchant John Hancock , on allegations that the ship had been involved in smuggling . Bostonians , already angry because the captain of the Romney had been impressing local sailors , began to riot . Customs officials fled to Castle William for protection . With John Adams serving as his lawyer , Hancock was prosecuted in a highly publicized trial by a vice-admiralty court , but the charges were eventually dropped . Given the unstable state of affairs in Massachusetts , Hillsborough instructed Governor Bernard to try to find evidence of treason in Boston . Parliament had determined that the Treason Act 1543 was still in force , which would allow Bostonians to be transported to England to stand trial for treason . Bernard could find no one who was willing to provide reliable evidence , however , and so there were no treason trials . The possibility that American colonists might be arrested and sent to England for trial produced alarm and outrage in the colonies . Even before the Liberty riot , Hillsborough had decided to send troops to Boston . On 8 June 1768 , he instructed General Thomas Gage , Commander - in - Chief , North America , to send `` such Force as You shall think necessary to Boston '' , although he conceded that this might lead to `` consequences not easily foreseen '' . Hillsborough suggested that Gage might send one regiment to Boston , but the Liberty incident convinced officials that more than one regiment would be needed . People in Massachusetts learned in September 1768 that troops were on the way . Samuel Adams organized an emergency , extralegal convention of towns and passed resolutions against the imminent occupation of Boston , but on 1 October 1768 , the first of four regiments of the British Army began disembarking in Boston , and the Customs Commissioners returned to town . The `` Journal of Occurrences '' , an anonymously written series of newspaper articles , chronicled clashes between civilians and soldiers during the military occupation of Boston , apparently with some exaggeration . Tensions rose after Christopher Seider , a Boston teenager , was killed by a customs employee on 22 February 1770 . Although British soldiers were not involved in that incident , resentment against the occupation escalated in the days that followed , resulting in the killing of five civilians in the Boston Massacre of 5 March 1770 . After the incident , the troops were withdrawn to Castle William . Partial repeal ( edit ) On the 5th of March 1770 -- the same day as the Boston Massacre although news travelled slowly at the time , and neither side of the Atlantic were aware of this coincidence -- Lord North , the new Prime Minister , presented a motion in the House of Commons that called for partial repeal of the Townshend Revenue Act . Although some in Parliament advocated a complete repeal of the act , North disagreed , arguing that the tea duty should be retained to assert `` the right of taxing the Americans '' . After debate , the Repeal Act received the Royal Assent on 12 April 1770 . Historian Robert Chaffin argued that little had actually changed : It would be inaccurate to claim that a major part of the Townshend Acts had been repealed . The revenue - producing tea levy , the American Board of Customs and , most important , the principle of making governors and magistrates independent all remained . In fact , the modification of the Townshend Duties Act was scarcely any change at all . The Townshend duty on tea was retained when the 1773 Tea Act was passed , which allowed the East India Company to ship tea directly to the colonies . The Boston Tea Party soon followed , which set the stage for the American Revolution . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dickerson ( Navigation Acts , 195 -- 95 ) for example , writes that there were four Townshend Acts , and does not mention the New York Restraining Act , which Chaffin says was `` officially a part of the Townshend Acts '' ( `` Townshend Acts '' , 128 ) . Jump up ^ Chaffin , `` Townshend Acts '' , 126 . Jump up ^ Chaffin , `` Townshend Acts '' , 143 . Jump up ^ Reid , Authority to Tax , 206 . Jump up ^ Leonard W. Levy . Seasoned Judgments . Transaction Publishers . p. 303 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Townshend Duties , 10 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , 21 -- 25 . Jump up ^ The Revenue Act of 1767 was 7 Geo . III ch. 46 ; Knollenberg , Growth , 47 ; Labaree , Tea Party , 270n12 . It is also known as the Townshend Revenue Act , the Townshend Duties Act , and the Tariff Act of 1767 . Jump up ^ Chaffin , `` Townshend Acts '' , 143 ; Thomas , Duties Crisis , 9 . ^ Jump up to : Reid , Authority to Tax , 33 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Duties Crisis , 9 ; Labaree , Tea Party , 19 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Chaffin , `` Townshend Acts '' , 127 . Jump up ^ Reid , Authority to Tax , 33 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Duties Crisis , 31 . Jump up ^ The Indemnity Act was 7 Geo . III ch. 56 ; Labaree , Tea Party , 269n20 . It is also known as the Tea Act of 1767 ; Jensen , Founding , 435 . Jump up ^ Dickerson , Navigation Acts , 196 . Jump up ^ Labaree , Tea Party , 21 . Jump up ^ Reid , Rebellious Spirit , 29 , 135n24 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Duties Crisis , 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Duties Crisis , 23 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Duties Crisis , 260 . Jump up ^ Miller , Origins , 255 . Jump up ^ Chaffin , `` Townshend Acts '' , 128 ; Thomas , Duties Crisis , 30 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Duties Crisis , 30 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , 47 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Duties Crisis , 33 Jump up ^ Chaffin , `` Townshend Acts '' , 130 . Jump up ^ Dickerson , Navigation Acts , 199 . Jump up ^ Peter Andreas , Smuggler Nation : How Illicit Trade Made America ( 2012 ) p 34 Jump up ^ Edmund S. Morgan ( 1978 ) . The Challenge of the American Revolution . W.W. Norton . pp. 104 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Doug Krehbiel , `` British Empire and the Atlantic World , '' in Paul Finkelman , ed. , Encyclopedia of the New American Nation ( 2005 ) 1 : 228 Jump up ^ 8 Geo . III ch. 22 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Duties Crisis , 34 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Chaffin , `` Townshend Acts '' , 134 . Jump up ^ 7 Geo . III ch. 59 . Also known as the New York Suspending Act ; Knollenberg , Growth , 296 . Jump up ^ Chaffin , `` Townshend Acts '' , 128 . Jump up ^ Chaffin , `` Townshend Acts '' , 134 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Chaffin , `` Townshend Acts '' , 131 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , 48 ; Thomas , Duties Crisis , 76 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Duties Crisis , 36 . ^ Jump up to : Chaffin , `` Townshend Acts '' , 132 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , 50 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , 52 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , 54 . Dickinson 's letter to Otis was dated December 5 , 1767 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , 54 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Duties Crisis , 84 ; Knollenberg , Growth , 54 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Duties Crisis , 85 , 111 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Duties Crisis , 112 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Duties Crisis , 81 ; Knollenberg , Growth , 56 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , 57 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , 59 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Duties Crisis , 157 . Jump up ^ Chaffin , `` Townshend Acts '' , 138 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , 61 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , 63 . Jump up ^ `` Notorious Smuggler '' , 236 -- 46 ; Knollenberg , Growth , 63 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Duties Crisis , 109 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 296 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , 69 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Duties Crisis , 82 ; Knollenberg , Growth , 75 ; Jensen , Founding , 290 . Jump up ^ Reid , Rebellious Spirit , 125 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Duties Crisis , 92 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , 76 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , 76 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , 77 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , 78 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , 81 . ^ Jump up to : Knollenberg , Growth , 71 . Jump up ^ 10 Geo . III c. 17 ; Labaree , Tea Party , 276n17 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , 72 . Jump up ^ Chaffin , `` Townshend Acts '' , 140 . References ( edit ) Chaffin , Robert J. `` The Townshend Acts crisis , 1767 -- 1770 '' . The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution . Jack P. Greene , and J.R. Pole , eds . Malden , Massachusetts : Blackwell , 1991 ; reprint 1999 . ISBN 1 - 55786 - 547 - 7 . Dickerson , Oliver M. The Navigation Acts and the American Revolution . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press , 1951 . Knollenberg , Bernhard . Growth of the American Revolution , 1766 -- 1775 . New York : Free Press , 1975 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 917110 - 5 . Labaree , Benjamin Woods . The Boston Tea Party . Originally published 1964 . Boston : Northeastern University Press , 1979 . ISBN 0 - 930350 - 05 - 7 . Jensen , Merrill . The Founding of a Nation : A History of the American Revolution , 1763 -- 1776 . New York : Oxford University Press , 1968 . Miller , John C. Origins of the American Revolution . Stanford University Press , 1959 . Reid , John Phillip . In a Rebellious Spirit : The Argument of Facts , the Liberty Riot , and the Coming of the American Revolution . University Park : Pennsylvania State University Press , 1979 . ISBN 0 - 271 - 00202 - 6 . Reid , John Phillip . Constitutional History of the American Revolution , II : The Authority to Tax . Madison : University of Wisconsin Press , 1987 . ISBN 0 - 299 - 11290 - X . Thomas , Peter D.G. The Townshend Duties Crisis : The Second Phase of the American Revolution , 1767 -- 1773 . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1987 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 822967 - 4 . Further reading ( edit ) Barrow , Thomas C. Trade and Empire : The British Customs Service in Colonial America , 1660 -- 1775 . Harvard University Press , 1967 . Breen , T.H. The Marketplace of Revolution : How Consumer Politics Shaped American Independence . Oxford University Press , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 518131 - X ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 518131 - 9 . Brunhouse , Robert Levere . `` The Effect of the Townshend Acts in Pennsylvania . '' Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography ( 1930 ) : 355 - 373 . online Chaffin , Robert J. `` The Townshend Acts of 1767 . '' William and Mary Quarterly : A Magazine of Early American History ( 1970 ) : 90 - 121 . in JSTOR Chaffin , Robert J. `` The Townshend Acts crisis , 1767 -- 1770 . '' in Jack P. Greene , J.R. Pole eds. , A Companion to the American Revolution ( 2000 ) pp : 134 - 150 . online Knight , Carol Lynn H. The American Colonial Press and the Townshend Crisis , 1766 -- 1770 : A Study in Political Imagery . Lewiston : E. Mellen Press , 1990 . Leslie , William R . `` The Gaspee Affair : A Study of Its Constitutional Significance . '' The Mississippi Valley Historical Review ( 1952 ) : 233 - 256 . in JSTOR Ubbelohde , Carl . The Vice-Admiralty Courts and the American Revolution . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 1960 . External links ( edit ) Text of the Townshend Revenue Act Article on the Townshend Acts , with some period documents , from the Massachusetts Historical Society Documents on the Townshend Acts and Period 1767 -- 1768 British law and the American Revolution Royal Proclamations , Acts of Parliament , and other legal issues relating to the American Revolution Before 1763 Navigation Acts Wool Act ( 1699 ) Hat Act ( 1732 ) Molasses Act ( 1733 ) Iron Act ( 1750 ) Grenville ministry ( 1763 -- 1765 ) Royal Proclamation of 1763 Sugar Act ( 1764 ) Currency Act ( 1764 ) Quartering Act ( 1765 ) Stamp Act ( 1765 ) Rockingham ministry ( 1765 -- 1766 ) Repeal Act ( March 1766 ) Declaratory Act ( March 1766 ) Revenue Act ( June 1766 ) Chatham and Grafton ministries ( 1766 -- 1770 ) Townshend Acts ( 1767 ) North ministry ( 1770 -- 1782 ) Repeal Act ( 1770 ) Tea Act ( 1773 ) Coercive Acts ( 1774 ) Conciliatory Resolution ( February 1775 ) Restraining Acts ( March & April 1775 ) Proclamation of Rebellion ( August 1775 ) Prohibitory Act ( December 1775 ) Taxation of Colonies Act ( 1778 ) Other legal issues Rights of Englishmen Writ of assistance Admiralty courts Parson 's Cause ( 1763 ) Taxation without representation Origins of the American Revolution : writings American resolves , declarations , petitions , essays and pamphlets prior to the Declaration of Independence ( July 1776 ) Following the Stamp Act ( 1765 ) Virginia Resolves ( May 1765 ) Braintree Instructions ( September 1765 ) Declaration of Rights and Grievances ( October 1765 ) An Inquiry into the Rights of the British Colonies ( 1766 ) Following the Townshend Acts ( 1767 ) Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania ( 1767 , 1768 ) Massachusetts Circular Letter ( February 1768 ) Journal of Occurrences ( 1768 , 1769 ) Virginia Association ( May 1769 ) Boston Pamphlet ( 1772 ) Sheffield Declaration ( January 1773 ) Following the Coercive Acts ( 1774 ) Maryland Chestertown Resolves ( May 1774 ) Bush River Resolution ( March 1775 ) Massachusetts Suffolk Resolves ( September 1774 ) New York Orangetown Resolutions ( July 1774 ) A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress ( December 1774 ) The Farmer Refuted ( February 1775 ) North Carolina Mecklenburg Resolves or Declaration ( May 1775 ) Liberty Point Resolves ( June 1775 ) Tryon Resolves ( August 1775 ) Halifax Resolves ( April 1776 ) Virginia Fairfax Resolves ( July 1774 ) Fincastle Resolutions ( January 1775 ) Virginia Declaration of Rights ( June 1776 ) 1st Continental Congress Declaration and Resolves ( October 1774 ) Continental Association ( October 1774 ) Petition to the King ( October 1774 ) 2nd Continental Congress Olive Branch Petition ( July 1775 ) Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms ( July 1775 ) May 15 preamble ( May 1776 ) Lee Resolution ( July 1776 ) Essays and pamphlets `` Letters to the inhabitants of Canada '' ( 1774 , 1775 , 1776 ) A Summary View of the Rights of British America ( 1774 ) Novanglus ( 1775 ) Common Sense ( January 1776 ) Thoughts on Government ( Spring , 1776 ) United Kingdom legislation Pre-Parliamentary legislation List of English statutes Charter of Liberties Magna Carta Acts of Parliament by states preceding the Kingdom of Great Britain Parliament of England to 1483 1485 -- 1601 1603 -- 1641 Interregnum ( 1642 -- 1660 ) 1660 -- 1699 1700 -- 1706 Parliament of Scotland to 1706 Acts of Parliament of the Kingdom of Great Britain 1707 -- 1719 1720 -- 1739 1740 -- 1759 1760 -- 1779 1780 -- 1800 Acts of the Parliament of Ireland to 1700 1701 -- 1800 Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 1801 -- 1819 1820 -- 1839 1840 -- 1859 1860 -- 1879 1880 -- 1899 1900 -- 1919 1920 -- 1939 1940 -- 1959 1960 -- 1979 1980 -- 1999 2000 to date Halsbury 's Statutes Legislation.gov.uk Short titles relating to the European Union 1972 to date Church of England measures List Church of England Assembly ( Powers ) Act 1919 Legislation of devolved institutions Acts of the Scottish Parliament List Acts and Measures of the National Assembly for Wales List Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly Acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland Orders - in - Council / Orders in Council Orders - in - Council for Northern Ireland ( 1972 - 2009 ) Orders in Council for Northern Ireland Secondary legislation United Kingdom Statutory Instruments various Scottish Statutory Instruments Acts of Sederunt Acts of Adjournal all others Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Townshend_Acts&oldid=812067029 '' Categories : 1767 in the Thirteen Colonies Acts of the Parliament of Great Britain Great Britain Acts of Parliament 1767 Laws leading to the American Revolution Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 Polski Português Simple English Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 25 November 2017 , at 20 : 19 . 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where is the world's fresh water stored

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Fresh_water&oldid=865719407

Fresh water - wikipedia Fresh water naturally occurring water with low concentrations of dissolved salts `` Freshwater '' redirects here . For other uses , see Freshwater ( disambiguation ) . Rivers , lakes , and marshlands , such as ( from top ) South America 's Amazon River , Russia 's Lake Baikal , and the Everglades in Florida of the United States , are types of freshwater systems . Fresh water ( or freshwater ) is any naturally occurring water except seawater and brackish water . Fresh water includes water in ice sheets , ice caps , glaciers , icebergs , bogs , ponds , lakes , rivers , streams , and even underground water called groundwater . Fresh water is generally characterized by having low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids . Though the term specifically excludes seawater and brackish water , it does include mineral - rich waters such as chalybeate springs . Fresh water is not the same as potable water ( or drinking water ) . Much of the earth 's fresh water ( on the surface and groundwater ) is unsuitable for drinking without some treatment . Fresh water can easily become polluted by human activities or due to naturally occurring processes , such as erosion . Water is critical to the survival of all living organisms . Some organisms can thrive on salt water , but the great majority of higher plants and most mammals need fresh water to live . Contents 1 Definitions 1.1 Numerical definition 1.2 Systems 2 Sources 3 Water distribution 4 Aquatic organisms 5 Problems 5.1 Limited resource 5.2 Minimum streamflow 5.3 Water pollution 6 Human uses 6.1 Agriculture 6.2 Examples 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Definitions ( edit ) Numerical definition ( edit ) Fresh water can be defined as water with less than 500 parts per million ( ppm ) of dissolved salts . Part of a series on Water salinity Salinity levels Fresh water ( < 0.05 % ) Brackish water ( 0.05 -- 3 % ) Saline water ( 3 -- 5 % ) Brine ( > 5 % ) Bodies of water Seawater Salt lake Hypersaline lake Salt pan Brine pool Bodies by salinity Other sources give higher upper salinity limits for fresh water , e.g. 1000 ppm or 3000 ppm . Systems ( edit ) Earth seen from Apollo 17 . The Antarctic ice sheet at the bottom of the photograph contains 61 % of the fresh water , or 1.7 % of the total water , on Earth . Visualisation of the distribution ( by volume ) of water on Earth . Each tiny cube ( such as the one representing biological water ) corresponds to approximately 1000 cubic km of water , with a mass of approximately 1 trillion tonnes ( 200000 times that of the Great Pyramid of Giza or 5 times that of Lake Kariba , arguably the heaviest man - made object ) . The entire block comprises 1 million tiny cubes . Water fountain found in a small Swiss village . They are used as a drinking water source for people and cattle . Almost every Alpine village has such a water source . Fresh water habitats are classified as either lentic systems , which are the still - waters including ponds , lakes , swamps and mires ; lotic which are running - water systems ; or groundwaters which flow in rocks and aquifers . There is , in addition , a zone which bridges between groundwater and lotic systems , which is the hyporheic zone , which underlies many larger rivers and can contain substantially more water than is seen in the open channel . It may also be in direct contact with the underlying underground water . The majority of fresh water on Earth is in ice caps . Sources ( edit ) The source of almost all fresh water is precipitation from the atmosphere , in the form of mist , rain and snow . Fresh water falling as mist , rain or snow contains materials dissolved from the atmosphere and material from the sea and land over which the rain bearing clouds have traveled . In industrialized areas rain is typically acidic because of dissolved oxides of sulfur and nitrogen formed from burning of fossil fuels in cars , factories , trains and aircraft and from the atmospheric emissions of industry . In some cases this acid rain results in pollution of lakes and rivers . In coastal areas fresh water may contain significant concentrations of salts derived from the sea if windy conditions have lifted drops of seawater into the rain - bearing clouds . This can give rise to elevated concentrations of sodium , chloride , magnesium and sulfate as well as many other compounds in smaller concentrations . In desert areas , or areas with impoverished or dusty soils , rain - bearing winds can pick up sand and dust and this can be deposited elsewhere in precipitation and causing the freshwater flow to be measurably contaminated both by insoluble solids but also by the soluble components of those soils . Significant quantities of iron may be transported in this way including the well - documented transfer of iron - rich rainfall falling in Brazil derived from sand - storms in the Sahara in north Africa . Water distribution ( edit ) Main article : Water distribution on Earth Out of all the water on Earth , saline water in oceans , seas and saline groundwater make up about 97 % of it . Only 2.5 -- 2.75 % is fresh water , including 1.75 -- 2 % frozen in glaciers , ice and snow , 0.5 -- 0.75 % as fresh groundwater and soil moisture , and less than 0.01 % of it as surface water in lakes , swamps and rivers . Freshwater lakes contain about 87 % of this fresh surface water , including 29 % in the African Great Lakes , 22 % in Lake Baikal in Russia , 21 % in the North American Great Lakes , and 14 % in other lakes . Swamps have most of the balance with only a small amount in rivers , most notably the Amazon River . The atmosphere contains 0.04 % water . In areas with no fresh water on the ground surface , fresh water derived from precipitation may , because of its lower density , overlie saline ground water in lenses or layers . Most of the world 's fresh water is frozen in ice sheets . Many areas suffer from lack of distribution of fresh water , such as deserts . Aquatic organisms ( edit ) Further information : Aquatic animal Water is a critical issue for the survival of all living organisms . Some can use salt water but many organisms including the great majority of higher plants and most mammals must have access to fresh water to live . Some terrestrial mammals , especially desert rodents appear to survive without drinking but they do generate water through the metabolism of cereal seeds and they also have mechanisms to conserve water to the maximum degree . Fresh water creates a hypotonic environment for aquatic organisms . This is problematic for some organisms with pervious skins or with gill membranes , whose cell membranes may burst if excess water is not excreted . Some protists accomplish this using contractile vacuoles , while freshwater fish excrete excess water via the kidney . Although most aquatic organisms have a limited ability to regulate their osmotic balance and therefore can only live within a narrow range of salinity , diadromous fish have the ability to migrate between fresh water and saline water bodies . During these migrations they undergo changes to adapt to the surroundings of the changed salinities ; these processes are hormonally controlled . The eel ( Anguilla anguilla ) uses the hormone prolactin , while in salmon ( Salmo salar ) the hormone cortisol plays a key role during this process . Many sea birds have special glands at the base of the bill through which excess salt is excreted . Similarly the marine iguanas on the Galápagos Islands excrete excess salt through a nasal gland and they sneeze out a very salty excretion . Freshwater molluscs include freshwater snails and freshwater bivalves . Freshwater crustaceans include freshwater crabs and crayfish . Problems ( edit ) Limited resource ( edit ) Main article : Water scarcity Fresh water is a renewable and variable , but finite natural resource . Fresh water can only be replenished through the process of the water cycle , in which water from seas , lakes , forests , land , rivers , and reservoirs evaporates , forms clouds , and returns as precipitation . Locally however , if more fresh water is consumed through human activities than is naturally restored , this may result in reduced fresh water availability from surface and underground sources and can cause serious damage to surrounding and associated environments . Fresh and unpolluted water accounts for 0.003 % of total water available globally . The increase in the world population and the increase in per capita water use puts increasing strains on the finite resources availability of clean fresh water . The World Bank adds that the response by freshwater ecosystems to a changing climate can be described in terms of three interrelated components : water quality , water quantity or volume , and water timing . A change in one often leads to shifts in the others as well . Water pollution and subsequent eutrophication also reduces the availability of fresh water . Many areas of the world are already experiencing stress on water availability ( or water scarcity ) . Due to the accelerated pace of population growth and an increase in the amount of water a single person uses , it is expected that this situation will continue to get worse . A shortage of water in the future would be detrimental to the human population as it would affect everything from sanitation , to overall health and the production of grain . Minimum streamflow ( edit ) An important concern for hydrological ecosystems is securing minimum streamflow , especially preserving and restoring instream water allocations . Fresh water is an important natural resource necessary for the survival of all ecosystems . The use of water by humans for activities such as irrigation and industrial applications can have adverse impacts on down - stream ecosystems . Fresh water withdrawal is the quantity of water removed from available sources for use in any purpose , excluding evaporation losses . Water drawn off is not necessarily entirely consumed and some portion may be returned for further use downstream . Water pollution ( edit ) Main article : Water pollution Pollution from human activity , including oil spills and also presents a problem for freshwater resources . The largest petroleum spill that has ever occurred in fresh water was caused by a Royal Dutch Shell tank ship in Magdalena , Argentina , on 15 January 1999 , polluting the environment , drinkable water , plants and animals . Chemical contamination of fresh water can also seriously damage eco-systems . Human uses ( edit ) Agriculture ( edit ) Changing landscape for the use of agriculture has a great effect on the flow of fresh water . Changes in landscape by the removal of trees and soils changes the flow of fresh water in the local environment and also affects the cycle of fresh water . As a result , more fresh water is stored in the soil which benefits agriculture . However , since agriculture is the human activity that consumes the most fresh water , this can put a severe strain on local freshwater resources resulting in the destruction of local ecosystems . In Australia , over-abstraction of fresh water for intensive irrigation activities has caused 33 % of the land area to be at risk of salination . With regards to agriculture , the World Bank targets food production and water management as an increasingly global issue that will foster debate . Examples ( edit ) One in eight people in the world do not having access to safe water Innapropriate use of water may contribute to this problem . The following tables provide some indicators of water use . Table 1 Recommended basic water requirements for human needs ( per person ) Activity Minimum , litres / day Range / day Drinking Water 5 2 -- 5 Sanitation Services 20 20 -- 75 Bathing 15 5 -- 70 Cooking and Kitchen 10 10 -- 50 Table 2 . Water Requirements of different classes of livestock Animal Average / day Range / day Dairy cow 76 L ( 20 US gal ) 57 to 95 L ( 15 to 25 US gal ) Cow - calf pair 57 L ( 15 US gal ) 8 to 76 L ( 2 to 20 US gal ) Yearling cattle 38 L ( 10 US gal ) 23 to 53 L ( 6 to 14 US gal ) Horse 38 L ( 10 US gal ) 30 to 53 L ( 8 to 14 US gal ) Sheep 8 L ( 2 US gal ) 8 to 11 L ( 2 to 3 US gal ) Table 3 Approximate values of seasonal crop water needs Crop Crop water needs mm / total growing period Sugar Cane 1500 -- 2500 Banana 1200 -- 2200 Citrus 900 -- 1200 Potato 500 -- 700 Tomato 400 -- 800 Barley / Oats / Wheat 450 -- 650 Cabbage 350 -- 500 Onions 350 -- 550 Pea 350 -- 500 See also ( edit ) African Great Lakes Aral Sea Desalination Drought Freshwater ecology Limnology List of countries by freshwater withdrawal List of countries by total renewable water resources Properties of water Water cycle References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Groundwater Glossary '' . 27 March 2006 . Archived from the original on 28 April 2006 . Retrieved 14 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Freshwater '' . Glossary of Meteorology . American Meteorological Society . June 2000 . Archived from the original on 6 June 2011 . Retrieved 27 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Freshwater '' . Fishkeeping glossary . Practical Fishkeeping . Archived from the original on 11 May 2006 . Retrieved 27 November 2009 . Jump up ^ USGS -- Earth 's water distribution Archived 29 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... Ga.water.usgs.gov ( 11 December 2012 ) . Retrieved on 29 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Where is Earth 's water ? Archived 14 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , United States Geological Survey . Jump up ^ Physicalgeography.net Archived 26 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... Physicalgeography.net . Retrieved on 29 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Gleick , Peter ; et al. ( 1996 ) . Stephen H. Schneider , ed . Encyclopedia of Climate and Weather . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ `` Vertebrate Kidneys '' . 3 November 2002 . Archived from the original on 29 April 2006 . Retrieved 14 May 2006 . Jump up ^ Kalujnaia , S. ; et . al. ( 2007 ) . `` Salinity adaptation and gene profiling analysis in the European eel ( Anguilla anguilla ) using microarray technology '' . Gen Comp Endocrinol . National Center for Biotechnology Information . 152 ( 2007 ) : 274 -- 80 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ygcen. 2006.12. 025 . PMID 17324422 . Jump up ^ Bisal , G.A. ; Specker , J.L. ( 24 January 2006 ) . `` Cortisol stimulates hypo - osmoregulatory ability in Atlantic salmon , Salmo salar L '' . Journal of Fish Biology . Wiley . 39 ( 3 ) : 421 -- 432 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8649.1991. tb04373. x . Jump up ^ Nitti , Gianfranco ( May 2011 ) . `` Water is not an infinite resource and the world is thirsty '' . The Italian Insider . Rome . p. 8 . Jump up ^ The World Bank , 2009 `` Water and Climate Change : Understanding the Risks and Making Climate - Smart Investment Decisions '' . pp. 19 -- 22 . Archived from the original on 7 April 2012 . Retrieved 24 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nutrients in fresh water '' Jump up ^ `` Fresh Water in the Future '' Archived 30 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... Un.org ( 17 December 2010 ) . Retrieved on 29 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Peter Gleick ; Heather Cooley ; David Katz ( 2006 ) . The world 's water , 2006 -- 2007 : the biennial report on freshwater resources . Island Press . pp. 29 -- 31 . ISBN 1 - 59726 - 106 - 8 . Retrieved 12 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Petroleomagdalena.com Archived 14 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine ... Petroleomagdalena.com ( 15 January 1999 ) . Retrieved on 29 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gordon L. , D.M. ( 2003 ) . `` Land cover change and water vapour flows : learning from Australia '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences . 358 ( 1440 ) : 1973 -- 1984 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 2003.1381 . JSTOR 3558315 . PMC 1693281 . PMID 14728792 . Jump up ^ Reengaging in Agricultural Water Management : Challenges and Options , The World Bank , pp. 4 -- 5 , archived from the original on 5 January 2012 , retrieved 30 October 2011 Jump up ^ Water Aid . `` Water '' . Retrieved 17 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Gleick , Peter . `` Basic Water Requirements for Human Activities '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 29 June 2013 . Retrieved 17 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Filley , S. `` How much does a cow need ? '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 12 May 2012 . Retrieved 17 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Natural Resource Management and Environmental Dept . `` Crops Need Water '' . Archived from the original on 16 January 2012 . Retrieved 17 March 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Freshwater . The World Bank 's work and publications on water resources U.S. Geological Survey Fresh Water National Geographic Natural resources Air Pollution / quality Ambient standards ( USA ) Index Indoor developing nations Law Clean Air Act ( USA ) Ozone depletion Emissions Airshed Trading Deforestation ( REDD ) Energy Law Resources Fossil fuels ( peak oil ) Geothermal Hydro tidal wave Nuclear Solar sunlight shade Wind Land Arable peak farmland Degradation Law property Management habitat conservation Minerals mining law sand peak rights Soil conservation fertility health resilience Use planning reserve Life Biodiversity Bioprospecting Biosphere Bushfood Bushmeat Fisheries law management Food Forests genetic resources law management Game law Gene bank Herbalist plants Marine conservation Non-timber forest products Rangeland Seed bank Wildlife conservation management Wood Water Types / location Aquifer storage and recovery Drinking Fresh Groundwater pollution recharge remediation Hydrosphere Ice bergs glacial polar Irrigation Rain harvesting Stormwater Surface water Wastewater reclaimed Aspects Desalination Floods Law Leaching Sanitation Conflict Conservation Peak water Pollution Privatization Quality Right Resources management policy Related Commons enclosure global land tragedy of Economics ecological land Ecosystem services Exploitation overexploitation Earth Overshoot Day Management adaptive Natural capital accounting Nature reserve Systems ecology Urban ecology Wilderness Resource Common - pool Conflict ( perpetuation ) Curse Depletion Extraction Nationalism Renewable / Non-renewable Portals Agriculture and agronomy Energy Environment Fishing Forestry Mining Water Wetlands agencies law management ministries organizations Colleges Natural resources GND : 4058507 - 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fresh_water&oldid=865719407 '' Categories : Aquatic ecology Fresh water Hydrology Liquid water Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Use dmy dates from July 2014 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Simple English Slovenčina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Удмурт Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 55 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2018 , at 18 : 20 ( UTC ) . 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996768280100184490

where does the last name segovia come from

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Segovia&oldid=797382264

Segovia - wikipedia Segovia Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Segovia ( disambiguation ) . Segovia Municipality View of the façade of the Segovia Cathedral , the ancient City Walls ( 8th century ) , and the Guadarrama mountains . Flag Coat of arms Segovia Location in Spain Coordinates : 40 ° 57 ′ N 4 ° 10 ′ W  /  40.950 ° N 4.167 ° W  / 40.950 ; - 4.167 Coordinates : 40 ° 57 ′ N 4 ° 10 ′ W  /  40.950 ° N 4.167 ° W  / 40.950 ; - 4.167 Country Spain Autonomous community Castile and León Province Segovia Comarca Capital y Área Metropolitana Judicial district Partido de Segovia Government Alcalde Clara Luquero ( PSOE ) Area Total 163.59 km ( 63.16 sq mi ) Elevation 1,005 m ( 3,297 ft ) Population ( 2009 ) Total 56,660 Density 350 / km ( 900 / sq mi ) Demonym ( s ) Segoviano , na Time zone CET ( UTC + 1 ) Summer ( DST ) CEST ( UTC + 2 ) Postal code 40001 - 40006 Official language ( s ) Spanish Website Official website UNESCO World Heritage Site Criteria Cultural : ( i ) , ( iii ) , ( iv ) Reference 311 Inscription 1985 ( 9th Session ) ( edit on Wikidata ) Segovia ( / sɪˈɡoʊviə / ; Spanish pronunciation : ( seˈɣoβja ) ) is a city in the autonomous region of Castile and León , Spain . It is the capital of Segovia Province . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Geography 2.1 Location 2.2 Climate 2.3 Population centers 3 History 4 Demographics 5 Heritage 5.1 World Heritage City 5.2 Religious architecture 5.2. 1 Churches and chapels 5.2. 2 Monasteries and convents 5.3 Civil architecture 5.4 Urban sculpture 5.5 Parks and gardens 6 Economy 7 Education 8 Culture 8.1 Museums 8.2 MUCES 8.3 Festivities 8.3. 1 Holy Week 9 Notable people 10 Twin towns -- sister cities 11 Antipode 12 References 13 External links Etymology ( edit ) The name of Segovia is of Celtiberian origin . The first inhabitants named the city Segobriga . This name comes from two terms of the Celtiberian language of the Celtic branch of Indo - European . The term Sego means `` victory '' ( the prefix is also present in other city names such as Segeda and Segontia , cf . German `` Sieg '' or Dutch `` zege '' ) and the suffix - briga would mean `` city '' or `` strength '' . So the name might be translated as `` City of the victory '' or `` Victorious city '' . Under the Romans and Arabs , the city was called Segovia ( Σεγουβία , Ptolomeo ii. 6 . § 56 ) and Šiqūbiyyah ( شقوبية ‎ ) respectively . Geography ( edit ) Location ( edit ) Aerial view showing part of the city . Segovia is located on the plains of Old Castile , near Valladolid and the Spanish capital , Madrid . Segovia is one of nine provinces that make up the autonomous region of Castile and León . Burgos and Valladolid lie to the north , Ávila to the west , Madrid to the south , and Soria to the east . The altitude of the province varies from 750 metres ( 2,461 feet ) in the extreme northwest to a maximum of 2,430 m ( 7,972 ft ) at Peñalara peak in the Sierra de Guadarrama . The town lies on the main route of the Camino de Santiago de Madrid . Climate ( edit ) The climate is hot - summer Mediterranean ( Csa in the Koeppen climate classification ) near the boundaries of Csb and BSk , resulting from the high altitude and the distance from the coast . The average annual temperature is 12.42 ° C ( 54.4 ° F ) , with a minimum in December of − 14 ° C ( 6.8 ° F ) and maximum in August of 39 ° C ( 102.2 ° F ) . The annual precipitation range from 400 to 500 mm per year in the lower plains , and can reach up to 800 mm right in the mountain area of `` Sierra de Guadarrama '' , as rainfalls and snowfalls are more frequent , and decent showers coming from summer thunderstorms help the mountain area of the province to be rainier than average for the entire central Spain area . All of this make the province a damp corner in the context of the region . The predominant forms of vegetation in the mountainous areas include pine , evergreen , oak , beech and juniper . ( hide ) Climate data for Segovia ( 1988 - 2010 ) 1005m Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 19.5 ( 67.1 ) 21.0 ( 69.8 ) 23.2 ( 73.8 ) 27.7 ( 81.9 ) 33.2 ( 91.8 ) 37.3 ( 99.1 ) 38.6 ( 101.5 ) 38.3 ( 100.9 ) 36.3 ( 97.3 ) 29.4 ( 84.9 ) 23.0 ( 73.4 ) 19.8 ( 67.6 ) 38.6 ( 101.5 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 8.2 ( 46.8 ) 10.4 ( 50.7 ) 13.9 ( 57 ) 15.1 ( 59.2 ) 19.7 ( 67.5 ) 25.8 ( 78.4 ) 29.7 ( 85.5 ) 29.4 ( 84.9 ) 24.0 ( 75.2 ) 18.0 ( 64.4 ) 11.8 ( 53.2 ) 8.8 ( 47.8 ) 17.9 ( 64.22 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 4.3 ( 39.7 ) 5.8 ( 42.4 ) 8.6 ( 47.5 ) 9.7 ( 49.5 ) 14.0 ( 57.2 ) 19.0 ( 66.2 ) 22.2 ( 72 ) 22.1 ( 71.8 ) 17.7 ( 63.9 ) 13.0 ( 55.4 ) 7.6 ( 45.7 ) 5.1 ( 41.2 ) 12.42 ( 54.38 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 0.3 ( 32.5 ) ( 34 ) 3.2 ( 37.8 ) 4.2 ( 39.6 ) 8.2 ( 46.8 ) 12.1 ( 53.8 ) 14.6 ( 58.3 ) 14.8 ( 58.6 ) 11.4 ( 52.5 ) 7.9 ( 46.2 ) 3.4 ( 38.1 ) 1.3 ( 34.3 ) 6.88 ( 44.38 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 11.8 ( 10.8 ) − 11.4 ( 11.5 ) − 13.2 ( 8.2 ) − 5.2 ( 22.6 ) − 3.0 ( 26.6 ) 2.5 ( 36.5 ) 4.0 ( 39.2 ) 4.4 ( 39.9 ) 0.8 ( 33.4 ) − 3.2 ( 26.2 ) − 10.4 ( 13.3 ) − 10.5 ( 13.1 ) − 13.2 ( 8.2 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 38 ( 1.5 ) 31 ( 1.22 ) 30 ( 1.18 ) 44 ( 1.73 ) 66 ( 2.6 ) 43 ( 1.69 ) 17 ( 0.67 ) 20 ( 0.79 ) 28 ( 1.1 ) 59 ( 2.32 ) 52 ( 2.05 ) 46 ( 1.81 ) 474 ( 18.66 ) Average precipitation days 7 6 6 8 10 5 5 9 9 8 79 Mean monthly sunshine hours 124 152 203 213 250 314 358 328 246 177 126 110 2,601 Source # 1 : Source # 2 : Population centers ( edit ) Aside from the main city , there are a number of other villages within the municipality of Segovia . Fuentemilanos Hontoria Madrona Revenga , established in 1983 as a `` minor local entity '' ( Spanish : entidad local menor ) , a category of sub-municipal entities in Spain . Zamarramala Torredondo Perogordo History ( edit ) Alcázar of Segovia . The Segovia Cathedral as seen from the air . San Andrés Gate . The first recorded mention of a settlement in what is today Segovia was a Celtic possession . Control later passed into the hands of the Romans . The city is a possible site of the battle in 75 BCE where Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius was victorious over Quintus Sertorius and Hirtuleius . Hirtuleius died in the fighting . During the Roman period the settlement belonged to one of numerous contemporary Latin convents . It is believed that the city was abandoned after the Islamic invasion of Spain centuries later . After the conquest of Toledo by Alfonso VI of León and Castile , the son of King Alfonso VI , Segovia was resettled with Christians from the north of the Iberian peninsula and beyond the Pyrenees , providing it with a significant sphere of influence whose boundaries crossed the Sierra de Guadarrama and the Tagus . Segovia 's position on trading routes made it an important centre of trade in wool and textiles . The end of the Middle Ages saw something of a golden age for Segovia , with a growing Jewish population and the creation of a foundation for a powerful cloth industry . Several splendid works of Gothic architecture were also completed during this period . Notably , Isabella I was proclaimed queen of Castile in the church of San Miguel de Segovia on December 13 , 1474 . Like most Castilian textile centres , Segovia joined the Revolt of the Comuneros under the command of Juan Bravo . Despite the defeat of the Communities , the city 's resultant economic boom continued into the sixteenth century , its population rising to 27,000 in 1594 . Then , as well as almost all the cities of Castile , Segovia entered a period of decline . Only a century later in 1694 , the population had been reduced to only 8,000 inhabitants . In the early eighteenth century , Segovia attempted to revitalize its textile industry , with little success . In the second half of the century , Charles III made another attempt to revive the region 's commerce ; it took the form of the Royal Segovian Wool Manufacturing Company ( 1763 ) . However , the lack of competitiveness of production caused the crown withdraw its sponsorship in 1779 . In 1764 , the Royal School of Artillery , the first military academy in Spain , was opened . This academy remains present in the city today . In 1808 , Segovia was sacked by French troops during the War of Independence . During the First Carlist War , troops under the command of Don Carlos unsuccessfully attacked the city . During the nineteenth and first half of the twentieth century , Segovia experienced a demographic recovery that was the result of relative economic stability . Demographics ( edit ) The population growth experienced during the nineteenth century accelerated steadily beginning around 1920 : 16,013 inhabitants that year , 33,360 in 1960 , 53,237 in 1981 . Since the 1980s growth has slowed markedly : 55,586 in 2004 and 56,047 in 2007 . Heritage ( edit ) World Heritage city ( edit ) The Roman Aqueduct of Segovia . In 1985 the old city of Segovia and its Aqueduct were declared World Heritage Sites by UNESCO . The old city contains a multitude of historic buildings both civil and religious , including a large number of buildings of Jewish origin , notably within the old Jewish Quarter . One of the most historically important Jewish sites is the Jewish cemetery , El Pinarillo . Among the most important monuments in the city are : The Aqueduct of Segovia , located in Plaza del Azoguejo , is the defining historical feature of the city , dating from the late 1st or early 2nd century CE . Like a number of other aqueducts in Spain , Segovia 's Roman - built aqueduct receives attention for being one of the `` extraordinary engineering accomplishments '' existing in the country , wrote Alejandro Lapunzina in Reference Guides to National Architecture : Architecture of Spain . It is still used to deliver drinking water . `` The aqueduct of Segovia is -- because of its long span , architectural beauty , uncharacteristic slenderness , and dramatic presence in the center of a dense urban fabric -- the most impressive Roman structure in Spain , and one of the most famous among the numerous aqueducts built by the Romans throughout their vast Empire , '' Lapunzina wrote . It consists of about 25,000 granite blocks held together without any mortar , and spans 818 meters with more than 170 arches , the highest being 29 metres high . The Alcazar of Segovia , the royal palace built on a stone peninsula between the rivers Eresma and Clamores , is documented for the first time in 1122 , although it may have existed earlier . It was one of the favored residences of the kings of Castile , built in the transition from Romanesque architecture to Gothic and Mudéjar . The building is structured around two courtyards and has two towers , and a keep . It was a favourite residence of Alfonso X the Wise and Henry IV , and Isabella the Catholic was crowned Queen of Castile in Segovia 's Plaza Mayor . Devastated by a fire in 1862 , it was later rebuilt . It now houses the General Militar de Segovia archive and museum of the Royal School of Artillery , managed by the Board of the Alcazar . Segovia Cathedral as seen from the Alcazar . The Segovia Cathedral , the last Gothic cathedral built in Spain . It is considered a masterpiece of Basque - Castilian Gothic architecture and is known as `` The Lady of Cathedrals . '' Juan Gil de Hontañón , Rodrigo Gil de Hontañón , and other masters of Spanish architecture worked on the construction . It was consecrated in 1768 and is 105 meters long , 50 metres wide and 33 m high in the nave , has 18 chapels and has three doors : El Perdón , San Frutos and San Geroteo . The Walls of Segovia existed when Alfonso VI of León and Castile retook the city from the Arabs . Alfonso had them enlarged , and also increased its perimeter to 3 kilometres , with eight towers , five gates , and several doors . It was built mainly of granite blocks but also reused gravestones from the old Roman necropolis . The wall encircles the historic quarter and currently has three gates : San Cebrián ; Santiago , built in the Mudéjar style ; and San Andrés , gateway to the Jewish quarter ; and the breaches of Consuelo , San Juan , the Sun , and the Moon . Religious architecture ( edit ) Iglesia de San Esteban Old main synagogue View of the church of San Millán de Segovia from Cervantes street Churches and chapels ( edit ) The city maintains an important collection of Romanesque churches of both stone and brick , which include the churches of San Esteban , San Millán , San Martín , la Santísima Trinidad , San Andrés , San Clemente , Santos Justo y Pastor , la Vera Cruz , and San Salvador . The old main synagogue is a former synagogue , converted into a convent after the expulsion of the Jews from Spain in 1492 . Monasteries and convents ( edit ) The city of Segovia preserved also several monasteries and convents with active religious life : The Monastery of Saint Mary of Parral with the cloistered monks of the Order of Saint Jerome The Monastery of the Humble Incarnation with the cloistered nuns of the Order of Saint Augustine The Monastery of the Immaculate Conception with the cloistered Conceptionist nuns The Monastery of San Vicente el Real with the cloistered nuns of the Cistercian Order The Monastery of San Antonio el Real with the Poor Clare Sisters of the Order of Saint Claire The Convent of Saint John of the Cross with the Discalced Carmelite friars The Convent of Saint Joseph with the cloistered Discalced Carmelite nuns The Convent of Corpus Christi with the Poor Clare Sisters of the Order of Saint Claire The Convent of Santo Domingo el Real with the cloistered nuns of the Dominican Order The Convent of Saint John of God with the Franciscan Sisters of the Third Order of Saint Francis Civil architecture ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Ayala Berganza Castilian Palace dates from the late 15th century . Due to a multiple murder that happened in the late 19th century is known by Segovia as `` the house of the crime . '' Casa del Sello on San Francisco street Casa - Museo del Torreón de Lozoya in the Plaza de San Martín Casa del Siglo XV ( or of Juan Bravo ) House of the Count Alpuente , the Casa de los Picos and others in the Calle Real La Taberna Rubi , the oldest tavern in the city The Casa de la Moneda , the oldest industrial building in Europe . View of Segovia from Mirador de la canaleja . Urban sculpture ( edit ) Loba Capitolina at the foot of the aqueduct . Urban Sculpture in Segovia stars works depicting illustrious figures linked to the city , which wanted to pay tribute in this way , but we can also find several pictures of a religious nature . One of the most iconic sculptures of the Loba Capitolina sits in front of the aqueduct . A copy of the Capitoline wolf is preserved in the Capitoline Museum and was a gift that Rome gave to the city in 1974 during the events of the bimillennial anniversary of the aqueduct . Until a few decades ago , a monument dedicated to the artist Daniel Zuloaga which was installed in 1924 , could be seen in the Plaza de la Merced , but it was relocated to the Plaza de Colmenares . Currently located in the center of the Plaza de la Merced , looking towards the church of San Andrés is a bust of the poet Rubén Darío , sculptor Santiago de Santiago , which was donated by the Nicaragua government to the city in 1973 . Letters related to the bust are also found in the Promenade Lounge , the famous poet José Rodas was first installed in 1927 in the plaza of the gardens , and moved to its present site in 1960 by the segovian sculptor Aniceto Marinas . It could not miss this literary group a tribute to Antonio Machado , poet Segovia made his refuge from 1919 to 1932 , the sculpture as it could be otherwise is located in the garden of his home museum , and was done by Emiliano Barral . Religious figures such as Domingo de Soto , Pius XII , Saint Anthony Mary Claret , Saint John of the Cross have their place within the city urban sculpture , the first work of Ortega and the rest of José María García Moro , sculptor prosperous Segovia who must also be a Monument to the Youth located in the Plaza del Conde de Cheste . Other teachers who also paid tribute to his work a few peasants have been both recognized in any street or town square , as is the case for Aniceto Marinas , who dedicated a monument in 1943 his friend and partner Mariano Benlliure . In the field of arms found the monument to Daoíz and Velarde , Aniceto Marinas work . By the same author is the List of people associated with the comunero Juan Bravo sculpture , made in 1921 and located in the heart of the city in the Square of the Sirens , the name given to two statues that top the stairs and representing these mythological beings , made by Francisco Bellver in 1852 . Other sculptures in the city are devoted to medical Andrés Laguna made by the segovian Florentino Trapero and marina located in Plaza de los Huertos , the bust of Lope de la Calle Martín , president of the Provincial council that made Emiliano Barral and can be seen in the square of San Facundo or the monument `` El Favorito '' , by Toribio García de Andrés in the early 20th century . In addition to this series of monuments and sculptures are hidden in the corners of the city some other religious images that are worth mentioning . The most significant of these is the Virgin of the Aqueduct , located in the central niche of the monument has since the Plaza del Azoguejo and it was already in the 16th century , as remember Colmenares in his history of Segovia . The cast of virgins are also members of the Fuencisla in Velarde street , the los Remedios in front of San Juan Gate , the Socorro at the San Andrés Gate or del Carmen on the street of its own name , among others . Parks and gardens ( edit ) Alcazar Gardens . Plaza de la Artillería The Alcazar Gardens was built in the plaza where the Old Cathedral and the Episcopal Palace existed before and was created on the occasion of the marriage of Philip II to Anne of Austria in 1570 , removing the ruins that still existed . This , however , was not fully realized until the visit of Ferdinand VI in the 18th century . Between 1816 and 1817 the first trees were planted , and enclosed with the fence that currently exists . They were destroyed by the fire suffered by the palace in 1862 , and recovered again in 1882 . The Garden of la Merced was the first public garden carried out by the city within the city walls and currently is one of the best and most beautiful city . Named after the former Mercy convent that was located in the same place and began performing in the middle 19th century with the planting of trees and installation of a source , later replaced by the current , more broad and stately ; playground available . Paseo del Salón is one of the oldest gardens in the city , since it was created in 1786 by the Economic Society of Friends of the Country of Segovia , and two years later they began planting trees . In 1846 he set up various sources and replanted again in different species . Jardinillos of San Roque , situated along the so - called `` Paseo Nuevo '' were open to the public in 1872 , but ten years before a public fountain was placed in them . In 1943 they were the place where stood a pavilion dedicated to the Feria de Muestras , the building still stands and is one of the characteristic features of the gardens . Missionaries , The Garden of los Cañuelos The Gardens of los Huertos are named for the orchards occupy a premonstratensian friary . After the removal of the convent in 1836 with the first disentailment laws , the city claimed ownership of the land , a fact that occurred in 1897 . In 1901 he began planting trees and structuring of the gardens , which has gradually been restored today . Alameda del Eresma Alameda de la Fuencisla Fromkes Garden Garden of la Plaza del Conde Alpuente Garden of la Plaza de Colmenares Garden of St. Augustine Parque de la Albuera Parque de la Dehesa Pinarillo de la Cuesta de los Hoyos Clamores Valley Economy ( edit ) The economy of Segovia revolves around metallurgy , agriculture , furniture , construction and , particularly , tourism . The town itself plays host to thousands of day - visitors from Madrid each year due to its popular attractions . Education ( edit ) The city of Segovia is home to a large number of primary schools and secondary schools , the oldest of which ( IES Mariano Quintanilla , founded in 1845 ) having been officially declared `` of cultural interest . '' A high proportion of the student population attends state primary and secondary schools , while private schooling in Segovia is mostly religious in nature . Regarding higher education , Segovia 's premier institution is IE University , a business - oriented undergraduate university , building upon Instituto Empresa 's successful MBA program at Madrid - based IE Business School . Also present is the Segovia campus of the University of Valladolid , offering entrance into careers in computer engineering , law , journalism , advertising and teaching . Culture ( edit ) Museums ( edit ) Gastronomic Museum of Segovia Museum of Segovia . Museum of Contemporary Art ' Esteban Vicente ' Museum of the Bishop 's Palace Museum del Pasado Museum of the Cathedral Museum Zuloaga House - Museum of Antonio Machado Museum of the Rodera - Robles Foundation Museum of Witch Craft Museum of Arms Museum of the Walls of Segovia Jewish Center MUCES ( edit ) MUCES is the Spanish acronym to The City of Segovia Festival of European Cinema , an annual film festival which takes place in the city since 2006 , usually in November . It gives the wider public a chance to get to know quality European cinema and , above all , it offers the general public an opportunity to see European films which have not yet been commercially screened in Spain , but have been very successful with critics and audiences in their own countries . `` My Cat Lives in Segovia '' is one of the films presented to the audience . Festivities ( edit ) Facade of the Cathedral night view . Monastery of Saint Mary of Parral . San Lorenzo ( around August 10 ) . It is the feast of one of the most popular neighborhoods in the city . Fairs and Festivals of San Juan and San Pedro ( late June ) . These feasts are the most famous feasts of the city and have been held since the 15th century . San Frutos ( October 25 ) : Patron saint of Segovia . At Mid-morning the Carol of San Frutos is sung in the Cathedral , after which there are often various activities in the Plaza Mayor , as a proclamation , a concert by the Band of the Segovian Musical Union , mycology exhibition , etc . In recent years , following the established tradition of drawn traditions of the sleeve , Segovia 's pastry chefs have invented a dessert of the saint . On the last night to San Frutos the segovian congregate at the image of the saint who is at the door of the Cathedral to see him turning the page of the book that she holds . Virgin of the Fuencisla ( September 25 ) : Patronenss of Segovia . The biggest celebration day takes place during the last Sunday of the month . Two Thursdays before the Virgin up from his sanctuary in the Alameda of the Fuencisla to the Cathedral to start the novena ( his arrival at the Plaza Mayor is one of the most specific one can be found in Segovia , is typical to make it when the clock of the Town Hall rings ) . During the nine days following celebrates the novena in the Cathedral , which is sung the Hymn of the Fuencisla , and the last Sunday in the Virgin returned to her shrine . Since the Virgin is Captain General of Artillery ( which is indicated for the baton and the sash that has his feet ) from the September 24 , 1916 , en route from the Cathedral Shrine and is accompanied by cadets Artillery Academy and the Band ( which has to be brought from the Academy of Toledo since disappeared local ) . In its trip between the Sanctuary to the Cathedral is accompanied by the Cadets to Plaza del Azoguejo , where they sing a Salve . Until a few years had exhibitions in Castilian Jotas in the Alameda de la Fuencisla in the arrival of the Virgin ; but recently Castilian Jotas are danced in the Azoguejo own . Holy week ( edit ) Segovia has 10 fraternities , which are : Oración en el Huerto ( neighbourhood of San Lorenzo ) Resurrección del Señor ( neighbourhood of Nueva Segovia ) Cristo con la cruz a Cuestas ( ADEMAR association ) Santo Cristo de la Cruz ( neighbourhood of Cristo del Mercado ) Santo Cristo de San Marcos ( neighbourhood of San Marcos ) Soledad al pie de la Cruz ( neighbourhood of San Millán ) Nuestra Señora de la Piedad ( neighbourhood of San José ) Real Cofradía de la Santa Esclavitud ( neighbourhood of El Salvador ) Feligresía de San Andrés ( neighbourhood of San Andrés ) Soledad Dolorosa ( neighbourhood of Santa Eulalia ) Notable people ( edit ) Víctor Barrio ( perished in bullfight ) Juan Bravo Pedro Delgado Andrés Laguna Arsenio Martínez - Campos ( 1831 -- 1900 ) , military officer Manuel Pérez Brunicardi Cayetano Redondo Aceña Don Abraham Senior Coronel Twin towns -- sister cities ( edit ) Segovia is twinned with : Edinburgh , United Kingdom , since 1985 . Tours , France , since 1972 Gangdong - gu , Seoul , South Korea Antipode ( edit ) Segovia is the Antipode of Masterton , New Zealand . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Segovia '' . Collins Dictionary . n.d . Retrieved 26 September 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos?l=2465&k=cle . Retrieved 26 December 2014 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.aemet.es/en/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos?w=0&k=cle&l=2465&datos=det . Retrieved 26 December 2014 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` DECRETO no . 107 / 1983 , de 3 de Noviembre , por el que se aprueba la constitución en entidad local menor del núcleo de población de Revenga , perteneciente al municipio de Segovia . '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Boletín Oficial del Estado . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ From the Gracchi to Nero , H.H. Scullard , p 91 however Philip Spann disagreed - Quintus Sertorius and the Legacy of Sulla , p110 Jump up ^ `` Arquitectura romana : Acueducto de Segovia '' . Historia de la Arquitectura en España . Retrieved 22 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Lapunzina , A. ( 2005 ) . Reference guides to national architecture : Architecture of Spain . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . Jump up ^ `` MUCES . The City of Segovia Festival of European Cinema '' . Retrieved January 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SENIOR , ABRAHAM - JewishEncyclopedia.com '' . jewishencyclopedia.com . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutSegoviaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Travel guide from Wikivoyage Official website Official tourism office of Segovia Official Language Schools of Segovia Segovia photo and video essay Part I and Part II Segovia city guide at HitchHikers Handbook World Heritage Sites in Spain For official site names , see each article or the List of World Heritage Sites in Spain . North West Caves of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain Monuments of Oviedo and the Kingdom of the Asturias Roman walls of Lugo Route of Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela Tower of Hercules North East Caves of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain Mudéjar Architecture of Aragon Pirineos - Monte Perdido Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin Route of Santiago de Compostela San Millán Yuso and Suso Monasteries Vizcaya Bridge Community of Madrid Aranjuez Cultural Landscape El Escorial University and Historic Precinct of Alcalá de Henares Centre Archaeological Ensemble of Mérida Archaeological Site of Atapuerca Ávila with its Extra-mural Churches Burgos Cathedral Cáceres Cuenca Heritage of Mercury . Almadén and Idrija Las Médulas Monastery of Santa María of Guadalupe Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin Route of Santiago de Compostela Salamanca Segovia and its Aqueduct Prehistoric Rock - Art Sites in the Côa Valley and Siega Verde Toledo East Archaeological Ensemble of Tarraco , Tarragona Catalan Romanesque Churches of the Vall de Boí Ibiza ( Biodiversity and Culture ) Palau de la Música Catalana and Hospital de Sant Pau , Barcelona Palmeral of Elche Poblet Monastery Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin Serra de Tramuntana Silk Exchange in Valencia Works of Antoni Gaudí South Alhambra , Generalife and Albayzín , Granada Cathedral , Alcázar and General Archive of the Indies , Seville Dolmens Site of Antequera Doñana Historic Centre of Córdoba Renaissance Monuments of Úbeda and Baeza Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin Canary Islands Garajonay San Cristóbal de La Laguna Teide National Park Shared with other region / s Shared with France Shared with Slovenia Shared with Portugal Municipalities in the province of Segovia Abades Adrada de Pirón Adrados Aguilafuente Alconada de Maderuelo Aldea Real Aldealcorvo Aldealengua de Pedraza Aldealengua de Santa María Aldeanueva de la Serrezuela Aldeanueva del Codonal Aldeasoña Aldehorno Aldehuela del Codonal Aldeonte Anaya Arahuetes Arcones Arevalillo de Cega Armuña Ayllón Añe Barbolla Basardilla Bercial Bercimuel Bernardos Bernuy de Porreros Boceguillas Brieva Caballar Cabañas de Polendos Cabezuela Calabazas de Fuentidueña Campo de San Pedro Cantalejo Cantimpalos Carbonero el Mayor Carrascal del Río Casla Castillejo de Mesleón Castro de Fuentidueña Castrojimeno Castroserna de Abajo Castroserracín Cedillo de la Torre Cerezo de Abajo Cerezo de Arriba Chañe Cilleruelo de San Mamés Cobos de Fuentidueña Coca Codorniz Collado Hermoso Condado de Castilnovo Corral de Ayllón Cozuelos de Fuentidueña Cubillo Cuevas de Provanco Cuéllar Domingo García Donhierro Duruelo El Espinar Encinas Encinillas Escalona del Prado Escarabajosa de Cabezas Escobar de Polendos Espirdo Fresneda de Cuéllar Fresno de Cantespino Fresno de la Fuente Frumales Fuente de Santa Cruz Fuente el Olmo de Fuentidueña Fuente el Olmo de Íscar Fuentepelayo Fuentepiñel Fuenterrebollo Fuentesaúco de Fuentidueña Fuentesoto Fuentidueña Gallegos Garcillán Gomezserracín Grajera Honrubia de la Cuesta Hontalbilla Hontanares de Eresma Ituero y Lama Juarros de Riomoros Juarros de Voltoya La Lastrilla La Losa La Matilla Labajos Laguna de Contreras Languilla Lastras de Cuéllar Lastras del Pozo Los Huertos Maderuelo Marazoleja Marazuela Martín Miguel Martín Muñoz de la Dehesa Martín Muñoz de las Posadas Marugán Mata de Cuéllar Matabuena Melque de Cercos Membibre de la Hoz Migueláñez Montejo de Arévalo Montejo de la Vega de la Serrezuela Monterrubio Moral de Hornuez Mozoncillo Muñopedro Muñoveros Nava de la Asunción Navafría Navalilla Navalmanzano Navares de Ayuso Navares de Enmedio Navares de las Cuevas Navas de Oro Navas de Riofrío Navas de San Antonio Nieva Olombrada Orejana Ortigosa de Pestaño Ortigosa del Monte Otero de Herreros Pajarejos Palazuelos de Eresma Pedraza Pelayos del Arroyo Perosillo Pinarejos Pinarnegrillo Pradales Prádena Puebla de Pedraza Rapariegos Rebollo Remondo Riaguas de San Bartolomé Riaza Ribota Riofrío de Riaza Roda de Eresma Sacramenia Samboal San Cristóbal de Cuéllar San Cristóbal de Segovia San Cristóbal de la Vega San Ildefonso San Martín y Mudrián San Miguel de Bernuy San Pedro de Gaíllos Sanchonuño Sangarcía Santa Marta del Cerro Santa María la Real de Nieva Santiuste de Pedraza Santiuste de San Juan Bautista Santo Domingo de Pirón Santo Tomé del Puerto Sauquillo de Cabezas Sebúlcor Segovia Sepúlveda Sequera de Fresno Sotillo Sotosalbos Tabanera la Luenga Tolocirio Torre Val de San Pedro Torreadrada Torrecaballeros Torrecilla del Pinar Torreiglesias Trescasas Turégano Urueñas Valdeprados Valdevacas de Montejo Valdevacas y Guijar Valle de Tabladillo Vallelado Valleruela de Pedraza Valleruela de Sepúlveda Valseca Valtiendas Valverde del Majano Veganzones Vegas de Matute Ventosilla y Tejadilla Villacastín Villaverde de Montejo Villaverde de Íscar Villeguillo Yanguas de Eresma Zarzuela del Monte Zarzuela del Pinar Capitals of provinces of Spain A Coruña Albacete Alicante Almería Ávila Badajoz Barcelona Bilbao Burgos Cáceres Cádiz Castellón de la Plana Ciudad Real Córdoba Cuenca Donostia - San Sebastián Girona Granada Guadalajara Huelva Huesca Jaén Logroño Las Palmas León Lleida Lugo Madrid Málaga Murcia Ourense Oviedo Palencia Palma Pamplona Pontevedra Salamanca Santander Santa Cruz Segovia Seville Soria Tarragona Teruel Toledo Valencia Valladolid Vitoria - Gasteiz Zamora Zaragoza Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Segovia&oldid=797382264 '' Categories : Segovia Municipalities in the Province of Segovia Roman sites in Spain World Heritage Sites in Spain Populated places in the Province of Segovia Tourism in Spain Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Celtiberian - language text Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing Spanish - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2015 Articles needing additional references from February 2015 All articles needing additional references All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from February 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - 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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=HTTPS&oldid=808092246

