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since the early 2000s a substantial number of affluent korean american professionals have settled in bergen county which is home to north american headquarters operations of south korean chaebols including samsung lg corp and hanjin shipping and have founded various academically and communally supportive organizations including the korean parent partnership organization at the bergen county academies magnet high school and the korean american association of new jersey holy name medical center in teaneck new jersey within bergen county has undertaken an ambitious effort to provide comprehensive health care services to underinsured and uninsured korean patients from a wide area with its growing korean medical program drawing over 1 500 ethnic korean patients to its annual health festival bergen county s broad avenue koreatown in palisades park has emerged as a dominant nexus of korean american culture has been referred to as a korean food walk of fame with diverse offerings incorporating the highest concentration of korean restaurants within a one mile radius in the united states and broad avenue has evolved into a korean dessert destination as well and its senior citizens center in palisades park provides a popular gathering place where even korean grandmothers were noted to follow the dance trend of the worldwide viral hit gangnam style by south korean k pop rapper psy in september 2012 while the nearby fort lee koreatown is also emerging as such the chusok korean thanksgiving harvest festival has become an annual tradition in bergen county attended by several tens of thousands in january 2019 christopher chung was sworn in as the first korean mayor of palisades park and the first mayor from the korean diaspora in bergen county |
bergen county s growing korean community was cited by county executive kathleen donovan in the context of hackensack new jersey attorney jae y kim s appointment to central municipal court judgeship in january 2011 subsequently in january 2012 the new jersey governor chris christie nominated attorney phillip kwon of bergen county for new jersey supreme court justice although this nomination was rejected by the state s senate judiciary committee and in july 2012 kwon was appointed instead as deputy general counsel of the port authority of new york and new jersey according to the record of bergen county the u s census bureau has determined the county s korean american population 2010 census figures put it at 56 773 increasing to 63 247 by the 2011 american community survey has grown enough to warrant language assistance during elections and bergen county s koreans have earned significant political respect as of may 2014 korean americans had garnered at least four borough council seats in bergen county described as a historic event the us 6 million korean community center opened in tenafly new jersey in january 2015 aimed at integrating bergen county s korean community into the mainstream |
with the development of the south korean economy the focus of emigration from korea began to shift from developed nations towards developing nations prior to repatriation back to korea with the 1992 normalisation of diplomatic relations between china and south korea many citizens of south korea started to settle instead in china attracted by business opportunities generated by the reform and opening up of china and the low cost of living large new communities of south koreans have formed in beijing shanghai and qingdao their population is estimated to be between 300 000 and 400 000 there is also a small community of koreans in hong kong mostly migrant workers and their families according to hong kong s 2001 census they numbered roughly 5 200 making them the 12th largest ethnic minority group southeast asia has also seen an influx of south koreans koreans in vietnam have grown in number to around 30 000 since the 1992 normalisation of diplomatic relations making them vietnam s second largest foreign community after the taiwanese korean migration to the philippines increased in the early 2000s due to the tropical climate and low cost of living compared to south korea although this diaspora has declined since 2010 370 000 koreans visited the country in 2004 and roughly 46 000 korean immigrants live there permanently though smaller the number of koreans in cambodia has also grown rapidly almost quadrupling between 2005 and 2009 they mostly reside in phnom penh with a smaller number in siam reap they are largely investors involved in the construction industry though there are also some missionaries and ngo workers koreatown manhattan in new york city has become described as the korean times square and has emerged as the international economic outpost for the korean chaebol |
koreans born or settled overseas have been migrating back to both north and south korea ever since the restoration of korean independence perhaps the most famous example is kim jong il born in vyatskoye khabarovsk krai russia where his father kim il sung had been serving in the red army postwar migrations of koreans from throughout the japanese empire back to the korean peninsula were characterized both bureaucratically and popularly as repatriation a restoration of the congruence between the korean population and its territory the pre colonial korean state had not clearly laid out the boundaries or criteria determining who was a citizen however the japanese colonial government had registered all koreans in a separate family registry a separation which continued even if an individual korean migrated to manchuria or japan thus north and south korea had a clear legal definition of who was a repatriating korean and did not have to create any special legal categories of national membership for them the way germany had done for post world war ii german expellees there has also been a return migration of korean brazilians back to korea spurred by the increasing violence in brazil |
the largest scale repatriation activities took place in japan where chongryon sponsored the return of zainichi korean residents to north korea beginning in the late 1950s and early 1960s with a trickle of repatriates continuing until as late as 1984 nearly 90 000 zainichi koreans resettled in the reclusive communist state though their ancestral homes were in south korea however word of the difficult economic and political conditions filtered back to japan decreasing the popularity of this option around one hundred such repatriates are believed to have later escaped from north korea the most famous is kang chol hwan who published a book about his experience the aquariums of pyongyang south korea however was a popular destination for koreans who had settled in manchukuo during the colonial period returnees from manchukuo such as park chung hee and chun doo hwan had a large influence on the process of nation building in south korea |
until the 1980s soviet koreans did not repatriate in any large numbers and played little role in defining the boundaries of membership in the korean nation however roughly 1 000 sakhalin koreans are also estimated to have independently repatriated to the north in the decades after the end of world war ii when returning to their ancestral homes in the south was not an option due to the lack of soviet relations with the south and japan s refusal to grant them transit rights in 1985 japan began to fund the return of sakhalin koreans to south korea however only an additional 1 500 took this offer with the vast majority of the population remaining on the island of sakhalin or moving to the russian far east instead |
with the rise of the south korean economy in the 1980s economic motivations became increasingly prevalent in overseas koreans decisions of whether to repatriate and in which part of the peninsula to settle 356 790 chinese citizens have migrated to south korea since the reform and opening up of china almost two thirds are estimated to be chaoxianzu similarly some koryo saram from central asia have also moved to south korea as guest workers to take advantage of the high wages offered by the growing economy remittances from south korea to uzbekistan for example were estimated to exceed usd100 million in 2005 return migration through arranged marriage is another option portrayed in the 2005 south korean film wedding campaign directed by hwang byung kook however the koryo saram often face the most difficulty integrating into korean society due to their poor command of the korean language and the fact that their dialect koryo mar differs significantly from the seoul dialect considered standard in the south |
return migration from the united states has been much less common than that from japan or the former soviet union as the economic push factor was far less than in 1960s japan or post soviet collapse central asia korean american return migrants have predominantly been entertainers who were either recruited by south korean talent agencies or had chosen to move there due to the lack of opportunities in the united states prominent examples include jae chong johan kim and joon lee of r b trio solid singers joon park of k pop group g o d and brian joo of r b duo fly to the sky hip hop artist and songwriter jay park and model and actor daniel henney who initially spoke no korean |
in 1995 trepashkin got involved in the bank soldi affair described by scott anderson in a 2009 gq article trepashkin was working on an fsb sting operation against a bank extortion ring linked to salman raduyev a chechen rebel who was then fighting against russia in the first chechen war the sting resulted in a raid on a bank soldi branch in moscow in dec 1995 trepashkin claims that the raid uncovered bugging devices used by the extortionists whose serial numbers linked their origin to the fsb or ministry of defense furthermore a van outside the bank was monitoring the bugging devices in the van was vladimir romanovich an fsb agent who trepashkin claims was working for the criminals however most of those arrested in the sting were released nikolai patrushev took trepashkin off the case and began an investigation of trepashkin instead |
