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Climate and Energy: Uncertainties in Forecasts and the Problems of Scale published: April 19, 2013, recorded: June 2006, views: 2731 Report a problem or upload filesIf you have found a problem with this lecture or would like to send us extra material, articles, exercises, etc. , please use our ticket system to describe your request and upload the data. Enter your e-mail into the 'Cc' field, and we will keep you updated with your request's status. When Ron Prinn spins one “Wheel of Fortune,” he arrives at a one in four chance of the Earth warming up at least 3 degrees centigrade, and the beginning of an irreversible melting of polar ice sheets. When he spins the other wheel, the odds of this level of dangerous warming fall to one in 40. The first wheel, Prinn suggests, represents the risks involved in doing nothing about climate change. The second wheel is attainable only by enacting a climate policy that stabilizes carbon dioxide levels in the near future. Prinn arrives at this casino scenario by way of an enormously complex climate model, the Integrated Global System Model (IGSM), which takes into account man made and natural activities forcing climate change, to generate a “probability range of forecasts. ” Data come from measuring variables in the atmosphere, ocean, and land ecosystems, as well as from human emissions. GDP, energy use, policy costs, agricultural and health impacts get factored in as well. Research using 400-thousand-year-old ice samples shows that while temperatures and greenhouse gases have fluctuated, the temperatures today are the highest in the last 1200 years. 1998 and 2005 were the warmest years ever recorded. Given the current rise in carbon dioxide levels, polar regions are warming up at much faster rates than other parts of the world, which will exacerbate warming. As ocean ice melts, there’s less sunlight reflected back and more heat trapped at the poles; tundra thawing will release more gases as well. There are feedbacks in the system: small changes in gases such as methane can trigger very rapid changes in temperature. Prinn admits to big uncertainties in the IGSM: clouds, which play a large role, are difficult to model. There are also uncertainties about emissions, and ocean-mixing, the churning of cooler and warmer waters, which can bring carbon buried on the ocean floor to the surface. Prinn’s caveat is “never seriously believe any single forecast of the climate going into the future. ” However, by running the IGSM hundreds of thousands of times to estimate the probability of various amounts of climate change, Prinn and colleagues are, “in the Monte Carlo sense, building up a set of forecasts on which we can put a measure of the odds of being correct or incorrect. ” If we want better odds, we’ll need to prevent any major increase in carbon dioxide emissions from current levels (and no more than twice preindustrial levels). This is a tall order, given the growth of developing countries and the anemic response by the U.S. and other countries to the gathering crisis. Prinn adds to this dismal picture, noting that new energy solutions must permit scaling up on a global basis. “To get three terawatts out of windmills, you’d need 21 million of the current-style windmills. ” Solutions that look good on a small scale “may be going in the wrong direction on a large scale. ” Link this pageWould you like to put a link to this lecture on your homepage? Go ahead! Copy the HTML snippet !

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Kandala Detox & Cleanse Essential Oil Blend On a daily basis we are exposed to environmental challenges, man-made chemicals and additives, materials and agricultural by-products. Most of what we ingest, inhale and expose ourselves has negative impact on our body, its functioning and ultimately our health. Detoxing and cleansing means helping the body remove foreign constituents such as toxins and contaminants that may have accumulated in our body over time and negatively affect our overall health and well-being. The origin of such toxins are plentiful and all around us in ways and most common subjects people can’t even imagine or aren’t aware of, such as: - foods we ingest tainted with additives such as preservatives & coloring, pesticides, insecticides, & fertilizers, and antibiotics - unhealthy foods such as sugar, saturated fats, alcohol - chemicals in cleaning products - chemicals and preservatives in cosmetic products, - chemicals in clothing, carpets, fabrics, - paint and freshly painted subjects that release gases - environmental impacts such as air pollution, - exposure to chemical vapors in a work environment, from new carpets, paints, glues, - heavy metals in water, aluminum cookware and seafood - radioactive contaminants in tap water (see the latest EWG report). There are more than 75,000 chemicals being used in the United States in various industries. Many of them are untested and not even regulated. Some estimates indicate that the average human has more than 500 different toxins inside their body. Contributors to Human Toxicity The problem is that most people don’t even know how much they are exposed to toxins and chemicals. As far as cosmetic products are concerned, the Environmental Working Group (EWG) is a very helpful reference and informative source to learn about good versus bad cosmetics. Switching to organic foods will help limit the absorption of herbicides, pesticides and fertilizers. The EWG has recommendations what to avoid and what is ok to eat non-organic. Filtering your water will reduce your exposure to heavy metals, radioactive elements and chlorine in your water. Stress also disrupts the body’s equilibrium. Stress induces the body to release stress hormones which in turn can slow down the body’s natural processing of toxins. The symptoms of toxin overload that our body may display include fatigue, skin rashes and allergies, infections, digestive issues, bloating, nausea, mood swings. et al. A regular detox regimen can help remedy or decrease these symptoms as well as prevent chronic diseases, boost the immune system, help with losing weight, and restore the body’s natural balance for overall better health and increased energy and vitality. The Body’s Natural Detox Processes The body has various methods to naturally detoxify itself; essential oils can promote and stimulate these metabolic methods. Emphasis is given to the herbs and plants contained in the Kandala Detox blend as they relate to the body’s natural detox processes: Sweating and detoxing through the skin (diaphoretic process). Sweating is one method for the body to excrete toxins and contaminants including heavy metals. Essential oils supporting this process include eucalyptus, rosemary, thyme. Urination and detoxification through the kidneys (diuretic process). Our body expels toxins and harmful microorganism through urination. Diuretics also encourage the kidneys to release sodium into the urine causing increased excretion of water from the water. Essential oils with diuretic properties include juniper berry, geranium, cedarwood, thyme Menstruation and uterine detox (emmenagogue). Essential oils that improve the blood flow in the pelvic area and the uterus include juniper berry, rosemary. Expulsion of mucus (expectorant) from lungs and bronchi offering respiratory detoxification. Essential oils loosening congestion and mucus include eucalyptus, cedarwood, clary sage, rosemary, tea tree. Liver detoxification (hepatic process). The liver is the largest organ in our body and responsible for converting food and drink into energy and extracting nutrients. It also filters out harmful substances including chemicals and toxins from foods, drugs or environmental exposure. Essential oils having liver detoxifying properties include rosemary, juniper berry. Bowl movements, in particular detoxification of the large intestines (laxative). Herbs can naturally stimulate bowl movements – some have strong, purging effects, others, such as Rosemary have gentle ways of stimulating bowl movements. Infection and pathogen defense system, ie the Lymphatic system. The lymph system not only distributes nutrients throughout the body but also waste material. An improved lymph flow enhances both functions providing important nutrients for good health but also removing waste and toxins from the body. Essential oils that promote these functions include geranium, juniper berry, rosemary. Lifestyle and Health In addition to using essential oils for detoxing, other practices and life style changes can contribute to cleansing your body and ridding yourself of toxins and reinstating a good healthy balance: - Proper diet - Sufficient water intake (2-4 quarts per day) - Regular exercise - Meditation, Yoga - Deep breathing - Herbal supplements Pregnant women, children and people with illness should exercise caution with detox programs and consult their health practitioner. Ingredients and Benefits The Kandala Detox & Cleanse blend contains essential oils of Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus Globulus), Rosemary Oil (Rosmarinus Officinalis), Lemongrass Oil (Cymbopogon Flexuosus), Tea Tree (Melaleuca Alternifolia), Juniper Berry (Juniperus Communis), Spanish Sage (Salvia Lavandulifolia), Cedarwood Oil (Cedrus Deodara), Thyme (Thymus Vulgaris), Geranium Oil (Pelargonium Graveolens) Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus Globulus) In addition to being an expectorant and promoting the cleansing of toxins through sweating, Eucalyptus is also anti-microbial and anti-septic. It supports the body’s response to inflammation. Rosemary Oil (Rosmarinus Officinalis) One of the most effective herb for detoxing and cleansing. It is a natural diuretic, expectorant and most effective to detox liver and the lymphatic system. Additionally it bonds (chelates) iron for removal from the body. It also improves digestion, circulation and the body’s response to inflammation, fungal and bacterial intruders. Lemongrass Oil (Cymbopogon Flexuosus) With its high citral content (75-85%), Lemongrass is anti-bacterial and anti-microbial and excels in its anti-viral activity. Citral promotes the body’s production of the enzyme glutathione-S-transferase which fights free radicals that cause damage to cells. It is most potent to fight fungi, parasites, and inflammation. Studies have proven high activity against Candida infections. Tea Tree (Melaleuca Alternifolia) Aside from being a powerful expectorant, Tea Tree is also anti-bacterial, anti-microbial, anti-septic, anti-fungal and anti-viral. It boosts the immune system. Juniper Berry (Juniperus Communis) Promotes kidney function and supports the urinary tract. Helps protect from bladder and urinary infections. As a diuretic it promotes the excretion of salt and water as well as supports digestion. Juniper berries are high in anti-oxidants, are anti-fungal and anti-bacterial. It can be used to detox the liver and support the lymphatic system. Spanish Sage (Salvia Lavandulifolia) In addition to loosening mucus (expectorant) and supporting blood flow in the pelvic area, Spanish Sage also has strong anti-bacterial, anti-microbial and antioxidant properties and protects against infections. Cedarwood Oil (Cedrus Deodara) The benefits of Cedarwood are abundant; it’s detoxification and cleansing properties include expectorant and diuretic. It loosens phlegm from respiratory tract and lungs and promotes the excretion of toxins through the urinary tract. Cedarwood is anti-septic, relieves spasms and helps with joint issues. Thyme (Thymus Vulgaris) Thyme has detoxifying properties by improving circulation and promoting excretion of salt and toxins through the skin. It also is a very effective diuretic removing toxins from the body by stimulating urination. It boosts the immune system, is anti-bacterial and is high in anti-oxidants which protect against free radical damage. The powerful properties of Thyme has given it a reputation of being helpful to people with joint discomfort. Geranium Oil (Pelargonium Graveolens) Geranium is sometimes called a “tonic for the lymphatic system”. As such it supports the lymphatic flow and ensures proper nutrient distribution as well as infection defense throughout the body. In particular, it is known to support the body’s response to throat and nose infections. Geranium is also a diuretic meaning it stimulates urination and with it the excretion of toxins and contaminants. How to use Kandala Detox & Cleanse Add 4-5 drops to a diffuser or dribble a couple of drops on a cotton cloth or tissue to inhale often. Alternatively, add a few drops to an aromatherapy necklace or bracelet. This detox blend can also be applied to the skin where it promotes skin cell detoxification. However, the pure essential oils in this blend are of therapeutic-grade that are too strong to be applied directly to the skin. It needs to be diluted with a carrier oil such as almond, argan, coconut, jojoba or olive oil. A 3-10% dilution equals 3-5 drops per 1 teaspoon, or 5-10 drops per 1 tablespoon of carrier oil. Mix a couple of drops with your body lotion or a carrier oil such as jojoba, avocado, almond or coconut oil. Apply to your wrists, temples, neck, behind your ears, or on the bottom of your feet. For a single application, dribble 2 drops directly onto your hand and add some carrier oil, mix the two by rubbing your hands together and apply to your skin. Add 6-9 drops to a hot bath. Mix the oil with some Epsom salt prior to adding it to the fully filled tub. Swirl the water with your hand to ensure that the salt dissolves and the oil is mixed well with the water. The essential oils in the Kandala Detox & Cleanse blend are of therapeutic grade, 100% natural and pure. They are unfiltered, undiluted, without additives, fillers, alcohol or any other synthetic ingredients. Strictest quality testing includes analyses for odor, color, specific- gravity, optical rotation, refractive index, flash point and solubility. The oils are non-GMO, but not officially certified. Chemical composition of Essential Oils in Kandala Detox & Cleanse Blend according to http://www.essentialoils.co.za/ Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus Globulus): a-pinene, b-pinene, a-phellandrene, 1,8-cineole, limonene, citral, terpinen-4-ol, aromadendrene, epiglobulol, piperitone and globulol. Rosemary Oil (Rosmarinus Officinalis): a-pinene, borneol, b-pinene, camphor, bornyl acetate, camphene, 1,8-cineole and limonene. Lemongrass Oil (Cymbopogon Flexuosus): myrcene, citronellal, geranyl acetate, nerol, geraniol, neral and traces of limonene and citral. Tea Tree (Melaleuca Alternifolia): a-pinene, b-pinene, sabinene, myrcene, a-phellandrene, a-terpinene, limonene, 1,8-cineole, y-terpinene, p-cymene, terpinolene, linalool, terpinen-4-ol and a-terpineol. Juniper Berry (Juniperus Communis): a-pinene, camphene, b-pinene, sabinene, myrcene, a-phellandrene, a-terpinene, y-terpinene, 1,4-cineole, b-phellandrene, p-cymene, terpinen-4-ol, bornyl acetate, cayophyllene and trace amounts of limonene, camphor, linalool, linalyl acetate, borneol and nerol. Spanish Sage (Salvia Lavandulifolia): camphor, 1,8–cineole, β-pinene, camphene, viridiflorol. Cedarwood Oil (Cedrus Deodara): a-cedrene, b-cedrene, thujopsene, other sesquiterpenes, cedrol and widdrol. Thyme (Thymus Vulgaris): a-thujone, a-pinene, camphene, b-pinene, p-cymene, a-terpinene, linalool, borneol, b-caryophyllene, thymol and carvacrol. Geranium Oil (Pelargonium Graveolens): a-pinene, myrcene, limonene, menthone, linalool, geranyl acetate, citronellol, geraniol and geranyl butyrate. As with any other natural product, some people may develop a reaction when exposed to even the most natural and pure source of a plant, flower, or tree. Likewise, with essential oils, which are the most concentrated form of its source material. Some of the naturally occurring chemicals in essential oils could cause a skin reaction such as aldehydes (citronella) and phenols (eugenol). Citrus plants also increase the photosensitivity of the skin, so when applied topically, extended sun exposure should be avoided. Some of the known potential skin irritants include bay, cinnamon, clove, citronella, cumin, lemongrass, oregano and thyme. Elderly, babies and children as well as pregnant women should be careful when using essential oils. These groups are generally more sensitive to essential oils. And while the effects are not documented well enough to be of any proof, it’s not worthwhile taking any risks. Pregnant women should avoid clary sage, rosemary and rose. Avoid contact of essential oils with the eyes as it can cause severe damage to your eyes. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent diseases. If in doubt about whether or how to use essential oils, consult your health practitioner for advice. Check the National Association for Holistic Aromatherapy website, which has a comprehensive overview of safety concerns of essential oils. The information and statements made about the essential oils, blends, and products mentioned on this web site have not been evaluated by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The information on this site and the products listed are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent disease.

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Our lesson plans are written and reviewed by educators using current research and the best instructional practices and are aligned to state and national standards. This handout provides detailed information about how to write research papers including discussing research papers as a genre, choosing topics, and finding sources. Find peer editing checklist lesson plans and teaching resources quickly find that inspire student learning. Self and peer editing checklist self edit yes/no peer edit completed by _____ yes/no & comments did i include an interesting hook to. Checklist on writing a deductive literary analysis essay hand in this checklist filled-out with your essay’s rough draft materials i expect you to do each one of these steps (not all 5 of the prewriting tricks, only the one(s) that work for you), and i expect your specific processes to show in the rough draft materials you staple together to hand in, along with this checklist. This research paper: editing worksheet worksheet is suitable for 10th - 12th grade use this detailed and thorough editing checklist for your juniors and seniors to peer edit research papers it is directed specifically at biographical studies they conducted about authors, but you could easily adapt it for other writing projects. Ask a classmate to read through what you have written, check off the box next to each question, and write a brief comment that will help improve your work underlining and changes are permitted if done in pencil peer editor: _____ date: _____. The editing and rewriting process when you have written enough to satisfy the requirements of the assignment or you've said all you ought to say about a given topic, it is time to put your paper through the rewriting process if you are one of those students who compose on a word processor, you're a step ahead of the game if not, use the. If you have students who struggle with the editing process of writing or avoid the task altogether, the editing checklist provides an easy to read tool that lists step-by-step tasks and exactly what to look for in each task also included is a peer review checklist so that students know exactly what to look for when reviewing a writing assignment. Click here click here click here click here click here peer editing checklist for research papers research paper peer edit sheet #1 – mrstolin please use the correct editing marks for all revisions guidelines: 1. Effective paper editing checklist a research paper-editing checklist is an essential tool because the task of putting together a quality paper involves many steps do you need an effective research paper-editing checklist iwriteessayscom will help you come up with one we offer custom essay writing services and we write all types of academic essays and papers. Peer editing checklist does the paper meet the length requirement does each subsection contain the appropriate information is any information missing from a subsection is there any information that needs to be moved to a different section is the paper clear and easy to read in each section, is the information presented clearly. Do students' eyes glaze over when they try to edit their own writing give them a fresh perspective with peer editing students are introduced to a three-step strategy for peer editing, providing (1) compliments, (2) suggestions, and (3) corrections in response to a sample of student writing they practice these steps in a small-group session and. Identify and maintain isolated our minds in the cathedral will probably need to adapt to university levels and through strengthened cooperation among stakeholders and the police, society is a focus develops at the holiday inn resort, limbe, cameroon, on august - editing peer checklist college essay - - at the other arendt,, p. Peer edit – research paper author of the research paper _____ formatting editor of the research paper _____ for the writer: 1 what is the thesis 2 what in particular do you want the reviewer to check. Peer review writing groups might help students improve their writing, but they would require extensive student time as well as giving and receiving feedback, a process with which they may be uncomfortable a process that might balance time and effort for all involved is a checklist for mechanical errors some existing checklists are brief but. General writing • research and citation • teaching and tutoring • subject-specific writing • job search writing • esl owl family of sites you can use your responses to revise your papers by reorganizing them to make your best points stand out, by adding needed information, by eliminating irrelevant information, and by clarifying sections or. Research paper peer edit sheet #1 (in class) writer’s name:_____ title of paper: _____ peer editor’s name: _____ directions: all revisions & editing marks must be corrected in a colored utensil (other than blue/black) please use the correct editing marks for all revisions guidelines: 1 please read the entire essay 2 does the. For peer review week, researchers from across the spectrum offer advice and insights about how to review research manuscripts triepels slagwerk - geleen limburg,uw drumspecialist, drumstel kopen, boomwhacker lessen the guide to grammar and writing is sponsored by the capital community college foundation, a nonprofit 501 c. Peer review is at the community research paper nursing heart of the scientific popular research paper ghostwriter website usa method if you are using this for high school, you could call it literature and composition i on your transcript journal of medical internet research paper topics animals research - international scientific journal for medical research. Quoting characters save this announcement is peer edit checklist research papers free sample peer editing worksheet high school research paper below is a free excerpt of peer edit paper from anti self editing checklists mla citation peer edit paper essays, your source for free research papers, essays, and term paper examples s imagined communities in my research. Professional editing of your essay, research paper, thesis or dissertation 24/7 online support call us now. Essays - largest database of quality sample essays and research papers on peer papers login. Research paper revision and editing checklist i format: typed, double-spaced, 12-point times new roman, 1” to 1¼” margins cover page: centered horizontally includes: title and your name (approx ⅓ down) class and section number, instructor's name, due date, and word count (at bottom) first page: includes header (last name and number. Automatic works cited and bibliography formatting for mla, apa and chicago/turabian citation styles read the recommendations for the conduct, reporting, editing, and publication of scholarly work peer editing checklist for a research. Peer editing guide by melanie dawson (printable version here)professors often break their classes into small groups that edit drafts of papers this guide will help you to make thoughtful comments about another student's work. Peer editing research paper what’s that → simple research paper editing checklist posted on march 6, 2014 by lime if you’re reading this, chances are you have a research paper due soon college papers editing is one of the most important steps to preparing your paper for submission a well edited paper can be the. Essays & research papers » revision and peer editing peer editing rewriting checklist revision and peer editing how much rewriting you do on the computer screen before you print out the paper for the next step in revision is going to depend on how comfortable you are reading text on the computer screen most writers find it too. A research paper checklist is an essential tool because the task of putting together a quality paper involves many steps nobody writes a perfect report in one sitting before you get started on your project, you should review the checklist on research ethics later, once you have finished the. Jets encourages research, education and examples of abstract in research papers dissemination of knowledge in the peer editing checklist for a research paper fields tips for writing scientific research papers of emergency medicine.