HTTPS - Wikipedia HTTPS Jump to : navigation , search HTTPS ( also called HTTP over Transport Layer Security ( TLS ) , HTTP over SSL , and HTTP Secure ) is a communications protocol for secure communication over a computer network which is widely used on the Internet . HTTPS consists of communication over Hypertext Transfer Protocol ( HTTP ) within a connection encrypted by Transport Layer Security , or its predecessor , Secure Sockets Layer . The main motivation for HTTPS is authentication of the visited website and protection of the privacy and integrity of the exchanged data . In its popular deployment on the internet , HTTPS provides authentication of the website and associated web server with which one is communicating , which protects against man - in - the - middle attacks . Additionally , it provides bidirectional encryption of communications between a client and server , which protects against eavesdropping and tampering with or forging the contents of the communication . In practice , this provides a reasonable guarantee that one is communicating with precisely the website that one intended to communicate with ( as opposed to an impostor ) , as well as ensuring that the contents of communications between the user and site can not be read or forged by any third party . Historically , HTTPS connections were primarily used for payment transactions on the World Wide Web , e-mail and for sensitive transactions in corporate information systems . In the late 2000s and early 2010s , HTTPS began to see widespread use for protecting page authenticity on all types of websites , securing accounts and keeping user communications , identity and web browsing private . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 1.1 Usage in websites 1.2 Browser integration 2 Security 3 Technical 3.1 Difference from HTTP 3.2 Network layers 3.3 Server setup 3.3. 1 Acquiring certificates 3.3. 2 Use as access control 3.3. 3 In case of compromised secret ( private ) key 3.4 Limitations 4 History 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Overview ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Transport Layer Security . Illustration of the networking protocol https and the www letters The HTTPS uniform resource identifier ( URI ) scheme has identical syntax to the standard HTTP scheme , aside from its scheme token . However , HTTPS signals the browser to use an added encryption layer of SSL / TLS to protect the traffic . SSL / TLS is especially suited for HTTP , since it can provide some protection even if only one side of the communication is authenticated . This is the case with HTTP transactions over the Internet , where typically only the server is authenticated ( by the client examining the server 's certificate ) . HTTPS creates a secure channel over an insecure network . This ensures reasonable protection from eavesdroppers and man - in - the - middle attacks , provided that adequate cipher suites are used and that the server certificate is verified and trusted . Because HTTPS piggybacks HTTP entirely on top of TLS , the entirety of the underlying HTTP protocol can be encrypted . This includes the request URL ( which particular web page was requested ) , query parameters , headers , and cookies ( which often contain identity information about the user ) . However , because host ( website ) addresses and port numbers are necessarily part of the underlying TCP / IP protocols , HTTPS can not protect their disclosure . In practice this means that even on a correctly configured web server , eavesdroppers can infer the IP address and port number of the web server ( sometimes even the domain name e.g. www.example.org , but not the rest of the URL ) that one is communicating with , as well as the amount ( data transferred ) and duration ( length of session ) of the communication , though not the content of the communication . Web browsers know how to trust HTTPS websites based on certificate authorities that come pre-installed in their software . Certificate authorities ( such as Symantec , Comodo , GoDaddy and GlobalSign ) are in this way being trusted by web browser creators to provide valid certificates . Therefore , a user should trust an HTTPS connection to a website if and only if all of the following are true : The user trusts that the browser software correctly implements HTTPS with correctly pre-installed certificate authorities . The user trusts the certificate authority to vouch only for legitimate websites . The website provides a valid certificate , which means it was signed by a trusted authority . The certificate correctly identifies the website ( e.g. , when the browser visits `` https://example.com '' , the received certificate is properly for `` example.com '' and not some other entity ) . The user trusts that the protocol 's encryption layer ( SSL / TLS ) is sufficiently secure against eavesdroppers . HTTPS is especially important over insecure networks ( such as public Wi - Fi access points ) , as anyone on the same local network can packet - sniff and discover sensitive information not protected by HTTPS . Additionally , many free to use and paid WLAN networks engage in packet injection in order to serve their own ads on webpages . However , this can be exploited maliciously in many ways , such as injecting malware onto webpages and stealing users ' private information . HTTPS is also very important for connections over the Tor anonymity network , as malicious Tor nodes can damage or alter the contents passing through them in an insecure fashion and inject malware into the connection . This is one reason why the Electronic Frontier Foundation and the Tor project started the development of HTTPS Everywhere , which is included in the Tor Browser Bundle . As more information is revealed about global mass surveillance and criminals stealing personal information , the use of HTTPS security on all websites is becoming increasingly important regardless of the type of Internet connection being used . While metadata about individual pages that a user visits is not sensitive , when combined , they can reveal a lot about the user and compromise the user 's privacy . Deploying HTTPS also allows the use of HTTP / 2 ( or its predecessor , the now - deprecated protocol SPDY ) , that are new generations of HTTP , designed to reduce page load times and latency . It is recommended to use HTTP Strict Transport Security ( HSTS ) with HTTPS to protect users from man - in - the - middle attacks , especially SSL stripping . HTTPS should not be confused with the little - used Secure HTTP ( S - HTTP ) specified in RFC 2660 . Usage in websites ( edit ) As of June 2017 , 21.7 % of Alexa top 1,000,000 websites use HTTPS as default , 43.1 % of the Internet 's 141,387 most popular websites have a secure implementation of HTTPS , and 45 % of page loads ( measured by Firefox Telemetry ) use HTTPS . According to Mozilla since January 2017 more than half of the Web traffic is encrypted . Browser integration ( edit ) Most browsers display a warning if they receive an invalid certificate . Older browsers , when connecting to a site with an invalid certificate , would present the user with a dialog box asking whether they wanted to continue . Newer browsers display a warning across the entire window . Newer browsers also prominently display the site 's security information in the address bar . Extended validation certificates turn the address bar green in newer browsers . Most browsers also display a warning to the user when visiting a site that contains a mixture of encrypted and unencrypted content . Comparison between different kinds of SSL / TLS certificates ( Using Firefox as an example ) Many web browsers , including Firefox ( shown here ) , use the address bar to tell the user that their connection is secure , often by coloring the background . When accessing a site only with a common certificate , the address bar of Firefox turns green . For some other browsers , a `` lock '' sign may appear . Most web browsers alert the user when visiting sites that have invalid security certificates . Firefox uses HTTPS for Google searches as of version 14 , to `` shield our users from network infrastructure that may be gathering data about the users or modifying / censoring their search results '' . The Electronic Frontier Foundation , opining that `` In an ideal world , every web request could be defaulted to HTTPS '' , has provided an add - on called HTTPS Everywhere for Mozilla Firefox that enables HTTPS by default for hundreds of frequently used websites . A beta version of this plugin is also available for Google Chrome and Chromium . Security ( edit ) Main article : Transport Layer Security § Security The security of HTTPS is that of the underlying TLS , which typically uses long - term public and private keys to generate a short - term session key , which is then used to encrypt the data flow between client and server . X. 509 certificates are used to authenticate the server ( and sometimes the client as well ) . As a consequence , certificate authorities and public key certificates are necessary to verify the relation between the certificate and its owner , as well as to generate , sign , and administer the validity of certificates . While this can be more beneficial than verifying the identities via a web of trust , the 2013 mass surveillance disclosures drew attention to certificate authorities as a potential weak point allowing man - in - the - middle attacks . An important property in this context is forward secrecy , which ensures that encrypted communications recorded in the past can not be retrieved and decrypted should long - term secret keys or passwords be compromised in the future . Not all web servers provide forward secrecy . A site must be completely hosted over HTTPS , without having part of its contents loaded over HTTP -- for example , having scripts loaded insecurely -- or the user will be vulnerable to some attacks and surveillance . Also having only a certain page that contains sensitive information ( such as a log - in page ) of a website loaded over HTTPS , while having the rest of the website loaded over plain HTTP , will expose the user to attacks . On a site that has sensitive information somewhere on it , every time that site is accessed with HTTP instead of HTTPS , the user and the session will get exposed . Similarly , cookies on a site served through HTTPS have to have the secure attribute enabled . Technical ( edit ) Difference from HTTP ( edit ) HTTPS URLs begin with `` https : / / '' and use port 443 by default , whereas HTTP URLs begin with `` http : / / '' and use port 80 by default . HTTP is not encrypted and is vulnerable to man - in - the - middle and eavesdropping attacks , which can let attackers gain access to website accounts and sensitive information , and modify webpages to inject malware or advertisements . HTTPS is designed to withstand such attacks and is considered secure against them ( with the exception of older , deprecated versions of SSL ) . Network layers ( edit ) HTTP operates at the highest layer of the TCP / IP model , the Application layer ; as does the TLS security protocol ( operating as a lower sublayer of the same layer ) , which encrypts an HTTP message prior to transmission and decrypts a message upon arrival . Strictly speaking , HTTPS is not a separate protocol , but refers to use of ordinary HTTP over an encrypted SSL / TLS connection . Everything in the HTTPS message is encrypted , including the headers , and the request / response load . With the exception of the possible CCA cryptographic attack described in the limitations section below , the attacker can only know that a connection is taking place between the two parties and their domain names and IP addresses . Server setup ( edit ) To prepare a web server to accept HTTPS connections , the administrator must create a public key certificate for the web server . This certificate must be signed by a trusted certificate authority for the web browser to accept it without warning . The authority certifies that the certificate holder is the operator of the web server that presents it . Web browsers are generally distributed with a list of signing certificates of major certificate authorities so that they can verify certificates signed by them . Acquiring certificates ( edit ) Authoritatively signed certificates may be free or cost between 8 USD and 70 USD per year ( in 2012 -- 2014 ) . Organizations may also run their own certificate authority , particularly if they are responsible for setting up browsers to access their own sites ( for example , sites on a company intranet , or major universities ) . They can easily add copies of their own signing certificate to the trusted certificates distributed with the browser . There also exists a peer - to - peer certificate authority , CACert . However , it is not included in the trusted root certificates of many popular browsers ( e.g. Firefox , Chrome , Internet Explorer ) , which may cause warning messages to be displayed to end users . Let 's Encrypt , launched in April 2016 , provides free and automated SSL / TLS certificates to websites . According to the Electronic Frontier Foundation , `` Let 's Encrypt '' will make switching from HTTP to HTTPS `` as easy as issuing one command , or clicking one button . '' Use as access control ( edit ) The system can also be used for client authentication in order to limit access to a web server to authorized users . To do this , the site administrator typically creates a certificate for each user , a certificate that is loaded into their browser . Normally , that contains the name and e-mail address of the authorized user and is automatically checked by the server on each reconnect to verify the user 's identity , potentially without even entering a password . In case of compromised secret ( private ) key ( edit ) An important property in this context is perfect forward secrecy ( PFS ) . Possessing one of the long - term asymmetric secret keys used to establish an HTTPS session should not make it easier to derive the short - term session key to then decrypt the conversation , even at a later time . Diffie -- Hellman key exchange ( DHE ) and Elliptic curve Diffie -- Hellman key exchange ( ECDHE ) are in 2013 the only ones known to have that property . Only 30 % of Firefox , Opera , and Chromium Browser sessions use it , and nearly 0 % of Apple 's Safari and Microsoft Internet Explorer sessions . Among the larger internet providers , only Google supports PFS since 2011 ( State of September 2013 ) . A certificate may be revoked before it expires , for example because the secrecy of the private key has been compromised . Newer versions of popular browsers such as Firefox , Opera , and Internet Explorer on Windows Vista implement the Online Certificate Status Protocol ( OCSP ) to verify that this is not the case . The browser sends the certificate 's serial number to the certificate authority or its delegate via OCSP and the authority responds , telling the browser whether the certificate is still valid . Limitations ( edit ) SSL / TLS comes in two options , simple and mutual . The mutual version is more secure , but requires the user to install a personal client certificate into their web browser in order to authenticate themselves . Whether the strategy is simple or mutual , the level of protection strongly depends on the correctness of the implementation of the web browser and the server software and the actual cryptographic algorithms supported . SSL / TLS does not prevent the entire site from being indexed using a web crawler , and in some cases the URI of the encrypted resource can be inferred by knowing only the intercepted request / response size . This allows an attacker to have access to the plaintext ( the publicly available static content ) , and the encrypted text ( the encrypted version of the static content ) , permitting a cryptographic attack . Because TLS operates below HTTP and has no knowledge of higher - level protocols , TLS servers can only strictly present one certificate for a particular IP / port combination . In the past , this meant that it was not feasible to use name - based virtual hosting with HTTPS . A solution called Server Name Indication ( SNI ) exists , which sends the hostname to the server before encrypting the connection , although many very old browsers do not support this extension . Support for SNI is available since Firefox 2 , Opera 8 , Safari 2.1 , Google Chrome 6 , and Internet Explorer 7 on Windows Vista . From an architectural point of view : An SSL / TLS connection is managed by the first front machine that initiates the TLS connection . If , for any reasons ( routing , traffic optimization , etc . ) , this front machine is not the application server and it has to decipher data , solutions have to be found to propagate user authentication information or certificate to the application server , which needs to know who is going to be connected . For SSL / TLS with mutual authentication , the SSL / TLS session is managed by the first server that initiates the connection . In situations where encryption has to be propagated along chained servers , session timeOut management becomes extremely tricky to implement . With mutual SSL / TLS , security is maximal , but on the client - side , there is no way to properly end the SSL / TLS connection and disconnect the user except by waiting for the server session to expire or closing all related client applications . A sophisticated type of man - in - the - middle attack called SSL stripping was presented at the Blackhat Conference 2009 . This type of attack defeats the security provided by HTTPS by changing the https : link into an http : link , taking advantage of the fact that few Internet users actually type `` https '' into their browser interface : they get to a secure site by clicking on a link , and thus are fooled into thinking that they are using HTTPS when in fact they are using HTTP . The attacker then communicates in clear with the client . This prompted the development of a countermeasure in HTTP called HTTP Strict Transport Security . HTTPS has been shown vulnerable to a range of traffic analysis attacks . Traffic analysis attacks are a type of side - channel attack that relies on variations in the timing and size of traffic in order to infer properties about the encrypted traffic itself . Traffic analysis is possible because SSL / TLS encryption changes the contents of traffic , but has minimal impact on the size and timing of traffic . In May 2010 , a research paper by researchers from Microsoft Research and Indiana University discovered that detailed sensitive user data can be inferred from side channels such as packet sizes . More specifically , the researchers found that an eavesdropper can infer the illnesses / medications / surgeries of the user , his / her family income and investment secrets , despite HTTPS protection in several high - profile , top - of - the - line web applications in healthcare , taxation , investment and web search . Although this work demonstrated vulnerability of HTTPS to traffic analysis , the approach presented by the authors required manual analysis and focused specifically on web applications protected by HTTPS . In June 2014 , a team of researchers at UC Berkeley and Intel led by Brad Miller demonstrated a generalized approach to HTTPS traffic analysis based on machine learning . The researchers demonstrated that the attack applied to a range of websites , including Mayo Clinic , Planned Parenthood and YouTube . The attack assumes that the attacker is able to visit the same webpages as the victim to gather Network traffic which serves as training data . The attacker is then able to identify similarities in the packet sizes and orderings between the victim traffic and the training data traffic which frequently allow the attacker to infer the exact page the victim is visiting . For example , this attack could be used to determine whether a user browsing the Planned Parenthood website is looking for information about preventative health screening or an abortion . Note that the attack can not be used to discover user specific values embedded in a webpage . For example , many banks offer web interfaces which allow users to view account balances . While the attacker would be able to discover that the user was viewing an account balance page , they would be unable to learn the user 's exact account balance or account number . History ( edit ) Netscape Communications created HTTPS in 1994 for its Netscape Navigator web browser . Originally , HTTPS was used with the SSL protocol . As SSL evolved into Transport Layer Security ( TLS ) , HTTPS was formally specified by RFC 2818 in May 2000 . See also ( edit ) Bullrun ( decryption program ) -- a secret anti-encryption program run by the U.S. National Security Agency Computer security curl - loader Diameter protocol HTTPsec Moxie Marlinspike Opportunistic encryption Stunnel References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Network Working Group ( May 2000 ) . `` HTTP Over TLS '' . The Internet Engineering Task Force . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Enabling HTTP Over SSL '' . Adobe Systems Incorporated . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Secure your site with HTTPS '' . Google Support . Google , Inc . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` What is HTTPS ? '' . Comodo CA Limited . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure ( HTTPS ) is the secure version of HTTP ( ... ) ^ Jump up to : `` HTTPS Everywhere FAQ '' . Retrieved 3 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hotel Wifi JavaScript Injection '' . Retrieved 24 July 2012 . Jump up ^ The Tor Project , Inc . `` Tor '' . torproject.org . Jump up ^ Konigsburg , Eitan ; Pant , Rajiv ; Kvochko , Elena ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` Embracing HTTPS '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Kevin ( September 12 , 2014 ) . `` Fifteen Months After the NSA Revelations , Why Are n't More News Organizations Using HTTPS ? '' . Freedom of the Press Foundation . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` HTTPS as a ranking signal '' . Google Webmaster Central Blog . Google Inc . August 6 , 2014 . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . You can make your site secure with HTTPS ( Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure ) ( ... ) Jump up ^ Grigorik , Ilya ; Far , Pierre ( June 26 , 2014 ) . `` Google I / O 2014 - HTTPS Everywhere '' . Google Developers . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` How to Deploy HTTPS Correctly '' . Retrieved 13 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` HTTP Strict Transport Security '' . Mozilla Developer Network . Jump up ^ `` HTTPS usage statistics on top websites '' . statoperator.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` SSL Pulse '' . Trustworthy Internet Movement. 2015 - 10 - 03 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Aas , Josh ( 22 June 2016 ) . `` Progress Towards 100 % HTTPS , June 2016 '' . Lets Encrypt . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` We 're Halfway to Encrypting the Entire Web '' . Electronic Frontier Foundation . 21 February 2017 . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Finley , Klint ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Half the Web Is Now Encrypted . That Makes Everyone Safer '' . WIRED . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Firefox 14.0. 1 Release Notes '' . Retrieved 24 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Firefox Rolling Out HTTPS Google search '' . Retrieved 24 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Peter Eckersley : Encrypt the Web with the HTTPS Everywhere Firefox Extension EFF blog , 17 June 2010 Jump up ^ HTTPS Everywhere EFF projects Jump up ^ Law Enforcement Appliance Subverts SSL , Wired , 2010 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ New Research Suggests That Governments May Fake SSL Certificates , EFF , 2010 - 03 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : SSL : Intercepted today , decrypted tomorrow , Netcraft , 2013 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Free SSL Certificates from a Free Certificate Authority '' . sslshopper.com . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ Justin Fielding ( 2006 - 07 - 16 ) . `` Secure Outlook Web Access with ( free ) SSL : Part 1 '' . TechRepublic . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Namecheap.com SSL Services '' . namecheap . Retrieved 30 Jan 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Secure Site Pro with SSL Certificate '' . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Catalin Cimpanu . `` Let 's Encrypt Launched Today , Currently Protects 3.8 Million Domains '' . Softpedia News . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kerner , Sean Michael ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` Let 's Encrypt Effort Aims to Improve Internet Security '' . eWeek.com . Quinstreet Enterprise . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Eckersley , Peter ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` Launching in 2015 : A Certificate Authority to Encrypt the Entire Web '' . Electronic Frontier Foundation . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mozilla Firefox Privacy Policy '' . Mozilla Foundation . 27 April 2009 . Archived from the original on 26 May 2009 . Retrieved 13 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Opera 8 launched on FTP '' . Softpedia. 19 April 2005 . Retrieved 13 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Eric ( 31 January 2006 ) . `` HTTPS Security Improvements in Internet Explorer 7 '' . MSDN . Retrieved 13 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Myers , M ; Ankney , R ; Malpani , A ; Galperin , S ; Adams , C ( June 1999 ) . `` Online Certificate Status Protocol -- OCSP '' . Internet Engineering Task Force . Retrieved 13 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Manage client certificates on Chrome devices - Chrome for business and education Help '' . support.google.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Pusep , Stanislaw ( 31 July 2008 ) . `` The Pirate Bay un-SSL '' . Archived from the original on 8 March 2009 . Retrieved 6 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` SSL / TLS Strong Encryption : FAQ '' . apache.org . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Eric ( 22 October 2005 ) . `` Upcoming HTTPS Improvements in Internet Explorer 7 Beta 2 '' . Microsoft . Retrieved 12 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Server Name Indication ( SNI ) '' . inside aebrahim 's head . Jump up ^ Pierre , Julien . `` Browser support for TLS server name indication '' ( 2001 - 12 - 19 ) . Bugzilla . Mozilla Foundation . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` sslstrip '' . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ Shuo Chen ; Rui Wang ; XiaoFeng Wang ; Kehuan Zhang ( May 2010 ) . `` Side - Channel Leaks in Web Applications : a Reality Today , a Challenge Tomorrow '' ( PDF ) . IEEE Symposium on Security & Privacy 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Tricks Extract Sensitive Data from Encrypted Communications '' . MIT Technology Review . 2014 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Researchers Use Big Data to Get Around Encryption '' . The Wall Street Journal . 2014 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Brad Miller ; Ling Huang ; Anthony D. Joseph ; J.D. Tygar . `` I Know Why You Went to the Clinic : Risks and Realization of HTTPS Traffic Analysis '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Walls , Colin ( 2005 ) . Embedded software . Newnes . p. 344 . ISBN 0 - 7506 - 7954 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to HTTPS . RFC 2818 : HTTP Over TLS RFC 5246 : The Transport Layer Security Protocol 1.2 RFC 6101 : The Secure Sockets Layer ( SSL ) Protocol Version 3.0 Uniform Resource Identifier ( URI ) schemes Official about acct crid data file geo gopher http https info ldap mailto sip / sips tag tel urn view - source wais ws / wss Unofficial coffee ed2k feed irc / irc6 / ircs ldaps magnet ymsgr Protocol list Web browsers Comparison lightweight History List for Unix Timeline Usage share Features Ad filtering Augmented browsing Bookmarks Bookmarklet Live bookmark Smart Bookmarks Browser extension Browser security Browser synchronizer comparison Cookies Download manager Favicon Incremental search Plug - in Privacy mode Tabs Universal Edit Button Web standards Acid tests Cascading Style Sheets HTML HTML5 JavaScript MathML OCSP SVG WebGL XHTML Related topics BrowserChoice.eu CRL HTTP HTTPS iLoo Internet suite Man - in - the - browser Mobile Web Offline reader PAC Pwn2Own Rich Internet application Site - specific browser SPDY SSL / TLS WebSocket Widget World Wide Web WPAD XML Desktop Blink - 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based Android Browser Chromium Brave Chrome for Android Opera Mobile Silk Gecko - based Firefox for Android MicroB Minimo Presto - based Opera Mini Trident - based Maxthon WebKit - based BOLT Dolphin Browser Chrome for iOS Firefox for iOS Maxthon Mercury Browser Nokia Browser for Symbian Rockmelt Safari Steel Other Blazer CM Browser Deepfish ibisBrowser Internet Explorer Mobile Iris Browser Konqueror Embedded Microsoft Edge NetFront Nokia Xpress Skweezer Skyfire Teashark ThunderHawk UC Browser Vision WinWAP Television and video game console Gecko - based Kylo Presto - based Internet Channel WebKit - based Google TV Nintendo 3DS Internet Browser Nintendo DS & DSi Browser NetFront Steam Overlay Wii U Internet Browser Other MSN TV Software no longer in development shown in italics Commons Internet portal Software portal TLS and SSL Protocols and technologies Transport Layer Security / Secure Sockets Layer ( TLS / SSL ) Datagram Transport Layer Security ( DTLS ) DNS Certification Authority Authorization ( CAA ) DNS - based Authentication of Named Entities ( DANE ) HTTPS HTTP Public Key Pinning ( HPKP ) HTTP Strict Transport Security ( HSTS ) OCSP stapling Perfect forward secrecy Server Name Indication ( SNI ) STARTTLS Application - Layer Protocol Negotiation ( ALPN ) Public - key infrastructure Automated Certificate Management Environment ( ACME ) Certificate authority ( CA ) CA / Browser Forum Certificate policy Certificate revocation list ( CRL ) Domain - validated certificate ( DV ) Extended Validation Certificate ( EV ) Online Certificate Status Protocol ( OCSP ) Public key certificate Public - key cryptography Public key infrastructure ( PKI ) Root certificate Self - signed certificate See also Domain Name System Security Extensions ( DNSSEC ) Internet Protocol Security ( IPsec ) Secure Shell ( SSH ) History Export of cryptography from the United States Server - Gated Cryptography Implementations Bouncy Castle BoringSSL Botan CryptoComply by SafeLogic cryptlib GnuTLS JSSE LibreSSL MatrixSSL mbed TLS NSS OpenSSL RSA BSAFE SChannel SSLeay stunnel wolfSSL Notaries Certificate Transparency Convergence HTTPS Everywhere / SSL Observatory Perspectives Project Vulnerabilities Theory Man - in - the - middle attack Padding oracle attack Cipher Bar mitzvah attack Protocol BEAST BREACH CRIME DROWN Logjam POODLE ( in regards to SSL 3.0 ) Implementation Certificate authority compromise Random number generator attacks FREAK goto fail Heartbleed Lucky Thirteen attack POODLE ( in regards to TLS 1.0 ) Internet censorship circumvention technologies Background Internet censorship Internet censorship in China National intranet Censorship and blocking technologies IP address blocking DNS cache pollution Wordfilter Great Firewall of China Blocks on specific websites Wikipedia Facebook Twitter Principles With a proxy server P2P Web proxies SSH VPN PAC Without a proxy server HTTPS IPv6 hosts DNSCrypt Anti-censorship software Free software Lantern Psiphon GoAgent GoProxy Shadowsocks V2Ray VPN Gate Proprietary software Freegate Ultrasurf Hotspot Shield fqrouter GPass Xiaoyaoyou Huofenghuang Garden Networks Puff West Wing plan Telex FreeBrowser Integrated into browsers X browser ( supporting Android only ) Xingyuan browser ( supporting Windows only ) Changyou Wuxian browser Xskywalker ( Tianxing browser ) Browser extensions uProxy Hongxing Anonymity Anonymous software Tor I2P JAP Anonymous P2P network ZeroNet Freenet StealthNet Relevant organizations GreatFire FreeWeibo FreeBrowser Turkey Blocks Relevant events 2016 Chinese meme war on Facebook Reference Program Think Blog Great Cannon Strike through : the maintainers have stopped maintenance Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HTTPS&oldid=808092246 '' Categories : Hypertext Transfer Protocol Cryptographic protocols Secure communication URI schemes Transport Layer Security Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2015 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Pages using RFC magic links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Meta - 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what species of fish are in lake michigan

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Lake_Michigan&oldid=853892092

Lake Michigan - wikipedia Lake Michigan Lake Michigan Landsat image Map of Great Lakes ( Lake Michigan in darker blue ) Location United States Group Great Lakes Coordinates 44 ° N 87 ° W  /  44 ° N 87 ° W  / 44 ; - 87 Coordinates : 44 ° N 87 ° W  /  44 ° N 87 ° W  / 44 ; - 87 Lake type Glacial Primary inflows Fox River , Grand River , Menominee River , Milwaukee River , Muskegon River , Kalamazoo River , St. Joseph River Primary outflows Straits of Mackinac , Chicago River , Calumet River Basin countries United States Max. length 307 mi ( 494 km ) Max . width 118 mi ( 190 km ) Min . width 91 mi ( 146 km ) Surface area 22,404 sq mi ( 58,030 km ) Average depth 279 ft ( 85 m ) Max . depth 923 ft ( 281 m ) Water volume 1,180 cu mi ( 4,900 km ) Residence time 99 years Shore length 1,400 mi ( 2,300 km ) plus 238 mi ( 383 km ) for islands Surface elevation 577 ft ( 176 m ) Islands see list Settlements see # Cities References Shore length is not a well - defined measure . Lake Michigan is one of the five Great Lakes of North America and the only one located entirely within the United States . The other four Great Lakes are shared by the U.S. and Canada . It is the second - largest of the Great Lakes by volume and the third - largest by surface area , after Lake Superior and Lake Huron ( and is slightly smaller than the U.S. state of West Virginia ) . To the east , its basin is conjoined with that of Lake Huron through the wide Straits of Mackinac , giving it the same surface elevation as its easterly counterpart ; the two are technically a single lake . Lake Michigan is shared , from west to east , by the U.S. states of Wisconsin , Illinois , Indiana , and Michigan . Ports along its shores include Chicago ; Milwaukee ; Green Bay , Wisconsin ; Gary , Indiana ; and Muskegon , Michigan . The word `` Michigan '' originally referred to the lake itself , and is believed to come from the Ojibwe word michi - gami meaning `` great water '' . Contents 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Statistics and bathymetry 2.2 Cities 2.3 Connection to ocean and open water 2.4 Beaches 2.5 Ferries 2.6 Islands 2.7 Parks 2.8 Lighthouses 3 Hydrology 3.1 Drinking water 4 Fishing 4.1 Commercial fisheries 4.2 Sports fishing 5 Shipping 5.1 Port of Chicago 5.2 Tourism and recreation 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History ( edit ) Further information : Lake Chicago Some of the earliest human inhabitants of the Lake Michigan region were the Hopewell Indians . Their culture declined after 800 AD , and for the next few hundred years , the region was the home of peoples known as the Late Woodland Indians . In the early 17th century , when western European explorers made their first forays into the region , they encountered descendants of the Late Woodland Indians : the Chippewa ; Menominee ; Sauk ; Fox ; Winnebago ; Miami ; Ottawa ; and Potawatomi . The French explorer Jean Nicolet is believed to have been the first European to reach Lake Michigan , possibly in 1634 or 1638 . In the earliest European maps of the region , the name of Lake Illinois has been found in addition to that of `` Michigan '' , named for the Illinois Confederation of tribes . Lake Michigan is joined via the narrow , open - water Straits of Mackinac with Lake Huron , and the combined body of water is sometimes called Michigan -- Huron ( also Huron -- Michigan ) . The Straits of Mackinac were an important Native American and fur trade route . Located on the southern side of the Straits is the town of Mackinaw City , Michigan , the site of Fort Michilimackinac , a reconstructed French fort founded in 1715 , and on the northern side is St. Ignace , Michigan , site of a French Catholic mission to the Indians , founded in 1671 . In 1673 , Jacques Marquette , Louis Joliet and their crew of five Métis voyageurs followed Lake Michigan to Green Bay and up the Fox River , nearly to its headwaters , in their search for the Mississippi River , cf . Fox -- Wisconsin Waterway . The eastern end of the Straits was controlled by Fort Mackinac on Mackinac Island , a British colonial and early American military base and fur trade center , founded in 1781 . With the advent of European exploration into the area in the late 17th century , Lake Michigan became part of a line of waterways leading from the Saint Lawrence River to the Mississippi River and thence to the Gulf of Mexico . French coureurs des bois and voyageurs established small ports and trading communities , such as Green Bay , on the lake during the late 17th and early 18th centuries . In the 19th century , Lake Michigan played a major role in the development of Chicago and the Midwestern United States west of the lake . For example , 90 % of the grain shipped from Chicago traveled east over Lake Michigan during the antebellum years , and only rarely falling below 50 % after the Civil War and the major expansion of railroad shipping . The first person to reach the deep bottom of Lake Michigan was J. Val Klump , a scientist at the University of Wisconsin -- Milwaukee . Klump reached the bottom via submersible as part of a 1985 research expedition . In 2007 , a row of stones paralleling an ancient shoreline was discovered by Mark Holley , professor of underwater archeology at Northwestern Michigan College . This formation lies 40 feet ( 12 m ) below the surface of the lake . One of the stones is said to have a carving resembling a mastodon . So far the formation has not been authenticated . Geography ( edit ) Lake Michigan bathymetric map . The deepest point is marked with `` × '' . Lake Michigan basin Lake Michigan is the only one of the Great Lakes wholly within the borders of the United States ; the others are shared with Canada . It lies in the region known as the American Midwest . Statistics and Bathymetry ( edit ) Lake Michigan has a surface area of 22,404 sq. mi ( 58,026 km ) ; ( 13,237 square miles , 34,284 km lying in Michigan state , 7,358 square miles , 19,056 km in Wisconsin , 234 square miles , 606 km in Indiana , & 1,576 square miles , 4,079 km in Illinois ) making it the largest lake entirely within one country by surface area ( Lake Baikal , in Russia , is larger by water volume ) , and the fifth - largest lake in the world . It is the larger half of Lake Michigan -- Huron , which is the largest body of fresh water in the world by surface area . It is 307 miles ( 494 km ) long by 118 miles ( 190 km ) wide with a shoreline 1,640 miles ( 2,640 km ) long . The lake 's average depth is 46 fathoms 3 feet ( 279 ft ; 85 m ) , while its greatest depth is 153 fathoms 5 feet ( 923 ft ; 281 m ) . It contains a volume of 1,180 cubic miles ( 4,918 km3 ) of water . Green Bay in the northwest is its largest bay . Grand Traverse Bay in its northeast is another large bay . Lake Michigan 's deepest region , which lies in its northern - half , is called Chippewa Basin ( named after prehistoric Lake Chippewa ) and is separated from South Chippewa Basin , by a relatively shallower area called the Mid Lake Plateau . Cities ( edit ) The Milwaukee lakefront Twelve million people live along Lake Michigan 's shores , mainly in the Chicago and Milwaukee metropolitan areas . The economy of many communities in northern Michigan and Door County , Wisconsin is supported by tourism , with large seasonal populations attracted by the beauty and recreational opportunities offered by Lake Michigan . Seasonal residents often have summer homes along the waterfront and return home for the winter . The southern tip of the lake near Gary , Indiana is heavily industrialized . Cities on the shores of Lake Michigan include : Illinois Chicago Evanston Glencoe Highland Park Kenilworth Lake Forest Lake Bluff North Chicago Waukegan Wilmette Winnetka Zion Indiana East Chicago Gary Hammond Michigan City Portage Porter Whiting Michigan Benton Harbor Bridgman Charlevoix Douglas Elberta Escanaba Ferrysburg Frankfort Gladstone Glenn Grand Beach Grand Haven Harbor Springs Holland Ludington Mackinaw City Manistee Manistique Menominee Michiana Muskegon New Buffalo Norton Shores Pentwater Petoskey Saugatuck St. Joseph Shoreham South Haven Traverse City Wisconsin Algoma Bay View Cudahy Fox Point Green Bay Kenosha Kewaunee Manitowoc Milwaukee Mequon Oconto Port Washington Racine Saint Francis Sheboygan Shorewood South Milwaukee Sturgeon Bay Two Rivers Whitefish Bay Connection to ocean and open water ( edit ) Sunset at Nordhouse Dunes The Saint Lawrence Seaway and Great Lakes Waterway opened the Great Lakes to ocean - going vessels . Wider ocean - going container ships do not fit through the locks on these routes , and thus shipping is limited on the lakes . Despite their vast size , large sections of the Great Lakes freeze in winter , interrupting most shipping . Some icebreakers ply the lakes . The Great Lakes are also connected by the Illinois Waterway to the Gulf of Mexico via the Illinois River ( from Chicago ) and the Mississippi River . An alternate track is via the Illinois River ( from Chicago ) , to the Mississippi , up the Ohio , and then through the Tennessee - Tombigbee Waterway ( combination of a series of rivers and lakes and canals ) , to Mobile Bay and the Gulf . Commercial tug - and - barge traffic on these waterways is heavy . Pleasure boats can also enter or exit the Great Lakes by way of the Erie Canal and Hudson River in New York . The Erie Canal connects to the Great Lakes at the east end of Lake Erie ( at Buffalo , NY ) and at the south side of Lake Ontario ( at Oswego , NY ) . Beaches ( edit ) Sand dune on Lake Michigan at Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore Saugatuck Dunes State Park Lake Michigan has many beaches . The region is often referred to as the `` Third Coast '' of the United States , after those of the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean . The sand is often soft and off - white , known as `` singing sands '' because of the squeaking noise ( caused by high quartz content ) it emits when walked upon . Some beaches have sand dunes covered in green beach grass and sand cherries , and the water is usually clear and cool , between 55 and 80 ° F ( 13 and 27 ° C ) , even in the late summer months . However , because prevailing westerly winds tend to move the surface water toward the east , there is a flow of warmer water to the Michigan shore in the summer . The sand dunes located on the east shore of Lake Michigan are the largest freshwater dune system in the world . In fact , in multiple locations along the shoreline , the dunes rise several hundred feet above the lake surface . Large dune formations can be seen in many state parks , national forests and national parks along the Indiana and Michigan shoreline . Some of the most expansive and unique dune formations can be found at Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore , Saugatuck Dunes State Park , Warren Dunes State Park , Hoffmaster State Park , Silver Lake State Park , Ludington State Park , and Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore . Small dune formations can be found on the western shore of Lake Michigan at Illinois Beach State Park and moderate sized dune formations can be found in Kohler - Andrae State Park and Point Beach State Forest in Wisconsin . A large dune formation can be found in Whitefish Dunes State Park in Wisconsin in the Door Peninsula . Lake Michigan beaches in Northern Michigan are the only place in the world , aside from a few inland lakes in that region , where one can find Petoskey stones , the state stone . The beaches of the western coast and the northernmost part of the east coast are often rocky , with some sandy beaches due to local conditions ; while the southern and eastern beaches are typically sandy and dune - covered . This is partly because of the prevailing winds from the west ( which also cause thick layers of ice to build on the eastern shore in winter ) . The Chicago city waterfront is composed of parks , beaches , harbors and marinas , and residential developments connected by the Chicago Lakefront Trail . Where there are no beaches or marinas , stone or concrete revetments protect the shoreline from erosion . The Chicago lakefront is quite walkable ; it is possible to stroll past parks , beaches , and marinas for about 24 miles ( 39 km ) between the city 's southern and northern limits along the lake . Ferries ( edit ) SS Badger operates ferry services between Manitowoc and Ludington Two passenger and vehicle ferries operate ferry services on Lake Michigan , both connecting Wisconsin on the western shore with Michigan on the east . From May to October , the historic steam ship , SS Badger , operates daily between Manitowoc , Wisconsin , and Ludington , Michigan , connecting U.S. Highway 10 between the two cities . The Lake Express , established in 2004 , carries passengers and vehicles across the lake between Milwaukee , Wisconsin , and Muskegon , Michigan . Islands ( edit ) Big Sable Point , Michigan The Beaver Island archipelago in Charlevoix County , Michigan , includes Beaver Island , Garden Island , Grape Island , Gull Island , Hat Island , High Island , Hog Island , Horseshoe Island , Little Island , Pismire Island , Shoe Island , Squaw Island , Trout Island , and Whiskey Island . The Fox Islands in Leelanau County , Michigan , consist of North Fox Island and South Fox Island . The Manitou Islands , North Manitou Island and South Manitou Island , are in Leelanau County , Michigan . Islands within Grand Traverse Bay include Bassett Island , Bellow Island , and Marion Island . Islands south of the Garden Peninsula in Delta County , Michigan include Gravelly Island , Gull Island , Little Gull Island , Little Summer Island , Poverty Island , Rocky Island , St. Martin Island , and Summer Island . Islands in Big Bay de Noc in Delta County , Michigan include Round Island , Saint Vital Island , and Snake Island . Islands in Little Bay de Noc in Delta County , Michigan include Butlers Island and Sand Island . Wilderness State Park in Emmet County , Michigan contains Temperance Island and Waugoshance Island . Epoufette Island , Gravel Island , Little Hog Island , and Naubinway Island are located in Mackinac County , Michigan , in the area of Epoufette , Michigan and Naubinway , Michigan . Green Island and St. Helena Island are in the vicinity of the Mackinac Bridge , in Mackinac County , Michigan . Islands surrounding the Door Peninsula in Wisconsin include Chambers Island , Fish Island , Gravel Island , Spider Island , Horseshoe Island , the Sister Islands , Detroit Island , Green Island , Hog Island , Pilot Island , Plum Island , Rock Island , the Strawberry Islands and Washington Island . The northern half of the peninsula is technically an island itself , due to the Sturgeon Bay Ship Canal . Northerly Island is a 91 - acre ( 37 ha ) man - made island in Chicago . It is the home of the Adler Planetarium , the former site of Meigs Field , and the current site of the temporary concert venue Charter One Pavilion each summer . Other islands included Fisherman Island in Charlevoix County , Michigan and Ile aux Galets in Emmet County , Michigan . Plum Island ( Wisconsin ) is an island at the western shore of Lake Michigan in the southern part of the town of Washington in Door County , Wisconsin . Parks ( edit ) Lake view from the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore , with people climbing uphill Chicago 's North Avenue Beach , Lincoln Park Lake Michigan and the Chicago skyline from Portage , Indiana Eichelman Park in Kenosha , Wisconsin with Lake Michigan in the background The National Park Service maintains the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore and Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore . Parts of the shoreline are within the Hiawatha National Forest and the Manistee National Forest . The Manistee National Forest section of the shoreline includes the Nordhouse Dunes Wilderness . The Lake Michigan division of the Michigan Islands National Wildlife Refuge is also within the lake . There are numerous state and local parks located on the shores of the lake or on islands within the lake . A partial list follows . Chicago Park District Beaches Duck Lake State Park Fayette Historic State Park Fisherman 's Island State Park Grand Haven State Park Grand Mere State Park Harrington Beach State Park Holland State Park Hoffmaster State Park Illinois Beach State Park Indian Lake State Park Indiana Dunes State Park Kohler - Andrae State Park Lake Park , Milwaukee Ludington State Park Leelanau State Park Mears State Park Muskegon State Park Newport State Park Orchard Beach State Park Peninsula State Park Racine Zoo Saugatuck Dunes State Park Silver Lake State Park Traverse City State Park Terry Andrae State Park Van Buren State Park Warren Dunes State Park Wells State Park Wilderness State Park Lighthouses ( edit ) Illinois lighthouses Indiana lighthouses Michigan lighthouses Wisconsin lighthouses Hydrology ( edit ) Ice volcanoes form from sea ice and protect the coast from erosion . The Milwaukee Reef , running under Lake Michigan from a point between Milwaukee and Racine to a point between Grand Haven and Muskegon , divides the lake into northern and southern basins . Each basin has a clockwise flow of water , deriving from rivers , winds , and the Coriolis effect . Prevailing westerly winds tend to move the surface water toward the east , producing a moderating effect on the climate of western Michigan . There is a mean difference in summer temperatures of 5 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit ( 2 to 5 degrees Celsius ) between the Wisconsin and Michigan shores . Hydrologically Michigan and Huron are the same body of water ( sometimes called Lake Michigan - Huron ) , but are normally considered distinct . Counted together , it is the largest body of fresh water in the world by surface area . The Mackinac Bridge is generally considered the dividing line between them . Both lakes are part of the Great Lakes Waterway . The main inflow to Lake Michigan from Lake Superior , through Lake Huron , is controlled by the locks operated by the bi-national Lake Superior Board of Control Historic High Water The lake fluctuates from month to month , with the highest lake levels typically experienced in the summer . The normal high - water mark is 2.00 feet ( 0.61 m ) above datum 577.5 ft ( 176.0 m ) . In the summer of 1986 , Lakes Michigan and Huron reached their highest level during the period during which records have been kept , at 5.92 ft ( 1.80 m ) above datum . The high water records began in February 1986 and lasted through the year , ending with January 1987 . Water levels ranged from 3.67 ft ( 1.12 m ) to 5.92 feet ( 1.80 m ) above Chart Datum . On February 21 , 1986 , the waters neared the all - time maximum for the period during which records have been kept . Historic Low Water Lake levels tend to be the lowest in winter . The normal low water mark is 1.00 foot ( 0.30 m ) below datum 577.5 ft ( 176.0 m ) . In the winter of 1964 , Lakes Michigan and Huron reached their lowest level at 1.38 feet ( 0.42 m ) below datum . As with the highwater records , monthly low water records were set each month from February 1964 through January 1965 . During this twelve - month period water levels ranged from 1.38 feet ( 0.42 m ) to 0.71 feet ( 0.22 m ) below Chart Datum . In January 2013 , Lake Michigan 's monthly mean water levels dipped to an all - time low of 576.2 ft ( 175.6 m ) , reaching their lowest ebb since record keeping began in 1918 . The lakes were 29 in ( 0.74 m ) below their long - term average and had declined 17 inches since January 2012 . Keith Kompoltowicz , chief of watershed hydrology for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers ' district office in Detroit , explained that biggest factors leading to the lower water levels in 2013 were a combination of the `` lack of a large snowpack '' in the winter of 2011 / 2012 coupled with very hot and dry conditions in the summer of 2012 . Drinking water ( edit ) Lake Michigan , like the other Great Lakes , supplies drinking water to millions of people in bordering areas . The lakes are collectively administered by the state and provincial governments adjacent to them pursuant to the Great Lakes Compact . Environmental problems can still plague the lake . Steel mills and refineries operate near the Indiana shoreline . The Chicago Tribune reported that BP is a major polluter , dumping thousands of pounds of raw sludge into the lake every day from its Whiting , Indiana , oil refinery . In March 2014 BP 's Whiting refinery was responsible for spilling more than 1,600 US gallons ( 6,100 l ) of oil into the lake . Fishing ( edit ) Lake Michigan is home to a wide variety of fish species and other organisms . It was originally home to lake whitefish , lake trout , yellow perch , panfish , largemouth bass , smallmouth bass and bowfin , as well as some species of catfish . As a result of improvements to the Welland Canal in 1919 , an invasion of sea lampreys and overharvesting , there has been a decline in native lake trout populations , ultimately causing an increase in the population of another invasive species , the alewife . As a result , salmonids , including various strains of brown trout , steelhead ( rainbow trout ) , coho and chinook salmon , were introduced as predators in order to decrease the alewife population . This program was so successful that the introduced population of trout and salmon exploded , resulting in the creation of a large sport fishery for these introduced species . Lake Michigan is now stocked annually with steelhead , brown trout , and coho and chinook salmon , which have also begun natural reproduction in some Lake Michigan tributaries . However , several introduced invasive species , such as lampreys , round goby , zebra mussels and quagga mussels , continue to cause major changes in water clarity and fertility , resulting in knock - on changes to Lake Michigan 's ecosystem , threatening the vitality of native fish populations . Commercial fisheries ( edit ) Fisheries in inland waters of the United States are small compared to marine fisheries . The largest fisheries are the landings from the Great Lakes , worth about $13 million in 2003 . Michigan 's commercial fishery today consists mainly of 150 tribe - licensed commercial fishing operations through the Chippewa - Ottawa Resource Authority ( CORA ) and tribes belonging to the Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission ( GLIFWC ) , which harvest 50 percent of the Great Lakes commercial catch in Michigan waters , and 45 state - licensed commercial fishing enterprises . The prime commercial species is the lake whitefish ( Coregonus clupeaformis ) . The annual harvest declined from an average of 11 million pounds ( 5,000,000 kg ) from 1981 through to 1999 to more recent annual harvests of 8 to 9.5 million pounds ( 3,600,000 to 4,300,000 kg ) . The price for lake whitefish dropped from $1.04 / lb. to as low as $. 40 / lb during periods of high production . Sports fishing ( edit ) Sports fishing includes salmon , whitefish , smelt , lake trout and walleye being major catches . In the late 1960s , successful stocking programs for Pacific salmon led to the development of Lake Michigan 's charter fishing industry . Shipping ( edit ) Like all of the Great Lakes , Lake Michigan is today used as a major mode of transport for bulk goods . In 2002 , 162 million net tons of dry bulk cargo were moved via the Lakes . This was , in order of volume : iron ore , grain and potash . The iron ore and much of the stone and coal are used in the steel industry . There is also some shipping of liquid and containerized cargo , but most container vessels can not pass the locks on the Saint Lawrence Seaway because the ships are too wide . The total amount of shipping on the lakes has been on a downward trend for several years . Port of Chicago ( edit ) Main article : Port of Chicago The Port of Chicago , operated by the Illinois International Port District , has grain ( 14 million bushels ) and bulk liquid ( 800,000 barrels ) storage facilities along Lake Calumet . The central element of the Port District , Calumet Harbor , is maintained by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . Lake Michigan beach at Holland State Park Tourism and recreation ( edit ) Tourism and recreation are major industries on all of the Great Lakes : A few small cruise ships operate on Lake Michigan , including a couple of sailing ships . Many other water sports are practiced on the lakes , such as yachting , sea kayaking , diving , kitesurfing and lake surfing . The Great Lakes Circle Tour , a designated scenic road system , connects all of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River . Great Lakes passenger steamers have been operating since the mid-1800s . Several ferries currently operate on the Great Lakes to carry passengers to various islands , including Beaver Island and Bois Blanc Island ( Michigan ) . Currently , two car ferry services traverse Lake Michigan from around April to November : the SS Badger , a steamer from Ludington , Michigan , to Manitowoc , Wisconsin , and the Lake Express , a high speed catamaran from Milwaukee to Muskegon , Michigan . See also ( edit ) Ohio Street Beach , downtown Chicago Beaver Island Chicago beaches Chicago River Door Peninsula Green Bay Jardine Water Purification Plant Lake Michigan Shore AVA Leelanau Peninsula Little Traverse Bay Milwaukee River Port of Milwaukee Washington Island References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Lake Michigan '' . Great-lakes.net. 2009 - 06 - 18 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Wright 2006 , p. 64 Jump up ^ Shorelines of the Great Lakes Archived 2015 - 04 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Great Lakes Map '' . Michigan Department of Environmental Quality . 2013 . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Superior Watershed Partnership Projects '' . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bogue 1985 , pp. 7 -- 13 Jump up ^ http://www.libs.uga.edu/darchive/hargrett/maps/1733d4.jpg Jump up ^ `` Colonial Fort Michilimackinac '' . Mighty Mac . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Bogue 1985 , pp. 14 -- 16 Jump up ^ Shelak 2003 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Cronon , William ( 1991 ) . Nature 's Metropolis : Chicago and the Great West . New York , NY : W.W. Norton and Company . p. 87 . ISBN 9780393072457 . Jump up ^ `` Variations In Sediment Accumulation Rates And The Flux Of Labile Organic Matter In Eastern Lake Superior Basins '' . The Journal of Great Lakes Research . 1989 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 03 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Flesher , John ( 2007 - 09 - 04 ) . `` Possible mastodon carving found on rock '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Flesher , John ( 2007 - 09 - 05 ) . `` Rock brings history to surface ( pictures ) '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 15 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ National Geophysical Data Center , 1996 . Bathymetry of Lake Michigan . National Geophysical Data Center , NOAA . doi : 10.7289 / V5B85627 ( access date : 2015 - 03 - 23 ) . Jump up ^ National Geophysical Data Center , 1999 . Bathymetry of Lake Huron . National Geophysical Data Center , NOAA . doi : 10.7289 / V5G15XS5 ( access date : 2015 - 03 - 23 ) . ( only small portion of this map ) Jump up ^ National Geophysical Data Center , 1999 . Global Land One - kilometer Base Elevation ( GLOBE ) v. 1 . Hastings , D. and P.K. Dunbar . National Geophysical Data Center , NOAA . doi : 10.7289 / V52R3PMS ( access date : 2015 - 03 - 16 ) . Jump up ^ `` About Our Great Lakes : Tour '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) , Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory ( GLERL ) . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 05 , US EPA , REG . `` Geophysical Lake Michigan - US EPA '' . US EPA . Jump up ^ `` Chart : 14901 Edition : 15 Edition Date : August 2006 Clear Dates : NM -- 12 / 17 / 2011 LNM -- 12 / 6 / 2011 '' ; `` Soundings in feet and fathoms '' . NOAA . Retrieved September 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/image/michiganlarge.jpg Jump up ^ `` Bathymetry of Lake Michigan '' . www.ngdc.noaa.gov . Jump up ^ http://www.miseagrant.umich.edu/explore/coastal-communities/economic-vitality-and-the-great-lakes/ Jump up ^ `` NOAA Great Lakes Region '' . NOAA . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan Sea Grant Coastwatch '' . Coastwatch.msu.edu . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Hilton 2002 , pp. 3 -- 5 Jump up ^ `` Schedule and Fares '' . SS Badger . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Briscoe , Tony ( July 13 , 2018 ) . `` What happens when Lake Superior has too much water ? '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Monthly bulletin of Lake Levels for The Great Lakes ; September 2009 ; US Army Corps of Engineers , Detroit District Jump up ^ `` The Weather History for February 21st '' . Southwest Lower Michigan Weather History . National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office . Retrieved 23 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bivins , Larry ( April 3 , 2013 ) . `` Low Great Lakes water levels plague shipping , recreation '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Flesher , John ( 5 February 2013 ) . `` Two Great Lakes hit lowest water levels since record keeping began nearly a century ago '' . Vancouver Sun . Archived from < ury / 7923713 / story. html # ixzz2RxYTXcZr the original on 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Hawthorne , Michael . `` BP gets break on dumping in lake '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Hawthorne , Michael . `` BP raises estimate of Lake Michigan oil spill '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ NOAA / NMFS : ( 2004 ) Fisheries of the United States , 2003 Archived 2007 - 08 - 10 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Michigan Commercial Fisheries Marketing and Product Development ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Ann Arbor , Michigan : University of Michigan Sea Grant . Jump up ^ O'Keefe , Dan ( 2009 ) . Charter Fishing in Michigan : A Profile of Customers and Economic Impacts ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Ann Arbor , Michigan : University of Michigan Sea Grant . Jump up ^ Great Lakes Shipping Study ( PDF ) ( Report ) . U.S. Department of Homeland Security . January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ U.S. Army Corps of Engineers ( November 2007 ) . `` Calumet Harbor , IL and IN '' . Retrieved on July 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Great Lakes Circle Tour '' . Great-lakes.net. 2005 - 07 - 05 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Further reading ( edit ) Bogue , Margaret Beattie ( 1985 ) . Around the Shores of Lake Michigan : A Guide to Historic Sites . University of Wisconsin Press . ISBN 0 - 299 - 10004 - 9 . Hilton , George Woodman ( 2002 ) . Lake Michigan Passenger Steamers . Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 4240 - 5 . Hyde , Charles K. ; Mahan , Ann ; Mahan , John ( 1995 ) . The Northern Lights : Lighthouses of the Upper Great Lakes . Detroit : Wayne State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 814325 - 54 - 4 . Oleszewski , Wes ( 1998 ) . Great Lakes Lighthouses , American and Canadian : A Comprehensive Directory / Guide to Great Lakes Lighthouses . Gwinn : Avery Color Studios , Inc . ISBN 0 - 932212 - 98 - 0 . Penrod , John ( 1998 ) . Lighthouses of Michigan . Berrien Center : Pernod / Hiawatha . ISBN 978 - 0 - 942618 - 78 - 5 . Penrose , Laurie ; Penrose , Bill ( 1999 ) . A Traveler 's Guide to 116 Michigan Lighthouses . Petoskey : Friede Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 923756 - 03 - 1 . Shelak , Benjamin J. ( 2003 ) . Shipwrecks of Lake Michigan . Big Earth Publishing . ISBN 1 - 931599 - 21 - 1 . Wagner , John L. ( 1998 ) . Michigan Lighthouses : An Aerial Photographic Perspective . East Lansing : John L. Wagner . ISBN 978 - 1 - 880311 - 01 - 1 . Wright , John W. , ed. ( 2006 ) . The New York Times Almanac . Editors and reporters of The New York Times ( 2007 ed . ) . New York , New York : Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 303820 - 6 . Wright , Larry ; Wright , Patricia ( 2006 ) . Great Lakes Lighthouses Encyclopedia ( Hardback ed . ) . Erin : Boston Mills Press . ISBN 1 - 55046 - 399 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lake Michigan . Wikisource has the text of an 1879 American Cyclopædia article about Lake Michigan . Geographic data related to Lake Michigan at OpenStreetMap EPA 's Great Lakes Atlas Great Lakes Coast Watch Michigan DNR map of Lake Michigan Official Michigan DNR Freshwater Fishing Regulations Bathymetry of Lake Michigan `` Michigan , Lake '' . Collier 's New Encyclopedia . 1921 . Anderson , William P. ( 1911 ) . `` Michigan , Lake '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Lighthouses Bibliography on Michigan lighthouses Interactive map of lighthouses in area ( northern Lake Michigan ) Interactive map of lighthouses in area ( southern Lake Michigan ) Terry Pepper on lighthouses of the western Great Lakes Wagner , John L. , Beacons Shining in the Night , Michigan lighthouse bibliography , chronology , history , and photographs , Clarke Historical Library , Central Michigan University Great Lakes of North America Main lakes Erie Huron Michigan Ontario Superior Secondary lakes Nipigon Nipissing St. Clair Simcoe Winnebago Bays and Waterways Detroit River Erie Canal French River Georgian Bay Great Lakes Waterway Green Bay Lake George Lake Kagawong Lake Manitou Lake Nicolet Manitou Passage Lake Mindemoya Munuscong Lake Niagara River Nipigon River North Channel Nottawasaga Bay Porte des Morts Potagannissing Bay Saginaw Bay St. Clair River Saint Lawrence River Saint Lawrence Seaway St. Marys River Sandusky Bay Sault Ste . 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what does the general governor of canada do