while preparing for the trial trepashkin said he uncovered a trail of a suspect whose description had disappeared from the files he claimed that the man turned out to be an fsb member named vladimir romanovich the same man he claimed had been working for criminals in the moscow bank soldi raid of 1995 trepashkin said that a witness identified only the first of the 2 composite images distributed by the official investigation this implied that the official investigation doctored the composite image to hide the perpetrators from the fsb but trepashkin never managed to air his findings in court on 22 october 2003 just a week before the hearings trepashkin was arrested for illegal arms possession he was convicted by a closed military court to four years for revealing state secrets an appeal court later overturned the arms possession charge but the other sentence remained in september 2005 after serving two years of his sentence trepashkin was released on parole but two weeks later was re arrested after the state appealed the parole decision |
tuscaloosa county was established on february 6 1818 during the antebellum years the principal crop was cotton cultivated and processed by african american slaves by 1860 shortly before the state seceded from the union the county had a total of 12 971 whites 84 free african americans and 10 145 african american slaves the latter comprised 43 7 percent of the total population the war brought significant changes including migration out of the county by some african americans some freedmen moved to nearby counties and larger cities for more opportunities and to join with other freedmen in communities less subject to white supervision and intimidation |
following passage by alabama of the 1901 constitution that disenfranchised most african americans and tens of thousands of poor whites the state legislature passed laws to impose jim crow and racial segregation due to this oppression and problems of continued violence by lynchings many african americans left alabama in two waves of the great migration in the first half of the 20th century they went to northern and midwestern industrial cities their mass departure from tuscaloosa county is reflected in the lower rates of county population growth from 1910 to 1930 and from 1950 to 1970 see census table below |
blacks by 1960 represented 28 7 of the county population and they were still disenfranchised throughout the state african americans were active in demonstrations and other civil rights activities in the city of tuscaloosa in the 1960s seeking desegregation of public facilities including the county courthouse after passage of the federal voting rights act of 1965 african americans in the state regained their ability to exercise their constitutional right to vote and participate in the political system politics in the state have shifted since they recovered the vote they have generally supported the democratic party which on the national level had supported the civil rights movement |
on december 16 2000 an f4 rated tornado hit communities south and east of tuscaloosa centering in the bear creek and hillcrest meadows areas the tornado caused the deaths of 11 people while injuring over 125 others it was the strongest tornado to hit alabama in the month of december since 1950 and the strongest of a moderate tornado outbreak that took place across the southeastern corner of the united states from mississippi to north carolina damage was estimated at over 12 million more than 40 houses and 70 mobile homes were completely destroyed with hundreds more seriously damaged |
as of the census of 2000 there were 164 875 people 64 517 households and 41 677 families residing in the county the population density was 124 per square mile 48 persons km2 the population core of the county lies in tuscaloosa northport conurbation including coaling coker and holt cdp the combined 2000 census population of this area not including their undesignated suburban census areas is 103 367 accounting for 62 7 of the county in population while only accounting for 6 9 in area consequently the population density of the central population core is 1 137 persons per square mile 439 persons km2 while the density of the county outside the central population core is only 44 persons per square mile 17 persons km2 |
as of the census of 2010 there were 194 656 people 76 141 households and 46 304 families residing in the county the population density was 147 per square mile 57 persons km2 there were 84 872 housing units at an average density of 64 per square mile 25 km2 the racial makeup of the county was 66 3 white 29 6 black or african american 0 3 native american 1 2 asian 0 1 pacific islander 1 5 from other races and 1 1 from two or more races nearly 3 1 of the population were hispanic or latino of any race |
tuscaloosa county is somewhat conservative for a county dominated by a college town while most such counties have swung toward the democrats since the 1990s tuscaloosa county has not voted for a democratic presidential candidate since 1976 and has only gone democratic once since 1960 for example tuscaloosa county voted for john mccain over barack obama in the 2008 election by a margin of 58 42 however obama attracted high turnout and many votes from young people and others in addition to the african american minority the latter make up 28 9 of the population of the county and have supported democrats in national elections since the civil rights era and restoration of their constitutional right to vote |
the tuscaloosa county school system serves students in the county who live outside the city limits of tuscaloosa the system has been in operation since 1871 the system is managed by a board of education composed of 7 members elected by single member districts by the voters of the county outside the limits of the city of tuscaloosa the board appoints a superintendent to manage the day to day operations of the system in school year 2012 13 almost 18 000 students were enrolled by the system there are 19 elementary schools 8 middle schools 6 high schools children are also served at the tuscaloosa regional detention center and sprayberry regional educational center the latter provides services to gifted and special needs children the six county high schools are brookwood high school brookwood hillcrest high school taylorville holt holt northside samantha sipsey valley coker and tuscaloosa county high school northport |
the tuscaloosa city school system serves students who live in the city of tuscaloosa there are approximately 10 000 students enrolled in tuscaloosa city schools twenty four schools comprise the district including 13 elementary schools 6 middle schools 3 high schools and 3 campuses dedicated to specialty education one for students with special needs and those receiving alternative education a school for students studying performing arts and a career technical facility for grades 9 12 the three high schools are paul w bryant high school central high school and northridge high school |
william strachey born 4 april 1572 in saffron walden essex was the grandson of william strachey died 1587 and the eldest son of william strachey died 1598 and mary cooke died 1587 the daughter of henry cooke merchant taylor of london by anne goodere the daughter of henry goodere and jane greene strachey s maternal grandfather henry cooke died 1551 held lesnes abbey in kent he was succeeded by his son edmund cooke died 1619 while his younger son richard cooke has been identified as the author of description de tous les provinces de france |
in 1600 richard burbage leased to evans his blackfriars property and the children of the revels under nathaniel giles with evans as landlord and partner occupied the theatre for some years evans assigned his rights in the property and the company in two stages first one half in sixths to edward kirkham kendall and william rastell and subsequently the second half in sixths to john marston william strachey and his own wife there were later complications but in 1606 william strachey had a one sixth share in the blackfriars theatre strachey there is no manner of doubt on the evidence and from the signature of his deposition was the well known voyager and writer whose account of the bermuda voyage left its marks on shakespeare s tempest he gave evidence in the suit as william strachey of crowhurst surrey gentleman aged 34 on 4 july 1606 |
by 1605 strachey was in precarious financial circumstances from which he spent the rest of his life trying to recover in 1606 he used a family connection to obtain the position of secretary to thomas glover the english ambassador to turkey he travelled to constantinople but quarrelled with the ambassador and was dismissed in march 1607 and returned to england in june 1608 he then decided to mend his fortunes in the new world and in 1609 purchased two shares in the virginia company and sailed to virginia on the sea venture with sir thomas gates and sir george somers in the summer of that year |
strachey wrote an eloquent letter dated 15 july 1610 to an unnamed excellent lady in england about the sea venture disaster including an account of the precarious state of the jamestown colony being critical of the management of the colony it was suppressed by the virginia company after the dissolution of the company it was published in 1625 by samuel purchas as a true reportory of the wracke and redemption of sir thomas gates knight it is generally thought to be one of the sources for shakespeare s the tempest because of certain verbal plot and thematic similarities |
he then produced an extended manuscript about the virginia colony the historie of travaile into virginia britannia dedicating the first version to henry percy 9th earl of northumberland in 1612 the manuscript included his eyewitness account of life in early virginia but borrowed heavily from the earlier work of richard willes james rosier john smith and others strachey produced two more versions during the next six years dedicating one to francis bacon and the other to sir allen apsley it too was critical of the virginia company management of the colony and strachey failed to find a patron to publish his work which was finally first published in 1849 by the hakluyt society |