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Nebraska Two Votes to Amend Constitution, Amendment 3A (2000) The Nebraska Two Votes to Amend Constitution Amendment, also known as Amendment 3A, was a legislatively-referred constitutional amendment on the November 7, 2000 election ballot in Nebraska, where it was defeated. Official results via: Nebraska Blue Book 2008-09 (p. 263) Text of measure The language that appeared on the ballot: - A vote FOR this proposal will add a new section to Article XVI (the Amendments Article), to change the procedure used to amend the Constitution. The change will require two separate votes at two separate elections by the people before an amendment can take effect. The first vote will be to adopt the amendment. If the first vote is affirmative, the second vote will be at a subsequent election to ratify the amendment. - A vote AGAINST this proposal will leave the election procedures for constitutional amendments unchanged. - A constitutional amendment to change election procedures for constitutional amendments to require two separate votes by the electorate. State of Nebraska List of Nebraska ballot measures | Local measures | School bond issues | Ballot measure laws | Initiative laws | History of I&R | History of direct democracy | Campaign Finance Requirements | Recall process | |State executive officers|| Governor | Lieutenant Governor | Attorney General | Secretary of State | Treasurer | Auditor of Public Accounts | Commissioner of Education | Director of Insurance | Director of Agriculture | Director of Natural Resources | Commissioner of Labor | Nebraska Public Service Commission |

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This line of research has addressed a wide range of questions related to the neural representation of explicit and implicit memory. For example, how do we form and recall memories for consciously recollectable forms of memory- such as words (Putnam et al. , 2008, Journal of Neuroscience), unfamiliar faces (Kelley et al. , 1998; Wig et al. , 2004), or a song that is stuck in our heads (Kraemer et al. , 2005, Nature), and how do we represent more implicit forms of memory such as occurs during observational learning (Cross et al. , 2009, Cerebral Cortex; Cross et al. , 2009, European Journal of Neuroscience; Wagner et al. , 2011, Journal of Neuroscience) or repetition priming (Wig et al. , 2005, Nature Neuroscience)? However, the recent focus of this line of research has centered on social influences on memory. For example, we have shown that resting-state activity in medial temporal lobe predicts individual differences in the ability to remember other people (Wig et al. , 2008, PNAS). Indeed, this initial finding of a relationship between resting-state activity and individual differences laid the groundwork for exploring the relationship between rs-fcMRI and other long-term measures of behavior (e. g., self-regulation) and stable measures of personality (e. g., self-esteem). A second focus of our work on memory has centered on how social and affective cues shape subsequent memory. The ability of humans to encode and represent knowledge about others is a critical component of social interaction. Often, our impressions of individuals are shaped by subtle emotional acts (e. g., witnessing a person opening a door for an elderly man). How social and emotional content is integrated and represented in memory has been a topic of considerable neuroscientific interest (e. g., Adolphs, Tranel, Hamann, et al. , 1999; Ochsner, 2000; Canli, Zhao, Brewer, Gabrieli, & Cahill, 2000; Phelps, 2004; Sharot, Delgado, & Phelps, 2004; Dolcos, LaBar, & Cabeza, 2004, 2005), and our recent work (Somerville et al. , 2006, JCN) has complemented and extended these findings to social learning situations by demonstrating dissociable medial temporal lobe contributions to social memory. Specifically, a functional dissociation was observed between the hippocampus and amygdala, with greater hippocampal activity during recognition of faces previously presented with contextual information (e. g., “Karen teaches piano lessons”) and more focused activity in the amygdala during recognition of faces that had been learned in the presence of an emotional context (e. g., “Eric is a mentor to a young child. ”). Importantly, activity in the hippocampus was dependent on subjects’ ability to consciously recollect the associated contextual information, whereas activity in the amygdala was not, suggesting a role for the amygdala in providing a nonspecific arousal indicator in response to viewing individuals with emotionally colored pasts. Current and future studies from this line of research focus on elucidating the relationship between reward and explicit and implicit memory. For example, how does the reward value of material influence its subsequent memorability (e. g., alcohol advertising or fast-food marketing) and how does reward train and maintain unconscious habits (e. g., smoking, drinking, overeating, and excessive use of online digital environments) through repetition or observational learning (e. g., Wagner et al. , 2011, Journal of Neuroscience).

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MAC address filtering is found in your router’s settings and can be effective against the standard user that knows your password to your wireless router. A great example of this is your children’s friends. They may learn the password but you can put in your MAC addresses of all of the devices on your home network and prevent them from connecting if their MAC address is not in your router. The weakness in this is that although you may do this, anyone listening to your network traffic (Wireshark and other scanning software) will see the broadcast of these devices, thus seeing your MAC address, and can then spoof one of your MAC addresses. After that, game on. So everyone thinks hiding their SSID (the name of your wireless) is great. It is for most home users. It prevents neighbors from seeing your network or if someone is doing a quick drive by. However, anyone who has NetSurveyor, inSSIDer, Xirrus, other software or an RF analyzer (less than $75- also see our other articles on wireless) can see the network and quickly identify the SSID. (See Microsoft’s Technet Article) These two options are ways to hide or prevent the AVERAGE user from connecting to or detecting your network. Strong passwords and strong encryption are your best choice.

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Suffering with allergies is never any fun. While people can often avoid the things that are causing those allergies, what if the allergen is the trees outside? Tree allergies can be severe, but learning the types of trees that cause allergies most often can be a good way to ease those allergies a bit. What Causes Tree Allergies Allergies caused by trees are due to the pollen from those trees. Pollen is a very fine powder that trees – as well as plants, flowers, and so on – spread when they are trying to fertilize plants that are the same species as they are. When people breathe in this pollen, which is usually too small to see, some of them can have an allergic reaction. Why? Because their immune system mistakenly thinks that the pollen is an intruder, and it reacts by producing chemicals to help fight against that intruder. For most people, their immune system doesn’t react to the pollen, but for those people whose immune system may be compromised or weakened, this negative reaction is sometimes produced. Different trees are commonplace in different parts of the country, and some of these trees tend to make tree allergies worse than others. There are things people can do to ease their allergies, but they have to know what those trees are first. The Worst Trees for People with Allergies There are lots of trees that cause allergies, but here are some of the most common ones: In reality, any tree can cause allergies, but these are the ones that seem to do so the most. The reasons some of these trees cause worse allergies than others involve many things, including where people live, the weather in that area, and even the person’s own immune system. If the trees in a person’s yard aren’t on this list, that doesn’t mean they won’t get allergies because there are still other trees that cause pollen-related allergies, including less common trees such as box elder, mountain elder, cottonwood, and aspen. Another thing allergy sufferers need to keep in mind is that they may also suffer with allergies just by eating certain foods, including fresh fruits and vegetables. The reason is because the protein structures in certain foods is the same as it is in certain types of pollen. Some of the most common foods that cause this oral allergy syndrome include carrots, celery, kiwi, plums, coriander, fennel, cherries, and hazelnuts, among others. Types of Trees to Avoid for Allergies People who suffer with tree allergies should know which trees to avoid, and in short, this means looking at the “sex” of the tree. There are both male and female parts to a tree, and the one that triggers most allergies is the male parts. Two main types of trees include: - Monecious trees, which consist of both male and female flowers on the same plant, even though the flowers are separate. Examples include oak, pine, birch, and spruce. - Dioecious trees, which have male and female flowers on separate plants. People who choose the tree with male flowers will find that this will exacerbate any allergy problems they have. Ash, cedar, and cottonwood are examples of dioecious trees. So, people who already know they have allergies to trees should stay away from dioecious male trees, which include male ash, male boxelder, hickory, pine, oak, birch, alder, sycamore, and elm. Trees that will cause fewer allergies For people who are looking for trees to plant that will cause fewer allergies, here are a few for them to consider: - Double-flowered cherry - Female ash - Female red maple (especially the Autumn Glory cultivar) - Flowering plum - Yellow poplar Trees that have large flowers on them usually have heavy, or large-particle, pollen, and they rely on insects that come and transport the pollen to where it needs to go. In other words, they don’t rely on the wind to transport the pollen from one tree to the next. This is yet another reason why choosing trees with lots of flowers tends to produce less pollen than choosing trees without any flowers. In essence, it’s just a matter of learning what type of tree to choose so that allergies are much less severe. Why Are Tree Allergens So Bad? Pollen is fine and powdery, so it can get all over everything. It can also travel for miles in many instances, so the more trees that are in the area, the worse it is for people in that area who have allergies to tree pollen. Even worse, it only takes a small amount of pollen to get many people sick, which means it is nearly impossible for those people not to suffer with their allergies when the tree pollen is out in full force. In addition, many people naturally assume that if they have flowering trees in their yard; for example, apple or cherry trees, the pollen is going to be worse. This is usually not the case, however. Flowering trees tend to have heavier, stickier pollen that usually sticks and doesn’t blow away in the wind. On days that are windy and warm, pollen will usually blow around more, causing people who suffer with these types of allergies to feel worse. Symptoms of Tree Allergies Allergies are never pleasant, and allergies to trees can produce itchy or watery eyes, stuffy nose, and sneezing. Unfortunately, many people suffer with allergies all year long, although when it comes to tree allergies, many others suffer only when the trees are blooming. The bad news is, once people develop an allergy to a certain tree or plant, it is very unlikely that the allergy will go away. The good news is that these symptoms can be treated with allergy medication, allergy shots, and other methods. Most people can easily keep track of when their allergy symptoms will arrive. For instance, people allergic to birch pollen will have symptoms in the spring, while those allergic to ragweed will suffer most during the late spring and early fall. Other symptoms that may occur in people suffering with pollen allergies include: - Decreased sense of smell and taste - Runny nose - Scratchy throat - Sinus pressure and facial pain - Swollen or bluish-colored skin underneath the eye area People who suffer with these allergies generally know what time of year they’ll be suffering the most, and they don’t have to get up close to the trees just to be affected by their pollen. Birch pollen, for example, can travel up to 100 yards away from the parent tree, and since birch trees can release up to five million pollen grains every year, even people far away can be affected. Both birch and oak trees release their pollen in the spring months, and oak pollen tends to stay in the air for longer periods of time, which means people with allergies to oak pollen may be suffering for quite a while. Can People Minimize Their Symptoms? When it comes to pollen allergies, there are a few things people can do to minimize their symptoms. These include staying inside on days that are dry and windy, closing windows and doors when the pollen count is high, and wearing a dust mask when the pollen count is high, which can be checked in most local newspapers. For people who pay attention to the pollen count each day, they usually find that days that are colder or damper usually have lower pollen counts. Windier, drier days allow the pollen to stick less and therefore blow through the air less. Of course, people cannot stay indoors every time the pollen count is high or the humidity is below a certain level, which is why most of these people have only a handful of options available to them. What Are People’s Options When They Suffer with Allergies to Trees? It may sound like people who are allergic to certain trees have few options available to them, but that isn’t necessarily true. Some people’s allergies are so bad they end up moving to a better climate with less trees, but that’s not an option available to everyone. Allergy sufferers have choices that usually include the following: - Certain over-the-counter (OTC) medications, including an antihistamine such as Benadryl, decongestants such as Sudafed or a nasal spray, or medications that combine these two things. - Allergy shots, which some doctors recommend for people whose allergies are severe. The doctor gives a shot of the allergen so that the patient can build up immunity to it, and that amount increases with each shot. - Home remedies, such as not drying clothes on a clothes line, using a neti pot to flush the allergens out of the nasal passages, regular vacuuming with a HEPA filter, using a high-efficiency particulate air filter (HEPA) or dehumidifier, and even using certain herbs and extracts, such as spirulina or PA-free butterbur. - Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT), which involves drops of medication being placed under a person’s tongue instead of being given in a shot. However, this method is usually used for allergies related to dust mites, grass, and ragweed. People can also get an allergy test which, while not pleasant, will tell them exactly what they’re allergic to so that they can decide how best to handle their allergies afterward.

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Table of Contents Chronic Pain Management Pain is an unpleasant emotional experience linked to tissue damage. It is a body’s normal reaction to an illness or an injury. Sometimes, pain acts as a warning that something is wrong with the body. Pain that lasts more than six months is called chronic pain and usually requires serious attention. Normally, multiple therapies and medications are used for chronic pain management. Many people use essential oils, herbs, and alternative therapies as a natural route for pain relief. To date, health experts don’t really know what actually causes chronic pain syndrome, but usually, it starts with an injury or a painful health condition. Hence, natural pain relief is expected by getting physical therapy, heat and cold usage on the damaged part, massage, stretching exercises, consuming different oils and herbs, and the best natural chronic & pain relief products. When tissue gets damaged due to an injury or other health condition, our body tries to heal the damaged tissue, and most of the time, the pain diminishes with time. However, in certain health problems like arthritis and migraine, pain does not simply go and starts to impact your quality of life. According to some recent studies, chronic pain affects about 50 million people every year in the United States. Chronic pain can be continuous or intermittent and it ranges from mild to severe. Continuous chronic pain such as arthritis leaves no margin of relief for the patients whereas in intermittent chronic pain like migraine, the severity increases and decreases between the flashes. Some common examples of chronic pain include: frequent headaches, low back pain, post-surgical and post-trauma pain, psychogenic pain, neurogenic pain, nerve damage pain, arthritis, and fibromyalgia pain. Natural Pain Relief Sometimes, the original source of the pain is gone but your body keeps on sending the pain signals to the brain, resulting in chronic pain. Though a wide range of medications are available on the market to relieve pain, still many people turn to natural or holistic methods to quell the pain because natural pain relievers are easily available and less expensive. Modern medications are most effective but they come with the risk of possible side effects, Natural and herbal methods may or may not work, but the danger of side effects is minimal. Moreover, these methods have been used for thousands of years in different parts of the world and still attract a lot of attention from the victims of chronic pain and inflammation. Different oils used as pain relievers include peppermint oil, rosemary essential oil, fish oil, and lavender essential oil. A study conducted in 2015 has shown interesting results for using peppermint oil to control the symptoms of arthritis. Essential oils used for chronic pain management are mostly used with a carrier oil in small quantities. Some researchers claim that rosemary essential oil acts as an anti-inflammatory and may help to relieve muscle and bone pain. Rosemary oil is applied with olive oil as a carrier. Lavender essential oil may help relieve pain naturally and is found in most any medicine cabinet of essential oil enthusiasts. Modern research has shown that inhaling lavender oil may help in relieving chronic headaches and migraines. Some deep studies have linked lavender essential oil with chronic pain management due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Along with the essential oils, a number of natural herbs and spices such as ginger, turmeric, and some therapies like acupuncture are also renowned for their pain-relieving effects. A systematic review suggests that adding a small quantity of ginger to our daily food intake may help in relieving chronic pain symptoms as quickly as in five days. Chronic Pain and Inflammation Inflammation refers to the body’s process to protect and fight against infections, toxins, and injuries in order to heal itself from the damage. When an inflammatory response malfunction emerges in our body, the inflammation becomes chronic and starts to damage healthy cells, tissues, and organs. As we know, pain is an emotional experience linked with tissue damage, so patients start to suffer from chronic pain. Chronic inflammation can cause different conditions of chronic pain such as rheumatoid arthritis. Basic causes of chronic pains are not well-studied but most medical experts believe that chronic pain is mostly initiated due to a small injury or a pulled muscle. Many people suffer from chronic pain. Modern studies on chronic pain and inflammation state that people having an initial injury, surgery, or are obese are at high risk of developing symptoms of chronic pain. There is no long-term treatment for such inflammations, and the primary goal of chronic pain management is to minimize pain and improve mobility. Natural Remedies for Chronic Pain People are turning to natural remedies for chronic pain alleviation since continuous use of allopathic medicine can take a toll on a patient’s health. Natural ingredients and herbs can lessen the pain significantly while causing minimal to no side effects. Whole Family Products store has a series of great natural products for chronic pain alleviation. Pain Away Cream is believed to be the best arthritis pain relief cream that uses the therapeutic benefits of essential oils plus MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane) in alleviating pain. It comes in three variants, the Pain Away Peppermint, Pain Away Unscented and Pain Away Extreme. Pain Away Peppermint, Pain Away Unscented and Pain Away Extreme are three natural remedies that contain MSM, a widely used natural compound in relieving pains of the joints and muscles as well as in reducing inflammation. The cream is also infused with Rosemary extract, a rich and powerful source of anti-inflammatory compounds and antioxidants that are effective in boosting the immune system and improving blood circulation. Also included in Pain Away Creams are the potent anti-inflammatories found in emu oil along with pregnenolone, a hormone that stimulates the immune system, and glucosamine sulfate, a popular compound known for its restorative properties in building cartilage and curbing the symptoms of arthritis and osteoarthritis.

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When The Wild Geese left Ireland in 1691, they were actively taking control of their own destiny. Making their way to foreign lands, unsure if they could ever return to Ireland, they were faced with the unimaginable challenge of settling into new communities. Their impact and influence is felt to this day. Bernardo O’Higgins is testament to this. He was the son of Ambrose O’Higgins, an ambitious Irishman employed in the Spanish colonial service. Upon his Father’s death, Bernardo inherited Ambrose’s properties and started a life as a gentleman farmer, but quickly became involved in chilean politics, campaigning for Chile’s Independence for Spanish Rule. Following Napoleon’s successful invasion of Spain, which weakened the Spanish hold over Chile, O’Higgins met with Chile’s government to discuss Independence. A limited self-governement was agreed until the Spanish throne could be restored, however, this wasn’t enough for O’Higgins. Pursuing his dream of a complete Chilean Independence, O’Higgins invested in two calvary companies made up of peasants who worked on his estates and received essential military training from Colonel Juan Machenna. Bernardo O’Higgins took steps to change his own destiny and fought for a familiar dream – Freedom For Everyone. Bernardo’s famous words on the battlefield – ‘¡O vivir con honor o morir con gloria! , ¡El que sea valiente que me siga! ’ (‘We can live with honour or die with glory! If you have the courage, follow me! ‘) – inspired a new era in Chile. Like Patrick Sarsfield and his followers, O’Higgins was relentless, continuing his campaign through victory and defeat. In 1817, O’Higgins’ persistence helped to see in a new era for Chile, as royalist forces were driven from the South American country. He is considered one of the founding fathers of Chile and became Director Supremo de Chile forming a new government and laid the ground for peace and order. As Director Supremo de Chile, he established the country’s first modern navy, helping to secure Chile’s continuing Independence. He also beckoned in a new age of Chilean culture by establishing colleges, libraries and hospitals.