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Governor general of Canada - Wikipedia Governor general of Canada Jump to : navigation , search For a list , see List of Governors General of Canada . Governor General of Canada Badge Flag of the Governor General Incumbent Julie Payette CC CMM COM CQ CD since 2 October 2017 Viceroy Style Her Excellency the Right Honourable Residence Rideau Hall , Ottawa ; La Citadelle , Quebec City Appointer Monarch of Canada Term length At Her Majesty 's pleasure Formation 1 July 1867 First holder The Viscount Monck Salary $288,900 ( CAD ) Website www.gg.ca Canada This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Canada Government The Crown ( show ) Monarch ( Elizabeth II ) Governor General ( Julie Payette ) Monarchy in the provinces Lieutenant governors Executive ( Queen - in - Council ) ( show ) Queen 's Privy Council Prime minister ( Justin Trudeau ) Cabinet ( 29th ministry ) Ministries President of the Privy Council Clerk of the Privy Council Privy Council Office Civil Service Provincial and territorial executive councils Premiers Legislative ( Queen - in - Parliament ) ( show ) Federal parliament Senate Speaker of the Senate Government Leader in the Senate Opposition Leader in the Senate Senate divisions House of Commons Speaker of the house Government Leader in the house Opposition Leader in the house Her Majesty 's Loyal Opposition Leader of the Opposition Shadow cabinet Provincial and territorial parliaments Judicial ( Queen - on - the - Bench ) ( show ) Court system Supreme court Federal chief justice ( Beverley McLachlin ) Provincial and territorial courts Provincial chief justices Constitution British North America Acts Peace , order , and good government Charter of Rights and Freedoms Elections ( show ) Federal electoral districts Federal electoral system 42nd federal election ( 2015 ) Provincial electoral districts Politics of the provinces Local government ( show ) Municipal government Related topics ( show ) Federalism Structure of the federal government Constitutional law Royal prerogative Regions Political culture Foreign relations Office - holders Political movements Aboriginal self - government First Nations bands Other countries Atlas The Governor General of Canada ( French : Gouverneure générale du Canada ) is the federal viceregal representative of the Canadian monarch , currently Queen Elizabeth II . The person of the sovereign is shared equally both with the 15 other Commonwealth realms and the 10 provinces of Canada , but resides predominantly in her oldest realm , the United Kingdom . Because of this , the Queen , on the advice of her Canadian prime minister , appoints a governor general to carry out most of her constitutional and ceremonial duties . The commission is for an unfixed period of time -- known as serving at Her Majesty 's pleasure -- though five years is the normal convention . Beginning in 1959 , it has also been traditional to rotate between anglophone and francophone incumbents -- although many recent governors general have been bilingual . Once in office , the governor general maintains direct contact with the Queen , wherever she may be at the time . The office began in the 16th and 17th centuries with the Crown - appointed governors of the French colony of Canada followed by the British governors of Canada in the 18th and 19th centuries . Subsequently , the office is , along with the Crown , the oldest continuous institution in Canada . The present incarnation of the office emerged with Canadian Confederation and the passing of the British North America Act , which defines the role of the governor general as `` carrying on the Government of Canada on behalf and in the Name of the Queen , by whatever Title he is designated '' . Although the post initially still represented the government of the United Kingdom ( that is , the monarch in his British council ) , the office was gradually Canadianized until , with the passage of the Statute of Westminster in 1931 and the establishment of a separate and uniquely Canadian monarchy , the governor general become the direct personal representative of the independently and uniquely Canadian sovereign , ( the monarch in his Canadian council ) . Throughout this process of gradually increasing Canadian independence , the role of governor general took on additional responsibilities . For example , in 1904 , the Militia Act granted permission for the governor general to use the title of Commander - in - Chief of the Canadian militia , in the name of the sovereign and actual Commander - in - Chief , and in 1927 the first official international visit by a governor general was made . Finally , in 1947 , King George VI issued letters patent allowing the viceroy to carry out almost all of the monarch 's powers on his or her behalf . As a result , the day - to - day duties of the monarch are carried out by the governor general , although , as a matter of law , the governor general is not in the same constitutional position as the sovereign ; the office itself does not independently possess any powers of the Royal Prerogative . In accordance with the Constitution Act , 1982 , any constitutional amendment that affects the Crown , including the office of the Governor General , requires the unanimous consent of each provincial legislature as well as the federal parliament . The current governor general is Julie Payette , who has served since 2 October 2017 ; Prime Minister Justin Trudeau recommended her to succeed David Johnston . Contents ( hide ) 1 Spelling of title 2 Appointment 2.1 Selection 3 Role 3.1 Constitutional role 3.2 Ceremonial role 4 Residences and household 5 Symbols and protocol 6 History 6.1 French and British colonies 6.2 Responsible government 6.3 Emerging nationality to an independent kingdom 6.4 Quebec nationalism and constitutional patriation 6.5 Withering and renaissance 7 Activities post-commission 7.1 Canadian institutions established by governors general 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Spelling of title ( edit ) The Government of Canada spells the title governor general without a hyphen . The Canadian media still often use the governor - general spelling . As governor is the noun in the title , it is pluralized ; thus , governors general , rather than governor generals . Moreover , both terms are capitalized when used in the formal title preceding an incumbent 's name . Appointment ( edit ) The text of the Letters Patent Constituting the Office of Governor General and Commander - in - Chief of Canada printed in the Canada Gazette , 1 October 1947 The position of governor general is mandated by both the Constitution Act ( previously the British North America Act ) , 1867 , and the letters patent issued in 1947 by King George VI . As such , on the recommendation of his or her Canadian prime minister , the Canadian monarch appoints the governor general by commission issued under the royal sign - manual and Great Seal of Canada . That individual is , from then until being sworn - in , referred to as the governor general - designate . Besides the administration of the oaths of office , there is no set formula for the swearing - in of a governor general - designate . Though there may therefore be variations to the following , the appointee will generally travel to Ottawa , there receiving an official welcome and taking up residence at 7 Rideau Gate , and will begin preparations for their upcoming role , meeting with various high level officials to ensure a smooth transition between governors general . The sovereign will also hold an audience with the appointee and will at that time induct both the governor general - designate and his or her spouse into the Order of Canada as Companions , as well as appointing the former as a Commander of both the Order of Military Merit and the Order of Merit of the Police Forces ( should either person not have already received either of those honours ) . Vincent Massey ( far left ) , the first Canadian - born person appointed to the viceregal post since Confederation . Michaëlle Jean reciting the oaths of office as administered by Puisne Justice Michel Bastarache , 27 September 2005 The swearing - in ceremony begins with the arrival at 7 Rideau Gate of one of the ministers of the Crown , who then accompanies the governor general - designate to Parliament Hill , where a Canadian Forces Guard of Honour ( consisting of the Army Guard , Royal Canadian Air Force Guard , and Flag Party of the Royal Canadian Navy ) awaits to give a general salute . From there , the party is led by the Queen 's parliamentary messenger -- the Usher of the Black Rod -- to the Senate chamber , wherein all justices of the Supreme Court , senators , members of parliament , and other guests are assembled . The Queen 's commission for the governor general - designate is then read aloud by the Secretary to the Governor General and the required oaths are administered to the appointee by either the chief justice or one of the puisne justices of the Supreme Court ; the three oaths are : the Oath of Allegiance , the Oath of Office as Governor General and Commander - in - Chief , and the Oath as Keeper of the Great Seal of Canada . With the affixing of their signature to these three solemn promises , the individual is officially the governor general , and at that moment the Flag of the Governor General of Canada is raised on the Peace Tower , the Viceregal Salute is played by the Central Band of the Canadian Forces , and a 21 - gun salute is conducted by the Royal Regiment of Canadian Artillery . The governor general is seated on the throne while a prayer is read , and then receives the Great Seal of Canada ( which is passed to the registrar general for protection ) , as well as the chains of both the Chancellor of the Order of Canada and of the Order of Military Merit . The governor general will then give a speech , outlining whichever cause or causes he or she will champion during his or her time as viceroy . The incumbent will generally serve for at least five years , though this is only a developed convention , and the governor general still technically acts at Her Majesty 's pleasure ( or the Royal Pleasure ) . The prime minister may therefore recommend to the Queen that the viceroy remain in her service for a longer period of time , sometimes upwards of more than seven years . A governor general may also resign , and two have died in office . In such a circumstance , or if the governor general leaves the country for longer than one month , the Chief Justice of Canada ( or , if that position is vacant or unavailable , the senior puisne justice of the Supreme Court ) serves as Administrator of the Government and exercises all powers of the governor general . Selection ( edit ) In a speech on the subject of confederation , made in 1866 to the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada , John A. Macdonald said of the planned governor : `` We place no restriction on Her Majesty 's prerogative in the selection of her representative ... The sovereign has unrestricted freedom of choice ... We leave that to Her Majesty in all confidence . '' However , between 1867 and 1931 , governors general were appointed by the monarch on the advice of the British Cabinet . Thereafter , in accordance with the Statute of Westminster 1931 , the appointment was made by the sovereign with the direction of his or her Canadian ministers only . Until 1952 , all governors general were also either members of the Peerage or sons of peers , and were born beyond Canada 's borders . These viceroys spent a relatively limited time in Canada , but their travel schedules were so extensive that they could `` learn more about Canada in five years than many Canadians in a lifetime . '' Still , though all Canadian nationals were as equally British subjects as their British counterparts prior to the implementation of the Canadian Citizenship Act in 1947 , the idea of Canadian - born persons being appointed governor general was raised as early as 1919 , when , at the Paris Peace Conference , Canadian prime minister Robert Borden consulted with Prime Minister of South Africa Louis Botha and the two agreed that the viceregal appointees should be long - term residents of their respective Dominions . Calls for just such an individual to be made viceroy came again in the late 1930s , but it was not until Vincent Massey 's appointment by King George VI in 1952 that the position was filled by a Canadian - born individual . Massey stated of this that `` a Canadian ( as governor general ) makes it far easier to look on the Crown as our own and on the Sovereign as Queen of Canada . '' This practice continued until 1999 , when Queen Elizabeth II commissioned as her representative Adrienne Clarkson , a Hong Kong - born refugee to Canada . Moreover , the practice of alternating between anglophone and francophone Canadians was instituted with the appointment of Georges Vanier , a francophone who succeeded the anglophone Massey . All persons whose names are put forward to the Queen for approval must first undergo background checks by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and the Canadian Security Intelligence Service . Georges Vanier , Canada 's first Francophone governor general Although required by the tenets of constitutional monarchy to be nonpartisan while in office , governors general were frequently former politicians ; a number held seats in the House of Lords by virtue of their inclusion in the peerage . Appointments of former ministers of the Crown in the 1980s and 1990s were criticized by Peter H. Russell , who stated in 2009 : `` much of ( the ) advantage of the monarchical system is lost in Canada when prime ministers recommend partisan colleagues to be appointed governor general and represent ( the Queen ) . '' Clarkson was the first governor general in Canadian history without either a political or military background , as well as the first Asian - Canadian and the second woman , following on Jeanne Sauvé . The third woman to hold this position was also the first Caribbean - Canadian governor general , Michaëlle Jean . There have been , from time to time , proposals put forward for modifications to the selection process of the governor general . Most recently , the group Citizens for a Canadian Republic has advocated the election of the nominee to the Queen , either by popular or parliamentary vote ; a proposal echoed by Adrienne Clarkson , who called for the prime minister 's choice to not only be vetted by a parliamentary committee , but also submit to a televised quiz on Canadiana . Constitutional scholars , editorial boards , and the Monarchist League of Canada have argued against any such constitutional tinkering with the viceregal appointment process , stating that the position being `` not elected is an asset , not a handicap , '' and that an election would politicize the office , thereby undermining the impartiality necessary to the proper functioning of the governor general . A new approach was used in 2010 for the selection of David Johnston as governor general - designate . For the task , Prime Minister Stephen Harper convened a special search group -- the Governor General Consultation Committee -- was instructed to find a non-partisan candidate who would respect the monarchical aspects of the viceregal office and conducted extensive consultations with more than 200 people across the country . In 2012 , the committee was made permanent and renamed as the Advisory Committee on Vice-Regal Appointments , with a modified membership and its scope broadened to include the appointment of provincial lieutenant governors and territorial commissioners ( though the latter are not personal representatives of the monarch ) . However , Justin Trudeau did not make use of a selection committee when he chose Julie Payette as Johnston 's successor in 2017 . Role ( edit ) Further information : Monarchy of Canada § International and domestic aspects The Lord Tweedsmuir gives the Throne Speech at the opening of the third session of the 18th Canadian Parliament , 27 January 1938 Governor General Adrienne Clarkson ( right ) meets with Russian president Vladimir Putin ( left ) in the governor general 's study of Rideau Hall , 18 December 2000 If , and because your Governor - General is in the service of the Crown , he is , therefore ... in the service of Canada ... ( A ) loof though he be from actual executive responsibility , his attitude must be that of ceaseless and watchful readiness to take part ... in the fostering of every influence that will sweeten and elevate public life ; to ... join in making known the resources and developments of the country ; to vindicate , if required , the rights of the people and the ordinariness and Constitution , and lastly , to promote by all means in his power , without reference to class or creed , every movement and every institution calculated to forward the social , moral , and religious welfare of the inhabitants of the Dominion . Governor General the Marquess of Aberdeen , 1893 Canada shares the person of the sovereign equally with 15 other countries in the Commonwealth of Nations and that individual , in his or her capacity as the Canadian sovereign , has 10 other legal personas within the Canadian federation . As the sovereign works and resides predominantly outside of Canada 's borders , the governor general 's primary task is to perform the monarch 's federal constitutional duties on his or her behalf . As such , the governor general carries `` on the Government of Canada on behalf and in the name of the Sovereign '' . The governor general acts within the principles of parliamentary democracy and responsible government as a guarantor of continuous and stable governance and as a nonpartisan safeguard against the abuse of power . For the most part , however , the powers of the Crown are exercised on a day - to - day basis by elected and appointed individuals , leaving the governor general to perform the various ceremonial duties the sovereign otherwise carries out when in the country ; at such a moment , the governor general removes him or herself from public , though the presence of the monarch does not affect the governor general 's ability to perform governmental roles . Past governor general the Marquess of Lorne said of the job : `` It is no easy thing to be a governor general of Canada . You must have the patience of a saint , the smile of a cherub , the generosity of an Indian prince , and the back of a camel , '' and the Earl of Dufferin stated that the governor general is `` A representative of all that is august , stable , and sedate in the government , the history , and the traditions of the country ; incapable of partizanship , and lifted far above the atmosphere of faction ; without adherents to reward or opponents to oust from office ; docile to the suggestions of his Ministers , and yet securing to the people the certainty of being able to get rid of an Administration or Parliament the moment either had forfeited their confidence . '' Constitutional role ( edit ) Further information : Monarchy of Canada § Federal constitutional role Though the monarch retains all executive , legislative , and judicial power in and over Canada , the governor general is permitted to exercise most of this , including the Royal Prerogative , in the sovereign 's name ; some as outlined in the Constitution Act , 1867 , and some through various letters patent issued over the decades , particularly those from 1947 that constitute the Office of Governor General of Canada ; they state : `` And We do hereby authorize and empower Our Governor General , with the advice of Our Privy Council for Canada or of any members thereof or individually , as the case requires , to exercise all powers and authorities lawfully belonging to Us in respect of Canada . '' The office itself does not , however , independently possess any powers of the Royal Prerogative , only exercising the Crown 's powers with its permission ; a fact the Constitution Act , 1867 left unchanged . Among other duties , the monarch retains the sole right to appoint the governor general . It is also stipulated that the governor general may appoint deputies -- usually Supreme Court justices and the Secretary to the Governor General -- who can perform some of the viceroy 's constitutional duties in his or her stead , and the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court ( or a puisne justice in the chief justice 's absence ) will act as the Administrator of the Government upon the death or removal , as well as the incapacitation , or absence of the governor general for more than one month . It is the governor general who is required by the Constitution Act , 1867 , to appoint for life persons to the Queen 's Privy Council for Canada , who are all theoretically tasked with tendering to the monarch and viceroy guidance on the exercise of the Royal Prerogative . Convention dictates , though , that the governor general must draw from the privy council an individual to act as prime minister -- in almost all cases the Member of Parliament who commands the confidence of the House of Commons . The prime minister then directs the governor general to appoint other members of parliament to a committee of the privy council known as the Cabinet , and it is in practice only from this group of ministers of the Crown that the Queen and governor general will take direction on the use of executive power ; an arrangement called the Queen - in - Council or , more specifically , the Governor - in - Council . In this capacity , the governor general will issue royal proclamations and sign orders in council . The Governor - in - Council is also specifically tasked by the Constitution Act , 1867 , to appoint in the Queen 's name the lieutenant governors of the provinces ( with the Advisory Committee on Vice-Regal Appointments and the premiers of the provinces concerned playing an advisory role ) , senators , the Speaker of the Senate , supreme court justices , and superior and county court judges in each province , except those of the Courts of Probate in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick . The advice given by the Cabinet is , in order to ensure the stability of government , by political convention typically binding ; both the Queen and her viceroy , however , may in exceptional circumstances invoke the reserve powers , which remain the Crown 's final check against a ministry 's abuse of power . The governor general , as the representative of the Canadian sovereign , carries out the parliamentary duties of the sovereign in their absence , such as summoning parliament , reading the Speech From the Throne , and proroguing and dissolving parliament . The governor general also grants Royal Assent in the Queen 's name ; legally , he or she has three options : grant Royal Assent ( making the bill law ) , withhold Royal Assent ( vetoing the bill ) , or reserve the bill for the signification of the Queen 's pleasure ( allowing the sovereign to personally grant or withhold assent ) . If the governor general withholds the Queen 's assent , the sovereign may within two years disallow the bill , thereby annulling the law in question . No modern Canadian viceroy has denied Royal Assent to a bill . Provincial viceroys , however , are able to reserve Royal Assent to provincial bills for the governor general ; this clause was last invoked in 1961 by the Lieutenant Governor of Saskatchewan . Ceremonial role ( edit ) Further information : Monarchy of Canada § Cultural role With most constitutional functions lent to Cabinet , the governor general acts in a primarily ceremonial fashion . He or she will host members of Canada 's royal family , as well as foreign royalty and heads of state , and will represent the Queen and country abroad on state visits to other nations , though the monarch 's permission is necessary , via the prime minister , for the viceroy to leave Canada . Also as part of international relations , the governor general issues letters of credence and of recall for Canadian ambassadors and receives the same from foreign ambassadors appointed to Canada . Governor General Roland Michener attends graduation ceremonies at Alma College in 1972 The governor general is also tasked with fostering national unity and pride . Queen Elizabeth II stated in 1959 to then Governor General Vincent Massey `` maintain ( ing ) the right relationship between the Crown and the people of Canada ( is ) the most important function among the many duties of the appointment which you have held with such distinction . '' One way in which this is carried out is travelling the country and meeting with Canadians from all regions and ethnic groups in Canada , continuing the tradition begun in 1869 by Governor General the Lord Lisgar . He or she will also induct individuals into the various national orders and present national medals and decorations . Similarly , the viceroy administers and distributes the Governor General 's Awards , and will also give out awards associated with private organizations , some of which are named for past governors general . During a federal election , the governor general will curtail these public duties , so as not to appear as though they are involving themselves in political affairs . Although the constitution of Canada states that the `` Command - in - Chief of the Land and Naval Militia , and of all Naval and Military Forces , of and in Canada , is hereby declared to continue and be vested in the Queen , '' the governor general acts in her place as Commander - in - Chief of the Canadian Forces and is permitted through the 1947 Letters Patent to use the title Commander - in - Chief in and over Canada . The position technically involves issuing commands for Canadian troops , airmen , and sailors , but is predominantly a ceremonial role in which the viceroy will visit Canadian Forces bases across Canada and abroad to take part in military ceremonies , see troops off to and return from active duty , and encourage excellence and morale amongst the forces . The governor general also serves as honorary Colonel of three household regiments : the Governor General 's Horse Guards , Governor General 's Foot Guards and Canadian Grenadier Guards . This ceremonial position is directly under that of Colonel - in - Chief , which is held by the Queen . Since 1910 , the governor general was also always made the Chief Scout for Canada , which was renamed Chief Scout of Canada after 1946 and again in 2011 as Patron Scout . Residences and household ( edit ) Rideau Hall , the official residence in Ottawa of the governor general The present flag of the governor general , adopted in 1981 Rideau Hall , located in Ottawa , is the official residence of the Canadian monarch and of the governor general and is thus the location of the viceregal household and the Chancellery of Honours . For a part of each year since 1872 , governors general have also resided at the Citadel ( La Citadelle ) in Quebec City , Quebec . A governor general 's wife is known as the chatelaine of Rideau Hall , though there is no equivalent term for a governor general 's husband . The viceregal household aids the governor general in the execution of the royal constitutional and ceremonial duties and is managed by the Office of the Secretary to the Governor General . The Chancellery of Honours centres around the Queen and is thus also located at Rideau Hall and administered by the governor general . As such , the viceroy 's secretary ex officio holds the position of Herald Chancellor of Canada , overseeing the Canadian Heraldic Authority -- the mechanism of the Canadian honours system by which armorial bearings are granted to Canadians by the governor general in the name of the sovereign . These organized offices and support systems include aides - de-camp , press officers , financial managers , speech writers , trip organizers , event planners , protocol officers , chefs and other kitchen employees , waiters , and various cleaning staff , as well as visitors ' centre staff and tour guides at both official residences . In this official and bureaucratic capacity , the entire household is often referred to as Government House and its departments are funded through the normal federal budgetary process , as is the governor general 's salary of CAD $ 288,900 , which has been taxed since 2013 . Additional costs are incurred from separate ministries and organizations such as the National Capital Commission , the Department of National Defence , and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police . The governor general 's air transportation is assigned to 412 Transport Squadron of the Royal Canadian Air Force . The squadron uses Bombardier Challenger 600 VIP jets to transport the governor general to locations within and outside of Canada . Symbols and protocol ( edit ) As the personal representative of the monarch , the governor general follows only the sovereign in the Canadian order of precedence , preceding even other members of the Royal Family . Though the federal viceroy is considered primus inter pares amongst his or her provincial counterparts , the governor general also outranks the lieutenant governors in the federal sphere ; at provincial functions , however , the relevant lieutenant governor , as the Queen 's representative in the province , precedes the governor general . The incumbent governor general and his or her spouse are also the only people in Canada , other than serving Canadian ambassadors and high commissioners , entitled to the use of the style His or Her Excellency and the governor general is granted the additional honorific of The Right Honourable for their time in office and for life afterwards . Michaëlle Jean wearing the insignia of the Order of Canada and Order of Military Merit along with the Canadian Forces Decoration Prior to 1952 , all Governors General of Canada were members of the peerage . Typically , individuals appointed as federal viceroy were already a peer , either by inheriting the title , such as the Duke of Devonshire , or by prior elevation by the sovereign in their own right , as was the case with the Viscount Alexander of Tunis . None were life peers , the Life Peerages Act 1958 postdating the beginning of the tradition of appointing Canadian citizens as governor general . John Buchan was , in preparation for his appointment as governor general , made the Baron Tweedsmuir of Elsfield in the County of Oxford by King George V , six months before Buchan was sworn in as viceroy . The Leader of His Majesty 's Loyal Opposition at the time , William Lyon Mackenzie King , felt Buchan should serve as governor general as a commoner ; however , George V insisted he be represented by a peer . With the appointment of Vincent Massey as governor general in 1952 , governors general ceased to be members of the peerage ; successive governments since that date have held to the non-binding and defeated ( in 1934 ) principles of the 1919 Nickle Resolution . Under the orders ' constitutions , the governor general serves as the Chancellor and Principal Companion of the Order of Canada , the Chancellor of the Order of Military Merit , and the Chancellor of the Order of Merit of the Police Forces . He or she also upon installation automatically becomes a Knight or Dame of Justice and the Prior and Chief Officer in Canada of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem . As acting commander - in - chief , the governor general is further routinely granted the Canadian Forces Decoration by the Chief of the Defence Staff on behalf of the monarch . All of these honours are retained following an incumbent 's departure from office , with the individual remaining in the highest categories of the orders , and they may also be further distinguished with induction into other orders or the receipt of other awards . The Viceregal Salute -- composed of the first six bars of the Royal Anthem ( `` God Save the Queen '' ) followed by the first and last four bars of the national anthem ( `` O Canada '' ) -- is the salute used to greet the governor general upon arrival at , and mark his or her departure from most official events . To mark the viceroy 's presence at any building , ship , airplane , or car in Canada , the governor general 's flag is employed . The present form was adopted on 23 February 1981 and , in the federal jurisdiction , takes precedence over all other flags save the Queen 's personal Canadian standard . When the governor general undertakes a state visit , however , the national flag is generally employed to mark his or her presence . This flag is also , along with all flags on Canadian Forces property , flown at half - mast upon the death of an incumbent or former governor general . The crest of the Royal Arms of Canada is employed as the badge of the governor general , appearing on the viceroy 's flag and on other objects associated with the person or the office . This is the fourth such incarnation of the governor general 's mark since confederation . 1901 1921 1931 1953 1981 History ( edit ) Further information : List of Governors General of Canada The Marquis de Vaudreuil - Cavagnal , Governor General of New France from 1755 to 1760 French and British colonies ( edit ) French colonization of North America began in the 1580s and Aymar de Chaste was appointed in 1602 by King Henry IV as Viceroy of Canada . The explorer Samuel de Champlain became the first unofficial Governor of New France in the early 17th century , serving until Charles Huault de Montmagny was in 1636 formally appointed to the post by King Louis XIII . The French Company of One Hundred Associates then administered New France until King Louis XIV took control of the colony and appointed Augustin de Saffray de Mésy as the first governor general in 1663 , after whom 12 more people served in the post . With the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1763 , France relinquished most of its North American territories , including Canada , to Great Britain . King George III then issued in that same year a royal proclamation establishing , amongst other regulations , the Office of the Governor of Quebec to preside over the new Province of Quebec . Nova Scotia and New Brunswick remained completely separate colonies , each with their own governor , until the cabinet of William Pitt adopted in the 1780s the idea that they , along with Quebec and Prince Edward Island , should have as their respective governors a single individual styled as Governor - in - Chief . The post was created in 1786 , with The Lord Dorchester as its first occupant . However , the governor - in - chief directly governed only Quebec . It was not until the splitting in 1791 of the Province of Quebec , to accommodate the influx of United Empire Loyalists fleeing the American revolutionary war , that the king 's representative , with a change in title to Governor General , directly governed Lower Canada , while the other three colonies were each administered by a lieutenant governor in his stead . Responsible Government ( edit ) The Rebellions of 1837 brought about great changes to the role of the governor general , prompting , as they did , the British government to grant responsible government to the Canadian provinces . As a result , the viceroys became largely nominal heads , while the democratically elected legislatures and the premiers they supported exercised the authority belonging to the Crown ; a concept first put to the test when , in 1849 , Governor - General of the Province of Canada and Lieutenant - Governor of Canada East the Earl of Elgin granted Royal Assent to the Rebellion Losses Bill , despite his personal misgivings towards the legislation . This arrangement continued after the reunification in 1840 of Upper and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada , and the establishment of the Dominion of Canada in 1867 . The governor general carried out in Canada all the parliamentary and ceremonial functions of a constitutional monarch -- amongst other things , granting Royal Assent , issuing Orders - in - Council , and taking advice from the Canadian privy council . However , the governor still remained not a viceroy , in the true sense of the word , being still a representative of and liaison to the British government -- the Queen in her British council of ministers -- who answered to the Secretary of State for the Colonies in London and who , as a British observer of Canadian politics , held well into the First World War a suite of offices in the East Block of Parliament Hill . But , the new position of Canadian high commissioner to the United Kingdom , created in 1880 , began to take over the governor general 's role as a link between the Canadian and British governments , leaving the viceroy increasingly as a personal representative of the monarch . As such , the governor general had to retain a sense of political neutrality ; a skill that was put to the test when the Marquess of Lorne disagreed with his Canadian prime minister , John A. Macdonald , over the dismissal of Lieutenant Governor of Quebec Luc Letellier de St - Just . On the advice of the Colonial Secretary , and to avoid conflict with the cabinet of Canada , the Marquess did eventually concede , and released St - Just from duty . The Governor General of Canada was then in May 1891 called upon to resolve the Dominion 's first cabinet crisis , wherein Prime Minister Macdonald died , leaving the Lord Stanley of Preston to select a new prime minister . As early as 1880 , the viceregal family and court attracted minor ridicule from the Queen 's subjects : in July of that year , someone under the pseudonym Captain Mac included in a pamphlet called Canada : from the Lakes to the Gulf , a coarse satire of an investiture ceremony at Rideau Hall , in which a retired inn - keeper and his wife undergo the rigorous protocol of the royal household and sprawl on the floor before the Duke of Argyll so as to be granted the knighthood for which they had `` paid in cold , hard cash . '' Later , prior to the arrival of Prince Arthur , Duke of Connaught and Strathearn ( the uncle of King George V ) , to take up the post of governor general , there was a `` feeble undercurrent of criticism '' centring on worries about a rigid court at Rideau Hall ; worries that turned out to be unfounded as the royal couple was actually more relaxed than their predecessors . Emerging nationality to an independent Kingdom ( edit ) The Lord Byng of Vimy , Governor General of Canada , 1921 -- 1926 During the First World War , into which Canada was drawn due to its association with the United Kingdom , the governor general 's role turned from one of cultural patron and state ceremony to one of military inspector and morale booster . Starting in 1914 , Governor General Prince Arthur donned his Field Marshal 's uniform and put his efforts into raising contingents , inspecting army camps , and seeing troops off before their voyage to Europe . These actions , however , led to conflict with the Prince 's prime minister at the time , Robert Borden ; though the latter placed blame on the Military Secretary Edward Stanton , he also opined that the Duke `` laboured under the handicap of his position as a member of the Royal Family and never realized his limitations as Governor General . '' Prince Arthur 's successor , the Duke of Devonshire , faced the Conscription Crisis of 1917 and held discussions with his Canadian prime minister , as well as His Majesty 's Loyal Opposition members , on the matter . Once the government implemented conscription , Devonshire , after consulting on the pulse of the nation with Sir Wilfrid Laurier , Vincent Massey , Henri Bourassa , Archbishop of Montreal Paul Bruchési , Duncan Campbell Scott , Vilhjalmur Stefansson , and Stephen Leacock , made efforts to conciliate Quebec , though he had little real success . Canada 's national sentiment had gained fortitude through the country 's sacrifices on the battlefields of the First World War and , by war 's end , the interference of the British government in Canadian affairs was causing ever - increasing discontent amongst Canadian officials ; in 1918 , the Toronto Star was even advocating the end of the office . The governor general 's role was also morphing to focus less on the larger Empire and more on uniquely Canadian affairs , including the undertaking of official international visits on behalf of Canada , the first being that of the Marquess of Willingdon to the United States , where he was accorded by President Calvin Coolidge the full honours of representative of a head of state . It would be another decade , however , before the King - Byng Affair : another catalyst for change in the relationship between Canada -- indeed , all the Dominions -- and the United Kingdom , and thus the purpose of the governor general . In 1926 , Liberal prime minister William Lyon Mackenzie King , facing a non-confidence vote in the House of Commons over a scandal in his party , requested that Governor General the Lord Byng of Vimy dissolve parliament and call an election . Byng , however , refused his Canadian prime minister 's advice , citing both the facts that King held the minority of seats in the house and that a general election had been held only months earlier ; he thus called on Arthur Meighen to form a government . Within a week however , Meighen 's Conservative government lost its own non-confidence vote , forcing the Governor General to dissolve parliament and call elections that saw Mackenzie King returned to power . King then went on to the Imperial Conference that same year and there pushed for reorganizations that resulted in the Balfour Declaration , which declared formally the practical reality that had existed for some years : namely , that the Dominions were fully autonomous and equal in status to the United Kingdom . These new developments were codified in the Statute of Westminster , through the enactment of which on 11 December 1931 , Canada , along with the Union of South Africa and the Irish Free State , immediately obtained formal legislative independence from the UK . In addition , the Balfour Declaration also held that the governor general would cease to act as the representative of the British government . Accordingly , in 1928 , the United Kingdom appointed its first High Commissioner to Canada thus effectively ending the governor general 's diplomatic role as the British government 's envoy . The governor general thus became solely the representative of the King within Canadian jurisdiction , ceasing completely to be an agent of the British Cabinet , and as such would be appointed by the monarch granting his royal sign - manual under the Great Seal of Canada only on the advice of his Canadian prime minister . Governor General the Earl of Athlone ( seated right ) with ( l to r ) Canadian prime minister Mackenzie King , US president Roosevelt , and UK prime minister Churchill , at La Citadelle , August 1943 The Canadian Cabinet 's first recommendation under this new system was still , however , a British subject born outside of Canada : the Lord Tweedsmuir . His birthplace aside , though , the professional author took further than any of his predecessors the idea of a distinct Canadian identity , travelling the length and breadth of the country , including , for the first time for a governor general , the Arctic regions . Not all Canadians , however , shared Tweedsmuir 's views ; the Baron raised the ire of imperialists when he said in Montreal in 1937 : `` a Canadian 's first loyalty is not to the British Commonwealth of Nations , but to Canada and Canada 's King , '' a statement the Montreal Gazette dubbed as `` disloyal . '' During Tweedsmuir 's time as viceroy , which started in 1935 , calls began to emerge for a Canadian - born individual to be appointed as governor general ; but Tweedsmuir died suddenly in office in 1940 , while Canada was in the midst of the Second World War , and Prime Minister Mackenzie King did not feel it was the right time to search for a suitable Canadian . The Earl of Athlone was instead appointed by King George VI , Athlone 's nephew , to be his viceroy for the duration of the war . Quebec nationalism and constitutional patriation ( edit ) It was in 1952 , a mere five days before King George VI 's death , that Vincent Massey became the first Canadian - born person to be appointed as a governor general in Canada since the Marquis de Vaudreuil - Cavagnal was made Governor General of New France on 1 January 1755 , as well as the first not to be elevated to the peerage since Sir Edmund Walker Head in 1854 . There was some trepidation about this departure from tradition and Massey was intended to be a compromise : he was known to embody loyalty , dignity , and formality , as expected from a viceroy . As his viceregal tenure neared an end , it was thought that Massey , an anglophone , should be followed by a francophone Canadian ; and so , in spite of his Liberal Party attachments , Georges Vanier was chosen by Conservative prime minister John Diefenbaker as the next governor general . Vanier was subsequently appointed by Queen Elizabeth II in person at a meeting of her Canadian Cabinet , thus initiating the convention of alternating between individuals from Canada 's two main linguistic groups . This move did not , however , placate those who were fostering the new Quebec nationalist movement , for whom the monarchy and other federal institutions were a target for attack . Though Vanier was a native of Quebec and fostered biculturalism , he was not immune to the barbs of the province 's sovereigntists and , when he attended la Fête St - Jean - Baptiste in Montreal in 1964 , a group of separatists held placards reading `` Vanier vendu '' ( `` Vanier sold out '' ) and `` Vanier fou de la Reine '' ( `` Vanier Queen 's jester '' ) . Jeanne Sauvé ( left ) , Canada 's first female governor general In light of this regional nationalism and a resultant change in attitudes towards Canadian identity , images and the role of the monarchy were cautiously downplayed , and Vanier 's successor , Roland Michener , was the last viceroy to practice many of the office 's ancient traditions , such as the wearing of the Windsor uniform , the requirement of court dress for state occasions , and expecting women to curtsey before the governor general . At the same time , he initiated new practices for the viceroy , including regular conferences with the lieutenant governors and the undertaking of state visits . He presided over Canada 's centennial celebrations and the coincidental Expo 67 , to which French president Charles de Gaulle was invited . Michener was with de Gaulle when he made his infamous `` Vive le Québec libre '' speech in Montreal and was cheered wildly by the gathered crowd while they booed and jeered Michener . With the additional recognition of the monarchy as a Canadian institution , the establishment of a distinct Canadian honours system , an increase of state visits coming with Canada 's growing role on the world stage , and the more prevalent use of television to visually broadcast ceremonial state affairs , the governor general became more publicly active in national life . The Cabinet in June 1978 put forward the constitutional amendment Bill C - 60 , that , amongst other changes , vested executive authority directly in the governor general and renamed the position as First Canadian , but the proposal was thwarted by the provincial premiers . When the constitution was patriated four years later , the new amending formula for the documents outlined that any changes to the Crown , including the Office of the Governor General , would require the consent of all the provincial legislatures plus the federal parliament . By 1984 , Canada 's first female governor general -- Jeanne Sauvé -- was appointed . While it was she who created the Canadian Heraldic Authority , as permitted by letters patent from Queen Elizabeth II , and who championed youth and world peace , Sauvé proved to be a controversial vicereine , closing to the public the grounds of the Queen 's residence and self - aggrandizingly breaching protocol on a number of occasions . Withering and renaissance ( edit ) Sarah , Duchess of York , said in 2009 that sometime during her marriage to Prince Andrew , Duke of York , her husband was offered the position of Governor General of Canada , and she speculated in hindsight that their agreement to refuse the commission may have been a contributing factor in their eventual break - up . Instead , Sauvé 's tenure as governor general was book - ended by a series of appointments -- Edward Schreyer , Ray Hnatyshyn , and Roméo LeBlanc -- that have been generally regarded as mere patronage postings for former politicians and friends of the incumbent prime minister at the time , and despite the duties they carried out , their combined time in the viceregal office is generally viewed as unremarkable , at best , damaging to the office , at worst ; as David Smith described it : `` Notwithstanding the personal qualities of the appointees , which have often been extraordinary , the Canadian governor general has become a hermetic head of state -- ignored by press , politicians and public . '' It was theorized by Peter Boyce that this was due , in part , to widespread misunderstanding about the governor general 's role coupled with a lack of public presence compared to the media coverage dedicated to the increasingly presidentialized prime minister . Governor General Adrienne Clarkson ( right ) toasts Russian president Vladimir Putin in the ballroom of Rideau Hall , 18 December 2000 It was with the Queen 's appointment of Adrienne Clarkson , on the advice of then Prime Minister Jean Chrétien , that a shift in the office took place . Clarkson was the first Canadian viceroy to have not previously held any political or military position -- coming as she did from a background of television journalism with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation -- was the first since 1952 to have been born outside of Canada , the first from a visible minority ( she is of Chinese ancestry ) , and , by her being accompanied to Rideau Hall by her husband , author and philosopher John Ralston Saul , the official appointment brought an unofficial pair to the viceregal placement , in that the governor general would not be the only person actively exploring Canadian theory and culture . Clarkson managed to bring the viceregal office back into the collective consciousness of Canadians , winning praise for touring the country more than any of her predecessors , her inspiring speeches , and her dedication to the military in her role as the Commander - in - Chief 's representative . This did not come without a cost , however , as the attention also drew widespread criticism of the Governor General 's increased spending on state affairs , for which the office was symbolically rebuked by parliament when it voted in favour of cutting by 10 % the viceregal budget it had earlier supported , as well as for fostering the notion , through various demonstrations , that the governor general was ultimately the Canadian head of state above the Queen herself , an approach that was said by Jack Granatstein to have caused `` a fury '' with the Queen on one occasion in 2004 . This attitude was not unique to Clarkson , though ; it had been observed that , for some decades , staff at Rideau Hall and various government departments in Ottawa had been pushing to present the governor general as head of state , part of a wider Liberal policy on the monarchy that had been in effect at least since the proposed constitutional changes in the 1970s , if not the 1964 Truncheon Saturday riot in Quebec City . Indeed , international observers opined that the viceroys had been , over the years , making deliberate attempts to distance themselves from the sovereign , for fear of being too closely associated with any `` Britishness '' the monarch embodied . As the representative of Canada 's head of state , the governor general , Michaëlle Jean , welcomes US President Barack Obama to Canada , 19 February 2009 Prime Minister Paul Martin followed Chrétien 's example and , for Clarkson 's successor , put forward to the Queen the name of Michaëlle Jean , who was , like Clarkson , a woman , a refugee , a member of a visible minority , a CBC career journalist , and married to an intellectual husband who worked in the arts . Her appointment initially sparked accusations that she was a supporter of Quebec sovereignty , and it was observed that she had on a few occasions trodden into political matters , as well as continuing to foster the notion that the governor general had replaced the Queen as head of state , thereby `` unbalancing ... the federalist symmetry . '' But Jean ultimately won plaudits , particularly for her solidarity with the Canadian Forces and Canada 's Aboriginal peoples , as well as her role in the parliamentary dispute that took place between December 2008 and January 2009 . Governor General David Johnston and Sharon Johnston with Jason Kenney and Cardinal Marc Ouellet in Rome for the Papal inauguration of Pope Francis With the appointment of academic David Johnston , former principal of McGill University and subsequently president of the University of Waterloo , there was a signalled emphasis for the Governor General to vigorously promote learning and innovation . Johnston stated in his inaugural address : `` ( We want to be ) a society that innovates , embraces its talent and uses the knowledge of each of its citizens to improve the human condition for all . '' There was also a recognition of Johnston 's expertise in constitutional law , following the controversial prorogations of parliament in 2008 and 2009 , which initiated some debate about the governor general 's role as the representative of Canada 's head of state . Activities post-commission ( edit ) Retired governors general usually either withdraw from public life or go on to hold other public offices . Edward Schreyer , for instance , was appointed Canadian High Commissioner to Australia upon his departure from the viceregal role in 1984 , and Michaëlle Jean became the UNESCO special envoy to Haiti and , later , the Secretary - General of the Francophonie . Schreyer also become the first former governor general to run for elected office in Canada when he unsuccessfully vied for a seat in the House of Commons as a New Democratic Party candidate . Prior to 1952 , several former viceroys returned to political careers in the United Kingdom , sitting with party affiliations in the House of Lords and , in some cases , taking a position in the British Cabinet . John Campbell was elected a Member of Parliament in the United Kingdom in 1895 , and remained so until he became the Duke of Argyll and took his seat in the House of Lords . Others were made governors in other countries or territories : the Viscount Monck was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Dublin , the Earl of Aberdeen was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland , and the Earl of Dufferin , the Marquess of Lansdowne , The Earl of Minto , and The Earl of Willingdon all subsequently served as Viceroy of India . An outgoing governor general may leave an eponymous award as a legacy , such as the Stanley Cup , the Clarkson Cup , the Vanier Cup , or the Grey Cup . They may found an institution , as Georges Vanier did with the Vanier Institute of the Family and Adrienne Clarkson with the Institute for Canadian Citizenship . Three former governors general have released memoirs : the Lord Tweedsmuir ( Memory Hold - the - Door ) , Vincent Massey ( On Being Canadian and What 's Past is Prologue ) , and Adrienne Clarkson ( Heart Matters ) . Canadian institutions established by governors general ( edit ) Royal Society of Canada -- The Marquess of Lorne Canada 's first anti-tuberculosis association -- The Earl of Minto The Battlefields Park -- The Lord Grey King 's Jubilee Cancer Fund -- The Earl of Bessborough Vanier Institute of the Family -- Georges Vanier Sauvé Foundation -- Jeanne Sauvé Governor General Ramon John Hnatyshyn Education Fund -- Ray Hnatyshyn International Council for Canadian Studies -- Ray Hnatyshyn The Hnatyshyn Foundation -- Ray Hnatyshyn Institute for Canadian Citizenship -- Adrienne Clarkson Michaëlle Jean Foundation -- Michaëlle Jean See also ( edit ) Canadian politics portal Governor General 's Awards List of awards presented by the Governor General of Canada Royal Canadian Air Force VIP aircraft Governor - General Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ When the position is held by a male , the French title is Gouverneur général du Canada . Jump up ^ Georges Vanier acted as governor general between 15 September 1959 and 5 March 1967 , and Roland Michener served for just under seven years , from 17 April 1967 to 14 January 1974 . Jump up ^ Roméo LeBlanc resigned the viceregal post in 1999 due to health concerns . Jump up ^ The Lord Tweedsmuir died at the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital on 11 February 1940 , and Georges Vanier died at Rideau Hall on 5 March 1967 . Jump up ^ The only individuals to serve as administrators due to the deaths of governors general were Chief Justice Sir Lyman Poore Duff in 1940 and Chief Justice Robert Taschereau in 1967 . Jump up ^ Governor General the Lord Tweedsmuir said of King George VI being in the Senate in 1939 to grant Royal Assent to bills : `` ( When the King of Canada is present ) I cease to exist as Viceroy , and retain only a shadowy legal existence as Governor General in Council . '' Jump up ^ See Note 1 at Queen 's Privy Council for Canada . Jump up ^ Some seven years after he left office , the Earl Alexander of Tunis was appointed as a Member of the Order of Merit . Similarly , Vincent Massey was awarded the Royal Victorian Chain by Queen Elizabeth II approximately six months after leaving the viceregal post and was in 1967 invested into the Order of Canada . Roland Michener was presented with the Royal Victorian Chain a few months before he retired as governor general . Jump up ^ Kevin MacLeod , in his book A Crown of Maples , pegs the start date of Champlain 's governorship at 1627 , whereas the official website of the Governor General of Canada puts it at 1608 . Jump up ^ The offices were subsequently incorporated into the Prime Minister 's Office ( PMO ) , but have been restored to their 19th century appearance after the PMO moved to the Langevin Block in the 1970s , and are now preserved as a tourist attraction along with other historic offices in the East Block . Jump up ^ The appointment in 1916 of the Duke of Devonshire as governor general caused political problems , as Canadian prime minister Robert Borden had , counter to established common practice , not been consulted on the matter by his British counterpart , H.H. Asquith . Jump up ^ During the Great Depression , the Earl of Bessborough voluntarily cut his salary by ten percent as a sign of his solidarity with the Canadian people . Jump up ^ Governors general had been venturing to Washington to meet informally with the President of the United States since the time of the Viscount Monck . Jump up ^ The ministers in attendance at the Imperial Conference agreed that : `` In our opinion it is an essential consequence of the equality of status existing among the members of the British Commonwealth of Nations that the Governor General of a Dominion is the representative of the Crown , holding in all essential respects the same position in relation to the administration of public affairs in the Dominion as is held by His Majesty the King in great Britain , and that he is not the representative or agent of His Majesty 's Government in Great Britain or of any Department of that Government . '' Jump up ^ LeBlanc 's strong ties to the Liberal Party led other party leaders to protest his appointment by boycotting his installation ceremony . Jump up ^ In 1952 , the Earl Alexander of Tunis resigned as Governor General of Canada to accept an appointment as Minister of Defence in the Cabinet of Winston Churchill . The Marquess of Lansdowne and the Duke of Devonshire both also served in the British Cabinet following their viceregal careers , and Lansdowne went on to serve as leader of the Conservative Party in the House of Lords for over a decade . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Royal Household . `` The Queen and the Commonwealth > Queen and Canada > The Queen 's role in Canada '' . Queen 's Printer . Retrieved 2 June 2009 . Jump up ^ The Royal Household . `` Queen and Canada : The role of the Governor - General '' . Queen 's Printer . Retrieved 28 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : MacLeod , Kevin S. ( 2008 ) . A Crown of Maples ( PDF ) ( 1 ed . ) . Ottawa : Queen 's Printer for Canada . p. 34 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 662 - 46012 - 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Victoria ( 1867 ) , Constitution Act , 1867 , III. 10 , Westminster : Queen 's Printer ( published 29 March 1867 ) , retrieved 15 January 2009 Jump up ^ MacLeod 2008 , pp. 34 -- 35 ^ Jump up to : Public Works and Government Services Canada . `` Parliament Hill > The History of Parliament Hill > East Block > Office of the Governor General '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved 3 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : MacLeod 2008 , p. 35 ^ Jump up to : Department of Canadian Heritage ( 2008 ) . Canada : Symbols of Canada . Ottawa : Queen 's Printer for Canada . p. 3 . Archived from the original on 17 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Office of the Governor General of Canada . `` Commander in Chief '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Archived from the original on 9 October 2006 . Retrieved 5 November 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Victoria 1867 , III. 15 ^ Jump up to : Hubbard , R.H. ( 1977 ) . Rideau Hall . Montreal and London : McGill - Queen 's University Press . p. 166 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 0310 - 6 . Jump up ^ Office of the Governor General of Canada . `` Governor General > Former Governors General > The Marquess of Willingdon '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved 28 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Walters , Mark D. ( 2011 ) . `` The Law behind the Conventions of the Constitution : Reassessing the Prorogation Debate '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Parliamentary and Political Law . 5 : 131 -- 154 . Jump up ^ `` Prime Minister Trudeau announces The Queen 's approval of Canada 's next Governor General '' . pm.gc.ca . Government of Canada . July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.macleans.ca/news/julie-payette-named-governor-general/ ^ Jump up to : George VI ( 1947 ) , Letters Patent Constituting the Office of Governor General of Canada , I , Ottawa : King 's Printer for Canada ( published 1 October 1947 ) , retrieved 29 May 2009 Jump up ^ Elizabeth II ( 28 September 1999 ) , Royal Commission , Queen 's Printer for Canada , archived from the original on 13 August 2011 , retrieved 13 July 2010 Jump up ^ Elizabeth II ( 10 September 2005 ) , Royal Commission , Queen 's Printer for Canada , archived from the original on 13 August 2011 , retrieved 13 July 2010 ^ Jump up to : Department of Canadian Heritage . `` Monarchy in Canada > Governor General Designate '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Archived from the original on 14 July 2010 . Retrieved 13 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Gov. Gen. designate denies separatist link '' . CTV. 18 August 2005 . Archived from the original on 11 February 2006 . Retrieved 29 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Haitian community holds special church service for the governor general - designate '' . CBC. 27 August 2005 . Archived from the original on 3 December 2010 . Retrieved 29 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Fidelis ( 2005 ) . `` The Installation of the Governor General in 2005 : Innovation and Evolution ? '' ( PDF ) . Canadian Monarchist News . Toronto : Monarchist League of Canada . Fall - Winter 2005 ( 24 ) : 4 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 March 2009 . Retrieved 29 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Office of the Governor General of Canada . `` Media > Fact Sheets > The Great Seal of Canada '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved 30 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Adrienne Clarkson Installed as Governor General '' . Canadian Monarchist News . Toronto : Monarchist League of Canada . Autumn 1999 ( 3 ) . 1999 . Archived from the original on 8 July 2009 . Retrieved 29 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Part I > Proclamation '' ( PDF ) . Canada Gazette . Extra 139 ( 8 ) . 27 September 2005 . p. 1 . Retrieved 2 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Copeland , Lewis ; Lamm , Lawrence W. ; McKenna , Stephen J. ( 1999 ) . The World 's Great Speeches . Mineola : Courier Dover Publications . p. 381 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 40903 - 0 . Jump up ^ Hubbard 1977 , p. 145 Jump up ^ Hubbard 1977 , p. 147 Jump up ^ Office of the Governor General of Canada . `` Governor General > Former Governors General > Major General The Earl of Athlone '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved 29 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Trepanier , Peter ( 2006 ) , `` A Not Unwilling Subject : Canada and Her Queen '' , in Coates , Colin M. , Majesty in Canada , Hamilton : Dundurn Press , p. 143 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 55002 - 586 - 6 , retrieved 16 October 2012 Jump up ^ LeBlanc , Daniel ( 13 August 2005 ) . `` Martin defends viceregal couple 's loyalty '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Archived from the original on 15 August 2005 . Retrieved 22 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` New governor general must clarify sovereignty position , premiers say '' . CBC. 12 August 2005 . Archived from the original on 4 February 2007 . Retrieved 12 August 2005 . Jump up ^ Russell , Peter H. ( 2009 ) , Joyal , Serge , ed. , `` Diminishing the Crown '' , The Globe and Mail , Toronto ( published 10 June 2010 ) , retrieved 13 August 2010 Jump up ^ `` Our Goals > A Solution '' . Citizens for a Canadian Republic . Retrieved 7 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Valpy , Michael ( 17 April 2009 ) . `` Let MPs vet G-G candidates , and show hearings , Clarkson says '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Archived from the original on 20 April 2009 . Retrieved 23 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Rob ( 17 April 2009 ) . `` Crisis showed Parliamentary system not understood : Clarkson '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on 12 September 2012 . Retrieved 7 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Canwest News Service ( 18 April 2009 ) . `` Clarkson backs test '' . Windsor Star . Retrieved 23 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` One thing in Ottawa that does n't need fixing '' . The Gazette. 23 April 2009 . Retrieved 23 April 2009 . Jump up ^ McCreery , Christopher ( 22 July 2005 ) , `` Christopher McCreery '' , The Globe and Mail , Toronto , retrieved 10 May 2012 Jump up ^ Canada News Centre . `` Governor General Consultation Committee '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Archived from the original on 28 September 2011 . Retrieved 6 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Curry , Bill ( 11 July 2010 ) , `` Selection panel ordered to find non-partisan governor - general : PMO '' , The Globe and Mail , archived from the original on 16 July 2010 , retrieved 11 July 2010 Jump up ^ Ditchburn , Jennifer ( 28 June 2010 ) , `` Tight circle of monarchists helping Harper pick next Governor General '' , Winnipeg Free Press , archived from the original on 8 July 2010 , retrieved 10 July 2010 Jump up ^ `` David Johnston : a worthy viceroy '' , The Globe and Mail , Toronto , 9 July 2010 , retrieved 9 July 2010 Jump up ^ Office of the Prime Minister of Canada ( 8 July 2010 ) . `` PM welcomes appointment of David Johnston as Governor General Designate '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Archived from the original on 12 July 2010 . Retrieved 8 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Cheadle , Bruce ( 4 November 2012 ) , Harper creates new panel to ensure ' non-partisan ' vice regal appointments , The Canadian Press , archived from the original on 7 February 2013 , retrieved 4 November 2012 Jump up ^ Press , Jordan ( 20 July 2017 ) , Julie Payette 's vetting for governor general questioned amid ' disquieting ' revelations , The Canadian Press , retrieved 20 July 2017 Jump up ^ Hamilton - Gordon , John ( 1960 ) . Hamilton - Gordon , Ishbel , ed . `` We Twa '' . The Canadian journal of Lady Aberdeen , 1893 -- 1898 . 2 . Montreal : Champlain Society ( published 17 September 1893 ) . pp. 13 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Government of Canada ( 2 October 2014 ) . `` The Governor General '' . Her Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved 28 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Government of Canada ( 24 September 2014 ) . `` The Crown '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved 28 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth II ( 1985 ) . `` Interpretations Act , 1985 '' . 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Jump up ^ McCreery , Christopher ( 2008 ) , On Her Majesty 's Service : Royal Honours and Recognition in Canada , Toronto : Dundurn , p. 54 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4597 - 1224 - 9 , retrieved 11 November 2015 Jump up ^ Hubbard 1977 , p. 16 Jump up ^ `` About > Management Team > Board of Governors '' . Scouts Canada . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ MacLeod 2008 , p. 34 Galbraith 1989 , p. 9 Aimers , John ( April 1996 ) . `` The Palace on the Rideau '' . Monarchy Canada . Toronto : Monarchist League of Canada ( Spring 1996 ) . Archived from the original on 31 January 2009 . Retrieved 20 February 2009 . Lanctot , Gustave ( 1964 ) . Royal Tour of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in Canada and the United States of America 1939 . Toronto : E.P. Taylor Foundation . ASIN B0006EB752 . Toffoli , Gary ( April 1995 ) . `` The Hnatyshyn Years '' . Monarchy Canada . Toronto : Monarchist League of Canada ( Spring 1995 ) . Archived from the original on 12 October 2006 . Retrieved 20 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Office of the Governor General of Canada . `` La Citadelle > An Official Residence at the Heart of the Old Capital '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved 3 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Office of the Governor General of Canada . `` The Office > The Office of the Secretary to the Governor General '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved 3 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Office of the Governor General of Canada . `` Heraldry > The Canadian Heraldic Authority '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved 3 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Part I > Government House '' ( PDF ) . Canada Gazette. 143 ( 17 ) . 25 April 2009 . p. 1200 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 July 2011 . Retrieved 3 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Office of the Secretary to the Governor General ( 2007 ) . Annual Report 2006 -- 07 ( PDF ) . Ottawa : Queen 's Printer for Canada . p. 6 . Appendix B. 2. a . Retrieved 3 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Parliament of Canada . `` Salaries of the Governors General of Canada -- 1869 To Date '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Department of Finance Canada . `` Budget 2012 -- Annex 4 '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved 4 April 2012 . Jump up ^ The Canadian Press ( 29 March 2012 ) . `` Governor General 's salary to be taxed , but it wo n't cost him a dime '' . Winnipeg Free Press . Archived from the original on 1 April 2012 . Retrieved 4 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Office of the Secretary to the Governor General 2007 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Department of Canadian Heritage . `` Ceremonial and Canadian Symbols Promotion > Across Canada > Standards '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved 19 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Department of National Defence 1999 , pp. 11 -- 2 Jump up ^ MacLeod 2008 , p. 37 Jump up ^ Department of Canadian Heritage . `` Table of titles to be used in Canada ( as revised on June 18 , 1993 ) '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved 21 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Louise ( 2005 ) . Mackenzie King : Friends & Lovers . Victoria : Trafford Publishing . p. 124 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4120 - 5985 - 5 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth II ( 28 October 2004 ) . The Constitution of the Order of Canada . 3 . Ottawa : Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved 2 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth II ( 1997 ) . `` Constitution of the Order of Canada '' . In Department of National Defence . The Honours , Flags and Heritage Structure of the Canadian Forces ( PDF ) . Ottawa : Queen 's Printer for Canada ( published 1 April 1999 ) . pp. 2C1 -- 1 . A-AD - 200 - 000 / AG - 000 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 March 2009 . Retrieved 2 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Office of the Governor General of Canada . `` Honours > National Orders > Order of Merit of the Police Forces '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved 2 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Canada Wide > About Us > The Order of St. John > The Order of St. John in Canada '' . St. John Ambulance Canada . Retrieved 2 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Library > Miscellaneous > Biographies > Vincent Massey '' . Answers Corporation . Retrieved 16 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Department of Canadian Heritage . `` Ceremonial and Canadian Symbols Promotion > Honours and salutes > Musical salute '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved 3 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Office of the Governor General of Canada . `` Heraldry > Emblems of Canada and of Government House > Symbols of the Governor General > The Governor General 's Flag '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved 3 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Department of National Defence 1999 , p. 14 - 2 - 2 Jump up ^ Department of National Defence 1999 , p. 4 - 2 - 6 Jump up ^ Nelson , Phil . `` Governor General of Canada ( Canada ) '' . Flags of the World . Retrieved 23 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Hoxie , Frederick E. ( September 1999 ) . Encyclopedia of North American Indians . Darby : Diane Publishing Company . p. 284 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7881 - 6690 - 7 . Jump up ^ Tidridge , Nathan ( 2011 ) . Canada 's Constitutional Monarchy : An Introduction to Our Form of Government . Toronto : Dundurn Press . p. 26 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4597 - 0084 - 0 . Jump up ^ Office of the Governor General of Canada . `` Governor General > Role and Responsibilities > Role and Responsibilities of the Governor General '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved 29 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Eccles , W.J. ( 2000 ) . `` Saffray de Mézy ( or Mésy ) , Augustin de '' . In English , John . The Canadian Encyclopedia . 1000 -- 1700 . 1 . Ottawa : Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved 28 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Emerich , John Edward ; Acton , Dalberg ; Benians , Ernest Alfred ; Ward , Adolphus William ; Prothero George Walter ( 29 October 1976 ) . The Cambridge Modern History . 8 . London : Cambridge University Press . pp. 346 -- 347 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 29108 - 8 . Jump up ^ George III ( 7 October 1763 ) . The Royal Proclamation . Westminster : King 's Printer . Retrieved 4 June 2009 . Jump up ^ MacLeod 2008 , p. 7 Jump up ^ Library and Archives Canada . `` Politics and Government > By Executive Decree > The Executive Branch in Canadian History '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved 4 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Mills , David . `` The Canadian Encyclopedia '' . In Marsh , James Harley . Law > Acts & Statutes > Rebellion Losses Bill . Toronto : Historica Foundation of Canada . Archived from the original on 5 July 2007 . Retrieved 4 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Hilliker , John ( 1990 ) . Canada 's Department of External Affairs : The early years , 1909 -- 1946 . Montreal : McGill - Queen 's Press . p. 71 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 0751 - 7 . Jump up ^ Library and Archives Canada . `` Politics and Government > By Executive Decree > The Governor General '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved 4 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Skelton , Oscar D. ( 2009 ) , `` The Day of Sir Wilfrid Laurier : A Chronicle of the 20th Century '' , in Wrong , George M. ; Langton , H.H. , The Chronicles of Canada , III , Tucson : Fireship Press , p. 228 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 934757 - 51 - 2 , retrieved 1 July 2010 Jump up ^ MacNutt 1955 , p. 47 Jump up ^ Hubbard 1977 , pp. 55 -- 56 Jump up ^ Hubbard 1977 , p. 125 Jump up ^ Borden , Robert ( 1938 ) . Borden , Henry , ed . Memoirs. 1 . New York : Macmillan Publishers . pp. 601 -- 602 . Jump up ^ Hubbard 1977 , pp. 141 -- 142 Jump up ^ Office of the Governor General of Canada . `` Governor General > Former Governors General > The Duke of Devonshire '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved 18 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Hubbard 1977 , p. 42 Jump up ^ Cowan , John ( 1965 ) . Canada 's Governors General , Lord Monck to General Vanier ( 2 ed . ) . York : York Publishing Co. p. 156 . Jump up ^ Williams , Jeffery ( 1983 ) . Byng of Vimy : General and Governor General . Barnsley , S. Yorkshire : Leo Cooper in association with Secker & Warburg . pp. 314 -- 317 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Peter ( September 2001 ) . `` The Balfour Formula and the Evolution of the Commonwealth '' . The Round Table . 90 ( 361 ) : 541 -- 53 . doi : 10.1080 / 00358530120082823 . Jump up ^ Baker , Philip Noel ( 1929 ) . The Present Juridical Status of the British Dominions in International Law . London : Longmans . p. 231 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Lorna . `` '' What 's in a name ? '' -- The curious tale of the office of High Commissioner `` . Archived from the original on 18 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Balfour , Arthur ( November 1926 ) . `` Imperial Conference 1926 '' ( PDF ) . Balfour Declaration . London : King 's Printer . p. 4 . E ( I.R. / 26 ) Series . Retrieved 6 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Judd , Denis ( 9 July 1998 ) . Empire : The British Imperial Experience from 1765 to the Present . New York : Basic Books . p. 287 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 01954 - 0 . Jump up ^ Hillmer , Norman . `` History > Constitution > Constitutional History > The Federal System '' . In Marsh , James H. The Canadian Encyclopedia . Toronto : Historica Foundation of Canada . Archived from the original on 8 June 2011 . Retrieved 4 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Office of the Governor General of Canada . `` Governor General > Former Governors General > Lord Tweedsmuir of Elsfield '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved 26 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Hillmer , Norman . `` Biography > Governors General of Canada > Buchan , John , 1st Baron Tweedsmuir '' . In Marsh , James H. The Canadian Encyclopedia . Toronto : Historica Foundation of Canada . Archived from the original on 3 July 2007 . Retrieved 31 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Smith , Janet Adam ( 1965 ) . John Buchanan : a Biography . Boston : Little Brown and Company . p. 423 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Visit '' . Time . New York : Time Inc . IXX ( 17 ) . 21 October 1957 . ISSN 0040 - 781X . Retrieved 29 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Office of the Governor General of Canada . `` Governor General > Former Governors General > Major General The Earl of Athlone '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved 24 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Galbraith , William ( February 2002 ) . `` The Canadian and the Crown '' . Ottawa Citizen . Archived from the original on 20 November 2008 . Retrieved 19 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Office of the Governor General of Canada . `` Governor General > Former Governors General > General The Right Honourable Georges Philias Vanier '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved 5 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Hubbard 1977 , p. 233 ^ Jump up to : Office of the Governor General of Canada . `` Governor General > Former Governors General > The Right Honourable Daniel Roland Michener '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved 5 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Berton , Pierre ( 1997 ) . 1967 : The Last Good Year . Toronto : Doubleday Canada Limited . pp. 300 -- 312 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 25662 - 0 . Jump up ^ Speaker of the Senate . `` Canada : a Constitutional Monarchy '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Archived from the original on 17 June 2008 . Retrieved 5 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Department of Canadian Heritage ( 2005 ) . `` The Crown in Canada '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Jump up ^ Heinricks , Geoff ( 2001 ) . `` Opinion : Trudeau and the Monarchy '' . Canadian Monarchist News . Toronto : Monarchist League of Canada ( reprinted courtesy National Post ) ( published July 2001 ) . Archived from the original on 22 June 2008 . Retrieved 10 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Smith , David ( 1999 ) . Watson , William , ed . `` Republican Tendencies '' ( PDF ) . Policy Options ( May 1999 ) . Montreal : Institute for Research on Public Policy . p. 8 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 February 2012 . Retrieved 10 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Pepall , John ( 1 March 1990 ) . `` Who is the Governor General ? '' . The Idler . Toronto . Archived from the original on 6 July 2011 . Retrieved 13 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Valpy , Michael . Watson , William , ed . `` Do n't Mess With Success -- and Good Luck Trying '' ( PDF ) . Policy Options ( May 1999 ) . Montreal : Institute for Research on Public Policy . p. 26 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 February 2012 . Retrieved 17 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Smith 1999 , p. 11 Jump up ^ Phillips , Stephen . `` Republicanism in Canada in the reign of Elizabeth II : the dog that did n't bark '' ( PDF ) . Canadian Monarchist News . Toronto : Monarchist League of Canada . Summer 2004 ( 22 ) : 19 -- 20 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 December 2009 . Retrieved 10 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth II ( 17 April 1982 ) . Constitution Act , 1982 . V. 41. a . Ottawa : Queen 's Printer for Canada . Archived from the original on 20 March 2007 . Retrieved 5 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Michael ( 2002 ) . `` Political Paradox : The Lieutenant Governor in Saskatchewan '' . In Leeson , Howard A. Saskatchewan Politics Into the 21st Century . Regina : Canadian Plains Research Center . Jump up ^ Gardner , Dan ( 17 February 2009 ) . `` A stealth campaign against the Queen '' . Calgary Herald . Archived from the original on 17 June 2009 . Retrieved 26 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Miranda , Charles ( 2 March 2009 ) . `` Duchess of York Sarah Ferguson on love in royal palace '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 6 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Fidelis ( 1999 ) . `` The LeBlanc Years : A Frank Assessment '' . Canadian Monarchist News . Toronto : Monarchist League of Canada . Autumn 1999 . Archived from the original on 8 July 2009 . Retrieved 2 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Toffoli , Gary . `` The Hnatyshyn Years '' . Monarchy Canada . Toronto : Fealty Enterprises ( Spring 1995 ) . Archived from the original on 12 October 2006 . Retrieved 19 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Don ( 28 May 2009 ) . `` Jean is now least boring G - Gever '' . National Post . Archived from the original on 23 October 2014 . Retrieved 25 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Jackson , CVO , CD , D. Michael ( 1999 ) . Written at Toronto - Buffalo - London . `` The Crown in Today 's Federal State '' ( PDF ) . Canadian Monarchist News . Autumn - Winter 2007 ( 27 ) . Toronto : Monarchist League of Canada ( published 2007 ) . p. 12 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 July 2009 . Retrieved 26 July 2009 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Janigan , Mary ; Nicol , John ( 20 September 1999 ) . `` Clarkson Appointed Governor General '' . Maclean 's . Toronto : Kenneth Whyte . ISSN 0024 - 9262 . Archived from the original on 8 June 2011 . Retrieved 2 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Walker , William ( 9 September 1999 ) . `` PM names Clarkson '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved 2 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Fraser , John ( 1 February 2003 ) . `` Excellency '' . National Post . Archived from the original on 6 July 2011 . Retrieved 1 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Editorial ( 2005 ) . `` Our Governor General '' ( PDF ) . Canadian Monarchist News . Toronto : Monarchist League of Canada . Spring 2005 ( 23 ) : 6 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 February 2009 . Retrieved 28 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Clarkson out of hospital after pacemaker surgery '' . CTV. 11 July 2005 . Archived from the original on 20 November 2007 . Retrieved 1 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Black , Dan ( 1 September 2000 ) . `` The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier '' . Legion Magazine . Kanata : Canvet Publications Ltd . September 2000 . Retrieved 1 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Graham , Bill ( 9 December 2004 ) . `` Debate Extracts : Commons Cuts the GG 's Budget '' ( PDF ) . Canadian Monarchist News . Spring 2005 ( 23 ) . Toronto : Monarchist League of Canada . p. 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 February 2009 . Retrieved 1 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Greenway , Norma ( 27 September 2005 ) . `` Jean puts imprint on swearing - in '' . CanWest News Service . Retrieved 1 March 2009 . Jump up ^ McWhinney , Edward ( 2005 ) . The Governor General and the Prime Ministers . Vancouver : Ronsdale Press . p. 46 . ISBN 1 - 55380 - 031 - 1 . Jump up ^ MacKay , Peter ( 9 December 2004 ) . `` Debate Extracts : Commons Cuts the GG 's Budget '' ( PDF ) . Canadian Monarchist News . Spring 2005 ( 23 ) . Toronto : Monarchist League of Canada . p. 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 February 2009 . Retrieved 1 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Fidelis ( 2005 ) . `` A Very Alarming Situation : the New Threat to the Canadian Monarchy -- What Next ? '' ( PDF ) . Canadian Monarchist News . Toronto : Monarchist League of Canada . Spring 2005 ( 23 ) : 2 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 February 2009 . Retrieved 28 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Editorial ( 2005 ) . `` Hope for the Monarchy in Canada : The Provincial Crown '' ( PDF ) . Canadian Monarchist News . Toronto : Monarchist League of Canada . Spring 2005 ( 23 ) : 12 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 February 2009 . Retrieved 1 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Fraser , John ( 28 April 2012 ) , `` John Fraser : When Quebecers loved the Crown ( and why they stopped ) '' , National Post , retrieved 29 April 2012 Jump up ^ Galloway , Gloria ( 7 June 2010 ) , `` Jean to squeeze in trip to China between royal tour hello and goodbye '' , The Globe and Mail , Toronto , retrieved 7 June 2010 Jump up ^ Boswell , Randy ( 7 October 2009 ) . `` Governor General calling herself ' head of state ' riles monarchists '' . Ottawa Citizen . Archived from the original on 10 October 2009 . Retrieved 7 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Ibbitson , John ( 28 September 2005 ) . `` The remarkable new Governor - General '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Archived from the original on 16 January 2009 . Retrieved 7 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Governor General proposes two new options to recognize Constable Garrett '' ( Press release ) . Office of the Governor General of Canada . 27 November 2007 . Retrieved 12 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Hébert , Chantal ( 27 September 2006 ) . `` Will Jean thwart election call ? ; '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 . Retrieved 28 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Valpy , Michael ( 24 April 2007 ) . `` ' Your biggest problem is Rideau Hall , ' top bureaucrat warned Harper '' . Globe and Mail . Toronto . Retrieved 1 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Dan ( 13 February 2009 ) . `` Governor General to Dan Gardner : you 're right '' . Ottawa Citizen . Archived from the original on 7 July 2012 . Retrieved 26 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Nathan ( 6 December 2008 ) . `` Stanton defends Harper '' . Packet & Times . Retrieved 8 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Dreschel , Andrew ( 5 December 2008 ) . `` Jean was right to stave off Bloc coalition '' . Hamilton Spectator . Retrieved 8 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Wente , Margaret ( 5 December 2008 ) . `` That was the weird week that was '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Archived from the original on 7 December 2008 . Retrieved 8 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` GG David Johnston sworn in '' . CBC. 1 October 2010 . Archived from the original on 4 October 2010 . Retrieved 3 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Johnston named Canada 's next governor general '' . CBC. 8 July 2010 . Archived from the original on 11 July 2010 . Retrieved 3 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Michaëlle Jean begins UN job for Haiti '' . CBC. 8 November 2010 . Retrieved 9 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Unless noted otherwise , the source for information in this section is found in : Hubbard 1977 ^ Jump up to : Office of the Governor General of Canada , Role and Responsibilities > Former Governors General > The Right Honourable Ramon John Hnatyshyn , Queen 's Printer for Canada , retrieved February 4 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Who We Are > Our Founder '' . The Hnatyshyn Foundation . Archived from the original on 1 February 2013 . Retrieved 3 February 2010 . Further reading ( edit ) Coucill , Irma ( 2005 ) . Canada 's Prime Ministers , Governors General and Fathers of Confederation . Pembroke Publishers . ISBN 1 - 55138 - 185 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Governors General of Canada . 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General : Cosgrove ) Temer Elizabeth II ( Governor General : Payette ) Xi Tusk Macron Steinmeier Kovind Jokowi Mattarella Akihito Peña Nieto Putin Salman Zuma Moon Erdoğan Elizabeth II Trump Preceded by Governor General of the Province of Canada or Governor in Chief of the Province of Canada 1763 -- 1867 Governor General of Canada 1867 -- present Succeeded by ( current title ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Governor_General_of_Canada&oldid=804155181 '' Categories : Governors General of Canada Government of Canada Westminster system Monarchy in Canada Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Articles with dead external links from June 2015 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from October 2012 Use Canadian English from October 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English Articles containing French - 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List of Code Black episodes - wikipedia List of Code Black episodes Code Black is an American medical drama , starring Marcia Gay Harden and Rob Lowe , that premiered on CBS on September 30 , 2015 . The series follows the understaffed , busy emergency room of Angels Memorial Hospital , which lacks sufficient resources . On May 16 , 2016 , the show was renewed for a second season , which premiered on September 28 , 2016 . On May 14 , 2017 , CBS renewed the show for a third season . On May 24 , 2018 CBS canceled the series after three seasons . During the course of the series , 47 episodes of Code Black aired over three seasons . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2018 ) 3 Ratings 4 References 5 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 18 September 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 30 ) February 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 24 ) 16 September 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 28 ) February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) 13 April 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 25 ) July 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 18 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' David Semel Michael Seitzman September 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 30 ) CB101 8.58 The new residents at Angels Memorial Hospital in Los Angeles are introduced to the ER and deal with a series of patients including a dropped - off gang member , a foreign child with a collapsed lung , an organ donor and his daughter who were in a car crash , a stroke patient , and a nine - month pregnant woman with unexplained flu symptoms . `` We Plug Holes '' Christopher Misiano Michael Seitzman October 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 07 ) CB102 6.83 The ER deals with car crash victims , a hockey player suffering from seizures who is unwilling to acknowledge his illness , a blind 14 - year - old climber and a woman desperate to have her dead husband 's baby . `` Pre-Existing Conditions '' Lee Rose David Marshall Grant October 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 14 ) CB103 6.96 The ER is under a 36 hour period of code black and receives two brothers involved in a car accident . Their mother shuns one son because she holds him responsible for the death of the other . Leighton is pushed by fellow resident Savetti to cut open the chest of a patient who had come in with pelvic , chest and rib fractures . Lorenson faces a moral dilemma while treating a prisoner with renal failure . `` Sometimes It 's a Zebra '' Adam Kane Brett Mahoney October 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 21 ) CB104 7.13 Dr. Guthrie 's son joins the hospital as a surgeon and often disagrees with Leanne . Meanwhile , after the death of her son , Christa struggles to help an infant . 5 5 `` Doctors with Borders '' David Von Ancken Molly Newman October 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 28 ) CB105 5.96 The ER is overwhelmed with patients with an unknown respiratory ailment , requiring them to be quarantined . When Dr. Hudson 's mother is among them , he clashes with his father over the proper treatment . A man impaled on a piece of rebar is desperate to make up with his daughter . 6 6 `` In Extremis '' Vincent Misiano Matt Partney and Corey Evett November 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 04 ) CB106 6.44 The ER must deal with two shot police officers , and the dilemma whether to save one of them or their shooter . A man deals with his gay , brain dead son 's lover . Tensions between the two Dr. Guthries heat up . Pineda must deal with her pregnant former lover . 7 7 `` Buen Árbol '' Nick Gomez Corinne Marrinan November 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 11 ) CB107 6.90 The ER must deal with the injured after a car ran onto a sidewalk at a street fair , along with the driver who seems to suffer from seizure - induced amnesia . Other patients include a child of an illegal immigrant , a young woman whose eye is bulging out ( Skyler Day ) , an old lady prepared to face her end , and a man with an enlarged organ who puts Savetti in an uncomfortable position . 8 8 `` You Are the Heart '' Alex Zakrzewski David Marshall Grant November 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 18 ) CB108 6.59 On a rainy LA night , the ER deals with the victims of a boating accident , an HIV - positive patient which endangers Savetti and causes tensions between him and Leighton , and Guthrie and Rorish butt heads on a surgery . Pineda runs a bone marrow drive for her former lover , much to her dismay . 9 9 `` The Son Rises '' Andrew Bernstein Michael Seitzman and Kristen Kim November 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 25 ) CB109 7.45 A family is the victim of a home invasion with a father who was stabbed near the heart , a mother who was repeatedly stabbed , and a son who was injured during his search for rescue by jumping from a window of the building . Mario and Angus clash over the mother who has bruising around her eyes . Taylor is suspended for bringing a child around the ER , and the doctors clash early with his replacement . Meanwhile , a son struggles to get his father off life support . 10 10 `` Cardiac Support '' Oz Scott Brett Mahoney December 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 02 ) CB110 8.50 The ER adjusts to the new department head who questions Rorish 's decisions . An ambulance arrives with its paramedics knocked out by their patient , who attacks Jesse . Later , Jesse has a heart attack . As the doctors try to save him , other patients include a man hit by a train , the daughter of a controlling Beverly Hills mother , and the wife of a veteran who is struggling with addiction . Meanwhile , Mario leaves the hospital to find the train victim 's son who has intellectual disabilities , against Hudson 's orders . 11 11 `` Black Tag '' Omar Madha Molly Newman December 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 09 ) CB111 8.38 Leanne , Neal , Christa , Angus , Mario , Malaya , and Heather are sent to the scene of a multi-car collision on a canyon road above Los Angeles . Leanne clashes with the physician in charge , making a decision he questions . Christa treats an injured family whose car is in a ravine . Angus , Heather , and Mario help a man stuck in cement . Mario and Heather find their lives in danger when a patient 's husband holds them at gunpoint to save his wife . Meanwhile , Jesse recovers from his heart attack . 12 12 `` The Fog of War '' Rob Bailey David Marshall Grant January 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 13 ) CB112 6.66 Neal stays behind at the car crash scene to look for Christa , Mario , and Heather . Mario and Heather continue trying to revive the wife of a grieving husband , who later attempts to commit suicide . Leanne and Neal face the consequences of having left a patient in Malaya 's care resulting in both doctors being investigated . After Heather hugs Angus , he decides he wants to ask her out , unaware she has a relationship with Mario . Carla gives birth to her son , Philip , before dying . 13 13 `` First Date '' Constantine Makris Kristen Kim January 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 20 ) CB113 7.29 When a 16 - year - old girl who is from a Christian - Scientist family comes into Angels requiring surgery , the ER must deal with her father who forbids the surgery . Angus ' brother begins an observational rotation prior to accepting a new job in the hospital as an attending surgeon . Christa treats a patient who is experiencing breathing problems who does n't seem to be improving ; when the patient dies following discharge , she blames herself for her death . Later , Neal and Christa kiss , while Malaya treats a patient named Gordon who flirts with her . Meanwhile , Leanne decides to leave her job . 14 14 `` The Fifth Stage '' Oz Scott Brett Mahoney January 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 27 ) CB114 7.49 In a shooting accident between two feuding families , one of the victims is required a kidney transplant with their cousin being the perfect match ; however , the father refuses . Neal and Christa begin their relationship and Leanne forgives the drunk driver who killed her family . Malaya again deals with Gordon , who seems to be following her more often now . Later , he sneaks into the staff lockers to confront Gina , but he stabs her to death . Christa discovers her body and calls for help . 15 15 `` Diagnosis of Exclusion '' David Von Ancken Corey Evett and Matthew Partney February 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 03 ) CB115 6.90 In the aftermath of Gina 's death , the doctors are questioned . Gordon had been at the hospital at least 17 times under different aliases and frequently asking for Malaya . Once Gina had been attacked , he followed Malaya to the elevator . She lies to him and takes another floor , but he continues to follow her . He asks her out , but she tells him that she is gay . Angry , he attacks her by slitting her and attempts to rape her . Angus arrives in time and pushes Gordon to the ground . He tells her to go to the ER . During Angus ' fight with Gordon , Gordon accidentally stabs a knife into his neck . Angus , who had lied to human resources , heard Gordon telling him that he intended to kill Malaya and Angus lets him to bleed out , ultimately killing him when complications arose . At center stage , while all three were being treated , Gina is pronounced dead when surgery was no longer an option to save her and everyone mourns her death . Meanwhile , Leanne is given Gina 's job and Neal is put on probation for surgery . Neal and Christa announce their relationship to human resources . 16 16 `` Hail Mary '' Alex Zakrzewski Michael Seitzman & Molly Newman February 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 10 ) CB116 7.11 Christa becomes insecure in her new relationship with Neal when his ex-girlfriend Dr. Grace Adams ( Meagan Good ) , returns to Angels Memorial after spending a year volunteering in Haiti . Also , New York Giants wide receiver Odell Beckham Jr. comes to the ER to convince his stubborn high school football coach , Pete Delaney ( Beau Bridges ) , to have life - saving surgery . Neal accepts a job as surgical attending at Angels . Christa and Malaya treat a marathon runner and new single mother , Katie Miller ( Annie Wersching ) , who is having lung issues . 17 17 `` Love Hurts '' Constantine Makris David Marshall Grant & Ryan McGarry February 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 17 ) CB117 6.11 Christa and Grace deal with a teenager who claims to have been abused at a camp . Angus begins to take ADHD medication to remain focused , after it is revealed that he deliberately refused to aid Gordon after he removed the knife from his throat , causing Gordon 's death . Leanne deals with a VIP patient who had embryos implanted in her without her husband 's knowledge . Meanwhile , Christa feels at odds with Grace due to her past history with Neal . 18 18 `` Blood Sport '' David Von Ancken Michael Seitzman & Kayla Alpert February 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 24 ) CB118 6.91 When the location of a presidential debate suffers an explosion , the ER must work under the scrutiny of the Secret Service to save both candidates and their families . Mario confronts Angus about his drug abuse , which in turn leads to Heather being caught by Campbell using his scripts to prescribe the Adderall . The love triangle between Neal , Christa , and Grace becomes more complex . Dr. Rorish asks Dr. Taylor for advice on how to cope with Jesse and the other nurses ' impending strike over wages and the addition of more nurses to the staff . Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 19 `` Second Year '' Loni Peristere Michael Seitzman September 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 28 ) CB201 6.37 Col. Ethan Willis joins the team , bringing new techniques and technologies learned in the field of combat to the hospital ; Willis and Mike take a helicopter to Malibu to help shark bite victims ; Jesse welcomes new residents . 20 `` Life and Limb '' Lee Rose David Marshall Grant October 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 05 ) CB202 5.87 Willis helps a young soccer player injured in a bus crash ; a patient 's hesitancy to disclose that she 's transgender compromises the doctors ' ability to diagnose her abdominal pain . 21 `` Corporeal Form '' David Von Ancken Corey Evett and Matthew Partney October 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 12 ) CB203 5.99 Willis , Mario and Heather perform a radical operation on a maintenance worker stuck under a boiler that exploded ; Angus ' father tries to seize power of attorney over Mike , who remains in a coma . 22 `` Demons and Angels '' Luis Prieto Michael Brandon Guercio October 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 26 ) CB204 5.67 On Halloween night , Willis , Noa and Elliott rush to the scene of a fire at a haunted theater , where Dr. Nolan and her boyfriend 's son are trapped . 23 5 `` Landslide '' David McWhirter Jessica Ball November 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 02 ) CB205 4.45 The doctors treat victims who were caught in a landslide ; the entire ER is put at risk when children with measles are brought in . 24 6 `` Hero Complex '' David Von Ancken Kayla Alpert November 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 09 ) CB206 6.03 When a college student regains consciousness at the hospital , Malaya must tell her that she has been raped ; Willis and Campbell are at odds when a terminally ill woman wants to end her life on her own terms . 25 7 `` What Lies Beneath '' Constantine Makris Zachary Lutsky November 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 16 ) CB207 5.68 Willis and Campbell travel to a Russian submarine to treat a sailor who has been wounded in an explosion ; the staff at Angels Memorial treats violent criminals who got injured during a prison riot . 26 8 `` 1.0 Bodies '' P.J. Pesce Kristen Kim November 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 23 ) CB208 6.18 The doctors treat the members of a cult who survived a mass suicide attempt ; Mario wants to connect with his late father 's girlfriend . 27 9 `` Sleight of Hand '' Rob Greenlea Julian Meiojas November 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 30 ) CB209 5.92 Willis , Leanne and Jesse put their lives on the line to operate on an officer with an explosive bullet in her leg ; Mario , Noa and Guthrie tend to a magician with breathing trouble . 28 10 `` Ave Maria '' Kelly Makin Kevin Hazzard December 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 07 ) CB210 6.75 When Campbell 's daughter is set to undergo surgery , he learns about Guthrie 's Parkinson 's symptoms and becomes furious . In the fallout , some doctors who knew are suspended and Jesse is fired . 29 11 `` Exodus '' Jet Wilkinson Corey Evett & Matthew Partney December 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 21 ) CB211 5.98 After Jesse takes a new job at a plastic surgery clinic , he must take one of his patients to Angels when she crashes on the operating table . While in code black , the hospital loses power and the backup generators do not work , as they are still under repair following the boiler room explosion ( S. 2 , Ep. 3 ) . While the patients are evacuated to an urgent care facility , Pinkney and Dixon must deliver a baby in the elevator . 30 12 `` One in a Million '' Rob Bailey David Marshall Grant & Jessica Ball January 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 04 ) CB212 5.98 Defying Campbell 's orders , Leanne uses the hospital helicopter to reunite a family one last time ; Willis and Noa find a cellphone app to help them communicate with an autistic girl . 31 13 `` Unfinished Business '' David Von Ancken Michael Seitzman January 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 11 ) CB213 6.33 While taking on a new role as the hospital chaplain , Guthrie considers undergoing a risky surgery to treat his Parkinson 's ; victims of an apartment fire arrive at Angels Memorial Hospital . 32 14 `` Vertigo '' Carol Banker Kayla Alpert & Michael Brandon Guercio January 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 25 ) CB214 5.68 Ethan and Mario are asked to attend to two injured construction workers who are trapped on a crane platform 40 stories in the air . Meanwhile , the Angels ' staff tends to victims and perpetrators of a school prank gone horribly wrong . 33 15 `` The Devil 's Workshop '' David Von Ancken Corey Evett & Matthew Partney February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) CB215 6.80 The ER is quarantined when a viral outbreak jeopardizes the lives of the doctors and patients ; a young girl whom Leanne bonded with a year ago when she lost her father returns to Angels Memorial . 34 16 `` Fallen Angels '' Michael Seitzman Jessica Ball & Julian Meiojas February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) CB216 6.07 The doctors and the Center for Disease Control try to find an antidote to the deadly virus ; Leanne makes a life - changing decision ; Jesse welcomes a new batch of residents . Season 3 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 35 `` Third Year '' Rob Bowman Michael Seitzman April 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 25 ) CB301 5.64 Ethan rides along with Rox to help victims in a still - active police raid on a drug house . Victims later brought to the hospital include a nine - year - old with a bullet wound whose drug - addicted uncle brought her to the house , plus several officers who were exposed to fentanyl . Later , new intern Pepper is exposed to fentanyl at the hospital . Meanwhile , Dr. Campbell has Angus assist on a surgery , leading him to offer Angus a surgical residency position . Also , Mario has difficulty getting over his personal feelings for Noa when the two disagree on a diagnosis . 36 `` Better Angels '' P.J. Pesce David Marshall Grant May 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 02 ) CB302 5.17 A patient appears to be psychic , but Mario insists her visions are due to a brain tumor that needs to be removed . Noa empathizes with a 39 - year - old ballet dancer who is in for surgery , knowing that the clock is ticking on his career . Meanwhile , Ethan performs a daring underwater rescue of a young woman from a submerged vehicle , earning him the ire of Rox . It is revealed that the passenger who escaped from the car is a Congressman and the young woman is his intern with whom he was having an affair . When the woman revives , she says the Congressman left her behind to die . 37 `` La Familia '' Michael Schultz Barbie Kligman May 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 09 ) CB303 5.03 Jesse 's brother Jose is taken to Angels after an accident . Although the team is able to save him from his injuries , they discover he has congestive heart failure and wo n't live for long . Mario and Noa treat an engaged couple who are both badly injured from a fight that took place at a baseball game . Leanne tries to define her relationship with Ariel , while Ethan opens up to Rox about his brother when she finds a memorial flag in his home . 38 `` The Same as Air '' Diana Valentine Corey Evett & Matthew Partney May 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 16 ) CB304 5.95 Elliot doubts his ability as a doctor when he 's sued for his role in the death of a SWAT officer . Also , Willis and Rox arrive at a road rage accident resulting in multiple serious injuries , and Leanne discovers Ariel on an ice cream `` date '' with Max , a young patient at the hospital . 39 5 `` Cabin Pressure '' Randy Zisk Mike Weiss May 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 30 ) CB305 6.38 40 6 `` Hell 's Heart '' Larry Shaw Eduardo Javier Canto & Ryan Maldonado May 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 30 ) CB306 6.28 41 7 `` Step Up '' Ed Ornelas Jessica Ball June 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 06 ) CB307 5.67 42 8 `` Home Stays Home '' Lin Oeding Rebecca Cutter June 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 13 ) CB308 6.18 43 9 `` Only Human '' Doug Hannah David Marshall Grant June 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 20 ) CB309 5.70 44 10 `` Change of Heart '' Jennifer Lynch Barbie Kligman June 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 27 ) CB310 5.74 45 11 `` One of Our Own '' Nicole Rubio Corey Evett & Matthew Partney July 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 04 ) CB311 4.80 46 12 `` As Night Comes and I 'm Breathing '' Thomas J. Wright Jessica Ball July 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 11 ) CB312 5.72 47 13 `` The Business of Saving Lives '' Rob Bowman Mike Weiss July 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 18 ) TBA 5.37 Ratings ( edit ) `` The template below ( Code Black ratings ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Code Black : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Ep. 11 Ep. 12 Ep. 13 Ep. 14 Ep. 15 Ep. 16 Ep. 17 Ep. 18 Average 8.58 6.83 6.96 7.13 5.96 6.44 6.90 6.59 7.45 8.50 8.38 6.66 7.29 7.49 6.90 7.11 6.11 6.91 7.11 6.37 5.87 5.99 5.67 4.45 6.03 5.68 6.18 5.92 6.75 5.98 5.98 6.33 5.68 6.80 6.07 N / A 5.98 5.67 5.17 5.03 5.95 6.38 6.28 5.67 6.18 5.70 5.74 4.80 5.72 5.37 N / A 5.66 Source : Nielsen Media Research References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` CBS Renews Code Black , Odd Couple and 2 Other Bubble Shows '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ; O'Connell , Michael ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` CBS 's ' Code Black ' Renewed for Third Season '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( October 1 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Rosewood ' Adjusted Up ; ' Nashville ' & ' Code Black ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire , ' ' SVU ' and others adjusted up , ' Arrow ' holds , ' Nashville ' adjusted down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 15 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family ' and ' Arrow ' adjusted up , ' Nashville ' adjusted down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 30 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Rosewood ' adjusted up , ' Empire ' and everything else hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Supernatural ' adjusts down , ' The Middle ' and ' The Goldbergs ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 5 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Arrow ' adjusts up , ' Criminal Minds ' rises but still at series low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Blackish ' and ' Code Black ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 19 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Arrow , ' ' Rosewood , ' ' Survivor ' and ' The Middle ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' adjusts up , ' Code Black ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Arrow , ' ' Empire ' and ' Criminal Minds ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Criminal Minds , ' ' Modern Family ' and all other originals hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Modern Family ' lead week 17 , ' Shades of Blue ' doubles '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Mike & Molly ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Lucifer ' premiere shows solid growth in week 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' American Idol ' adjusts up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Blacklist ' and ' The Big Bang Theory ' lead week 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' has biggest week 23 gain , ' Jane the Virgin ' and 3 others double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire , ' ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' SVU ' & ' Blindspot ' all adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' SVU , ' ' Chicago PD ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' The Goldbergs ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' SVU , ' ABC comedies adjust up , ' Designated Survivor ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Survivor ' adjusts up , CMAs hold vs. World Series : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Black - ish ' adjusts down , others hold : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Charlie Brown Thanksgiving , ' FOX reruns adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire ' adjusts up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Elf : Buddy 's Musical Christmas ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' Modern Family ' and ' Criminal Minds ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' SVU ' and ' Modern Family ' reruns adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' rerun adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Goldbergs , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Blindspot ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Empire ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' adjusts down to series low : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Blacklist ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Survivor ' and ' The Blacklist ' finale adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' Masterchef ' premiere adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` NBA Finals and ' American Ninja Warrior ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Shark Tank ' rerun adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Masterchef ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Masterchef ' and ' Reverie ' adjust up , ' The Originals ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother , ' ' Code Black ' and NBC 's fireworks hold : Wednesday final ratings '' . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Originals ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' The ESPY Awards ' stay low , all shows hold : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Code Black : Season One Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Code Black : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 14 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Code Black : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 17 , 2018 . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of Code Black episodes on IMDb Code Black at TV.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Code_Black_episodes&oldid=852675949 '' Categories : Lists of American drama television series episodes Lists of medical television series episodes Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Official website not in Wikidata TV.com template with ID not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Polski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 July 2018 , at 16 : 26 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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give the importance of alkaloids in pharmacy and medicine