the joe shuster awards are comic book industry oriented awards that recognize the achievements of canadian citizens and permanent residents founded initially as an english language comics award the criteria have been changed and refined since 2006 to be inclusive of all works published in canada see language criteria the majority of the awards were initially committee nominated public vote awards with write in nominations accepted for the international creator award this was changed in 2008 to a committee nominated jury selected model with publishers nominating works within the relevant award category the model established in 2008 was designed to eliminate voter bias and ballot stuffing the jury deliberates until they agree on a winner discussing the merits of each candidate |
from the joe shuster award website when it comes to defining comics our job is to be as inclusive as possible when narrowing the selections down to an exclusive number of annual nominees there is only one winner in each category though we strive to ensure that our nominates represent the entire country s output whether that output is in english or french canada s two official languages or in other languages the central defining characteristic of our nominees are that they are canadian we don t censure canadian creators who work with non canadian publishing houses while canada is a large and diverse country for the creative awards there are a very limited number of canadian publishers |
the present college was created in the 1790s against the background of the upheaval during the french revolution and the gradual removal of the penal laws the college was particularly intended to provide for the education of catholic priests in ireland who until this act had to go to continental europe for their formation and theological education many were educated in france and the church and government were concerned at the dechristianization of france during the french revolution and at the same time at the risk of revolutionary thinking arising from training in revolutionary france with whom britain was at war also relevant was the enactment of the roman catholic relief act 1791 in ireland in 1793 |
the college was legally established on 5 june 1795 35 geo iii cap 21 as the royal college of st patrick by act of the parliament of ireland to provide for the better education of persons professing the popish or roman catholic religion the college was originally established to provide a university education for catholic lay and ecclesiastical students the lay college was based in riverstown house on the south campus from 1802 with the opening of clongowes wood in 1814 the lay college which had lay trustees was closed and the college functioned solely as a catholic seminary for almost 150 years |
in 1800 john butler 12th baron dunboyne died and left a substantial fortune to the college butler had been a roman catholic and bishop of cork who had embraced protestantism in order to marry and guarantee the succession to his hereditary title however there were no children to his marriage and it was alleged that he had been reconciled to the catholic church at his death were this the case a penal law demanded that the will was invalid and his wealth would pass to his family much litigation followed before a negotiated settlement in 1808 that led to the establishment of a dunboyne scholarship fund |
the land was donated by william fitzgerald 2nd duke of leinster who had argued in favour of catholic emancipation in the irish house of lords he lived nearby at carton and also at leinster house the building work was paid for by the british government parliament continued to give it an annual grant until the irish church act 1869 when this law was passed the college received a capital sum of 369 000 the trustees invested 75 of this in mortgages to irish landowners at a yield of 4 25 or 4 75 per annum this would have been considered a secure investment at that time but agitation for land reform and the depression of the 1870s eroded this security the largest single mortgage was granted to the earl of granard accumulated losses on these transactions reached 35 000 by 1906 |
the first building to go up on this site was designed by and named after john stoyte stoyte house which can still be seen from the entrance to the old campus is a well known building to maynooth students and stands very close to the very historic maynooth castle over the next 15 years the site at maynooth underwent rapid construction so as to cater for the influx of new students and the buildings which now border st joseph s square to the rear of stoyte house were completed by 1824 |
students of maynooth have participated in a variety of inter varsity competitions in 1972 maynooth entered the gaelic football sigerson cup for the first time and won it in 1976 they also participate in the hurling competition the fitzgibbon cup and won it in 1974 and 1974 the soccer team competes in the collingwood cup the college won the inaugural irish higher education quiz show on rt challenging times based on university challenge winning again in 1992 and as nuim in 1999 |
prior to the establishment of the college students for the diocesan priesthood had to travel to the european mainland to one of the many irish colleges based principally in france spain and the low countries the continental background of early members of staff some of whom were native french refugees from the french revolution is reflected in the library s holdings a large proportion of the 22 000 pre 1850 books were published abroad several professors and eminent churchmen were great collectors and their collections ultimately came to the library at the beginning the library was small and there were no text books for the students many professors decided to go into print and to write their own having their students subscribe in advance printing by subscription was a common practice and the subscription lists still show the names of students and staff from this early period in the college s history |
when the annual grant received by the college was increased threefold in 1845 the president at the time laurence renehan started much needed renovations augustus welby pugin was brought in to design new buildings which included a library with high gothic windows and an open timbered roof completed in 1861 the tall wooden stacks and long center tables hardly changed for over a century and daylight was considered sufficient to work by until 1970 when electric lighting was finally introduced it now houses the pre 1850 books and manuscripts and is known as the russell library it is home to a fine collection of gaelic manuscripts as well as non gaelic manuscripts that are largely the literary contributions of staff and students when the last irish college in spain salamanca closed in 1951 the archives were transferred to maynooth these included documents from other irish colleges alcal santiago and seville and administrative records dating back to the end of the sixteenth century the russell library housed two thirds of the book stock and most readers until 1984 |
prior to october 1984 the library of maynooth college occupied eight locations two of these had been principal locations the main library located in the building complex built by pugin for the seminary in the mid nineteenth century and the new arts library in the new campus created in the middle of the twentieth century a shortage of space in the library and the lack of modern facilities led the college and its then president monsignor olden to build a new library from donations in ireland and abroad mainly the united states the foundation stone of the new building was blessed by pope john paul ii during his visit to ireland in 1979 and in 1983 the john paul ii library opened its doors the former eight locations were reduced to three the old main library became in 1984 the russell library for old and rare books and manuscripts the new john paul ii library became the main working academic library and a separate chemistry store for a surfeit of chemistry periodicals in november 2010 the construction of an extension to the existing library began which opened in 2012 it incorporated the former chemistry store thus reducing the library locations to two |
any student of the college prior to the passing of the universities act 1997 upon whom a degree of the national university of ireland was conferred is now legally considered to be a graduate of maynooth university the college continues to share its campus with national university of ireland but maynooth remains a separate legal entity with training in canon law philosophy and theology and awards the degrees of the pontifical university and is associated with several other colleges pontifical university ba undergraduate students can take their degree in theology along with an arts subject from the national university ba in theology and ba in theology with arts is available on the cao system |
st patrick s college maynooth accredits a number of certificate courses at the mu kilkenny campus at st kieran s college 2011 saw the commencement of a certificate in theological studies in association with the catholic diocese of ossory since 2010 at the kilkenny campus a certificate in christian studies for lay anglicans in association with the church of ireland diocese of cashel and ossory has also been accredited in 2018 the certificate in christian studies was run in the anglican diocese of cork ross and cloyne st patrick s college maynooth also teaches the theology modules in st kieran s as part of the nuim ba programme and can progress to a ba th from the pontifical university |