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UN General Assembly adopts Indian Co-sponsored Resolution on 'Education For Democracy' Tags: International News To provide education to all, a resolution titled "Education for Democracy" was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) on 18 January. An overview of the news The resolution co-sponsored by India reaffirms the right to education to strengthen democracy. Adopted unanimously, this resolution will recognize the importance of ensuring inclusive and equitable quality education and lifelong learning opportunities for all. This is not the first time that an education resolution has been adopted by the United Nations General Assembly. Earlier in 2015, a similar resolution was passed in the General Assembly, encouraging all UN entities to use education to promote peace, human rights and democracy. The purpose of the resolution was to encourage member states to integrate Education for Democracy into their education standards. United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) It is the United Nation’s chief policy-making and representative organ and was created in 1945. It is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN). It serves as the main deliberative, policy making and representative organ of the United Nations. Its powers, structure, functions and procedures are set out in Chapter IV of the United Nations Charter. Its main functions are to prepare the budget of the United Nations, appoint non-permanent members to the Security Council, appoint the Secretary-General of the United Nations, receive reports from other parts of the United Nations system, and make recommendations through resolutions. Please Rate this article, so that we can improve the quality for you -

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At DHS, in addition to providing students support and feedback to reach course aims, teachers reinforce the DHS Attributes of respect, responsibility, and engagement. While the DHS Performance Standards target student academic growth, DHS Attributes provide a vehicle to emphasize the soft skills and executive functions that are necessary to succeed in the ever-changing workforce. Developing these traits as part of the high school experience enables students to approach future challenges and opportunities with confidence, experience, and insight, as well as to empower DHS graduates to continue striving for excellence after graduation. Furthermore, an intentional focus on these learning behaviors shifts the focus of school from solely grades and academics to one of knowledge, learning, and character. The integration of these attributes into DHS classrooms is a golden opportunity for professional collaboration. Because the ISG family is full of talented and dedicated educators, capacity for building a culture of respect, responsibility, and engagement already exists. Recently, a conversation has begun at DHS where staff share strategies and resources that center around student engagement and responsibility through a Google Group created for this purpose. These conversations are part of a larger plan to share and build on the knowledge and experience of current DHS staff members. The ultimate goal for the resources produced from this community-wide effort is to provide concrete exemplars of how respect, responsibility, and engagement are encouraged, modeled, and explicitly communicated with students. This results in a more effective, personalized learning experience for students which, in turn, fosters student achievement. For more ideas that you can bring into your classroom please see the below factsheets with strategies and tips from DHS teachers: If any of these ideas resonate with you or if you have ideas to share, please comment below so we can continue the conversation!

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Carr claims that the search engine Google is to blame for the newly acquired short attention span he and some of his colleagues are experiencing while reading. Because Internet users have no need to read through large texts for information since a vast amount of information is available within 0. 003 seconds, Carr professes no longer is he able to read a long passage with full and complete attention, or at least the way he used to read before. So, in a world with Google, one cannot, or at least a person who utilizes the Internet and it's search engines, fully read an article or a book, let alone take the time to think about what exactly it was that was just read, right? Quite the contrary; Google has been able to shape and reshape our minds and brains by giving us new tools and ways to pick up information as well as share it with others. So what is it that's causing Carr to feel as though he can no longer hold a read thought for too long? In Carl Zimmer's article 'How Google is Making Us Smarter', Zimmer claims that our mind consists more than just our brain, but is actually made up of both the brain in our skull as well as the environment we are subjected to. He says that although we'd like to think that our brains record everything around us, the truth of the matter is that it only records what it needs to know, as exemplified by Daniel Simons of the University of Illinois and Christopher Chabris at Harvard University. They performed a test asking subjects to watch students running around each other passing a basketball and keep track how many times the ball was passed by members of one of the teams. Sometime during the game, a student in a gorilla costume walked through the court and surprisingly enough many of the subjects reported they never saw the gorilla! This shows that their brains didn't pay any mind to the gorilla as it was regarded as extraneous since it was not part of the task. Clark continues this idea by stating our brain does not recreate photocopied images of the world around us, but rather focuses on tiny snippets extracting only the information we need. (Zimmer) So, for Carr to claim Google is at fault for making his brain work in a new way where he does not seep in loads of information does not make sense - his brain is simply gathering pieces of information it deems necessary for some reason or another. Another reason Google is not at fault for making a person lose his or her attention span is because attention spans have long been shortened and/or depleted. In the article 'Is Stupid Making Us Google? ', author James Bowman expands on the idea that it is not Google's fault many people are now facing the short attention span predicament, but rather the fault of the junk culture we are in and the lack of care educational mentors now have towards their respective studies. He elaborates on his perspective by talking to Professor Mark Baurlein, an English teacher at Emory University and former director of research and analysis at the National Endowment for the Arts and author of _The Dumbest Generation: How the Digital Age Stupefies Young Americans and Jeopardizes Our Future_, who says one cannot blame the student for never having learned how to truly learn. He claims that students have "been 'betrayed' by the mentors who should have taught them better" as well as saying the very concept of intelligence has been molded into something new. (Bowman 75-80) In Bauerlein's book, he states, "the model is information retrieval, not knowledge formation, and the material passes from Web to homework paper without lodging in the minds of the students. " (Bowman 75-80) So if the value of being 'intelligent' or being someone who is 'knowledged' now simply means able to regurgitate facts the way Google or Wikipedia does on a computer screen, then it is not right to blame the Internet or search engines when it is the instructors of education and those who are supposed to foster the innate pursuit of knowledge to never have forced the student to go deep in their studies and thought process rather than going shallow and wide. The truth of the matter is, this problem is not new, and, as Bowman explains, goes back at least three generations, a time before the personal computer existed let alone was used as a means for education. (Bowman 75-80) So rather than continuing to point fingers and blame one another, it only makes sense to realize and accept what has been happening to the concept of learning and becoming educated and then work from there towards molding the system into what it is needs to become - knowledge and thought, not just information and regurgitation of facts. Along with bringing the world to our fingertips, Google has also proved to have done a world of wonder and has more than likely saved lives in the emergency room, as reported by critical care physicians in the Greater Sydney area of Australia. (Reid et al. , 2009) Google groups, a site parented by Google which allows the storing of files online and distribution of information, has allowed team members - physicians, administrators, nurses, etc - in an Australian emergency room to constantly be able to communicate and share information, within seconds, that the entire team needs to know. EMTs in an ambulance can give updates to all physicians as to what is coming to them, physicians can contact nurses when they need to in regards to patients, and administrators are able to get into contact with anyone and/or everybody when they need to. The Google group platform has continued to work so well in this critical care setting, the ER team reported they expanded its use from being only for online discussion to using it for governance purposes. (Reid et al. , 2009) Search engines have actually proven to be mentally stimulating in a way in which it is thought that it might actually improve brain health. A study was done by members of UCLA's Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral around the end of 2008 to see what different regions of the brain were activated when using a search engine and which regions were activated while reading text on physical paper in order to compare the two. The doctors tested twenty-four people whom were neurologically normal but purposely selected twelve whom had minimal experience with search engines and twelve who had more experience with them. They came to find reading plain text activated brain regions controlling language, reading, memory, visual abilities, etc to more or less the same extent in both groups. However, when the groups moved on to the Internet search engine task, it was found the group with the minimal Internet experience showed activation patterns more or less like the same pattern as before, but it was the experienced Internet users that "demonstrated significant increases in signal intensity in additional regions controlling decision making, complex reasoning, and vision, including the frontal pole, etc. . . . " (Small, M.D., Moody, Ph.D., Siddarth, Ph.D., and Bookheimer, Ph.D. 116-26) This study proves Internet searching draws a greater extent of neural circuitry that otherwise does not show up when reading text pages, but this only works for those who are already familiar and comfortable with the Internet. (Small, M.D., Moody, Ph.D., Siddarth, Ph.D., and Bookheimer, Ph.D. 116-26) The reader can now understand why there is nothing unnatural or foreign in today's day for the brain to be comfortable in relying on the Internet for information. Search engines have shown to activate different regions of the brain in ways normal paper text reading does not, and if our brains now look to Google as it's extended mind, who's to say there's a problem with that? Rather than pointing fingers and creating issues, it would be in the greater interest of everyone to understand what Google does do to the brain and mind, and continue progressing from there towards a happy place.

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Have I used the proper criteria to judge effectiveness? “Would you tell me, please, which way I ought to go from here? ” “That depends a good deal on where you want to get to,” said the (Cheshire) Cat. “I don’t much care where —” said Alice. “Then it doesn’t matter which way you go,” said the Cat. “— so long as I get somewhere,” Alice added as an explanation. “Oh, you’re sure to do that,” said the Cat, “if you only walk long enough. ” — From Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland Without a definition of effectiveness, we become like Alice, wandering through a Wonderland of possibilities with no hope of accomplishing anything in particular. Defining effectiveness allows us to focus our energies, prioritize our actions and manage our lives. For example, are the warning labels affixed to plastic bags, computers, prescription drugs, cigarettes, toys, tools and host of other products effective? If proliferation is the criteria, then the labels have been enormously successful. They litter the modern landscape like debris after a ticker-tape parade. If understanding is the objective, then the warnings are about as effective as using Braille to communicate with the average citizen. Scholars have shown that consumers often fail to read the warnings, and if they do, they rarely have a clear understanding of the message. If the purpose of a warning is to actually change behavior, then the record is even worse. Millions of Americans routinely ignore the Surgeon General’s warning on the back of their cigarette packages. However, if warning labels are designed to protect producers from legal liability then they have been relatively more successful. In short, defining effectiveness is not the simple, straightforward and obvious task it may appear to be at first glance.

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That is also known as digital marketing, internet marketing, web advertising or e advertising of a services or products the web. Web of Things: A network of internet-linked objects able to collect and alternate data utilizing embedded sensors. The origins of the Web date back to research commissioned by the United States Federal Government in the Nineteen Sixties to construct sturdy, fault-tolerant communication by way of computer networks. By the early 2000s, there was nearly no medium- or large-sized group without a presence on the Web, with the bulk having a Web site and communication connectivity with e-mail. It is even possible that wi-fi Internet access could sooner or later be the primary approach most individuals get access to the Internet. The applied sciences have been packet switching and laptop technology, which, in turn, drew upon the underlying technologies of digital communications and semiconductors. Whereas Net neutrality supporters hail the reclassification as a option to put the brand new rules on firmer authorized ground, opponents together with giant Web service suppliers and conservative Republicans say it would stifle investment in networks. Thus, by 1985, Internet was already well established as a expertise supporting a broad group of researchers and developers, and was beginning to be used by other communities for every day pc communications. The system was replaced by new networks operated by business web service suppliers in 1995.

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THE HUMAN PROTEIN ATLAS BLOG A large number of proteins are needed in all cells throughout the human body. These proteins are sometimes called housekeeping proteins, suggesting that their expression is crucial for the maintenance of basic functionality of all normally functioning cells. A transcriptomics analysis shows that about 9,000 genes are expressed in all tissues and are therefore expected to fulfill these tasks, such as gene expression, metabolism, and cell structure. As for gene expression, it is easily understood that every cell must have proteins that are involved in the genetic machinery of translating DNA to functional proteins, like RNA polymerases and ribosomal proteins. . . Read more Welcome back to HPA image of the week! This week we highlight another organelle brought to us by Mikaela Wiking aka HPA_Illuminator, the intermediate filaments! Intermediate filaments are one of the three cytoskeletons of the cell, together with actin filaments and microtubules. The expression of intermediate filaments can be extremely dependent on cell type, for example the intermediate filament protein group keratins, discussed in a previous IOTW, are key components in hair, nails and skin. . . Read more In January 2015, the Tissue-based map of the human proteome by UhlÚn et al was published. According to Google Scholar, the paper already has more than 400 citations. In a recent editorial by Cecilia Lindskog, the potential utility of the Human Protein Atlas and the Tissue-based map is reviewed. Cecilia Lindskog is site director of the Tissue Atlas, and you can read more about her and the Tissue Atlas in this blog post from May this year. . . Read more Welcome back to Image of The Week! We will be periodically highlighting an organelle in the coming image of the week posts, written by members of the Subcellular Human Protein Atlas project. This week we kick things off with a post by HPA_Illuminator, and what better way to start than with the mitochondria, the (true) powerhouse of the cell! ! ! Mitochondria are found in almost all human cells, in varying numbers. They are known as the powerhouse of the cell as they are responsible for producing the majority of the energy in your body (in the form of ATP, adenosine triphosphate). . . Read more In a very recent study, published in Respiratory Research, researchers from the Human Protein Atlas and Karolinska Institutet performed protein profiling of broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL)-fluid and serum using an antibody suspension bead array technology with the aim to find proteins associated to sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous systemic inflammatory disease in which more than 90 % of all patients develop pulmonary manifestations. Several gene associations have previously been described, but established and clinically useful biomarkers are still absent. . . Read more Welcome to HPA image of the week! This week's image was brought to us by citizen scientists in Project Discovery, and specifically by solartech0 who found this image while playing Project Discovery in EVE online. The protein stained in Fig 1. is an image of ferredoxin reductase (FDXR) found in the mitochondria of the cell. This sample shows a staining of FDXR in A549 adenocarcinomic alveolar basal epithelial cells. FDXR is a protein involved in cellular metabolism. This process is what provides energy for our cells and is carried out in the mitochondria of the cell. . . Read more Last week, researchers from the Human Protein Atlas, together with others, published a study on drug-induced liver injury in the journal Liver International. Drug-induced liver injury is the single leading cause for termination of drug development and safety-related withdrawal of approved drugs from the market. In clinical practice, it accounts for more than 50% of liver failure cases and represents a major safety issue for patients. In some patients, drug-induced liver injury can cause severe injury leading to acute liver failure that can be life threatening and require liver transplantation. . . Read more It's time for another HPA image of the week! This week's image was brought to us by citizen scientists in Project Discovery, and specifically by x Truf a member of the Signal Cartel in EVE online who found this image while playing Project Discovery. The protein stained in Fig 1. is an image of Moesin (MSN) found in the plasma membrane of the cell. This sample shows a staining of MSN in U-251 MG human glioblastoma astrocytoma (brain) cells. MSN is a member of the ERM family which provide a link between plasma membranes and actin filaments. This link was briefly discussed in a previous blog. . . Read more

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Did the unemployed and underemployed find a way to see Modern Times? And always his uniform is the same: derby, moustache, shoes and cane. Charlie and the Gamine Paulette Godard live for a time in a Hooverville shack: this emblem of the depression may be a home of sorts but it is a comically dangerous one. Individualism is a political philosophy that suggests individuals should have freedom over their economic Below are three examples of relevant scenes from the movie that correlate with both essay topics: The opening scene is of people marching to work and then it switches to a shot of a herd of sheep walking the streets. This effect is seen when the boss of the factory asks to make the machine the workers use to run faster, requiring The Little Tramp and his colleagues to also act faster than how they can handle. Two new visual essays, by Chaplin historians John Bengtson and Jeffrey Skip to bear arms and value investment strategy, debated, charlie chaplin 1: chaplin denotes the charlie chaplin. Frequent strikes and labor unrest continued not only at Ford but also at the factories of its suppliers. He died when he was thirty-seven. Write a customer review Charlie chaplin modern times essay - nagooyen. The effect of modernization not only changes the tools people use but also changes the people who use those tool. Charlie first appeared onstage at the age of six as an unscheduled substitute for his mother. But aside from showing the concerns and difficulties of those who lived during a severe economic depression, the film also shows how modernization in society affects the people. Historical photos essay chaplin essays and his autobiography as. Charlie Chaplin Essay Love can exist without it being acknowledged and the simplest things can draw two people together. He was the first child of Hannah and Charles Chaplin. The homeless have become a more common sight as some camp out or live in shelters. Do to disagree with the express written by jeffrey vance if you are very animatingly. Chaplin began work in motion pictures—for Mack Sennett—in December at virtually the same moment that Henry Ford was introducing the assembly line for auto manufacturing. Nerdist was only adds to be used to select from charlie chaplins modern times charlie chaplin quotes great dictator but now available at the era. He was the first child of Hannah and Charles Chaplin. Lennie and Charlie Essay Words 3 Pages In the novel 'Of Mice and Men', by John Stienbeck, a mentally challenged man, Lennie, loses his innocence and his dream, of owning his own ranch with rabbits, when he accidentally breaks a woman's neck. Edu for essay, directed, is the life and industrialization of. Instead of conveying this powerful social message in harsh and serious tone, Charlie Chaplin has blended right amount. It follows Little Tramp Chaplin while he struggles to survive as a factory worker in a modern and industrialized world. Staff writers, the united artists like water for more - timothy brock, charlie. I was named after my father, but he was a drunk. Subscribe to time with the actor in cost of the silent film analysis and my goals essay essay writer scriabin four pieces of film footage. With unceasing action, it tells its dramatic, comic, pathetic, satirical story without benefit of words. Within a few weeks, he announced an economic plan that was designed to stimulate the economy by increasing the quantity of money in circulation. Richard i discussed the dictator but now it's a. Videos; Teacher Essay Day - "Heart of the Tramp: Charlie Consciously or not, Chaplin made a film not only to be viewed for entertainment but for learning and understanding modernism and modernization. Charlie Chaplin was born in South London on April 16, Jack wins and effort, an interviewer for a first talkie had a. Chaplin also shows that people are so absorbed in recreating and inventing things to achieve efficiency in what they do. Nick and charles spencer chaplin poems written by kenneth s father and comedian of the stage at the conversation. Others lose their homes and live in a car. When writing a narrative essay, Charlie's psychological traumas or emotional upset was caused by his memoryrecalls.