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Alkaloid&oldid=826581678

Alkaloid - wikipedia Alkaloid Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the class of chemical compounds . For the pharmaceutical company , see Alkaloid ( company ) . The first individual alkaloid , morphine , was isolated in 1804 from the opium poppy ( Papaver somniferum ) . Alkaloids are a group of naturally occurring chemical compounds that mostly contain basic nitrogen atoms . This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic properties . Some synthetic compounds of similar structure are also termed alkaloids . In addition to carbon , hydrogen and nitrogen , alkaloids may also contain oxygen , sulfur and , more rarely , other elements such as chlorine , bromine , and phosphorus . Alkaloids are produced by a large variety of organisms including bacteria , fungi , plants , and animals . They can be purified from crude extracts of these organisms by acid - base extraction . Alkaloids have a wide range of pharmacological activities including antimalarial ( e.g. quinine ) , antiasthma ( e.g. ephedrine ) , anticancer ( e.g. homoharringtonine ) , cholinomimetic ( e.g. galantamine ) , vasodilatory ( e.g. vincamine ) , antiarrhythmic ( e.g. quinidine ) , analgesic ( e.g. morphine ) , antibacterial ( e.g. chelerythrine ) , and antihyperglycemic activities ( e.g. piperine ) . Many have found use in traditional or modern medicine , or as starting points for drug discovery . Other alkaloids possess psychotropic ( e.g. psilocin ) and stimulant activities ( e.g. cocaine , caffeine , nicotine , theobromine ) , and have been used in entheogenic rituals or as recreational drugs . Alkaloids can be toxic too ( e.g. atropine , tubocurarine ) . Although alkaloids act on a diversity of metabolic systems in humans and other animals , they almost uniformly evoke a bitter taste . The boundary between alkaloids and other nitrogen - containing natural compounds is not clear - cut . Compounds like amino acid peptides , proteins , nucleotides , nucleic acid , amines , and antibiotics are usually not called alkaloids . Natural compounds containing nitrogen in the exocyclic position ( mescaline , serotonin , dopamine , etc . ) are usually classified as amines rather than as alkaloids . Some authors , however , consider alkaloids a special case of amines . Contents ( hide ) 1 Naming 2 History 3 Classifications 4 Properties 5 Distribution in nature 6 Extraction 7 Biosynthesis 7.1 Synthesis of Schiff bases 7.2 Mannich reaction 8 Dimer alkaloids 9 Biological role 10 Applications 10.1 In medicine 10.2 In agriculture 10.3 Use as psychoactive drugs 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Bibliography Naming ( edit ) The article that introduced the concept of `` alkaloid '' . The name `` alkaloids '' ( German : Alkaloide ) was introduced in 1819 by the German chemist Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Meißner , and is derived from late Latin root Latin : alkali ( which , in turn , comes from the Arabic al - qalwī -- `` ashes of plants '' ) and the suffix Greek : - οειδής -- `` like '' . However , the term came into wide use only after the publication of a review article by Oscar Jacobsen in the chemical dictionary of Albert Ladenburg in the 1880s . There is no unique method of naming alkaloids . Many individual names are formed by adding the suffix `` ine '' to the species or genus name . For example , atropine is isolated from the plant Atropa belladonna , strychnine is obtained from the seed of Strychnine tree ( Strychnos nux - vomica L . ) . If several alkaloids are extracted from one plant then their names often contain suffixes `` idine '' , `` anine '' , `` aline '' , `` inine '' etc . There are also at least 86 alkaloids whose names contain the root `` vin '' because they are extracted from vinca plants such as Vinca rosea ( Catharanthus roseus ) ; these are called vinca alkaloids . History ( edit ) Friedrich Sertürner , the German chemist who first isolated morphine from opium . Alkaloid - containing plants have been used by humans since ancient times for therapeutic and recreational purposes . For example , medicinal plants have been known in the Mesopotamia at least around 2000 BC . The Odyssey of Homer referred to a gift given to Helen by the Egyptian queen , a drug bringing oblivion . It is believed that the gift was an opium - containing drug . A Chinese book on houseplants written in 1st -- 3rd centuries BC mentioned a medical use of Ephedra and opium poppies . Also , coca leaves have been used by South American Indians since ancient times . Extracts from plants containing toxic alkaloids , such as aconitine and tubocurarine , were used since antiquity for poisoning arrows . Studies of alkaloids began in the 19th century . In 1804 , the German chemist Friedrich Sertürner isolated from opium a `` soporific principle '' ( Latin : principium somniferum ) , which he called `` morphium '' in honor of Morpheus , the Greek god of dreams ; in German and some other Central - European languages , this is still the name of the drug . The term `` morphine '' , used in English and French , was given by the French physicist Joseph Louis Gay - Lussac . A significant contribution to the chemistry of alkaloids in the early years of its development was made by the French researchers Pierre Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Bienaimé Caventou , who discovered quinine ( 1820 ) and strychnine ( 1818 ) . Several other alkaloids were discovered around that time , including xanthine ( 1817 ) , atropine ( 1819 ) , caffeine ( 1820 ) , coniine ( 1827 ) , nicotine ( 1828 ) , colchicine ( 1833 ) , sparteine ( 1851 ) , and cocaine ( 1860 ) . The first complete synthesis of an alkaloid was achieved in 1886 by the German chemist Albert Ladenburg . He produced coniine by reacting 2 - methylpyridine with acetaldehyde and reducing the resulting 2 - propenyl pyridine with sodium . The development of the chemistry of alkaloids was accelerated by the emergence of spectroscopic and chromatographic methods in the 20th century , so that by 2008 more than 12,000 alkaloids had been identified . Bufotenin , an alkaloid from some toads , contains an indole core and is produced in living organisms from the amino acid tryptophan . Classifications ( edit ) The nicotine molecule contains both pyridine ( left ) and pyrrolidine rings ( right ) . Compared with most other classes of natural compounds , alkaloids are characterized by a great structural diversity and there is no uniform classification of alkaloids . First classification methods have historically combined alkaloids by the common natural source , e.g. , a certain type of plants . This classification was justified by the lack of knowledge about the chemical structure of alkaloids and is now considered obsolete . More recent classifications are based on similarity of the carbon skeleton ( e.g. , indole - , isoquinoline - , and pyridine - like ) or biochemical precursor ( ornithine , lysine , tyrosine , tryptophan , etc . ) . However , they require compromises in borderline cases ; for example , nicotine contains a pyridine fragment from nicotinamide and a pyrrolidine part from ornithine and therefore can be assigned to both classes . Alkaloids are often divided into the following major groups : `` True alkaloids '' contain nitrogen in the heterocycle and originate from amino acids . Their characteristic examples are atropine , nicotine , and morphine . This group also includes some alkaloids that besides nitrogen heterocycle contain terpene ( e.g. , evonine ) or peptide fragments ( e.g. ergotamine ) . This group also includes piperidine alkaloids coniine and coniceine although they do not originate from amino acids . `` Protoalkaloids '' , which contain nitrogen and also originate from amino acids . Examples include mescaline , adrenaline and ephedrine . Polyamine alkaloids -- derivatives of putrescine , spermidine , and spermine . Peptide and cyclopeptide alkaloids . Pseudoalkaloids -- alkaloid - like compounds that do not originate from amino acids . This group includes terpene - like and steroid - like alkaloids , as well as purine - like alkaloids such as caffeine , theobromine , theacrine and theophylline . Some authors classify as pseudoalkaloids such compounds such as ephedrine and cathinone . Those originate from the amino acid phenylalanine , but acquire their nitrogen atom not from the amino acid but through transamination . Some alkaloids do not have the carbon skeleton characteristic of their group . So , galantamine and homoaporphines do not contain isoquinoline fragment , but are , in general , attributed to isoquinoline alkaloids . Main classes of monomeric alkaloids are listed in the table below : Class Major groups Main synthesis steps Examples Alkaloids with nitrogen heterocycles ( true alkaloids ) Pyrrolidine derivatives Ornithine or arginine → putrescine → N - methylputrescine → N - methyl - Δ - pyrroline Cuscohygrine , hygrine , hygroline , stachydrine Tropane derivatives Atropine group Substitution in positions 3 , 6 or 7 Ornithine or arginine → putrescine → N - methylputrescine → N - methyl - Δ - pyrroline Atropine , scopolamine , hyoscyamine Cocaine group Substitution in positions 2 and 3 Cocaine , ecgonine Pyrrolizidine derivatives Non-esters In plants : ornithine or arginine → putrescine → homospermidine → retronecine Retronecine , heliotridine , laburnine Complex esters of monocarboxylic acids Indicine , lindelophin , sarracine Macrocyclic diesters Platyphylline , trichodesmine 1 - aminopyrrolizidines ( lolines ) In fungi : L - proline + L - homoserine → N - ( 3 - amino - 3 - carboxypropyl ) proline → norloline Loline , N - formylloline , N - acetylloline Piperidine derivatives Lysine → cadaverine → Δ - piperideine Sedamine , lobeline , anaferine , piperine Octanoic acid → coniceine → coniine Coniine , coniceine Quinolizidine derivatives Lupinine group Lysine → cadaverine → Δ - piperideine Lupinine , nupharidin Cytisine group Cytisine Sparteine group Sparteine , lupanine , anahygrine Matrine group Matrine , oxymatrine , allomatridine Ormosanine group Ormosanine , piptantine Indolizidine derivatives Lysine → δ - semialdehyde of α - aminoadipic acid → pipecolic acid → 1 indolizidinone Swainsonine , castanospermine Pyridine derivatives Simple derivatives of pyridine Nicotinic acid → dihydronicotinic acid → 1 , 2 - dihydropyridine Trigonelline , ricinine , arecoline Polycyclic noncondensing pyridine derivatives Nicotine , nornicotine , anabasine , anatabine Polycyclic condensed pyridine derivatives Actinidine , gentianine , pediculinine Sesquiterpene pyridine derivatives Nicotinic acid , isoleucine Evonine , hippocrateine , triptonine Isoquinoline derivatives and related alkaloids Simple derivatives of isoquinoline Tyrosine or phenylalanine → dopamine or tyramine ( for alkaloids Amarillis ) Salsoline , lophocerine Derivatives of 1 - and 3 - isoquinolines N - methylcoridaldine , noroxyhydrastinine Derivatives of 1 - and 4 - phenyltetrahydroisoquinolines Cryptostilin Derivatives of 5 - naftil - isoquinoline Ancistrocladine Derivatives of 1 - and 2 - benzyl - izoquinolines Papaverine , laudanosine , sendaverine Cularine group Cularine , yagonine Pavines and isopavines Argemonine , amurensine Benzopyrrocolines Cryptaustoline Protoberberines Berberine , canadine , ophiocarpine , mecambridine , corydaline Phthalidisoquinolines Hydrastine , narcotine ( Noscapine ) Spirobenzylisoquinolines Fumaricine Ipecacuanha alkaloids Emetine , protoemetine , ipecoside Benzophenanthridines Sanguinarine , oxynitidine , corynoloxine Aporphines Glaucine , coridine , liriodenine Proaporphines Pronuciferine , glaziovine Homoaporphines Kreysiginine , multifloramine Homoproaporphines Bulbocodine Morphines Morphine , codeine , thebaine , sinomenine Homomorphines Kreysiginine , androcymbine Tropoloisoquinolines Imerubrine Azofluoranthenes Rufescine , imeluteine Amaryllis alkaloids Lycorine , ambelline , tazettine , galantamine , montanine Erythrina alkaloids Erysodine , erythroidine Phenanthrene derivatives Atherosperminine Protopines Protopine , oxomuramine , corycavidine Aristolactam Doriflavin Oxazole derivatives Tyrosine → tyramine Annuloline , halfordinol , texaline , texamine Isoxazole derivatives Ibotenic acid → Muscimol Ibotenic acid , Muscimol Thiazole derivatives 1 - Deoxy - D - xylulose 5 - phosphate ( DOXP ) , tyrosine , cysteine Nostocyclamide , thiostreptone Quinazoline derivatives 3 , 4 - Dihydro - 4 - quinazolone derivatives Anthranilic acid or phenylalanine or ornithine Febrifugine 1 , 4 - Dihydro - 4 - quinazolone derivatives Glycorine , arborine , glycosminine Pyrrolidine and piperidine quinazoline derivatives Vazicine ( peganine ) Acridine derivatives Anthranilic acid Rutacridone , acronicine Quinoline derivatives Simple derivatives of quinoline derivatives of 2 -- quinolones and 4 - quinolone Anthranilic acid → 3 - carboxyquinoline Cusparine , echinopsine , evocarpine Tricyclic terpenoids Flindersine Furanoquinoline derivatives Dictamnine , fagarine , skimmianine Quinines Tryptophan → tryptamine → strictosidine ( with secologanin ) → korinanteal → cinhoninon Quinine , quinidine , cinchonine , cinhonidine Indole derivatives See also : indole alkaloids Non-isoprene indole alkaloids Simple indole derivatives Tryptophan → tryptamine or 5 - hydroxitriptofan Serotonin , psilocybin , dimethyltryptamine ( DMT ) , bufotenin Simple derivatives of β - carboline Harman , harmine , harmaline , eleagnine Pyrroloindole alkaloids Physostigmine ( eserine ) , etheramine , physovenine , eptastigmine Semiterpenoid indole alkaloids Ergot alkaloids Tryptophan → chanoclavine → agroclavine → elimoclavine → paspalic acid → lysergic acid Ergotamine , ergobasine , ergosine Monoterpenoid indole alkaloids Corynanthe type alkaloids Tryptophan → tryptamine → strictosidine ( with secologanin ) Ajmalicine , sarpagine , vobasine , ajmaline , yohimbine , reserpine , mitragynine , group strychnine and ( Strychnine brucine , aquamicine , vomicine ) Iboga - type alkaloids Ibogamine , ibogaine , voacangine Aspidosperma - type alkaloids Vincamine , vinca alkaloids , vincotine , aspidospermine Imidazole derivatives Directly from histidine Histamine , pilocarpine , pilosine , stevensine Purine derivatives Xanthosine ( formed in purine biosynthesis ) → 7 methylxantosine → 7 - methyl xanthine → theobromine → caffeine Caffeine , theobromine , theophylline , saxitoxin Alkaloids with nitrogen in the side chain ( protoalkaloids ) β - Phenylethylamine derivatives Tyrosine or phenylalanine → dioxyphenilalanine → dopamine → adrenaline and mescaline tyrosine → tyramine phenylalanine → 1 - phenylpropane - 1 , 2 - dione → cathinone → ephedrine and pseudoephedrine Tyramine , ephedrine , pseudoephedrine , mescaline , cathinone , catecholamines ( adrenaline , noradrenaline , dopamine ) Colchicine alkaloids Tyrosine or phenylalanine → dopamine → autumnaline → colchicine Colchicine , colchamine Muscarine Glutamic acid → 3 - ketoglutamic acid → muscarine ( with pyruvic acid ) Muscarine , allomuscarine , epimuscarine , epiallomuscarine Benzylamine Phenylalanine with valine , leucine or isoleucine Capsaicin , dihydrocapsaicin , nordihydrocapsaicin , vanillylamine Polyamines alkaloids Putrescine derivatives ornithine → putrescine → spermidine → spermine Paucine Spermidine derivatives Lunarine , codonocarpine Spermine derivatives Verbascenine , aphelandrine Peptide ( cyclopeptide ) alkaloids Peptide alkaloids with a 13 - membered cycle Nummularine C type From different amino acids Nummularine C , Nummularine S Ziziphine type Ziziphine A , sativanine H Peptide alkaloids with a 14 - membered cycle Frangulanine type Frangulanine , scutianine J Scutianine A type Scutianine A Integerrine type Integerrine , discarine D Amphibine F type Amphibine F , spinanine A Amfibine B type Amphibine B , lotusine C Peptide alkaloids with a 15 - membered cycle Mucronine A type Mucronine A Pseudoalkaloids ( terpenes and steroids ) Diterpenes Lycoctonine type Mevalonic acid → izopentenilpyrophosfate → geranyl pyrophosphate Aconitine , delphinine Steroids Cholesterol , arginine Solasodine , solanidine , veralkamine , batrachotoxin Properties ( edit ) Head of a lamb born to a sheep that ate leaves of the corn lily plant . The cyclopia in the calf is induced by the alkaloid cyclopamine present in the plant . Most alkaloids contain oxygen in their molecular structure ; those compounds are usually colorless crystals at ambient conditions . Oxygen - free alkaloids , such as nicotine or coniine , are typically volatile , colorless , oily liquids . Some alkaloids are colored , like berberine ( yellow ) and sanguinarine ( orange ) . Most alkaloids are weak bases , but some , such as theobromine and theophylline , are amphoteric . Many alkaloids dissolve poorly in water but readily dissolve in organic solvents , such as diethyl ether , chloroform or 1 , 2 - dichloroethane . Caffeine , cocaine , codeine and nicotine are slightly soluble in water ( with a solubility of ≥ 1g / L ) , whereas others , including morphine and yohimbine are very slightly water - soluble ( 0.1 -- 1 g / L ) . Alkaloids and acids form salts of various strengths . These salts are usually freely soluble in water and ethanol and poorly soluble in most organic solvents . Exceptions include scopolamine hydrobromide , which is soluble in organic solvents , and the water - soluble quinine sulfate . Most alkaloids have a bitter taste or are poisonous when ingested . Alkaloid production in plants appeared to have evolved in response to feeding by herbivorous animals ; however , some animals have evolved the ability to detoxify alkaloids . Some alkaloids can produce developmental defects in the offspring of animals that consume but can not detoxify the alkaloids . One example is the alkaloid cyclopamine , produced in the leaves of corn lily . During the 1950s , up to 25 % of lambs born by sheep that had grazed on corn lily had serious facial deformations . These ranged from deformed jaws to cyclopia ( see picture ) . After decades of research , in the 1980s , the compound responsible for these deformities was identified as the alkaloid 11 - deoxyjervine , later renamed to cyclopamine . Distribution in Nature ( edit ) Strychnine tree . Its seeds are rich in strychnine and brucine . Alkaloids are generated by various living organisms , especially by higher plants -- about 10 to 25 % of those contain alkaloids . Therefore , in the past the term `` alkaloid '' was associated with plants . The alkaloids content in plants is usually within a few percent and is inhomogeneous over the plant tissues . Depending on the type of plants , the maximum concentration is observed in the leaves ( black henbane ) , fruits or seeds ( Strychnine tree ) , root ( Rauwolfia serpentina ) or bark ( cinchona ) . Furthermore , different tissues of the same plants may contain different alkaloids . Beside plants , alkaloids are found in certain types of fungi , such as psilocybin in the fungus of the genus Psilocybe , and in animals , such as bufotenin in the skin of some toads . Many marine organisms also contain alkaloids . Some amines , such as adrenaline and serotonin , which play an important role in higher animals , are similar to alkaloids in their structure and biosynthesis and are sometimes called alkaloids . Extraction ( edit ) Crystals of piperine extracted from black pepper . Because of the structural diversity of alkaloids , there is no single method of their extraction from natural raw materials . Most methods exploit the property of most alkaloids to be soluble in organic solvents but not in water , and the opposite tendency of their salts . Most plants contain several alkaloids . Their mixture is extracted first and then individual alkaloids are separated . Plants are thoroughly ground before extraction . Most alkaloids are present in the raw plants in the form of salts of organic acids . The extracted alkaloids may remain salts or change into bases . Base extraction is achieved by processing the raw material with alkaline solutions and extracting the alkaloid bases with organic solvents , such as 1 , 2 - dichloroethane , chloroform , diethyl ether or benzene . Then , the impurities are dissolved by weak acids ; this converts alkaloid bases into salts that are washed away with water . If necessary , an aqueous solution of alkaloid salts is again made alkaline and treated with an organic solvent . The process is repeated until the desired purity is achieved . In the acidic extraction , the raw plant material is processed by a weak acidic solution ( e.g. , acetic acid in water , ethanol , or methanol ) . A base is then added to convert alkaloids to basic forms that are extracted with organic solvent ( if the extraction was performed with alcohol , it is removed first , and the remainder is dissolved in water ) . The solution is purified as described above . Alkaloids are separated from their mixture using their different solubility in certain solvents and different reactivity with certain reagents or by distillation . Biosynthesis ( edit ) Biological precursors of most alkaloids are amino acids , such as ornithine , lysine , phenylalanine , tyrosine , tryptophan , histidine , aspartic acid , and anthranilic acid . Nicotinic acid can be synthesized from tryptophan or aspartic acid . Ways of alkaloid biosynthesis are too numerous and can not be easily classified . However , there are a few typical reactions involved in the biosynthesis of various classes of alkaloids , including synthesis of Schiff bases and Mannich reaction . Synthesis of Schiff bases ( edit ) Main article : Schiff base Schiff bases can be obtained by reacting amines with ketones or aldehydes . These reactions are a common method of producing C = N bonds . In the biosynthesis of alkaloids , such reactions may take place within a molecule , such as in the synthesis of piperidine : Mannich reaction ( edit ) Main article : Mannich reaction An integral component of the Mannich reaction , in addition to an amine and a carbonyl compound , is a carbanion , which plays the role of the nucleophile in the nucleophilic addition to the ion formed by the reaction of the amine and the carbonyl . The Mannich reaction can proceed both intermolecularly and intramolecularly : Dimer alkaloids ( edit ) In addition to the described above monomeric alkaloids , there are also dimeric , and even trimeric and tetrameric alkaloids formed upon condensation of two , three , and four monomeric alkaloids . Dimeric alkaloids are usually formed from monomers of the same type through the following mechanisms : Mannich reaction , resulting in , e.g. , voacamine Michael reaction ( villalstonine ) Condensation of aldehydes with amines ( toxiferine ) Oxidative addition of phenols ( dauricine , tubocurarine ) Lactonization ( carpaine ) . Voacamine Villalstonine Toxiferine Dauricine Tubocurarine Carpaine There are also dimeric alkaloids formed from two distinct monomers , such as the vinca alkaloids vinblastine and vincristine , which are formed from the coupling of catharanthine and vindoline . The newer semi-synthetic chemotherapeutic agent vinorelbine is used in the treatment of non-small - cell lung cancer . It is another derivative dimer of vindoline and catharanthine and is synthesised from anhydrovinblastine , starting either from leurosine or the monomers themselves . Biological role ( edit ) The role of alkaloids for living organisms that produce them is still unclear . It was initially assumed that the alkaloids are the final products of nitrogen metabolism in plants , as urea in mammals . It was later shown that alkaloid concentrations varies over time , and this hypothesis was refuted . Most of the known functions of alkaloids are related to protection . For example , aporphine alkaloid liriodenine produced by the tulip tree protects it from parasitic mushrooms . In addition , the presence of alkaloids in the plant prevents insects and chordate animals from eating it . However , some animals are adapted to alkaloids and even use them in their own metabolism . Such alkaloid - related substances as serotonin , dopamine and histamine are important neurotransmitters in animals . Alkaloids are also known to regulate plant growth . One example of an organism that uses alkaloids for protection is the Utetheisa ornatrix , more commonly known as the ornate moth . Pyrrolizidine alkaloids render these larvae and adult moths unpalatable to many of their natural enemies like coccinelid beetles , green lacewings , insectivorous hemiptera and insectivorous bats . Another example of alkaloids being utilized occurs in the poison hemlock moth ( Agonopterix alstroemeriana ) . This moth feeds on its highly toxic and alkaloid - rich host plant poison hemlock ( Conium maculatum ) during its larval stage . A. asltroemeriana may benefit twofold from the toxicity of the naturally - occurring alkaloids , both through the unpalatability of the species to predators and through the ability of A. alstroemeriana to recognize Conium maculatum as the correct location for oviposition . Applications ( edit ) In medicine ( edit ) Medical use of alkaloid - containing plants has a long history , and , thus , when the first alkaloids were isolated in the 19th century , they immediately found application in clinical practice . Many alkaloids are still used in medicine , usually in the form of salts , including the following : Alkaloid Action Ajmaline antiarrhythmic Atropine , scopolamine , hyoscyamine anticholinergic Caffeine stimulant , adenosine receptor antagonist Codeine antitussive , analgesic Colchicine remedy for gout Emetine antiprotozoal agent Ergot alkaloids Vasoconstriction , hallucinogenic , Uterotonic Morphine analgesic Nicotine stimulant , nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist Physostigmine inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase Quinidine antiarrhythmic Quinine antipyretic , antimalarial Reserpine antihypertensive Tubocurarine muscle relaxant Vinblastine , vincristine antitumor Vincamine vasodilating , antihypertensive Yohimbine stimulant , aphrodisiac Many synthetic and semisynthetic drugs are structural modifications of the alkaloids , which were designed to enhance or change the primary effect of the drug and reduce unwanted side - effects . For example , naloxone , an opioid receptor antagonist , is a derivative of thebaine that is present in opium . Thebaine Naloxone In Agriculture ( edit ) Prior to the development of a wide range of relatively low - toxic synthetic pesticides , some alkaloids , such as salts of nicotine and anabasine , were used as insecticides . Their use was limited by their high toxicity to humans . Use as psychoactive drugs ( edit ) Preparations of plants containing alkaloids and their extracts , and later pure alkaloids , have long been used as psychoactive substances . Cocaine , caffeine , and cathinone are stimulants of the central nervous system . Mescaline and many of indole alkaloids ( such as psilocybin , dimethyltryptamine and ibogaine ) have hallucinogenic effect . Morphine and codeine are strong narcotic pain killers . There are alkaloids that do not have strong psychoactive effect themselves , but are precursors for semi-synthetic psychoactive drugs . For example , ephedrine and pseudoephedrine are used to produce methcathinone and methamphetamine . Thebaine is used in the synthesis of many painkillers such as oxycodone . See also ( edit ) Amine Base ( chemistry ) List of poisonous plants Natural products Palau'amine Secondary metabolite Mayer 's reagent Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In the penultimate sentence of his article -- W. Meissner ( 1819 ) `` Über Pflanzenalkalien : II . Über ein neues Pflanzenalkali ( Alkaloid ) '' ( On plant alkalis : II . On a new plant alkali ( alkaloid ) ) , Journal für Chemie und Physik , 25 : 379 -- 381 ; available on - line at : Hathi Trust -- Meissner wrote : `` Überhaupt scheint es mir auch angemessen , die bis jetzt bekannten Pflanzenstoffe nicht mit dem Namen Alkalien , sondern Alkaloide zu belegen , da sie doch in manchen Eigenschaften von den Alkalien sehr abweichen , sie würden daher in dem Abschnitt der Pflanzenchemie vor den Pflanzensäuren ihre Stelle finden . '' ( In general , it seems appropriate to me to impose on the currently known plant substances not the name `` alkalis '' but `` alkaloids '' , since they differ greatly in some properties from the alkalis ; among the chapters of plant chemistry , they would therefore find their place before plant acids ( since `` Alkaloid '' would precede `` Säure '' ( acid ) ) . ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andreas Luch ( 2009 ) . Molecular , clinical and environmental toxicology . Springer . p. 20 . ISBN 3 - 7643 - 8335 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : IUPAC . Compendium of Chemical Terminology , 2nd ed . ( The `` Gold Book '' ) . Compiled by A.D. McNaught and A. Wilkinson . Blackwell Scientific Publications , Oxford ( 1997 ) ISBN 0 - 9678550 - 9 - 8 doi : 10.1351 / goldbook Jump up ^ R.H.F. Manske . The Alkaloids . Chemistry and Physiology . Volume VIII . -- New York : Academic Press , 1965 , p. 673 Jump up ^ Robert Alan Lewis . Lewis ' dictionary of toxicology . CRC Press , 1998 , p. 51 ISBN 1 - 56670 - 223 - 2 ^ Jump up to : Chemical Encyclopedia : alkaloids . xumuk.ru Jump up ^ Kittakoop P , Mahidol C , Ruchirawat S ( 2014 ) . `` Alkaloids as important scaffolds in therapeutic drugs for the treatments of cancer , tuberculosis , and smoking cessation '' . Curr Top Med Chem. 14 ( 2 ) : 239 -- 252 . doi : 10.2174 / 1568026613666131216105049 . PMID 24359196 . Jump up ^ Russo P , Frustaci A , Del Bufalo A , Fini M , Cesario A ( 2013 ) . `` Multitarget drugs of plants origin acting on Alzheimer 's disease '' . Curr Med Chem. 20 ( 13 ) : 1686 -- 93 . doi : 10.2174 / 0929867311320130008 . PMID 23410167 . Jump up ^ Raymond S. Sinatra ; Jonathan S. Jahr ; J. Michael Watkins - Pitchford ( 2010 ) . The Essence of Analgesia and Analgesics . Cambridge University Press . pp. 82 -- 90 . ISBN 1139491989 . Jump up ^ Cushnie TP , Cushnie B , Lamb AJ ( 2014 ) . `` Alkaloids : An overview of their antibacterial , antibiotic - enhancing and antivirulence activities '' . Int J Antimicrob Agents . 44 ( 5 ) : 377 -- 386 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ijantimicag. 2014.06. 001 . PMID 25130096 . Jump up ^ Qiu S , Sun H , Zhang AH , Xu HY , Yan GL , Han Y , Wang XJ ( 2014 ) . `` Natural alkaloids : basic aspects , biological roles , and future perspectives '' . Chin J Nat Med. 12 ( 6 ) : 401 -- 406 . doi : 10.1016 / S1875 - 5364 ( 14 ) 60063 - 7 . PMID 24969519 . Jump up ^ `` Alkaloid '' . Jump up ^ Robbers JE , Speedie MK , Tyler VE ( 1996 ) . `` Chapter 9 : Alkaloids '' . Pharmacognosy and Pharmacobiotechnology . Philadelphia : Lippincott , Williams & Wilkins . pp. 143 -- 185 . ISBN 068308500X . Jump up ^ Rhoades , David F ( 1979 ) . `` Evolution of Plant Chemical Defense against Herbivores '' . In Rosenthal , Gerald A. ; Janzen , Daniel H. 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William Johnson Invitation to Organic Chemistry , Jones and Bartlett , 1999 , p. 433 ISBN 0 - 7637 - 0432 - 6 Jump up ^ Raj K Bansal A Text Book of Organic Chemistry . 4th Edition , New Age International , 2004 , p. 644 ISBN 81 - 224 - 1459 - 1 ^ Jump up to : Aniszewski , p. 110 Jump up ^ Hesse , pp. 1 -- 3 Jump up ^ Oscar Jacobsen , `` Alkaloide '' in : Ladenburg , Handwörterbuch der Chemie ( Breslau , Germany : Eduard Trewendt , 1882 ) , vol. 1 , pp. 213 -- 422 . ^ Jump up to : Hesse , p. 5 Jump up ^ The suffix `` ine '' is a Greek feminine patronymic suffix and means `` daughter of '' ; hence , for example , `` atropine '' means `` daughter of Atropa ( belladonna ) '' : Development of Systematic Names for the Simple Alkanes . yale.edu Jump up ^ Hesse , p. 7 ^ Jump up to : van der Heijden , Robert ; Jacobs , Denise I. ; Snoeijer , Wim ; Hallard , Didier ; Verpoorte , Robert ( 2004 ) . `` The Catharanthus alkaloids : Pharmacognosy and biotechnology '' . 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( June 2006 ) . `` Laboratory Rearing of Agonopterix alstroemeriana , the Defoliating Poison Hemlock ( Conium maculatum L . ) Moth , and Effects of Piperidine Alkaloids on Preference and Performance '' . Environmental Entomology . Entomological Society of America . 35 : 607 -- 615 . doi : 10.1603 / 0046 - 225x - 35.3. 607 -- via ResearchGate . Jump up ^ Hesse , p. 303 Jump up ^ Hesse , pp. 303 -- 309 Jump up ^ Hesse , p. 309 Jump up ^ Dewick , p. 335 Jump up ^ György Matolcsy , Miklós Nádasy , Viktor Andriska Pesticide chemistry , Elsevier , 2002 , pp. 21 -- 22 ISBN 0 - 444 - 98903 - X Jump up ^ Veselovskaya , p. 75 Jump up ^ Hesse , p. 79 Jump up ^ Veselovskaya , p. 136 Jump up ^ Geoffrey A. Cordell The Alkaloids : Chemistry and Biology . Vol. 56 , Elsevier , 2001 , p. 8 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 469556 - 6 . Jump up ^ Veselovskaya , p. 6 Jump up ^ Veselovskaya , pp. 51 -- 52 Bibliography ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alkaloid . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Alkaloid Aniszewski , Tadeusz ( 2007 ) . Alkaloids -- secrets of life . Amsterdam : Elsevier . ISBN 978 - 0 - 444 - 52736 - 3 . Begley , Tadhg P. ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of Chemical Biology . Wiley . doi : 10.1002 / cbic. 200900262 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 75477 - 0 . Brossi , Arnold ( 1989 ) . The Alkaloids : Chemistry and Pharmacology . Academic Press . Dewick , Paul M ( 2002 ) . Medicinal Natural Products . A Biosynthetic Approach . Second Edition . Wiley . ISBN 0 - 471 - 49640 - 5 . Fattorusso , E. ; Taglialatela - Scafati , O. ( 2008 ) . Modern Alkaloids : Structure , Isolation , Synthesis and Biology . Wiley - VCH . ISBN 978 - 3 - 527 - 31521 - 5 . Grinkevich NI Safronich LN ( 1983 ) . The chemical analysis of medicinal plants : Proc. allowance for pharmaceutical universities . M . Hesse , Manfred ( 2002 ) . Alkaloids : Nature 's Curse or Blessing ? . Wiley - VCH . ISBN 978 - 3 - 906390 - 24 - 6 . Knunyants , IL ( 1988 ) . Chemical Encyclopedia . Soviet Encyclopedia . Orekhov , AP ( 1955 ) . Chemistry alkaloids ( Acad. 2 ed . ) . M. : USSR . Plemenkov , VV ( 2001 ) . Introduction to the Chemistry of Natural Compounds . Kazan . Saxton , J.E. ( 1971 ) . The Alkaloids . A Specialist Periodical Report . London : The Chemical Society . Veselovskaya , N.B. ; Kovalenko , A.E ( 2000 ) . Drugs . Moscow : Triada - X . Wink , M ( 2009 ) . `` Mode of action and toxicology of plant toxins and poisonous plants '' . Mitt . Julius Kühn - Inst. 421 : 93 -- 112 . Retrieved 18 March 2014 . Secondary metabolites General Alkaloids Codeine Morphine Cocaine Tetrodotoxin Atropine Natural phenols Polyphenols Monoterpenoids Geranyl diphosphate Limonene Pinene Diterpenoids Geranylgeranyl diphosphate Taxol Aphidicolin Pimaradiene Antibiotics Penicillin Streptomycin Tetracycline ← Enzyme cofactors Alkaloid groups Indole 5 - MeO - DMT Alstonine Dimethyltryptamine Harmala alkaloids Psilocin Psilocybin Reserpine Serotonin Tryptamine Yohimbine Phenethylamine Amphetamine Cathinone Dopamine Ephedrine Mescaline Methamphetamine Phenethylamine Tyramine Purine Caffeine Theobromine Theophylline Pyridine Coniine Pyrrolidine Nicotine Quinoline Quinine Isoquinoline Codeine Morphine Tropane Atropine Cocaine Hyoscyamine Scopolamine Terpenoid Aconitine Solanine Betaines Choline Muscarine NDL : 00560348 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alkaloid&oldid=826581678 '' Categories : Alkaloids Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing German - language text Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing Greek - language text Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 22 : 56 . 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what tractor was produce in charles city iowa

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Charles_City,_Iowa&oldid=828434659

Charles City , Iowa - wikipedia Charles City , Iowa Jump to : navigation , search `` Charles City '' redirects here . For the county in Virginia , see Charles City County , Virginia . For the county seat , see Charles City , Virginia . Charles City , Iowa City Nickname ( s ) : `` Chuck Town '' Motto ( s ) : America 's Hometown Location of Charles City , Iowa Coordinates : 43 ° 3 ′ 59 '' N 92 ° 40 ′ 33 '' W  /  43.06639 ° N 92.67583 ° W  / 43.06639 ; - 92.67583 Coordinates : 43 ° 3 ′ 59 '' N 92 ° 40 ′ 33 '' W  /  43.06639 ° N 92.67583 ° W  / 43.06639 ; - 92.67583 Country United States State Iowa County Floyd Township Saint Charles Area Total 6.31 sq mi ( 16.34 km ) Land 6.22 sq mi ( 16.11 km ) Water 0.09 sq mi ( 0.23 km ) Elevation 1,007 ft ( 307 m ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 7,652 Estimate ( 2016 ) 7,457 Density 1,230 / sq mi ( 475.0 / km ) Time zone Central ( CST ) ( UTC - 6 ) Summer ( DST ) CDT ( UTC - 5 ) ZIP codes 50616 , 50620 Area code ( s ) 641 FIPS code 19 - 12765 GNIS feature ID 0455354 Charles City is a city in Floyd County , Iowa , United States . The population was 7,652 at the 2010 census a decrease of 160 , or 2 % , from 7,812 at the 2000 census . It is the county seat of Floyd County . Charles City is a significant commercial and transportation center for the area , located on U.S. Highways 18 and 218 , Iowa Highway 14 , and the Canadian National and Iowa , Chicago and Eastern Railroads . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Tornados 2 Geography 3 Demographics 3.1 2010 census 3.2 2000 census 4 Education 5 Media 6 Notable people 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Located on the site of a Winnebago Indian village , Charles City was originally named `` Charlestown '' for the son of the first - known white settler to the area , Joseph Kelly . Upon his 1851 arrival to the area , Kelly envisioned the site , with its ample supply of water from the Cedar River and adjacent timberlands , as an ideal location for a town . By 1852 , twenty - five other settler families had joined Kelly in that vision and a community was born . The town name changed , first to `` St. Charles '' and then to `` Charles City , '' to avoid duplication of other Iowa town names . Charles City became the county seat after Floyd County was established in 1851 and officially organized in 1854 . Floyd County itself was named for Sergeant Charles Floyd of the Lewis and Clark Expedition . Hart - Parr Charles City nameplate on an early tractor Hart - Parr 30 - 60 `` Old Reliable '' Charles City is known for the role it played in the history of the American tractor . A native son Charles Walter Hart , whose father owned three local farms , met Charles H. Parr in college . After graduating from the University of Wisconsin , Hart and Parr developed a two - cylinder gasoline engine and set up their Hart - Parr Gasoline Engine Company in Charles City in 1897 . It was here in 1901 the term `` tractor '' with Latin roots and a combination of the words traction and power was first coined by Hart and Parr . In 1903 the firm built fifteen `` tractors '' , the first successful production - model tractor line in the U.S. The 14,000 pound No. 3 is the oldest surviving internal combustion engine tractor in the United States and is on display at the Smithsonian National Museum of American History in Washington D.C. In 1929 , Hart - Parr was one of the four companies that merged to form Oliver Farm Equipment Company and finally the White Farm - New Idea Equipment Co . At its peak in the mid-1970s , the sprawling plant complex encompassed 23 acres and employed nearly 3,000 workers . The 1980s farm crisis and other economic pressures led to the closing of the plant in 1993 . As of 2013 , the vacant site stands ready for re-use . HART - PARR washing machine Although more famously known for producing tractors , the Hart - Parr company also made some of the first washing machines . Selling for $155.00 in the 1920s , the buyer had the option of ordering either an electric or gasoline engine The Floyd County Historical Museum preserves the plant 's history and memories in an extensive collection of documents and artifacts . Charles City is the location of the last lynching in Iowa , that of James Cullen in 1907 . National women 's rights leader Carrie Lane Chapman Catt spent her girlhood years on a farm south of Charles City . Catt is well known as a prominent leader of the woman 's suffrage movement and her efforts in helping to pass the 19th Amendment ratified on August 18 , 1920 , granting women the right to vote . Carrie Catt was also the founder of the League of Women Voters . Her home and a visitor 's center are open for public viewing . On June 9 , 2008 , record flooding caused major damage in the town . Charles City 's historic suspension bridge , which crossed over the Cedar River , collapsed as well as destroyed numerous homes around the city . The City of Charles City has since received FEMA and state funding for a brand new bridge in place of the old suspension bridge . A new bridge opened in early 2010 . Charles City is the location of the Dr. Alvin L. Miller House , a Usonian home designed by Frank Lloyd Wright . Tornados ( edit ) Charles City has been devastated by tornadoes many times in its history . In the summer of 1858 ( possibly July 21 ) while still a village called St. Charles a `` Terrific Tornado '' was recorded . Although there was 16 deaths , 13 in Charles city the property value of buildings destroyed was into the thousands of dollars ( 1858 dollars ) , and the loss of crops was `` must be beyond competation '' according to the newspaper account . In June 1908 ( possibly June 7 ) a tornado destroyed or substantially damaged around 200 homes and barns . Residents W.R. Beck and a child were killed . The path of the tornado ran through the southeast part of the city missing the business district . Loss of property was fifty thousand dollars ( 1908 dollars ) . 1968 Charles City tornado Many people around the region remember Charles City as the site of a devastating F5 tornado that ripped through town on May 15 , 1968 , leaving 13 dead , hundreds injured , and massive destruction in its wake . One of the largest twisters ever recorded in the state , the storm destroyed much of the downtown -- 256 businesses and 1,250 homes . Damage estimates of more than $20 million only told part of the story ; the cost in human suffering was much greater than that . Geography ( edit ) According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 6.31 square miles ( 16.34 km ) , of which , 6.22 square miles ( 16.11 km ) is land and 0.09 square miles ( 0.23 km ) is water . Demographics ( edit ) Charles City historical population Year Pop . ± % 1870 2,166 -- 1880 2,421 + 11.8 % 1890 2,802 + 15.7 % 1900 4,227 + 50.9 % 1910 5,892 + 39.4 % 1920 7,350 + 24.7 % 1930 8,039 + 9.4 % 1940 8,681 + 8.0 % 1950 10,309 + 18.8 % 1960 9,964 − 3.3 % 1970 9,268 − 7.0 % 1980 8,778 − 5.3 % 7,878 − 10.3 % 2000 7,812 − 0.8 % 7,652 − 2.0 % 2016 7,457 − 2.5 % Iowa Data Center Source : U.S. Decennial Census 2010 Census ( edit ) As of the census of 2010 , there were 7,652 people , 3,440 households , and 1,964 families residing in the city . The population density was 1,230.2 inhabitants per square mile ( 475.0 / km ) . There were 3,761 housing units at an average density of 604.7 per square mile ( 233.5 / km ) . The racial makeup of the city was 92.7 % White , 2.5 % African American , 0.2 % Native American , 2.5 % Asian , 0.1 % Pacific Islander , 1.0 % from other races , and 1.1 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.6 % of the population . There were 3,440 households of which 26.5 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 42.5 % were married couples living together , 10.5 % had a female householder with no husband present , 4.1 % had a male householder with no wife present , and 42.9 % were non-families. 38.7 % of all households were made up of individuals and 19.1 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.15 and the average family size was 2.86 . The median age in the city was 42.9 years . 23 % of residents were under the age of 18 ; 7.7 % were between the ages of 18 and 24 ; 21.7 % were from 25 to 44 ; 24.5 % were from 45 to 64 ; and 23.1 % were 65 years of age or older . The gender makeup of the city was 47.0 % male and 53.0 % female . 2000 Census ( edit ) As of the census of 2000 , there were 7,812 people , 3,339 households , and 2,083 families residing in the city . The population density was 1,269.9 people per square mile ( 490.4 / km ) . There were 3,597 housing units at an average density of 584.7 per square mile ( 225.8 / km ) . The racial makeup of the city was 96.92 % White , 0.44 % African American , 0.15 % Native American , 0.65 % Asian , 0.19 % Pacific Islander , 0.79 % from other races , and 0.86 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.12 % of the population . There were 3,339 households out of which 27.5 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 48.3 % were married couples living together , 10.6 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 37.6 % were non-families. 34.1 % of all households were made up of individuals and 18.7 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.82 . Age spread : 23.2 % under the age of 18 , 7.3 % from 18 to 24 , 23.5 % from 25 to 44 , 21.9 % from 45 to 64 , and 24.1 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 42 years . For every 100 females there were 84.1 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 79.8 males . The median income for a household in the city was $30,568 , and the median income for a family was $38,297 . Males had a median income of $29,536 versus $19,904 for females . The per capita income for the city was $16,659 . About 8.5 % of families and 11.2 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 14.6 % of those under age 18 and 5.6 % of those age 65 or over . Education ( edit ) Charles City is served by the Charles City Community School District , which includes the Charles City High School . There were two former institutions called Charles City College , the first a Methodist college that was absorbed into Morningside College in the 1910s , and the second a short lived branch of Parsons College in the late 1960s . Media ( edit ) Charles City is served by the following local media outlets : Radio KCHA - FM 95.9 -- North Iowa 's Best Variety ! KQOP - LP 94.7 FM , Charles City Educational Association KCHA - AM Fabulous 1580 -- The Fab Oldies Channel ! Newspaper Charles City Press TV KIMT , CBS 3 KAAL , ABC 6 KWWL , NBC 7 Notable people ( edit ) Jeff Betts ( born 1970 ) three time Soccer All Star and the 2000 World Indoor Soccer League Coach of the Year Carrie Chapman Catt ( 1859 -- 1947 ) president of the NAWSA , founder of the League of Women Voters and IAW Robert Coover ( born 1932 ) author and academic James E. Gritzner ( born 1947 ) United States federal judge Charles Walter Hart ( 1872 -- 1937 ) Hart - Parr Gasoline Engine Company , coined the word tractor Mark Kuhn ( born 1950 ) was an Iowa State Representative from the 14th District Vive Lindaman ( 1877 -- 1927 ) professional baseball player who pitched in the Major Leagues from 1906 to 1909 Marlys Millhiser ( born 1938 ) author of mysteries ( Charlie Greene series ) also stand alone horror novels The Mirror George Nelson ( born 1950 ) former astronaut , participated in three missions Henry Otis Pratt ( 1838 -- 1931 ) two - term Republican U.S. Representative from Iowa 's 4th congressional district Paul F. Riordan ( 1920 -- 1944 ) received the Medal of Honor for his actions in World War II during the Battle of Monte Cassino Susie Smith ( born 1960 ) , runner - up on Survivor : Gabon Robert James Waller , Ph. D. ( born 1939 ) author of the 1992 best - selling novel The Bridges of Madison County Wimpy Winther ( born 1947 ) professional football player in the National Football League from 1971 to 1972 See also ( edit ) Iowa portal Floyd County Court House References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` US Gazetteer files 2010 '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2012 . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Find a County '' . National Association of Counties . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2011 . Retrieved June 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Robert N. Pripps and Andrew Moreland . Oliver Tractors . Osceola , WI : Motorbooks , p. 23 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Houghton Mifflin ( 2000 ) . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language ( 4th ed . ) . Boston and New York : Houghton Mifflin . p. 1829 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 395 - 82517 - 4 . Jump up ^ Andrew Morland . Farm Tractors . MBI Publishing Company , 1993 . p. 75 . Jump up ^ `` Smithsonian Museum of American History '' . Hart Parr # 3 . Retrieved November 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gode Davis . `` American Lynching ( INFAMOUS LYNCHINGS ) James Cullen '' . americanlynching.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Carrie Chapman Catt Girlhood Home '' . A Biography . Retrieved November 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` GenDisasters website '' . transcribed from Chicago Press and Tribune , Chicago , IL August 3 , 1858 . Retrieved November 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` GenDisasters website '' . transcribed from The Iowa City Citizen , Iowa City , IA June 8 , 1908 and The Iowa Recorder , Greene , IA Jun 10 , 1908 . Retrieved November 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2013 . Retrieved January 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` FM Query Results -- Audio Division ( FCC ) USA '' . fcc.gov . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FM Query Results -- Audio Division ( FCC ) USA '' . fcc.gov . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` News Charles City Press '' . charlescitypress.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Carrie Chapman Catt '' . ISU Alumni Associationaccessdate = January 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gregg , George R. ( January 1965 ) . `` C.W. Hart and C.H. Parr '' . Morpheweb . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2011 . Retrieved January 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` George Nelson '' . Astronaut Scholarship Foundation . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2010 . Retrieved January 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Medal of Honor Recipients World War II ( M-S ) '' . U.S. Army Center of Military History . December 3 , 2010 . Retrieved January 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SUSIE SMITH '' . Survivor . Retrieved January 9 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Charles City , Iowa . Wikisource has the text of the 1921 Collier 's Encyclopedia article Charles City . Official Charles City website Chamber website Charles City Community website Charles City Schools website Charles City Public Library website Official Floyd County website City Data Comprehensive Statistical Data and more about Charles City , Iowa Floyd County Museum ( hide ) Municipalities and communities of Floyd County , Iowa , United States County seat : Charles City Cities Charles City Colwell Floyd Greene ‡ Marble Rock Nashua ‡ Nora Springs ‡ Rockford Rudd Townships Cedar Floyd Niles Pleasant Grove Riverton Rock Grove Rockford Rudd Saint Charles Scott Ulster Union CDP Roseville Other unincorporated communities Midway Powersville Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_City,_Iowa&oldid=828434659 '' Categories : Charles City , Iowa Cities in Iowa Cities in Floyd County , Iowa County seats in Iowa Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2013 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles needing additional references from November 2010 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Català Cebuano Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Ido Italiano Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Malagasy मराठी Nederlands Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 March 2018 , at 14 : 46 . 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the most common form of user interface used on pc's today is called a

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Command-line_interface&oldid=854238370