when peppers are consumed by mammals such as humans capsaicin binds with pain receptors in the mouth and throat potentially evoking pain via spinal relays to the brainstem and thalamus where heat and discomfort are perceived the intensity of the heat of chili peppers is commonly reported in scoville heat units shu historically it was a measure of the dilution of an amount of chili extract added to sugar syrup before its heat becomes undetectable to a panel of tasters the more it has to be diluted to be undetectable the more powerful the variety and therefore the higher the rating the modern method is a quantitative analysis of shu using high performance liquid chromatography hplc to directly measure the capsaicinoid content of a chili pepper variety pure capsaicin is a hydrophobic colorless odorless and crystalline to waxy solid at room temperature and measures 16 000 000 shu |
the leaves of every species of capsicum are edible though almost all other solanaceous crops have toxins in their leaves chili peppers do not the leaves which are mildly bitter and nowhere near as hot as the fruit are cooked as greens in filipino cuisine where they are called dahon ng sili literally chili leaves they are used in the chicken soup tinola in korean cuisine the leaves may be used in kimchi in japanese cuisine the leaves are cooked as greens and also cooked in tsukudani style for preservation |
many mexican dishes including variations on chiles rellenos use the entire chili dried whole chilies may be reconstituted before grinding to a paste the chipotle is the smoked dried ripe jalape o in the northern mexican states of sinaloa and sonora chiltepin peppers a wild pepper are used in cheeses and soups to add spiciness to dishes in southern mexico mole sauce is used with dried chiles such as ancho and chipotle peppers chiles are used in salsas mexican households usually grow chile plants to use in cooking |
each node of a ternary search tree stores a single character an object or a pointer to an object depending on implementation and pointers to its three children conventionally named equal kid lo kid and hi kid which can also be referred respectively as middle child lower child and higher child a node may also have a pointer to its parent node as well as an indicator as to whether or not the node marks the end of a word the lo kid pointer must point to a node whose character value is less than the current node the hi kid pointer must point to a node whose character is greater than the current node the equal kid points to the next character in the word |
to look up a particular node or the data associated with a node a string key is needed a lookup procedure begins by checking the root node of the tree and determining which of the following conditions has occurred if the first character of the string is less than the character in the root node a recursive lookup can be called on the tree whose root is the lo kid of the current root similarly if the first character is greater than the current node in the tree then a recursive call can be made to the tree whose root is the hi kid of the current node |
oryzomys couesi also known as coues rice rat is a semiaquatic rodent in the family cricetidae occurring from southernmost texas through mexico and central america into northwestern colombia it is usually found in wet habitats such as marshes but also lives in drier forests and shrublands weighing about o couesi is a medium sized to large rat the coarse fur is buff to reddish above and white to below the hindfeet show some specializations for life in the water such as reduced ungual tufts of hair around the digits it has 56 chromosomes there is much geographic variation in size proportions color and skull features oryzomys couesi is active during the night and builds nests of vegetation that are suspended among reeds about above the ground it is an excellent swimmer and dives well but can also climb in vegetation an omnivore it eats both plant and animal food including seeds and insects it breeds throughout the year females give birth to about four young after a pregnancy of 21 to 28 days the species may be infected by several different parasites and by two hantaviruses |
the species was first described in 1877 the first of many related species from the region described until the 1910s in 1918 edward alphonso goldman consolidated most into the single species oryzomys couesi and in 1960 raymond hall united this taxon with its united states relative the marsh rice rat o palustris into a single widespread species subsequently many related localized species retained by goldman were also included in this taxon after studies of the contact zone in texas where o couesi and the marsh rice rat meet were published in 1979 and underscored the distinctness of the two they were again regarded as separate since then some of the peripheral forms of the group such as oryzomys antillarum from jamaica and oryzomys peninsulae from the baja california peninsula have been reinstated as species nevertheless o couesi as currently constituted is likely a composite of several species a 2010 study using dna sequence data found evidence to recognize separate species from the pacific and eastern sides of the distribution of o couesi and two additional species from panama and costa rica generally oryzomys couesi is common and of no conservation concern and it is even considered a plague species in places but some populations are threatened |
edward alston first described oryzomys couesi in 1877 using three specimens from mexico and guatemala he named the animal hesperomys couesi placing it in the now defunct genus hesperomys and noted similarities to the marsh rice rat then called hesperomys palustris and two species now placed in tylomys the specific name couesi honors american naturalist elliott coues who had done much work on north american rodents in 1893 oldfield thomas wrote that the species by then placed in the genus oryzomys as oryzomys couesi had caused much confusion about its identity because the three specimens one from cob n guatemala and two from mexico used by alston in fact belonged to two or three different species he restricted the name couesi to the animal from guatemala and introduced the new name oryzomys fulgens for one of the mexican animals several other related species were described from the early 1890s onwards and in 1901 clinton hart merriam united many of those into a palustris mexicanus group of species which also included the marsh rice rat |
edward alphonso goldman revised north american oryzomys in 1918 and consolidated many forms into a single species oryzomys couesi with ten subspecies distributed from southern texas and western mexico south to costa rica he placed it in an oryzomys palustris group with the marsh rice rat and several species with more limited distributions which he regarded as related to o couesi but distinctive enough to be classified as separate species in the 1930s a few more forms related to o couesi were described as then recognized the ranges of the marsh rice rat a united states species and oryzomys couesi meet in southern texas in 1960 raymond hall reviewed specimens from this contact zone and found no grounds on which to separate the two species thus he reduced o couesi to a subspecies of the marsh rice rat other workers continued this lumping and by 1971 all other species goldman had placed in the o palustris group were classified under the marsh rice rat together with oryzomys azuerensis from panama described as a species in 1937 |
additional studies of the palustris couesi contact zone in texas published in 1979 using more specimens and characters indicated that the two species are in fact easily distinguishable there therefore o couesi has since been regarded as a species distinct from the marsh rice rat afterward some of the other forms synonymized under o couesi or o palustris were resurrected as separate species oryzomys nelsoni from the mar as islands western mexico and oryzomys antillarum from jamaica in 2009 michael carleton and joaquin arroyo cabrales reviewed western mexican oryzomys reaffirmed the distinctness of o nelsoni and reinstated o peninsulae from the tip of the baja california peninsula and o albiventer from interior mexico as species still o couesi included 22 synonyms and carleton and arroyo cabrales wrote that further research on o couesi and related species would certainly result in the recognition of additional species |
populations of oryzomys couesi from jalisco western mexico east to el salvador form a single cytb clade which hanson and colleagues proposed to recognize as the species oryzomys mexicanus these animals differ by 4 4 from oryzomys couesi in the strict sense which occurs to the north and east are separated by mountain ranges from the latter harbor different species of hantavirus and according to merriam 1901 have more robust skulls with larger molars stronger zygomatic arches cheekbones and better developed ridges along the margins of the interorbital region of the skull between the eyes within the oryzomys mexicanus clade cytb sequence differences average 2 06 and western jalisco to oaxaca and eastern chiapas and el salvador groups form distinct subclades hanson and colleagues recognized these as different subspecies mexicanus in the west and zygomaticus in the east |
as defined by carleton and arroyo cabrales in 2009 the subspecies oryzomys couesi mexicanus occurs along the pacific coast from central sonora to southeastern oaxaca and inland along rivers into central michoac n southern morelos southern puebla and northwestern oaxaca it usually lives below altitude but has been found at in jalisco this distributional pattern is similar to that of other western mexican rodents such as sigmodon mascotensis hodomys alleni peromyscus perfulvus and osgoodomys banderanus and has been recognized as a distinct biogeographic zone in some reviews o c mexicanus occurs close to three other oryzomys species o albiventer o peninsulae and o nelsoni which are larger and different in some proportions and details of coloration |