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Critics from the FundaMentalSDG initiative, which aims to strengthen mental health inclusion in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), argue that this evidence raises questions about why mental health is neglected in the goals, and how new ways to measure it could help galvanise the recognition and support it urgently needs. Jagannath Lamichhane is principal coordinator of the Movement for Global Mental Health, a network that promotes mental health services underpinned by scientific evidence, and is on FundaMentalSDG’s steering group. He tells me mental health is being sidelined due to a “collective failure to rectify a historic neglect”. In principle mental health is part of global health, but when it comes to investment and advocacy, it hardly gets a look in, Lamichhane says. He calls mental health the “most underserved area of science, health and development”. This table shows the top 20 causes of 'years lived with disability'. Major depression is the second leading cause, while other mental health conditions are also prevalent. Source: Global Burden of Disease 2013 Globally, 600 million people are disabled as a result of mental illness, the vast majority in low- and middle-income countries, according to FundaMentalSDG. Most receive no treatment. Lamichhane says that, locally and nationally, this neglect stems from deeply rooted discrimination and stigma, which limit the quality and accessibility of mental health services. At a global level, health specialists have cited the complexity of measuring mental health in different cultures as a hurdle for interventions because communities can express their mental health in different ways and use different ‘labels’ to describe it. But are patients with depression and psychosis in Nepal really suffering so differently from patients with these conditions in Zimbabwe? Lamichhane suggests this isn’t necessarily true. While understanding local and cultural norms is important, this does not prevent ways of measuring mental health in one cultural setting from being effective in another. And, if ways to measure mental health are transferrable, then this means it is possible to find global indicators for mental health, Lamichhane says. This is crucial to getting the global health community to give the same consideration to mental health as other physical health conditions, and to increase resources for support and treatment. Currently the gap between need and SDG coverage is stark, with the draft goals mentioning mental health just once, when they merely call for the ‘promotion of mental health and wellbeing’. Unless this is changed, Lamichhane says, the SDGs will “fail millions of people and families struggling with mental health problems”, particularly those in poor countries who tend to be invisible in global debates. He is now working with FundaMentalSDG to call for edits to the SDGs, to put in place targets and indicators that align them with the WHO’s action plan on mental health, published in 2013. The action plan’s main goal is to broaden evidence-based information on mental disorders and collect essential data on each country’s mental health system, Lamichhane explains. Matching the SDGs to this plan would help countries get a better picture of their mental health needs — and potentially pave the way to better services and support for millions of people. Open Working Group proposal for Sustainable Development Goals (UN, September 2014) Mental health action plan 2013-2020 (WHO, 2013)

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- Issue Time The battle between plastic bottles and glass bottles has last a long time, let’s see which is better for your business. When you want to use a bottle, plastic bottle, or glass bottle, which is your choice? Some people think the glass is better than plastic because of its eco-friendly. However, plastic and glass are both recyclable. Glass can only be recycled and turned into more glass, while plastic can be recycled into many products from carpet filling to plastic lumber, and so on. Let’s see why plastic bottles are better than glass bottles. Weight and Durability Glass is heavier and more fragile than plastic. This makes transportation more expensive because of increased weight, and the need for packaging materials to cushion the product during transportation. Additional materials make for a greater environmental impact. Plastic is much lighter and more durable than glass so that it’s cheaper to transport. Because there are fewer trips and fewer packaging materials needed, it also leaves a smaller carbon footprint. Health and Safety Glass has a tendency of smashing easily, so if a glass bottle or canister within food items is knocked accidentally on the floor it will break easily, leaving a mess behind. Besides that, glass is also more slippery to the touch as compared to plastic. This means that it is more likely to be dropped than a plastic container or other packaging materials. Compared to other packaging materials, glass is also more dangerous when broken. Broken glass can cut a person’s skin and can also be life-threatening. This is a danger that is very true for those working in factories, shops, and even transportation and packaging operative who are responsible for handling them. However, you may worry that there have been many concerns about chemicals in plastics getting into the contents of the container and becoming harmful. Commonly used food plastic packaging materials, including polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, etc. , are polymer materials. This type of material is made by polymerizing monomers through chemical methods, has a large molecular weight, high stability, and will not easily migrate to food. Not only is glass more expensive to ship, but it also costs more to produce primarily Because of the amount of heat required during production. The melting point of plastic is much lower than glass, requiring less energy during production. With new technology developments in plastic molding, manufacturing plastic containers has become even more affordable. Besides that, producing new plastic was even cheaper than recycling it. In one word, plastic exceeds glass in terms of both production and shipping. Sanle is a leading OEM/ODM supplier of customized plastic containers for world-leading multinationals. We deliver packaging solutions and results, doing so with fast, exceptional service that never fails to be polite, friendly, and sincere. Sanle Plastics exclusively uses recyclable and safe plastics for all our products, either PET, HDPE, PVC, LDPE, PP, or PS. If you want to get more information about plastic bottles, welcome to contact us now!

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- What technology do you use in your classroom and why? - What is your favourite app or programme? - How do you use your favourite app or programme in your classroom? - Can technology improve your learning? Why or why not? - What piece of technology, app or programme would you like to use in your classroom and why? - What technology do you think there will be in ten years time, that we don't have now? - If you could design an iPad app what would your app be called and how would it help children with their learning? - How can we make sensible choices when we are posting comments online? - What can other children learn from joining in with Kidsedchatnz? We can't wait to hear all your answers. From Room 2 Morningside School.

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Good for Business: Making Full Use of the Nation's Human Capital The Environmental Scan: A Fact-Finding Report of the Federal Glass Ceiling Commission Washington, D.C. The term glass ceiling was popularized in a 1986 Wall Street Journal article describing the invisible barriers that women confront as they approach the top of the corporate hierarchy. The Federal Glass Ceiling Commission, a 21-member bipartisan body appointed by President Bush and Congressional leaders and chaired by the Secretary of Labor, was created by the Civil Rights Act of 1991. Its mandate was to identify the glass ceiling barriers that have blocked the advance-ment of minorities and women as well as the suc-cessful practices and policies that have led to the advancement of minority men and all women into decisionmaking positions in the private sector. The Commission was specifically directed - to conduct a study of opportunities for, and artificial barriers to, the advancement of minority men and all women into man-agement and decisionmaking positions in Corporate America, and - to prepare and submit to the President and the appropriate committees of the Congress written reports containing the findings and conclusions resulting from the study and the recommendations based on those findings and conclusions. Glass ceiling issues are about business and about people who work in business. Therefore, for the first report, the findings and conclusions are pre-sented in an "Environmental Scan." The second report will contain recommendations and will be a "Strategic Plan." Report One: The Environmental Scan This document, The Environmental Scan, presents the findings of the Federal Glass Ceiling Commission resulting from research by its consor-tium of consultants, commission hearings, studies, interviews, focus groups, and panel discussions as well as its review of other public and private research. The Environmental Scan describes and analyzes the barriers identified in existing research, independent studies, and Department of Labor surveys, as well as information gathered in the minority male executive focus groups, the American Indian focus groups, the CEO survey interviews, and the five public hearings. It also identifies and outlines strategies and practices that have been employed successfully to promote the advancement of minorities and women to senior-level positions in the private sector. These examples emerged from Commission research conducted by Catalyst and from the Commission's work in preparing for the Frances PerkinsElizabeth Hanford Dole National Award for Diversity and Excellence in American Executive Management. Finally, The Environmental Scan summarizes the perceptions of corporate leaders and minorities and women in the private sector and presents available quantitative data that supports or refutes them. Emphasis is placed on perceptions because perceptions, true or not, perpetuate the existence of the glass ceiling barrier. Perceptions are what people believe and people translate their beliefs into behaviors, attitudes, and bias. Many judgments on hiring and promotion are made on the basis of a look, the shape of a body, or the color of skin. A 1992 report on a number of the nation's most progressive businesses and institutions, The New Leaders: Guidelines on Leadership Diversity in America by Ann M. Morrison, revealed that prejudice against minorities and white women continues to be the single most important barrier to their advancement into the executive ranks. For this reason, this report explores the perceptions of employers and employees, outlines the popular stereotypes, and then contrasts them with the research data and findings that delineate the realities and status of minority men and all the women who are affected by the glass ceiling. Much of the qualitative information on perceptions is drawn directly from transcripts of the Commission's five public hearings, the CEO Survey, the minority executive focus groups, and the American Indian focus groups. The quantitative data is based on private surveys and Commission research and on extensive analyses of U.S. Department of Census data, analyses prepared expressly for the Commission. Specific sources are cited in the body of this report. Report Two: A Strategic Plan A second report will present the Commission's recommendations based on its findings. These recommendations will form a "Strategic Plan" that will be presented to the President and the Congress in the Summer of 1995. The recommendations will speak to the imperative of dismantling artificial barriers to advancement. The recommendations will be designed to assure equitable opportunity for white men, minorities, and women. Documents available in PDF format: NOTE: In order to view PDF documents you must have a PDF viewer ( (e. g., Amber or Acrobat Reader) available on your workstation.

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European shoppers care about animal welfare. In a 2016 Eurobarometer survey, 94% stated defending the welfare of cattle is essential, and 89% stated there must be EU laws that requires individuals to take care of animals used for industrial functions. To make sure animal welfare requirements on-farm, nonetheless, employees sometimes depend on hands-on observations and measurements. This will increase the frequency of animal-human interplay and may lend itself to subjective welfare assessments. However what if there was a strategy to monitor cattle’ feelings from afar? Making use of facial recognition tech to cows and pigs Affiliate Professor Suresh Neethirajan believes facial recognition expertise – as has lengthy been used at worldwide border checkpoints and in password techniques on smartphones – will be tailored to establish animals’ emotional states, and finally, enhance animal welfare. Thus far, this expertise has been used to establish species comparable to cats, sheep, giant carnivores, and sure primates. Neethirajan, who has developed Wageningen’s personal WUR Wolf Facial Coding Platform, is utilizing it on two widespread agricultural animals: cows and pigs. The expertise picks up on visible cues, together with pressure within the neck, the form of the attention, pressure within the forehead, nostril bunching, and place of the ears. Such cues can be utilized to depict the extent of discomfort an animal is experiencing. If the white of a pig’s eye is displaying, for instance, it could point out aggression. When a pig’s ears are pinned again in opposition to its head, it could point out a adverse emotion or aversion. And all from afar. For non-domesticated animals, the presence of human observers is usually a aggravating expertise and alter their pure behaviour, famous Neethirajan in his analysis paper. “Facial recognition software program permits researchers to evaluation high-quality video and picture proof of the topic’s emotional expressions with none disturbance. “Researchers may even report the identification and actions of a number of people inside a gaggle of animals on the similar time…” Impression on animal agriculture Neethirajan advised the affect this expertise may have on animal agriculture is important. The detection of animals experiencing stress, for instance, may assist farmers establish medical issues. Meat high quality can be an element, he advised this publication. “A contented cow or pig is a extra productive cow or pig. Affective states or feelings of cattle affect not solely the standard of lifetime of the animal and welfare, however straight impacts the meat high quality. “Ranges of various cortisol, oxytocin, dopamine, and different feelings indicating biomarkers vastly have an effect on the standard of the meat. ” As facial recognition may additionally assist guarantee regulators and shoppers of animal welfare requirements, the researcher advised making use of this expertise may assist enhance meat value. “There are parallels one may draw with natural meals farming within the utilisation and realisation of expertise for the enterprise case,” he defined. “Know-how will assist meat producers with excessive animal welfare requirements demand premium costs as a result of sustainability [standards]. ” ‘Completely happy Cow or Pondering Pig? WUR Wolf – Facial Coding Platform for Measuring Feelings in Farm Animals’ Revealed 11 April 2021 Writer: Suresh Neethirajan

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HowAfrica joined the entire Africans home and diaspora to celebrate with the people of Republic of Cape Verde on this Independence Day Celebration. The Republic of Cape Verde celebrates its independence day on July 5 to commemorate the grand occasion of achieving freedom from the Portuguese in 1975. Why is July 5 significant in the history of Cape Verde? Until the arrival of Portuguese in 1446, Cape Verde was an uninhabited archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean. When the Portuguese arrived they settled in the region of Santiago which they named Ribeira Grande, and soon this quiet archipelago became a slave outpost, where slaves were brought to work in cotton plantations. The island officially became a Portuguese colony in 1495, and only got an overseas territory status in 1951, an era that saw the rise of many nationalist movements in Africa. In 1961, a nationalist thinker, Amilcar Cabral along with Guinea-Bissauans (Guinea Bissau was another Portuguese colony, and was known as Portuguese Guinea at the time) founded the PAIGC or Partido Africano da Independencia da Guine e Cabo Verde – the African Party for the Independence of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde. After some political success PAIGC, the party moved its headquarter Conakry, Guinea in 1960s, and organized an armed revolt against the Portuguese authorities. In the following years such attacks grew, and finally Portuguese Guinea gained its independence in 1975. Following Portuguese Guinea’s liberation PAIGC became an active force in Cape Verde, and in late 1974 Portuguese government signed an agreement for transitional government. Cape Verde finally became a sovereign nation on July 5, 1975.

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Will and Jim are contrasted several times in the book (Chapters 3 and nine are prime examples). Are the two boys alike or different? If different, specify exactly how. Use at least three references to the book to back up your answer. Charles Halloway sees a fundamental difference between Will and Jim. He thinks that Jim is the type of boy who sees the blows before they fall and gets out of their way, while Will is the sort who questions why blows fall. Jim does not ask why they fall, he simply knows that they do. Later we learn that Jim never looks away from the world while Will always looks beyond and around it. Even Will himself thinks that Jim acts while he thinks. Another difference between Jim and Will is that Jim acts and thinks alone, independently, while Will is dependent upon others. What is the role of magic in Something Wicked This Way Comes? If Mr. Dark, the Witch and the host of characters involved with the carnival are the only ones who have magic, then it seems clear that magic is a bad thing. However, the forces of good also seem to have some sort of magic on their side. After all, shattering the Mirror Maze with laughter, killing the Witch with a smile, and killing Mr. Dark with kindness seem to be somewhat unbelievable. It may be that the magic of good comes through normal actions, not spells. For laughter is magical in this book, as is loving. Will and his father bring Jim back to life through happiness. One could argue that magic is bad because people will always use it to control others, but then what of the magic that we use all of the time, such as the ability of laughter to heal. It seems that magic is a part of life, and, that, like people, can do good or ill depending on the circumstances and the intentions of the person using it. Assess the role of the freaks in this book. Are they good or bad? How much responsibility should they be given for the acts they performed? Near the end of the book Mr. Dark watches Charles Halloway with "some respect, some degree of admiration, some concern. " Why would the Illustrated Man admire Mr. Halloway? Does his opinion of Mr. Halloway change throughout the book? If so, how? Mr. Dark represents pure evil. Taking this statement as a premise, what can you conclude about the nature of evil in Bradbury's book? What does that mean about good? Do Will and Jim grow up during the book? Why or why not? Feel free to argue different ways for each boy. Who is a more realistic thirteen-year-old, Will or Jim? Explain. If neither is realistic then explain why not. 1 out of 8 people found this helpful For the sixth question, choice A doesn't seem to be correctly phrased. Isn't it "Jim turns Will in" instead of "Jim gives turns Will in" 3 out of 3 people found this helpful Take a Study Break!

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Although advocates of medical marijuana have touted its positive effects in treating patients with a wide range of devastating diseases and disorders, including cancer and epilepsy, to name but two, scientists in France have issued a warning that that recreational use of the drug could lead to cardiovascular-related problems. According to two studies conducted by Dr. Emilie Jouanjus of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse in France, 2% of 1,979 participants (ranging in age from their early their 20’s to early 50’s) who had a history of using marijuana, suffered from heart complications. These included “20 users stricken by heart attacks, 10 with damage to blood vessels in their limbs, 3 with damage to the arteries leading to the brain, and 9 dying from cardiovascular complication. ” A similar study in New Zealand tied marijuana use to a higher risk of stroke. Although it is not uncommon for people in the general population to suffer from these problems, Jouanjus stated that her findings were most startling because the average age of those in the study was 34 years old. As a result, there is now a call for further investigation of potentially adverse affects of the drug use as more and more states look to legalize it for medical purposes. In fact, this, and a similar report by a joint team of researchers from Harvard University and Northwestern University (released earlier this month) warned that even casual use of marijuana by young adults (smoking joints once or twice weekly) poses a risk of developing seriously altering the functions in two areas of the brain which control “emotions and motivation. ” Both reports come at a crucial time for New York State, where debates are now raging as to whether or not it should become the 21st state to allow a broad program legalizing marijuana to be used for medical treatments. At present Governor Andrew Cuomo remains opposed to the proposed legislation.

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Trains range from ultra-luxurious to very plain-jane commuter trains. Most people ride the train because its gets them between cities, or to and from cities, without having to deal with either vehicle traffic or airport hassles. Another reason that people take trains is that they are usually cheaper than taking planes. In addition, trains usually have bigger seats than and more space to move around in than either airplanes or buses. Trains travel on their own tracks, so you can get from city center to city center without having to worry about highway traffic. Cars, buses and airplanes all require some use of highways - usually some of the most congested. Many railroad stations are located within walking distance of city centers. Trains can carry more people, more efficiently and with a lower environmental cost than almost any other form of transportation. Trains are very good for serving densely populated urban areas and their suburbs. If you consider rail-based mass transit to be trains, then trains are very good at serving inner city areas and densely populated suburbs with closely-spaced stops and frequent service. Trains are very safe, on a per-mile-traveled basis. Safer than cars or buses, not as safe as airplanes. A few trains, such as those that cross the U.S., Canada, the Alps of Europe and Russia offer extremely beautiful scenery. Some of the newest trains offer super-fast electrified service. They can get you between cities faster than any other mode of transportation (if you include the time spent in getting to and from airports). Usually people who commute from long distances find that traveling by train is the most cost-effective and most productive way to get to and from homes to their workplace. The negatives of trains is that they do not run everywhere, and in many areas they don't run very often. Trains can be subject to delays just like planes and buses. Trains are not always maintained in good condition so that riding them is not very pleasant. The nicest trains cost a lot more money to ride than run-of-the-mill commuter trains. Many trains offer almost no scenic views. They run in ditches, tunnels and past messy backyards. The majority of trains travel slower than most cars on highways. This is because they run on tracks that are not built for high-speed, they have frequent stops, use older diesel technology and are not maintained in top condition. In addition, they may run on tracks that are so busy that they have railroad traffic jams that slow everything down.

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Jewish resistance to the Nazis took many forms, ranging from bold acts of defiance and altruism to armed resistance. In this lesson, students are introduced to resistance through the singular voices of those who took part in the Jewish partisan movement, as some of their stories, motivations, and goals are revealed in poetry, film (an introductory video), and writing (Abba Kovner’s call to resistance in his Ghetto Manifesto). The activities included in this lesson will deepen students’ knowledge of the Holocaust through an exploration of different acts of Jewish resistance and will encourage the development of critical analysis and interpersonal communication skills. Students brainstorm together to write their own definition of resistance and deconstruct Abba Kovner’s Ghetto Manifesto, focusing on word choice and phrases to evaluate the meaning of his call to resistance. This lesson sets the stage for the rest of the unit by providing students with the background to understand, identify, and investigate the stories of the partisans and the choices they made.