Command - line interface - wikipedia Command - line interface Not to be confused with Text - based user interface . Screenshot of a sample bash session in GNOME Terminal 3 , Fedora 15 Screenshot of Windows PowerShell 1.0 , running on Windows Vista A command - line interface or command language interpreter ( CLI ) , also known as command - line user interface , console user interface and character user interface ( CUI ) , is a means of interacting with a computer program where the user ( or client ) issues commands to the program in the form of successive lines of text ( command lines ) . A program which handles the interface is called a command language interpreter or shell ( computing ) . The CLI was the primary means of interaction with most computer systems on computer terminals in the mid-1960s , and continued to be used throughout the 1970s and 1980s on OpenVMS , Unix systems and personal computer systems including MS - DOS , CP / M and Apple DOS . The interface is usually implemented with a command line shell , which is a program that accepts commands as text input and converts commands into appropriate operating system functions . Today , many end users rarely , if ever , use command - line interfaces and instead rely upon graphical user interfaces and menu - driven interactions . However , many software developers , system administrators and advanced users still rely heavily on command - line interfaces to perform tasks more efficiently , configure their machine , or access programs and program features that are not available through a graphical interface . Alternatives to the command line include , but are not limited to text user interface menus ( see IBM AIX SMIT for example ) , keyboard shortcuts , and various other desktop metaphors centered on the pointer ( usually controlled with a mouse ) . Examples of this include the Windows versions 1 , 2 , 3 , 3.1 , and 3.11 ( an OS shell that runs in DOS ) , DosShell , and Mouse Systems PowerPanel . Programs with command - line interfaces are generally easier to automate via scripting . Command - line interfaces for software other than operating systems include a number of programming languages such as Tcl / Tk , PHP , and others , as well as utilities such as the compression utility WinZip , and some FTP and SSH / Telnet clients . Contents 1 Comparison to graphical user interfaces 2 Operating system command - line interfaces 3 Application command - line interfaces 4 History 5 Usage 6 Anatomy of a shell CLI 6.1 CLI and resource protection 6.2 Command prompt 6.3 Arguments 6.3. 1 Command - line option 6.3. 1.1 Abbreviating commands 6.3. 1.2 Option conventions in DOS , Windows , OS / 2 6.3. 1.3 Option conventions in Unix - like systems 6.3. 1.4 Options conventions in other systems 6.4 Built - in usage help 6.5 Command description syntax 6.6 The space character 7 Command - line interpreter 7.1 Early history 7.2 Modern usage as an operating system shell 8 Scripting 9 Other command - line interfaces 10 See also 10.1 Concepts 10.2 Uses 10.3 Miscellaneous 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Comparison to graphical user interfaces ( edit ) Screenshot of Apple Computer 's CommandShell in A / UX 3.0. 1 Compared with a graphical user interface , a command line requires fewer system resources to implement . Since options to commands are given in a few characters in each command line , an experienced user finds the options easier to access . Automation of repetitive tasks is simplified - most operating systems using a command line interface support some mechanism for storing frequently used sequences in a disk file , for re-use ; this may extend to a scripting language that can take parameters and variable options . A command - line history can be kept , allowing review or repetition of commands . A command - line system may require paper or online manuals for the user 's reference , although often a `` help '' option provides a concise review of the options of a command . The command - line environment may not provide the graphical enhancements such as different fonts or extended edit windows found in a GUI . It may be difficult for a new user to become familiar with all the commands and options available , compared with the drop - down menus of a graphical user interface , without repeated reference to manuals . Operating system command - line interfaces ( edit ) Operating system ( OS ) command line interfaces are usually distinct programs supplied with the operating system . A program that implements such a text interface is often called a command - line interpreter , command processor or shell . Examples of command - line interpreters include DEC 's DIGITAL Command Language ( DCL ) in OpenVMS and RSX - 11 , the various Unix shells ( sh , ksh , csh , tcsh , bash , etc . ) , CP / M 's CCP , DOS 's COMMAND.COM , as well as the OS / 2 and the Windows CMD. EXE programs , the latter groups being based heavily on DEC 's RSX - 11 and RSTS CLIs . Under most operating systems , it is possible to replace the default shell program with alternatives ; examples include 4DOS for DOS , 4OS2 for OS / 2 , and 4NT or Take Command for Windows . Although the term ' shell ' is often used to describe a command - line interpreter , strictly speaking a ' shell ' can be any program that constitutes the user - interface , including fully graphically oriented ones . For example , the default Windows GUI is a shell program named EXPLORER. EXE , as defined in the SHELL = EXPLORER. EXE line in the WIN. INI configuration file . These programs are shells , but not CLIs . Application command - line interfaces ( edit ) Application programs ( as opposed to operating systems ) may also have command line interfaces . An application program may support none , any , or all of these three major types of command line interface mechanisms : Parameters : Most operating systems support a means to pass additional information to a program when it is launched . When a program is launched from an OS command line shell , additional text provided along with the program name is passed to the launched program . Interactive command line sessions : After launch , a program may provide an operator with an independent means to enter commands in the form of text . OS inter-process communication : Most operating systems support means of inter-process communication ( for example ; standard streams or named pipes ) . Command lines from client processes may be redirected to a CLI program by one of these methods . Some applications support only a CLI , presenting a CLI prompt to the user and acting upon command lines as they are entered . Other programs support both a CLI and a GUI . In some cases , a GUI is simply a wrapper around a separate CLI executable file . In other cases , a program may provide a CLI as an optional alternative to its GUI . CLIs and GUIs often support different functionality . For example , all features of MATLAB , a numerical analysis computer program , are available via the CLI , whereas the MATLAB GUI exposes only a subset of features . The early Sierra games , like the first three King 's Quest games ( 1984 -- 1986 ) , used commands from an internal command line to move the character around in the graphic window . History ( edit ) The command - line interface evolved from a form of dialog once conducted by humans over teleprinter ( TTY ) machines , in which human operators remotely exchanged information , usually one line of text at a time . Early computer systems often used teleprinter machines as the means of interaction with a human operator . The computer became one end of the human - to - human teleprinter model . So instead of a human communicating with another human over a teleprinter , a human communicated with a computer . The mechanical teleprinter was replaced by a `` glass tty '' , a keyboard and screen emulating the teleprinter . `` Smart '' terminals permitted additional functions , such as cursor movement over the entire screen , or local editing of data on the terminal for transmission to the computer . As the microcomputer revolution replaced the traditional -- minicomputer + terminals -- time sharing architecture , hardware terminals were replaced by terminal emulators -- PC software that interpreted terminal signals sent through the PC 's serial ports . These were typically used to interface an organization 's new PC 's with their existing mini - or mainframe computers , or to connect PC to PC . Some of these PCs were running Bulletin Board System software . Early operating system CLIs were implemented as part of resident monitor programs , and could not easily be replaced . The first implementation of the shell as a replaceable component was part of the Multics time - sharing operating system . In 1964 , MIT Computation Center staff member Louis Pouzin developed the RUNCOM tool for executing command scripts while allowing argument substitution . Pouzin coined the term `` shell '' to describe the technique of using commands like a programming language , and wrote a paper about how to implement the idea in the Multics operating system . Pouzin returned to his native France in 1965 , and the first Multics shell was developed by Glenda Schroeder . The first Unix shell , the V6 shell , was developed by Ken Thompson in 1971 at Bell Labs and was modeled after Schroeder 's Multics shell . The Bourne shell was introduced in 1977 as a replacement for the V6 shell . Although it is used as an interactive command interpreter , it was also intended as a scripting language and contains most of the features that are commonly considered to produce structured programs . The Bourne shell led to the development of the Korn shell ( ksh ) , Almquist shell ( ash ) , and the popular Bourne - again shell ( or Bash ) . Early microcomputers themselves were based on a command - line interface such as CP / M , DOS or AppleSoft BASIC . During the 1980s and 1990s , the introduction of the Apple Macintosh and of Microsoft Windows on PCs saw the command line interface as the primary user interface replaced by the Graphical User Interface . The command line remained available as an alternative user interface , often used by system administrators and other advanced users for system administration , computer programming and batch processing . In November 2006 , Microsoft released version 1.0 of Windows PowerShell ( formerly codenamed Monad ) , which combined features of traditional Unix shells with their proprietary object - oriented . NET Framework . MinGW and Cygwin are open - source packages for Windows that offer a Unix - like CLI . Microsoft provides MKS Inc. 's ksh implementation MKS Korn shell for Windows through their Services for UNIX add - on . Since 2001 , the Macintosh operating system is based on a variation of Unix called Darwin . On these computers , users can access a Unix - like command - line interface called Terminal found in the Applications Utilities folder . This terminal uses bash by default . Screenshot of the MATLAB 7.4 command - line interface and GUI Usage ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A CLI is used whenever a large vocabulary of commands or queries , coupled with a wide ( or arbitrary ) range of options , can be entered more rapidly as text than with a pure GUI . This is typically the case with operating system command shells . CLIs are also used by systems with insufficient resources to support a graphical user interface . Some computer language systems ( such as Python , Forth , LISP , Rexx , and many dialects of BASIC ) provide an interactive command - line mode to allow for rapid evaluation of code . CLIs are often used by programmers and system administrators , in engineering and scientific environments , and by technically advanced personal computer users . CLIs are also popular among people with visual disability , since the commands and responses can be displayed using Refreshable Braille displays . Anatomy of a shell CLI ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The general pattern of an OS command line interface is : Prompt command param1 param2 param3 ... paramN Prompt - generated by the program to provide context for the client . Command -- provided by the client . Commands are usually one of three classes : Internal -- recognized and processed by the command line interpreter itself and not dependent upon any external executable file . Included -- A separate executable file generally considered part of the operating environment and always included with the OS . External -- External executable files not part of the basic OS , but added by other parties for specific purposes and applications . param1 ... paramN -- Optional parameters provided by the client . The format and meaning of the parameters depends upon the command issued . In the case of Included or External commands , the values of the parameters are delivered to the program ( specified by the Command ) as it is launched by the OS . Parameters may be either Arguments or Options . In this example , the delimiters between command line elements are whitespace characters and the end - of - line delimiter is the newline delimiter . This is a widely used ( but not universal ) convention for command - line interfaces . A CLI can generally be considered as consisting of syntax and semantics . The syntax is the grammar that all commands must follow . In the case of operating systems , DOS and Unix each define their own set of rules that all commands must follow . In the case of embedded systems , each vendor , such as Nortel , Juniper Networks or Cisco Systems , defines their own proprietary set of rules that all commands within their CLI conform to . These rules also dictate how a user navigates through the system of commands . The semantics define what sort of operations are possible , on what sort of data these operations can be performed , and how the grammar represents these operations and data -- the symbolic meaning in the syntax . Two different CLIs may agree on either syntax or semantics , but it is only when they agree on both that they can be considered sufficiently similar to allow users to use both CLIs without needing to learn anything , as well as to enable re-use of scripts . A simple CLI will display a prompt , accept a `` command line '' typed by the user terminated by the Enter key , then execute the specified command and provide textual display of results or error messages . Advanced CLIs will validate , interpret and parameter - expand the command line before executing the specified command , and optionally capture or redirect its output . Unlike a button or menu item in a GUI , a command line is typically self - documenting , stating exactly what the user wants done . In addition , command lines usually include many defaults that can be changed to customize the results . Useful command lines can be saved by assigning a character string or alias to represent the full command , or several commands can be grouped to perform a more complex sequence -- for instance , compile the program , install it , and run it -- creating a single entity , called a command procedure or script which itself can be treated as a command . These advantages mean that a user must figure out a complex command or series of commands only once , because they can be saved , to be used again . The commands given to a CLI shell are often in one of the following forms : doSomething how toFiles doSomething how sourceFile destinationFile doSomething how < inputFile > outputFile doSomething how doSomething how doSomething how > outputFile where doSomething is , in effect , a verb , how an adverb ( for example , should the command be executed `` verbosely '' or `` quietly '' ) and toFiles an object or objects ( typically one or more files ) on which the command should act . The > in the third example is a redirection operator , telling the command - line interpreter to send the output of the command not to its own standard output ( the screen ) but to the named file . This will overwrite the file . Using > > will redirect the output and append it to the file . Another redirection operator is the vertical bar ( ) , which creates a pipeline where the output of one command becomes the input to the next command . CLI and Resource protection ( edit ) One can modify the set of available commands by modifying which paths appear in the PATH environment variable . Under Unix , commands also need be marked as executable files . The directories in the path variable are searched in the order they are given . By re-ordering the path , one can run e.g. \ OS2 \ MDOS \ E. EXE instead of \ OS2 \ E. EXE , when the default is the opposite . Renaming of the executables also works : people often rename their favourite editor to EDIT , for example . The command line allows one to restrict available commands , such as access to advanced internal commands . The Windows CMD. EXE does this . Often , shareware programs will limit the range of commands , including printing a command ' your administrator has disabled running batch files ' from the prompt . Some CLIs , such as those in network routers , have a hierarchy of modes , with a different set of commands supported in each mode . The set of commands are grouped by association with security , system , interface , etc . In these systems the user might traverse through a series of sub-modes . For example , if the CLI had two modes called interface and system , the user might use the command interface to enter the interface mode . At this point , commands from the system mode may not be accessible and the user exits the interface mode and enters the system mode . Command prompt ( edit ) `` Command prompt '' redirects here . For the Windows component named Command Prompt , see cmd. exe . A command prompt ( or just prompt ) is a sequence of ( one or more ) characters used in a command - line interface to indicate readiness to accept commands . It literally prompts the user to take action . A prompt usually ends with one of the characters $ , % , # , : , > and often includes other information , such as the path of the current working directory and the hostname . On many Unix and derivative systems , the prompt commonly ends in $ or % if the user is a normal user , but in # if the user is a superuser ( `` root '' in Unix terminology ) . End - users can often modify prompts . Depending on the environment , they may include colors , special characters , and other elements ( like variables and functions for the current time , user , shell number or working directory ) in order , for instance , to make the prompt more informative or visually pleasing , to distinguish sessions on various machines , or to indicate the current level of nesting of commands . On some systems , special tokens in the definition of the prompt can be used to cause external programs to be called by the command - line interpreter while displaying the prompt . In DOS 's COMMAND.COM and in Windows NT 's cmd. exe users can modify the prompt by issuing a PROMPT command or by directly changing the value of the corresponding % PROMPT % environment variable . The default of most modern systems , the C : \ > style is obtained , for instance , with PROMPT $ P $ G . The default of older DOS systems , C > is obtained by just PROMPT , although on some systems this produces the newer C : \ > style , unless used on floppy drives A : or B : ; on those systems PROMPT $ N $ G can be used to override the automatic default and explicitly switch to the older style . Many Unix systems feature the $ PS1 variable ( Prompt String 1 ) , although other variables also may affect the prompt ( depending on the shell used ) . In the bash shell , a prompt of the form : ( time ) user@host : work_dir $ could be set by issuing the command export PS1 = ' ( \ t ) \ u @ \ H : \ W $ ' In zsh the $ RPROMPT variable controls an optional `` prompt '' on the right - hand side of the display . It is not a real prompt in that the location of text entry does not change . It is used to display information on the same line as the prompt , but right - justified . In RISC OS the command prompt is a * symbol , and thus ( OS ) CLI commands are often referred to as `` star commands '' . One can also access the same commands from other command lines ( such as the BBC BASIC command line ) , by preceding the command with a * . Arguments ( edit ) An MS DOS command line , illustrating parsing into command and arguments A command - line argument or parameter is an item of information provided to a program when it is started . A program can have many command - line arguments that identify sources or destinations of information , or that alter the operation of the program . When a command processor is active a program is typically invoked by typing its name followed by command - line arguments ( if any ) . For example , in Unix and Unix - like environments , an example of a command - line argument is : rm file. s `` file. s '' is a command - line argument which tells the program rm to remove the file `` file. s '' . Some programming languages , such as C , C++ and Java , allow a program to interpret the command - line arguments by handling them as string parameters in the main function . Other languages , such as Python , expose these arguments as global variables . In Unix - like operating systems , a single hyphen - minus by itself is usually a special value specifying that a program should handle data coming from the standard input or send data to the standard output . Command - line option ( edit ) A command - line option or simply option ( also known as a flag or switch ) modifies the operation of a command ; the effect is determined by the command 's program . Options follow the command name on the command line , separated by spaces . A space before the first option is not always required , for example Dir / ? and DIR / ? have the same effect in DOS ( list the DIR command 's options ) whereas dir -- help ( in many versions of Unix ) does require the option to be preceded by at least one space ( and is case - sensitive ) . The format of options varies widely between operating systems . In most cases the syntax is by convention rather than an operating system requirement ; the entire command line is simply a string passed to a program , which can process it in any way the programmer wants , so long as the interpreter can tell where the command name ends and its arguments and options begin . A few representative samples of command - line options , all relating to listing files in a directory , to illustrate some conventions : Operating system Command Valid alternative Notes OpenVMS directory / owner Dir / Owner instruct the directory command to also display the ownership of the files . Note the Directory command name is not case sensitive , and can be abbreviated to as few letters as required to remain unique . DOS dir / Q / O :S d * diR / qd * / o :s display ownership of files whose names begin with `` D '' , sorted by size , smallest first . Note spaces around argument d * are required . Unix - like systems ls - lS D * ls - S - l D * display in long format files and directories beginning with `` D '' ( but not `` d '' ) , sorted by size ( largest first ) . Note spaces are required around all arguments and options , but some can be run together , e.g. - lS is the same as - l - S . Data General RDOS CLI list / e / s 04 - 26 - 80 / b List / S / E 4 - 26 - 80 / B list every attribute for files created before 26 April 1980 . Note the / B at the end of the date argument is a local switch , that modifies the meaning of that argument , while / S and / E are global switches , i.e. apply to the whole command . Abbreviating commands ( edit ) In Multics , command - line options and subsystem keywords may be abbreviated . This idea appears to derive from the PL / I programming language , with its shortened keywords ( e.g. , STRG for STRINGRANGE and DCL for DECLARE ) . For example , in the Multics `` forum '' subsystem , the - long_subject parameter can be abbreviated - lgsj . It is also common for Multics commands to be abbreviated , typically corresponding to the initial letters of the words that are strung together with underscores to form command names , such as the use of did for delete_iacl_dir . In some other systems abbreviations are automatic , such as permitting enough of the first characters of a command name to uniquely identify it ( such as SU as an abbreviation for SUPERUSER ) while others may have some specific abbreviations pre-programmed ( e.g. MD for MKDIR in COMMAND.COM ) or user - defined via batch scripts and aliases ( e.g. alias md mkdir in tcsh ) . See also : Tab completion . Option Conventions in DOS , Windows , OS / 2 ( edit ) On DOS , OS / 2 and Windows , different programs called from their COMMAND.COM or CMD. EXE ( or internal their commands ) may use different syntax within the same operating system . For example : Options may be indicated by either of the `` switch characters '' : - , / , or either may be allowed . See below . They may or may not be case - sensitive . Sometimes options and their arguments are run together , sometimes separated by whitespace , and sometimes by a character , typically : or = ; thus Prog - fFilename , Prog - f Filename , Prog - f : Filename , Prog - f = Filename . Some programs allow single - character options to be combined ; others do not . The switch - fA may mean the same as - f - A , or it may be incorrect , or it may even be a valid but different parameter . In DOS , OS / 2 and Windows , the forward slash ( / ) is most prevalent , although the hyphen - minus is also sometimes used . In many versions of DOS ( MS - DOS / PC DOS 2. xx and higher , all versions of DR - DOS since 5.0 , as well as PTS - DOS , Embedded DOS , FreeDOS and RxDOS ) the switch character ( sometimes abbreviated switchar or switchchar ) to be used is defined by a value returned from a system call ( INT 21h / AH = 37h ) . The default character returned by this API is / , but can be changed to a hyphen - minus on the above - mentioned systems , except for under Datalight ROM - DOS and MS - DOS / PC DOS 5.0 and higher , which always return / from this call ( unless one of many available TSRs to reenable the SwitChar feature is loaded ) . In some of these systems ( MS - DOS / PC DOS 2. xx , DOS Plus 2.1 , DR - DOS 7.02 and higher , PTS - DOS , Embedded DOS , FreeDOS and RxDOS ) , the setting can also be pre-configured by a SWITCHAR directive in CONFIG. SYS . General Software 's Embedded DOS provides a SWITCH command for the same purpose , whereas 4DOS allows the setting to be changed via SETDOS / W : n . Under DR - DOS , if the setting has been changed from / , the first directory separator \ in the display of the PROMPT parameter $ G will change to a forward slash / ( which is also a valid directory separator in DOS , FlexOS , 4680 OS , 4690 OS , OS / 2 and Windows ) thereby serving as a visual clue to indicate the change . Some versions of DR - DOS COMMAND.COM also support a PROMPT token $ / to display the current setting . COMMAND.COM since DR - DOS 7.02 also provides a pseudo-environment variable named % / % to allow portable batchjobs to be written . Several external DR - DOS commands additionally support an environment variable % SWITCHAR % to override the system setting . However , many programs are hardwired to use / only , rather than retrieving the switch setting before parsing command - line arguments . A very small number , mainly ports from Unix - like systems , are programmed to accept `` - '' even if the switch character is not set to it ( for example netstat and ping , supplied with Windows , will accept the / ? option to list available options , and yet the list will specify the `` - '' convention ) . Option Conventions in Unix - like systems ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In Unix - like systems , the ASCII hyphen - minus begins options ; the new ( and GNU ) convention is to use two hyphens then a word ( e.g. -- create ) to identify the option 's use while the old convention ( and still available as an option for frequently - used options ) is to use one hyphen then one letter ( e.g. , - c ) ; if one hyphen is followed by two or more letters it may mean two options are being specified , or it may mean the second and subsequent letters are a parameter ( such as filename or date ) for the first option . Two hyphen - minus characters without following letters ( -- ) may indicate that the remaining arguments should not be treated as options , which is useful for example if a file name itself begins with a hyphen , or if further arguments are meant for an inner command ( e.g. , sudo ) . Double hyphen - minuses are also sometimes used to prefix `` long options '' where more descriptive option names are used . This is a common feature of GNU software . The getopt function and program , and the getopts command are usually used for parsing command - line options . Unix command names , arguments and options are case - sensitive ( except in a few examples , mainly where popular commands from other operating systems have been ported to Unix ) . Options Conventions in other systems ( edit ) FlexOS , 4680 OS and 4690 OS use - . CP / M typically used ( . Conversational Monitor System ( CMS ) uses a single left parenthesis to separate options at the end of the command from the other arguments . For example , in the following command the options indicate that the target file should be replaced if it exists , and the date and time of the source file should be retained on the copy : COPY source file a target file b ( REPLACE OLDDATE Data General 's CLI under their RDOS , AOS , etc. operating systems , as well as the version of CLI that came with their Business Basic , uses only / as the switch character , is case - insensitive , and allows `` local switches '' on some arguments to control the way they are interpreted , such as MAC / U LIB / SABC $ LPT / L has the global option `` U '' to the macro assembler command to appemd user symbols , but two local switches , one to specify LIB should be skipped on pass 2 and the other to direct listing to the printer , $ LPT . Built - in usage help ( edit ) See also : help ( command ) One of the criticisms of a CLI is the lack of cues to the user as to the available actions . In contrast , GUIs usually inform the user of available actions with menus , icons , or other visual cues . To overcome this limitation , many CLI programs display a brief summary of its valid parameters , typically when invoked with no arguments or one of ? , - ? , - h , - H , / ? , / h , / H , - help , or -- help . However , entering a program name without parameters in the hope that it will display usage help can be hazardous , as some programs and scripts execute without further notice . Although desirable at least for the help parameter , programs may not support all option lead - in characters exemplified above . Under DOS , where the default command - line option character can be changed from / to - , programs may query the SwitChar API in order to determine the current setting . So , if a program is not hard - wired to support them all , a user may need to know the current setting even to be able to reliably request help . If the SwitChar has been changed to - and therefore the / character is accepted as alternative path delimiter also at the DOS command line , programs may misinterpret options like / h or / H as paths rather than help parameters . However , if given as first or only parameter , most DOS programs will , by convention , accept it as request for help regardless of the current SwitChar setting . In some cases , different levels of help can be selected for a program . Some programs supporting this allow to give a verbosity level as an optional argument to the help parameter ( as in / H : 1 , / H : 2 , etc . ) or they give just a short help on help parameters with question mark and a longer help screen for the other help options . Depending on the program , additional or more specific help on accepted parameters is sometimes available by either providing the parameter in question as an argument to the help parameter or vice versa ( as in / H : W or in / W : ? ( assuming / W would be another parameter supported by the program ) ) . In a similar fashion to the help parameter , but much less common , some programs provide additional information about themselves ( like mode , status , version , author , license or contact information ) when invoked with an `` about '' parameter like - ! , / ! , - about , or -- about . Since the ? and ! characters typically also serve other purposes at the command line , they may not be available in all scenarios , therefore , they should not be the only options to access the corresponding help information . If more detailed help is necessary than provided by a program 's built - in internal help , many systems support a dedicated external `` HELP command '' command ( or similar ) , which accepts a command name as calling parameter and will invoke an external help system . In the DR - DOS family , typing / ? or / H at the COMMAND.COM prompt instead of a command itself will display a dynamically generated list of available internal commands ; 4DOS and NDOS support the same feature by typing ? at the prompt ( which is also accepted by newer versions of DR - DOS COMMAND.COM ) ; internal commands can be individually disabled or reenabled via SETDOS / I . In addition to this , some newer versions of DR - DOS COMMAND.COM also accept a ? % command to display a list of available built - in pseudo-environment variables . Besides their purpose as quick help reference this can be used in batchjobs to query the facilities of the underlying command - line processor . Command description syntax ( edit ) Built - in usage help and man pages commonly employ a small syntax to describe the valid command form : angle brackets for required parameters : ping < hostname > square brackets for optional parameters : mkdir ( - p ) < dirname > ellipses for repeated items : cp < source1 > ( source2 ... ) < dest > vertical bars for choice of items : netstat ( - t - u ) Notice that these characters have different meanings than when used directly in the shell . Angle brackets may be omitted when confusing the parameter name with a literal string is not likely . The space character ( edit ) In many areas of computing , but particularly in the command line , the space character can cause problems as it has two distinct and incompatible functions : as part of a command or parameter , or as a parameter or name separator . Ambiguity can be prevented either by prohibiting embedded spaces in file and directory names in the first place ( for example , by substituting them with underscores _ ) , or by enclosing a name with embedded spaces between quote characters or using an escape character before the space , usually a backslash ( \ ) . For example Long path / Long program name Parameter one Parameter two ... is ambiguous ( is `` program name '' part of the program name , or two parameters ? ) ; however Long_path / Long_program_name Parameter_one Parameter_two ... , LongPath / LongProgramName ParameterOne ParameterTwo ... , `` Long path / Long program name '' `` Parameter one '' `` Parameter two '' ... and Long \ path / Long \ program \ name Parameter \ one Parameter \ two ... are not ambiguous . Unix - based operating systems minimize the use of embedded spaces to minimize the need for quotes . In Microsoft Windows , one often has to use quotes because embedded spaces ( such as in directory names ) are common . Command - line interpreter ( edit ) See also : List of command - line interpreters Although most users think of the shell as an interactive command interpreter , it is really a programming language in which each statement runs a command . Because it must satisfy both the interactive and programming aspects of command execution , it is a strange language , shaped as much by history as by design . -- Brian Kernighan & Rob Pike The terms command - line interpreter ( abbreviated CLI ) , command - line shell , or command language interpreter ( also abbreviated CLI ) are applied to computer programs designed to interpret a sequence of lines of text which may be entered by a user , read from a file or another kind of data stream . The context of interpretation is usually one of a given operating system or programming language . Command - line interpreters allow users to issue various commands in a very efficient ( and often terse ) way . This requires the user to know the names of the commands and their parameters , and the syntax of the language that is interpreted . The Unix # ! mechanism and OS / 2 EXTPROC command facilitate the passing of batch files to external processors . One can use these mechanisms to write specific command processors for dedicated uses , and process external data files which reside in batch files . Many graphical interfaces , such as the OS / 2 Presentation Manager and early versions of Microsoft Windows use command - lines to call helper programs to open documents and programs . The commands are stored in the graphical shell or in files like the registry or the OS / 2 os2user. ini file . Early history ( edit ) The earliest computers did not support interactive input / output devices , often relying on sense switches and lights to communicate with the computer operator . This was adequate for batch systems that ran one program at a time , often with the programmer acting as operator . This also had the advantage of low overhead , since lights and switches could be tested and set with one machine instruction . Later a single system console was added to allow the operator to communicate with the system . From the 1960s onwards , user interaction with computers was primarily by means of command - line interfaces , initially on machines like the Teletype Model 33 ASR , but then on early CRT - based computer terminals such as the VT52 . All of these devices were purely text based , with no ability to display graphic or pictures . For business application programs , text - based menus were used , but for more general interaction the command line was the interface . Around 1964 Louis Pouzin introduced the concept and the name shell in Multics , building on earlier , simpler facilities in the Compatible Time - Sharing System ( CTSS ) . From the early 1970s the Unix operating system adapted the concept of a powerful command - line environment , and introduced the ability to pipe the output of one command in as input to another . Unix also had the capability to save and re-run strings of commands as `` shell scripts '' which acted like custom commands . The command - line was also the main interface for the early home computers such as the Commodore PET , Apple II and BBC Micro -- almost always in the form of a BASIC interpreter . When more powerful business oriented microcomputers arrived with CP / M and later DOS computers such as the IBM PC , the command - line began to borrow some of the syntax and features of the Unix shells such as globbing and piping of output . The command - line was first seriously challenged by the PARC GUI approach used in the 1983 Apple Lisa and the 1984 Apple Macintosh . A few computer users used GUIs such as GEOS and Windows 3.1 but the majority of IBM PC users did not replace their COMMAND.COM shell with a GUI until Windows 95 was released in 1995 . Modern usage as an operating system shell ( edit ) While most non-expert computer users now use a GUI almost exclusively , more advanced users have access to powerful command - line environments : The default VAX / VMS command shell , using the DCL language , has been ported to Windows systems at least three times , including PC - DCL and Acceler8 DCL Lite . Unix command shells have been ported to VMS and DOS / Windows 95 and Windows NT types of operating systems . COMMAND.COM and Windows NT cmd. exe have been ported to Windows CE and presumably works on Microsoft Windows NT Embedded 4.0 Windows Resource Kit and Windows Services for Unix include Korn and the Bourne shells along with a Perl interpreter ( Services of Unix contains Active State ActivePerl in later versions and Interix for versions 1 and 2 and a shell compiled by Microsoft ) IBM OS / 2 has the cmd. exe processor . This copies the COMMAND.COM commands , with extensions to REXX . cmd. exe and COMMAND.COM are part of the Windows NT stream of operating systems . Yet another cmd. exe is a stripped - down shell for Windows CE 3.0 . An MS - DOS type interpreter called PocketDOS has been ported to Windows CE machines ; the most recent release is almost identical to MS - DOS 6.22 and can also run Windows 1 , 2 , and 3.0 , QBasic and other development tools , 4NT and 4DOS . The latest release includes several shells , namely MS - DOS 6.22 , PC DOS 7 , DR DOS 3. xx , and others PocketConsole is a Windows NT 4.0 shell for Windows CE that is much like 4NT . Windows users have a CLI environment named Windows Command Prompt , which might use the CScript interface to alternate programs . PowerShell provides a command - line interface , but its applets are not written in Shell script . Implementations of the Unix shell are also available as part of the POSIX sub-system , Cygwin , MKS Toolkit , UWIN , Hamilton C shell and other software packages . Available shells for these interoperability tools include csh , ksh , sh , bash , rsh , tclsh and less commonly zsh , ysh , psh COMMAND.COM ( 4DOS ) , Windows NT cmd. exe ( 4NT , TCC ) , and OS / 2 cmd. exe ( 4OS2 ) and others based on them are enhanced shells which can be a replacement for the native shell or a means of enhancement of the default shell Implementations of PHP have a shell for interactive use called php - cli . Standard Tcl / Tk has two interactive shells , Tclsh and Wish , the latter being the GUI version . Python , Ruby , Lua , XLNT , and other interpreters also have command shells for interactive use . FreeBSD uses tcsh as its default interactive shell for the superuser . Apple macOS and many Linux distributions have the Bash implementation of the Unix shell . Early versions of macOS used tcsh as the default shell . Embedded Linux ( and other embedded Unix - like ) devices often use the Ash implementation of the Unix shell , as part of Busybox . Android uses the mksh shell , which replaces a shell derived from ash that was used in older Android versions , supplemented with commands from the separate toolbox binary . Routers with Cisco IOS , Junos and many others are commonly configured from the command line . Scripting ( edit ) Most command - line interpreters support scripting , to various extents . ( They are , after all , interpreters of an interpreted programming language , albeit in many cases the language is unique to the particular command - line interpreter . ) They will interpret scripts ( variously termed shell scripts or batch files ) written in the language that they interpret . Some command - line interpreters also incorporate the interpreter engines of other languages , such as REXX , in addition to their own , allowing the executing of scripts , in those languages , directly within the command - line interpreter itself . Conversely , scripting programming languages , in particular those with an eval function ( such as REXX , Perl , Python , Ruby or Jython ) , can be used to implement command - line interpreters and filters . For a few operating systems , most notably DOS , such a command interpreter provides a more flexible command - line interface than the one supplied . In other cases , such a command interpreter can present a highly customised user interface employing the user interface and input / output facilities of the language . Other command - line interfaces ( edit ) The command line provides an interface between programs as well as the user . In this sense , a command line is an alternative to a dialog box . Editors and databases present a command line , in which alternate command processors might run . On the other hand , one might have options on the command line , which opens a dialog box . The latest version of ' Take Command ' has this feature . DBase used a dialog box to construct command lines , which could be further edited before use . Programs like Basic , Diskpart , Edlin , and QBasic all provide command - line interfaces , some of which use the system shell . Basic is modeled on the default interface for 8 - bit Intel computers . Calculators can be run as command - line or dialog interfaces . Emacs provides a command - line interface in the form of its minibuffer . Commands and arguments can be entered using Emacs standard text editing support , and output is displayed in another buffer . There are a number of text mode games , like Adventure or King 's Quest 1 - 3 , which relied on the user typing commands at the bottom of the screen . One controls the character by typing commands like ' get ring ' or ' look ' . The program returns a text which describes how the character sees it , or makes the action happen . The text adventure The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy , a piece of interactive fiction based on Douglas Adam 's book of the same name , is a teletype - style command - line game . The most notable of these interfaces is the standard streams interface , which allows the output of one command to be passed to the input of another . Text files can serve either purpose as well . This provides the interfaces of piping , filters and redirection . Under Unix , devices are files too , so the normal type of file for the shell used for stdin , stdout and stderr is a tty device file . Another command - line interface allows a shell program to launch helper programs , either to launch documents or start a program . The command is processed internally by the shell , and then passed on to another program to launch the document . The graphical interface of Windows and OS / 2 rely heavily on command - lines passed through to other programs -- console or graphical , which then usually process the command line without presenting a user - console . Programs like the OS / 2 E editor and some other IBM editors , can process command - lines normally meant for the shell , the output being placed directly in the document window . A web browser 's URL input field can be used as a command line . It can be used to `` launch '' web apps , access browser configuration , as well as perform a search . Google , which has been called `` the command line of the internet '' will perform a domain - specific search when it detects search parameters in a known format . This functionality is present whether the search is triggered from a browser field or on Google 's website . See also ( edit ) Comparison of command shells List of command - line interpreters Orthodox file manager , also known as command - based file manager Concepts ( edit ) Batch processing Batch file Console application Interpreter directive Read - eval - print loop Shell ( computing ) Scripting language Shell script Uses ( edit ) clig Computer terminal Terminal emulator Run command Miscellaneous ( edit ) Graphical user interface § Comparison to other interfaces In the Beginning ... Was the Command Line Natural user interface Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ An example is the comprehensive internal help system of the DR - DOS 7.03 DEBUG command , which can be invoked via ? ? at the debug prompt ( rather than only the default ? overview ) . Specific help pages can be selected via ? n ( where n is the number of the page ) . Additionally , help for specific commands can be displayed by specifying the command name after ? , f.e. ? D will invoke help for the various dump commands ( like D etc . ) . Some of these features were already supported by the DR DOS 3.41 SID86 and GEMSID . Jump up ^ Conventions for describing commands on DOS - like operating systems . Notable difference : The Windows Server 2003 R2 documentation uses italic letters for `` Information that the user must supply '' , while the Server 2008 documentation uses angle brackets . Italics can not be displayed by the internal `` help '' command while there is no problem with angle brackets . `` Command shell overview '' . Windows Server 2003 Product Help . Microsoft . 2005 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 07 . `` Command - Line Syntax Key '' . Windows Server 2008 R2 TechNet Library . Microsoft . 2010 - 01 - 25 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ With the exception of ASCII art Jump up ^ via Finder , Applications , Utilities , Terminal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Text mode programs ( CUI : Console User Interface ) '' . Wine User Guide . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Unix Shells '' . the notion of having a replaceable `` command shell '' rather than a `` monitor '' tightly integrated with the OS kernel tends to be attributed to Multics . ^ Jump up to : `` The Origin of the Shell '' . www.multicians.org . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ Metz , Cade ( 2013 - 01 - 03 ) . `` Say Bonjour to the Internet 's Long - Lost French Uncle '' . WIRED . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Mazières , David ( Fall 2004 ) . `` MULTICS - The First Seven Years '' . Advanced Operating Systems . Stanford Computer Science Department . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , M. ( 2011 - 12 - 06 ) . `` Evolution of shells in Linux '' . developerWorks . IBM . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` GNU BASH Reference '' . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Windows Command Shell Overview '' . Jump up ^ Parker , Steve ( 2011 ) . `` Chapter 11 : Choosing and using shells '' . Shell Scripting : Expert Recipes for Linux , Bash and more . Programmer to programmer . Indianapolis , USA : John Wiley & Sons . p. 262 . ISBN 978 - 111816632 - 1 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 23 . The shell has four different command prompts , called PS1 , P52 , P53 , and PS4 . PS stands for Prompt String . Jump up ^ RISC OS 3 User Guide ( PDF ) . Acorn Computers Limited . 1992 - 03 - 01 . p. 125 . ^ Jump up to : Brothers , Hardin ; Rawson , Tom ; Conn , Rex C. ; Paul , Matthias ; Dye , Charles E. ; Georgiev , Luchezar I. ( 2002 - 02 - 27 ) . 4DOS 8.00 online help . Jump up ^ Paul , Matthias ( 1998 - 01 - 09 ) . DELTREE. BAT R1. 01 Extended file and directory delete . Caldera , Inc . Jump up ^ DR - DOS 7.03 WHATSNEW. TXT -- Changes from DR - DOS 7.02 to DR - DOS 7.03 . Caldera , Inc. 1998 - 12 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Paul , Matthias ; Frinke , Axel C. ( 2006 - 01 - 16 ) , FreeKEYB - Advanced international DOS keyboard and console driver ( User Manual ) ( v7 preliminary ed . ) Jump up ^ Paul , Matthias ( 1997 - 05 - 24 ) ( 1991 ) . DRDOSTIP. TXT -- Tips und Tricks für DR DOS 3.41 - 5.0 . MPDOSTIP ( in German ) ( 47 ed . ) . Archived from the original on 2016 - 11 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Paul , Matthias ( 2002 - 01 - 09 ) . `` SID86 '' . comp. os. cpm . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 08 . ( ... ) Since the DR - DOS 7.03 DEBUG is still based on the old SID86. EXE , I suggest to run DEBUG 1.51 and enter the extended help system with ? ? from the debug prompt . This will give you eight screens full of syntax and feature help . Some of these features were also supported by older issues . ( ... ) Jump up ^ CCI Multiuser DOS 7.22 GOLD Online Documentation . Concurrent Controls , Inc . ( CCI ) . 1997 - 02 - 10 . HELP. HLP . ( NB . The symbolic instruction debugger SID86 provides a short help screen on ? and comprehensive help on ? ? . ) ^ Jump up to : Paul , Matthias ( 1997 - 07 - 30 ) . NWDOS - TIPs -- Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7 , mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details , Bugs und Workarounds . MPDOSTIP ( e-book ) ( in German ) ( edition 3 , release 157 ed . ) . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 06 . NWDOSTIP. TXT is a comprehensive work on Novell DOS 7 and OpenDOS 7.01 , including the description of many undocumented features and internals . It is part of the author 's yet larger MPDOSTIP. ZIP collection maintained up to 2001 and distributed on many sites at the time . The provided link points to a HTML - converted older version of the NWDOSTIP. TXT file . Jump up ^ Conventions for describing commands on Unix - like operating systems : `` The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 7 , Chapter 12.1 Utility Argument Syntax '' . The Open Group . 2008 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 07 . man - pages ( 7 ) -- Linux Conventions and Miscellany Manual Jump up ^ Kernighan , Brian Wilson ; Pike , Robert C. ( 1984 ) . The UNIX Programming Environment . Englewood Cliffs : Prentice - Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 937699 - 2 . Jump up ^ Pouzin , Louis . `` The Origin of the Shell '' . Multicians.org . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Remembering Windows 95 's launch 15 years later '' . Jump up ^ `` A history of Windows '' . windows.microsoft.com . Archived from the original on 2015 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Windows POSIX shell compatibility '' . Jump up ^ `` master - platform / external / mksh - Git at Google '' . android.googlesource.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Android adb shell - ash or ksh ? '' . stackoverflow.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Android sh source '' . Jump up ^ `` Android toolbox source '' . Jump up ^ `` Cisco IOS Configuration Fundamentals Configuration Guide , Release 12.2 '' . Cisco . 2013 - 10 - 30 . Using the Command - Line Interface . The Cisco IOS command - line interface ( CLI ) is the primary user interface ... Jump up ^ `` Command - Line Interface Overview '' . www.juniper.net . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Google strange goodness '' . External links ( edit ) The Roots of DOS David Hunter , Softalk for the IBM Personal Computer March 1983 . Archived at Patersontech.com since 2000 . Command - Line Reference : Microsoft TechNet Database `` Command - Line Reference '' Operating systems General Advocacy Comparison Forensic engineering History Hobbyist development List Timeline Usage share Kernel Architectures Exokernel Hybrid Microkernel Monolithic Rump kernel Unikernel Components Device driver Loadable kernel module Microkernel User space Process management Concepts Context switch Interrupt IPC Process Process control block Real - time Thread Time - sharing Scheduling algorithms Computer multitasking Fixed - priority preemptive Multilevel feedback queue Preemptive Round - robin Shortest job next Memory management and resource protection Bus error General protection fault Memory protection Paging Protection ring Segmentation fault Virtual memory Storage access and file systems Boot loader Defragmentation Device file File attribute Inode Journal Partition Virtual file system Virtual tape library List AmigaOS Android BeOS BSD Chrome OS CP / M DOS Genode GNU Haiku illumos IncludeOS iOS Linux Macintosh Classic Mac OS macOS MINIX MorphOS MUSIC / SP Nemesis NeXTSTEP NOS OpenVMS ORVYL OS / 2 OSv Pick QNX ReactOS RISC OS RSTS / E RSX - 11 RT - 11 Solaris TOPS - 10 / TOPS - 20 TPF Unix Visi On VM / CMS VS / 9 webOS Windows Xinu z / OS Miscellaneous concepts API Computer network HAL Live CD Live USB OS shell CLI GUI TUI VUI ZUI PXE Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Command-line_interface&oldid=854238370 '' Categories : Computing commands History of human -- computer interaction Software architecture User interface techniques User interfaces Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use dmy dates from August 2012 Articles needing additional references from April 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from July 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2012 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2013 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from September 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 吴语 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 22 : 09 ( UTC ) . 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where did the idea of walmart come from

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=History_of_Walmart&oldid=806130864

History of Walmart - wikipedia History of Walmart Jump to : navigation , search Sam Walton 's original Walton 's Five and Dime , now the Walmart Visitor 's Center in Bentonville , Arkansas . This article covers the history of Walmart , the large international discount retail chain . In 1950 , Sam Walton purchased a store from Luther E. Harrison in Bentonville , Arkansas , and opened Walton 's 5 & 10 . Thus , the Ozark Mountain town of 2,900 residents would become the headquarters for the world 's largest retailer . Contents ( hide ) 1 1960s and 1970s 2 1980s and 1990s 3 21st century 3.1 New ventures 3.2 Legal trouble 3.3 Countries of operation 4 See also 5 References 1960s and 1970s ( edit ) Logo used from 1962 to 1964 At some point Sam Walton made the decision to achieve higher sales volumes by keeping sales prices lower than his competitors by reducing his profit margin . Inspired by the successes of other discount department store chains , Walton opened the second store in Harrison , Arkansas that year . Responsible for the purchase and maintenance of signage , Walton 's assistant , Bob Bogle , came up with the name `` Wal - Mart '' for the new chain . By 1967 , the company grew to 24 stores across the state of Arkansas , and had reached $ 12.6 million in sales , and by 1968 , the company opened its first stores outside of Arkansas in Sikeston , Missouri and Claremore , Oklahoma . The company 's first stock split occurred in May 1972 at a market price of $47 . By this time , Walmart was operating in five states : Arkansas , Kansas , Louisiana , Missouri and Oklahoma , and expanded into Tennessee in 1973 , and Kentucky and Mississippi in 1974 . As the company expanded into Texas in 1975 , there were 125 stores with 7,500 associates , and total sales of $340.3 million . Logo used from 1964 to 1981 By 1977 , Wal - Mart expanded into Illinois and made its first corporate acquisition , assuming ownership and operation of the Mohr - Value stores , which operated in Missouri and Illinois . This was followed by the acquisition of the Hutcheson Shoe Company in 1978 . In the same year Walmart also branched out into several new markets , launching its pharmacy , auto service center , and jewelry divisions . 1980s and 1990s ( edit ) Logo used from 1981 -- 1992 In 1981 , Wal - Mart expanded into the southeastern US market , opening stores in Georgia and South Carolina , and acquiring 92 Kuhn 's Big K stores . They expanded into Florida and Nebraska in 1982 . In April 1983 , the company opened its first Sam 's Club store , a membership - based discount warehouse club , in Midwest City , Oklahoma . They also expanded into Indiana , Iowa , New Mexico , and North Carolina and implemented `` people greeters '' in all of their stores . The first stores opened in Virginia in 1984 . In 1985 , with 882 stores with sales of $8.4 billion and 104,000 associates , the company expanded into Wisconsin and Colorado , and the first stores opened in Minnesota in 1986 . A Wal - Mart store in the 1980s . By the company 's 25th anniversary in 1987 , there were offices to track inventory , sales , and send instant communication to their stores . Continuing their technological upgrades , they had equipped 90 % of their stores with barcode readers by 1988 , to further assist in keeping track of their large inventory . In February 1988 , company founder Sam Walton stepped down as Chief Executive Officer , and David Glass was named to succeed him . Walton remained on as Chairman of the Corporate Board of Directors , and the company also restructured their senior management positions , elevating a cadre of executives to positions of greater responsibility . Also in 1988 , the first Wal - Mart Supercenter was opened in Washington , Missouri . The supercenter concept features everything contained in an average Walmart discount store , in addition to a tire and oil change shop , optical center , one - hour photo processing lab , portrait studio , and numerous alcove shops such as banks , cellular telephone stores , hair and nail salons , video rental stores , and fast food outlets . By 1988 , Wal - Mart was the most profitable retailer in the United States , though it did not outsell K - Mart and Sears in terms of value of items purchased until late 1990 or early 1991 . By 1988 , Walmart was operating in 27 states , having expanded into Arizona , Michigan , Ohio , West Virginia , New Jersey , and Wyoming . By 1990 , they expanded into California ( which marked Walmart officially becoming a fully nationwide retailer ) , Nevada , North Dakota , Pennsylvania , South Dakota , and Utah . The Walmart Visitor 's Center also opened this year on the site of Sam Walton 's original store . The 1990s saw an era of furious growth on an unprecedented scale and the incorporation of several new ideas and technology into the business . In 1990 , US sales had quadrupled to $32 billion over the previous five years ( 4 ) and Walmart acquired The McLane Company , a food service distributor , which was later sold to Berkshire Hathaway in 2003 . In 1991 , the company expanded into Connecticut , Delaware , Maine , Maryland , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , and New York . Walmart expanded worldwide this year , with the opening of their first store outside the United States in Mexico City . They also acquired Western Merchandisers , Inc. of Amarillo , Texas . 1991 also saw the launch of the Sam 's American Choice brand of products . Logo used from 1992 -- 2008 On March 17 , 1992 US President George H.W. Bush presented Sam Walton with the Presidential Medal of Freedom . Walton died on April 5 , 1992 . His eldest son , S. Robson Walton , succeeded him as Chairman of the corporate board of directors , on April 7 , 1992 . This year , Walmart had a presence in 45 states which by this time expanded into Idaho , Montana , and Oregon , as well as Puerto Rico . In 1993 , the Walmart International Division was formed with Bobby Martin as its president . The company also expanded into Alaska , Hawaii , Rhode Island and Washington . Their stores also achieve the billion - dollar sales mark in one week in December 1993 . In 1994 , the National Advertising Review Board challenged the Walmart slogan , `` Always the low price . Always , '' contending that it implied that Walmart 's prices were always the lowest and could mislead some shoppers . In response , Walmart adopted a new slogan , `` Always low prices . Always . '' Also in 1994 , the Code Adam program was instituted in Walmart stores . That same year , Walmart acquired 91 PACE Membership Warehouse clubs from Kmart and 122 Woolco stores in Canada in 1994 . In addition , it opened 3 value clubs in Hong Kong , and had 96 stores in Mexico . By 1995 , Walmart had 1,995 discount stores , 239 Supercenters , 433 SAM 'S CLUBS and 276 international stores with sales at $93.6 billion ( including US sales of $78 billion ) and 675,000 associates . Walmart expanded into its final state ( Vermont ) , and also expanded into South America , with three new units in Argentina and five in Brazil . The company entered the Chinese market in 1996 through a joint - venture agreement . IN 1996 WalMart opened in Fairbanks Alaska , soon after the Sam 's Club of Fairbanks opened . In 1997 , Walmart replaced Woolworth on the Dow Jones Industrial Average . The company had its first $100 billion sales year , with sales totaling $118.1 billion . Also this year , they acquired 21 Wertkauf stores in Germany , and introduced their OneSource nutrition centers . In 1998 , Walmart introduced the Neighborhood Market concept at three stores in Arkansas . Neighborhood Market stores are predominantly grocery stores , and are intended to attract customers with easier parking , less crowded aisles , and quicker checkout compared to an average grocery store . Internationally Walmart enters South Korea by acquiring 4 stores operated by Korea Makro . Also in 1998 , Walmart launched its Wal - Mart Television Network , a vast , in - store advertising network showing commercials for products sold in the stores , concert clips and music videos for a recording artist 's media , trailers for upcoming movie releases , and news . The Asda chain in the United Kingdom became a subsidiary in 1999 , and is the second largest chain in the UK after Tesco . 21st century ( edit ) New and old Walmart logos outside store in Newburgh , NY , 2012 In 2000 , Lee Scott was named president and CEO and US sales had doubled to $156 billion since 1995 . That same year , Walmart was ranked fifth by Fortune magazine on its Global Most Admired All - Stars list and in 2003 and 2004 , it was named as the most admired company in America . In 2002 , Walmart entered the Japanese market by acquiring a minor stake in Seiyu Group , who would become a wholly owned subsidiary of Walmart by 2008 . In 2005 , Walmart had $312.4 billion in sales , more than 6,200 facilities around the world , including 3,800 stores in the United States and 3,800 international units , and more than 1.6 million associates employed worldwide . Their US presence had grown so rapidly that there were only small pockets of the country that remained further than 60 miles away from the nearest Walmart . Approximately 138 million customers visited Walmart stores each week all over the world . Their corporate philanthropy efforts also assisted the US hurricane relief efforts with $18 million in cash donations . Through a purchase of stock in Central American Retail Holding Company ( CARHCO ) , Walmart also entered the countries of Guatemala , El Salvador , Honduras , Nicaragua , and Costa Rica . On 22 May 2006 , Walmart announced the sale of its 16 stores in South Korea to Shinsegae Co , which rebranded the stores to E-Mart . Then on 26 July 2006 Walmart announced a complete pull - out from the German market ; all existing 85 stores were sold to the Metro Group , which rebranded most of them to Real ( hypermarket ) . On September 12 , 2007 , for the first time in 13 years , Walmart introduced new advertising with the slogan , `` Save Money Live Better , '' instead of `` Always Low Prices , Always . '' It commissioned Global Insight for the ads and the report stated that as of 2006 , the retailer saves American families $2,500 yearly ( up 7.3 % from $2,329 , 2004 ) . The new research found that the reduction in price levels due to Walmart resulted to savings for consumers of $287 billion in 2006 , equivalent to $957 per person and $2,500 per household . Logo designed in 2008 On June 30 , 2008 , Walmart unveiled the company 's new logo , which stylized the name as `` Walmart '' . A spark , a symbol chosen to represent Walmart associates , replaces the star . In early 2009 , Walmart entered Chile by acquiring Distribucion y Servicio D&S SA . In May 2009 Walmart entered into a 50 / 50 partnership with Bharti to gain access to the Indian market . On February 22 , 2010 , the company confirmed it was acquiring the video streaming company Vudu , Inc. for an estimated $100 million . In June 2011 , Walmart acquired 51 % of Massmart Holdings . This acquisition gives the company access to the African countries of : South Africa , Botswana , Ghana , Lesotho , Malawi , Mauritius , Mozambique , Namibia , Nigeria , Swaziland , Tanzania , Uganda and Zambia . The Massmart acquisition received final governmental approval in early 2012 . The single store Mauritius was closed in January 2012 . In June 2014 , Walmart employees went on strike in several major cities in the United States . New ventures ( edit ) In late 2005 , Walmart designed two experimental stores , one in McKinney , Texas and the other in Aurora , Colorado , which featured wind turbines , photovoltaic solar panels , biofuel - capable boilers , water - cooled refrigerators , and xeriscape gardens . In March 2006 , Walmart sought to appeal to a more affluent demographic , with the opening of a new supercenter in Plano , Texas at the corner of Park Blvd. and the Dallas North Tollway which was intended to compete against stores that some viewed as more upscale and appealing . The new store features wooden floors , wider aisles , a sushi bar , a coffee / sandwich shop ( with free Wi - Fi Internet access ) , a Subway , and higher - end items such as microbrew beer , expensive wines , and high - end electronics . The exterior sports the less - common hunter green background behind the Walmart letters instead of the trademark blue . In response to the popularity of organic food supermarkets , such as Whole Foods and Wild Oats , Walmart announced plans in May 2006 , to increase the amount of organic food available in its stores . They announced that both conventionally grown and organic versions of certain products would be available , and the price of organic versions would not be more than 10 % over the price of conventionally grown products . Since Walmart is one of the nation 's largest grocery retailers , there was some concern expressed that their push to lower prices would not be sustainable for inexpensive organic food . Legal trouble ( edit ) Over the last decade or so Walmart has become involved in numerous lawsuits for a variety of reasons . The majority of the suits are class action lawsuits in which employees are suing for unpaid wages . They have also run into numerous discrimination cases in which employees are suing for being profiled out of money or out of jobs . For example , there were two separate cases , one in 2004 and one in 2005 , in which black employees were suing two different Walmarts for denying them jobs based on race . These became so popular that the reverend Jesse Jackson intervened and spoke during both of the proceedings . There are also many lawsuits in which women are suing Wal - Mart for discriminating against them . In one article written in 2004 USA today mentioned 32 different lawsuits that involved women suing Walmart . But still Walmart has prevailed . All of this has not had any effects on Walmart financially however , according to Fortune 500 , Walmart still had $351 billion in revenue ( $11 billion in profit ) in 2007 , a new high for the corporation . On December 3 , 2008 , the family of Walmart service worker Jdimytai Damour , who was killed by a stampede of shoppers frantically entering a Walmart store in Valley Stream , New York on Black Friday ( November 28 ) , filed a wrongful death lawsuit against the corporation ; Damour 's family alleged Walmart of encouraging a mass number of customers to come to the store simultaneously . In addition , the Occupational Safety and Health Administration cited Walmart for `` ... inadequate crowd management following the Nov. 28 , 2008 , death of an employee at its Valley Stream , New York , store . The worker died of asphyxiation after being knocked to the ground and trampled by a crowd of about 2,000 shoppers who surged into the store for its annual ' Blitz Friday ' pre-holiday sales event . '' The company went on to spend an estimated $2 million in legal fees fighting OSHA 's $7,000 fine , because it apparently wished to prevent OSHA from establishing a precedent that would enable OSHA to influence Walmart 's crowd control measures in the future . Countries of operation ( edit ) As of October 2009 , Walmart stores operate in Argentina , Brazil , Canada , Chile , China , Costa Rica , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , India , Japan , Mexico , Nicaragua , Puerto Rico , the United Kingdom , and the United States . See also ( edit ) Book : Walmart Criticism of Walmart List of Walmart brands List of assets owned by Walmart References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Vance H. Trimble , Sam Walton : The Inside Story of America 's Richest Man , pp. 46 - 64 ( Dutton , 1990 ) Jump up ^ Trimble , p102 Jump up ^ `` The Wal - Mart Timeline d on July 24 , 2006 . Archived July 19 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Carp Store purchased '' . Walmart Stores near `` prairie grove '' . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Ranade , Sudhanshu . `` Satellite adds speed to Wal - Mart '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Longo , Donald . `` Wal - Mart hands CEO crown to Glass - David Glass . '' Discount Store News ( available via FindArticles ) . February 15 , 1988 . Retrieved on July 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Hayes , Thomas C. ( February 28 , 1990 ) . `` COMPANY NEWS ; Wal - Mart Net Jumps By 31.8 % '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Staff Writer . `` Wal - Mart Agrees To Buy McLane . '' New York Times . October 2 , 1990 . Retrieved on July 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Wal - Mart SEC Form 10 - Q . '' United States Securities and Exchange Commission . April 30 , 2003 . Retrieved on July 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Stuart ( May 26 , 1994 ) . `` Wal - Mart to Change Its ' Always ' Slogan '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Zook , Matthew ; Graham , Mark ( 2006 ) . `` Wal - Mart Nation : Mapping the Reach of a Retail Colossus '' . In Brunn , Stanley D. Wal - Mart World : The World 's Biggest Corporation in the Global Economy . Routledge . pp. 15 -- 25 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 95137 - 2 . ( 1 ) Courtesy link to illustration from Matthew Zook 's website Jump up ^ Bustillo , Miguel ( 2010 - 02 - 23 ) . `` Wal - Mart Re-Enters Digital Downloading of Movies With Purchase of Vudu - Wall Street Journal - February 22 , 2010 '' . Online.wsj.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Patrick ( 2014 - 06 - 04 ) . `` Wal - Mart workers strike in major cities '' . CNN Money . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Berner , Robert . `` Can Wal - Mart Wear a White Hat ? Archived May 3 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . '' BusinessWeek . September 22 , 2005 . Retrieved on July 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Koenig , David . `` Wal - Mart Targeting Upscale Shoppers . '' ABC News . March 22 , 2006 . Retrieved on July 25 , 2006 . Archived April 23 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Warner , Melanie . `` Wal - Mart Eyes Organic Foods . '' New York Times . May 12 , 2006 . Retrieved on July 25 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Pollan , Michael . `` Mass Natural . '' New York Times . June 4 , 2006 . Retrieved on July 25 , 2006 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived December 27 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The New York Times 7 / 14 / 05 Jump up ^ Armour , Stephanie ( June 25 , 2004 ) . `` Women : Wal - Mart knew of bias '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FORTUNE 500 2007 : Wal - Mart Stores '' . CNN . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McFadden , Robert D. ; Macropoulos , Angela ( November 29 , 2008 ) . `` Wal - Mart Employee Trampled to Death '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ Eltman , Frank ( 2008 - 12 - 03 ) . `` Family of NY Man Trampled by Shoppers Sue Wal - Mart '' . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Year After NY Stampede , Black Friday Gets Makeover '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Labor Department 's OSHA cites Wal - Mart Stores Inc. following crushing death of worker at Long Island , N.Y. , store '' . OSHA . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ Steven Greenhouse , `` Wal - Mart Fighting $7,000 Fine in Trampling Case , '' New York Times , 7 July 2010 , B1 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived January 7 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . ( hide ) Walmart Walton family 1st generation Sam Walton Helen Walton James `` Bud '' Walton 2nd generation S. Robson Walton John T. Walton Christy Walton Jim Walton Alice Walton Ann Walton Kroenke Nancy Walton Laurie 3rd generation Lukas Walton Whitney Ann Kroenke Josh Kroenke Elizabeth Paige Laurie Chairmen Sam Walton S. Robson Walton Greg Penner President / CEO Sam Walton David Glass Lee Scott Mike Duke Doug McMillon Current assets United States @ WalmartLabs Amigo Supermarkets Sam 's Club Vudu Walmart Discount Stores Walmart Neighborhood Market Walmart Supercenter Jet.com Bonobos Hayneedle ModCloth Moosejaw ShoeBuy International Asda Asda Mobile Bompreço Massmart Seiyu Walmart Canada Walmart Chile Líder Walmart de México y Centroamérica Bodega Aurrerá Brands List of Walmart brands Sam 's Choice White Stag Great Value Former assets Hypermart USA Marketside Más Club Supermercado de Walmart Walmart Express Yihaodian See also Criticism of Walmart Wal - Mart : The High Cost of Low Price People of Walmart History of Walmart List of assets owned by Walmart Why Wal - Mart Works ; and Why That Drives Some People C-R-A-Z-Y Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Walmart&oldid=806130864 '' Categories : Walmart Economic history of the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 October 2017 , at 22 : 15 . 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where do the ashes come from that they use on ash wednesday

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Ash_Wednesday&oldid=830825344