joel asaph allen first described oryzomys mexicanus as a full species in 1897 from specimens from jalisco in the same publication he also described oryzomys bulleri from nearby nayarit but he did not compare the two with each other merriam added a second species from nayarit oryzomys rufus in 1901 noting that it was smaller and more reddish than mexicanus goldman synonymized the three as o couesi mexicanus in 1918 and in 2009 carleton and arroyo cabrales concurred arguing that the differences between rufus and mexicanus were age related and within the normal range of variation of the animal another subspecies oryzomys couesi lambi was described by burt in 1934 from central coastal sonora which extended the range of the species by at the time this form is dark gray brown much darker than mexicanus and has a shorter tail and weaker jugals carleton and arroyo cabrales wrote that it is similar to mexicanus but that further research is needed to determine whether it should be recognized as a subspecies large o couesi from northern sinaloa may also belong to this form goldman wrote that mexicanus was very similar to nominate couesi but usually with paler fur the upperparts are more buffy than in couesi and the underparts are usually white but may be buffy the normal color in couesi |
oryzomys zygomaticus was first described by merriam in 1901 as a separate species similar to mexicanus but with the zygomatic arches broadly spreading and curved downward goldman who reduced it to a subspecies of couesi recorded it from southwestern guatemala and nearby chiapas and described it as slightly paler than o c couesi but darker than o c mexicanus three specimens from central el salvador have cytb sequences similar to those of zygomaticus but in the mammals of el salvador 1961 burt and stirton recorded only the subspecies couesi from the country while noting that specimens from some localities were slightly paler than others |
in their 2009 review of western mexican oryzomys carleton and arroyo cabrales classified oryzomys albiventer as a separate species from lowland mexicanus on the basis of clear morphometric differentiation and offered some comments on the status of crinitus regillus and aztecus including the holotypes of the three forms in their morphometric analyses the holotypes of regillus and aztecus were at the upper end of the range of variation in their large series of mexicanus from the western lowlands and crinitus clustered with specimens of o peninsulae from the tip of the baja california peninsula they suggested that regillus and aztecus may represent no more than robust upland populations of mexicanus but could not exclude the possibility that they represent a different species that crinitus which occurs at over altitude in the valley of mexico was the same species as peninsulae from the lowlands of the baja california peninsula they could not accept and they recommended further research to determine the relationships of crinitus a specimen from inland michoac n has cytb data characteristic of mexicanus but hanson and colleagues did not have data for other interior mexican oryzomys |
the holotype of the species oryzomys fulgens which thomas had described in 1893 has no more precise locality than mexico but the valley of mexico has been suggested as its origin it is a large coarse furred bright reddish long tailed species with a broad skull with widely spreading zygomatic arches goldman wrote that it was similar to crinitus but more intensely colored and differed in the form of the interorbital region he retained it as a separate species pending further investigations carleton and arroyo cabrales noted that archival research may yet uncover the precise origin of o fulgens which could establish it as an older name for one of the other central mexican oryzomys |
oryzomys populations from texas to nicaragua form a single cytb clade within which the average sequence divergence is 1 28 and hanson and colleagues proposed that the name oryzomys couesi be restricted to this clade these populations correspond to two subspecies recognized by goldman o c aquaticus and o c couesi and an island form he retained as a species o cozumelae two other subspecies goldman recognized o c richmondi and o c peragrus and a third o c pinicola that was described after goldman s paper occur in the same region but have not been studied genetically |
the northernmost populations of oryzomys couesi those in southernmost texas and nearby tamaulipas mexico are classified as the subspecies aquaticus which was described as a separate species oryzomys aquaticus in 1891 here the range of o couesi meets that of the marsh rice rat in parts of kenedy willacy and cameron counties texas and in far northeastern tamaulipas the two are sympatric occur in the same places in the contact zone couesi occurs further inland while the marsh rice rat lives along the coast in experimental conditions the two fail to interbreed and genetic analysis yields no evidence of gene flow or hybridization in the wild compared to populations further to the south aquaticus is larger and paler and has a more robust skull specimens from tamaulipas are slightly darker than those from texas the cytb sequences of specimens of aquaticus form a separate group but cluster among specimens of o c couesi from further south |
goldman united populations ranging from northern veracruz through eastern mexico guatemala honduras and nicaragua south to far northwestern costa rica in the nominate subspecies oryzomys couesi couesi he placed six other names as full synonyms of this form which has its type locality in guatemala oryzomys jalapae allen and chapman 1897 from veracruz oryzomys jalapae rufinus merriam 1901 from veracruz oryzomys teapensis merriam 1901 from tabasco oryzomys goldmani merriam 1901 from veracruz oryzomys jalapae apatelius eliot 1904 from veracruz and oryzomys richardsoni allen 1910 from nicaragua according to goldman individual variation within the subspecies is large which has led to the large number of published synonyms but populations from all parts of its range are essentially similar |
the subspecies oryzomys couesi pinicola was described in 1932 from a pine ridge in western british honduras now belize it is smaller and darker than nominate couesi which also occurs in belize and has a more delicate skull in 1901 merriam described the oryzomys of the island of cozumel as a separate species oryzomys cozumelae and goldman kept it as such because of its large size dark fur and long tail in 1965 however knox jones and timothy lawlor judged the differences between cozumelae and mainland couesi trivial and found that cozumelae was inside the range of variation of mainland oryzomys populations accordingly they demoted the island form to a subspecies mark engstrom and colleagues writing in 1989 reaffirmed this conclusion for an island form this population is highly genetically variable in its cytb sequence data it falls among populations of nominate couesi oryzomys couesi is also found on turneffe atoll off the coast of belize and roat n off honduras |
the oryzomys of the eastern lowlands of nicaragua was described as a separate species oryzomys richmondi by merriam in 1901 and goldman retained it as a subspecies of o couesi on the basis of its distinctly dark fur in reviewing nicaraguan oryzomys in 1986 jones and engstrom did not keep richmondi as separate because they thought the difference in color too small for the recognition of subspecies oryzomys dimidiatus a small dark oryzomys with gray underparts occurs with o couesi in southeastern nicaragua according to jones and engstrom rice rats from the island of ometepe in lake nicaragua are distinctive in their large skull and small external measurements with an especially short tail soft fur that is orange brown above and buffish below and lack of sphenopalatine vacuities openings in the roof of the mesopterygoid fossa the gap behind the end of the bony palate they considered that this population probably represented a separate subspecies but declined to propose a new name because they had only one adult specimen in nicaragua o couesi occurs up to an altitude of |
oryzomys from costa rica have historically been referred to o c couesi but hanson and colleagues found that two specimens from refugio nacional de vida silvestre mixto maquenque northeastern costa rica differed as much from other o couesi 11 93 cytb sequence divergence as o couesi differed from the marsh rice rat 11 30 they suggested that these animals represented a species distinct from o couesi but were unable to resolve the correct name for the species because they could not examine samples of dimidiatus or richmondi |
oryzomys is rare in panama panamanian oryzomys were first described by goldman in 1912 who introduced the name oryzomys gatunensis for a specimen from gat n in the canal zone in 1918 goldman kept the animal as a separate species remarking that it was similar to richmondi but distinctive in the well developed ridges along the margins of the interorbital region the short interparietal bone part of the roof of the braincase and the long nasal bones in 1937 bole described another species of panamanian oryzomys oryzomys azuerensis from paracot veraguas province it is a brown form lacking the reddish tones of nearby populations and has a broad skull with a short rostrum front part and ridges on the interorbital region like those of gatunensis although goldman recommended to him that gatunensis and azuerensis both be treated as subspecies of couesi bole described azuerensis as a species because it did not seem intermediate between the geographically closest forms gatunensis and couesi and was separated by a large gap from the nearest known populations of o couesi in northwestern costa rica and southeastern nicaragua in a 1966 review of panamanian mammals charles handley reduced both gatunensis and azuerensis to subspecies of the marsh rice rat in which o couesi was included at the time and when o couesi was reinstated as a separate species these forms went with it specimens from near the type locality of azuerensis differ by about 7 in their cytb sequences from other o couesi which suggests that they may represent a separate species however hanson and colleagues did not reinstate azuerensis as a species because they could not examine samples of gatunensis |