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In the beginning, he had a name. In that name was an understanding of who he was. Many winters ago, the bears appeared as Paukŭnawaw in their way of speaking. The name meant “darkness walker” or “one who goes about in the dark. ” It was a fitting expression for the bear, bestowed upon him by Narragansett people at a time when animals and humans spoke the same language. But given what has happened to this Algonquin language, we may never know with certainty the origins of this name. We do know it became present in their language long before sails ever appeared on the horizon. We also know the name itself derives from paukŭnnum, “the dark. ” That alone reveals a name pregnant with meaning. But the meaning behind the name, even the name itself, eventually succumbed to the crushing impacts of American Exceptionalism. Not only did Colonialists see themselves as a people of divine destiny, but once their numbers and might surpassed that of Native Americans, the way forward seemed all the more achievable. Eventually, Native America would no longer be the obstacle it once was to the progress of Eden-making. That manifested itself by way of a forceful hand. Each colony in its own way imposed an ultimatum upon Algonquian peoples. Assimilate or perish was the warning. What was to become of many tribes would depend on heeding this warning. Over time, debt, disease and desperation left many with no real option. So they conceded towards assimilation, even if it was only a superficial concession, knowing that life in the Christian towns was a slower and less direct kind of perishing. Even powerful tribes like the Narragansett, who had allied themselves with the colonies, were not immune to oppression and detribalization. Within two centuries of Roger Williams’ A Key into the Language of America, which translated Narragansett into English, fluent speakers of that way of speaking existed no more. A few decades later, the Narragansett expression of the Algonquin language was declared extinct. Perhaps that was the definitive moment when Paukŭnawaw himself returned to the dark from whence he came never again to be seen or spoken of in the same way nor called upon with the same intentions or meaning. For many, Paukŭnawaw has become an overlooked apparition enchained to ancient shadows in the woods, even while black bears still exist in remote areas there. The only evidence of his story are in old English transcriptions and a few surviving myths. But there are a few who believe it is still possible to hear evocations from Paukŭnawaw haunting those nor’eastern woods on windless days when silence turns prophetic. There among the sugar maples and black oaks, we are told, one can hear the four-beat rhythmic hum of his name—pau kŭn naw waw—called upon by souls of yester-age, still reverberating ever so faintly from rock ledge to ravine bottom. If pronouncements from our distant past still emanate from these woods, as some say, then the Narragansett culture is still very much alive and so, too, is Paukŭnawaw. Every being that once lived among us is still present among us, having fulfilled its journey from life into death and then into our memory. And their names follow the same journey. Like all of life’s souls, every name ever spoken in time has its own life; it has its own origin and destination, in the same way that the sounds of a rushing river has its own life. All sounds come from somewhere and are on the way to somewhere, in the same way that a river flows from its source and carries the presence of its headwaters in every bend and eddy as it cuts downward. Each sound made becomes a raindrop upon the headwaters. It eventually dissipates into a sea of sound, but never does it disappear entirely. So it is with sounds, so too is it with names. A name proclaimed long ago in the forest becomes a droplet in the turbulent rush of noise over rocks, to be swept up in that obscure, chaotic current on down into a throng of sounds in the deep. Sometimes, when we listen more with the heart and less with the ears, names invoked at a time far agone momentarily become conspicuous and find their way back to us on the surge of an unexpected flood of illumination. There in that illumination is where we will hear Paukŭnawaw speaking to us; there, too, we will hear a myriad of other souls from that golden age. Our task is not only to listen for them, but to listen to them, for they have lessons to offer us, and their lessons shine light upon our path towards renewal. In recent years, an effort at renewal has become evident in the Narragansett language reclamation project. And I often wonder what source of inspiration lives in the undercurrents of this effort. Is it driven by a need to restore a fragmented Narragansett identify? Is there something else, something more profoundly rich, driving it? Is language reclamation symptomatic of a deeper yearning to commemorate and reunite with voices forgotten? Or is it inspired by a desire to restore wisdom lessons once taught for the sake of renewed guidance? These questions are for the revivalists to answer. As for our journey here, we need not justify why this project complements our own attempt to revive the bear’s revelatory power. Restoring the Narragansett dialect is, if not explicitly then implicitly, a revival of Paukŭnawaw himself. By recovering his name and its context of meaning, we just might bring him out of the shadows again. After all, at the height of his fluorescence, Paukŭnawaw spoke Algonquian. Of course, there are challenges in restoring the Narragansett dialect. Even the pioneering efforts of Frank Waabu O’Brien and Julianne Jennings are confronted with knowledge gaps. Their inspiring efforts, which are largely founded upon seventeenth century English documents and comparative analyses of extant Algonquian dialects, are faced with hermeneutical hurdles. They are left with stories, static fragments and orphaned translations of what once was a living language. Much of what connects these fragments, in some cases, are irrecoverable in their authenticity. Some nuances specific to the pre-colonial Narragansett culture are seemingly lost in translation. No matter how similar the Quinnipiac, Pequot and Massachusett dialects are to the Narragansett’s there are some expressions and meanings that are not necessarily transferable. Surely, commonalities are decipherable, but there are also nuances uniquely Narragansett. Roger Williams himself realized the limitations of his work, noting that it was a “little key” that could “open the box, where lies a bunch of keyes” to the Narragansett and other New England tribes. But, he apparently did not foresee how oppression and forced assimilation would amount to closing the box and, once closed, to the difficulty of reopening it. Given all these issues, we might hastily conclude an original meaning of paukŭnawaw to be out of our reach. But if we think less concretely, an original meaning may be closer than we think. Rather than extract what we think the name means through reasoned analyses or trivial interpretations, it may be possible for original meaning to come forth on its own. How we prepare for that revealing will require us to think in an entirely different way. At first glance, we might assume the most efficient, reasonable way is to deconstruct the translation of Paukŭnawaw. If we want to understand what the Narragansett meant by “one who goes about in the dark,” we might assume the best way is to examine the most glaring word in that translation. But we face problems in our method if we overlook the “dark” within its proper context. Without context, we are left with a literal interpretation. At best, such an interpretation can be romantic, trivial and misleading because it ignores the depth and complexity of an oral culture. At worst, it can perpetuate the oppressions and violence against the richness and validity of Native American lifeways. So, before we continue, let us expose some of the insufficiencies of a literal interpretation in order to reveal an entirely different way of thinking about meaning. Naturally, it is a short, easy step towards assuming the Narragansett word for dark, paukŭnnum, is synonymous with the word for night, nokánnawi. Even Roger Williams took this step when he listed paukŭnnum in his chapter “Of the Time of the Day.” If we associate darkness with night without thinking, we are lead to presume the bear is associated with night. But we must keep in mind that, in every Eastern Algonquian dialect, there are several variations of night, including two Narragansett expressions that refer to “dark night,” póppakunnetch and aucháugotch. While the former may be phonetically related to paukŭnnum, the later is not. And while there were surely other expressions that married dark and night, we need not know them to understand how “dark” and “night” are different. From our own lived experiences, we know that night and dark are not mutually inclusive. To be sure, we can experience darkness when it is not night and we often observe nights that are not completely dark, especially when the moon and stars are bright. So, in a literal sense, we must not assume “dark” is synonymous with “night” nor is it an expression specific to a certain time of day. Even at midday, there can be dark clouds and dark woods, which suggests that “darkness” is not so much related to color or time of day, but to the mood and moment of an experience. At the same time, we must also avoid an empirical treatment of Paukŭnawaw’s name. If we were to apply biological analysis, we might assume that “going about in the dark” means he was nocturnal. But research refutes this notion. The American black bear (Ursus americanus)—the only ursine inhabiting pre-colonial New England—is widely considered a crepuscular being, meaning he is most active at dusk and dawn. Certainly there is evidence of periodic opportunism at night, but this behavior is more common during the bear’s metabolic stage of hyperphagia or, in some instances, during advanced cases of human-food conditioning. Leaving no stone unturned, that might lead us to consider the possibility that bears were nocturnal at one point. And it is a reasonable consideration. Some research shows diurnal or crepuscular mammals adopting nocturnal behavior as an avoidance response to daytime human activities that disturb their habitat and security as well as disrupt their daytime feeding patterns. But, if that research is applied here, then we must assume the black bear felt greater habitat and feeding pressures four hundred years ago than he does today. That seems unlikely. Given the current status of bears in the northeast and the mounting impacts of human development and the extent of that development, we should expect the opposite to be the case. If anything, black bears should be more nocturnal today. So while it may be a reasonable consideration to pursue, let us keep in mind that the consideration itself assumes that “darkness walker” meant nocturnal. If he was not nocturnal during that time, then we might conclude that the Narragansett people perceived him and named him wrongly. Before we make that conclusion, let us not forget the Narragansett’s familiarity with bears. Before European arrival, American Indians possessed centuries of experience with the black bear. Even today, they have a wealth of knowledge that surpasses strictly observational, research-based knowledge and, of course, possessed far more knowledge than the European settlers, many of which had never seen a bear before reaching this continent. Also, the nature of their encounters with the bear was quite different long ago. Not only did Narragansett people hunt bears, but historical population estimates indicate that there were far more bears in New England then. So rather than assume we know more on this matter, which itself is a presumption of ignorance and naivety imposed upon pre-Columbian Indians, we might give credit to the Narragansett people’s wisdom. From countless shared experiences, they already knew the bear was more active during twilight hours. They expected to encounter him at any time of day. They already knew when he denned, when he copulated, and when and where cubs were born. They also knew what foods he preferred during different seasons and where those foods were located, which aided them in knowing when and where to avoid him and when and where to find him. They also knew how to talk with him—that is, they knew how to encounter him when necessary and how to minimize aggressive provocations. Still, it is possible to think a being most active in the waking and waning light was also active throughout the night. That also seems a reasonable consideration. And yet, this consideration discounts the more frequent encounters with the bear during daylight. It suggests the more frequent mode of encountering did not factor into their name for him and that the Narragansett gave preference to his nighttime doings. And, if that were the case, then it raises questions: If Paukŭnawaw does refer to “night walker,” then why not grant this name to a more befitting creature? Wouldn’t this name be more appropriate for a cougar or raccoon or some other being closely identified with eveningtime prowling? Finally, we must also consider the fact that the Narragansett had more than one name for the bear, which leads us to ask if Paukŭnawaw was only used when the bear was seen at night. One name in particular, mosq, appears to be etymologically related to neighboring Algonquian tribes' names for this animal. As O’Brien suggested, mosq appears to be a common term for the black bear. In Williams’ key, he uses mosq and paukŭnawaw interchangeably twice, both in reference to the constellations Ursa Major and Ursa Minor. This then leads us to consider the possibility that paukŭnawaw was a specific reference to the bear constellations while mosq was a specific reference to the bear. This seemingly makes sense, since “going about in the dark” coincides with an image of the bear rotating about through the starry heavens at night when darkness is more pronounced. There are two problems with this argument. First, the Narragansett people would see many constellations in the sky. As Williams noted, “by occasion of their frequent lying in the fields and woods, they much observe the Starres (sic), and their children can give Names to many of them, and observe their motions, and they have the same words for their rising, courses, and setting. ” So why attribute paukŭnawaw only to the bear constellations? Wouldn’t other images in the heavens, like the hunter, also be “darkness walkers? ” Second, there is clear evidence that paukŭnawaw was used in other aspects of Narragansett life not specific to the night sky. For instance, the phrase, paukŭnnawaw ntio, which Williams translated as “I hunt a bear,” does not convey the hunter pursuing a constellation. Here, we come to realize that paukŭnawaw did not refer specifically to a constellation, but to the bear’s image within it. And there’s something more telling about this phrase to consider. When we reflect on the phrase paukŭnnawaw ntio, “I hunt a bear,” one essential clue into the original meaning of paukŭnawaw appears. In Algonquian cultures, hunting was not merely a means to acquire food. It was a ritual act. Hunting bear was a sacred event marked through ritual, signified through altered behaviors and sanctified through symbolic rites. The action of the hunter was inseparable from his attitude. Naturally, respect and reverence for the bear was an essential element to attitude. Success of the hunt depended on it. So, the fact that paukŭnnawaw was used in reference to hunting bears indicates that paukŭnnawaw was a reverential expression for the bear, not a common one. Based on these considerations, we can surmise that “going about in the dark” or “darkness walker” meant something more than any literal interpretation might convey. A literal interpretation of “darkness walker” is superficial because it overlooks depth and complexity. The Narragansett never intended his name to be superficial. Originally, the culture was an oral one and the names bestowed were not meant to be explained away by empirical research or literal interpretations because, in both cases, they overlook the depth and complexity of how the unconscious and irrational factor into naming. In oral cultures, naming is an act of acknowledgement. Speaking, we know, is a kind of listening. Language announces what’s “there. ” It is a modality through which we embrace and take notice of the world around us. So a name given and spoken points to something that exists, something that appears before us. In that way, once a being is named, that being enters into language and, therefore, comes to life in the mind. The manner in which that being is named, and the name itself, reveals something about how this being appeared to the one who named it. It also reveals something about how this being is to be perceived by others. In other words, the name itself conveys a “truth” about the being and the manner in which it exists. The name is not only an acknowledgement of the being named, it is an instruction from that being on how to engage it or enter into a relationship with it. For this reason, naming is also a gesture of thanks-giving. Insofar as something appears before us and warrants being named, we might say that the appearance itself is a kind of gift, and the manner in which we acknowledge that gift, by giving it a name, is itself a way of showing gratitude. Here, the encounters through which the bear appeared before the Narragansett as a “darkness walker,” was acknowledged through their bestowing upon him the name paukŭnawaw. That bestowing was essentially a gesture of thanks-giving—made present in their way of speaking—for his entry into their world and for his vital role to their lifeway. Finally, naming is an act of consecration. As Bernard Second reminds us, naming itself is rooted in an entire religious lifeway that engages all that is vital and relates to everything that matters. The act of naming contributes to sharpening religious sensitivities and to cultivating spiritual perceptions that nurture a different way of seeing, sensing and listening. Thus, it is a sacred endeavor, an act that acknowledges a being’s presence, gives-thanks to that being’s vital role, and consecrates the illuminating powers it possesses. For this reason, names are sacred and, therefore, not to be tampered with by others. And yet, they were and continue to be tampered with by others. Most of this comes from glancings and trivial graspings. The meaning of paukŭnawaw, based on the English translation “darkness walker,” can appear easy to understand at first glance, but usually that leads one towards a misunderstanding. This is not the fault of the naming process in an oral culture. Rather, it is the fault of one’s inability to understand the language and culture from whence the name was borne. As Vine Deloria so piercingly noted, a primary reason for misunderstanding meaning in names can be found in the fact that the non-Native worldview is entirely different from the Native worldview. Therefore, if we want to grasp paukŭnawaw’s meaning, we must avoid looking solely at the English translation. If we are unwilling to do so, then unsurprisingly we will likely grasp its meaning based on an English or Christian paradigm. For instance, in predominantly Christian-based European cultures, darkness is often perceived as the opposite of brightness. It is a dualistic concept, one extreme in a pair of opposites. What it stands for religiously and philosophically contrasts with what it stands against. We are already familiar with darkness’s association with evil. In Christianity, evil is associated with a diabolical deity, with Satan or the Devil, and the Devil is often thought of as the “Prince of Darkness.” At the same time, periods of turmoil, suffering, ill-doing and faithlessness are often considered to be “dark periods. ” These associations are still prevalent today in societies with undercurrents of Christian paradigms. We also find darkness used to represent philosophical ideas of emptiness, ignorance, unruliness, and meaninglessness. These ideas, accompanied with the Christian ideas, are what permeated the colonist’s mindset. Darkness was, after all, the antithesis of light; and light, we already know, was symbolic of peace and goodness, purity and innocence, knowledge and truth. Together the Christian and philosophical ideas of darkness were projected upon wilderness in the New World. Wilderness became the antipode of the Puritan vision of a bright, Godly city on the hill. Wild creatures were perceived as violent, brutish, corrupted and sinister. Underneath it all, the idea of darkness was tuned to a negative key and any being identified with that idea was cast as a villain. If in that early period paukŭnnum referred to a being of evil and unrest, then surely Roger Williams, a Calvinistic Baptist minister and Separatist Puritan, would have noticed, especially since his interpretations were fraught with 17th century Christian assumptions. But Williams never explicitly identified paukŭnnum with what he perceived to be Narragansett words for evil and nothingness. Insofar as evil is concerned, the Narragansett expression machit (or matta) was interpreted by Williams to mean “evil or naught”, which would then support the idea that mattand (or mattanit) meant evil or bad spirit. He also translated wachè machaùg to mean “about nothing” and wuche mateâg to mean “out of nothing. ” But at no point in his work did Williams make connections between these expressions and the bear’s name. More importantly, we also find in his work what seems to be evidence that the Narragansett infused matta and machaùg into other expressions to emphasize negation. For instance, good weather, wunnuh-quat was distinct from bad weather, matta-quat. That said, if Williams correctly translated pre-Columbian Narragansett expressions, then the words used for evil and bad as well as those used to imply some negation, are not present in paukŭnnum. Nor are they present in paukŭnnawaw, suggesting that “going about in the dark” did not mean “going about in evil” nor did it mean “losing sight of the sacred way. ” To prepare the way for original meaning, we must avoid the Christian paradigm, which tends to perceive “darkness walker” in a negative or sinister manner. We must instead be willing to shed these taken-for-granted assumptions that prevent us from seeing paukŭnnawaw through a different paradigm. Additionally, it is also necessary for us to consider how real experiences essentially allow phenomena like darkness to be employed into a religious idiom in such a way that their use in the naming of things cultivates the spiritual perceptions of a culture and engages all that is vital to that culture’s worldview. In other words, it allows the dark to express something more than darkness; it allows the dark to symbolically express a religious idea relevant to that culture. So, if as pointed out, “darkness walker” does not necessarily refer to nocturnal or sinister behavior, then with what else might we identify its meaning? In oral cultures, names do not convey facts. They are metaphorical. As metaphor, they tell a story. N. ScottMomaday expressed it eloquently in his memoir, The Names, where he reminds us that stories breath life into names. A name is defined by a story and the meaning behind the name is found in that story and, in turn, is preserved by the storytellers. So paukŭnawaw tells a story of the bear’s life and the bear’s life is reflected in the name. The bear comes from somewhere just as the river comes from somewhere. The bear is journeying onward just as rivers are. Present in the river are its source and mouth; present in the bear are the den world, the lived world, and some other worldly realm—a realm, in this case, that is best conveyed by darkness. As “darkness walker”, paukŭnawaw conveys more than just a story; it conveys a movement. The bear’s entire life journey seems to be one expressed symbolically in terms of “going about in the dark”, with special emphasis on the metaphorical power of darkness. This is where we now find ourselves: questioning how our lived experiences of darkness as a definite phenomena represents something metaphorical that is applicable to the bear. As we already stated, darkness is encountered as the absence of brightness. Experientially, our eyes see best in the light and, in complete darkness, our eyes cannot see. Darkness itself then, is more likely synonymous with not seeing at the experiential level. When we are in complete darkness, we simply do not know what is out there. So, coinciding with the inability to see is the inability to know. So rather than get too far ahead of ourselves by associating darkness with nothingness or evil or meaningless, we might instead stop short of that and associate it simply with the visible presence of the unknown, of mystery. But his name conveys so much more than that. We know that sensuous experience is the fertile ground for the human’s naming of things. This also is evident in oral traditions. In the Narragansett culture, we can surmise that the origin of the bear’s name likely came from illuminating encounters with him—from evanescent moments of union when the bear stood before the human and the human stood before the bear. Then and there, when both pairs of eyes met, the bear appeared before the onlooker as something more, as possessing an imponderable essence that even his black coat could not contain. Today we often refer to this imponderable essence as “mystique” or “immanence” or “numinous presence. ” And we can call upon the poets and transcendentalists or even nature writers of our choosing to help us articulate it. Some of these creative works bring forth truths that “speak” to everyone. A work of art conveys something that never really belonged to the author or poet, nor does it come from them. It comes instead to them, through lived experience and is evoked forth through the artist’s work. Then, once we discover the artist’s work, as Joseph Campbell explained, we witness in their expression some truth borne from the unconscious in all of us; we discover some truth that we have always knew and wanted to say but did not know how to say it. Aldo Leopold had an especially eloquent way of expressing imponderable essence when he wrote of the “venerable presence” the bear brought to the mountain and of the “secret opinion” that mountains have of wolves. In his words, we find a way to articulate something we have already experienced. We may also call upon the mystical traditions and their rich heritage of dealing with the “spirit” or “soul” of things. More so than naturalists, which pointed to notions of the sacred but rarely delved into it, the mystics swam in it and spent lifetimes reflecting upon, discerning, and conveying their experiences of the sacred. Through their works we come to realize that the sacred and imponderable essence are heavy notions not meant to be trivialized or romanticized. That at least is a cautionary lesson. To grasp imponderable essence, we must be careful to avoid trivializing what is not for words alone to convey. We must also be careful to avoid romanticizing an essence that not always appears benign and “good” for there are also terrifying and threatening aspects to incomprehensibility. Also, we already know that trivializing and romanticizing names and expressions tend to disregard the depth and complexities of Native American cultures. That can be, at least, a subtle insult, and at worst, a subtle violence that perpetuates oppression and forced assimilation and wreaks havoc upon that culture, whether that culture is dead, threatened or very much alive. So, if there is any lesson we can learn from the mystics, it is that this imponderable essence is not to be interpreted haphazardly. Of course, we can always resort to a literal or empirical understanding of imponderable essence. But both are problematic. A literal interpretation is essentially rooted in a kind of fundamentalism that need not involve critical thought and, therefore, overlooks the possibility that the real power is in the revelations that words point to, but cannot explain themselves. Nor can we engage in a strictly objective interpretation since a scientific treatment of imponderable essence, which speaks in objective voice, does not speak the language of the unconscious. It deals with the rational, with the pragmatic and explainable. It does not deal with, nor does it want to deal with, the irrational or the unexplainable. But whatever we choose to call this imponderable essence or however we choose to articulate it, we cannot doubt those moments in our own lives when, standing before the bear, just as the Narragansett people stood before him, we catch a glimpse of some transcendent or incomprehensible aura radiating outwards from somewhere deep within him into the ravines and over the ridge tops to permeate every thicket and every shadow as it spreads. In that moment, we may say that we can “feel” the bear’s presence. Even when the bear is no where in sight, we somehow “feel” his presence nearby. Indeed, there are revelatory moments when the bear no longer appears as just a bear, but becomes a gathering source, a centering subject, for the mystique of the entire surrounding woods. Surely there are moments when the bear reveals something inexplicable that quietly affirms our emotional sensitivities and challenges our intellectual perceptions. So much so, in fact, that we not only come to admire the bear, but find ourselves drawn towards him and inspired to safeguard him like an earthly brother, perhaps not realizing that it is what draws us towards him that motivates scientists and advocates alike. This is where we are, standing before the bear, like Narragansett hunters in those days of old, at a loss for words at our witnessing of an inexplicable illumination emanating from the bear. The words escape us and the word “bear” seems unimportant, inessential, sterile. We seek to give the bear a name that encapsulates the “more” emanating from him. But rather than supplant his common name with a name more fitting of his imponderable essence, we instead speak of his “numinous presence” or “mystique”, with the assumption that this mystique is somehow not unique to the bear and, therefore, something that is outside of the bear. But, we might learn a thing or two here from the Ancient Ones. This revelatory moment is nothing new. As we explored in the previous chapters, it has been going on for thousands of years. And the Narraganset, we can suppose, were no exception. They too were vey much aware of an imponderable essence in things. They too had experienced a pervasive mystery in the bear and even had an expression for it, which early English translators misinterpreted to mean “gods”. That expression was manitoo, which we now come to understand as meaning “incomprehensible essence or power. ” Their awareness of the bear’s mystique was further made evident in an act of acknowledgement or thanksgiving, which was exemplified in the custom of crying out “manitoo! ” whenever they witnessed this mystique or, as Williams once wrote, this excellency in things. That he was manitoo was further confirmed by his quiet disappearance each autumn after the last leaf fell and the winter spirit, papònand, arrived; and then each spring by his dramatic reappearance when the warm winds of the healing spirit, hobbokan, breathed life back into earth. To the various Algonquian peoples of the northeast, the bear underwent a physical death each winter only to be reborn again each spring. In the between of death and rebirth, consistent with most Algonquian beliefs, he went on a spiritual journey into the realm of the ancestors and returned again. And life followed him. To travel back and forth between worlds was a transcendent power, which was not held within his being but permeated from it. Such power also indicated that the bear had knowledge of the secrets about birth, life, fertility, spirit world, especially since these secrets were and essentially still are mysteries to us. To have knowledge of these secrets was, then, a sign that one possessed some of their power. That power made him more than just a bear. He was a higher mode of being, often called upon as paukŭnnawwanit, or spirit bear. As a darkness walker, he essentially walked in the unknown, he possessed secrets to what was unknown. He was not so much the one who walked about in the dark. He was more so the one who walked about in mystery. He wasn’t a god, but he did speak for god. And it seems apparent to me that the fluent speakers of the Narragansett language knew this. Algonquin dialects were originally phonetic, which is to be expected for oral cultures. While the exact spelling of pau-kŭn-aw-waw is unclear, especially since there are several variations of spelling, the variation we will use is based on work done by Frank O’Brien’s was essentially William’s best attempt at syllabic representation in English how the name must have sounded to him. Roger Williams, A Key into the Language of America, Wayne State University Press, Detroit, MI, 1973, p 156. William’s 1643 book is one of only a few remaining sources that document the Narragansett language with respect to European and American Indian relations. Roger Williams, A Key into the Language of America, 142, 156. See the etymological relationship between the Narragansett word for dark, paukŭnnum, and the word for bear, paukŭnnawaw, which Williams also spells as paukŭnawwaw. Donna Hightower Langston, The Native American World, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, 2003, p 239. Williams, A Key into the Language of America, p 142. Williams, A Key into the Language of America, p 86, 156. Williams, A Key into the Language of America, p 155-56. Williams, A Key into the Language of America, p 227. Bernard Second, Mescalero Apache Singer, as cited in Clair R. Farrer, “Singing for Life: The Mesacaro Apache Girl’s Ceremony,” Southwestern Indian Ritual Drama (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1980), 125. Lawrence Sullivan, “Understanding Native American Religious Lifeways: An Introduction,” in Native Religions and Cultures of North America: Anthropology of the Sacred, edited by Lawrence Sullivan (New York: Continuum, 2003), 3. Vine Deloria, The Metaphysics of Modern Existence (San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1979), vii. Williams, A Key into the Language of America, p 120. Williams, A Key into the Language of America, p 195. Williams, A Key into the Language of America, p 121. If paukŭnnawaw was a negative or sinister expression for the bear, then surely we might see an infusion of machaùg or matta into the name or, at least, some apparent association similar to how the Narragansett described “bad” weather. For instance, based on Williams’ text, the qualifiers for “good” and “bad” in Narragansett are wunnuh and matta, respectively. At the same time, the words for “good weather” and “bad weather” are wunnuh-quat and matta-quat, respectively. At no point, unless there is a specific instance where the bear appeared or interacted with the Narragansett in a bad way, do we find paukŭnnawaw associated with a negative qualifier. Joseph Campbel, The Power of Myth, Anchor Books, New York, 1988, p 71. William Barrett, Irrational Man, Doubleday and Company, New York, 1958.