Ash Wednesday - wikipedia Ash Wednesday Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the day of fasting . For other uses , see Ash Wednesday ( disambiguation ) . Ash Wednesday A cross of ashes / dust on a worshiper 's forehead Observed by Many Western Christians Observances Holy Mass , Service of worship , Divine Service , Divine Liturgy Placing of ashes on the head Date Wednesday in seventh week before Easter 2017 date March 1 2018 date February 14 2019 date March 6 2020 date February 26 Frequency Annual Related to Shrove Tuesday / Mardi Gras Carnival Lent Easter Ash Wednesday is a Christian holy day of prayer , fasting and repentance . It is preceded by Shrove Tuesday and falls on the first day of Lent , the six weeks of penitence before Easter . Ash Wednesday is observed by many Western Christians , including Anglicans , Lutherans , Old Catholics , Methodists , Presbyterians , Roman Catholics , and some Baptists . Ash Wednesday derives its name from the placing of repentance ashes on the foreheads of participants to either the words `` Repent , and believe in the Gospel '' or the dictum `` Remember that you are dust , and to dust you shall return . '' The ashes may be prepared by burning palm leaves from the previous year 's Palm Sunday celebrations . Because it is the first day of Lent , many Christians , on Ash Wednesday , often begin marking a Lenten calendar , praying a Lenten daily devotional , and abstaining from a luxury that they will not partake in until Easter Sunday arrives . Contents ( hide ) 1 Observances 1.1 Fasting and abstinence 1.2 Ashes 1.2. 1 Ashes to Go 1.3 Commination Office 1.4 Low church ceremonies 1.5 Regional customs 2 Biblical significance of ashes 3 Christian use of ashes 4 Lent 5 Dates 6 Observing churches 7 National No Smoking Day 8 Notes 9 References Observances ( edit ) Fasting and abstinence ( edit ) Jesus Tempted in the Wilderness ( Jésus tenté dans le désert ) , James Tissot , Brooklyn Museum Many Christian denominations emphasize fasting , as well as abstinence during the season of Lent and in particular , on its first day , Ash Wednesday . The First Council of Nicæa spoke of Lent as a period of fasting for forty days , in preparation for Eastertide . In many places , Christians historically abstained from food for a whole day until the evening , and at sunset , Western Christians traditionally broke the Lenten fast , which is often known as the Black Fast . In India and Pakistan , many Christians continue this practice of fasting until sunset on Ash Wednesday and Good Friday , with some fasting in this manner throughout the whole season of Lent . In the Roman Catholic Church , Ash Wednesday is observed by fasting , abstinence from meat , and repentance -- a day of contemplating one 's transgressions . On Ash Wednesday and Good Friday , Roman Catholics between the ages of 18 and 59 ( whose health enables them to do so ) are permitted to consume only one full meal , which may be supplemented by two smaller meals , which together should not equal the full meal . Some Catholics will go beyond the minimum obligations demanded by the Church and undertake a complete fast or a bread and water fast until sunset . Ash Wednesday and Good Friday are also days of abstinence from meat ( mammals and fowl ) , as are all Fridays during Lent . Some Roman Catholics continue fasting throughout Lent , as was the Church 's traditional requirement , concluding only after the celebration of the Easter Vigil . Where the Ambrosian Rite is observed , the day of fasting and abstinence is postponed to the first Friday in the Ambrosian Lent , nine days later . Many Lutheran parishes teach communicants to fast on Ash Wednesday , with some people choosing to continue doing so throughout the entire season of Lent , especially on Good Friday . A Handbook for the Discipline of Lent recommends the Lutheran guideline to `` Fast on Ash Wednesday and Good Friday with only one simple meal during the day , usually without meat '' . In the Anglican Communion , the entire forty days of Lent are designated days of fasting and abstinence in the 1662 Book of Common Prayer , with the Traditional Saint Augustine 's Prayer Book : A Book of Devotion for Members of the Anglican Communion defining `` Fasting , usually meaning not more than a light breakfast , one full meal , and one half meal , on the forty days of Lent . '' The same text defines abstinence as refraining from flesh meat on all Fridays of the Church Year , except for those during Christmastide . The historic Methodist homilies regarding the Sermon on the Mount stress the importance of the Lenten fast , which begins on Ash Wednesday . The United Methodist Church therefore states that : There is a strong biblical base for fasting , particularly during the 40 days of Lent leading to the celebration of Easter . Jesus , as part of his spiritual preparation , went into the wilderness and fasted 40 days and 40 nights , according to the Gospels . Rev. Jacqui King , the minister of Nu Faith Community United Methodist Church in Houston explained the philosophy of fasting during Lent as `` I 'm not skipping a meal because in place of that meal I 'm actually dining with God '' . The Reformed Church in America describes Ash Wednesday as a day `` focused on prayer , fasting , and repentance . '' The liturgy for Ash Wednesday thus contains the following `` Invitation to Observe a Lenten Discipline '' read by the presider : We begin this holy season by acknowledging our need for repentance and our need for the love and forgiveness shown to us in Jesus Christ . I invite you , therefore , in the name of Christ , to observe a Holy Lent , by self - examination and penitence , by prayer and fasting , by practicing works of love , and by reading and reflecting on God 's Holy Word . Many of the Churches in the Reformed tradition retained the Lenten fast in its entirety , although it was made voluntary , rather than obligatory . Ashes ( edit ) A priest marks a cross of ashes on a worshipper 's forehead , the prevailing form in English - speaking countries . Ashes are ceremonially placed on the heads of Christians on Ash Wednesday , either by being sprinkled over their heads or , in English - speaking countries , more often by being marked on their foreheads as a visible cross . The words ( based on Genesis 3 : 19 ) used traditionally to accompany this gesture are , `` Memento , homo , quia pulvis es , et in pulverem reverteris . '' ( `` Remember , man , that thou art dust , and to dust thou shalt return . '' ) This custom is credited to Pope Gregory I the Great ( c. 540 -- 604 ) . In the 1969 revision of the Roman Rite , an alternative formula ( based on Mark 1 : 15 ) was introduced and given first place `` Repent , and believe in the Gospel '' and the older formula was translated as `` Remember that you are dust , and to dust you shall return . '' The old formula , based on the words spoken to Adam and Eve after their sin , reminds worshippers of their sinfulness and mortality and thus , implicitly , of their need to repent in time . The newer formula makes explicit what was only implicit in the old . Various manners of placing the ashes on worshippers ' heads are in use within the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church , the two most common being to use the ashes to make a cross on the forehead and sprinkling the ashes over the crown of the head . Originally , the ashes were strewn over men 's heads , but , probably because women had their heads covered in church , were placed on the foreheads of women . In the Catholic Church the manner of imposing ashes depends largely on local custom , since no fixed rule has been laid down . Although the account of Ælfric of Eynsham shows that in about the year 1000 the ashes were `` strewn '' on the head , the marking of the forehead is the method that now prevails in English - speaking countries and is the only one envisaged in the Occasional Offices of the Anglican Church of Papua New Guinea , a publication described as `` noticeably Anglo - Catholic in character '' . In its ritual of `` Blessing of Ashes '' , this states that `` the ashes are blessed at the beginning of the Eucharist ; and after they have been blessed they are placed on the forehead of the clergy and people . '' The Ash Wednesday ritual of the Church of England , Mother Church of the Anglican Communion , contains `` The Imposition of Ashes '' in its Ash Wednesday liturgy . On Ash Wednesday , the Pope , the Bishop of Rome , traditionally takes part in a penitential procession from the Church of Saint Anselm to the Basilica of Santa Sabina , where , in accordance with the custom in Italy and many other countries , ashes are sprinkled on his head , not smudged on his forehead , and he places ashes on the heads of others in the same way . A woman receives a cross of ashes on Ash Wednesday outside an Episcopal church The Anglican ritual , used in Papua New Guinea states that , after the blessing of the ashes , `` the priest marks his own forehead and then the foreheads of the servers and congregation who come and kneel , or stand , where they normally receive the Blessed Sacrament . '' The corresponding Catholic ritual in the Roman Missal for celebration within Mass merely states : `` Then the Priest places ashes on the head of those present who come to him , and says to each one ... '' Pre-1970 editions had much more elaborate instructions about the order in which the participants were to receive the ashes , but again without any indication of the form of placing the ashes on the head . The 1969 revision of the Roman Rite inserted into the Mass the solemn ceremony of blessing ashes and placing them on heads , but also explicitly envisaged a similar solemn ceremony outside of Mass . The Book of Blessings contains a simple rite . While the solemn rite would normally be carried out within a church building , the simple rite could appropriately be used almost anywhere . While only a priest or deacon may bless the ashes , laypeople may do the placing of the ashes on a person 's head . Even in the solemn rite , lay men or women may assist the priest in distributing the ashes . In addition , laypeople take blessed ashes left over after the collective ceremony and place them on the head of the sick or of others who are unable to attend the blessing . ( In 2014 , Anglican Liverpool Cathedral likewise offered to impose ashes within the church without a solemn ceremony . ) In addition , those who attend such Catholic services , whether in a church or elsewhere , traditionally take blessed ashes home with them to place on the heads of other members of the family , and it is recommended to have envelopes available to facilitate this practice . At home the ashes are then placed with little or no ceremony . Unlike its discipline regarding sacraments , the Catholic Church does not exclude from receiving sacramentals , such as the placing of ashes on the head , those who are not Catholics and perhaps not even baptized . Even those who have been excommunicated and are therefore forbidden to celebrate sacramentals are not forbidden to receive them . After describing the blessing , the rite of Blessing and Distribution of Ashes ( within Mass ) states : `` Then the Priest places ashes on the heads of all those present who come to him . '' The Catholic Church does not limit distribution of blessed ashes to within church buildings and has suggested the holding of celebrations in shopping centres , nursing homes , and factories . Such celebrations presume preparation of an appropriate area and include readings from Scripture ( at least one ) and prayers , and are somewhat shorter if the ashes are already blessed . The Catholic Church and the Methodist Church say that the ashes should be those of palm branches blessed at the previous year 's Palm Sunday service , while a Church of England publication says they `` may be made '' from the burnt palm crosses of the previous year . These sources do not speak of adding anything to the ashes other than , for the Catholic liturgy , a sprinkling with holy water when blessing them . An Anglican website speaks of mixing the ashes with a small amount of holy water or olive oil as a fixative . Where ashes are placed on the head by smudging the forehead with a sign of the cross , many Christians choose to keep the mark visible throughout the day . The churches have not imposed this as an obligatory rule , and the ashes may even be wiped off immediately after receiving them ; but some Christian leaders , such as Lutheran pastor Richard P. Bucher and Catholic bishop Kieran Conry , recommend it as a public profession of faith . Morgan Guyton , a Methodist pastor and leader in the Red - Letter Christian movement , encourages Christians to wear their ashed cross throughout the day as an exercise of religious freedom . Ashes to Go ( edit ) Two Anglican priests distribute ashes to passerby in the American city of Boca Raton as part of the Ashes to Go movement Since 2007 , some members of major Christian Churches , including Anglicans , Catholics , Lutherans , and Methodists , have participated in the Ashes to Go program , in which clergy go outside of their churches to public places , such as downtowns , sidewalks and train stations , to distribute ashes to passersby , even to people waiting in their cars for a stoplight to change . The Anglican priest Emily Mellott of Calvary Church in Lombard took up the idea and turned it into a movement , stated that the practice was also an act of evangelism . Anglicans and Catholics in parts of the United Kingdom such as Sunderland , are offering Ashes to Go together : Marc Lyden - Smith , the priest of Saint Mary 's Church , stated that the ecumenical effort is a `` tremendous witness in our city , with Catholics and Anglicans working together to start the season of Lent , perhaps reminding those who have fallen away from the Church , or have never been before , that the Christian faith is alive and active in Sunderland . '' The Catholic Student Association of Kent State University , based at the University Parish Newman Center , offered ashes to university students who were going through the Student Center of that institution in 2012 , and Douglas Clark of St. Matthew 's Roman Catholic Church in Statesboro , among others , have participated in Ashes to Go . On Ash Wednesday 2017 , Father Paddy Mooney , the priest of St Patrick 's Roman Catholic Church in the Irish town of Glenamaddy , set up an Ashes to Go station through which commuters could drive and receive ashes from their car ; the parish church also had `` drive - through prayers during Lent with people submitting requests into a box left in the church grounds without having to leave their car '' . Reverend Trey Hall , pastor of Urban Village United Methodist Church , stated that when his local church offered ashes in Chicago `` nearly 300 people received ashes -- including two people who were waiting in their car for a stoplight to change . '' In 2013 , churches not only in the United States , but also at least one church each in the United Kingdom , Canada and South Africa , participated in Ashes to Go . Outside of their church building , Saint Stephen Martyr Lutheran Church in Canton offered Ashes to Go for `` believers whose schedules make it difficult to attend a traditional service '' in 2016 . In the United States itself 34 states and the District of Columbia had at least one church taking part . Most of these churches ( parishes ) were Episcopal , but there were also several Methodist churches , as well as Presbyterian and Catholic churches . Commination Office ( edit ) The chancel of Palmer Memorial Episcopal Church on Ash Wednesday 2015 ( the veiled altar cross and purple paraments are customary during Lent ) Robin Knowles Wallace states that the traditional Ash Wednesday church service includes Psalm 51 ( the Miserere ) , prayers of confession and the sign of ashes . No single one of the traditional services contains all of these elements . The Anglican church 's traditional Ash Wednesday service , titled A Commination , contains the first two elements , but not the third . On the other hand , the Catholic Church 's traditional service has the blessing and distribution of ashes but , while prayers of confession and recitation of Psalm 51 ( the first psalm at Lauds on all penitential days , including Ash Wednesday ) are a part of its general traditional Ash Wednesday liturgy , they are not associated specifically with the rite of blessing the ashes . The rite of blessing has acquired an untraditional weak association with that particular psalm only since 1970 , when it was inserted into the celebration of Mass , at which a few verses of Psalm 51 are used as a responsorial psalm . Coincidentally , it was only about the same time that in some areas Anglicanism resumed the rite of ashes . In the mid-16th century , the first Book of Common Prayer removed the ceremony of the ashes from the liturgy of the Church of England and replaced it with what would later be called the Commination Office . In that 1549 edition , the rite was headed : `` The First Day of Lent : Commonly Called Ash - Wednesday '' . The ashes ceremony was not forbidden , but was not included in the church 's official liturgy . Its place was taken by reading biblical curses of God against sinners , to each of which the people were directed to respond with Amen . The text of the `` Commination or Denouncing of God 's Anger and Judgments against Sinners '' begins : `` In the primitive Church there was a godly discipline , that , at the beginning of Lent , such persons as stood convicted of notorious sin were put to open penance , and punished in this world , that their souls might be saved in the day of the Lord ; and that others , admonished by their example , might be the more afraid to offend . Instead whereof , until the said discipline may be restored again , ( which is much to be wished , ) it is thought good that at this time ( in the presence of you all ) should be read the general sentences of God 's cursing against impenitent sinners '' . In line with this , Joseph Hooper Maude wrote that the establishment of The Commination was due to a desire of the reformers `` to restore the primitive practice of public penance in church '' . He further stated that `` the sentences of the greater excommunication '' within The Commination corresponded to those used in the ancient Church . The Anglican Church 's Ash Wednesday liturgy , he wrote , also traditionally included the Miserere , which , along with `` what follows '' in the rest of the service ( lesser Litany , Lord 's Prayer , three prayers for pardon and final blessing ) , `` was taken from the Sarum services for Ash Wednesday '' . From the Sarum Rite practice in England the service took Psalm 51 and some prayers that in the Sarum Missal accompanied the blessing and distribution of ashes . In the Sarum Rite , the Miserere psalm was one of the seven penitential psalms that were recited at the beginning of the ceremony . In the 20th century , the Episcopal Church introduced three prayers from the Sarum Rite and omitted the Commination Office from its liturgy . Low Church Ceremonies ( edit ) In some of the low church traditions , other practices are sometimes added or substituted , as other ways of symbolizing the confession and penitence of the day . For example , in one common variation , small cards are distributed to the congregation on which people are invited to write a sin they wish to confess . These small cards are brought forth to the altar table where they are burned . Regional customs ( edit ) In Victorian era , theatres refrained from presenting costumed shows on Ash Wednesday , so they provided other entertainment , as mandated by the Church of England ( Anglican Church ) . Also , `` in Iceland , on Ash Wednesday children pin small bags of ashes on the back of some unsuspecting person '' . Biblical significance of ashes ( edit ) Ashes were used in ancient times to express grief . When Tamar was raped by her half - brother , `` she sprinkled ashes on her head , tore her robe , and with her face buried in her hands went away crying '' ( 2 Samuel 13 : 19 ) . The gesture was also used to express sorrow for sins and faults . In Job 42 : 3 -- 6 , Job says to God : `` I have heard of thee by the hearing of the ear : but now mine eye seeth thee . Wherefore I abhor myself , and repent in dust and ashes . '' The prophet Jeremiah calls for repentance by saying : `` O daughter of my people , gird on sackcloth , roll in the ashes '' ( Jer 6 : 26 ) . The prophet Daniel recounted pleading to God : `` I turned to the Lord God , pleading in earnest prayer , with fasting , sackcloth and ashes '' ( Daniel 9 : 3 ) . Just prior to the New Testament period , the rebels fighting for Jewish independence , the Maccabees , prepared for battle using ashes : `` That day they fasted and wore sackcloth ; they sprinkled ashes on their heads and tore their clothes '' ( 1 Maccabees 3 : 47 ; see also 4 : 39 ) . Examples of the practice among Jews are found in several other books of the Bible , including Numbers 19 : 9 , 19 : 17 , Jonah 3 : 6 , Book of Esther 4 : 1 , and Hebrews 9 : 13 . Jesus is quoted as speaking of the practice in Matthew 11 : 21 and Luke 10 : 13 : `` If the mighty works done in you had been done in Tyre and Sidon , they would have repented long ago ( sitting ) in sackcloth and ashes . '' Christian use of ashes ( edit ) An 1881 Polish painting of a Roman Catholic priest sprinkling ashes on the heads of worshippers , the form prevailing in , for instance , Italy , Spain , and parts of Latin America Christians continued the practice of using ashes as an external sign of repentance . Tertullian ( c. 160 -- c. 225 ) said that confession of sin should be accompanied by lying in sackcloth and ashes . The historian Eusebius ( c. 260 / 265 -- 339 / 340 ) recounts how a repentant apostate covered himself with ashes when begging Pope Zephyrinus to readmit him to communion . John W. Fenton writes that `` by the end of the 10th century , it was customary in Western Europe ( but not yet in Rome ) for all the faithful to receive ashes on the first day of the Lenten fast . In 1091 , this custom was then ordered by Pope Urban II at the council of Benevento to be extended to the church in Rome . Not long after that , the name of the day was referred to in the liturgical books as `` Feria Quarta Cinerum '' ( i.e. , Ash Wednesday ) . '' The public penance that grave sinners underwent before being admitted to Holy Communion just before Easter lasted throughout Lent , on the first day of which they were sprinkled with ashes and dressed in sackcloth . When , towards the end of the first millennium , the discipline of public penance was dropped , the beginning of Lent , seen as a general penitential season , was marked by sprinkling ashes on the heads of all . This practice is found in the Gregorian Sacramentary of the late 8th century . About two centuries later , Ælfric of Eynsham , an Anglo - Saxon abbot , wrote of the rite of strewing ashes on heads at the start of Lent . A Lutheran pastor distributes ashes to a communicant during a Divine Service The article on Ash Wednesday in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica says that , after the Protestant Reformation , the ashes ceremony was not forbidden in the Church of England , a statement that may explain the research by Blair Meeks that the Anglican tradition `` never lapsed in this observance '' . It was even prescribed under King Henry VIII in 1538 and under King Edward VI in 1550 , but it fell out of use in many areas after 1600 . In 1536 , the Ten Articles issued by authority of Henry VIII commended `` the observance of various rites and ceremonies as good and laudable , such as clerical vestments , sprinkling of holy water , bearing of candles on Candlemas - day , giving of ashes on Ash - Wednesday '' . After Henry 's death in January 1547 , Thomas Cranmer , within the same year , `` procured an order from the Council to forbid the carrying of candles on Candlemas - day , and the use of ashes on Ash - Wednesday , and of palms on Palm - Sunday , as superstitious ceremonies '' , an order that was issued only for the ecclesiastical province of Canterbury , of which Cranmer was archbishop . The Church Cyclopædia states that the `` English office had adapted the very old Salisbury service for Ash - Wednesday , prefacing it with an address and a recital of the curses of Mount Ebal , and then with an exhortation uses the older service very nearly as it stood . '' The new Commination Office had no blessing of ashes and therefore , in England as a whole , `` soon after the Reformation , the use of ashes was discontinued as a ' vain show ' and Ash Wednesday then became only a day of marked solemnity , with a memorial of its original character in a reading of the curses denounced against impenitent sinners '' . The Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America , in the 19th century , observed Ash Wednesday : `` as a day of fasting and humiliation , wherein we are publicly to confess our sins , meekly to implore God 's mercy and forgiveness , and humbly to intercede for the continuance of his favour '' . In the 20th century , the Book of Common Prayer provided prayers for the imposition of ashes . An Episcopal priest has an Ashes to Go station for commuters at the Metro - North Railroad in the American state of Connecticut Monte Canfield and Blair Meeks state that after the Protestant Reformation , Anglicans and Lutherans kept the rite of blessing and distributing ashes to the faithful on Ash Wednesday , and that the Protestant denominations that did not keep it encouraged its use `` during and after the ecumenical era that resulted in the Vatican II proclamations '' . Jack Kingsbury and Russell F. Anderson likewise state that the practice was continued among some Anglicans and Lutherans . On the other hand , Edward Traill Horn wrote : `` The ceremony of the distribution of the ashes was not retained by the reformers , whether Lutheran , Anglican or Reformed '' , although these denominations honored Ash Wednesday as the first day of Lent . Frank Senn , a liturgical scholar , has been quoted as saying : `` How and why the use of ashes fell out of Lutheran use is difficult to discern from the sources ... ( C ) hurch orders do n't specifically say not to use ashes ; they simply stopped giving direction for blessing and distributing them and eventually the pastors just stopped doing it . '' As part of the liturgical revival ushered in by the ecumenical movement , the practice was encouraged in Protestant churches , including the Methodist Church . It has also been adopted by Anabaptist and Reformed churches and some less liturgical denominations . The Eastern Orthodox churches generally do not observe Ash Wednesday , although in recent times , the creation of the Antiochian Western Rite Vicariate has led to the observance of Ash Wednesday among Western Orthodox parishes . In this tradition , ashes `` may be distributed outside of the mass or any liturgical service '' although `` commonly the faithful receive their ashes immediately before the Ash Wednesday mass '' . In Orthodoxy , historically , `` serious public sinners in the East also donned sackcloth , including those who made the Great Fast a major theme of their entire lives such as hermits and desert - dwellers . '' Byzantine Catholics , although in the United States use `` the same Gregorian calendar as the Roman Catholic rite '' , do not practice the distribution of ashes as it is `` not part of their ancient tradition '' . In the Ambrosian Rite , ashes are blessed and placed on the heads of the faithful not on the day that elsewhere is called Ash Wednesday , but at the end of Mass on the following Sunday , which in that rite inaugurates Lent , with the fast traditionally beginning on Monday , the first weekday of the Ambrosian Lent . Lent ( edit ) Ash Wednesday by Carl Spitzweg : the end of Carnival Ash Wednesday marks the start of a 40 - day period which is an allusion to the separation of Jesus in the desert to fast and pray . During this time he was tempted . Matthew 4 : 1 -- 11 , Mark 1 : 12 -- 13 , and Luke 4 : 1 -- 13 . While not specifically instituted in the Bible text , the 40 - day period of repentance is also analogous to the 40 days during which Moses repented and fasted in response to the making of the Golden calf. ( Exo. 34 : 27 -- 28 ) ( Jews today follow a 40 - day period of repenting in preparation for and during the High Holy Days from Rosh Chodesh Elul to Yom Kippur . ) Dates ( edit ) Ash Wednesday is exactly 46 days before Easter Sunday , a moveable feast based on the cycles of the moon . The earliest date Ash Wednesday can occur is 4 February ( which is only possible during a common year with Easter on 22 March ) , which happened in 1598 , 1693 , 1761 and 1818 and will next occur in 2285 . The latest date Ash Wednesday can occur is 10 March ( when Easter Day falls on 25 April ) which occurred in 1666 , 1734 , 1886 and 1943 and will next occur in 2038 . Ash Wednesday has never occurred on Leap Year Day ( 29 February ) , and it will not occur as such until 2096 . The only other years of the third millennium that will have Ash Wednesday on 29 February are 2468 , 2688 , 2840 and 2992 . ( Ash Wednesday falls on 29 February only if Easter is on 15 April in a leap year starting on a Sunday . ) Observing churches ( edit ) A Methodist minister distributing ashes to confirmands kneeling at the chancel rails Ash Wednesday in 2016 A Lutheran clergyman distributes ashes during the Holy Mass at Nazareth Evangelical Lutheran Church in Cedar Falls , Iowa on Ash Wednesday ( 2017 ) These Christian Churches are among those that mark Ash Wednesday with a particular liturgy or service . African Methodist Episcopal Church African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church Anglican Communion Church of England Church of North India Church of South India Episcopal Church ( United States ) Anglican Continuum Traditional Anglican Communion Anglican Catholic Church Christian Church ( Disciples of Christ ) Christian Methodist Episcopal Church Some congregations of the Church of the Nazarene Community of Christ Ecclesia Gnostica Evangelical Covenant Church Independent Catholic denominations Liberal Catholic Church Old Catholic Church Lutheran Churches Church of Sweden Some Mennonite congregations Methodist Church in Great Britain Metropolitan Community Churches Moravian Church Reformed churches ( Presbyterian , United Church of Christ , etc . ) Roman Catholic Church United Church of Christ Congregations United Methodist Church Wesleyan Church The Eastern Orthodox Church does not , in general , observe Ash Wednesday ; instead , Orthodox Great Lent begins on Clean Monday . There are , however , a relatively small number of Orthodox Christians who follow the Western Rite ; these do observe Ash Wednesday , although often on a different day from the previously mentioned denominations , as its date is determined from the Orthodox calculation of Pascha , which may be as much as a month later than the Western observance of Easter . National no Smoking day ( edit ) In the Republic of Ireland , Ash Wednesday is National No Smoking Day . The date was chosen because quitting smoking ties in with giving up luxury for Lent . In the United Kingdom No Smoking Day was held for the first time on Ash Wednesday 1984 but is now fixed as the second Wednesday in March . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Not all Catholics observe Ash Wednesday . Eastern Catholic Churches , who do not count Holy Week as part of Lent , begin the penitential season on Clean Monday , the Monday before Ash Wednesday , and Catholics who follow the Ambrosian Rite begin it on the First Sunday in Lent . Ashes are blessed and ceremonially distributed at the start of Lent throughout the Latin Church and in the Maronite Catholic Church and the Syro - Malabar Catholic Church . In the Ambrosian Rite , this is done at the end of the Sunday Mass or on the following day ( see Il Sussidiario , Giorno delle Ceneri : Cos'è il rito delle Ceneri Archived 14 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine . & Sapere , Perché il Carnevale ambrosiano si festeggia in ritardo rispetto al resto d'Italia ? Archived 24 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine . ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Liturgical Calendar '' . Reformed Church in America . 2018 . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Walker , Katie ( 7 March 2011 ) . `` Shrove Tuesday inspires unique church traditions '' . Daily American Reporter . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Koonse , Emma ( 5 March 2014 ) . `` Ash Wednesday Today , Christians Observe First Day of Lent '' . The Christian Post . Archived from the original on 18 March 2014 . Retrieved 19 April 2014 . Although some denominations do not practice the application of ashes to the forehead as a mark of public commitment on Ash Wednesday , those that do include Catholics , Anglicans , Lutherans , Methodists , Presbyterians , and some Baptist followers . Jump up ^ `` The Roman Missal ( Third Typical Edition , Chapel Edition ) '' . Archived from the original on 24 March 2016 . Jump up ^ International Journal of Religious Education , Volume 27 . National Council of the Churches of Christ in the U.S.A. 1950 . p. 33 . Jump up ^ Gassmann , Günther ; Oldenburg , Mark W. ( 10 October 2011 ) . Historical Dictionary of Lutheranism . Scarecrow Press . p. 229 . ISBN 9780810874824 . The Council of Nicea ( 325 ) mentions for the first time Lent as a period of 40 days of fasting in preparation for Easter . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Cléir , Síle de ( 5 October 2017 ) . Popular Catholicism in 20th - Century Ireland : Locality , Identity and Culture . Bloomsbury Publishing . p. 101 . ISBN 9781350020603 . Catherine Bell outlines the details of fasting and abstinence in a historical context , stating that the Advent fast was usually less severe than that carried out in Lent , which originally involved just one meal a day , not to be eaten until after sunset . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Guéranger , Prosper ; Fromage , Lucien ( 1912 ) . The Liturgical Year : Lent . Burns , Oates & Washbourne . p. 8 . St. Benedict 's rule prescribed a great many fasts , over and above the ecclesiastical fast of Lent ; but it made this great distinction between the two : that whilst Lent obliged the monks , as well as the rest of the faithful , to abstain from food till sunset , these monastic fasts allowed the repast to be taken at the hour of None . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Some Christians observe Lenten fast the Islamic way '' . Union of Catholic Asian News . 27 February 2002 . Retrieved 28 February 2018 . Jump up ^ 1983 Code of Canon Law , canon 1251 Jump up ^ 1917 Code of Canon Law , canon 1252 § § 2 -- 3 ^ Jump up to : `` Il Tempo di Quaresima nel rito Ambrosiano '' ( The time of Lent in the Ambrosian rite ) ( PDF ) ( in Italian ) . Parrocchia S. Giovanna Antida Thouret . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Il rito di Imposizione delle ceneri andrebbe celebrato il Lunedì della prima settimana di Quaresima , ma da sempre viene celebrato al termine delle Messe della prima domenica di Quaresima ... I venerdì di Quaresima sono di magro , ed il venerdì che segue la I Domenica di Quaresima è anche di digiuno . Jump up ^ Hatch , Jane M. ( 1978 ) . The American Book of Days . Wilson . p. 163 . ISBN 9780824205935 . Special religious services are held on Ash Wednesday by the Church of England , and in the United States by Episcopal , Lutheran , and some other Protestant churches . The Episcopal Church prescribes no rules concerning fasting on Ash Wednesday , which is carried out according to members ' personal wishes ; however , it recommends a measure of fasting and abstinence as a suitable means of marking the day with proper devotion . Among Lutherans as well , there are no set rules for fasting , although some local congregations may advocate this form of penitence in varying degrees . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Gassmann , Günther ; Oldenburg , Mark W. ( 10 October 2011 ) . Historical Dictionary of Lutheranism . Scarecrow Press . p. 229 . ISBN 9780810874824 . In many Lutheran churches , the Sundays during the Lenten season are called by the first word of their respective Latin Introitus ( with the exception of Palm / Passion Sunday ) : Invocavit , Reminiscere , Oculi , Laetare , and Judica . Many Lutheran church orders of the 16th century retained the observation of the Lenten fast , and Lutherans have observed this season with a serene , earnest attitude . Special days of eucharistic communion were set aside on Maundy Thursday and Good Friday . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Pfatteicher , Philip H. ( 1990 ) . Commentary on the Lutheran Book of Worship : Lutheran Liturgy in Its Ecumenical Context . Augsburg Fortress Publishers . pp. 223 -- 244 , 260 . ISBN 9780800603922 . The Good Friday fast became the principal fast in the calendar , and even after the Reformation in Germany many Lutherans who observed no other fast scrupulously kept Good Friday with strict fasting . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Jacobs , Henry Eyster ; Haas , John Augustus William ( 1899 ) . The Lutheran Cyclopedia . Scribner . p. 110 . By many Lutherans Good Friday is observed as a strict fast . The lessons on Ash Wednesday emphasize the proper idea of the fast . The Sundays in Lent receive their names from the first words of their Introits in the Latin service , Invocavit , Reminiscere , Oculi , Lcetare , Judica . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Weitzel , Thomas L. ( 1978 ) . `` A Handbook for the Discipline of Lent '' ( PDF ) . Evangelical Lutheran Church in America . Retrieved 17 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Colin ( 22 October 2015 ) . Historical Dictionary of Anglicanism . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . p. 256 . ISBN 9781442250161 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Gavitt , Loren Nichols ( 1991 ) . Traditional Saint Augustine 's Prayer Book : A Book of Devotion for Members of the Anglican Communion . Holy Cross Publications . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Abraham , William J. ; Kirby , James E. ( 2009 - 09 - 24 ) . The Oxford Handbook of Methodist Studies . Oxford University Press . pp. 257 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 160743 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` What does The United Methodist Church say about fasting ? '' . The United Methodist Church . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Chavez , Kathrin ( 2010 ) . `` Lent : A Time to Fast and Pray '' . The United Methodist Church . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ash Wednesday '' . Reformed Church in America . 2018 . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh ( 1911 ) . The Encyclopaedia Britannica : A Dictionary of Arts , Sciences , Literature and General Information . Encyclopaedia Britannica . p. 428 . The Lenten fast was retained at the Reformation in some of the reformed Churches , and is still observed in the Anglican and Lutheran communions . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : ZENIT Staff . `` Laypeople Distributing Ashes '' . Archived from the original on 7 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Olsen , Ted ( August 2008 ) . `` The Beginning of Lent '' . Christianity Today . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ The biblical text does not have the words `` remember that '' , nor the vocative noun `` homo '' ( human being ) that is included in the pre-1970 Latin version of the formula . ^ Jump up to : Richard P. Bucher , `` The History and Meaning of Ash Wednesday '' Archived 13 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ McNamara , Edward . `` Ashes and How to Impose Them '' . ZENIT News Agency . Archived from the original on 17 February 2015 . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : The Lives of the Saints : `` We read in the books both in the Old Law and in the New that the men who repented of their sins bestrewed themselves with ashes and clothed their bodies with sackcloth . Now let us do this little at the beginning of our Lent that we strew ashes upon our heads to signify that we ought to repent of our sins during the Lenten fast . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Ash Wednesday Blessing of Ashes '' . Occasional Office . Anglican Church of Papua New Guinea . Archived from the original on 14 February 2018 . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Church of England , Lent Material Archived 29 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine. , p. 230 Jump up ^ `` Ash Wednesday : Pope Francis Celebrates at Santa Sabina '' . Order of preachers . Archived from the original on 13 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Roman Missal , Ash Wednesday Jump up ^ Tridentine Roman Missal , `` Feria IV Cinerum '' ^ Jump up to : `` Responses to frequently asked questions regarding Lenten practices '' . Catholics United for the Faith . Archived from the original on 7 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cathedral offers visitors ' Ashes to Go ' this Ash Wednesday '' . Liverpool Cathedral ( Anglican ) . 27 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Bernd Biege . `` Ash Wednesday in Ireland : End of the Good Times , Start of Lent '' . About.com Travel . Archived from the original on 7 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Website of the ( ( Roman Catholic Diocese of Kildare and Leighlin . ) Archived 7 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Code of Canon Law , canon 1331 § 1 2 ° Archived 29 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Order for the Blessing and Distribution of Ashes Archived 7 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ford , Penny . `` Lent 101 '' . Upper Room Ministries . Archived from the original on 23 February 2007 . On what we now call Palm Sunday , Jesus rode a donkey into Jerusalem while people waved palms and cheered him on . Less than a week later , Jesus was killed . The palms that were waved in joy became ashes of sorrow . We get ashes for Ash Wednesday by saving the palms from Palm Sunday , burning them , and mixing them with a little water ( like tears ) . It 's symbolic . Jump up ^ `` Lent and Easter '' . The Diocese of London . 17 March 2004 . Archived from the original on 24 September 2006 . Ash Wednesday marks the first day of Lent , the period of forty days before Easter . It is so called because of the Church 's tradition of making the sign of the cross on people 's foreheads , as a sign of penitence and of Christian witness . The ash is made by burning palm crosses from the previous year and is usually mixed with a little holy water or oil . Jump up ^ Scott P. Richert . `` Should Catholics Keep Their Ashes on All Ash Wednesday ? '' . About.com Religion & Spirituality . Archived from the original on 12 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Akin , Jimmy . `` 9 things to know and share about Ash Wednesday '' . National Catholic Register . Archived from the original on 11 March 2014 . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . There is no rule about this . It is a matter of personal decision based on the individual 's own inclinations and circumstances . Jump up ^ Bucher , Richard P . `` The History and Meaning of Ash Wednesday '' . Lutheran Church -- Missouri Synod . Archived from the original on 13 April 2014 . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . Many Christians choose to leave the ashes on their forehead for the remainder of the day , not to be showy and boastful ( see Matthew 6 : 16 -- 18 ) . Rather , they do it as a witness that all people are sinners in need of repentance AND that through Jesus all sins are forgiven through faith . Jump up ^ Arco , Anna ( 3 March 2011 ) . `` Do n't rub off your ashes , urges bishop '' . The Catholic Herald . Catholic Herald . Archived from the original on 11 March 2014 . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . Catholics should try not to rub their ashes off after Ash Wednesday Mass , an English bishop has said . Bishop Kieran Conry of Arundel and Brighton , who heads the department of evangelization and catechesis , urged Catholics across Britain to wear `` the outward sign of our inward sorrow for our sins and for our commitment to Jesus as Our Lord and Savior '' . He said : `` The wearing of the ashes provides us with a wonderful opportunity to share with people how important our faith is to us and to point them to the cross of Christ . I invite you where possible to attend a morning or lunchtime Mass . Jump up ^ Guyton , Morgan ( 21 February 2012 ) . `` Like Religious Freedom ? Wear Ashes on Wednesday ! '' . Red Letter Christians . Archived from the original on 12 February 2015 . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . I strongly believe that wearing ashes on our foreheads on Ash Wednesday is the best way to 1 ) assert our religious freedom as citizens and 2 ) remember that our call as Christians is to be witnesses first and foremost . ^ Jump up to : `` Catholics and Anglicans to distribute ashes to shoppers in Sunderland city centre '' . The Catholic Herald . 4 February 2016 . Archived from the original on 5 February 2016 . Retrieved 5 February 2016 . On Wednesday St Mary 's Catholic church and Sunderland Minster , an Anglican church , will be working together to offer `` Ashes to Go '' -- a new approach to a centuries - old Christian tradition . Jump up ^ Grossman , Cathy Lynn . `` Episcopal priests offer ' Ashes to Go ' as Ash Wednesday begins Lent '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . Dubbed Ashes to Go , it 's a contemporary spin on the Ash Wednesday practice followed chiefly in Episcopal , Anglican , Catholic and Lutheran denominations . Jump up ^ Banks , Adelle M. ( 5 March 2014 ) . `` ' Ashes to Go ' meets commuters in Washington , D.C. '' Religion News Service . Archived from the original on 7 April 2014 . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . Bishop Mariann Edgar Budde , leader of the Episcopal Diocese of Washington , and members of St. Paul 's Parish in Washington , D.C. , imposed ashes on commuters and other passers - by on Ash Wednesday ( 5 March ) near the Foggy Bottom Metro station in the nation 's capital . ^ Jump up to : `` Got ashes ? Chicago church takes Lent to the streets '' . The United Methodist Church . 27 April 2011 . Archived from the original on 29 February 2012 . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About Ashes to Go '' . Archived from the original on 7 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Grossman , Cathy Lynn . `` Episcopal priests offer ' Ashes to Go ' as Ash Wednesday begins Lent '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . Anyone can accept the ashes although , Mellott says , non-Christians tend not to seek them . Still , she says , `` if anyone does , we view it as an act of evangelism , and we make it clear this is a part of the Christian tradition . '' Jump up ^ Anthony Ezzo ( 23 February 2012 ) . `` Students make time to get ashes '' . TV2 . Kent Wired . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Brandon , Loretta . `` A modern way to begin the Lenten season '' . Statesboro Herald . Retrieved 3 April 2014 . Ministers participating in Ashes to Go include the Rev. Dan Lewis from First Presbyterian Church , the Rev. Joan Kilian from Trinity Episcopal Church , the Rev. Bill Bagwell and the Rev. Jonathan Smith from Pittman Park United Methodist Church , the Rev. Douglas Clark of St. Matthew 's Roman Catholic Church , and the Rev. James Byrd , from St. Andrew 's Chapel Church . Jump up ^ `` Catholics Who Ca n't Make it to Church can Get ' Ashes to Go ' '' . KFBK News and Radio . 5 March 2014 . Archived from the original on 7 April 2014 . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . Some Catholics who could n't make it to church this morning got their `` Ashes on the Go . '' Father Tony Prandini with Good Shepherd Catholic Parish was conducting Ash Wednesday rituals -- marking foreheads -- outside of the State Capitol . Jump up ^ Farley , Harry ( 1 March 2017 ) . `` # AshesToGo At Start Of Lent As Clergy Offer Commuters ' Ash n ' Dash ' '' . Christian Today . Archived from the original on 1 March 2017 . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Commuters can drive in the gate of St Patrick 's Church , in Glenmady , receive ashes from their car and drive out the other side . ' We looked at the situation on the ground . People and families are on the move all the time , ' parish priest Father Paddy Mooney told the Irish Catholic . ' It 's about meeting people where they are . ' The same church will also offer drive - through prayers during Lent with people submitting requests into a box left in the church grounds without having to leave their car . Jump up ^ `` What Is ' Ashes To Go ' ? Where To Get ' ATG ' In New York '' . International Business Times . 4 March 2014 . Archived from the original on 7 April 2014 . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . In 2012 , that initiative , `` Ashes to Go , '' caught on nationally , and a year later the idea went international , with churches in the United Kingdom , Canada and South Africa also practicing the easy penitence method . Jump up ^ Coffey , Tim ( 10 February 2016 ) . `` Jackson Township church offers ' Ashes to Go ' '' . WKYC . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Where to find Ashes to Go This Year '' . Ashes to Go . Archived from the original on 7 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Robin Knowles ( 1 October 2010 ) . The Christian Year : A Guide for Worship and Preaching . Abingdon Press . p. 49 . ISBN 9781426731303 . Archived from the original on 4 July 2014 . Retrieved 3 April 2014 . The service for Ash Wednesday has traditionally included Psalm 51 , prayers of confession and the sign of ashes , often in the shape of a cross . Jump up ^ Mant , Richard ( 1825 ) . The Book of Common Prayer : And Administration of the Sacraments , and Other Rites and Ceremonies of the Church , According to the Use of the United Church of England and Ireland : Together with the Psalter Or Psalms of David , Pointed as They are to be Sung Or Said in Churches ; and the Form and Manner of Making , Ordaining , and Consecrating of Bishops , Priests , and Deacons ; and the Thirty - nine Articles of Religion : with Notes Explanatory , Practical and Historical , from Approved Writers of the Church of England . W. Baxter . p. 510 . ^ Jump up to : Sylvia A. Sweeney , An Ecofeminist Perspective on Ash Wednesday and Lent Archived 20 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine . ( Peter Lang 2010 ISBN 978 - 1 - 43310739 - 9 ) , pp. 107 -- 110 Jump up ^ `` The Oxford Guide to The Book of Common Prayer : A Worldwide Survey '' . Archived from the original on 9 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Mant , Richard ( 1825 ) . The Book of Common Prayer : And Administration of the Sacraments , and Other Rites and Ceremonies of the Church , According to the Use of the United Church of England and Ireland : Together with the Psalter Or Psalms of David , Pointed as They are to be Sung Or Said in Churches ; and the Form and Manner of Making , Ordaining , and Consecrating of Bishops , Priests , and Deacons ; and the Thirty - nine Articles of Religion : with Notes Explanatory , Practical and Historical , from Approved Writers of the Church of England . Oxford : W. Baxter . p. 506 . ^ Jump up to : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Ash Wednesday '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 734 . Jump up ^ John Brand , Sir Henry Ellis , James Orchard Halliwell - Phillipps , Observations on the Popular Antiquities of Great Britain ( Bell & Daldy , 1873 ) , vol. 1 , p. 98 Archived 5 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Commination '' Archived 8 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine . in Elizabeth A. Livingstone ( editor ) , The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church ( Oxford University Press 2013 ISBN 978 - 0 - 19965962 - 3 ) Jump up ^ Full text at the website of the Church of England Archived 13 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Maude , Joseph Hooper ( 1901 ) . The History of the Book of Common Prayer . E.S. Gorham . p. 110 . Archived from the original on 4 July 2014 . Retrieved 12 April 2014 . The Commination . This service was composed in 1549 . In the ancient services there was nothing that corresponded at all nearly to the first part of this service , except the sentences of the greater excommunication , which were commonly read in parish churches three or four times a year . Some of the reformers were very anxious to restore the primitive practice of public penance in church , which was indeed occasionally practiced , at least until the latter part of the eighteenth century , and they put forward this service as a sort of substitute . The Miserere and most of what follows was taken from the Sarum services for Ash Wednesday . Jump up ^ Bernard Reynolds , Handbook to the Book of Common Prayer Archived 20 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine . ( Рипол Классик ISBN 978 - 58 - 7386158 - 3 ) , p. 431 Jump up ^ `` The Sarum Missal in English '' . Archived from the original on 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why ashes on Ash Wednesday ? '' . The United Methodist Church . Archived from the original on 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Foulkes , Richard . Church and Stage in Victorian Britain . Cambridge Univ . Press . p. 34 . Jump up ^ Lacy , Terry G. ( 2000 ) . Ring of Seasons : Iceland -- Its Culture and History . University of Michigan Press . p. 109 . ISBN 9780472086610 . Jump up ^ Tertullian , On Repentance , chapter 9 Archived 17 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` CHURCH FATHERS : Church History , Book V ( Eusebius ) '' . Archived from the original on 28 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Fenton , John W ( 2013 ) . `` Orthodox Ash Wednesday '' . Antiochian Western Rite Vicariate . Archived from the original on 16 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ash Wednesday '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 13 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fr . Saunders '' . Archived from the original on 7 March 2014 . Jump up ^ The Lives of the Saints : https://archive.org/details/aelfricslivesof01aelf . ^ Jump up to : Meeks , Blair Gilmer ( 2003 ) . Season of Ash and Fire : Prayers and Liturgies for Lent and Easter . Abingdon Press . p. 107 . ISBN 9780687044542 . Archived from the original on 7 July 2014 . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . In recent years Christians from the Reformed branch of the Protestant tradition have begun to recover a practice that dates in the Western church at least to the tenth century . That is to begin Lent on the Wednesday before the First Sunday in Lent with a service of repentance and commitment , including the imposition of ashes . The Lutheran and Anglican traditions , of course , never lapsed in this observance , and the liturgical reforms of Vatican II have made Roman Catholic prayers and rubrics more accessible to other traditions through ecumenical dialogues . Jump up ^ Schaff , Philip ( 1877 ) . A History of the Creeds of Christendom . London : Hodder and Stoughton . p. 612 . Jump up ^ Joseph Towers , British Biography ( Goadby 1766 ) , vol. 2 , p. 275 Archived 4 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ John Strype , Memorials of Thomas Cranmer ( London , Chiswell 1694 ) , p. 159 Archived 6 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ John Foxe , John Milner , Ingram Cobbin , Foxe 's Book of Martyrs ( Knight and Son 1856 ) , p. 500 Archived 1 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Benton , Angelo Ames ( 1883 ) . The Church Cyclopaedia : A Dictionary of Church Doctrine , History , Organization , and Ritual , and Containing Original Articles on Special Topics , Written Expressly for this Work by Bishops , Presbyters , and Laymen ; Designed Especially for the Use of the Laity of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America . L.R. Hamersly . p. 163 . Archived from the original on 7 July 2014 . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Robert Chambers , The Book of Days ( 1862 ) , p. 240 Archived 22 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Andrew Fowler , Episcopal Church , An Exposition of the Book of Common Prayer , and Administration of the Sacraments ( 1805 ) , p. 119 Archived 6 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Book of Common Prayer and Administration of the Sacraments and Other Rites and Ceremonies of the Church : Together with the Psalter Or Psalms of David According to the Use of the Episcopal Church . Church Publishing , Inc. 1979 . p. 265 . ISBN 9780898690613 . Archived from the original on 2 June 2016 . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Monte Canfield ( 20 February 2009 ) . `` Ash Wednesday : What is it About ? '' . Salon . Archived from the original on 6 March 2014 . Retrieved 16 April 2014 . After the Reformation most Protestant church denominations , while recognizing Ash Wednesday as a holy day , did not engage in the imposition of ashes . Many Anglican , Episcopal and some Lutheran churches did continue the rite but it was mostly reserved for use in the Roman Catholic Church . During and after the ecumenical era that resulted in the Vatican II proclamations , many of the Protestant denominations encouraged a liturgical revival in their churches and the Ash Wednesday imposition of ashes was encouraged . Jump up ^ Kingsbury , Jack D. ; Pennington , Chester ( 11 December 1980 ) . Lent . Fortress Press . ISBN 9780800640934 . Archived from the original on 4 July 2014 . Retrieved 16 April 2014 . The imposition of ashes symbolizes the penitential nature of the season of Lent . While this custom is still observed in the Roman Catholic church , and in some Lutheran and Anglican parishes , it has not been retained in Reformed churches . Jump up ^ Anderson , Russell F. ( 1996 ) . Lectionary Preaching Workbook . CSS Publishing . p. 104 . ISBN 9780788008214 . Archived from the original on 28 June 2014 . Retrieved 16 April 2014 . Ashes are a traditional symbol of penitence and remorse . The practice of imposing ashes on the first day of Lent continues to this day in the church of Rome as well as in many Lutheran and Episcopalian quarters . Jump up ^ Edward Traill Horn , The Christian Year ( Muhlenberg Press 1957 ) , p. 106 Archived 17 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Ashes on Ash Wednesday '' . Gloria Christi Lutheran Church . 12 December 2006 . Archived from the original on 2 March 2014 . Retrieved 16 April 2014 . Jump up ^ William P. Lazarus , Mark Sullivan ( 31 January 2011 ) . Comparative Religion For Dummies . For Dummies . p. 98 . ISBN 9781118052273 . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 8 March 2011 . This is the day Lent begins . Christians go to church to pray and have a cross drawn in ashes on their foreheads . The ashes draw on an ancient tradition and represent repentance before God . The holiday is part of Roman Catholic , Lutheran , Methodist , and Episcopalian liturgies , among others . Jump up ^ The United Methodist Church website : `` When did United Methodists start the `` imposition of ashes '' on Ash Wednesday ? '' retrieved 1 March 2014 `` While many think of actions such as the imposition of ashes , signing with the cross , footwashing , and the use of incense as something that only Roman Catholics or high church Episcopalians do , there has been a move among Protestant churches , including United Methodists to recover these more multisensory ways of worship . '' Jump up ^ Baptists mark Ash Wednesday Jeff Brumley Archived 22 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine . 13 February 2013 While long associated with Catholic and various liturgical Protestant denominations , its observance has spread in recent years to traditions known more for avoiding liturgical seasons than embracing them . Jump up ^ Ash Wednesday . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2014 . Archived from the original on 13 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Roman , Alexander . `` on Fasting '' . Ukrainian Orthodoxy . Archived from the original on 19 November 2015 . Retrieved 14 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Baldwin , Lou ( 12 March 2009 ) . `` Lenten practices differ for Byzantine Catholics '' . The Catholic Standard and Times . Archived from the original on 15 April 2014 . Retrieved 14 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Il Rito Ambrosiano '' ( in Italian ) . Parrocchie.it . Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . la Quaresima inizia la domenica successiva al `` mercoledì delle ceneri '' con l'imposizione delle ceneri al termine della Messa festiva ... Una delle pecularità di questo rito , con profili non soltanto strettamente religiosi , è l'inizio della Quaresima , che non parte dal Mercoledì delle Ceneri , ma dalla domenica immediatamente successiva . Jump up ^ `` Ambrosian Liturgy and Rite '' . The Catholic Encyclopedia . 2012 . Archived from the original on 7 July 2014 . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Dipippo , Gregory ( 16 February 2014 ) . `` Septuagesima in the Ambrosian Rite '' . New Liturgical Movement . Archived from the original on 8 May 2014 . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . The Ambrosian Rite still to this day has no Ash Wednesday ; it is therefore Quinquagesima that forms the prelude to Lent , properly so - called , which the Roman Rite has in Ash Wednesday and the ferias `` post Cineres '' . Jump up ^ `` Lent with Jesus in the desert to fight the spirit of evil '' . Asia News.it. 3 May 2006 . Archived from the original on 3 March 2009 . Turning to the gospel of the day , which is about Jesus ' 40 days in the desert , `` where he overcame the temptations of Satan '' ( cfr Mk 1 : 12 -- 13 ) , Pope Benedict XVI exhorted Christians to follow `` their Teacher and Lord to face together with Him ' the struggle against the spirit of evil ' . '' He said : `` The desert is rather an eloquent metaphor of the human condition . '' Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2 January 2013 . Retrieved 29 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cultural Resources : Ash Wednesday '' . The African American Lectionary . Archived from the original on 7 September 2015 . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Anglicans Observe Ash Wednesday '' . Anglican Communion News Service . 5 February 2008 . Archived from the original on 13 February 2018 . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ash Wednesday '' . The Church of England . Archived from the original on 13 February 2018 . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Member Church -- North India '' . Anglican Communion . Archived from the original on 13 February 2018 . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Member Church -- South India '' . Anglican Communion . Archived from the original on 27 June 2017 . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ash Wednesday '' . Episcopal Church . 5 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 13 February 2018 . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Sturdy , Rob ( 23 February 2017 ) . `` Ash Wednesday : An Anglican Tradition ? '' . The Ridley Institute . Archived from the original on 8 March 2017 . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ash Wednesday '' . Christian Church ( Disciples of Christ ) . Archived from the original on 13 February 2018 . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bartlett , David L. ; Taylor , Barbara Brown ( 12 October 2009 ) . Feasting on the Word : Year C , Volume 2 : Lent through Eastertide . Presbyterian Publishing Corporation . p. 22 . ISBN 9781611641189 . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Jethani , Skye ( 5 March 2014 ) . `` March 5 , 2014 -- Ash Wednesday '' ( PDF ) . Patchogue Church of the Nazarene . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 13 February 2018 . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ash Wednesday Ideas '' . Community of Christ . Archived from the original on 21 October 2017 . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lectionary of the Ecclesia Gnostica '' . gnosis.org . Archived from the original on 8 August 2017 . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` First Day of Lent , Ash Wednesday '' . The Evangelical Covenant Church of Canada . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Wagner , Abp . Wynn ( 6 February 2011 ) . A Catechism of the Liberal Catholic Church ( 4th ed . ) . BookBaby . p. 53 . ISBN 9781609849306 . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Cabie , Honor Blanco ( 14 February 2018 ) . `` Ash Wednesday ushers in time of remorse '' . Manila Standard . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Askonsdag '' ( in Swedish ) . Church of Sweden . Archived from the original on 2 November 2017 . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Ahlgrim , Ryan ( 13 February 2018 ) . `` ' Remember that you are dust ' '' . Mennonite World Review . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Harader , Joanna ( 18 February 2015 ) . `` Preparing to enter Lent -- thoughts on Ash Wednesday '' . Mennonite World Review . Archived from the original on 29 November 2017 . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ash Wednesday '' . The Methodist Church . 14 February 2018 . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ash Wednesday 2018 Worship Resources '' . Metropolitan Community Churches . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lent for Everyone : Matthew , Year A : A Daily Devotional '' . Moravian Church in North America . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Moravian Women 's Association ( March 2017 ) . `` Lent around the world '' ( PDF ) . The Moravian Church British Province . Jump up ^ Scanlon , Leslie ( 7 February 2005 ) . `` Ash Wednesday : What do Presbyterians do ? '' . The Presbyterian Outlook . Archived from the original on 22 April 2017 . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/events/day.dir.html/2018/2/14.html Jump up ^ Blain , Susan A. `` Lent -- Ash Wednesday '' . United Church of Christ . Archived from the original on 3 May 2017 . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Sleeth , Nancy ( 23 February 2017 ) . `` How do you observe Lent ? '' . The Wesleyan Church . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Written Answers . -- Cigarette Smoking '' . Dáil Éireann. 18 February 1997 . Archived from the original on 14 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Chronic long - term costs of COPD Archived 10 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine. , Dr Jarlath Healy , Irish Medical Times , 2008 Jump up ^ Ban on smoking in cars gets Minister 's support Archived 11 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Alison Healy , The Irish Times , 2009 Jump up ^ 20 % of smokers light up around their children every day Archived 25 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Claire O'Sullivan , Irish Examiner , 2006 Jump up ^ The History of No Smoking Day Archived 30 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine. , No Smoking Day website Jump up ^ FAQ : When is No Smoking Day 2010 ? Archived 7 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine. , No Smoking Day website Liturgical year of the Catholic Church Based on the General Roman Calendar ( 1969 ) Advent Advent Sunday Immaculate Conception ^ Gaudete Sunday ( O Antiphons ) Christmastide Christmas ( Nativity of Jesus ) ^ Holy Family Solemnity of Mary , Mother of God ^ Epiphany ^ Baptism of the Lord Ordinary Time I Presentation of Jesus at the Temple ( Candlemas ) Feast of the Annunciation ( Carnival ) Lent Ash Wednesday Saint Joseph 's Day ^ Laetare Sunday Holy Week : Palm Sunday , Holy Wednesday , Maundy Thursday ( Mass of the Chrism ) Paschal Triduum Maundy Thursday ( Mass of the Lord 's Supper ) Good Friday Liturgy of the Word , Adoration of the Cross , Holy Communion Holy Saturday Easter Vigil Eastertide Easter Sunday : Resurrection of Jesus Octave of Easter ( Divine Mercy Sunday ) Feast of the Ascension ^ Pentecost Ordinary Time II Trinity Sunday Corpus Christi ^ Sacred Heart Visitation of Mary Saint John the Baptist Feast of Saints Peter and Paul ^ Transfiguration of Jesus Assumption of Mary ^ Nativity of Mary Feast of the Cross All Saints ' Day ^ All Souls ' Day Presentation of Mary Feast of Christ the King Legend ^ = Holy days of obligation ( 10 ) Catholicism portal See also : Computus Liturgical colours Solemnity Older calendars : General Roman Calendar of 1960 General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII of 1950 General Roman Calendar of 1954 Tridentine Calendar Holidays , observances , and celebrations in the United States January New Year 's Day ( federal ) Martin Luther King Jr . 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price of ps3 when it first came out

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=PlayStation_3&oldid=836192773