oryzomys couesi is a medium sized to large rat with coarse fur that is buff to reddish above becoming paler towards the sides and cheeks and darker on the rump and face the underparts are white to buff the fur is shorter brighter and more intense in color than in the marsh rice rat the snout ends bluntly and the moderately large eyes show reddish eyeshine the small ears are black on the outside and the inside is covered with short gray to buff or red hairs the long tail is dark brown above and white to light brown below the feet are long and stout on the forefeet the ungual tufts tufts of hair on the digits are present many of the pads on the hindfeet are reduced as are the ungual tufts and small interdigital webs may be present in at least some specimens some of these traits are common adaptations to life in the water in oryzomyines as in most other oryzomyines females have eight mammae head and body length is tail length is hindfoot length is ear length is and body mass is studies in texas and el salvador found that males are slightly larger than females |
the stomach has the characteristic pattern of sigmodontines unilocular hemiglandular it is not split in two chambers by an incisura angularis and the front part antrum is covered by a glandular epithelium the gall bladder is absent a synapomorphy shared derived character of oryzomyini the karyotype includes 56 chromosomes and a fundamental number of 56 autosomal arms 2n 56 fna 56 the autosomes include 26 pairs of acrocentric chromosomes with a long and a very short arm and one medium sized submetacentric pair with one arm shorter than the other the x chromosome is either acrocentric with a long and a short arm or subtelocentric with a long and a vestigial arm the form of the sex chromosomes has been used to distinguish the marsh rice rat from oryzomys couesi but there are no consistent differences between the two |
as is characteristic of sigmodontinae oryzomys couesi has a complex penis with the baculum penis bone ending in three cartilaginous digits at its tip the outer surface of the penis is mostly covered by small spines but there is a broad band of nonspinous tissue the papilla nipple like projection on the dorsal upper side of the penis is covered with small spines a character oryzomys couesi shares only with oligoryzomys and the marsh rice rat among oryzomyines examined on the urethral process located in the crater at the end of the penis a fleshy process the subapical lobule is present it is absent in all other oryzomyines with studied penes except the marsh rice rat and holochilus brasiliensis |
the nasal and premaxillary bones do not extend back beyond the point where the lacrimal frontal and maxillary bones meet the zygomatic plate the flattened front part of the zygomatic arch is broad and develops a notch at its front end the plate s back margin is located before the first upper molar the jugal bone part of the zygomatic arch is reduced as usual in oryzomyines the sphenopalatine foramen a foramen opening at the side of the skull above the molars is small it is much larger in the marsh rice rat the narrowest part of the interorbital region is towards the front and the edges are lined by prominent shelves the parietal bones extend to the sides of the braincase the interparietal bone is narrow and wedge shaped so that the parietal and squamosal bones meet extensively |
the incisive foramina openings in the front part of the palate reach backward between the molars the palate is long extending substantially beyond the third molars the usual condition in oryzomyines the back part near the third molars is usually perforated by prominent posterolateral palatal pits which are recessed into fossae depressions sphenopalatine vacuities are usually absent but have been reported in some populations there is no alisphenoid strut an extension of the alisphenoid bone that in some oryzomyines separates two foramina in the skull the condition of the arteries in the head is highly derived the subsquamosal fenestra an opening in the back part of the skull determined by the shape of the squamosal bone is present the squamosal lacks a suspensory process that contacts the tegmen tympani the roof of the tympanic cavity a defining character of oryzomyines there are some openings in the mastoid bone |
the dental formula is one upper and one lower incisor and three upper and three lower molars on each side of the jaws as usual in muroid rodents the upper incisors are opisthodont with the chewing edge located behind the vertical plane of the teeth the molars are bunodont with the cusps higher than the connecting crests and brachydont low crowned as in most other oryzomyines many accessory crests including the mesoloph on the upper molars and the mesolophid on the lower molars are present another trait o couesi shares with most but not all other oryzomyines the flexi and flexids valleys between the cusps and crests at the labial outer side of the molars are closed by cingula ridges |
on the first and second upper molars the flexi do not extend to the midline of the molars the anterocone the front cusp of the upper first molar is not divided in two by an indentation at its front anteromedian flexus a crest the anteroloph is present behind the labial cuspule as in most oryzomyines the upper molars all have one root on the inner lingual side and two on the outer labial side in addition the first upper molar usually has another small labial root |
on the first lower molar the labial and lingual conules of the anteroconid the frontmost cusp are separated by an anteromedian fossette the second lower molar bears a crest the anterolophid before the two cusps the protoconid and metaconid that form the front edge of the molar in some other oryzomyines there is a distinct ridge anterolabial cingulum at the outer front anterolabial edge of the molar before the protoconid the third lower molar also bears an anterolophid and an anterolabial cingulum the first lower molar has large roots at the front and back of the tooth and two smaller ones in between at the labial and lingual side the second and third lowers molars have two large roots one at the front and one at the back |
the distribution of oryzomys couesi extends from southern texas and central sonora but not the central plateau of mexico through central america south and east to northwestern colombia see under taxonomy for details the species has also been found in late pleistocene cave deposits in mexico and honduras it is common in watery habitats such as marshes and small streams but also occurs in forests and shrublands with sufficient cover in addition it is found in sugarcane and rice fields in texas it occurs in marsh vegetation along resacas oxbow lakes and in veracruz it has even been found on the dry coastal plain among shrubs it occurs from altitude down to sea level on cozumel the proportion of juveniles and females is higher near roads that function as habitat edges cozumel rice rats rarely cross roads which may isolate subpopulations on the island |
oryzomys couesi lives on the ground and is semiaquatic spending much time in the water as alston in his original description already recognized but is also a good climber a study in costa rica found that o couesi is an excellent swimmer diving well and using its tail to propel itself it is probably able to forage underwater which may help differentiate its niche from that of the ecologically similar cotton rat sigmodon hirsutus which also swims well but does not dive when disturbed o couesi will enter the water and swim away it is primarily active during the night oryzomys couesi builds globular nests of woven vegetation suspended among reeds about above the water or the ground in texas larger individuals make larger nests it does not usually make its own runways in vegetation but may use those of other rodents such as cotton rats |
population densities range from 5 to 30 per ha 2 to 12 per acre on cozumel density is around 14 5 to 16 5 per ha 5 9 to 6 7 per acre but shows large seasonal variation in western mexico one study found densities of 3 per ha 1 2 per acre in cloud forest and 1 per ha 0 4 per acre in a disturbed area in 24 hours male texas o couesi move up to and females up to the diet includes both plant material including seeds and green parts and animals including small fish crustaceans snails insects like ants and beetles and other invertebrates it probably breeds around the year and after a pregnancy of 21 to 28 days the female produces litters of two to seven young with an average of 3 8 according to reid s mammals of central america southeast mexico in 28 pregnant females from nicaragua litter size varied from one to eight averaging 4 4 the young become reproductively active when seven weeks old and the life cycle is short |
the introduced snake boa constrictor preys on o couesi on cozumel parasites recorded on o couesi in veracruz include unidentified ticks mites fleas and fly larvae the flea polygenis odiosus was found on an oryzomys couesi from cozumel out of ten o couesi in san luis potos five each were infected by the nematode worms hassalstrongylus musculi and h bocqueti with about 25 worms per rat and two were infected by one or two cestodes of the genus raillietina the mites eubrachylaelaps circularis and gigantolaelaps boneti have been found on oryzomys couesi in oaxaca the sucking louse hoplopleura oryzomydis in nicaragua the mites laelaps oryzomydis echinonyssus microchelae ornithonyssus bacoti prolistrophorus frontalis and prolistrophorus bakeri in colima and the apicomplexan eimeria couesii in mexico the species is infected by two hantaviruses catacamas virus in honduras and playa de oro virus in western mexico which are related to the bayou virus infecting the marsh rice rat a common cause of hantavirus infections in the united states no hantavirus infections in humans have been linked to o couesi hantaviruses however chiapas o couesi easily survive experimental infection with several arboviruses including the venezuelan equine encephalitis virus suggesting that the species may serve as a reservoir for that virus |