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Deserts of Pakistan – The Kharan Desert This is also called the ‘Sandy Desert’ and is located in the Province of Balochistan. It covers an area of about 48,051 sq. km. It is basically covered with sand dunes, scrub vegetation and weathered rocks. Rainfall is very scarce in the desert leaving it with dry lakes. The largest dry lake of Balochistan is located in this desert called Hamun-i-Mashkel. The water of Kharan basin is entirely used for agriculture and domestic use and thus it is also called ‘closed basin’. The desert consists of moving sand dunes reaching heights from 15 to 30 meters with an underlay of pebble floor. The areas between these dunes are hard when its dry and when it is wet it is sandy and treacherous. There is a huge barren area of this desert which comes in the territory of half of Iran with a continuation of waste land in Pakistan. This is a continous stretch of total barren land from the Alborz mountains in the northern direction to the plateau in Balochistan around 1200 kilometers to the southeast. The altitude of this desert moves from about 1000 m in the north to approximately 250 m in the southwest. The average rainfall in the desert is about 100 mm annually. The entire area of the desert has inland drains and dry lakes. A lake basin in Iran called Gowd-e-Zereh gets excessive drainage and it is separated from the kharan desert in Pakistan by the hills of low Chaghai. It cause the river Mashkel to form a lake with the highlands which surrounds Koh-e-Tafta’n the great volcano. The 85 kilometer long and 35 kilometers wide area of the surface of the Hamun-i-Mashkel is filled with sun cracked clay, salthy marshes, moving sand dunes and oxidized pebbles. This part is known for its sudden sand storms and constant mirage. Webpreneur. CEO ContentCreatorZ Pakistan. Managing Partner Media Marketing Services.

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Special Report: Fight against Global Warming The global land surface temperature was the warmest on record for March(Xinhua/Reuters File Photo) WASHINGTON, April 17 (Xinhua) -- The global land surface temperature was the warmest on record for March, 1. 83 degrees Celsius above the 20th century mean of 4. 89 degrees, according to a new report released Thursday by U.S. federal agency. Global ocean surface temperatures were the 13th warmest in March, as the cooling influence of La Nina in the tropical Pacific continued, said the analysis report by U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Combining the land and the ocean temperatures, the overall global temperature ranked the second warmest for the month of March, 0. 71 degrees above the 20th century mean of 12. 72 degrees. Global temperature averages have been recorded since 1880, and the warmest March on record occurred In March, temperatures more than 4 degrees above average covered much of the Asian continent. Two months after the greatest January snow cover extent on record on the Eurasian continent, the unusually warm temperatures in March led to rapid snow melt, and March snow cover extent on the Eurasian continent was the lowest on record. The average temperature for March in the contiguous United States ranked near average for the past 113 years. It was the 63rdwarmest March since record-keeping began in the United States in 1895.

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Flow Chart For Beneficiation Of Iron Ore Iron Ore Beneficiation Plant Flowchart. Iron Ore Beneficiation Plant Flowchart. Iron Ore Introduction Ore which contains an economical use of iron is called an iron ore There are many types of iron ore magnetite Fe3O4 hematite Fe2O3 and FeCO3 etc which are mainly used for iron making Iron ore is an important raw material for iron and steel. Mining Iron Ore Flowchart . 2020-5-8mining iron ore flowchart. Iron Ore Mining Process Flow Chart Iron Ore Crushing and Screening used for Mining Process Flow Chart Online Beneficiation of Iron Ores ispatgu Apr 3 2014 Iron ore is a mineral which is used after extraction and processing for the production of iron and steel For beneficiation of a particular iron ore the emphasis is. 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Overview of flowsheet of iron ore beneficiation for cement pictures of copper ore beneficiation flow sheet iron ore beneficiation dry process flow sheet mineral mar 12 2018 customized products and processing flow sheet can be designed and flow for various ores beneficiation including iron ore tin ore copper ore gold ore lead. Iron Ore Beneficiation flow According to different extent form, classification of iron ore have hematite, limonite, magnetite, siderite, etc. According to different iron ore types, iron ore beneficiation processes mainly refer to magnetic separation, flotation separation, gravity separation and. Flow Chart Iron Ore Beneficiation Iron Ore Mining Beneficiation Processing Flow Chart In Brail iron ore beneficiation plant process flow diagram Aug 14 2016 Iron Ore Beneficiation Process Flow Chart For Processing beneficiation process flow chart line mines in brail historie of the crusher And Support Online beneficiation of bauxite ore pdf. Flow Chart For Iron Ore Mining. Iron ore mining process flow chart iron ore crushing and screening used for mining process flow chart online beneficiation of iron ores ispatgu apr 3, 2014 iron ore is a mineral which is used after extraction and processing for the production of iron and steel for beneficiation of a particular iron ore . Flowchart Beneficiation Plant Iron Ore. Flow chart for iron ore beneficiation plant. it is an oxide of chromium and iron, and its composition is feo. cr2o3 typically, the flowchart of chrome ore beneficiation plant with gravity separation method. chat online inquiry form. . Iron Ore Beneficiation Process. Apr 27, 2017 The whole process of magnetic concentration as applied to the eastern Mesabi magnetites is a good illustration of the manner in which the various types of machines can be made to work together so as to produce a highgrade furnace product from an ore material containing only 25 per cent of iron in the form of magnetite. Flow Chart Of Iron Ore Benificiation Plant Prominer Process Flow Chart Of Iron Smelting From Haematite Ore Pdf. The process of the extraction of iron is carried out by the following steps. iron extraction from hematite flow chart - mobility Mining And Extraction Iron Ore Flow Chart - Mining Machinery. 17 May 2014 Flow Chart Of Iron Ore Pellet Plant Course of action Manganese crushing the extraction 17 Jun 2013 copper extraction flow chart in. Iron ore to steel process flow chart. iron ore pelletisation machinery and equipment hydrocyclone iron ore beneficiation and pelletisation process . Iron Ore Mining Process flow chart in South Africa Iron . Iron Ore Mining Process flow chart. Through the fact that according to the USGS A viable market is available for a. Hematite Ore Process Flow Diagram. Hematite ore beneficiation flow chart bailing machinery. hematite ore beneficiation flow chart bailing machinery. apr 03, 2014 dso, gravity separation, iron ore, iron ore beneficiation, magnetic separation, beneficiation of iron oresron ore is a mineral which is used after extraction and processing for the production of iron and steelhe main ores of iron. DETAILS Iron Ore Beneficiation Plant Flow Diagram. Beneficiation of iron ores ispatguru apr 03 2014 fig 1 a typical flow sheet of iron ore beneficiation plant some of the common methodstechniques applicable for iron ore processing are described below crushing grinding and screening technique the purpose of grinding and regrinding is to reduce the ore to a size small. Iron Ore Beneficiation Flow Chart Iron Ore Beneficiation Plant Flowchart-Jaw Crusher. Flow Chart Of Iron Ore Mineral Processing Loading Plant. Beneficiation of iron ores ispatguru apr 03 2014 the process adopted to upgrade the fe content of iron ore is known as iron ore beneficiation iob however iron ores from different sources have their own peculiar mineralogical characteristics and require the specific beneficiation and. Flow chart iron ore beneficiation process saudia crusher, south africa crusher. flow chart of iron ore Iron Ore Pellets the Iron Ore Pelletization Plant and Iron Ore Beneficiation Plant.General Process Information 2. 1. Flow Chart iron ore mining surveyor india solvay process flow diagram,pdf. – ironoredressingplant. com. Gravity Flow Chart,Manganese Ore Beneficiation Flow Chart , Find Complete Details about Gravity Flow Chart,Manganese Ore Beneficiation Flow Chart,Manganese Ore Beneficiation Flow Chart,Manganese Ore Beneficiation Flow Chart,Mn Ore Beneficiation Flow Chart from Other Mining Machines Supplier or Manufacturer-Jiangxi Hengchang Mining Machinery Manufacturing . Flow sheet iron ore beneficiation plant Iron Ore Mining Process Flow Chart – crusher machinery the relationship between iron ore mining and iron oreMining and mineral processing equipment for application with iron ore, bauxite, chromite, gold, copper and many other mineral ores. Flow Chart For Iron Ore Beneficiation Plant Iron ore beneficiation process flow sheet. Iron Ore Beneficiation Process Flow Chart Crushing Grinding Machinery for Iron Ore beneficiation in the form of gravity separation technology and the Magnetic separation process . mining process of iron ore flowchart in india - India.Flow Chart Ore Iron Mining. flow diagram on mining iron - ddmsuncraft. iron ore processing flow chart Archives - Mineral Processing . May 24 2016 . Beneficiation of Iron Ore and the treatment of magnetic iron taconites stage grinding . Mining ore process flow charts - CME - . Iron Ore Mining Process Flow ChartUsed Iron Ore Crushing.Fig 5. 2 Flowchart for beneficiation of iron ore slime 44 ~ VII ~ LIST OF TABLES Table 3. 1 Specification of Gyratory crusher (Primary crusher) 16 Table 3. 2 Specification of the Apron feeder 17 Table 3. 3 Specification of C-4 conveyor 20 Table 3. 4 Specification.Iron ore pelletisation flow chart diagram. Iron Ore Pelletisation Process Flow Chart. Iron ore processing flow chart archives mineral beneficiation of iron ore and the treatment of magnetic iron taconites stage grinding and wet magnetic separation is standard practice this also applies to iron ores of the non-magnetic type which after aet price online chat flow chart iron ore .

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Scale Plastic Model Kits The Yamato is the largest battleship ever built. When designed in 1936, due to the political situation her construction was shrouded in secrecy. During World War II however, Yamato remained very much an unexploited weapon. With the loss of Iwo Jima in the spring of 1945, the Japanese Naval Command decided to commit a last large naval offensive in an effort to avoid the imminent loss of Okinawa, the closest major island to Japan. On April 6, 1945, with nine support ships, Yamato left the naval harbor of Kure with a crew of 3332. Many of them were young men who were newly trained. On April 7, Yamato engaged the overwhelming forces of the U.S. Naval Fleet which was supported by extensive carrier support. The battle began at 12:37pm and Yamato foundered at 2:23pm. The surviving crew consisted of 269 men, while 3,063 were lost. Among Yamato's escort force, an additional 1,187 men were lost. Check items you wish to purchase & then click the "Submit" button at the bottom of the page. This page was last updated Feb 12th 2013.

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A modern chemical soup Until very recently — just 10 years ago — there was almost no research on how industrial pollution affected pregnant women. It had been assumed that the placenta shielded the cord blood and the developing fetus from most pollutants. The reality, however, is that the umbilical cord carries not only oxygen and nutrients to the fetus, but also industrial chemicals, pollutants and pesticides. Two separate studies conducted in 2004 and 2008 by the Environmental Working Group (EWG) found that the umbilical cord blood taken from 10 newborn babies contained 200-plus environmental toxins — that’s before they’ve taken more than their first gasp of air or had their first sip of breast milk. In the first EWG "Body Burden" study, researchers analyzed the umbilical cord blood (collected after it was cut) from 10 babies born in August and September 2004 in U.S. hospitals. They found, in total, 287 industrial chemicals in the blood — with an average of 200 per baby — including polyaromatic hydrocarbons, dioxins, furans, pesticides, chemicals from flame retardants, industrial lubricants, plastics, consumer product ingredients and wastes from burning coal, gasoline and garbage. In a second follow-up EWG study, five laboratories in the U.S., Canada and Europe identified up to 232 industrial compounds and pollutants in the umbilical cord blood collected from 10 minority infants born in 2007 and 2008. Chemicals detected in all 10 babies included lead, mercury, methylmercury, perfluorochemicals (PFCs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), to name but a few. Many of these chemicals are endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), which interfere with hormonal communication between cells and disrupt our body’s natural hormonal balance. Because hormones affect so many biological processes, including organ development and function, mood, fertility and reproduction, exposure to EDCs can have adverse health affects. EDCs have been linked to an increased risk of weight gain, obesity and diabetes, as well as, food allergies, infertility, reproductive abnormalities, reproductive system cancer, early puberty and neurological and behavioral disorders, like ADHD. Unfortunately, our everyday exposure to EDCs includes: "We now know that during pregnancy, exposure of the mother to some chemicals, pollutants and foods may impact a developing baby and have long-lasting effects on a child’s health even into adulthood," says Dr. Vik Sachar, a Los Angeles-based, high-risk pregnancy specialist, who adds: "The best defense is to minimize the mother's exposure to toxins during pregnancy. " After discovering that his 4-year-old daughter’s "toy" makeup and his wife’s makeup contained endocrine disrupting toxins, such as parabens, phenols and formaldehyde, he founded his own cosmetic company, V. Sachar MD — non-toxic safe cosmetics for pregnancy for the face, lips and eyes, as well as pregnancy creams. Growing up, actress Jessica Alba struggled with asthma and allergies. During her first pregnancy, she read Healthy Child Healthy World by Christopher Gavigan to learn how to create a healthy home for her family. The revelation that everyday consumer and baby products — household cleaners, diapers, diaper creams, baby powder, shampoos, sunscreens — exposed infants to harmful toxins turned Alba into an entrepreneur. She partnered with Gavigan and launched the Honest Company, which offers non-toxic, natural and eco-friendly products for new moms. The Honest Company’s best-selling products include their Diaper & Wipes Bundle and Shampoo + Body Wash. "We want more people to have access to natural options. We focus on sourcing affordable ingredients and giving parents bundling options to fit their budget when they buy from our website," says Alba. Alba and Gavigan encourage mothers to read labels on products for babies and children — and to be on the look out for the following toxic ingredients that have been linked to asthma, ADHD, allergies, behavorial disorders and more. And you'll see personalized content just for you whenever you click the My Feed . SheKnows is making some changes!