PlayStation 3 - wikipedia PlayStation 3 Jump to : navigation , search `` PS3 '' redirects here . For other uses , see PS3 ( disambiguation ) . PlayStation 3 Top : Original PlayStation 3 ( 2006 ) Center : PlayStation 3 Slim ( 2009 ) Bottom : PlayStation 3 Super Slim ( 2012 ) Also known as PS3 Developer Sony Computer Entertainment Manufacturer Sony , Foxconn , Asus Product family PlayStation Type Home video game console Generation Seventh generation Release date JP : November 11 , 2006 ( November 11 , 2006 ) NA : November 17 , 2006 ( November 17 , 2006 ) PAL : March 23 , 2007 ( March 23 , 2007 ) Retail availability 2006 -- 2017 Discontinued NZ : September 29 , 2015 EU : March 2016 NA : October 2016 JP : May 29 , 2017 Units shipped 80 million ( as of November 2 , 2013 ) Media Blu - ray Disc ( PlayStation 3 game disc ) DVD Compact Disc PlayStation game disc PlayStation 2 game disc ( 1st and 2nd generations only ) Super Audio CD ( 1st and 2nd generations only ) Digital distribution Operating system PlayStation 3 system software CPU 3.2 GHz Cell Broadband Engine with 1 PPE and 8 SPEs Memory 256 MB XDR DRAM system and 256 MB GDDR3 video Storage 2.5 - inch SATA hard drive ( 12 GB ( super-slim only ) , 20 GB , 40 GB , 60 GB , 80 GB , 120 GB , 160 GB , 250 GB , 320 GB or 500 GB included ) Display Video output formats ( show ) Composite video ( 480i , 576i ( PAL ) ) S - Video ( 480i , 576i ( PAL ) ) RGB SCART ( 480i , 576i ( PAL ) ) Component ( YP P ) ( 480i , 576i ( PAL ) , 480p , 576p , 720p , 1080i , 1080p ) D - Terminal ( 480i ( D1 ) , 480p ( D2 ) , 720p ( D4 ) , 1080i ( D3 ) , 1080p ( D5 ) ) HDMI ( 480p , 576p , 720p , 1080i , 1080p ) Graphics 550 MHz NVIDIA / SCEI RSX Reality Synthesizer Sound Audio output formats ( show ) A / V - Multi Analog stereo TOSLINK LPCM 2ch 44.1 kHz , 48 kHz , 88 kHz , 176.4 kHz Dolby Digital 5.1 DTS 5.1 AAC HDMI LPCM 2ch , 5.1 ch , 7.1 ch 44.1 kHz , 48 kHz , 88 kHz , 96 kHz , 176.4 kHz , 192 kHz DTS - HD Master Audio Bitstream ( slim models only ) * Dolby TrueHD Bitstream ( slim models only ) * Dolby Digital 5.1 DTS 5.1 AAC * All models can decode Dolby TrueHD and as of firmware 2.30 DTS - HD Master Audio , to be output as LPCM . Output of the raw undecoded stream is limited to slim models . Controller input Sixaxis , DualShock 3 , DualShock 4 , Logitech Driving Force GT , Logitech Cordless Precision controller , standard USB controllers , GT Force , rhythm game controllers , PlayStation Move , PlayStation 3 Blu - ray Remote Control , GunCon 3 , PlayStation Portable , Wonderbook , PlayStation Vita , keyboard and mouse Connectivity ( details ) ( show ) Flash memory input * MemoryStick / PRO / Duo SD / MMC CompactFlash / Microdrive Audio / video output HDMI 1.3 a out HDMI - CEC * * S / PDIF out ( TOSLINK ) AV Multi out Composite video / stereo audio cable * * * S - Video cable SCART cable Component video cable D - Terminal cable Other IEEE 802.11 ( ( IEEE 802.11 # 802 � b b ) ) / ( ( IEEE 802.11 # 802 � g g ) ) Wi - Fi * * * * Bluetooth 2.0 ( EDR ) 2 × USB 2.0 ( 4 × in 60 GB launch model ) Wired gigabit Ethernet 60 GB and CECHExx 80 GB models Slim models only Included in box All except 20 GB model Online services PlayStation Network Best - selling game Grand Theft Auto V , 20 million ( as of January 8 , 2014 ) Backward compatibility PlayStation ( all models ) PlayStation 2 ( 20 GB , 60 GB and some ( CECHExx ) 80 GB models ) Predecessor PlayStation 2 Successor PlayStation 4 Website playstation.com/ps3 The PlayStation 3 ( PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 , in Japan , November 17 , 2006 , in North America , and March 23 , 2007 , in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 mainly competed against consoles such as Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu - ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including being the first to introduce Sony 's social gaming service , PlayStation Network , and its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita , being able to remote control the console from the devices . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start - up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . The system had a slow start in the market but managed to recover , particularly after the introduction of the Slim model . Its successor , the PlayStation 4 , was released later in November 2013 . On September 29 , 2015 , Sony confirmed that sales of the PlayStation 3 were to be discontinued in New Zealand , but the system remained in production in other markets . Shipments of new units to the United States ended in October 2016 . Heading into 2017 , Japan was the last territory where new units were still being produced until May 29 , 2017 when Sony confirmed the PlayStation 3 was discontinued in Japan . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Launch 1.2 Slim model 1.3 Super Slim model 2 Games 2.1 Stereoscopic 3D 3 Hardware 3.1 Use in supercomputing 3.2 Technical specifications 3.3 Models 3.4 Controllers and accessories 3.5 Statistics regarding reliability 4 Software 4.1 System software 4.1. 1 Graphical user interface 4.2 Digital rights management 4.3 Photo management 4.4 Video services 4.5 OtherOS support 4.6 Leap year bug 5 Features 5.1 PlayStation Portable connectivity 6 PlayStation Network 6.1 PlayStation Plus 6.2 PlayStation Store 6.3 What 's New 6.4 PlayStation Home 6.5 Life with PlayStation 6.6 Outage 7 Sales and production costs 8 Critical reception 8.1 Original model 8.2 Slim model and rebranding 8.3 Super Slim model 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links History Sony officially unveiled PlayStation 3 to the public on May 16 , 2005 , at E3 2005 , along with a boomerang - shaped prototype design of the Sixaxis controller . A functional version of the system was not present there , nor at the Tokyo Game Show in September 2005 , although demonstrations ( such as Metal Gear Solid 4 : Guns of the Patriots ) were held at both events on software development kits and comparable personal computer hardware . Video footage based on the predicted PlayStation 3 specifications was also shown ( notably a Final Fantasy VII tech demo ) . The initial prototype shown in May 2005 featured two HDMI ports , three Ethernet ports and six USB ports ; however , when the system was shown again a year later at E3 2006 , these were reduced to one HDMI port , one Ethernet port and four USB ports , presumably to cut costs . Two hardware configurations were also announced for the console : a 20 GB model and a 60 GB model , priced at US $499 ( € 499 ) and US $599 ( € 599 ) , respectively . The 60 GB model was to be the only configuration to feature an HDMI port , Wi - Fi internet , flash card readers and a chrome trim with the logo in silver . Both models were announced for a simultaneous worldwide release : November 11 , 2006 , for Japan and November 17 , 2006 , for North America and Europe . On September 6 , 2006 , Sony announced that PAL region PlayStation 3 launch would be delayed until March 2007 , because of a shortage of materials used in the Blu - ray drive . At the Tokyo Game Show on September 22 , 2006 , Sony announced that it would include an HDMI port on the 20 GB system , but a chrome trim , flash card readers , silver logo and Wi - Fi would not be included . Also , the launch price of the Japanese 20 GB model was reduced by over 20 % , and the 60 GB model was announced for an open pricing scheme in Japan . During the event , Sony showed 27 playable PS3 games running on final hardware . Launch Silver PlayStation 3 consoles on show in 2006 PlayStation 3 was first released in Japan on November 11 , 2006 , at 07 : 00 . According to Media Create , 81,639 PS3 systems were sold within 24 hours of its introduction in Japan . Soon after its release in Japan , PS3 was released in North America on November 17 , 2006 . Reports of violence surrounded the release of PS3 . A customer was shot , campers were robbed at gunpoint , customers were shot in a drive - by shooting with BB guns , and 60 campers fought over 10 systems . The console was originally planned for a global release through November , but at the start of September the release in Europe and the rest of the world was delayed until March . With it being a somewhat last - minute delay , some companies had taken deposits for pre-orders , at which Sony informed customers that they were eligible for full refunds or could continue the pre-order . On January 24 , 2007 , Sony announced that PlayStation 3 would go on sale on March 23 , 2007 , in Europe , Australia , the Middle East , Africa and New Zealand . The system sold about 600,000 units in its first two days . On March 7 , 2007 , the 60 GB PlayStation 3 launched in Singapore with a price of S $ 799 . The console was launched in South Korea on June 16 , 2007 , as a single version equipped with an 80 GB hard drive and IPTV . Slim model 120 GB Slim model Following speculation that Sony was working on a ' slim ' model , Sony officially announced the PS3 CECH - 2000 model on August 18 , 2009 , at the Sony Gamescom press conference . New features included a slimmer form factor , decreased power consumption , and a quieter cooling system . It was released in major territories by September 2009 . At the same time , a new logo was introduced for the console to replace the previous `` Spider - Man '' wordmarks ( named due to their use of the same font as the logos of Sony 's then - current Spider - Man films ) , with a new `` PS3 '' wordmark evoking the design of the PlayStation 2 wordmark replacing the capitalized PlayStation 3 lettering . Super Slim model 250GB Super Slim model In September 2012 at the Tokyo Game Show , Sony announced that a new , slimmer PS3 redesign ( CECH - 4000 ) was due for release in late 2012 and that it would be available with either a 250 GB or 500 GB hard drive . Three versions of the Super Slim model were revealed : one with a 500 GB hard drive , a second with a 250 GB hard drive which is not available in PAL regions , and a third with a 12 GB flash storage that was available in PAL regions , and in Canada . The storage of 12 GB model is upgradable with an official standalone 250 GB hard drive . A vertical stand was also released for the model . In the United Kingdom , the 500 GB model was released on September 28 , 2012 ; and the 12 GB model was released on October 12 , 2012 . In the United States , the PS3 Super Slim was first released as a bundled console . The 250 GB model was bundled with the Game of the Year edition of Uncharted 3 : Drake 's Deception and released on September 25 , 2012 ; and the 500 GB model was bundled with Assassin 's Creed III and released on October 30 , 2012 . In Japan , the black colored Super Slim model was released on October 4 , 2012 ; and the white colored Super Slim model was released on November 22 , 2012 . The Super Slim model is 20 percent smaller and 25 percent lighter than the Slim model and features a manual sliding disc cover instead of a motorized slot - loading disc cover of the Slim model . The white colored Super Slim model was released in the United States on January 27 , 2013 as part of the Instant Game Collection Bundle . The Garnet Red and Azurite Blue colored models were launched in Japan on February 28 , 2013 . The Garnet Red version was released in North America on March 12 , 2013 as part of the God of War : Ascension bundle with 500 GB storage and contained God of War : Ascension as well as the God of War Saga . The Azurite Blue model was released as a GameStop exclusive with 250GB storage . Games Main article : Lists of PlayStation 3 games PlayStation 3 launched in North America with 14 titles , with another three being released before the end of 2006 . After the first week of sales it was confirmed that Resistance : Fall of Man from Insomniac Games was the top - selling launch game in North America . The game was heavily praised by numerous video game websites , including GameSpot and IGN , both of whom awarded it their PlayStation 3 Game of the Year award for 2006 . Some titles missed the launch window and were delayed until early 2007 , such as The Elder Scrolls IV : Oblivion , F.E.A.R. and Sonic the Hedgehog . During the Japanese launch , Ridge Racer 7 was the top - selling game , while Mobile Suit Gundam : Crossfire also fared well in sales , both of which were offerings from Namco Bandai Games . PlayStation 3 launched in Europe with 24 titles , including ones that were not offered in North American and Japanese launches , such as Formula One Championship Edition , MotorStorm and Virtua Fighter 5 . Resistance : Fall of Man and MotorStorm were the most successful titles of 2007 , and both games subsequently received sequels in the form of Resistance 2 and MotorStorm : Pacific Rift . At E3 2007 , Sony was able to show a number of their upcoming video games for PlayStation 3 , including Heavenly Sword , Lair , Ratchet & Clank Future : Tools of Destruction , Warhawk and Uncharted : Drake 's Fortune ; all of which were released in the third and fourth quarters of 2007 . It also showed off a number of titles that were set for release in 2008 and 2009 ; most notably Killzone 2 , Infamous , Gran Turismo 5 Prologue , LittleBigPlanet and SOCOM : U.S. Navy SEALs Confrontation . A number of third - party exclusives were also shown , including the highly anticipated Metal Gear Solid 4 : Guns of the Patriots , alongside other high - profile third - party titles such as Grand Theft Auto IV , Call of Duty 4 : Modern Warfare , Assassin 's Creed , Devil May Cry 4 and Resident Evil 5 . Two other important titles for PlayStation 3 , Final Fantasy XIII and Final Fantasy Versus XIII , were shown at TGS 2007 in order to appease the Japanese market . Sony have since launched their budget range of PlayStation 3 titles , known as the Greatest Hits range in North America , the Platinum range in Europe and Australia and The Best range in Japan . Among the titles available in the budget range include Resistance : Fall of Man , MotorStorm , Uncharted : Drakes Fortune , Rainbow Six : Vegas , Call Of Duty 3 , Assassin 's Creed and Ninja Gaiden Sigma . As of October 2009 Metal Gear Solid 4 : Guns of the Patriots , Ratchet & Clank Future : Tools of Destruction , Devil May Cry 4 , Army of Two , Battlefield : Bad Company and Midnight Club : Los Angeles have also joined the list . As of March 31 , 2012 , there have been 595 million games sold for PlayStation 3 . The best selling PS3 games are Grand Theft Auto V , Gran Turismo 5 , The Last Of Us , Uncharted 3 : Drake 's Deception and Uncharted 2 : Among Thieves Stereoscopic 3D Main article : List of PlayStation 3 games with 3D support In December 2008 , the CTO of Blitz Games announced that it would bring stereoscopic 3D gaming and movie viewing to Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 with its own technology . This was first demonstrated publicly on PS3 using Sony 's own technology in January 2009 at the Consumer Electronics Show . Journalists were shown Wipeout HD and Gran Turismo 5 Prologue in 3D as a demonstration of how the technology might work if it is implemented in the future . Firmware update 3.30 officially allowed PS3 titles to be played in 3D , requiring a compatible display for use . System software update 3.50 prepared it for 3D films . While the game itself must be programmed to take advantage of the 3D technology , titles may be patched to add in the functionality retroactively . Titles with such patches include Wipeout HD , Pain , and Super Stardust HD . Hardware Main article : PlayStation 3 hardware The PlayStation 3 was the first console to include an HDMI port . PlayStation 3 is convex on its left side , with the PlayStation logo upright , when vertical ( the top side is convex when horizontal ) and has a glossy black finish . PlayStation designer Teiyu Goto stated that the Spider - Man - font - inspired logo `` was one of the first elements SCEI president Ken Kutaragi decided on and the logo may have been the motivating force behind the shape of PS3 '' . On March 22 , 2007 , SCE and Stanford University released the Folding@home software for PlayStation 3 . This program allows PS3 owners to lend the computing power of their consoles to help study the process of protein folding for disease research . Use in supercomputing Main article : PlayStation 3 cluster PS3 's hardware has also been used to build supercomputers for high - performance computing . Fixstars Solutions sells a version of Yellow Dog Linux for PlayStation 3 ( originally sold by Terra Soft Solutions ) . RapidMind produced a stream programming package for PS3 , but were acquired by Intel in 2009 . Also , on January 3 , 2007 , Dr. Frank Mueller , Associate Professor of Computer science at NCSU , clustered 8 PS3s . Mueller commented that the 256 MB of system RAM is a limitation for this particular application and is considering attempting to retrofit more RAM . Software includes : Fedora Core 5 Linux ppc64 , MPICH2 , OpenMP v 2.5 , GNU Compiler Collection and CellSDK 1.1 . As a more cost - effective alternative to conventional supercomputers , the U.S. military has purchased clusters of PS3 units for research purposes . Retail PS3 Slim units can not be used for supercomputing , because PS3 Slim lacks the ability to boot into a third - party OS . In December 2008 , a group of hackers used a cluster of 200 PlayStation 3 computers to crack SSL authentication . In November 2010 the Air Force Research Laboratory ( AFRL ) created a powerful supercomputer by connecting together 1,760 Sony PS3s which include 168 separate graphical processing units and 84 coordinating servers in a parallel array capable of performing 500 trillion floating - point operations per second ( 500 TFLOPS ) . As built the Condor Cluster was the 33rd largest supercomputer in the world and would be used to analyze high definition satellite imagery . Technical specifications Main article : PlayStation 3 technical specifications The RSX ' Reality Synthesizer ' on a PlayStation 3 motherboard PlayStation 3 features a slot - loading 2x speed Blu - ray Disc drive for games , Blu - ray movies , DVDs , CDs and other optical media . It was originally available with hard drives of 20 and 60 GB ( 20 GB model was not available in PAL regions ) but various sizes up to 500 GB have been made available since then ( see : model comparison ) . All PS3 models have user - upgradeable 2.5 '' SATA hard drives . PlayStation 3 uses the Cell microprocessor , designed by Sony , Toshiba and IBM , as its CPU , which is made up of one 3.2 GHz PowerPC - based `` Power Processing Element '' ( PPE ) and eight Synergistic Processing Elements ( SPEs ) . The eighth SPE is disabled to improve chip yields . Only six of the seven SPEs are accessible to developers as the seventh SPE is reserved by the console 's operating system . Graphics processing is handled by the NVIDIA RSX ' Reality Synthesizer ' , which can produce resolutions from 480i / 576i SD up to 1080p HD . PlayStation 3 has 256 MB of XDR DRAM main memory and 256 MB of GDDR3 video memory for the RSX . The system has Bluetooth 2.0 ( with support for up to seven Bluetooth devices ) , Gigabit Ethernet , USB 2.0 and HDMI 1.4 built in on all currently shipping models . Wi - Fi networking is also built - in on all but the 20 GB models , while a flash card reader ( compatible with Memory Stick , SD / MMC and CompactFlash / Microdrive media ) is built - in on 60 GB and CECHExx 80 GB models . Models Main article : PlayStation 3 models PlayStation 3 has been produced in various models : the original , the Slim , and the Super Slim . Successive models have added or removed various features . Controllers and accessories Main article : PlayStation 3 accessories DualShock 3 controller in hand Numerous accessories for the console have been developed . These accessories include the wireless Sixaxis and DualShock 3 controllers , the Logitech Driving Force GT , the Logitech Cordless Precision Controller , the BD Remote , the PlayStation Eye camera , and the PlayTV DVB - T tuner / digital video recorder accessory . At Sony 's E3 press conference in 2006 , the then standard wireless Sixaxis controller was announced . The controller was based on the same basic design as the PlayStation 2 's DualShock 2 controller but was wireless , lacked vibration capabilities , had a built - in accelerometer ( that could detect motion in three directional and three rotational axes ; six in total , hence the name Sixaxis ) and had a few cosmetic tweaks . At its press conference at the 2007 Tokyo Game Show , Sony announced DualShock 3 ( trademarked DUALSHOCK 3 ) , a PlayStation 3 controller with the same function and design as Sixaxis , but with vibration capability included . Hands - on accounts describe the controller as being noticeably heavier than the standard Sixaxis controller and capable of vibration forces comparable to DualShock 2 . It was released in Japan on November 11 , 2007 ; in North America on April 5 , 2008 ; in Australia on April 24 , 2008 ; in New Zealand on May 9 , 2008 ; in mainland Europe on July 2 , 2008 , and in the United Kingdom and Ireland on July 4 , 2008 . During E3 2009 , Sony unveiled plans to release a motion controller later to be named PlayStation Move at GDC 2010 . It was released on September 15 , 2010 , in Europe ; September 19 , 2010 , in North America and October 21 , 2010 , in Japan . On October 13 , 2010 , Sony announced an official surround sound system for PS3 through the official PlayStation YouTube channel . The PlayStation 3 can also use DualShock 4 controller initially via USB cable , but Firmware update 4.60 enabled wireless connection . Statistics regarding reliability Some original `` fat '' PS3 systems display a yellow light , indicating a non-specific failure . According to Ars Technica , the number of PlayStation 3 consoles that have experienced failure is well within the normal failure rates in the consumer electronics industry ; a 2009 study by SquareTrade , a warranty provider , found a two - year failure rate of 10 % for PlayStation 3s . In September 2009 , BBC 's Watchdog television program aired a report investigating the issue , calling it the `` yellow light of death '' ( YLOD ) . Among the consoles that experienced the failure , they found that it usually occurred 18 -- 24 months after purchase , while the standard Sony warranty covers one year after purchase . After this time period , PlayStation 3 owners can pay Sony a fixed fee for a refurbished console . Sony claimed that , according to its statistics of returned consoles , approximately 0.5 % of consoles were reported as showing the YLOD . In response to the televised report , Sony issued a document criticizing the program 's accuracy and conclusions ; specifically that the faults were evidence of a manufacturing defect . The document also complained that the report had been inappropriate in tone and might damage Sony 's brand name . Software Main articles : PlayStation 3 system software and List of PlayStation applications System software Sony has included the ability for the operating system , referred to as System Software , to be updated . The updates can be acquired in several ways : If PlayStation 3 has an active Internet connection , updates may be downloaded directly from the PlayStation Network to PlayStation 3 and subsequently installed . Systems with active Internet will automatically check online for software updates each time the console is started . Using an external PC , a user may download the update from the official PlayStation website , transfer it to portable storage media and install it on the system . Some game discs come with system software updates on the disc . This may be due to the game requiring the update in order to run . If so , the software may be installed from the disc . The original PlayStation 3 also included the ability to install other operating systems , such as Linux . This was not included in the newer slim models and was removed from all older PlayStation 3 consoles with the release of firmware update 3.21 in April 2010 . The functionality is now only available to users of original consoles who choose not to update their system software beyond version 3.15 or who have installed third - party , modified and unofficial versions of the firmware instead . Graphical user interface Main article : XrossMediaBar -- PlayStation 3 XMB The XrossMediaBar ( XMB ) used on the PS3 . The standard PlayStation 3 version of the XrossMediaBar ( pronounced Cross Media Bar , or abbreviated XMB ) includes nine categories of options . These are : Users , Settings , Photo , Music , Video , TV / Video Services , Game , Network , PlayStation Network and Friends ( similar to the PlayStation Portable media bar ) . TheTV / Video Services category is for services like Netflix and / or if PlayTV or torne is installed ; the first category in this section is `` My Channels '' , which lets users download various streaming services , including Sony 's own streaming services Crackle and PlayStation Vue . By default , the What 's New section of PlayStation Network is displayed when the system starts up . PS3 includes the ability to store various master and secondary user profiles , manage and explore photos with or without a musical slide show , play music and copy audio CD tracks to an attached data storage device , play movies and video files from the hard disk drive , an optical disc ( Blu - ray Disc or DVD - Video ) or an optional USB mass storage or Flash card , compatibility for a USB keyboard and mouse and a web browser supporting compatible - file download function . Additionally , UPnP media will appear in the respective audio / video / photo categories if a compatible media server or DLNA server is detected on the local network . The Friends menu allows mail with emoticon and attached picture features and video chat which requires an optional PlayStation Eye or EyeToy webcam . The Network menu allows online shopping through the PlayStation Store and connectivity to PlayStation Portable via Remote Play . Digital rights management PlayStation 3 console protects certain types of data and uses digital rights management to limit the data 's use . Purchased games and content from the PlayStation Network store are governed by PlayStation 's Network Digital Rights Management ( NDRM ) . The NDRM allows users to access the data from up to 2 different PlayStation 3 's that have been activated using a user 's PlayStation Network ID . PlayStation 3 also limits the transfer of copy protected videos downloaded from its store to other machines and states that copy protected video `` may not restore correctly '' following certain actions after making a backup such as downloading a new copy protected movie . Photo management Photo Gallery Photo Gallery main menu Photo Gallery is an optional application to view , create and group photos from PS3 , which is installed separately from the system software at 105 MB . It was introduced in system software version 2.60 and provides a range of tools for sorting through and displaying the system 's pictures . The key feature of this application is that it can organize photos into groups according to various criteria . Notable categorizations are colors , ages , or facial expressions of the people in the photos . Slideshows can be viewed with the application , along with music and playlists . The software was updated with the release of system software version 3.40 allowing users to upload and browse photos on Facebook and Picasa . PlayMemories Studio PlayMemories is an optional stereoscopic 3D ( and also standard ) photo viewing application , which is installed from the PlayStation Store at 956 MB . The application is dedicated specifically to 3D photos and features the ability to zoom into 3D environments and change the angle and perspective of panoramas . It requires system software 3.40 or higher ; 3D photos ; a 3D HDTV , and an HDMI cable for the 3D images to be viewed properly . Video services Video editor and uploader A new application was released as part of system software version 3.40 which allows users to edit videos on PlayStation 3 and upload them to the Internet . The software features basic video editing tools including the ability to cut videos and add music and captions . Videos can then be rendered and uploaded to video sharing websites such as Facebook and YouTube . Video on demand In addition to the video service provided by the Sony Entertainment Network , the PlayStation 3 console has access to a variety of third party video services , dependent on region : Since June 2009 , VidZone has offered a free music video streaming service in Europe , Australia and New Zealand . In October 2009 , Sony Computer Entertainment and Netflix announced that the Netflix streaming service would also be available on PlayStation 3 in the United States . A paid Netflix subscription was required for the service . The service became available in November 2009 . Initially users had to use a free Blu - ray disc to access the service ; however , in October 2010 the requirement to use a disc to gain access was removed . In April 2010 , support for MLB.tv was added , allowing MLB.tv subscribers to watch regular season games live in HD and access new interactive features designed exclusively for PSN . In November 2010 , access to the video and social networking site MUBI was enabled for European , New Zealand , and Australian users ; the service integrates elements of social networking with rental or subscription video streaming , allowing users to watch and discuss films with other users . Also in November 2010 the video rental service VUDU , NHL GameCenter Live , and subscription service Hulu Plus launched on PlayStation 3 in the United States . In August 2011 , Sony , in partnership with DirecTV , added NFL Sunday Ticket . Then in October 2011 , Best Buy launched an app for its CinemaNow service . In April 2012 , Amazon.com launched an Amazon Video app , accessible to Amazon Prime subscribers ( in the US ) . Upon reviewing the PlayStation and Netflix collaboration , Pocket - Lint said `` We 've used the Netflix app on Xbox too and , as good as it is , we think the PS3 version might have the edge here . '' and stated that having Netflix and LoveFilm on PlayStation is `` mind - blowingly good . '' In July 2013 , YuppTV OTT player launched its branded application on the PS3 computer entertainment system in the United States . OtherOS support Main article : OtherOS PlayStation 3 initially shipped with the ability to install an alternative operating system alongside the main system software ; Linux and other Unix - based operating systems were available . The hardware allowed access to six of the seven Synergistic Processing Elements of the Cell microprocessor , but not the RSX ' Reality Synthesizer ' graphics chip . The ' OtherOS ' functionality was not present in the updated PS Slim models , and the feature was subsequently removed from previous versions of the PS3 as part of the machine 's firmware update version 3.21 which was released on April 1 , 2010 ; Sony cited security concerns as the rationale . The firmware update 3.21 was mandatory for access to the PlayStation Network . The removal caused some controversy ; as the update removed officially advertised features from already sold products , and gave rise to several class action lawsuits aimed at making Sony return the feature or provide compensation . On December 8 , 2011 , U.S. District Judge Richard Seeborg dismissed the last remaining count of the class action lawsuit ( other claims in the suit had previously been dismissed ) , stating : `` As a legal matter , ( ... ) plaintiffs have failed to allege facts or articulate a theory on which Sony may be held liable . '' As of January 2014 the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit partially reversed the dismissal and have sent the case back to the district court . Leap year bug On March 1 , 2010 ( UTC ) , many of the original `` fat '' PlayStation 3 models worldwide were experiencing errors related to their internal system clock . The error had many symptoms . Initially , the main problem seemed to be the inability to connect to the PlayStation Network . However , the root cause of the problem was unrelated to the PlayStation Network , since even users who had never been online also had problems playing installed offline games ( which queried the system timer as part of startup ) and using system themes . At the same time many users noted that the console 's clock had gone back to December 31 , 1999 . The event was nicknamed the ApocalyPS3 , a play on the word apocalypse and PS3 , the abbreviation for the PlayStation 3 console . The error code displayed was typically 8001050F and affected users were unable to sign in , play games , use dynamic themes and view / sync trophies . The problem only resided within the 1st through to the 3rd generation original PS3 units while the newer `` Slim '' models were unaffected because of different internal hardware for the clock . Sony confirmed that there was an error and stated that it was narrowing down the issue and were continuing to work to restore service . By March 2 ( UTC ) , 2010 , owners of original PS3 models could connect to PSN successfully and the clock no longer showed December 31 , 1999 . Sony stated that the affected models incorrectly identified 2010 as a leap year , because of a bug in the BCD method of storing the date . However , for some users , the hardware 's operating system clock ( mainly updated from the internet and not associated with the internal clock ) needed to be updated manually or by re-syncing it via the internet . On June 29 , 2010 , Sony released PS3 system software update 3.40 , which improved the functionality of the internal clock to properly account for leap years . Features PlayStation Portable connectivity Main articles : Remote Play and PlayStation Store ( PC ) for PSP PlayStation Portable can connect with PlayStation 3 in many ways , including in - game connectivity . For example , Formula One Championship Edition , a racing game , was shown at E3 2006 using a PSP as a real - time rear - view mirror . In addition , users are able to download original PlayStation format games from the PlayStation Store , transfer and play them on PSP as well as PS3 itself . It is also possible to use the Remote Play feature to play these and some PlayStation Network games , remotely on PSP over a network or internet connection . Sony has also demonstrated PSP playing back video content from PlayStation 3 hard disk across an ad hoc wireless network . This feature is referred to as Remote Play located under the browser icon on both PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Portable . Remote play has since expanded to allow remote access to PS3 via PSP from any wireless access point in the world . PlayStation Network Main article : PlayStation Network PlayStation Network is the unified online multiplayer gaming and digital media delivery service provided by Sony Computer Entertainment for PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Portable , announced during the 2006 PlayStation Business Briefing meeting in Tokyo . The service is always connected , free , and includes multiplayer support . The network enables online gaming , the PlayStation Store , PlayStation Home and other services . PlayStation Network uses real currency and PlayStation Network Cards as seen with the PlayStation Store and PlayStation Home . PlayStation Plus Main article : PlayStation Plus PlayStation Plus ( commonly abbreviated PS+ and occasionally referred to as PSN Plus ) is a premium PlayStation Network subscription service that was officially unveiled at E3 2010 by Jack Tretton , President and CEO of SCEA . Rumors of such service had been in speculation since Kaz Hirai 's announcement at TGS 2009 of a possible paid service for PSN but with the current PSN service still available . Launched alongside PS3 firmware 3.40 and PSP firmware 6.30 on June 29 , 2010 , the paid - for subscription service provides users with enhanced services on the PlayStation Network , on top of the current PSN service which is still available with all of its features . These enhancements include the ability to have demos and game updates download automatically to PlayStation 3 . Subscribers also get early or exclusive access to some betas , game demos , premium downloadable content and other PlayStation Store items . North American users also get a free subscription to Qore . Users may choose to purchase either a one - year or a three - month subscription to PlayStation Plus . PlayStation Store Main article : PlayStation Store The PlayStation Store is an online virtual market available to users of Sony 's PlayStation 3 ( PS3 ) and PlayStation Portable ( PSP ) game consoles via the PlayStation Network . The Store offers a range of downloadable content both for purchase and available free of charge . Available content includes full games , add - on content , playable demos , themes and game and movie trailers . The service is accessible through an icon on the XMB on PS3 and PSP . The PS3 store can also be accessed on PSP via a Remote Play connection to PS3 . The PSP store is also available via the PC application , Media Go . As of September 24 , 2009 , there have been over 600 million downloads from the PlayStation Store worldwide . The PlayStation Store is updated with new content each Tuesday in North America , and each Wednesday in PAL regions . In May 2010 this was changed from Thursdays to allow PSP games to be released digitally , closer to the time they are released on UMD . What 's new What 's New was announced at Gamescom 2009 and was released on September 1 , 2009 , with PlayStation 3 system software 3.0 . The feature was to replace the existing ( Information Board ) , which displayed news from the PlayStation website associated with the user 's region . The concept was developed further into a major PlayStation Network feature , which interacts with the ( Status Indicator ) to display a ticker of all content , excluding recently played content ( currently in North America and Japan only ) . The system displays the What 's New screen by default instead of the ( Games ) menu ( or ( Video ) menu , if a movie was inserted ) when starting up . What 's New has four sections : `` Our Pick '' , `` Recently Played '' , latest information and new content available in PlayStation Store . There are four kinds of content the What 's New screen displays and links to , on the sections . `` Recently Played '' displays the user 's recently played games and online services only , whereas , the other sections can contain website links , links to play videos and access to selected sections of the PlayStation Store . The PlayStation Store icons in the ( Game ) and ( Video ) section act similarly to the What 's New screen , except that they only display and link to games and videos in the PlayStation Store , respectively . PlayStation Home Main article : PlayStation Home PlayStation Home was a virtual 3D social networking service for the PlayStation Network . Home allowed users to create a custom avatar , which could be groomed realistically . Users could edit and decorate their personal apartments , avatars , or club houses with free , premium , or won content . Users could shop for new items or win prizes from PS3 games , or Home activities . Users could interact and connect with friends and customize content in a virtual world . Home also acted as a meeting place for users that wanted to play multiplayer games with others . A closed beta began in Europe from May 2007 and expanded to other territories soon after . Home was delayed and expanded several times before initially releasing . The Open Beta test was started on December 11 , 2008 . It remained as a perpetual beta until its closure on March 31 , 2015 . Home was available directly from the PlayStation 3 XrossMediaBar . Membership was free , but required a PSN account . Home featured places to meet and interact , dedicated game spaces , developer spaces , company spaces , and events . The service underwent a weekly maintenance and frequent updates . At the time of its closure in March 2015 , Home had been downloaded by 41 million users . Life with PlayStation The Life with PlayStation application showing weather forecasts and news headlines for New York City . Screenshot taken at approximately 8pm PST . Main article : Life with PlayStation Life with PlayStation , released on September 18 , 2008 to succeed Folding@home , was retired November 6 , 2012 . Life with PlayStation used virtual globe data to display news and information by city . Along with Folding@home functionality , the application provided access to three other information `` channels '' , the first being the Live Channel offering news headlines and weather which were provided by Google News , The Weather Channel , the University of Wisconsin -- Madison Space Science and Engineering Center , among other sources . The second channel was the World Heritage channel which offered historical information about historical sites . The third channel was the United Village channel . United Village was designed to share information about communities and cultures worldwide . An update allowed video and photo viewing in the application . The fourth channel was the U.S. exclusive PlayStation Network Game Trailers Channel for direct streaming of game trailers . Outage Main article : 2011 PlayStation Network outage On April 20 , 2011 , Sony shut down the PlayStation Network and Qriocity for a prolonged interval , revealing on April 23 that this was due to `` an external intrusion on our system '' . Sony later revealed that the personal information of 77 million users might have been taken , including : names ; addresses ; countries ; email addresses ; birthdates ; PSN / Qriocity logins , passwords and handles / PSN online IDs . It also stated that it was possible that users ' profile data , including purchase history and billing address , and PlayStation Network / Qriocity password security answers may have been obtained . There was no evidence that any credit card data had been taken , but the possibility could not be ruled out , and Sony advised customers that their credit card data may have been obtained . Additionally , the credit card numbers were encrypted and Sony never collected the three digit CVC or CSC number from the back of the credit cards which is required for authenticating some transactions . In response to the incident , Sony announced a `` Welcome Back '' program , 30 days free membership of PlayStation Plus for all PSN members , two free downloadable PS3 games , and a free one - year enrollment in an identity theft protection program . Sales and production costs Region units sold First available Canada `` about 1.5 million '' as of October 6 , 2010 November 17 , 2006 Europe ( Includes UK and other PAL regions ) 30 million as of December 19 , 2012 March 23 , 2007 Japan 6,341,950 as of April 1 , 2011 November 11 , 2006 United Kingdom 5 million as of October 11 , 2012 March 23 , 2007 United States 13.5 million as of November 11 , 2010 November 17 , 2006 Worldwide 80 million ( as of November 2 , 2013 ) November 11 , 2006 ( details ) Although its PlayStation predecessors had been very dominant against the competition and were hugely profitable for Sony , PlayStation 3 had an inauspicious start , and Sony chairman and CEO Sir Howard Stringer initially could not convince investors of a turnaround in its fortunes . The PS3 lacked the unique gameplay of the more affordable Wii which became that generation 's most successful console in terms of units sold . Furthermore , PS3 had to compete directly with Xbox 360 which had a market head start , and as a result the platform no longer had exclusive titles that the PS2 enjoyed such as the Grand Theft Auto and Final Fantasy series ( regarding cross-platform games , Xbox 360 versions were generally considered superior in 2006 , although by 2008 the PS3 versions had reached parity or surpassed ) , and it took longer than expected for PS3 to enjoy strong sales and close the gap with Xbox 360 . Sony also continued to lose money on each PS3 sold through 2010 , although the redesigned `` slim '' PS3 has cut these losses since then . PlayStation 3 's initial production cost is estimated by iSuppli to have been US $ 805.85 for the 20 GB model and US $840.35 for the 60 GB model . However , they were priced at US $499 and US $599 respectively , meaning that units may have been sold at an estimated loss of $306 or $241 depending on model , if the cost estimates were correct , and thus may have contributed to Sony 's games division posting an operating loss of ¥ 232.3 billion ( US $1.97 billion ) in the fiscal year ending March 2007 . In April 2007 , soon after these results were published , Ken Kutaragi , President of Sony Computer Entertainment , announced plans to retire . Various news agencies , including The Times and The Wall Street Journal reported that this was due to poor sales , while SCEI maintains that Kutaragi had been planning his retirement for six months prior to the announcement . In January 2008 , Kaz Hirai , CEO of Sony Computer Entertainment , suggested that the console may start making a profit by early 2009 , stating that , `` the next fiscal year starts in April and if we can try to achieve that in the next fiscal year that would be a great thing '' and that `` ( profitability ) is not a definite commitment , but that is what I would like to try to shoot for '' . However , market analysts Nikko Citigroup have predicted that PlayStation 3 could be profitable by August 2008 . In a July 2008 interview , Hirai stated that his objective is for PlayStation 3 to sell 150 million units by its ninth year , surpassing PlayStation 2 's sales of 140 million in its nine years on the market . In January 2009 Sony announced that their gaming division was profitable in Q3 2008 . Since the system 's launch , production costs have been reduced significantly as a result of phasing out the Emotion Engine chip and falling hardware costs . The cost of manufacturing Cell microprocessors has fallen dramatically as a result of moving to the 65 nm production process , and Blu - ray Disc diodes have become cheaper to manufacture . As of January 2008 , each unit cost around $400 to manufacture ; by August 2009 , Sony had reduced costs by a total of 70 % , meaning it only costs Sony around $240 per unit . Critical reception Early PlayStation 3 reviews after launch were critical of its high price and lack of quality games . Game developers regarded the architecture as difficult to program for . PS3 was , however , commended for its hardware including its Blu - ray home theater capabilities and graphics potential . Critical and commercial reception to PS3 improved over time , after a series of price revisions , Blu - ray 's victory over HD DVD , and the release of several well received titles . Ars Technica 's original launch review gave PS3 only a 6 / 10 , but second review of the console in June 2008 rated it a 9 / 10 . In September 2009 , IGN named PlayStation 3 the 15th best gaming console of all time , behind both of its competitors : Wii ( 10th ) and Xbox 360 ( 6th ) . However , PS3 has won IGN 's `` Console Showdown '' -- based on which console offers the best selection of games released during each year -- in three of the four years since it began ( 2008 , 2009 and 2011 , with Xbox winning in 2010 ) . IGN judged PlayStation 3 to have the best game line - up of 2008 , based on their review scores in comparison to those of Wii and Xbox 360 . In a comparison piece by PC Magazine 's Will Greenwald in June 2012 , PS3 was selected as an overall better console compared to Xbox 360 . Pocket - lint said of the console `` The PS3 has always been a brilliant games console , '' and that `` For now , this is just about the best media device for the money . '' Original model PS3 was given the number - eight spot on PC World magazine 's list of `` The Top 21 Tech Screwups of 2006 '' , where it was criticized for being `` Late , Expensive and Incompatible '' . GamesRadar ranked PS3 as the top item in a feature on game - related PR disasters , asking how Sony managed to `` take one of the most anticipated game systems of all time and -- within the space of a year -- turn it into a hate object reviled by the entire internet '' , but added that despite its problems the system has `` untapped potential '' . Business Week summed up the general opinion by stating that it was `` more impressed with what ( the PlayStation 3 ) could do than with what it currently does '' . Developers also found the machine difficult to program for . In 2007 , Gabe Newell of Valve said `` The PS3 is a total disaster on so many levels , I think it 's really clear that Sony lost track of what customers and what developers wanted '' . He continued `` I 'd say , even at this late date , they should just cancel it and do a do over . Just say , ' This was a horrible disaster and we 're sorry and we 're going to stop selling this and stop trying to convince people to develop for it ' '' . Doug Lombardi VP of Marketing for Valve has since stated that Valve is interested in developing for the console and is looking to hire talented PS3 programmers for future projects . He later restated Valve 's position , `` Until we have the ability to get a PS3 team together , until we find the people who want to come to Valve or who are at Valve who want to work on that , I do n't really see us moving to that platform '' . At Sony 's E3 2010 press conference , Newell made a live appearance to recant his previous statements , citing Sony 's move to make the system more developer friendly , and to announce that Valve would be developing Portal 2 for the system . He also claimed that the inclusion of Steamworks ( Valve 's system to automatically update their software independently ) would help to make the PS3 version of Portal 2 the best console version on the market . Activision Blizzard CEO Bobby Kotick has criticized PS3 's high development costs and inferior attach rate and return to that of Xbox 360 and Wii . He believes these factors are pushing developers away from working on the console . In an interview with The Times Kotick stated `` I 'm getting concerned about Sony ; the PlayStation 3 is losing a bit of momentum and they do n't make it easy for me to support the platform . '' He continued , `` It 's expensive to develop for the console , and the Wii and the Xbox are just selling better . Games generate a better return on invested capital ( ROIC ) on the Xbox than on the PlayStation . '' Kotick also claimed that Activision Blizzard may stop supporting the system if the situation is not addressed . `` ( Sony has ) to cut the ( PS3 's retail ) price , because if they do n't , the attach rates are likely to slow . If we are being realistic , we might have to stop supporting Sony . '' Kotick received heavy criticism for the statement , notably from developer BioWare who questioned the wisdom of the threatened move , and referred to the statement as `` silly . '' Despite the initial negative press , several websites have given the system very good reviews mostly regarding its hardware . CNET United Kingdom praised the system saying , `` the PS3 is a versatile and impressive piece of home - entertainment equipment that lives up to the hype ( ... ) the PS3 is well worth its hefty price tag . '' CNET awarded it a score of 8.8 out of 10 and voted it as its number one `` must - have '' gadget , praising its robust graphical capabilities and stylish exterior design while criticizing its limited selection of available games . In addition , both Home Theater Magazine and Ultimate AV have given the system 's Blu - ray playback very favorable reviews , stating that the quality of playback exceeds that of many current standalone Blu - ray Disc players . In an interview , Kazuo Hirai , chairman of Sony Computer Entertainment argued for the choice of a complex architecture . Hexus Gaming reviewed the PAL version and summed the review up by saying , `` as the PlayStation 3 matures and developers start really pushing it , we 'll see the PlayStation 3 emerge as the console of choice for gaming . '' At GDC 2007 , Shiny Entertainment founder Dave Perry stated , `` I think that Sony has made the best machine . It 's the best piece of hardware , without question '' . Slim model and rebranding The PlayStation 3 Slim received extremely positive reviews as well as a boost in sales ; less than 24 hours after its announcement , PS3 Slim took the number - one bestseller spot on Amazon.com in the video games section for fifteen consecutive days . It regained the number - one position again one day later . PS3 Slim also received praise from PC World giving it a 90 out of 100 praising its new repackaging and the new value it brings at a lower price as well as praising its quietness and the reduction in its power consumption . This is in stark contrast to the original PS3 's launch in which it was given position number - eight on their `` The Top 21 Tech Screwups of 2006 '' list . CNET awarded PS3 Slim four out of five stars praising its Blu - ray capabilities , 120 GB hard drive , free online gaming service and more affordable pricing point , but complained about the lack of backward compatibility for PlayStation 2 games . TechRadar gave PS3 Slim four and a half stars out of five praising its new smaller size and summed up its review stating `` Over all , the PS3 Slim is a phenomenal piece of kit . It 's amazing that something so small can do so much '' . However , they criticized the exterior design and the build quality in relation to the original model . Eurogamer called it `` a product where the cost - cutting has -- by and large -- been tastefully done '' and said `` It 's nothing short of a massive win for Sony . '' Super Slim model The Super Slim model of PS3 has received positive reviews . Gaming website Spong praised the new Super Slim 's quietness , stating `` The most noticeable noise comes when the drive seeks a new area of the disc , such as when starting to load a game , and this occurs infrequently . '' They added that the fans are quieter than that of Slim , and went on to praise the new smaller , lighter size . Criticism was placed on the new disc loader , stating : `` The cover can be moved by hand if you wish , there 's also an eject button to do the work for you , but there is no software eject from the triangle button menus in the Xross Media Bar ( XMB ) interface . In addition , you have to close the cover by hand , which can be a bit fiddly if it 's upright , and the PS3 wo n't start reading a disc unless you do ( close the cover ) . '' They also said there is no real drop in retail price . Tech media website CNET gave new Super Slim 4 out of 5 stars ( `` Excellent '' ) , saying `` The Super Slim PlayStation 3 shrinks a powerful gaming machine into an even tinier package while maintaining the same features as its predecessors : a great gaming library and a strong array of streaming services ( ... ) '' , whilst also criticising the `` cheap '' design and disc - loader , stating : `` Sometimes ( the cover ) does n't catch and you feel like you 're using one of those old credit card imprinter machines . In short , it feels cheap . You do n't realize how convenient autoloading disc trays are until they 're gone . Whether it was to cut costs or save space , this move is ultimately a step back . '' The criticism also was due to price , stating the cheapest Super Slim model was still more expensive than the cheapest Slim model , and that the smaller size and bigger hard drive should n't be considered an upgrade when the hard drive on a Slim model is easily removed and replaced . They did praise that the hard drive of the Super Slim model is `` the easiest yet . Simply sliding off the side panel reveals the drive bay , which can quickly be unscrewed . '' They also stated that whilst the Super Slim model is not in any way an upgrade , it could be an indicator as to what 's to come . `` It may not be revolutionary , but the Super Slim PS3 is the same impressive machine in a much smaller package . There does n't seem to be any reason for existing PS3 owners to upgrade , but for the prospective PS3 buyer , the Super Slim is probably the way to go if you can deal with not having a slot - loading disc drive . '' Pocket - Lint gave Super Slim a very positive review saying `` It 's much more affordable , brilliant gaming , second - to - none video and media player . '' They think it is `` A blinding good console and one that will serve you for years to come with second - hand games and even new releases . Without doubt , if you do n't have a PS3 , this is the time to buy . '' They gave Super Slim 4 and a half stars out of 5 . Technology magazine T3 gave the Super Slim model a positive review , stating the console is almost `` nostalgic '' in the design similarities to the original `` fat '' model , `` While we do n't know whether it will play PS3 games or Blu - ray discs any differently yet , the look and feel of the new PS3 Slim is an obvious homage to the original PS3 , minus the considerable excess weight . Immediately we would be concerned about the durability of the top loading tray that feels like it could be yanked straight out off the console , but ultimately it all feels like Sony 's nostalgic way of signing off the current generation console in anticipation for the PS4 . '' Notes Jump up ^ Initially used HDMI 1.3 a specification , but was upgraded to 1.4 with the introduction of stereoscopic 3D for gaming and Blu - ray playback ( via firmware update ) . The PlayStation 3 does not currently support any other HDMI 1.4 capabilities . References Jump up ^ Shilov , Anton ( July 18 , 2006 ) . `` Asustek Computer Ships PlayStation 3 Consoles '' . X-bit labs . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2009 . Retrieved May 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` PlayStation 3 Sales Reach 80 Million Units Worldwide '' . Sony Computer Entertainment . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` PS3 SACD FAQ '' . ps3sacd.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . 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Jump up ^ quick reference manual , for 20 GB US PlayStation 3 page 14 Jump up ^ `` PlayStation 3 Accessories '' . SCEA . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2008 . Retrieved January 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` PlayTV on PlayStation 3 explained '' . Sony Computer Entertainment Europe via Kotaku . August 22 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2008 . Retrieved October 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` DualShock 3 Wireless Controller With Rumble Feature To Be Introduced For PlayStation 3 '' . Sony Computer Entertainment . September 20 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved September 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` TGS ' 07 : Spot On -- The Dual Shock 3 '' . GameSpot . September 19 , 2007 . Retrieved September 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` DualShock 3 will launch on November 11 in Japan '' . Kotaku . October 8 , 2007 . Retrieved January 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Announces New 80GB PS3 Bundle , DualShock 3 , Red PSP '' . Daily Tech . February 26 , 2008 . Retrieved March 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` TGS 07 : DualShock 3 announced '' . IGN . September 19 , 2007 . Retrieved January 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` PlayStation Move motion controller to hit worldwide market starting this September '' . Sony Computer Entertainment . June 16 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2012 . Retrieved June 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The official surround sound system for your PS3 '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pitcher , Jenna ( July 2 , 2014 ) . `` DualShock 4 controller now works wirelessly with the PlayStation 3 '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kuchera , Ben ( February 14 , 2008 ) . `` Xbox 360 failure rates worse than most consumer electronics '' . Arstechnica.com . Retrieved August 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sands A , Tseng V. ( 2009 ) . Game Console Failure Rates : Wii 9 times more reliable than Xbox 360 , 4 times more than PS3 . SquareTrade . Archived March 24 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Unsworth , Rob ( September 17 , 2009 ) . `` BBC `` Watchdog '' report on `` Yellow Light of Death '' `` . BBC . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2012 . Retrieved May 31 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sony rebuts BBC PlayStation claim '' . news.bbc.co.uk . BBC News . September 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sony tackles BBC over ' PS3 failure ' report '' . www.gamesindustry.biz . September 17 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` PlayStation.com -- PLAYSTATION3 -- Features -- SystemUpdate '' . SCEA . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2010 . Retrieved February 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Install Other OS '' . PlayStation 3 User 's Guide . Sony Computer Entertainment . 2007 . Retrieved April 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Boyes , Emma ( November 27 , 2006 ) . `` Yellow Dog Linux launches for PS3 '' . GameSpot . Retrieved November 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Andrew Yoon ( March 29 , 2010 ) . `` Linux support dropped from PS3 firmware 3.21 '' . Joystiq . Retrieved March 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ F. , Ryan . `` PS3 dual boot GameOS / Linux CFW released '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PlayStation 3 Features Connectivity '' . Sony . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` About the PlayStation Network '' . Sony . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2008 . Retrieved January 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` PlayStation Knowledge Center '' . Sony . Retrieved July 6 , 2010 . Can multiple PlayStationNetwork accounts access PlayStationStore content that was purchased by a different account ? Jump up ^ `` PlayStation Knowledge Center '' . Sony . Retrieved July 6 , 2010 . How do I back up and restore videos that were downloaded from the PlayStationStore ? ^ Jump up to : `` PS3 System Software Update -- 3.40 '' . blog.eu.playstation.com . PlayStation. Blog . Retrieved June 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` What is the function of PlayMemories application ? '' . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2012 . Retrieved September 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sony launches PlayMemories app for 3D photos '' . Retrieved September 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith , Stevie ( June 12 , 2009 ) . `` VidZone gives PlayStation 3 a free music video jukebox '' . www.thetechherald.com . Jump up ^ Bantick , Mike ( June 12 , 2009 ) . `` VidZone review -- The online music video jukebox '' . www.itwire.com . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Coming Soon : Netflix Members Can Instantly Watch Movies and TV Episodes Streamed to TVs Via the PlayStation ( R ) 3 Computer Entertainment System ( Press Release ) '' . www.reuters.com . Netflix Inc. via Reuters . October 26 , 2009 . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Available Now : Netflix Members can Instantly Watch Movies and TV Episodes Streamed to TVs Via the PlayStation ( R ) 3 Computer Entertainment System '' . www.prnewswire.com . Netflix Inc. via PRNewswire . November 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Greg Peters ( Netflix ) ( October 14 , 2010 ) . `` Netflix on PS3 : Disc - free Next Week '' . blog.us.playstation.com . PlayStation. Blog . Jump up ^ Chen , Grace ( April 22 , 2010 ) . `` Watch Major League Baseball on PS3 ! MLB.TV App Live Today '' . PlayStation. blog . Retrieved June 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sources : Cakarel , Efe ( May 18 , 2010 ) . `` PS3 + MUBI + YOU '' . blog.eu.playstation.com . PlayStation. Blog . Cakarel , Efe ( November 1 , 2010 ) . `` MUBI Is Launching On PS3 This Week '' . blog.eu.playstation.com . PlayStation. Blog . Jump up ^ `` MUBI Goes Live This Week '' . uk.ps3.ign.com . IGN . November 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sources : John P. Falcone ( November 16 , 2010 ) . `` Vudu coming to PS3 with updated interface '' . news.cnet.com . CNET . Panico , Susan ( November 16 , 2010 ) . `` VUDU Comes to the PS3 , Adding Another Choice for PSN Members to Experience Media Instantly '' . blog.us.playstation.com . PlayStation. Blog . Jump up ^ Chen , Grace ( November 10 , 2010 ) . `` NHL `` Lights the Lamp '' on the PS3 `` . blog.us.playstation.com . PlayStation. Blog . Jump up ^ Panico , Susan ( November 10 , 2010 ) . `` Get Hulu Plus on your PS3 Today ! '' . blog.us.playstation.com . PlayStation. Blog . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Philip ( August 17 , 2011 ) . `` DIRECTV and PlayStation Bring NFL Sunday Ticket to PS3 '' . blog.us.playstation.com . PlayStation. Blog . Jump up ^ Chen , Grace ( October 25 , 2011 ) . `` PlayStation Store Update '' . blog.us.playstation.com . PlayStation. Blog . Jump up ^ Buser , Jack ( April 3 , 2012 ) . `` PS3 : The First Console to Offer Amazon Video '' . PlayStation. blog . Retrieved June 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hall , Chris . `` Sony PS3 slim review '' . Pocket - lint . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How to access the YUPPTV app '' . Sony.com . March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` YuppTV Application Overview '' . Playstation.com . Jump up ^ `` PSA : PS3 Firmware Update 3.21 available now '' . April 1 , 2010 . Retrieved April 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` PS3 Firmware ( v3. 21 ) Update '' . blog.us.playstation.com . PlayStation. Blog . March 28 , 2010 . Retrieved March 28 , 2010 ... but due to security concerns , Sony Computer Entertainment will remove the functionality through the 3.21 system software update Jump up ^ `` Sony Steals Feature From Your PlayStation 3 '' . March 30 , 2010 . Retrieved March 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sources : Welsh , Oli ( May 11 , 2010 ) . `` Sony hit by two more Other OS lawsuits '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved May 11 , 2010 . `` Man Files class action lawsuit over Other OS support removal '' . Joystiq. April 30 , 2010 . `` PlayStation 3 Owner files class action lawsuit against Sony for dropping ' Other OS ' '' . Kotaku. April 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Tosses PlayStation 3 Upgrade Claims Aside '' . Courthouse News Service . December 9 , 2011 . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Appellate Court Puts PS3 Class Action Lawsuit Back in the Game '' . January 8 , 2014 . Retrieved February 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Previous post Next post ( March 1 , 2010 ) . `` ApocalyPS3 : Buggy Clock Drives PlayStation 3 Haywire GameLife '' . Wired.com . Retrieved August 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sony PS3 network glitch affects thousands The Daily Telegraph , March 1 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` PlayStation Network Status Update -- PlayStation. Blog. Europe '' . blog.eu.playstation.com . PlayStation. Blog . Retrieved August 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` PS3 issues apparently resolved , game on '' . Engadget . Retrieved August 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bakalar , Jeff ( March 1 , 2010 ) . `` PS3 console errors fixed , leap year bug to blame '' . CNET.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Tabuchi , Hiroko ( March 1 , 2010 ) . `` Error Blocked PlayStation 3 From Using Its Network '' . New York Times . Retrieved March 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` PlayStation 3 Features Software Updates '' . Sony . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Haynes , Jeff ( May 8 , 2006 ) . `` E3 2006 : Formula One 06 Resurfaces '' . IGN PlayStation 3 . Retrieved January 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Deleon , Nicholas ( December 7 , 2006 ) . `` Downloadable PS1 Games Hit The PSP ( Provided You Have a PS3 ) '' . Gizmodo . Retrieved January 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Sam ( October 20 , 2006 ) . `` Phil Harrison Talks Downloadable PS1 Games on PS3 '' . 1up.com . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2009 . Retrieved April 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Nix , Marc ( October 20 , 2006 ) . `` PSP and PS3 Play Together '' . IGN PSP . Retrieved January 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` PlayStation 3 announced for 2006 '' . GameSpot . May 16 , 2005 . Retrieved April 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Official PlayStation Website -- PlayStation Network '' . SCEA . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2008 . Retrieved January 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Joseph L. Flatley ( June 15 , 2010 ) . `` PlayStation Plus Announced at E3 : $50 / Year '' . Engadget . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fahey , Mike ( June 29 , 2010 ) . `` What Do You Get with PlayStation Plus ? '' . Kotaku . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TGS 2009 : Keynote Address '' . IGN . Jump up ^ `` PSN Thursday no more : say hello to PSN Tuesday and Wednesday '' . Jump up ^ `` PSN Store Day Move Not Due To 360 '' . Thesixthaxis.com. April 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` PlayStation Games & Media News : -- Entertainment on PS3 has a new look '' . SCEE . Jump up ^ `` GDC : Phil Harrison 's Keynote Speech '' . Games Industry . May 16 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` PlayStation Home unveiled '' . Engadget . March 7 , 2007 . Retrieved January 15 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` GDC 2007 Sony keynote speech '' . Engadget . March 8 , 2007 . Retrieved January 15 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` PlayStation Home , the free virtual world of PlayStation 3 '' . JoyStiq . March 7 , 2007 . Retrieved January 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` IGN : Europeans Go Home '' . IGN PlayStation 3 . May 1 , 2007 . Retrieved May 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` PlayStation Home Beta Extended Today '' . blog.us.playstation.com . PlayStation. Blog . Jump up ^ `` Virtual Worlds News : Sony Home Delayed to Spring 2008 '' . Virtual Worlds News . September 20 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2009 . Retrieved July 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` PlayStation Home not open till fall of 08 '' . Platform Nation. April 22 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Playstation Home Closing Its Doors After 6 Years '' . September 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PlayStation Home Update -- September 26 , 2014 '' . September 26 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Contreras , Paulmichael ( August 23 , 2011 ) . `` PlayStation Home -- Over 23 Million Strong , Evolving With A New Major Redesign '' . PlayStation LifeStyle . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Life with PlayStation '' . PlayStation.com . September 18 , 2009 . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2012 . Retrieved October 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Life With PlayStation out now '' . Kotaku . Jump up ^ `` United Village '' . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2010 . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` PSN / Qriocity Service Update -- PlayStation. Blog. Europe '' . blog.eu.playstation.com . PlayStation. Blog. April 26 , 2011 . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PlayStation Network and Qriocity Outage FAQ -- PlayStation. Blog. Europe '' . blog.eu.playstation.com . PlayStation. Blog. April 28 , 2011 . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Albanesius , Chloe ( April 28 , 2011 ) . `` PlayStation Network Credit Card Data Encrypted , Sony Says '' . PC Magazine . Jump up ^ Wesley Yin - Poole ( May 1 , 2011 ) . `` PSN : Sony outlines `` Welcome Back '' gifts News -- PlayStation 3 -- Page 1 `` . Eurogamer.net . Retrieved May 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PlayStation Network nears restoration ; users get ID theft protection -- Game Hunters : In search of video games and interactive awesomeness -- USATODAY.com '' . Content.usatoday.com . May 5 , 2011 . Retrieved May 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nowak , Peter ( October 6 , 2010 ) . `` Sony aims for PS3 holiday sales boost '' . CBC . Retrieved October 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( December 19 , 2012 ) . `` PS3 sells 30 million across Europe and PAL regions '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2013 . Retrieved February 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` PSP Japan 's best - selling console in 2010 '' . Eurogamer. April 1 , 2011 . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Matthew ( October 11 , 2012 ) . `` PlayStation 3 celebrates sales of 5 million consoles in the UK '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Corporation . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gamasutra -- News -- Fils - Aime : Holidays More Important To Nintendo Than Rivals '' . Gamasutra . November 11 , 2010 . Retrieved March 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide PlayStation 3 sales reach 80 million '' . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shah , Sarju ( May 23 , 2008 ) . `` Xbox 360 Versus PlayStation 3 Graphics Comparison : Round 3 '' . GameSpot.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Reisinger , Don ( February 1 , 2012 ) . `` Why Sony needed to swap out its CEO The Digital Home -- CNET News '' . News.cnet.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` PS3 Profitable , Price Cut Unlikely '' . June 28 , 2010 . Retrieved November 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sources : `` iSuppli : 60GB PS3 Costs $840 to Produce '' . www.next-gen.biz . November 16 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2011 . `` iSuppli Corporation : Applied Market Intelligence : PlayStation 3 Offers Supercomputer Performance at PC Pricing , iSuppli 's Teardown Analysis Reveals '' . www.isuppli.com . iSuppli . November 16 , 2006 . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hesseldahl , Arik ( November 16 , 2006 ) . `` Nothing Cheap About the PS3 '' . www.businessweek.com . Bloomberg . Jump up ^ `` PS3 launch hits Sony profits '' . GamesIndustry.biz . May 16 , 2007 . Retrieved August 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sabbagh , Dan ; Kennedy , Siobhan ( April 27 , 2007 ) . `` PlayStation boss pays the price of weak sales '' . London : Times Online . Retrieved April 27 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Grant , Christopher ( April 26 , 2007 ) . `` Sony 's Ken Kutaragi announces plans to retire '' . Joystiq . Retrieved July 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sony 's Hirai eyes PS3 profit as costs decline '' . Reuters . January 7 , 2008 . Retrieved April 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` PS3 profitable by August , say Nikko Citigroup analysts '' . GamesIndustry.biz. April 21 , 2008 . Retrieved April 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Nuttall , Chris ( July 20 , 2008 ) . `` Sony sets 150m sales target for PS3 '' . Financial Times . Retrieved August 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ nofi ( January 29 , 2009 ) . `` Sony 's Game Division In Profit '' . TheSixthAxis . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sony cuts PS3 production costs in half '' . psu.com . January 11 , 2008 . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2012 . Retrieved January 22 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` PlayStation 3 manufacturing costs to go down , way down '' . ps3fanboy.com . February 8 , 2007 . Retrieved July 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` IBM Shrinks Cell Broadband Engine to 65nm Process '' . dailytech.com . March 13 , 2007 . Retrieved July 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` PlayStation 3 Production Costs Drop '' . gameinformer.com . May 7 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2007 . Retrieved July 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sony 's Blu - Ray Breakthrough '' . BusinessWeek . January 8 , 2008 . Retrieved January 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` PS3 production costs halved , says analyst '' . www.gamesindustry.biz . January 14 , 2008 . Retrieved January 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` PS3 70 percent cheaper to make '' . www.gamersyndrome.com . August 1 , 2009 . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Kat ( August 22 , 2009 ) . `` PlayStation 3 Production Costs Slashed 70 Percent '' . 1up . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2009 . Retrieved July 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ashcraft , Brian ( August 22 , 2009 ) . `` Sony : PS3 Manufacturing Costs Down 70 Percent '' . Kotaku . Retrieved July 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Emeran , Riyad ( March 23 , 2007 ) . `` Sony PlayStation 3 '' . Trustedreviews.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Allen , Danny ( March 1 , 2007 ) . `` First review : PlayStation 3 '' . PC Advisor . Retrieved July 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Toshiba Announces Discontinuation of HD DVD Businesses '' ( Press release ) . Toshiba . February 19 , 2008 . Retrieved August 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kuchera , Ben ( June 4 , 2008 ) . `` They say it got smart : a 2008 review of the PS3 '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved June 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` PlayStation 3 is number 15 '' . IGN Entertainment . Retrieved October 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Shea , Cam . `` Console Showdown 2011 : Winner Announced ! -- Games Feature at IGN '' . Games.ign.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shea , Cam . `` IGN : Aussie Console Showdown 08 : PS3 vs. Wii vs. 360 '' . Ps3.ign.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Greenwald , Will ( June 7 , 2012 ) . `` Xbox 360 vs. PlayStation 3 : Which Console Wins the Gaming Game '' . PCMag.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tynan , Dan ( December 20 , 2006 ) . `` The Top 21 Tech Screwups of 2006 '' . PC World . Retrieved February 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Reparaz , Mikel ( March 21 , 2007 ) . `` The Top 7 ... PR disasters '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved March 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Cliff ( November 16 , 2006 ) . `` PS3 : Soon to Be a Great System '' . Business Week . Retrieved July 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Stuart ( January 15 , 2007 ) . `` Valve : PS3 a `` total disaster on so many levels '' `` . computerandvideogames.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Valve open to work with PS3 development '' . Qj.net . July 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Guttridge , Luke ( July 3 , 2009 ) . `` Valve dodge PS3 development '' . play.tm . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2009 . Retrieved July 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sabbagh , Dan ( June 19 , 2009 ) . `` Sony should beware -- Activision chief is not simply playing games '' . London : timesonline.co.uk . Retrieved July 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Crossley , Rob ( June 19 , 2009 ) . `` Kotick slams PS3 for ' high ' dev costs '' . develop - online . Retrieved July 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` BioWare : Activision PS3 comment `` silly and biased towards what is popular . '' `` . Jump up ^ Carnoy , Dave ( March 2007 ) . `` PS3 Reviewed '' . CNet.co.uk . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2007 . Retrieved April 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ CNET Staff ( November 21 , 2006 ) . `` Top 10 Must - haves '' . CNET . Retrieved February 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Carnoy , David ( November 14 , 2006 ) . `` Sony PlayStation 3 ( 60 GB ) Reviews '' . CNET . Retrieved February 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Chiarella , Chris ( December 2006 ) . `` Sony PlayStation 3 '' . Home Theater Magazine . Primedia Magazines , Inc . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2009 . Retrieved February 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Buettner , Shane C. ( December 2006 ) . `` PlayStation3 Blu - ray Disc Player '' . Primedia Magazines , Inc . pp. 4 of 6 . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2007 . Retrieved February 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Hirai : We 're the `` official '' industry leader `` . Eurogamer . January 20 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . We do n't provide the easy to program for console that ( developers ) want , because easy to program for means that anybody will be able to take advantage of pretty much what the hardware can do , so then the question is what do you do for the rest of the nine - and - a-half years ? Jump up ^ Haywood , Nick ( March 23 , 2007 ) . `` Review : Sony PlayStation 3 '' . HEXUS. gaming . pp. 6 of 6 . Retrieved April 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Ellie ( March 7 , 2007 ) . `` GDC : What 's Next for PS3 ? '' . GamesIndustry.biz . Retrieved April 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` PS3 Slim gets back Bestseller top spot on Amazon '' . qj.net . September 1 , 2009 . Retrieved September 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Priced right , Sony 's slim - line PlayStation 3 ( 120GB ) bundles the top - notch features of the earlier PlayStation 3 into a smarter , sleeker package '' . PC World . September 2 , 2009 . Retrieved September 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sony PlayStation 3 Slim -- 120GB Review '' . CNET . August 19 , 2009 . Retrieved September 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sony PlayStation 3 Slim 120GB review '' . TechRadar . September 1 , 2009 . Retrieved September 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Leadbetter , Richard ( September 2 , 2009 ) . `` Hardware Test : PS3 Slim Article Page 1 Articles `` . Eurogamer.net . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dodds , Gavin . `` PlayStation Super Slim 500GB -- Review '' . Spong . Retrieved October 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bakalar , Jeff . `` Sony PlayStation Super Slim Uncharted 3 Limited Edition Bundle Review '' . CNET . Retrieved October 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sawh , Michael . `` Sony PS3 Super Slim review : Hands - on '' . T3 . Retrieved October 6 , 2012 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to PlayStation 3 . Official websites Asia Australia Canada New Zealand United Kingdom United States Auxiliary sites by Sony Hardware press images User 's guide Directories PlayStation 3 at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) PlayStation 3 Hardware Technical specifications Models Cell ( microprocessor ) RSX ' Reality Synthesizer ' Accessories PlayStation Eye PlayStation Move PlayTV Sixaxis DualShock 3 Accessories Software System software OtherOS Remote Play XrossMediaBar Life with PlayStation PSGL Network PlayStation Network 2011 outage PlayStation Home PlayStation Now PlayStation Network Card Qore FirstPlay VidZone Games ( Lists ) Retail games Downloadable games Digital only Physical and digital Best - selling games 3D games PS Minis PS one Classics Japan North America PAL region PS2 Classics Classics HD PS Move games PS Now games NEOGEO Station TurboGrafx - 16 games Instant Game Collection North America PAL region Asia Japan China Media PlayStation Blog Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine PlayStation : The Official Magazine PlayStation Official Magazine -- UK PlayStation Official Magazine -- Australia Other Zego Folding@home PlayStation 3 cluster PlayStation 3 Jailbreak Links to related articles PlayStation Sony Interactive Entertainment SIE Worldwide Studios Consoles Home consoles PlayStation Models Main hardware PlayStation 2 Models Main hardware PlayStation 3 Models Main hardware System software PlayStation 4 Main hardware System software Handhelds PlayStation Portable System software PlayStation Vita System software Miscellaneous PocketStation PSX PlayStation TV Games PS1 games A -- L M -- Z Best - selling PS one Classics NA PAL JP PS2 games Best - selling Online games HD games PS2 Classics for PS3 PS2 games for PS4 PS3 games Best - selling Physical Digital only Physical and digital 3D games PS Move games PS Now games PS4 games Best - selling PSVR PSP games Physical and digital System software compatibilities PS Minis Other PS Vita games A -- L M -- Z PS Mobile games TurboGrafx - 16 Classics NEOGEO Station Classics HD Instant Game Collection NA PAL Asia Japan China Reprints Greatest Hits Essentials The Best BigHit Series Network PlayStation Network 2011 outage Central Station FirstPlay PlayStation App PlayStation Blog PlayStation Home PlayStation Mobile PlayStation Music PlayStation Now PlayStation Store PlayStation Video PlayStation Vue PS2 online Room for PSP VidZone Accessories Controllers PlayStation Controller PlayStation Mouse Analog Joystick Dual Analog DualShock Sixaxis PlayStation Move Cameras EyeToy Go ! Cam PlayStation Eye PlayStation Camera Miscellaneous Multitap Link Cable PS2 accessories PS2 Headset PS3 accessories PlayTV Wonderbook PlayStation VR Kits Net Yaroze PS2 Linux GScube OtherOS Zego Media Magazines Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine PlayStation : The Official Magazine PlayStation Official Magazine -- UK PlayStation Official Magazine -- Australia PlayStation Underground Advertisements Double Life Mountain PlayStation marketing Characters Toro Polygon Man Kevin Butler Marcus Rivers Arcade boards Namco System 11 System 12 System 10 System 246 System 357 Related Super NES CD - ROM Sony Ericsson Xperia Play Category Portal Sony Founders Masaru Ibuka Akio Morita Key personnel Kaz Hirai ( Chairman ) Kenichiro Yoshida ( President and CEO ) Primary businesses Sony Corporation Sony Interactive Entertainment PlayStation Sony Mobile Sony Entertainment Sony Pictures Entertainment Sony Music Entertainment Sony / ATV Music Publishing Sony Financial Holdings Sony Life Sony Bank Technologies and brands α ( Alpha ) Betacam Bionz Blu - ray BRAVIA CD Cell Cyber-shot Dash Dream Machine DVD Exmor FeliCa Handycam HDCAM / HDCAM - SR LocationFree Memory Stick MiniDisc MiniDV mylo PlayStation Reader S / PDIF SDDS SXRD Sony Tablet Tunnel diode TransferJet UMD Vaio Video8 / Hi8 / Digital8 Walkman Walkman Phones XDCAM Xperia HMZ - T1 Historical products AIBO CV - 2000 DAT Betamax Sony CLIÉ Discman Jumbotron Lissa Mavica NEWS Qualia Rolly TR - 55 Trinitron 1 inch Type C ( BVH series ) U-matic Watchman WEGA Electronics Sony Electronics ( US subsidiary ) Sony Energy Devices Sony Creative Software FeliCa Networks ( 57 % ) Sony Interactive Entertainment Key personnel Andrew House Shawn Layden Shuhei Yoshida Sony Interactive Entertainment Worldwide Studios Franchises Ape Escape Arc the Lad Boku no Natsuyasumi Buzz ! Colony Wars Dark Cloud Echochrome EverQuest Everybody 's Golf Everybody 's Tennis EyeToy FantaVision Fat Princess G - Police Genji God of War Gran Turismo Gravity Rush Infamous Invizimals Jak and Daxter Jumping Flash ! Killzone Knack Legend of Legaia Lemmings LittleBigPlanet LocoRoco MediEvil MLB : The Show ModNation Racers MotorStorm Motor Toon Grand Prix Ore no Shikabane wo Koete Yuke / Oreshika PaRappa the Rapper Patapon PlanetSide Pursuit Force Rally Cross Ratchet & Clank Resistance Shadow of the Beast SingStar Siren Sly Cooper SOCOM Soul Sacrifice Sports Champions Start the Party ! Syphon Filter The Eye of Judgment The Getaway The Last of Us This Is Football ( franchise ) Twisted Metal Uncharted Vib - Ribbon Warhawk White Knight Chronicles Wipeout Wonderbook Divisions Bend Studio Foster City Studio Japan Studio London Studio San Diego Studio Santa Monica Studio Subsidiaries Guerrilla Games J.S.E.E.D. PlayStation C.A.M.P. Team Gravity Team Ico Media Molecule Naughty Dog PixelOpus Polyphony Digital Sucker Punch Productions XDev Former subsidiaries 989 Studios Bigbig Studios Contrail Evolution Studios Guerrilla Cambridge Incognito Entertainment Psygnosis Team Soho Zipper Interactive PlayStation Sony Interactive Entertainment SIE Worldwide Studios Consoles Home consoles PlayStation Models Main hardware PlayStation 2 Models Main hardware PlayStation 3 Models Main hardware System software PlayStation 4 Main hardware System software Handhelds PlayStation Portable System software PlayStation Vita System software Miscellaneous PocketStation PSX PlayStation TV Games PS1 games A -- L M -- Z Best - selling PS one Classics NA PAL JP PS2 games Best - selling Online games HD games PS2 Classics for PS3 PS2 games for PS4 PS3 games Best - selling Physical Digital only Physical and digital 3D games PS Move games PS Now games PS4 games Best - selling PSVR PSP games Physical and digital System software compatibilities PS Minis Other PS Vita games A -- L M -- Z PS Mobile games TurboGrafx - 16 Classics NEOGEO Station Classics HD Instant Game Collection NA PAL Asia Japan China Reprints Greatest Hits Essentials The Best BigHit Series Network PlayStation Network 2011 outage Central Station FirstPlay PlayStation App PlayStation Blog PlayStation Home PlayStation Mobile PlayStation Music PlayStation Now PlayStation Store PlayStation Video PlayStation Vue PS2 online Room for PSP VidZone Accessories Controllers PlayStation Controller PlayStation Mouse Analog Joystick Dual Analog DualShock Sixaxis PlayStation Move Cameras EyeToy Go ! Cam PlayStation Eye PlayStation Camera Miscellaneous Multitap Link Cable PS2 accessories PS2 Headset PS3 accessories PlayTV Wonderbook PlayStation VR Kits Net Yaroze PS2 Linux GScube OtherOS Zego Media Magazines Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine PlayStation : The Official Magazine PlayStation Official Magazine -- UK PlayStation Official Magazine -- Australia PlayStation Underground Advertisements Double Life Mountain PlayStation marketing Characters Toro Polygon Man Kevin Butler Marcus Rivers Arcade boards Namco System 11 System 12 System 10 System 246 System 357 Related Super NES CD - ROM Sony Ericsson Xperia Play Category Portal Other Gaikai SN Systems Cellius ( 49 % ) Dimps Category Portal Sony Music Entertainment Key personnel Rob Stringer Kevin Kelleher Flagship Columbia Records RCA Records Epic Records Sony Music Nashville Columbia Nashville Arista Nashville RCA Records Nashville Provident Label Group Sony Masterworks Sony Classical Records Portrait Records RCA Red Seal Records Okeh Records Sony Music Entertainment Japan Epic Records Japan Ki / oon Music Sony Music Entertainment Japan Ariola Japan BMG Japan mora Sacra Music Aniplex Aniplex of America A-1 Pictures Music On ! TV Distribution The Orchard IODA RED Distribution Red Essential Other Labels RCA Inspiration Phonogenic Records Ultra Music Century Media Records Legacy Recordings Black Butter Records Kemosabe Records Robbins Entertainment Syco Music ( 50 % ) Sony Music Australia Sony Music UK Sony Music India Sony Music Latin Vevo Volcano Entertainment Sony Pictures Entertainment Key personnel Tony Vinciquerra Thomas Rothman Sony Pictures Motion Picture Group Columbia Pictures TriStar Pictures TriStar Productions Screen Gems Sony Pictures Classics Sony Pictures Releasing Sony Pictures Imageworks Sony Pictures Animation Sony Pictures Worldwide Acquisitions Destination Films Stage 6 Films Affirm Films Sony Pictures Home Entertainment Sony Wonder Sony Pictures Television U.S. production Adelaide Productions Sony Crackle The Minisode Network Culver Entertainment Embassy Row TriStar Television U.S. distribution Funimation ( 95 % ) International production 2waytraffic Left Bank Pictures Playmaker Media Stellify Media Teleset TV channels & VOD Sony Pictures Television TV channels and VOD platforms = online VOD platform Americas US networks Sony Movie Channel GSN ( 58 % joint venture with AT&T Entertainment Group ) getTV Cine Sony Sony Crackle Defunct 3net ( joint venture with Discovery and IMAX ) Fearnet ( joint venture with Comcast and Lions Gate Entertainment ) Canada Sony Movie Channel and AXN Movies ( rebranded ) Latin America Canal Sony AXN Defunct Animax Locomotion Sony Spin Asia Indian sub-continent Sony Pictures Networks India Pvt. Ltd . 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subsistence type of farming is practised in the following area

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Subsistence_agriculture&oldid=844481105

Subsistence agriculture - wikipedia Subsistence agriculture Like most farmers in Africa , this Cameroonian man cultivates at the subsistence level . Subsistence agriculture is a self - sufficiency farming system in which the farmers focus on growing enough food to feed themselves and their entire families . The output is mostly for local requirements with little or no surplus trade . The typical subsistence farm has a range of crops and animals needed by the family to feed and clothe themselves during the year . Planting decisions are made principally with an eye toward what the family will need during the coming year , and secondarily toward market prices . Tony Waters writes : `` Subsistence peasants are people who grow what they eat , build their own houses , and live without regularly making purchases in the marketplace . '' However , despite the primacy of self - sufficiency in subsistence farming , today most subsistence farmers also participate in trade to some degree , though usually it is for goods that are not necessary for survival , and may include sugar , iron roofing sheets , bicycles , used clothing , and so forth . Most subsistence farmers today reside in developing countries , although their amount of trade as measured in cash is less than that of consumers in countries with modern complex markets , many have important trade contacts and trade items that they can produce because of their special skills or special access to resources valued in the marketplace . Subsistence agriculture also emerged independently in Mexico where it was based on maize cultivation , and the Andes where it was based on the domestication of the potato . Subsistence agriculture was the dominant mode of production in the world until recently , when market - based capitalism became widespread . Subsistence horticulture may have developed independently in South East Asia and Papua New Guinea . Subsistence farming continues today in large parts of rural Africa , and parts of Asia and Latin America . In 2015 , about 2 billion people ( slightly more than 25 % of the world 's population ) in 500 million households living in rural areas of developing nations survive as `` smallholder '' farmers , working less than 2 hectares ( 5 acres ) of land . Subsistence agriculture had largely disappeared in Europe by the beginning of World War I , and in North America with the movement of sharecroppers and tenant farmers out of the American South and Midwest during the 1930s and 1940s . As recently as the 1950s , it was still common on family farms in North America and Europe to grow much of a family 's own food and make much of its own clothing , although sales of some of the farm 's production earned enough currency to buy certain staples , typically including sugar ; coffee and tea ; petroleum distillates ( petrol , kerosene , fuel oil ) ; textile products such as bolts of cloth , needles , and thread ; medicines ; hardware products such as nails , screws , and wire ; and a few discretionary items such as candy or books . Many of the preceding items , as well as occasional services from physicians , veterinarians , blacksmiths , and others , were often bought with barter rather than currency . In Central and Eastern Europe subsistence and semi-subsistence agriculture reappeared within the transition economy since about 1990 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Types of subsistence farming 1.1 Shifting agriculture 1.2 Primitive agriculture 1.3 Nomadic herding 1.4 Intensive subsistence farming 2 Poverty alleviation 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading Types of subsistence farming ( edit ) Shifting agriculture ( edit ) Main article : Shifting cultivation In this type of agriculture , a patch of forest land is cleared by a combination of felling and burning , and crops are grown . After 2 - 3 years the fertility of the soil begins to decline , the land is abandoned and the farmer moves to clear a fresh piece of land elsewhere in the forest as the process continues . While the land is left fallow the forest regrows in the cleared area and soil fertility and biomass is restored . After a decade or more , the farmer may return to the first piece of land . This form of agriculture is sustainable at low population densities , but higher population loads require more frequent clearing which prevents soil fertility from recovering , opens up more of the forest canopy , and encourages scrub at the expense of large trees , eventually resulting in deforestation and land erosion . Shifting cultivation is called Dredd in India , Ladang in Indonesia , Milpa in Central America and Mexico and Jhumming in North East India . Primitive agriculture ( edit ) While this ' slash - and - burn ' technique may describe the method for opening new land , commonly the farmers in question have in existence at the same time smaller fields , sometimes merely gardens , near the homestead there they practice intensive ' non-shifting '' techniques until shortage of fields where they can employ `` slash and burn '' to clear land and ( by the burning ) provide fertilizer ( ash ) . Such gardens nearer the homestead often regularly receive household refuse , the manure of any household chickens or goats , and compost piles where refuse is thrown initially just to get it out of the way . However , such farmers often recognize the value of such compost and apply it regularly to their smaller fields . They also may irrigate part of such fields if they are near a source of water . In some areas of tropical Africa , at least , such smaller fields may be ones in which crops are grown on raised beds . Thus farmers practicing ' slash and burn ' agriculture are often much more sophisticated agriculturalists than the term `` slash and burn '' subsistence farmers suggest . Nomadic herding ( edit ) In this type of farming people migrate along with their animals from one place to another in search of fodder for their animals . Generally they rear cattle , sheep , goats , camels and / or yaks for milk , skin , meat and wool . This way of life is common in parts of central and western Asia , India , east and south - west Africa and northern Eurasia . Examples are the nomadic Bhotiyas and Gujjars of the Himalayas . They carry their belongings , such as tents , etc ... , on the backs of donkeys , horses , and camels . In mountainous regions , like Tibet and The Andes , Yak and Llama are reared . Reindeer are the livestock in arctic and sub-arctic areas . Sheep , goats , and camels are common animals , and cattle and horses are also important ... Intensive subsistence farming ( edit ) In intensive subsistence agriculture , the farmer cultivates a small plot of land using simple tools and more labour . Climate , with large number of days with sunshine and fertile soils permits growing of more than one crop annually on the same plot . Farmers use their small land holdings to produce enough , for their local consumption , while remaining produce is used for exchange against other goods . It results in much more food being produced per acre compared to other subsistence patterns . In the most intensive situation , farmers may even create terraces along steep hillsides to cultivate rice paddies . Such fields are found in densely populated parts of Asia , such as in The Philippines . They may also intensify by using manure , artificial irrigation and animal waste as fertilizer . Intensive subsistence farming is prevalent in the thickly populated areas of the monsoon regions of south , southwest , and east Asia . Poverty alleviation ( edit ) Subsistence agriculture can be used as a poverty alleviation strategy , specifically as a safety net for food - price shocks and for food security . Poor countries are limited in fiscal and institutional resources that would allow them to contain rises in domestic prices as well as to manage social assistance programs , which is often because they are using policy tools that are intended for middle - and high - income countries . Low - income countries tend to have populations in which 80 % of poor are in rural areas and more than 90 % of rural households have access to land , yet a majority of these rural poor have insufficient access to food . Subsistence agriculture can be used in low - income countries as a part of policy responses to a food crisis in the short and medium term , and provide a safety net for the poor in these countries . See also ( edit ) Cash crop Commercial agriculture Extensive agriculture Hoe - farming Industrial agriculture Opium replacement Subsistence fishing References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Tony Waters . The Persistence of Subsistence Agriculture : life beneath the level of the marketplace . Lanham , MD : Lexington Books . 2007 . Jump up ^ Marvin P Miracle , `` Subsistence Agriculture : Analytical Problems and Alternative Concepts '' , American Journal of Agricultural Economics , May 1968 , pp. 292 - 310 . Jump up ^ Goran Hyden . Beyond Ujamaa in Tanzania : Underdevelopment and an Uncaptured Peasantry . Berkeley : University of California Press . 1980 . Jump up ^ Rapsomanikis , George ( 2015 ) . `` The economic lives of smallholder farmers '' ( PDF ) . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations . p. 9 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2016 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 11 . About two - thirds of the developing world 's 3 billion rural people live in about 475 million small farm households , working on land plots smaller than 2 hectares . Jump up ^ Steffen Abele and Klaus Frohberg ( Eds . ) . `` Subsistence Agriculture in Central and Eastern Europe : How to Break the Vicious Circle ? '' Studies on the Agricultural and Food Sector in Central and Eastern Europe . IAMO , 2003 . Archived 2011 - 07 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment ( AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON ) '' . Soil erosion from shifting cultivation and other smallholder land use in Sarawak , Malaysia . 4.42 . ^ Jump up to : de Janvry , Alain ; Sadoulet , Elisabeth ( 2011 - 06 - 01 ) . `` Subsistence farming as a safety net for food - price shocks '' . Development in Practice. 21 ( 4 - 5 ) : 472 -- 480 . doi : 10.1080 / 09614524.2011. 561292 . ISSN 0961 - 4524 . Further reading ( edit ) Charles Sellers . The Market Revolution : Jacksonian America , 1815 - 1846 . New York : Oxford University Press . 1991 . Howard , Sir Albert . ( 1943 ) An Agricultural Testament . Oxford University Press . Waters , Tony ( 2010 ) . `` Farmer Power : The continuing confrontation between subsistence farmers and development bureaucrats '' / Marvin P Miracle , `` Subsistence Agriculture : Analytical Problems and Alternative Concepts , American Journal of Agricultural Economics , May , 1968 , pp292 - 310 . it is growing crops only for families hide Simple living Practices Barter Cord - cutting DIY ethic Downshifting Dry toilet Forest gardening Freeganism Frugality Gift economy Intentional community Local currency Low - impact development Minimalism No frills Off - the - grid Permaculture Self - sufficiency Subsistence agriculture Sustainable living Sustainable sanitation Veganism Vegetarianism War tax resistance WWOOF Religious and spiritual Asceticism Aparigraha Cynicism Detachment Distributism Jesus movement Mendicant Mindfulness Monasticism New Monasticism Plain dress Plain people Quakers Rastafari Temperance Testimony of simplicity Tolstoyan movement Secular movements Back - to - the - land Car - free Compassionate living Environmental Hippie Slow Small house Transition town Open Source Ecology Notable writers Wendell Berry Ernest Callenbach G.K. Chesterton Duane Elgin Mahatma Gandhi Richard Gregg Tom Hodgkinson Harlan Hubbard Satish Kumar Helen Nearing Scott Nearing Peace Pilgrim Nick Rosen Dugald Semple E.F. Schumacher Henry David Thoreau Leo Tolstoy Modern - day adherents Mark Boyle Jim Merkel Peace Pilgrim Suelo Thomas Media `` Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral '' Escape from Affluenza The Good Life The Moon and the Sledgehammer Mother Earth News The Power of Half Small Is Beautiful Walden Related topics Affluenza Agrarianism Anarcho - primitivism Anti-consumerism Appropriate technology Bohemianism Consumerism Deep ecology Degrowth Ecological footprint Food miles Front Porch Republic Green anarchism The good life Global warming Hedonophobia Intentional living Itinerant Low - technology Nonviolence Peak oil Sustainability Work -- life balance Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Subsistence_agriculture&oldid=844481105 '' Categories : Agriculture Tropical agriculture Agricultural labor Agricultural economics Simple living Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Asturianu Català Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Gaeilge Galego हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Português Русский Simple English Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 June 2018 , at 06 : 06 . 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what are the three components of the fire triangle

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Fire triangle - wikipedia Fire triangle This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Fire Triangle . The Fire Triangle or Combustion Triangle or '' Fire Diamond '' are simple models for understanding the necessary ingredients for most fires . The triangle illustrates the three elements a fire needs to ignite : heat , fuel , and an oxidizing agent ( usually oxygen ) . A fire naturally occurs when the elements are present and combined in the right mixture , meaning that fire is actually an event rather than a thing . A fire can be prevented or extinguished by removing any one of the elements in the fire triangle . For example , covering a fire with a fire blanket removes the oxygen part of the triangle and can extinguish a fire . In large fires where firefighters are called in , decreasing the amount of oxygen is not usually an option because there is no effective way to make that happen in an extended area . Contents ( hide ) 1 Fire Tetrahedron 2 Oxidizer 3 Extinction of the fire 4 Role of water in fire - fighting 5 Multi-scale fire triangles for wildland fires 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References Fire tetrahedron ( edit ) Not to be confused with NFPA 704 , also called the fire diamond . The fire tetrahedron The fire tetrahedron represents the addition of a component in the chemical chain reaction , to the three already present in the fire triangle . Once a fire has started , the resulting exothermic chain reaction sustains the fire and allows it to continue until or unless at least one of the elements of the fire is blocked . Foam can be used to deny the fire the oxygen it needs . Water can be used to lower the temperature of the fuel below the ignition point or to remove or disperse the fuel . Halon can be used to remove free radicals and create a barrier of inert gas in a direct attack on the chemical reaction responsible for the fire . Combustion is the chemical reaction that feeds a fire more heat and allows it to continue . When the fire involves burning metals like lithium , magnesium , titanium , etc. ( known as a class - D fire ) , it becomes even more important to consider the energy release . The metals react faster with water than with oxygen and thereby more energy is released . Putting water on such a fire results in the fire getting hotter or even exploding . Carbon dioxide extinguishers are ineffective against certain metals such as titanium . Therefore , inert agents ( e.g. dry sand ) must be used to break the chain reaction of metallic combustion . In the same way , as soon as one of the four elements of the tetrahedron is removed , combustion stops . Oxidizer ( edit ) The oxidizer is the other reactant of the chemical reaction . In most cases , it is the ambient air , and in particular one of its components , oxygen ( O ) . By depriving a fire of air , it can be extinguished ; for example , when covering the flame of a small candle with an empty glass , fire stops ; to the contrary , if air is blown over a wood fire with bellows , the fire is activated by the introduction of more air . In certain torches , gaseous oxygen is introduced to improve combustion . Some chemicals , such as fluorine gas , perchlorate salts such as ammonium perchlorate , or chlorine trifluoride , act as oxidisers , sometimes more powerful ones than oxygen itself . A fire based on a reaction with these oxidisers can be very difficult to put out until the oxidiser is exhausted ; that leg of the fire triangle can not be broken by normal means ( i.e. , depriving it of air will not smother it ) . In certain cases such as some explosives , the oxidizer and combustible are the same ( e.g. , nitroglycerin , an unstable molecule that has oxidizing parts in the same molecule as the oxidizeable parts ) . Reaction is initiated by an activating energy , in most cases , it is heat . Several examples include friction , as in case of matches , heating an electrical wire , a flame ( propagation of fire ) , or a spark ( from a lighter or from any starting electrical device ) . There are also many other ways to bring sufficient activation energy including electricity , radiation , and pressure , all of which will lead to a temperature rise . In most cases , heat production enables self - sustainability of the reaction , and enables a chain reaction to grow . The temperature at which a liquid produces sufficient vapor to get a flammable mix with self - sustainable combustion is called its flash - point . Extinction of the fire ( edit ) To stop a combustion reaction , one of the three elements of the fire - triangle has to be removed . Without sufficient heat , a fire can not begin , and it can not continue . Heat can be removed by the application of a substance which reduces the amount of heat available to the fire reaction . This is often water , which absorbs heat for phase change from water to steam . Introducing sufficient quantities and types of powder or gas in the flame reduces the amount of heat available for the fire reaction in the same manner . Scraping embers from a burning structure also removes the heat source . Turning off the electricity in an electrical fire removes the ignition source . Without fuel , a fire will stop . Fuel can be removed naturally , as where the fire has consumed all the burnable fuel , or manually , by mechanically or chemically removing the fuel from the fire . Fuel separation is an important factor in wildland fire suppression , and is the basis for most major tactics , such as controlled burns . The fire stops because a lower concentration of fuel vapor in the flame leads to a decrease in energy release and a lower temperature . Removing the fuel thereby decreases the heat . Without sufficient oxygen , a fire can not begin , and it can not continue . With a decreased oxygen concentration , the combustion process slows . Oxygen can be denied to a fire using a carbon dioxide fire extinguisher , a fire blanket or water . Role of water in fire - fighting ( edit ) Water can have two different roles . In the case of a solid combustible , the solid fuel produce pyrolyzing products under the influence of heat , commonly radiation . This process is halted by the application of water , since water is more easily evaporated than the fuel is pyrolyzed . Thereby energy is removed from the fuel surface and it is cooled and the pyrolysis is stopped , removing the fuel supply to the flames . In fire fighting , this is referred to as surface cooling . In the gas phase , i.e. in the flames or in the smoke , the combustible can not be separated from the oxidizer , and the only possible action consists of cooling down . In this case , water droplets are evaporated in the gas phase , thereby lowering the temperature and adding water vapour making the gas mixture non combustible . This requires droplets of a size less than about 0.2 mm . In fire fighting , this is referred to as gas cooling or smoke cooling . Cases also exist where the ignition factor is not the activation energy . For example , a smoke explosion is a very violent combustion of unburned gases contained in the smoke created by a sudden fresh air input ( oxidizer input ) . The interval in which an air / gas mix can burn is limited by the explosive limits of the air . This interval can be very small ( kerosene ) or large ( acetylene ) . Water can not be used on certain type of fires : Fires where live electricity is present -- as water conducts electricity it presents an electrocution hazard . Hydrocarbon fires -- as it will only spread the fire because of the difference in density / hydrophobicity . For example , adding water to a fire with an oil source will cause the oil to spread , since oil and water do not mix . Metal fires -- as these fires produce huge amounts of energy ( up to 7.550 calories / kg for aluminium ) and water can also create violent chemical reactions with burning metal ( possibly even serving as an additional oxidizing agent ) . Since these reactions are well understood , it has been possible to create specific water - additives which will allow : A better heat absorption with a higher density than water . Carrying free radical catchers on the fire . Carrying foaming agents to enable water to stay on the surface of a liquid fire and prevent gas release . Carrying specific reactives which will react and change the nature of the burning material . Water - additives are generally designed to be effective on several categories of fires ( class A + class B or even class A + class B + class F ) , meaning a better global performance and usability of a single extinguisher on many different types of fires ( or fires that involve several different classes of materials ) . Multi-scale fire triangles for wildland fires ( edit ) Multi-scale fire triangles describing the elements of wildland fire at the scale of the flame , a wildfire , and a fire regime . Adapted from Moritz et al. ( 2005 ) Wildfire , complexity , and highly optimized tolerance . Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 102 , 17912 - 17917 . In the context of wildland fire , the fire triangle can be scaled up to apply to understand fire spread over landscapes ( scales of days and several km ) and recurrence of fire over time ( scales of decades and hundreds of km ) . Thus , while heat is important to ignite a flame , topography is important for aiding fire spread especially by preheating upslope fuels , and ignitions sources are important to help explain recurrence on longer time scales . Similarly , while oxygen is relevant to sustain a flame , weather and associated winds feed oxygen into a spreading fire , and the longer - term pattern of weather is summarized as climate . Lastly , fuels is the term to describe what burns in a single flame to the range of materials burnt in a spreading wildfire , but fuels vary over larger space and time scales in what is called vegetation . At the smallest scale , the combustion fire triangle , individual fuel particles are ignited once at a critical temperature , and fire transfers energy to the nearest surroundings . Combustion events range on the scale of several seconds to a couple of days and their effects are monitored at the quadrant scale . The largest scale , in contrast , describes the fire regime concept . Global climate change drives drives many of the factors involved in the ' wildfire ' and the ' fire regime ' triangles . For example , with respect to the fire regime , a particular vegetation type will support a characteristic fire in terms of recurrence , intensity , seasonality and biological effects ; a change in vegetation type will have implications for a changing fire regime . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fire triangle . Look up fire triangle in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Glossary of firefighting terms Fire classes Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Fire Triangle Archived 2012 - 04 - 06 at the Wayback Machine. , Hants Fire brigade , accessed June 2009 Jump up ^ IFSTA , 2008 p. 88 . Jump up ^ `` What is a fire illuminate shape ? triangle '' . FireRescue1 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Fire Tetrahedron ( A pyramid ) '' . Information about the Fire Triangle / Tetrahedron and Combustion . Safelincs Ltd . Retrieved 30 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Titanium MSDS Jump up ^ Moritz , Max A. ; Morais , Marco E. ; Summerell , Lora A. ; Carlson , J.M. ; Doyle , John ( 2005 - 12 - 13 ) . `` Wildfires , complexity , and highly optimized tolerance '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 102 ( 50 ) : 17912 -- 17917 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0508985102 . ISSN 0027 - 8424 . PMC 1312407 . PMID 16332964 . References ( edit ) IFSTA ( 2008 ) . `` Essentials of Fire Fighting and Fire Department Operations 5th Edition '' hide Firefighting Personnel Fire captain Fire chief Fire marshal Fire police Handcrew Station officer Volunteer fire department Women in firefighting Facilities Fire department List of fire departments Fire lookout tower Fire station Apparatus Airport crash tender Fire bike Fire chief 's vehicle Fire engine Firefighting apparatus HazMat Heavy rescue Light and air Quint Tender Wildland tender Wildland engine Equipment Bunker gear Escape chair Fire extinguisher Fire hose Fire hydrant Fire retardant Fire shelter Fireman 's pole Fireman 's switch Flame retardant Fog nozzle Halligan bar Hard suction hose Hazmat suit Heat detector Hose bridge Hydraulic rescue tools ( `` Jaws of life '' ) Nomex PASS Proximity suit SCBA Siren Smoke detector Thermal imaging camera Terminology Backdraft Dead man zone Deluge gun Draft Fire classes Fire control Fire safety Fire triangle Fireman 's carry Firewall Flash fire Forcible entry Gaseous fire suppression Stop , drop and roll Structure fire Two - in , two - out Ventilation Miscellaneous Fire camp Fire engine red Fire photography Fire protection engineering Foam Geography of firefighting History of firefighting International Association of Fire Fighters International Firefighters ' Day List of firefighting films Muster Saint Florian World Firefighters Games World Police and Fire Games Wildland firefighting Equipment and tactics Aerial firefighting Controlled burn Driptorch Fire hose Fire lookout tower Fire retardant Fire retardant gel Fire trail Firebreak Firefighting apparatus Firefighting foam Helicopter bucket Hose pack MAFFS Pulaski Wildland fire engine Wildland water tender Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel Personnel Engine crew Handcrew Helitack Hotshots Lookout Smokejumper By location Australia United States ( California , Washington ) Lists Glossary of wildfire terms List of wildfires Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fire_triangle&oldid=843757803 '' Categories : Firefighting Fire Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from November 2016 All articles needing additional references All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Português Română Simple English Svenska தமிழ் West - Vlams 粵語 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 May 2018 , at 07 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