esterhase is an intelligence officer in the circus le carre s fictionalized version of mi6 he is the head of the lamplighters the section of the circus responsible for surveillance and wiretapping hungarian by birth esterhase is an anglophile with pretensions of being a british gentleman he is the circus resident ne er do well often involving himself in either morally questionable or outright criminal plots although his superiors look the other way due to his high level of competence and loyalty to the service initially something of an antagonist to smiley due to his loyalty to smiley s nemesis percy alleline esterhase ultimately switches allegiances and becomes one of smiley s top lieutenants aiding him in a number of high profile intelligence missions |
esterhase is exceptionally short he s called tiny tobe by colleague connie sachs and known around the circus as snow white for his meticulously maintained white hair which he covers with a net when he sleeps he further gained the nickname our shadow foreign secretary from bill haydon esterhase is known for multiple eccentricities including dressing like a male model washing his own clothes rather than having them laundered never smiling and sending all of his coworkers bottles of alcohol for christmas he has a unique manner of speech which vacillates between ultra correct english and unusual syntax esterhase s former espionage partner peter guillam indicates that he s something of a polyglot musing toby spoke no known language perfectly but he spoke them all in the secret pilgrim though he is seen to speak fluent hungarian to a pair of fellow expatriates during which the narrator ned notes that he becomes more animate and expressive than when speaking any other language guillam further recounts that esterhase appears impervious to fear recalling an incident in which he stopped to tip hotel employees while fleeing would be captors |
despite his odd behaviour esterhase proves himself to be a valuable spy and extremely competent at his job characters often find themselves conflicted between being put off by his eccentricity and being glad to have him on their side he has also endeared himself to those around him due to his genuine affection for smiley even though they sometimes clash professionally and his unwavering loyalty to england in general and the circus in particular esterhase is particularly adept as the head of lamplighters the division of the circus responsible for surveillance wiretapping and maintaining safe houses esterhase personally assembled the lamplighters by recruiting housewives vagabonds and other individuals whom no one would suspect of espionage work and honing them into an efficient tightly knit unit that becomes something of a surrogate family for them he runs the lamplighters from an office in the back of a laundromat which functions as a cover for their base of operations |
easterhase is motivated by a desire to be accepted by his peers as a true english gentleman a weakness exploited by percy alleline to coax toby into supporting him in a coup against control the head of the circus smiley later uses the same desire for acceptance to convince esterhase to switch alliances and support him in exposing alleline as a fraud whose arrogance has blinded him to the presence of a mole in his inner circle esterhase also has a penchant for making extra money on the side through small time criminal enterprises nominally selling forged art those around him look the other way due to his competence and value as a spy |
george smiley recruited esterhase eszterh zy hungarian spelling or esterh zy german spelling a hungarian in vienna sometime around world war ii when he was a starving student living in the ruins of a museum of which his late uncle had been curator esterh zy is the name of a historically prominent hungarian noble family evidently toby esterhase either was or pretended to be a member of that family though this is never explicitly mentioned he was paired with peter guillam on overseas missions which had varying degrees of success including a posting in bern switzerland in which they were suspected of seditious activities by local police and had to flee the country he eventually rose to be head of the lamplighter division sometime prior to 1973 |
when the circus became polarised between supporters of the ailing chief control and his rival percy alleline esterhase gravitated towards alleline out of ambition forgetting his past loyalty to smiley who was control s supporter during smiley s attempt to salvage control s career and maintain control of the circus esterhase is one of the first people smiley appeals to citing their past friendship esterhase demurs citing control s habit of allowing younger personnel to mistreat him after control is ousted and alleline installed as the new chief of the circus esterhase along with bill haydon and roy bland forms part of the magic circle an elite group of spies with access to the soviet intelligence operation code named witchcraft which receives soviet intelligence from the mysterious spy merlin |
esterhase is one of the five high ranking circus officers control suspects of being a soviet mole after control s death esterhase embraces the new alleline regime and allows his lamplighters to be almost entirely given over to serving operation witchcraft which is in fact nothing but a disinformation campaign orchestrated by soviet spymaster karla esterhase s own role is to pretend to be a soviet mole when meeting with the soviets they know he is not but his pretense provides a cover story for alleline bland and esterhase himself justifying his role as a courier between the real mole haydon and his soviet controllers |
when vladimir s death leads smiley to a possible means of trapping karla he recruits esterhase for an espionage operation in berne to capture and interrogate one of karla s agents esterhase serves as smiley s field commander reactivating the lamplighters to follow investigate and eventually trap the soviet spy in question to use smiley s theatrical analogy smiley writes the show and esterhase produces it a job he performs superbly he is also with smiley in berlin when karla defects to the west and surrenders himself to circus custody |
esterhase is a minor character in the short story collection the secret pilgrim occasionally referenced by the book s narrator ned the book reveals that between the time of the honourable schoolboy and smiley s people he became the head of the circus vienna office esterhase is one of the central characters in a farcical vignette in which he gets rid of a charlatan an exiled hungarian professor based in munich who provides the british with virtually worthless information by successfully convincing the cia that he is a dauntless anti communist hero although ned is infuriated by the incident smiley dismisses it as amusing esterhase reappears at the end of the novel to attend a speech given by smiley standing out from the crowd in an ostentatious tuxedo |
david dencik played esterhase in the 2011 film version of tinker tailor soldier spy dencik s esterhase spoke with a subtle but difficult to place eastern european accent the details of esterhase s past are altered slightly in the film in the film it was control rather than smiley who first recruited esterhase in vienna when smiley confronts esterhase about operation witchcraft he states that esterhase was a wanted man at the time of his recruitment and implies that esterhase is still a fugitive although it is not specified why or by whom esterhase is wanted it is suggested that his fugitive status may have to do with his war experience which smiley cryptically states esterhase survived because of ability to change sides serve any master |
the pilgrimage of grace was a popular uprising that began in yorkshire in october 1536 before spreading to other parts of northern england including cumberland northumberland and north lancashire under the leadership of lawyer robert aske the most serious of all tudor rebellions it was a protest against henry viii s break with the roman catholic church the dissolution of the lesser monasteries and the policies of the king s chief minister thomas cromwell as well as other specific political social and economic grievances |
on 30 september 1536 dr john raynes chancellor of the diocese of lincoln and one of cromwell s commissioners was addressing the assembled clergy in bolingbroke informing them of the new regulations and taxes affecting them one of his clerks further inflamed matters regarding new requirements for the academic standards of the clergy saying look to your books or there will be consequences which may have worried some of the less educated attendees word of his discourse and rumours of confiscation spread rapidly throughout lindsey and soon reached louth and horncastle |
angered by the actions of commissioners the protesters demanded the end of the collection of a subsidy the end of the ten articles an end to the dissolution of religious houses an end to taxes in peacetime a purge of heretics in government and the repeal of the statute of uses with support from local gentry a force of demonstrators estimated at up to 40 000 marched on lincoln and occupied lincoln cathedral they demanded the freedom to continue worshipping as roman catholics and protection for the treasures of the lincolnshire churches |
robert aske was chosen to lead the insurgents he was a barrister from london a resident of the inns of court and the youngest son of sir robert aske of aughton near selby his family was from aske hall richmondshire and had long been in yorkshire in 1536 aske led a band of 9 000 followers each of whom had sworn the oath of the honourable men who entered and occupied york he arranged for expelled monks and nuns to return to their houses the king s newly installed tenants were driven out and catholic observances were resumed |
jesse childs a biographer of the earl of surrey norfolk s son specifically notes that henry viii did not authorize thomas howard 3rd duke of norfolk to grant remedies for the grievances norfolk s enemies had whispered into the king s ear that the howards could put down a rebellion of peasants if they wanted to suggesting that norfolk sympathized with the pilgrimage norfolk and the earl of shrewsbury were outnumbered they had 5000 and 7000 respectively but there were 40 000 pilgrims upon seeing their vast numbers norfolk negotiated and made promises to avoid being massacred |