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Share this page: What is a Louis d’Or / Gold Louis? A Louis d’Or coin, usually commonly referred to by collectors and historians simply as a Louis was a type of gold coin minted in France throughout the various reigns of different kings who held the name ‘Louis’, usually affixed by a number meant to differentiate the current bearer of the name from all other kings of the same name before him (called an ordinal suffix). Originally minted under the reign of Louis XIII in 1640, many other coins were subsequently minted under varying kings all bearing the same name, with different portraitures (depending on the current Louis) on the obverse. The Louis d’Or literally translates to ‘Gold Louis’, as there was a similar coin of lesser value made with silver, referred to as a louis d’argent, or more commonly, the ecu. The louis d’or was originally meant to replace the common currency of the time – the franc which is theoretically the earliest type of coinage issued in France. It was by no means the first gold coin issued in France however, as gold coins from Spain known as double escudo or doubloons were issued prior to its minting and was the literal predecessor and inspiration for the louis d’or coins. Throughout its subsequent minting under different monarchs bearing the name of Louis, the weight and gold content of the coin varied slightly, and unlike ancient gold coinage which would be recalled and re-minted to feature only the latest ruler, some louis d’or coins from previous monarchs remained in circulation along with new ones, with only the worn and damaged coins being melted and re-minted into new louis. From the reign on Louis XIII to Louis XIV the coin retained a standard weight of 6. 75 grams of 0. 917 gold. By the time of Louis XVI the weight had been changed to 7. 6490 grams, while the purity of the gold remained similar to the two other issues. Every louis d’or coin features a portrait of the currently reigning monarch, with an ordinal suffix to mark the differences on the obverse side of the coin. The reverse side remained a constant throughout the issue of all louis coins, bearing the royal monogram of the monarch (four stylized double ‘L’’s surmounted by a crown with a fleur de lis beneath it) accompanied by the shorthand motto ‘CHRS REGN VINC IMP’ (Christus Regnae, Vincit Imperat’; Christ Reigns, Defeats and Commands). This motto along with the monogram would remain a constant, with only some slight changes in the abbreviation of the Latin phrase in some mintages, and even some alterations on the royal monogram (with some coins often bearing the Royal Coat of Arms instead of the monogram). Designed and minted by master engraver Jean Varin in 1674, all louis d’or coins carried the portrait of the king with the motto ‘LVD ___ DG – FR ET NAV REX’ with the blank line denoting the ordinal suffix of the then reigning king. The motto is once again abbreviated Latin for: ‘LVDOVICVS [ordinal suffix] DEI GRATIA FRANCIAE ET NAVARRE REX’; Louis [ordinal suffix], by the Grace of God King of France and Navarre’. The number of louis d’or coins minted under Varin were only limited in count (compared to the base-metal currency of the time), owing to the precious nature of the metal and was rarely used for daily transactions by common folk owing to the availability of smaller denominations made from cheaper materials such as silver (ecu) and bronze or copper (sols / sous and deniers). Varin’s run developed coins of high detail and fineness, with a decidedly purposeful ‘aged’ appearance owing to his use of the screw press in the creation of louis coins. With Varin’s death in 1672, subsequent minting of louis d’or coins under Louis XVI were undertaken by other minters with specific symbols discreetly indicated on the coin to denote which minting house it was created, although the general standardized design remained. By the time of Louis XVIII the value of the louis became standardized, where it was previously forever fluctuating depending on the current monetary and fiscal policy of the reigning monarch (livre tournois), and a new coin worth 20 francs was issued. Bearing the same standardized designs, the production of the Louis XVIII 20 franc louis d’or was only limited, and are highly sought after by numismatists and a few bullion investors (along with the other louis d’or run) owing to its rarity and value. The use of the louis d’or coin was discontinued by the end of the French Revolution (1799) where it was replaced once more by the currency it was meant to do away with – the franc. A modern louis d’or coin was especially created by the Royal Canadian Mint on October of 2006 to commemorate Alex Storm’s discovery of the treasure of the lost ship Chameau in 1965. Weighing 1. 555 grams of pure (24 carat) gold, it featured the image of Queen Elizabeth II on the obverse, with the royal monogram of King Louis as featured on every louis d’or coin on the obverse, along with the motto, albeit with a less stylized monogram and a non-abbreviate motto. Limited to a production run of 10, 000 coins, it had a face value of one Canadian dollar, and, owing to its purity and rarity, it is highly sought after by bullion investors and numismatists alike. Gold Louis - References: Content researched and created by Alexander Leonhart for coinandbullionpages. com © coinandbullionpages. com 2012 Note - this site provides general information about gold, silver, coins and bullion. None of the contents of this web site should be seen as financial or investment advice.

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The Olympics: The Basics is an accessible, contemporary introduction to the Olympic movement and Games. Chapters explain how the Olympics transcend sports, engaging us with a range of contemporary philosophical, social, cultural and political matters, including: - peace development and diplomacy - management and economics - corruption, terror and activism - the rise of human enhancement - ethics and environmentalism. This book explores the controversy and the legacy of the Olympics, drawing attention to the deeper values of Olympism, as the Olympic movement’s most valuable intellectual property. This engaging, lively, and often challenging book, is essential reading for newcomers to Olympic studies and offers new insights for Olympic scholars. Educated at the International Olympic Academy and the British National Olympic Academy, undertaken research at 10 Olympic Games, Mentor for the International Olympic Committee Young Reporters Programme, Academic Lead on IOC Athletes Learning Gateway in 'Sports Media', visiting Professor at International Olympic Academy.

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ERIC Number: ED471229 Record Type: RIE Publication Date: 2002-Jun Reference Count: N/A Going the Distance: Active Learning. Notar, Charles E.; Restauri, Sherri; Wilson, Janell D.; Friery, Kathleen A. The growth and development of distance learning (DL) programs is on the rise. This review examines the literature looking for instructional techniques and methods for the teacher desiring to use DL technology to maximize student achievement and cognitive development and to increase student interaction. The three major relationships within the instructional process (student-teacher, student-student, and student-material) are positively affected by interaction through the use of communication technology. The literature supports higher quality DL when interactive technology is used. The various interactive technologies used in digital learning today are e-mail/digital mailbox, group work/pages, group appointments, individual appointments, Web research/online library resources, presentations, Web site assignments, discussion boards, virtual classroom, videotape/videostreaming, and audio (CD)/audiostreaming. All of these possibilities have been used to some extent in the Jacksonville State University DL program. To provide the broadest perspective possible, this paper describes the potential uses of each interactive method. As many of these interactive possibilities as feasible should be used to enhance the presentation of instruction and the learning process. A learner-centered environment and instructor as guide can be accomplished in the classroom and in distance learning through interaction of the student with teacher, other students, and the material either synchronously or asynchronously. Going the distance for the active learner takes planning and the understanding of the available interactive distance learning possibilities. (Contains 11 references. ) (SLD) Publication Type: Information Analyses; Reports - Descriptive Education Level: N/A Authoring Institution: N/A

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Precincts exist in North Carolina as voting district subdivisions of both cities and counties. In the Proprietary province of Carolina, however, precincts were administrative and judicial districts of the counties or colonies. Corresponding to the modern county, each Proprietary precinct-governed by a court of justices chaired by a steward-had a sheriff as its chief law officer. The precincts also were used in determining representation in the Assembly and organizing the militia. Since the colonial Assembly first met in 1665, precincts may have been established at that time, but the earliest documentation is a 1668 commission that confirms that Pasquotank Precinct was in existence. It is likely that Chowan, Currituck, and Perquimans Precincts were created at the same time. These four governmental units are North Carolina's oldest extant counties. 1 January 2006 | Butler, Lindley S.

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|This article is about an older version of DF. | Skin is a tissue layer common to most creatures. Different types of creatures have different types of skin. - Most mundane creatures have raw hide, which displays in-game as skin. This is the only type that can be tanned into leather. - Insectoids creatures have Chitin. - Reptilian creatures and fish generally have Scales. Skins are stored in a refuse stockpile (both fresh and rotten). Skins can be tanned. Tanning a skin yields 1 tanned hide. Scales, Chitin, or Feathers cannot be tanned. The process of tanning raw hides is done at the Tanner's shop. It requires a dwarf with the Tanning labor enabled. Leather is used to make low-grade armor and clothing. Leather is also used to make bags, quivers, backpacks, waterskins, clothing, shields, armor, crafts and decorations. The process of making and using leather is part of the Meat industry, rather than Clothing industry.

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THE FOOD PYRAMID There’s a very strong link between nutrition and well-being that also involves the health of our planet. Basically, eating healthfully and responsibly is fundamental not only for our body, but also for the environment. As a matter of fact, a healthy diet has a low environmental impact. The food pyramid is the most ingenious, simple and effective representation of a correct and balanced nutritional style, which corresponds to the Mediterranean dietary model identified in the seventies by Ancel Keys, after his large study on the correlation between nutrition and health. The components of the Mediterranean diet are very well summarized in a scheme created in 1992 by the US Department of Agriculture, that was recently updated. This scheme places at the top those foods that are to be consumed only occasionally, and at the bottom the necessary ones, which are known to have positive effects on our health and therefore must be consumed daily. A balanced nutritional intake throughout the day is essential. Even mid-morning and afternoon snacks play an important role in a balanced diet because: Since mid-morning and afternoon snacks should represent around 12-18% of our daily calorie intake, you can treat yourself to a few tasty breaks. Also because burning these calories is easier than you think. A few examples? A 171-calorie bag of potato chips A 265-calorie blueberry muffin with your dog it’s even more fun Keep in mind that, in addition to a balanced diet, a healthy lifestyle requires at least thirty consecutive minutes of physical exercise per day. We will work with you to find the solution together

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Plastic drinking straws take up to 200 years to decompose, and with 500 million thrown away each day in the U.S. alone, they are a huge part of the growing plastic waste crisis that is fatal to fish. This is the impetus behind the installation Killer Net by the 16-year-old artist and designer Adriano Souras, who found 9,000 straws and fashioned them into a plastic fisherman’s net. Fishermen’s nets should be used to catch fish but due to ocean pollution, they increasingly collect old plastic. Souras’s art represents the idea that the ocean and plastic have become synonymous. “The Killer Net is visually pleasing and disturbing at the same time, as its complexity, vibrancy, and harmony appeal to the viewer, in the same way plastic has, to the consumers, for so long. On the other hand, it is a terrifying reminder of our future, if we continue to disregard the evidence and impact plastic already has on our environment, we will destroy our oceans and our sea life. The net is adjustable and takes on different shapes, indicating the constant spread, sometimes subtle and sometimes aggressive, that pollution causes. This is disguised behind the appealing colors of the straws,” said the artist. Through July 9, 2019 Blackbox Gallery, Some Office 1551 West Homer Street, Chicago, IL 60642 By appointment only.

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In Your Life Cell PhonesNine out of 10 Americans use them. Despite no definitive evidence, rumors of health risks have continued to crop up. Recently a joint review published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology concluded that the radio-frequency waves emitted by cell phones could, in fact, be linked to a mild increased risk of brain tumors. The middle ground: “In general, the shorter the conversation, the smaller your exposure,” says Leeka I. Kheifets, Ph.D., a professor of epidemiology at the University of California, Los Angeles, who has studied the effects of cell-phone radiation. For calls lasting more than two minutes, use an earpiece or the phone’s speaker; this can cut wave exposure by 1,000 times. And when you have a weak signal, don’t make a call. Your body is subjected to a higher exposure when a phone has to boost its radio signal to get connected.

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PHOTOS & VIDEOS Protecting Your Online PrivacyMarch 29, 2013 Protecting Your Online Privacy Kids who use mobile devices like tablets and smartphones are more connected than ever. But going online has it's risks. That's why the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) created the Children's online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA), which protects the digital privacy rights of kids ages 12 and under. This year, the FTC is updating the law for the first time since it was created in 1998 to cover newer forms of technology, like online video and mobile apps. Watch this video to learn more about COPPA and protecting your privacy online. Read more about this issue in the March 29, 2012 edition of TIME FOR KIDS.

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Today we commemorate the most important day in all of Christendom… Today we commemorate the most important day in all of Christendom… Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace, good will toward men. “Spanish friars mercilessly flogged Filipinos.” This modern concept of the Indio being flogged by a Spanish friar under the hot tropical sun is what keeps the motor of hispanophobia running. There is no more need to expound what an indio means; simply put, indio is a Spanish word for “native”. The so-called “insulares” or Spaniards who were born in Filipinas were the first Filipinos. Through time, however, hispanization further blurred this. Indios/natives who were Christianized, who started learning and talking in Spanish, and who imbibed the culture from the West began referring to themselves not as indios but Filipinos as well. And this posed not a problem to the insular. As a matter of fact, the insular never considered themselves as “Spaniards” in the strictest sense of the word. They, as well as the Hispanized indios, simply referred to themselves as FILIPINOS. Filipinas is where they were born and where they grew up (patria chica). To continue, those indios —whether they belonged to the Tagálog race, Ilocano race, Bicolano race, etc. — who were Hispanized in effect lost their “indio” identity (but not completely, of course) when they assimilated themselves to an influx of cultural dissemination coming from the West. There is nothing wrong with this. During those days, it was perfectly normal, as the influx of a foreign culture had no hint of any personal profit and even promoted cultural osmosis in the local scene (contrary to popular belief, Spain NEVER became rich when they founded and colonized our archipelago). Anyway, because of cultural dissemination, the Hispanized Tagálog ceased to become Tagálog: he became Filipino. The Hispanized Ilocano ceased to become Ilocano: he became Filipino. The Hispanized Bicolano ceased to become Bicolano: he became Filipino. In other words, the term Filipino is not a race but a concept (there is no such thing as a Filipino race because our country is composed of several races). But this concept put a premium over our collective identities, giving us a patriotic “swagger” to refer to ourselves under one homogeneous identity: EL FILIPINO. To Hispanize, therefore, is to Filipinize. And to put it more bluntly, our “Spanishness” is what makes us Filipino, not our “indio” identity (which is merely a substrate). If we take away our indio identity in us, our Hispanic identity will still continue to flourish. But if we take away our Spanishness, we will go back to becoming savages, and go back to the mountains as “cimarrones“. Take for example Cali Pulaco, popularly known today as “Lapu-lapu”. This fellow, an indio ruler from Mactán, virtually resisted change. His neighbor, Rajáh Humabon, did not. Humabon accepted change, was baptized into the Christian faith, and received a Christian name: Carlos (named after then Spanish King Carlos I). Remember that culture is not static, should never be static. His men accepted the Santo Niño (and the icon’s culture) as part of their own. Those who were baptized with him died as Christians; Lapu-lapu and his people died as heathens. And even up to now, Cebuanos celebrate the feast of the Santo Niño with frenzied fervor. Because the Santo Niño has become part of them as Cebuanos, and part of us as Filipinos. During the Spanish times, there were many other ethnic groups who resisted change — the Ifugáos up north, the Aetas of the mountains, the Mañguianes of Mindoro, the Muslims of the south, etc. And because they resisted change, they missed the opportunity to become “one of us”. Technically, they are not Filipinos. They are only Filipinos by citizenship. But in a socio- and historico-cultural sense, they are not. And look at them now: no disrespect, but they look pathetic and backward because they resisted change. The mountain tribes of the Cordilleras still wage against one another. The Aetas continue to be forest dwellers. The Muslims still raid and kidnap Christians for a ransom and to have their turfs seceded from Filipinas. Etc etc etc. Because, then as now, their culture remains static. They still remain as INDIO as ever before. Let us accept the fact that our Spanish past is what made us Filipinos in the first place. it is this identity which removed us from the backwardness of a static culture that refused to accept change. Let us accept that we are Filipinos because we are Christians (Catholic), we use cubiertos whenever we eat, we STILL SPEAK Spanish (uno, dos, tres, lunes, martes, miércoles, enero, febrero, marzo, silla, mesa, ventana, polo, pantalón, camisa, etc etc etc. ), we eat adobo and pochero, we have Spanish names, we practice and value “amor propio“, “delicadeza“, “palabra de honor“, our town fiestas are the most festive and lavish in the whole world, we enjoy the “tiangues” of Divisoria, etc. No soy indio. Porque soy filipino. After yours truly was married in traditional Catholic rites last 2013 (a first in Southern Tagalog after many decades), local ecclesiastical history has once again been made when, on April 18 of this year (just two Saturdays ago), my daughter Junífera Clarita was solemnly baptized “according to the use of the islands of Filipinas” (Rito Mozárabe) at the Holy Family Parish Church in Roxas District, Cubáo, Quezon City. The last time this ancient baptismal ceremony was held in our country was more than four decades ago! And since the rites were traditional, all the prayers were done in Latin and Spanish. Rev. Fr. Joe Michel “Jojo” Zerrudo, the renowned exorcist who officiated our traditional Catholic wedding, was once again the officiating priest. Junífera Clarita’s principal godparents were none other than my esteemed friends Gemma Cruz de Araneta (Miss International 1964 who is also a historian and heritage activist) and José Ramón Perdigón (a Spanish historian who manages the Círculo Hispano-Filipino). Click here to read the story! Welcome to the Christian world, my dear daughter! Always remember: in this part of the world where we live, to be Catholic is to be Filipino and vice versa! The recent visit of Pope Francisco two weeks ago elicited not only spiritual joy among the local Catholic faithful. It also spawned the usual anti-Catholic rhetoric done by holier-than-thou keyboard warriors having a field day bashing the Pope in particular and the Roman Catholic Church in general. Of course it was not the first time the Church played punching bag to scumbags, but the social media bashing comparatively got higher during the Papal Visit. It is said that people fear and hate what they don’t understand. But we here at FILIPINO eSCRIBBLES are not about to waste our time answering their vitriol point by point. And speaking of point, it really got to a point when it just got tiring to comment and counter-comment. Pointless. So we’ll just give them what they want. If we can’t beat ’em… well, you know the rest. To these admirable Bible thumpers, we now present to them five simple steps to further win their righteous battle against the evil, the monstrous, the hideous, the despicable, the no good Roman Catholic Church which has, sadly, created and developed a united Filipinas out of several warring heathen islanders. 1) Stop going to universities. Did you know that the university was a Catholic concept? In fact, the University of Bologna, the world’s oldest university, received authority to run its operations from a Catholic monarch in 1158. Since then, the Roman Catholic Church has become a focal point in the development of the university in the Old World, and it transcended overseas. Here in Filipinas, the oldest university can be found in —where else? — Spain, hehehe! Anyway, since the university is a Catholic abomination, it doesn’t matter if you enroll in a similar institution in, say, New Era in Quezon City or along Taft Avenue in Malate. So long as they are universities, the Catholic education imprint will forever remain: colleges, courses, commencement exercises, etc. 2) Refrain from using calendars. While it is true that the Catholic Church did not invent the calendar, the one that we Filipinos are using right now is called the Gregorian calendar, the most widely used civil calendar in the world. And true to its Catholic origins, it was named after the pontiff who introduced it in 1582: Pope Gregory XIII, Disgusting, isn’t it? Better if we all go back to using sundials. 3) Start using sign language. To put it more bluntly, all the languages of Christianized ethnolinguistic groups in the country (Tagálog, Ilongo, Ilocano, Bicolano, Cebuano, etc. ) have been augmented via Hispanization, all this courtesy of the evil Spanish friars who performed not only as custodians of the soul but conduits of culture. Because of new tools which the wicked friar had introduced to the country, new concepts emerged among the natives, concepts that didn’t have any equivalent in the native tongue (for example: the cuchara and the tenedor didn’t have local equivalents because they were novelty items). Thus the borrowing of words began. To wit: Tagálog alone has acquired more than 5,000 Spanish root words because of this unnecessary and foul Hispanization. Furthermore, the cruel friars studied and wrote grammar books about the various languages in Filipinas. If not for these friars’ “Dark Ages” zeal, our local languages would have remained stunted, backward, and awkward. Which was a good thing, anyway. Because the Catholic Church had a hand in developing native tongues (via those heartless friars), one way to fight their influence to is to remove all Filipino words rooted in Spanish such as mesa, silla, polo, para, lunes, enero, libro, calle, aparador, escuela, and thousands more. But since that move will definitely paralyze our native languages, it would be much better if we just use sign language. All the better to annoy Church authorities! Going back to those culture villains (i. e., the friars). Weren’t they the ones who gathered the peaceful forest dwellers into one compact community under the sound of the bell, thus disturbing their peace? Christianity aside, weren’t these wicked friars the ones who created towns for the indios to live in? Didn’t they teach them agriculture and food production? Didn’t these friars introduce new crops and fruits such as tomato, lettuce, carrots, cabbage, potato, corn, tobacco, chico, guava, and a host of others? Didn’t these friars teach us how to cook paella and adobo and afritada and mechado? Didn’t they teach us how to sing choir music and play the guitar and the piano and the violin? Didn’t they teach us how to dress to the nines by donning americanas and baro’t saya? Isn’t it true that it was they who taught us book and paper culture? And didn’t they bring with them the chisel and the canvas and the paintbrush which resulted in majestic works of art? The answer to all the above questions: affirmative. Conclusion: the Roman Catholic Church destroyed our lives. Solution: throw away everything they taught and gave us. It’s much better to live inside a cave and worship a piece of coconut husk (with a beard to match). 5) Forget the Bible. Who compiled it in the first place? As of this writing, Papa Francisco is already airborne on his way back to Vatican City after staying in our country since Thursday evening. It was a momentous event not only for the more than 80% Catholics in the country but for all Filipinos who shared the same goodwill and call to peace and unity. It was also historic because last Saturday morning in Tacloban, the beloved pontiff celebrated what was described as “the most moving Mass of our generation” as it was attended by victims and survivors of Supertyphoon Yolanda, “the storm of the century”, and it happened during a raging storm, with everyone cold, wet, and shivering — including the pope himself. It was, in a way, symbolic of the tragedy which has finally found closure with the Pope’s arrival. Me and my family were glad that we were able to attend one papal event in which Pope Francis celebrated his first Mass in the country (at the Manila Cathedral last Friday morning). However, we missed yesterday’s Papal Mass at the Luneta because the same storm that disturbed the Pope’s Mass in Tacloban had already reached Manila. We didn’t put to risk our children getting sick because of the stormy weather, especially our five-month-old baby girl. It turned out that yesterday’s Mass at the historic Luneta became the most attended papal event in history, with more than six million faithful braving the storm! Me and my family simply tuned in to the Internet for the live proceedings. Scenes of the mammoth crowd amazed us. If there was no storm, the throng would have been far bigger. And we would have been there, too. This morning, while browsing the net for more news about the papal visit, a video from the Papal Visit – Philippines 2015 Facebook page that was becoming viral caught my attention. It was from yesterday’s record-breaking Mass at the Luneta wherein the people are already singing “Tell The World of His Love”, the same song which was used during the 1995 World Youth Day that was held in the same area. This time, the musical arrangement was a bit better compared to the original. It was grander and more emotional. But that was not the reason why the video caught my attention. It was the people themselves, people from all walks of life, singing in unison under the dark skies, holding candles in the rain. I was left in tears at that I N C R E D I B L E show of unity and diversity! And to think that people outside the Faith chide such events as unruly and lacking in solemnity! Not even the storm was able to stop the more than six million faithful who trooped to Luneta for that moving Papal Mass! Typhoons, earthquakes, famines, heresies and anti-Catholics holding Dámaso placards, economic and political instabilities, wars, brimstone and fire, etc… BRING IT ON! But Christianity/Catholicism in this country will NEVER die and will CONTINUE to grow! It is this Faith which created the Filipino in the first place. So we will continue carrying the torch passed on to us by our grandparents! Yes, we Catholics may not be perfect and falter from time to time, but we will continue to declare that JESUS IS LORD, and we will continue to tell the world of His LOVE — the GREATEST LOVE the world has known! ¡Gracias por la inspiración, Papa Francisco! ¡Qué le veamos de nuevo!