-3301882905827031751

where do you get an at hop card

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=AT_HOP_card&oldid=849504314

AT HOP card - wikipedia AT HOP card `` HOP card '' redirects here . For the proposed contactless farecard system in Portland , OR , see Hop Fastpass . AT HOP card AT HOP card Location Auckland Launched October 2012 Manager Thales Group Currency NZD Stored - value Pay as you go Validity Trains Fullers ferries Auckland buses Retailed Online Ticket offices Website http://www.athop.co.nz/ The AT HOP card is an electronic fare payment card that was released in two versions on Auckland public transport services , beginning in May 2011 . The smart card roll out was the first phase in the introduction of an integrated ticketing and fares system ( Auckland Integrated Fares System , or `` AIFS '' ) that was rolled out across the region . The first iteration of the card -- commonly referred to as the `` purple HOP card '' -- was discontinued in 2012 because of issues with the delivery of key technologies . The current card , called the AT HOP card , is in use on all ferry , train and bus services in Auckland . The rollout of the card to all three transport modes was completed in March 2014 . Contents 1 Card operation 2 History 2.1 HOP / Snapper card debacle 2.2 Launch 2.3 Post-launch operation 3 See also 4 References Card operation ( edit ) The AT HOP card is a dark blue credit - card - sized stored - value contactless smartcard that can hold prepaid funds ( called HOP Money ) to pay for fares or for monthly passes for unlimited travel within one or more of three `` transport zones '' . Either facility must be added to the card before travel . Passengers `` tag on '' and `` tag off '' their card on electronic terminals when entering and leaving the transport system in order to validate it or deduct funds . Cards may be `` topped - up '' or monthly passes purchased in the following ways : online , at ticket machines , at ticketing offices , and at selected retail outlets such as bookshops . Top ups may be made by credit or debit card , with the latter three mediums accepting cash payment . The card is designed to reduce the number of transactions at ticket offices and the number of paper tickets . Usage is encouraged by offering cheaper fares than the cash ticket option , although there is an initial once - only fee to purchase the card . Monthly and / or multiple trip travel is only available with the AT HOP card . The card can be used only for fare payments and only on Auckland Transport routes ; it can not be used to pay for refreshments or other items . It can not be used to pay for travel on the Northern Explorer passenger train running between Auckland and Wellington or on inter-city bus services . The AT HOP cards are based on near field communication ( NFC ) with DESFire with support of 3DES and AES , enabling 168 - 128 bit keys . This encryption give card holders the ability to not have their card simply cloned . History ( edit ) In 2008 , the Auckland Regional Transport Authority announced its intentions to develop an integrated ticketing system for the region 's public transport services , called the Auckland Integrated Fares System ( AIFS ) . An initial system developed with a consortium including the French Thales Group and New Zealand - based Snapper Services was announced in 2010 , however subsequent difficulties with the development of technologies for the system saw the termination of Auckland Transport 's agreement with Snapper . The council - controlled organisation confirmed Thales would be contracted with ongoing development of the system across the entirety of the region 's transport network . HOP / Snapper card debacle ( edit ) Snapper Services Ltd , a subsidiary of Infratil , made a joint bid with ANZ , New Zealand Post , Eyede , Unisys and Beca Group for the contract of developing Auckland 's integrated ticketing system . However , the contract was awarded to the Thales Group . Snapper lodged a complaint , later dismissed , questioning the legitimacy of the tender process . The first iteration of the HOP card supplied by Snapper could be used on NZ Bus services only . Snapper announced in late - 2009 that it would begin rolling out its Snapper card onto NZ Bus services ( but no other Auckland bus company or service ) , in spite of the Auckland Regional Transport Authority - Thales integrated ticketing arrangement . In response , the Auckland Regional Transport Authority called the Snapper announcement `` premature '' citing the development of ARTA 's integrated ticketing offering still in development with Thales and confirming that all public transport operators in Auckland , including NZ Bus , would be required to participate in ARTA 's system . Replacing the Auckland Regional Transport Authority in 2010 , Auckland Transport announced it had invited Snapper to work with the council - controlled organisation and Thales on the ticketing system . Auckland Transport confirmed Snapper would develop a contactless smart card and supply buses with ticketing terminals that would support the Thales developed back - end , to be rolled out initially on NZ Bus services and later on ferry and train services in time for the Rugby World Cup 2011 . In April 2011 , Auckland Transport announced the `` HOP card '' , developed by Snapper , with initial rollout on all NZ Bus services . This iteration of the `` HOP card '' was met with initial confusion as to its capabilities and the extent of Auckland Transport 's integration with Snapper and Snapper 's pre-existing infrastructure , which included the ability to make minor transactions with merchants and retailers . Concerns were also raised as to the ability of Auckland 's ticketing system to work with Snapper cards used on Wellington 's transport network and vice versa , with Auckland Transport later instructing NZ Bus drivers not to accept the Wellington implementation of the Snapper card . Auckland Transport subsequently announced in early - 2012 that bus passengers would be required to `` swap out '' their HOP / Snapper cards for a new integrated ticketing card , also called `` HOP '' , as the Snapper offering would not be supported on ferries , trains and on some bus services . Snapper faced difficulties in developing its technology to work with the Thales system , with Thales ' New Zealand chief executive citing that the `` failure of Snapper to deliver a functional bus system that meets the ratified standard has caused delays to project go - live '' . Snapper 's `` failure '' to meet the November 30 deadline imposed by Auckland Transport ultimately led to the organisation severing its relationship with Snapper , citing `` concerns about whether Snapper could modify its system in a suitable timeframe '' . Snapper maintained it was `` wrongly blamed '' for the delays , declaring `` Auckland Transport is being disingenuous with its attempt to position Snapper as the reason that the ( integrated ticketing ) project is delayed . '' Auckland Transport confirmed it had commissioned Thales to provide the new iteration of the `` HOP '' smart card -- called `` AT HOP '' -- and its ticketing terminals , replacing the HOP / Snapper offering on NZ Bus services and introducing the new card onto ferries , trains and all other bus services . Launch ( edit ) AT HOP pilot card The current blue ' AT HOP card ' began rolling out on public transport , starting with the rail network on 28 October 2012 . The rollout for all Auckland bus , train and ferry services was completed by March 2014 . Spark ( then Telecom ) had trialed a ' virtual AT HOP card ' on Android phones with NFC and intended it for release in late 2013 . Post-launch operation ( edit ) A fee of 25 cents for each top up was abolished in July 2014 . In September 2016 , it was reported that the one millionth AT Hop card had been sold , and that 42 per cent of Auckland adults had a card as of June ( 2016 ) . See also ( edit ) Public transport in Auckland References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dearnaley , Mathew ( 10 May 2011 ) . `` Hop card passes first road test '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 9 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Pollard , Will ( 25 October 2012 ) . `` Auckland 's new HOP card - one step closer to an integrated system '' . 3 News NZ . Jump up ^ `` AT HOP FAQs '' . Auckland Transport . Retrieved 18 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Auckland Transport completes AT HOP rollout '' . Scoop.co.nz. 25 March 2014 . Retrieved 1 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Snapper to make a splash '' . stuff.co.nz. 21 April 2008 . Retrieved 9 June 2011 . Jump up ^ O'Neill , Rob ( 22 June 2009 ) . `` Probity review dismisses Snapper tender complaint '' . computerworld.co.nz . Retrieved 9 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Snapper to enter Auckland market in 2010 '' . scoop.co.nz. 1 December 2009 . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARTA calls Snapper announcement ' premature ' '' . infonews.co.nz. 1 December 2009 . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Auckland Transport announces key development for Integrated Ticketing '' . aucklandtransport.govt.nz. 16 December 2010 . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Here Comes HOP '' . aucklandtransport.govt.nz. 6 April 2011 . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Rudman , Brian ( 11 April 2011 ) . `` Brian Rudman : Hop or Snapper it 's enough to make your head spin '' . nzherald.co.nz . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bus drivers set for battle over Snapper '' . stuff.co.nz. 18 April 2011 . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hop off - bus cards have to be replaced '' . nzherald.co.nz. 16 January 2012 . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Unified ticket ' being held up by bus firms ' '' . nzherald.co.nz. 7 May 2012 . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Snapper Services out of integrated ticketing '' . aucklandtransport.govt.nz. 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Snapper media release '' . snapper.co.nz. 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` All change for train ticket system '' . Stuff . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Auckland Transport completes AT HOP rollout '' . Scoop.co.nz. 25 March 2014 . Retrieved 25 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Telecom gets on ticketing train '' . NZ Herald . 2012 - 09 - 25 . ISSN 1170 - 0777 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ Dearnaley , Mathew ( 13 June 2014 ) . `` Auckland transport cash fares to increase '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Auckland Transport sells millionth AT HOP card '' . NZ Herald . 1 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AT_HOP_card&oldid=849504314 '' Categories : Contactless smart cards Fare collection systems in New Zealand Public transport in Auckland Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 9 July 2018 , at 13 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

8392700517527763056

what does it mean when someone says the elephant in the room

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Elephant_in_the_room&oldid=842789562

Elephant in the room - wikipedia Elephant in the room For other uses , see Elephant in the room ( disambiguation ) . The Elephant in the Room , Banksy exhibition , 2006 Barely Legal show , Los Angeles ( The elephant is Tai ) Elephant in the room is an English - language metaphorical idiom for an obvious problem or risk that no one wants to discuss . It is based on the idea / thought that something as conspicuous as an elephant can appear to be overlooked in codified social interactions , and that the sociology / psychology of repression also operates on the macro scale . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Usage 2.1 Similar 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Origins ( edit ) In 1814 , Ivan Andreevich Krylov ( 1769 -- 1844 ) , poet and fabulist , wrote a fable entitled `` The Inquisitive Man '' which tells of a man who goes to a museum and notices all sorts of tiny things , but fails to notice an elephant . The phrase became proverbial . Fyodor Dostoevsky in his novel ' Demons ' wrote , ' Belinsky was just like Krylov 's Inquisitive Man , who did n't notice the elephant in the museum ... ' The Oxford English Dictionary gives the first recorded use of the phrase , as a simile , in The New York Times on June 20 , 1959 : `` Financing schools has become a problem about equal to having an elephant in the living room . It 's so big you just ca n't ignore it . '' This idiomatic expression may have been in general use much earlier than 1959 . For example , the phrase appears 44 years earlier in the pages of a British journal , Journal of Education , in 1915 . The sentence was presented as a trivial illustration of a question British schoolboys would be able to answer , e.g. , `` Is there an elephant in the class - room ? '' The first widely disseminated conceptual reference was a story written by Mark Twain in 1882 , `` The Stolen White Elephant '' , which slyly dissects the inept , far - ranging activities of detectives trying to find an elephant that was right on the spot after all . This may have been the reference in the legal opinion of United States v. Leviton , 193 F. 2d 848 ( 2nd Circuit , 1951 ) , makes reference in its opinion , `` As I have elsewhere observed , it is like the Mark Twain story of the little boy who was told to stand in a corner and not to think of a white elephant . '' A slightly different version of the phrase was used before this , with George Berkeley talking of whether or not there is `` an invisible elephant in the room '' in his debates with scientists . In 1935 , comedian Jimmy Durante starred on Broadway in the Billy Rose Broadway musical Jumbo , in which a police officer stops him while leading a live elephant and asks , `` What are you doing with that elephant ? '' Durante 's reply , `` What elephant ? '' was a regular show - stopper . Durante reprises the piece in the 1962 film version of the play , Billy Rose 's Jumbo . Usage ( edit ) The term refers to a question , problem , solution , or controversial issue which is obvious to everyone who knows about the situation , but which is deliberately ignored because to do otherwise would cause great embarrassment , sadness , or trigger arguments or is simply taboo . The idiom can imply a value judgment that the issue ought to be discussed openly , or it can simply be an acknowledgment that the issue is there and not going to go away by itself . The term is often used to describe an issue that involves a social taboo , such as race , religion , homosexuality , mental illness , or even suicide . It is applicable when a subject is emotionally charged ; and the people who might have spoken up decide that it is probably best avoided . The idiom is commonly used in addiction recovery terminology to describe the reluctance of friends and family of an addicted person to discuss the person 's problem , thus aiding the person 's denial . Especially in reference to alcohol abuse , the idiom is sometimes coupled with that of the pink elephant , q.v. `` the pink elephant in the room . '' The expression has also been used as a metaphorical idiom in Spanish . In 1994 , the 8000 Process was a legal investigation of events surrounding accusations that the campaign of Colombian Liberal Party candidate Ernesto Samper for President of Colombia was partially funded with drug money from the Cali Cartel . Insisting on his innocence , Samper stated that if drug money had entered the presidential campaign , it had done so `` behind his back '' . Cardinal Pedro Rubiano , a leader of Colombia 's Catholic Church , stated in an interview that not knowing that drug money financed part of the presidential campaign was similar to not noticing `` an elephant entering one 's living room '' . Since then , the events that led to drug money financing the `` Samper for President '' campaign have been referred to as `` The Elephant '' . For some , their first encounter with this phrase comes through the poem of the same name by Terry Kettering . In one edition of Time magazine in 2013 , Chris Christie was labeled as the `` Elephant in the Room '' on the cover page . Similar ( edit ) A variation is the phrase `` elephant in the corner '' which is infrequently used to the same effect . Logician and philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein used an example of a rhinoceros in the room to show the impossibility of proving negative existential statements . `` Mokita '' is a word in the Kilivila language , which is spoken on Kiriwina , the largest of the Trobriand Islands ( near Papua New Guinea ) . It means `` truth we all know but agree not to talk about . '' See also ( edit ) Blind men and an elephant Elephant joke Elephant test Nigger in the woodpile Ostrich effect Polite fiction Skeleton in the closet ( idiom ) Taboo The Elephant in the Living Room , 2011 documentary The Emperor 's New Clothes Third rail ( metaphor ) Unsaid Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wyatt , Edward . A Splashy Los Angeles Debut by Banksy - Design - New York Times , Published : September 16 , 2006 , retrieved December 2012 Jump up ^ Cambridge University Press . ( 2009 ) . Cambridge academic content dictionary , p. 298 . Jump up ^ Demons by Fyodor Dostoevsky , translated by Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky , Vintage 2006 , p. 718 Jump up ^ Demons by Fyodor Dostoevsky , translated by Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky , Vintage 2006 , p. 38 Jump up ^ `` OED , Draft Additions June 2006 : elephant , n '' . OUP . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ Journal of education , Vol. 37 ( 1915 ) , p. 288 . Jump up ^ On the nature and elements of the external world : or Universal immaterialism fully explained and newly demonstrated by Thomas Collyns Simon , 1862 , p. 18 Jump up ^ Palta , Namrata. ( 2007 ) . Spoken English : a Detailed and Simplified Course for Learning Spoken English , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Canal RCN - Noticias RCN Archived 2007 - 09 - 28 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Articulo Archivado FRASES DEL AÑO Jump up ^ Mauk , Kristen L. ( 2006 ) . Gerontological Nursing : Competencies for Care , p. 808. , p. 808 , at Google Books ; `` The Elephant in the Room , '' CHUMS Magazine , p. 23 . May 2003 . Jump up ^ `` ' Elephant in the corner of the living room ' : Discrimination common , associated with depression among minority children , '' AAPNews ( American Academy of Pediatrics ) . May 8 , 2010 ; O'Connor , P. ( 2008 ) `` The Elephant in the Corner : Gender and Policies Related to Higher Education , '' Administration ( Institute of Public Administration of Ireland ) 56 ( 1 ) , pp. 85 - 110 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , JF ( 1993 ) `` Russel , Wittgenstein and the problem of the rhinoceros '' Southern Journal of Philosophy 31 ( 4 ) 409 - 24 . Jump up ^ Senft , Gunter ( 1995 ) . `` Ai n't Misbehavin ' ? Trobriand Pragmatics and the Field Researcher 's Opportunity to Put His ( Or Her ) Foot in It '' . Oceanic Linguistics . University of Hawai'i Press . 34 ( 1 ) : 211 -- 226 . doi : 10.2307 / 3623120 . JSTOR 3623120 . References ( edit ) Cambridge University Press . ( 2009 ) . Cambridge academic content dictionary ( Paul Heacock , editor ) . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 87143 - 3 / ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 69196 - 3 ; OCLC 183392531 __________. ( 1915 ) . Journal of education , Vol. 37 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . OCLC 1713625 Palta , Namrata. ( 2007 ) . Spoken English : a Detailed and Simplified Course for Learning Spoken English . New Delhi : Lotus Press . ISBN 978 - 8 - 183 - 82052 - 3 ; OCLC 297508439 External links ( edit ) Look up elephant in the room in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Elephant in the room Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary ( OALD ) , Word of the Month : Elephant in the room Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elephant_in_the_room&oldid=842789562 '' Categories : English - language idioms Metaphors referring to elephants Metaphors referring to animals Political correctness Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Italiano Norsk Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 17 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

7702074066435630197

who sings the song story of an artist

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Daniel_Johnston&oldid=853705998

Daniel Johnston - wikipedia Daniel Johnston For other people named Daniel Johnston , see Daniel Johnston ( disambiguation ) . Daniel Johnston Johnston performing in 2012 Background information Birth name Daniel Dale Johnston ( 1961 - 01 - 22 ) January 22 , 1961 ( age 57 ) Sacramento , California , U.S. Origin West Virginia Texas , U.S. Genres Outsider lo - fi avant - pop Occupation ( s ) Musician singer - songwriter visual artist Instruments Vocals keyboards guitar Years active 1978 -- 2018 Labels Yip Eye Music Atlantic Website hihowareyou.com Daniel Dale Johnston ( born January 22 , 1961 ) is an American singer - songwriter , musician , and visual artist who is regarded as a significant figure in outsider , lo - fi , and alternative music scenes . Most of his work consists of cassettes he recorded alone in his home , and his music is frequently cited for its `` pure and childlike soul '' . Johnston has spent extended periods of his life in psychiatric institutions and has been diagnosed with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder . He gathered a local following in the 1980s by passing out tapes of his music while working at a McDonald 's in Austin , Texas . His cult status was propelled when Nirvana 's Kurt Cobain was seen wearing a T - shirt that featured artwork from Johnston 's 1983 album Hi , How Are You . In 2005 , Johnston was the subject of the documentary The Devil and Daniel Johnston . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 1980s -- 1990s 2.2 2000s 2.3 2010s 3 Discography 4 References 5 External links Early life ( edit ) Johnston was born in Sacramento , California , and grew up in New Cumberland , West Virginia . He is the youngest of five children of William Dale `` Bill '' Johnston ( 1922 - 2017 ) and Mabel Ruth Voyles Johnston ( 1923 -- 2010 ) . He began recording music in the late 1970s on a $59 Sanyo monaural boombox , singing and playing piano as well as the chord organ . Following graduation from Oak Glen High School , Johnston spent a few weeks at Abilene Christian University in West Texas before dropping out . He later attended the art program at the East Liverpool campus of Kent State University , during which he recorded Songs of Pain and More Songs of Pain . Career ( edit ) This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1980s -- 1990s ( edit ) Johnston 's musical work gained some notability when he moved to Austin , Texas . Johnston began to attract the attention of the local press and gained a following augmented in numbers by his habit of handing out tapes to people he met . Live performances were well - attended and hotly anticipated . His local standing led to him being featured in a 1985 episode of the MTV program The Cutting Edge featuring performers from Austin 's `` New Sincerity '' music scene . Subsequently , he performed at the 1985 Woodshock music festival in Austin and was featured in the short documentary Woodshock . In 1988 , Johnston visited New York City and recorded 1990 with producer Kramer at his Noise New York studio . It was released in 1990 on Kramer 's Shimmy - Disc label . This was Johnston 's first experience in a professional recording environment after a decade of releasing home - made cassette recordings . His mental health further deteriorated during the making of 1990 . In 1989 , Johnston released the album It 's Spooky in collaboration with Half Japanese singer Jad Fair . In 1990 , Johnston played at a music festival in Austin , Texas . On the way back to West Virginia on a private two - seater plane piloted by his father Bill , Johnston had a manic psychotic episode ; believing he was Casper the Friendly Ghost , Johnston removed the key from the plane 's ignition and threw it outside . His father , a former US Air Force pilot , managed to successfully crash - land the plane , even though `` there was nothing down there but trees '' . Although the plane was destroyed , Johnston and his father emerged with only minor injuries . As a result of this episode , Johnston was involuntarily committed to a mental hospital . Interest in Johnston increased when Kurt Cobain was frequently photographed wearing a T - shirt featuring the cover image of Johnston 's album Hi , How Are You that music journalist Everett True gave him . Kurt Cobain listed Yip / Jump Music as one of his favorite albums in his journal in 1993 . In spite of Johnston being resident in a mental hospital at the time , there was a bidding war to sign him . He refused to sign a multi-album deal with Elektra Records because Metallica was on the label 's roster and he was convinced that they were of Satan and would hurt him . He also dropped his manager after having a psychotic episode at a Butthole Surfers concert . Ultimately he signed with Atlantic Records in February 1994 and that September released Fun , produced by Paul Leary of Butthole Surfers . It was a commercial failure . In June 1996 , Atlantic dropped Daniel from the label . Johnston 's `` Hi , How Are You '' mural in Austin , Texas . In 1993 , the Sound Exchange record store in Austin , Texas commissioned Johnston to paint a mural of the Hi , How Are You ? frog ( also known as `` Jeremiah the Innocent '' ) from the album 's cover . After the record store closed in 2003 , the building remained unoccupied until 2004 when a Mexican grill franchise called Baja Fresh took ownership and decided to remove the wall that held the mural . A group of people who lived in the neighborhood convinced the managers and contractors to keep the mural intact . As of 2018 , the building houses a Thai restaurant called `` Thai , How Are You '' . Johnston contributed two songs to the soundtrack for Larry Clark 's controversial 1995 film Kids , produced by Folk Implosion and Sebadoh 's frontman , Lou Barlow . Johnston later covered Schoolhouse Rock ! 's `` Unpack Your Adjectives '' for a compilation of the popular education songs called Schoolhouse Rock ! Rocks in 1996 . 2000s ( edit ) In 2004 , he released The Late Great Daniel Johnston : Discovered Covered , a two - disc compilation . The first disc featured covers of his songs by artists including Tom Waits , Beck , TV on the Radio , Jad Fair , Eels , Bright Eyes , Calvin Johnson , Death Cab for Cutie , Sparklehorse , Mercury Rev , The Flaming Lips and Starlight Mints . The second disc featured Johnston 's original recordings of the songs . In 2005 , Texas - based theater company Infernal Bridegroom Productions received a Multi-Arts Production / MAP Fund grant to work with Johnston to create a rock opera based on his music , titled Speeding Motorcycle . Johnston in 2006 A 2005 Dutch documentary about Johnston for the TV series R.A.M. was followed in 2006 by The Devil and Daniel Johnston . Jeff Feuerzeig 's documentary , four years in the making , collated some of the vast amount of recorded material Johnston ( and in some case , others ) had produced over the years to portray his life and music . The film won high praise , receiving the Director 's Award at the 2005 Sundance Film Festival . The film also inspired more interest in Johnston 's work , and increased his prestige as a touring artist . In 2006 , Johnston 's label , Eternal Yip Eye Music , released his first greatest - hits compilation , Welcome to My World . He appeared as musical guest on The Henry Rollins Show , performing `` Mask '' and `` Care Less '' ( the latter was exclusive to the Internet ) . Through the next few years Johnston toured extensively across the world , and continued to attract press attention . His artwork was shown in galleries such as in London 's Aquarium Gallery , New York 's Clementine Gallery and at the Liverpool Biennial in 2006 and 2008 , and in 2009 , his work was exhibited at `` The Museum of Love '' at Verge Gallery in Sacramento , California . In 2008 , Dick Johnston , Daniel 's brother and manager , revealed that `` a movie deal based on the artist 's life and music had been finalized with a tentative 2011 release . '' He also said that a deal had been struck with the Converse company for a `` signature series '' Daniel Johnston shoe . Later , it was revealed by Dick Johnston that Converse had dropped the plan . In early 2008 , a Jeremiah the Innocent collectible figurine was released in limited runs of four different colors . Later in the year , Adjustable Productions released Johnston 's first concert DVD , The Angel and Daniel Johnston -- Live at the Union Chapel , featuring a 2007 appearance in Islington , London . Is and Always Was was released on October 6 , 2009 , on Eternal Yip Eye Music . In 2009 , it was announced that Matt Groening had chosen Johnston to perform at the edition of the All Tomorrow 's Parties festival that he curated in May 2010 , in Minehead , England . Later that year , he was invited by rock band Cage the Elephant to appear at Starry Nights Fest , a music festival in Bowling Green , Kentucky . Johnston performed a brief solo set before being joined on stage by Cage , who backed performances of several songs , including `` Speeding Motorcycle '' and `` True Love Will Find You in the End '' . Also that year , Dr. Fun Fun and Smashing Studios developed an iPhone platform game called Hi , How Are You . The game is similar to Frogger , but features Johnston 's art and music . It is said Daniel Johnston played it during its development and liked it , although he was not familiar with the iPhone . 2010s ( edit ) On March 13 , 2012 , Johnston released his first comic book , Space Ducks -- An Infinite Comic Book of Musical Greatness at SXSW , published by BOOM ! Studios . The comic book ties - in with the Space Ducks album and an iOS app . Johnston has collaborated with skateboarding and clothing company Supreme on numerous collections ( consisting of clothing and various accessories ) showcasing his artwork . On March 1 , 2012 , Brooklyn - based photographer Jung Kim announced her photo book and traveling exhibition project with Johnston titled DANIEL JOHNSTON : here , a collaboration that began in 2008 when Kim first met Johnston and began photographing him on the road and at his home in Waller , Texas . On March 13 , 2013 , this photography book was published , featuring five years of documentation on Johnston . The traveling exhibition started at SXSW 2013 in Austin , Texas , hosted by Johnston 's long - time friend and early supporter Louis Black , co-founder of The Austin Chronicle and SXSW Festival . The opening featured a special performance by Johnston along with tribute performances led by Jason Sebastian Russo formerly of Mercury Rev. The second exhibition ran in May and June 2013 in London , England , and featured a special performance by Johnston along with tribute performances by the UK band Charlie Boyer and the Voyeurs with Steffan Halperin of the Klaxons . On October 10 , 2013 , Jason Pierce of Spiritualized hosted the New York City opening of the exhibition which included special tribute performances led by Pierce and Glen Hansard of The Swell Season and The Frames . In November 2015 , Hi , How Are You Daniel Johnston , a short biopic about Johnston 's life , was released featuring Johnston as his 2015 self and Gabriel Sunday of Archie 's Final Project as Johnston 's 1983 self . The executive producers for the film included Lana Del Rey . In July 2017 , Johnston announced that he would be retiring from live performance and would embark on a final five - date tour that fall . Each stop on the tour featured Johnston backed by a group that had been influenced by his music : The Preservation All - Stars in New Orleans , The Districts and Modern Baseball in Philadelphia , Jeff Tweedy in Chicago , and Built to Spill for the final two dates in Portland and Vancouver . In 2018 , Johnston 's 1982 song `` The Story of an Artist '' was featured in a television advertisement by Apple Inc . Discography ( edit ) Main article : Daniel Johnston discography Studio albums Songs of Pain ( 1981 ) Do n't Be Scared ( 1982 ) The What of Whom ( 1982 ) More Songs of Pain ( 1983 ) Yip / Jump Music ( 1983 ) Hi , How Are You ( 1983 ) Retired Boxer ( 1984 ) Respect ( 1985 ) Continued Story ( 1985 ) ( with Texas Instruments ) Merry Christmas ( 1988 ) It 's Spooky ( 1989 ) ( with Jad Fair ) 1990 ( 1990 ) Artistic Vice ( 1991 ) Fun ( 1994 ) Rejected Unknown ( 2001 ) Fear Yourself ( 2003 ) ( with Mark Linkous ) Lost and Found ( 2006 ) Is and Always Was ( 2009 ) Beam Me Up ! ( 2010 ) ( with Beam ) Space Ducks ( 2012 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Dougan , John . `` Daniel Johnston '' . Allmusic . Retrieved October 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Daniel Johnston 's Lo - Fi Life '' . DAZED Digital . May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Spin Staff ( June 12 , 2012 ) . `` Daniel Johnston and Supreme Join Forces for T - Shirt Line '' . Spin . ^ Jump up to : D'Angelo , Mike ( December 5 , 2013 ) . `` Is Daniel Johnston a great musician or a victim of hipster exploitation ? '' . The A.V. Club . Jump up ^ McNamee , David ( August 10 , 2009 ) . `` The myth of Daniel Johnston 's genius '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Burr , Ty ( April 7 , 2006 ) . `` His life is troubling , his fame disturbing '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Seitz , Matt . `` The Devil Goes Down to Texas '' . New York Press . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Brook , Pete ( March 2012 ) . `` PHOTOGRAPHER SHOWS A DIFFERENT SIDE OF DANIEL JOHNSTON '' . Wired . Jump up ^ Hall , Michael ( February 2005 ) . `` He 's Daniel Johnston , And He Was Gonna Be Famous '' . Texas Monthly . Jump up ^ `` Hi , How Are You ? Daniel Johnston - Biography '' . www.hihowareyou.com . Jump up ^ Black , Louis . `` Genius and Jive : My roller - coaster relationship with Daniel Johnston Austin Screens '' . AustinChronicle.com . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ Barry Shank , Dissonant Identities : The Rock'N'Roll Scene in Austin , Texas ( Wesleyan University Press , 1994 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8195 - 6276 - 0 , p. 157 - 58 ( excerpt available at Google Books ) . Jump up ^ `` kramershimmy home '' . Kramershimmy.com . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ O'Hagan , Sean ( April 2 , 2006 ) . `` Sean O'Hagan on Daniel Johnston '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved March 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 by Nirvana ( MIXTAPE ) '' . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Senft , Michael ( August 11 , 2006 ) . `` The Devil and Daniel Johnston '' . The Arizona Republic . United States . Retrieved March 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Robinson , John ( August 20 , 2005 ) . `` Personal demons '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved April 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Baja Fresh Hi How Are You frog mural '' . Rejectedunknown.com . January 6 , 2004 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The People 's Frog -- The Texas Observer '' . TexasObserver.org . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Infernal Bridegroom Productions '' . MAP Fund . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Filter-Mag.com '' . Filter-Mag.com . December 23 , 2006 . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2006 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Johnston , Museum of Love '' . yelp.com . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : The Austin Chronicle article : `` Off the Record : Music News '' . Jump up ^ `` Unreleased Daniel Johnston Converse All - Stars '' . MonsterFresh.com . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Johnston 's Frog Jeremiah : Now a Collector 's Item '' . Jump up ^ `` The Angel And Daniel Johnston -- Live at the Union Chapel '' . Prlog.org . October 30 , 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ Work of Daniel Johnston , Texas Artist , Inspires Video Game . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Johnston '' . lambiek.net . Jump up ^ `` Official Press Release for SPACE DUCKS '' . HiHowAreYou.com . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Johnston `` here '' Book Release & Opening `` . The Austin Chronicle . March 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Photographer Shows a Different Side of Daniel '' . WIRED Magazine . March 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Johnston Secret Show '' . Protein UK . June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Johnston Book Event '' . Brooklyn Vegan . October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Johnston NYC Pop Up '' . Getty . October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hi How Are You Daniel Johnston '' . IMDB.com . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Johnston Biopic , My Suicide Soundtrack , & More '' . TwentyFourBit . March 18 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Kim , Michelle . `` Daniel Johnston Announces Final Tour Pitchfork '' . pitchfork.com . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Zanger , Doug ( June 15 , 2018 ) . `` Apple Created an Ode to the Trials and Triumphs of Creating on a Mac '' . Adweek . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official Hi How Are You : Daniel Johnston 's official website Daniel Johnston 's official fan website Daniel Johnston 's digital download site Other Daniel Johnston on IMDb New York Times article on Daniel Johnston ( Feb 2006 ) Daniel Johnston on MusicAustin Secret Tones review of The Devil and Daniel Johnston ( by John Barron ) 2001 Daniel Johnston interview with Jon Niccum `` Songs of Pain '' interview with Daniel Johnston ( Apr. 2008 ) on MonsterFresh.com Daniel Johnston , Paris , 2007 Exclusive Images of unreleased Daniel Johnston signature model Converse Feature on Daniel Johnston in German magazine ZOO , Summer 2005 `` Coloring Daniel Johnston '' ( Jan. 2012 ) , a tribute to Daniel Johnston from Spanish bands Daniel Johnston Albums Songs of Pain Do n't Be Scared The What of Whom More Songs of Pain Yip / Jump Music Hi , How Are You Retired Boxer Respect Continued Story with Texas Instruments Merry Christmas It 's Spooky ( with Jad Fair ) 1990 Artistic Vice Laurie Fun Rejected Unknown Fear Yourself Lost and Found Is and Always Was Beam Me Up ! Space Ducks Live albums Frankenstein Love Why Me ? Compilation albums A Texas Trip Welcome To My World Danny and the Nightmares Freak Brain Tribute albums The Late Great Daniel Johnston : Discovered Covered Films The Devil and Daniel Johnston The Angel and Daniel Johnston -- Live at the Union Chapel BNF : cb14190985f ( data ) GND : 134961552 ISNI : 0000 0001 1478 1520 LCCN : n92063231 MusicBrainz : 8a7ca8b0 - d23c - 4eff - 8fe9 - 6220ba5c9c76 RKD : 294707 SNAC : w6f782sf SUDOC : 142538752 ULAN : 500125097 VIAF : 96604638 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Johnston&oldid=853705998 '' Categories : Daniel Johnston 1961 births Living people American male singers American male guitarists American cartoonists American painters American comic strip cartoonists American comics artists Outsider musicians Album - cover and concert - poster artists Abilene Christian University alumni American members of the Churches of Christ People with schizophrenia Musicians from Sacramento , California Musicians from Austin , Texas Homestead Records artists People from Hancock County , West Virginia Songwriters from West Virginia Singers from West Virginia Shimmy Disc artists American indie rock musicians 20th - century American singers 21st - century American singers Singers from California Songwriters from California Singers from Texas Songwriters from Texas 20th - century American guitarists 21st - century American guitarists Avant - pop musicians Guitarists from California Guitarists from West Virginia Guitarists from Texas 20th - century American pianists Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2014 Articles with hCards BLP articles lacking sources from July 2017 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from September 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Brezhoneg Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 13 : 39 ( UTC ) . 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where does rammer jammer yellow hammer come from

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=University_of_Alabama_traditions&oldid=812042411

University of Alabama traditions - wikipedia University of Alabama traditions Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The University of Alabama is a school with many traditions . This article describes several of these traditions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Football 1.1 Beginnings of football at Alabama 1.2 The Crimson Tide 1.3 The Elephant 2 The Million Dollar Band 2.1 Naming of the Million Dollar Band 2.2 Directors of the Million Dollar Band 3 School songs 3.1 Alma Mater 3.2 `` Yea Alabama '' 4 Rammer Jammer Cheer 5 References 6 External links Football ( edit ) Beginnings of football at Alabama ( edit ) According to a November 25 , 1926 article in The Crimson White , football was first introduced at the University of Alabama in 1892 by W.G. Little of Livingston , Alabama , who had been a student at Andover , Massachusetts and `` went to the University for the game . '' Alabama 's first football game was played in Birmingham on Friday afternoon , November 11 , 1892 , at the old Lakeview Park . Alabama defeated a team composed mostly of high schoolers 56 - 0 . That Saturday , November 12 , Alabama played the Birmingham Athletic Club , losing 5 - 4 when Ross , of B.A.C. , kicked a 65 - yard field goal . This field goal was a collegiate record at the time . In 1896 the University 's board of trustees passed a rule forbidding athletic teams from traveling off - campus . The following season only one game was played and in 1898 football was abandoned at Alabama . Student opposition to the ruling forced trustees to lift the travel ban and football was resumed in 1899 . The 1918 season was cancelled on account of World War I but the game was resumed the following year . Alabama first gained national recognition for football in 1922 when it defeated the University of Pennsylvania 9 - 7 in Philadelphia . The following season Wallace Wade became head coach and in 1925 led the Crimson Tide to its first undefeated and untied season and its first trip to Pasadena , California with a Rose Bowl invitation . On January 1 , 1926 in the Rose Bowl , Alabama came from behind to upset the University of Washington 20 - 19 . The Crimson Tide ( edit ) Early newspaper accounts of the University 's football squad simply referred to them as the `` varsity '' or the `` Crimson White '' . The first nickname popular with the media was the `` Thin Red Line '' , which was used until 1906 . Hugh Roberts , former sports editor of the Birmingham Age - Herald , is credited with coining the phrase `` Crimson Tide '' in an article describing the 1907 Iron Bowl played in Birmingham with Auburn a heavy favorite to win . The game was played in a sea of red mud which stained the Alabama white jerseys crimson . The elephant ( edit ) There are two stories , perhaps both true , about how Alabama 's football squad became associated with the elephant , both dating to the coaching tenure of Wallace Wade ( 1923 -- 1930 ) . The earliest account attributes the Rosenberger 's Birmingham Trunk Company for the elephant association . Owner J.D. Rosenberger , whose son was a student at the University , outfitted the undefeated 1926 team with `` good luck '' luggage tags for the trip to the 1927 Rose Bowl . The company 's trademark , displayed on the tags , was a red elephant standing on a trunk . When the football team arrived in Pasadena , the reporters greeting them , including syndicated columnist Grantland Rice , associated their large size with the elephants on their luggage . When the 1930 team returned to the Rose Bowl , the company furnished leather suitcases , paid for by the Alumni Association , to each team member . Another story dates to 1930 . Following the October 4 game against Ole Miss , Atlanta Journal sports writer and Hall of Fame former Georgia Tech back Everett Strupper wrote : `` At the end of the quarter , the earth started to tremble , there was a distant rumble that continued to grow . Some excited fan in the stands bellowed , ' Hold your horses , the elephants are coming , ' and out stamped this Alabama varsity . It was the first time that I had seen it and the size of the entire eleven nearly knocked me cold , men that I had seen play last year looking like they had nearly doubled in size . '' Yet , despite the unofficial status as the Crimson Tide 's mascot , the elephant was very much part of the school 's football traditions by the 1940s . It was in that decade that a live elephant mascot named `` Alamite '' was a regular sight on game days in Tuscaloosa . For several years it was traditional for the pachyderm to lead the homecoming parade and Alamite would also bear that year 's queen onto the field prior to the game . Sports writers continued to refer to Alabama as the `` Red Elephants '' afterward , referring to their crimson jerseys . The 1930 team shut out eight of ten opponents , allowing a total of only 13 points all season . The `` Red Elephants '' rolled up 217 points that season , including a 24 - 0 victory over Washington State in the Rose Bowl . Despite these early associations of the elephant to the University of Alabama , the university did not officially accept the elephant as university mascot until 1979 . Alabama 's elephant mascot is known as `` Big Al '' . The Million Dollar Band ( edit ) Main article : Million Dollar Band ( marching band ) The Million Dollar Band performing at a football game The Million Dollar Band , the University of Alabama 's marching band , was founded in 1913 with 14 members under the direction of Dr. Gustav Wittig . In 1917 , the band became a military band and was led by students until 1927 . The Million Dollar Band is the largest performing organization on campus , with around 400 members . The September 1992 issue of Southern Living selected the Million Dollar Band as one of the top ten most outstanding bands in the South . In 2003 it became the twenty - second band to be honored with the Sudler Trophy , given by the Sousa Foundation to recognize `` collegiate marching bands of particular excellence that have made outstanding contributions to the American way of life . '' Additionally , the Million Dollar Band has been nationally televised more than any other college marching band in the country . Naming of the Million Dollar Band ( edit ) There are two stories to the naming of the Million Dollar Band . The main one is from a time when Alabama 's football was n't doing so well . They were playing Georgia Tech and the coach of Georgia Tech stated , `` Your football team is n't worth a nickel , but you have a million dollar band . '' And so the name stuck . In the second story , W.C. `` Champ '' Pickens bestowed the name `` Million Dollar Band '' after the 1922 football game against Georgia Tech . Though accounts vary , it is reported that in order for the band to attend the game they had to solicit funds from local businesses . They were able to collect enough funds to ride in a tourist sleeper to the game . After the game , which Alabama lost 33 - 7 , an Atlanta sportswriter commented to Pickens , `` You do n't have much of a team ; what do you have at Alabama ? '' Pickens replied , `` A Million Dollar Band . '' Directors of the Million Dollar Band ( edit ) 1913 -- 1917 : Gustav Wittig 1917 -- 1927 : Student - led 1927 -- 1934 : Captain H.H. Turner 1935 -- 1968 : Colonel Carleton K. Butler 1969 -- 1970 : Earl Dunn 1971 -- 1983 : James Ferguson 1984 -- 2002 : Kathryn B. Scott 2003 -- present : Kenneth Ozzello School songs ( edit ) Alma mater ( edit ) Like many college alma mater songs written around the turn of the 20th century , the Alabama Alma Mater is set to the tune of `` Annie Lisle '' , a ballad written in the 1850s . The words are usually credited as , `` Helen Vickers , 1908 '' , although it is not clear whether that was when it was written or if that was her graduating class . `` Yea Alabama '' ( edit ) Following Alabama 's 1926 Rose Bowl victory over Washington , a contest was held by The Rammer - Jammer , a student newspaper , for the composition of a fight song . Several entries were submitted to a panel overseen by the Music Department , and the winning entry , `` Yea Alabama '' , was adopted . The composer , Ethelred Lundy ( Epp ) Sykes , a student in the School of Engineering , was the editor of The Rammer - Jammer , and played piano in a jazz ensemble , The Capstone Five . He won the University 's Pan-Hellenic Cup in 1926 for overall achievement , both academically , athletically , and in student affairs . The song achieved considerable popularity during the 20s and 30s . Sykes went on to become a Brigadier General in the U.S Air Force , and donated the copyright and future royalties to the University in 1947 . The Million Dollar Band plays only the chorus at football games such as after touchdowns and field goals . A Dixieland jazz version of the song appeared on the 1950 Percy Faith album Football Songs ( later re-released as Touchdown ! ) and was played extensively across the state in the 1960s and 1970s as the music bed of radio commercials for sporting goods stores . It was also used as the theme music for The Bear Bryant Show . The last words of the song , `` Roll Tide ! '' , have become the standard cheer , greeting , and farewell among Alabama fans . The fight song , as played today , has been shortened to begin with the words `` Yea Alabama '' ; however , the original version had a verse that went at the beginning . The original version did not have `` Roll Tide , Roll Tide ! '' at the end , but was added as a chant immediately following the last line of the song . Amusingly , the song refers to several `` traditional '' opponents , but two of them are no longer part of Alabama 's opponent roster . Georgia Tech ( `` Yellow Jackets '' ) left the SEC in the early 1960s , and has only infrequently filled one of the non-conference game slots , and The University of the South Tigers ( also called Sewanee ) withdrew from the SEC in 1940 , de-emphasized athletics , and no longer competes at the Division I level . Georgia ( `` Bulldogs '' ) , like Alabama , is a member of the SEC , but the Crimson Tide and Bulldogs are in different divisions and play each other only once every six years , unless the schools meet in the SEC Championship Game . Rammer Jammer cheer ( edit ) The `` Rammer Jammer Cheer '' is a traditional cheer . The lyrics originate from The Rammer - Jammer , a student magazine in the 1920s , and the yellowhammer , Alabama 's state bird . The term `` yellowhammer '' was originally used to describe Confederate soldiers from Alabama who wore bright yellow cloth on their uniforms ; when the soldiers marched into the city of Hopkinsville , Kentucky , supporters of the Confederacy cheered them with the chant `` yellowhammer , yellowhammer . '' During and after the American Civil War , the term continued to be used and Alabama became known as the `` Yellowhammer State . '' The cadence of the cheer was adapted from the Ole Miss cheer `` Hotty Toddy '' after then Ole Miss marching band director Dr. James Ferguson was appointed director of the Million Dollar Band . The cheer was long referred to as `` Ole Miss '' , and today the drum major 's signal is still the motioning of one arm in a full circle ( an ' O ' ) . The cheer was a pregame ritual until the early 2000s , chanting `` We 're gon na ' beat the hell out of you ! '' , but this was considered unsportsmanlike and banned . The university also briefly forbade the Million Dollar Band from playing it after games , because of its taunting nature . The move was met with a significant amount of criticism . In a vote at Homecoming 2005 , the question was posed to students of whether the cheer should be banned . 98 % of students voted in favor of keeping the cheer . Before the university 's attempt to remove the cheer , it was played before kickoff and at the end of the game . The cheer is now only played in the closing minutes when victory is certain , and is traditionally chanted twice . On at least one occasion ( during Alabama 's victory over Auburn in the 2008 Iron Bowl , Alabama 's first in the series since 2001 ) , it was repeated an additional four times to signify the breaking of the 6 - game losing streak to Auburn . After Alabama 's victory over the Florida Gators in the 2009 SEC Championship Game , as well as after Alabama 's victory over the Texas Longhorns in the 2010 Citi BCS National Championship Game , the cheer was played nine times . Depending on what team Alabama is playing , the Million Dollar Band and fans will call out to the opposing team by chanting the team 's mascot with the exception being Auburn University ; they do not refer to them as the Tigers , just as Auburn . In other instances , the nickname of the opposing team is substituted ; for instance , a victory over the University of Tennessee would change the opening lyrics to `` Hey Vols ! '' ( short for Volunteers , the nickname / mascot for the University of Tennessee ) Also , when the cheer was played before kickoff , fans would replace the lyrics `` We just '' with `` We 're gon na . '' The cheer is no longer played before kickoff ; however , there are a few special occasions where the cheer is played before a football game . One such instance occurs when Alabama plays Tennessee in Knoxville . The night before the football game , the Alabama Alumni Association hosts a riverboat cruise in which Alabama alumni from all around reunite for a night . During the two trips the riverboat cruise takes over the course of the night , the Million Dollar Band members that are a part of the cruises ' pep band will play the Rammer Jammer cheer in the direction of other boats on the river flying a Volunteers ' flag . Author Warren St. John titled his 2004 bestseller about obsessive sports fans Rammer Jammer Yellow Hammer after the cheer . The cheer was most noted during the years of Coach Paul `` Bear '' Bryant and his head cheerleader Mickey Grigsby . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Origin of the University of Alabama 's elephant mascot and logo '' ( PDF ) . Newsletter of the Birmingham - Jefferson Historical Society . October 2009 . Retrieved 12 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Roy L. Williams ( May 8 , 2005 ) . `` On the record : Mae Rosenberger , CEO , Rosenberger 's Birmingham Trunk '' . The Birmingham News . Jump up ^ `` Big Al '' . Jump up ^ C.J. Schexnayder . `` Alabama 's Homecoming Elephants '' . Jump up ^ Alex Laracy . `` Alabama 's Red Elephant '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Yea Alabama '' Jump up ^ Studwell , William Emmett ; Bruce R. Schueneman ( 2001 ) . College Fight Songs II : A Supplementary Anthology . Routledge . p. 21 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7890 - 0920 - 3 . Retrieved 6 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Davis , Terry ( 1999 ) . Roll Tide : The Alabama Crimson Tide Story . Creative Education . p. 3 ^ Jump up to : `` Rammer Jammer Cheer '' Jump up ^ `` Rammer Jammer '' . W.S. Hoole Special Collections Library , The University of Alabama . Jump up ^ Record , James ( 1970 ) . A Dream Come True : The Story of Madison County and Incidentally of Alabama and the United States . Huntsville , Alabama : John Hicklin Printing Company . p. 128 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Chad Berry . `` ' Rammer jammer ... ' '' . Tuscaloosa News . Jump up ^ `` Rammer Jammer Yellow Hammer - FAQ '' . 2004 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ McGee , Ryan . `` Sonic youth '' . ESPN the Magazine . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ St. John , Warren . Rammer Jammer Yellow Hammer. 2004 . External links ( edit ) The University of Alabama site Traditions on RollTide.com Million Dollar Band History The University of Alabama Located in : Tuscaloosa , Alabama Academics College of Arts and Sciences ( New College ) College of Communication and Information Sciences College of Engineering School of Law College of Community Health Sciences People Bear Bryant George H. Denny Amelia Gayle Gorgas Autherine Lucy Julia Tutwiler Presidents Campus Arboretum Archaeological Park Auditorium Chimes Insurance Hall of Fame Museum of Natural History New Observatory Old Observatory Paul W. Bryant Museum President 's Mansion The Quad Strode House Athletics Programs Football Men 's basketball Baseball Golf Gymnastics Soccer Softball Volleyball Women 's basketball Facilities Alabama Soccer Stadium Bryant -- Denny Stadium Coleman Coliseum Foster Auditorium Rhoads Stadium Sewell -- Thomas Stadium History Timeline Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett Historic District Lucy v. Adams Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 1963 documentary Bishop v. Aronov Media Alabama Public Radio The Bear Bryant Show Crimson Tide Sports Network The Crimson White University of Alabama Press WVUA - FM WVUA - CD Other Big Al Center for Advanced Public Safety Crimsonettes CrimsonRide `` The Machine '' Million Dollar Band Traditions University of Alabama System Endowment : $631.95 million Students : 37,100 Faculty : 1,175 Alabama Crimson Tide football Venues University of Alabama Quad ( 1893 -- 1914 ) Denny Field ( 1915 -- 1928 ) Bryant -- Denny Stadium ( 1929 -- present ) Rickwood Field ( alternate , 1912 -- 1927 ) Cramton Bowl ( alternate , 1922 -- 1954 ) Ernest F. Ladd Stadium ( alternate , 1948 -- 1968 ) Legion Field ( alternate , 1927 -- 2003 ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Auburn : Iron Bowl ( James E. Foy , V - ODK Sportsmanship Trophy ) LSU Mississippi State Ole Miss Penn State Tennessee : Third Saturday in October Culture & lore History Saban era Traditions Big Al `` Yea Alabama '' A-Day 1922 Penn game Million Dollar Band Walk of Fame Paul W. Bryant Museum The Bear The Bear Bryant Show Porter Cup 1943 Informals People Head coaches All - Americans College Football Hall of Fame inductees NFL draftees Starting quarterbacks Statistical leaders Champ Pickens Seasons 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 National championship seasons in bold Alabama Crimson Tide men 's basketball Venues Little Hall ( 1915 -- 1939 ) Foster Auditorium ( 1939 -- 1968 ) Coleman Coliseum ( 1968 -- present ) Rivalries Auburn Culture & lore History Traditions Big Al Mark 's Madness / Crimson Chaos People Head coaches Statistical leaders Seasons 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 15 1915 -- 16 1916 -- 17 1917 -- 18 1918 -- 19 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1939 -- 40 1940 -- 41 1941 -- 42 1942 -- 43 1943 -- 44 1944 -- 45 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Premo - Porretta national championship in bold Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Alabama_traditions&oldid=812042411 '' Categories : Alabama Crimson Tide Southeastern Conference fight songs Traditions by university or college in the United States Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles needing additional references from December 2008 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 November 2017 , at 16 : 58 . About Wikipedia

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who does the voice of plankton from spongebob

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Mr._Lawrence&oldid=843082151

Mr. Lawrence - wikipedia Mr. Lawrence This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 26 May 2018 . `` Doug Lawrence '' redirects here . For the jazz tenor saxophonist , see Doug Lawrence ( jazz ) . For other people with this name , see Lawrence ( surname ) . Mr. Lawrence Lawrence at the San Diego ComicCon , 2009 Douglas Lawrence Osowski ( 1969 - 01 - 01 ) January 1 , 1969 ( age 49 ) East Brunswick , New Jersey , U.S. Occupation Voice actor , show writer , storyboard artist Years active 1992 -- present Douglas Lawrence Osowski ( born January 1 , 1969 ) , credited as Mr. Lawrence and sometimes Doug Lawrence , is an American voice actor , show writer , and storyboard artist . He is noted for his work as a writer and voice actor for the animated series Rocko 's Modern Life and SpongeBob SquarePants . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 2 Filmography 2.1 Films and television shows 2.2 Video games 2.3 Writer 2.4 Director 2.5 Other work 3 Awards and nominations 4 References 5 External links Life and career ( edit ) Lawrence was born in East Brunswick , New Jersey . He is known for his work on the animated TV series SpongeBob SquarePants , on which he has long - running - roles as the voice of Sheldon Plankton and various recurring characters such as the Realistic Fish Head and Larry the Lobster . He physically appears as the live - action artist in `` Frankendoodle '' . He was the voice of Edward T. Platypus , Nurse Leslie , Dave , and Ping - Pong on Camp Lazlo . Lawrence also performed the voice of Filburt in Rocko 's Modern Life and is recently the voice of the Announcer and Manant in The Aquabats ! Super Show ! . Lawrence is a standup comedian , cartoonist , writer - director , animator and producer on the television series Johnny Talk . He worked on The Ren and Stimpy Show in its second season as a layout assistant . Apart from his voice work he is a writer and , since season 10 , the story editor on SpongeBob SquarePants and worked as a writer on Rocko 's Modern Life and The Twisted Whiskers Show . He is also currently a writer and story editor on Mighty Magiswords , Cartoon Network 's first original online series which later became a TV series in June 2016 , and provides the voice of Ralphio among other characters . As a comedian , Mr. Lawrence performed in New Jersey and Los Angeles , collaborating with comedian Jeremy Kramer and Boston comedy writer Martin Olson . Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh , a storyboard writer for Rocko 's Modern Life and co-creator of Phineas and Ferb , described Lawrence as bearing a `` unique sense of humor '' , and that one `` would really have to know Doug to understand ( or not understand ) '' his style . Marsh says that the rationale for Lawrence 's humor techniques and decisions `` remain a mystery to us forever . '' Filmography ( edit ) Films and television shows ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1993 -- 96 Rocko 's Modern Life Filburt , Additional Voices writer , storyboard artist , and director 1999 -- present SpongeBob SquarePants Sheldon Plankton , Larry the Lobster , Additional Voices writer ( 1999 -- ) story editor ( 2016 -- ) 2000 Hairballs Short film 2003 Do the Voice Fictionalized version of Himself The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie Sheldon Plankton 2005 -- 08 Camp Lazlo Edward , Dave and Ping Pong , Nurse Leslie 2006 Ergo Proxy Dog Cop # 4 Episode : `` Shôjo sumairu '' 2007 The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy Alien # 2 Episode : `` Billy and Mandy Moon the Moon '' The Cartoonstitute Joey Episode : `` Joey to the World '' 2012 -- 14 The Aquabats ! Super Show ! Narrator , ManAnt ( voice ) Series narrator Episode : `` ManAnt ! '' 2014 Wander Over Yonder Additional Voices Breadwinners Turtle Episode : `` Beach Day of Horror '' 2015 The SpongeBob Movie : Sponge Out of Water Sheldon Plankton / Plank - Ton Uncle Grandpa Philip Episode : `` Older '' 2015 -- present Mighty Magiswords Ralphio , Jest - O the Best - O , Additional Voices writer and story editor ( 2015 -- 2016 ) 2018 Rocko 's Modern Life : Static Cling Filburt Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Awesome Possum ... Kicks Dr. Machino 's Butt Nickelodeon 3D Movie Maker Filburt Turtle SpongeBob SquarePants : SuperSponge Plankton Nicktoons Racing SpongeBob SquarePants : Operation Krabby Patty 2002 SpongeBob SquarePants : Employee of the Month Plankton Larry the Lobster SpongeBob SquarePants : Revenge of the Flying Dutchman 2003 Nickelodeon Toon Twister 3D Plankton SpongeBob SquarePants : Battle for Bikini Bottom Plankton , Larry the Lobster , Prawn , Fish Announcer The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie : The Video Game Plankton 2005 Nicktoons Unite SpongeBob SquarePants : Lights , Camera , Pants ! 2006 SpongeBob SquarePants : Creature from the Krusty Krab 2008 SpongeBob 's Atlantis SquarePantis 2009 SpongeBob 's Truth or Square Borderlands Additional Voices 2011 Nicktoons MLB Larry the Lobster 2013 SpongeBob SquarePants : Plankton 's Robotic Revenge Plankton 2015 SpongeBob HeroPants Plankton / Plank - Ton Writer ( edit ) Rocko 's Modern Life ( 1993 -- 96 ) The Twisted Tales of Felix the Cat ( 1995 -- 97 ) SpongeBob SquarePants ( 1999 -- 2002 ; 2009 -- present ) - also story editor ( 2016 -- present ) Hairballs ( 2000 ) Do the Voice ( 2003 ) Johnnie Talk ( 2003 ) SpongeBob 's Truth or Square ( 2009 ) The Haunted World of El Superbeasto ( 2009 ) -- Additional screenplay material The Twisted Whiskers Show ( 2010 ) Lucky Lady ( 2014 ) Mighty Magiswords ( 2015 -- 2016 ) - Story Wabbit ( 2015 ) Rocko 's Modern Life : Static Cling ( 2018 ) - Story Director ( edit ) Looks Can Kill ( 1994 ) Rocko 's Modern Life ( 1993 -- 1996 ) -- Leap Frogs / Bedfellows ( 1993 ) - Sugar - Frosted Frights / Ed Is Dead : A Thriller ! ( 1995 ) -- Fish - N - Chumps / Camera Shy ( 1995 ) -- Nothing to Sneeze At / Old Fogey Froggy ( 1995 ) -- Speaking Terms / Tooth and Nail ( 1995 ) The Twisted Tales of Felix the Cat ( 1995 -- 97 ) General Chaos : Uncensored Animation ( 1998 ) Hairballs ( 2000 ) The Haunted World of El Superbeasto ( 2009 ) -- Assistant director `` Lucky Lady '' ( 2014 ) Other work ( edit ) The Food Album ( 1993 ) -- album art Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Result 1995 CableACE Award Best Animated Programming Special or Series Won 2012 Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Short - Format Animated Program Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dan Abrams ' interview with Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh , '' The Rocko 's Modern Life FAQ External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Mr. Lawrence Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mr. Lawrence . Mr. Lawrence on IMDb LCCN : no2004003848 VIAF : 12009314 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mr._Lawrence&oldid=843082151 '' Categories : 1969 births Living people American male voice actors People from East Brunswick , New Jersey The Kubert School alumni Male actors from New Jersey 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2014 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Русский Simple English Svenska Tagalog 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 19 : 11 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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where does the term making out come from

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Making_out&oldid=811525318

Making out - wikipedia Making out Jump to : navigation , search `` Snog '' redirects here . For the Australian band , see Snog ( band ) . `` Petting '' redirects here . For stroking an animal , see Social grooming . For other uses of `` making out '' , see Make out ( disambiguation ) . A silhouette of a couple making out Making out is a term of American origin , dating back to at least 1949 , and is used variously to refer to kissing , petting , and necking , but may also refer to non-penetrative sex acts such as heavy petting . Snogging has roughly the same meaning in British English and some related varieties of English , except in Hiberno - English ( spoken in Ireland ) , where it is more commonly known as shifting . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Characteristics 3 See also 4 References History ( edit ) The sexual connotations of the phrase `` make out '' appear to have developed in the 1930s and 1940s from the phrase 's other meanings of `` to succeed '' . Originally , it meant `` to seduce '' or `` to have sexual intercourse with '' . Studies indicate that at the beginning of the 20th century , premarital sex increased , and with it , petting behavior in the 1920s . The Continental experience at that time is amusingly illustrated by a letter that Sigmund Freud wrote to Sándor Ferenczi in 1931 playfully admonishing him to stop kissing his patients , in which Freud warned lest `` a number of independent thinkers in matters of technique will say to themselves : Why stop at a kiss ? Certainly one gets further when one adopts ' pawing ' as well , which , after all , does n't make a baby . And then bolder ones will come along who will go further , to peeping and showing -- and soon we shall have accepted in the technique of analysis the whole repertoire of demi - viergerie and petting parties '' . By the postwar period , necking and petting became accepted behavior in mainstream American culture , as long as the partners were dating , and became the subject of numerous jokes : ' He : `` Darling , I 'm groping for words . '' She : `` You wo n't find them there . '' ( N.Y. 1940 ) ' . Characteristics ( edit ) Making out is usually considered an expression of affection or sexual attraction . An episode of making out is frequently referred to as a `` make - out session '' or simply `` making out , '' depending on the speaker 's vernacular . It covers a wide range of sexual behavior , and means different things to different age groups in different parts of the United States . It typically refers to kissing , including prolonged , passionate , open - mouth kissing ( also known as French kissing ) , and intimate skin - to - skin contact . The term can also refer to other forms of foreplay such as heavy petting , which typically involves some genital stimulation , but usually not the direct act of penetrative sexual intercourse . The perceived significance of making out may be affected by the age and relative sexual experience of the participants . Teenagers sometimes play party games in which making out is the main activity as an act of exploration . Games in this category include seven minutes in heaven and spin the bottle . Teenagers may have had social gatherings in which making out was the predominant event . In the United States , these events were referred to as `` make - out parties '' and would sometimes be confined to a specific area , called the `` make - out room '' . These make - out parties were generally not regarded as sex parties , though heavy petting may have been involved , depending on the group . See also ( edit ) Sexual slang References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lief , Harold I. ( 1975 ) . Medical Aspects of Human Sexuality : 750 Questions Answered by 500 Authorities . Williams & Wilkins . p. 242 . Among the city kids of 13 to 17 who live along the Boston , New York , Philadelphia string , `` making out '' is heavy petting . ^ Jump up to : Bolin , Anne ( 1999 ) . Perspectives on Human Sexuality . Albany : State University of New York Press . p. 222 . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 4133 - 4 . Making out usually refers to kissing or passionate physical contact , but it also may escalate into petting . ^ Jump up to : Partridge , Eric ( 2006 ) . The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English . New York : Routledge . p. 1259 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 25938 - X . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Jennifer ( December 15 , 2014 ) . `` Do n't mind us : Jennifer O'Connell on the marvels of Hiberno - English '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moe , Albert F. ( 1966 ) `` ' Make out ' and Related Usages '' . American Speech 41 ( 2 ) : 96 -- 107 . Jump up ^ quoted in Malcolm , Janet . Psychoanalysis : The Impossible Profession ( London 1988 ) p. 37 - 8 Jump up ^ Breines , Wini ( 2001 ) . Young , White , and Miserable : Growing Up Female in the Fifties . University of Chicago Press . pp. 117 -- 118 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 07261 - 4 . Jump up ^ Legman , G . The Rationale of the Dirty Joke Vol II ( 1973 ) p. 12 Jump up ^ Cann , Kate . Hard Cash ( London 2000 ) p. 262 and p. 237 Jump up ^ Lafollette , Hugh ( 2002 ) . Ethics in Practice . Oxford : Blackwell . p. 243 . ISBN 0 - 631 - 22834 - 9 . `` making out , '' which can comprise a rather wide variety of activities Jump up ^ `` heavy petting - definition of heavy petting in English from the Oxford dictionary '' . Jump up ^ Crownover , Richard ( 2005 ) . Making out in English . Boston : Tuttle Publishing . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 8048 - 3681 - 7 . `` Making out , '' used in the title of this book is a colloquialism that can mean engaging in sexual intercourse , ... Jump up ^ `` Notes From the State of Virginia , '' with Wesley Hogan , in First of the Year , vol. II , edited by Benj DeMott ( New York : Transaction Publishers , 2010 ) p. 121 Jump up ^ From Abba to Zoom : A Pop Culture Encyclopedia of the Late 20th Century by Mansour , David . ( 2005 ) ISBN 978 - 0740751189 . p. 110 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Making_out&oldid=811525318 '' Categories : Euphemisms Sexual acts Kissing Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Svenska Українська 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 November 2017 , at 05 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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6291645740453573099

where is the world's largest man made lake

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Lake_Kariba&oldid=815597210

Lake Kariba - wikipedia Lake Kariba Jump to : navigation , search Lake Kariba Coordinates 16 ° 55 ′ S 28 ° 00 ′ E  /  16.917 ° S 28.000 ° E  / - 16.917 ; 28.000 Coordinates : 16 ° 55 ′ S 28 ° 00 ′ E  /  16.917 ° S 28.000 ° E  / - 16.917 ; 28.000 Lake type Hydroelectric reservoir Catchment area 663,000 km ( 256,000 sq mi ) Basin countries Zimbabwe , Zambia Max. length 223 km ( 139 mi ) Max . width 40 km ( 25 mi ) Surface area 5,580 km ( 2,150 sq mi ) Average depth 29 m ( 95 ft ) Max . depth 97 m ( 318 ft ) Water volume 180 cubic kilometres ( 43 cu mi ) Surface elevation 485 metres ( 1,591 ft ) Islands Chete Island Sekula Chikanka . Lake Kariba is the world 's largest man - made lake and reservoir by volume . It lies 1300 kilometres upstream from the Indian Ocean , along the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe . Lake Kariba was filled between 1958 and 1963 following the completion of the Kariba Dam at its northeastern end , flooding the Kariba Gorge on the Zambezi River . The Zimbabwean town of Kariba was built for construction workers on the lake 's dam , while some other settlements such as Binga village and Mlibizi in Zimbabwe and Siavonga and Sinazongwe in Zambia have grown up to house people displaced by the rising waters . Contents ( hide ) 1 Physical characteristics 2 Ecology 3 Protected areas 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Physical characteristics ( edit ) Lake Kariba is over 223 kilometres ( 139 miles ) long and up to 40 kilometres ( 25 miles ) in width . It covers an area of 5,580 square kilometres ( 6.01 × 10 square feet ) mi ) and its storage capacity is 185 cubic kilometres ( 44 cubic miles ) . The mean depth of the lake is 29 metres ( 95 feet ) ; the maximum depth is 97 metres ( 318 feet ) . It is the world 's largest man - made reservoir , four times as large as the Three Gorges Dam . The enormous mass of water ( approximately 180,000,000,000,000 kilograms , or 180 petagrams ( 200 billion tons ) ) is believed to have caused induced seismicity in the seismically active region , including over 20 earthquakes of greater than 5 magnitude on the Richter scale . The lake has several islands , including Maaze Island , Mashape Island , Chete Island , Sekula , Sampa Karuma , Fothergill , Spurwing , Snake Island , Antelope Island , Bed Island , and Chikanka . Ecology ( edit ) Kariba Dam Before Lake Kariba was filled , the existing vegetation was burned , creating a thick layer of fertile soil on land that would become the lake bed . As a result , the ecology of Lake Kariba is vibrant . A number of fish species have been introduced to the lake , notably the sardine - like kapenta ( transported from Lake Tanganyika ) , which now supports a thriving commercial fishery . Other inhabitants of Lake Kariba include Nile crocodiles and hippopotami . Gamefish , particularly tigerfish , which was among the indigenous species of the Zambezi river system , now thrive on the kapenta , which in turn encourages tourism . Both Zambia and Zimbabwe are now attempting to develop the tourism industry along their respective coasts of Lake Kariba . Fish eagles , cormorants and other water birds patrol the shorelines , as do occasional herds of elephants . Protected areas ( edit ) The portion of Lake Kariba which falls within Zimbabwe has been designated a Recreational Park within the Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Estate . See also ( edit ) Nyaminyami Kariba Town Kariba Ferries Lake Volta , the largest reservoir by surface area in the world References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Kariba '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Evidence for Incipient Rifting in Southern Africa '' . Geophysical Journal International . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . External links ( edit ) `` Lake Kariba '' . Zambiatourism.com . Retrieved August 11 , 2005 . `` Dam Statistics : Africa and the Middle East Regions '' . World Commission on Dams . Retrieved August 11 , 2005 . `` Lake Profile : Kariba '' . LakeNet . Retrieved August 11 , 2005 . World Lakes Database entry for Lake Kariba Media related to Lake Kariba at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_Kariba&oldid=815597210 '' Categories : Lake Kariba Reservoirs in Zambia Reservoirs in Zimbabwe Zambezi River International lakes of Africa Geography of Mashonaland West Province Geography of Southern Province , Zambia Zambia -- Zimbabwe border Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Čeština Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 20 : 48 . 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