the rebellion failed and king henry viii arrested bigod aske and several other rebels such as darcy john hussey 1st baron hussey of sleaford the chief butler of england sir thomas percy and sir robert constable all were convicted of treason and executed during 1537 bigod was hanged at tyburn lords darcy and hussey both beheaded thomas moigne m p for lincoln was hanged drawn and quartered sir robert constable hanged in chains at hull and robert aske hanged in chains at york in total 216 were executed several lords and knights including sir thomas percy sir stephen hamerton sir william lumley sir john constable and sir william constable 7 abbots adam sedbar abbot of jervaulx william trafford abbot of sawley john paslew abbot of whalley matthew mackarel abbot of barlings and bishop of chalcedon william thirsk abbot of fountains and the prior of bridlington 38 monks and 16 parish priests sir nicholas tempest bowbearer of the forest of bowland was hanged at tyburn sir john bulmer hanged drawn and quartered and his wife margaret stafford burnt at the stake |
also the 16 day of may there were arraigned at westminster afore the king s commissioners the lord chancellor that day being the chief these persons following sir robert constable knight sir thomas percy knight and brother to the earl of northumberland sir john bulmer knight and ralph bulmer his son and heir sir francis bigod knight margaret cheney after lady bulmer by untrue matrimony george lumley esquire robert aske gentleman that was captain in the insurrection of the northern men and one hamerton esquire all which persons were indicted of high treason against the king and that day condemned by a jury of knights and esquires for the same whereupon they had sentence to be drawn hanged and quartered but ralph bulmer the son of john bulmer was reprieved and had no sentence |
david william bauer november 2 1924november 9 1988 was a canadian ice hockey player and coach educator and catholic priest he was offered a playing contract by the boston bruins at age 15 but declined on the advice of his father to complete a proper education the experience was traumatic for bauer who then committed himself to look for more meaning in life and play a role in world peace after he served as captain of the toronto st michael s majors for two seasons and won the 1944 memorial cup he became ordained as a catholic priest in the congregation of st basil and taught at st michael s college school he coached multiple levels of hockey at st michael s sat on the junior ice hockey council for the ontario hockey association lobbied for a shortened playing schedule for students athletes and coached the st michael s majors to victory in the 1961 memorial cup bauer was reassigned to st mark s college at the university of british columbia ubc in 1961 then coached the ubc thunderbirds for two seasons and led them to the finals at the 1963 ciau university cup |
the canadian amateur hockey association approved a proposal by bauer to have a team of canadian university students combined with senior ice hockey players to represent canada in ice hockey at the olympics and at the ice hockey world championships which was a radical change from the existing practice of the reigning allan cup champion team being selected he established the canada men s national ice hockey team program in september 1963 and sought players with athletic and academic morals committed to their studies and training he prepared the players for the larger international ice hockey rink surface and differences from the north american ice hockey rules and intended to change canada s reputation of being heavily penalized for rough play canada finished in fourth place based on goal differential at the 1964 winter olympics amidst accusations that international ice hockey federation president bunny ahearne made a last minute decision to change to the tie breaking rules to take away a medal from canada bauer transitioned into managing the national team when the program relocated to winnipeg in 1965 and assembled teams that won the bronze medal at the 1966 and 1967 world championships and the 1968 winter olympics he later managed the national team which finished in sixth place at the 1980 winter olympics |
when canada withdrew from international play during the 1970s bauer instructed at hockey schools in japan for two six week periods each year where his teachings on personal growth and discipline fit into the culture of japan he also coached the austria men s national ice hockey team during the 1973 ice hockey world championships throughout his career he felt that hockey was a means to teach the game of life and way for boys to become men he advocated for players receiving an education and was opposed to the growing professionalism in the amateur game bauer received many honours which included induction into canada s sports hall of fame the hockey hall of fame the iihf hall of fame and the ontario sports hall of fame he was made an officer of the order of canada and is the namesake of the father bauer arena and the father david bauer olympic arena both of which are used by canada for international hockey |
david william bauer was born on november 2 1924 in waterloo ontario his great grandparents had emigrated from bavaria to waterloo via buffalo new york his father sir edgar j bauer was an automotive supplies manufacturer and a knight commander of the order of st sylvester edgar bauer also served as president of globe furniture and the waterloo fire insurance company and sat on the waterloo city council and the public utilities commission his mother alice bertha hayes was active in the catholic women s league of canada and a member of the our lady of mount carmel guild |
bauer aspired to play in the national hockey league nhl and attended training camp for the boston bruins held in hershey pennsylvania in october 1941 the highest level of hockey he had played at the time was as a centreman for his school team he was offered a contract to play for the boston olympics a farm team for the bruins his father insisted his son was too young for professional hockey and that he should first complete a proper education bauer found the training camp to be a traumatic experience and he looked for something more in life |
bauer returned to waterloo for another year at st jerome s then followed in the footsteps of his brothers frank and bobby when he enrolled at st michael s college school to play hockey bauer served as team captain of the toronto st michael s majors for two seasons from 1942 to 1944 he excelled as a student played as a left winger and was considered a gentlemanly player and a role model by his teammates during the summer between grades 11 and 12 bauer returned home and was a pitcher in a senior baseball league in waterloo |
bauer played one final game for the majors in the 1944 45 season shortly before he enlisted in the canadian army on november 24 1944 and assigned to basic training unit 12 in chatham ontario all of his brothers completed military service during world war ii bobby and ray were in the royal canadian air force jerry was in the royal canadian navy and frank eugene and dave were in the canadian army while serving with the army bauer played hockey for the royal canadian postal corps in the ottawa national defence hockey league and then briefly with the windsor spitfires in the windsor city hockey league he enrolled at the university of toronto upon release from the army his playing career ended with the university of toronto varsity blues during the 1945 46 season after he began studies for priesthood |
bauer sat on the junior ice hockey council for the ontario hockey association oha and coached and managed teams at all levels of hockey offered by st michael s he protected his players against the advances of professional teams that tried to sign junior aged players to contracts and felt that the players needed more time to develop he and the basilian fathers lobbied for a shortened schedule for the toronto st michael s majors in the oha s top tier of junior hockey after the 1958 59 season since they believed it was too long and detrimental to academic studies for their students |
bob goldham resigned as head coach of the majors in 1960 and bauer took over as head coach for the 1960 61 oha season in addition to his role as general manager he stressed fundamentals of defensive play without the puck and taught players how to absorb contact without getting hurt he occasionally had his players switch positions with one another to learn an appreciation of their teammate s contributions the majors finished in second place during the season then defeated the guelph royals in the playoffs for the oha championship the majors won the eastern canada final defeating the moncton beavers then travelled to edmonton to play in the 1961 memorial cup the majors defeated the edmonton oil kings in six games and won the school s fourth memorial cup |
the basilian fathers again discussed the length of the season and the amount of travel having an effect on academics they were also concerned with increasing physical play and growing similarities with professional leagues the majors had played 98 games including the regular season and playoffs for the memorial cup st michael s could no longer justify participation in the top tier of the oha and chose to withdraw from the ontario hockey association junior a series bauer stated in a 1987 interview that we regretted very much leaving because we knew that this is a major recreational institution in this country |
prior to bauer s arrival at st mark s he received a letter from the university s athletics department asking him to coach the ubc thunderbirds which played in the western canadian intercollegiate athletic association he agreed to assist the coach for the 1961 62 season but was initially reluctant to do more players on the thunderbirds wanted to get rid of coach al stuart and bauer agreed to take over in january 1962 after persistent requests by the players and meetings with the ubc athletic director |