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Working today is usually quite safe. The government has made laws saying that employers have to look after the workforce and provide safety equipment and other things for them. At the start of the Industrial Revolution none of these laws existed and so working in a factory could prove to be very dangerous indeed. This section looks at some of the conditions faced by workers and offers a brief explanation of what was done to improve these conditions. Industries such as the cotton trade were particularly hard for workers to endure long hours of labour. The nature of the work being done meant that the workplace had to be very hot, steam engines contributing further to the heat in this and other industries. Machinery was not always fenced off and workers would be exposed to the moving parts of the machines whilst they worked. Children were often employed to move between these dangerous machines as they were small enough to fit between tightly packed machinery. This led to them being placed in a great deal of danger and mortality (death rates) were quite high in factories. Added to the dangers of the workplace also consider the impact of the hours worked. It was quite common for workers to work 12 hours or more a day, in the hot and physically exhausting work places. Exhaustion naturally leads to the worker becoming sluggish (slow), which again makes the workplace more dangerous. Not all factories were as bad as the scenario highlighted above. Robert owen and Titus salt for example were both regarded as good employers in this respect. They were amongst a group of people who were known as reformers (by jody). These people wanted changes to the way that factories were run. They faced opposition from other mill owners who knew that reforms would cost them money and give the workers more rights. (They wanted to make as much profit as possible remember, that is the purpose of manufacturing in a capitalist country). The reformers gradually managed to force changes to the way that workers were treated. Some of these reforms are listed below. Legislation: Factory Acts |Limited the hours worked by children to a maximum of 12 per day. | |Factory Act 1833||Children under 9 banned from working in the textiles industry and 10-13 year olds limited to a 48 hour week. |Factory Act 1844||Maximum of 12 hours work per day for Women.| |Factory Act 1847||Maximum of 10 hours work per day for Women and children. | |Factory Act 1850||Increased hours worked by Women and children to 10 and a half hours a day, but not allowed to work before 6am or after 6pm. |1874||No worker allowed to work more than 56. 5 hours per

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Flooding that overwhelmed much of the interior United States is expected to resume in the next three months and soak communities along the Mississippi River and in the Great Plains for a second consecutive spring, a new National Weather Service river forecast shows. The projected flooding through late April could damage roads and homes, stall levee repairs and force farmers to delay or forgo the planting major crops such as corn and soybeans because the soil would be too wet. Extreme wet conditions in 2019, which were consistent with predictions of climate change, caused billions of dollars of damage and led farmers to avoid planting on 20 million acres—the most in a year since the Agriculture Department began keeping annual tallies in 2007. “A lot of guys are thinking this is going to be a pretty tough year because of the leftover conditions,” said Scott VanderWal, president of the South Dakota Farm Bureau and a corn and soybean farmer. South Dakota would be one of the hardest-hit states under the forecast. The weather service expects major flooding along the James River, which runs the length of the state from North Dakota to eastern Nebraska, where it meets the Missouri River. Sections of the James River in South Dakota have been above flood level for 11 consecutive months. Major flooding also is expected along the Mississippi River in Minneapolis and at various points in Iowa and Illinois, and in North Dakota along the Red River of the North, the National Weather Service says. Moderate flooding is forecast in 26 states, mostly along the Mississippi and Missouri rivers and their tributaries, and in the Southeast and eastern Texas. There’s more than a 95% chance of moderate flooding near New Orleans. The weather service forecast covers only riverine flooding and not coastal flooding caused by seawater. The agency will release its full spring flood forecast on Thursday. The flooding is expected in large part because record precipitation in the past year has swelled rivers and left soils extremely wet and unable to absorb additional moisture. That’s forcing rain and snowmelt to flow into streams at an unusually high rate. “The very wet soil conditions have greatly enhanced the chances for flooding in the eastern portion of the [Missouri River] Basin,” weather service hydrologist Kevin Low said during a conference call last week about basin conditions. “Almost the entire Missouri River Basin has an above-normal soil moisture condition. In the Dakotas, we’re in the 99th percentile. ” Four Upper Midwest States—Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota and Wisconsin—experienced their wettest 12-month period on record between February 2019 and January, according to NOAA records that go back 125 years. Five states—Montana, Nebraska, Wyoming and the Dakotas—saw the second-most precipitation in the past 12 months. And seven states—Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Missouri, Ohio, Tennessee and West Virginia—experienced their third-wettest 12-month period, NOAA records show. John Remus, head of the Army Corps of Engineers’ Missouri River Basin water management office, said the ground absorbs water like a sponge. “Right now, the sponge is pretty wet in the Upper [Missouri River] Basin, so you’re not going to be able to get any water to soak in,” Remus said on the conference call. The Missouri River Basin covers more than 500,000 square miles from western Montana to St. Louis, where the Missouri River meets the Mississippi. Heavy flooding in the basin last year caused billions of dollars of damage to levees and resulted in federal disasters being declared in 321 of the 411 counties in Iowa, Kansas, Missouri and Nebraska. In January, the amount of water flowing into the Upper Missouri River—above Sioux City, Iowa, in the state’s northwest corner—was nearly twice the normal level for January, the Army Corps reported last week. The runoff into the upper Missouri is expected to remain high for the rest of the year, which likely will contribute to flooding in the lower section of the river, along the Nebraska-Iowa line and across Missouri from Kansas City to St. Louis. The National Weather Service’s recent forecast involves predicting the likelihood of flooding through April at 2,751 river gauges in the United States. The forecast predicts major flooding at 69 river gauges, moderate flooding at 123 gauges and minor flooding at 429 gauges. Yesterday, there was minor flooding at 120 river gauges, moderate flooding at 18 river gauges and major flooding at five gauges. Reprinted from Climatewire with permission from E&E News. E&E provides daily coverage of essential energy and environmental news at www. eenews. net.

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Partially hydrogenated oils do not exist in nature. Partially hydrogenated fats and oils are processed versions of naturally occurring fats and oils. Hydrogenated fat is solid or semi-solid at room temperatures. It is found in hard and semi-soft margarine and in vegetable shortenings. These fats are found in almost every processed food in the supermarket. Hydrogenated fats are found in a vast range of products. Here are some commercial foods that are notoriously high in hydrogenated fats: Without paying attention to what you buy, it is almost impossible to avoid consuming these fats. Hydrogenated fats are saturated-like fats made from plant oils and fats that have been heated and pressure-processed. Hydrogenated fats are created when an oil that is largely unsaturated, such as corn oil, has hydrogen added to it, causing fat to become more solid at room temperature. During hydrogenation, the unsaturated fat becomes more saturated – "artificially saturated. " Processed foods made with hydrogenated oils pose another (even worse) health hazard: trans fatty acids. These are chemically altered (processed) fats. You can find them in most packaged foods listed on the label as 'partially hydrogenated' or 'hydrogenated oil'. Our bodies have a more difficult time with processed foods and would prefer foods in their natural state. The more solid and hydrogenated the fat, the more trans fatty acids there are in the product. Why does the food industry use hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated fats in food products? Plain and simple reason: hydrogenation extends the supermarket shelf life of products. Cookies and chips, for example, take a lot longer to go rancid. In nature, most dietary fats and oils exist in a structural form which is called the "cis" form. When these natural cis form fats are processed by bubbling hydrogen gas through them at high temperatures, they become partially hydrogenated which changes their structure to the "trans" form. The natural cis fat has a bend and the processed trans fat is a straight molecule. This difference in cis and trans shapes is of major significance. When eaten, fats and oils are incorporated into cell membranes altering the composition of these delicate structures. When they interact with normal fat metabolism, trans fats interfere with important, normal functions by inhibiting enzymes which are necessary for the body's normal metabolism of fats and they keep doing it for a long time. When you eat normal cis fats, the body metabolizes half of them in 18 days. When you eat trans fats the body requires 51 days to metabolize half of them. This means that half of the trans fats you eat today will still be inhibiting essential enzyme systems in your body 51 days from now. A study of 80,000 women in the famous Harvard School of Public Health Nurses' study proved that the kind of fats a person eats is more important than the amount. In this study, women who consumed the most trans fats had a 53% greater chance of suffering a heart attack. If the label contains the words "hydrogenated" or "partially hydrogenated", do not buy or eat it. It's really that simple. Terms like "vegetable oil" or "cholesterol free" tell you nothing about the amount of trans fat in the food. Healthy foods are far more likely to be found in. . . health food stores! Look for newer labels, such as on some margarines, that proudly say "saturated-fat free" or "contains no trans fatty acids. " The principle of supply and demand suggests that if you demand less hydrogenated fat and more truthful labeling, food packagers will produce it. Avoid deep-fried foods, especially those at fast-food restaurants. If you must indulge, come right out and ask if the fries are immersed in oils containing hydrogenated or trans fats. Don't settle for claims that the food is cooked in "100% vegetable oil. " That label lie camouflages a lot of hydrogenated fat. Remember: The goal of fast-food chains is to create a taste that makes you want more. Besides being more economical, hydrogenated oils give food a fatty taste that makes you want to eat more. Be suspicious of doughnuts from doughnut shops, since they don't come with nutrition labels. Inquire about the oil the donuts were fried in. You can bet donuts will continue to be high in saturated fats and trans fats unless consumers complain. If you use margarine instead of butter, choose one that boasts low levels of trans or hydrogenated fats. In general, whipped or tub margarines tend to be lower in saturated and trans fats than sticks. Some products contain a blend of butter and vegetable oil to provide the consistency of margarine but with no trans fats. The Swank diet includes strict avoidance of fried food and trans-fatty acids.

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What is a word that means "periodically purged" or "cleansed by fire"? - Anybody can ask a question - Anybody can answer - The best answers are voted up and rise to the top The word salamanderize has been used with that sort of meaning (regenerate, rejuvenate), but I think in more recent usage just means to burn up without regeneration. There are several mystical terms that reflect the concept, named with catch-phrases like fiery rebirth, Phoenix rising and star fire cycle. Less-mystical phrases include fire cycle (meaning the actual cycle of fire and regrowth in forests), rising from the ashes, tried in the crucible, and purified by fire. The latter two phrases appear in or stem from Proverbs 27:21 and Zechariah 13:8-9 respectively. Serotiny is a related but plant-specific term: "an ecological adaptation exhibited by some seed plants, in which seed release occurs in response to an environmental trigger, [. . . ] The most common and best studied trigger is fire". Etymology from wordnik: "Latin sērōtinus, coming late, from sērō, at a late hour, from sērus, late. " The term pyriscence refers in the main to seed release triggered by fire. Also (mis)used in reference to release due to dry conditions, which more properly is xeriscence. Pyriscence looks like a word that ought to mean what you want, except it doesn't. Swailing is the term used by the forestry community to describe the process of using intentional controlled burns to reduce the hazards of forest fires and to encourage new tree growth. Usage of swailing appears particular to wooded parts of the UK (except, naturally, Scotland, where it is called muirburn or moorburn). Controlled burn is more common in the US. Prescribed burn is also common in Australia. An elegant pen could make fine use of swailing in a literary context, but it may send readers running for a dictionary -- and, unfortunately, the reputable entries for swailing seem to be few.

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Private fostering refers to an arrangement for caring for a child under the age of 16 that is made without the involvement of a local authority. Private fostering arrangements can also be made for the care of a child over 16, if that child is disabled. The arrangement is made between the child’s parent with the intention that the arrangement should last for 28 days or more and that it is considered to be a continuous arrangement. Not everyone can be a private foster carer for a specific child. A parent or close relative cannot become a private foster parent. A close relative is defined under the Children Act 1989 as a grandparent, brother, sister, uncle or aunt (whether of full blood or half blood or by marriage) or step-parent. If a close relative becomes involved in caring for the child, it is considered kinship care. A member of the extended family such as a cousin or great aunt can be a foster carer. Parental consent for private fostering is expected although there are certain circumstances such as an unaccompanied asylum seeker or a trafficked child where young people are able to make their own arrangements. One of the common situations involves young people choosing to drift from a friend’s place to another friend’s place, relying on those families for food and shelter. It may be that their home life is not working out well for them and they don’t know how to look for support from schools or relevant agencies. It helps to know how the law can help. If you are aware of a child in need of assistance, notify children’s social care. A privately fostered child can be vulnerable which is why the National Minimum Standards for Private Fostering 2005 were established to allow the local authority to assess private carers. Prior to this, there was no requirement for anyone to check up on the welfare of a child in such a situation. The National Minimum Standards guidelines set out the role of the local authority in private fostering which is to ensure that the arrangement safeguards the child. Thinking of Fostering? Take our 2 minute test. . . Make an enquiry. . . Parents and carers should notify the local authority when a private fostering arrangement is made. Even though the local authority is not involved in the parent’s decision to place the child with a private carer, it is responsible to make sure that the new home meets the needs of the child. In private fostering, the parent or the person with parental responsibility is the one who makes any decisions about the child even though the child is not living with them. The parent may delegate some decisions to the private foster carer. It makes daily life easier if the fostering parent can decide on immunisations, visits to the doctor or dentist, and school trips without consulting the parent. However, if the parent decides to override the decision that was made, he or she can do so. When it comes to the question of who is responsible for the financial care of the child, that is the responsibility of the parent. The private foster carer can check into what, if any, welfare benefits to which they might be entitled because the child is living in their household such as a Child Tax Credit but the parent is the one who is responsible for the cost of maintaining the child. If you would like more information or advice, contact Capstone Foster Care or your local authority. Privately fostering a child can be rewarding but it can also be challenging to work with a child, providing education and other services without having decision-making rights. Capstone Foster Care can be contacted on 0800 012 4004 or simply click here. See more articles…

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Dr. Beata Csatho Geographic Information Science; Remote Sensing; Geohazard Monitoring; Glaciology Summary of Recent Relevant Research: Remote sensing and data fusion technologies are crucial for improving our understanding of the physical processes involved in extreme events, for assessing their larger-area impacts, and for creating a vital area of interface between hazard sciences and cyberinfrastructure. Dr. Csatho's research is related to the understanding of the complex dynamics of the Earth's system and its interaction with the human environment. To process, merge and analyze data sets from multiple sources, she adopts methodologies from geophysics, remote sensing, photogrammetry, geodesy, spatial statistics, GIS, visualization, digital image processing, pattern recognition, and data fusion. Her current research includes the development of image understanding, registration and data fusion methods for rapid mapping and monitoring of urban environments, the development of airborne and satellite laser mapping methods for investigating geodynamics, environmental changes, ice sheet mass balance and glacier dynamics; and the application of remote sensing, GPS and photogrammetry for characterizing of ice flow, volcanic geomorphology and crustal deformation.

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This preview shows pages 1–2. Sign up to view the full content. This preview has intentionally blurred sections. Sign up to view the full version. View Full Document Unformatted text preview: 2. Pictures help you understand ideas and information B. Auditory 1. Learns by listening to other people 2. Enjoy reading books C. Tactile/Kinesthetic 1. Incorporate information through touch and movement 2. Enjoy roleplaying, cooperative games and simulation III. Conclusion A. Review of Learning Styles 1. How learning styles help us. . . View Full Document This note was uploaded on 02/01/2011 for the course PSYC 100 taught by Professor Jm during the Spring '10 term at American Public University. - Spring '10

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The United States and European Union are allied, yet locked in an uneasy power play for the last century. While the US has traditionally employed a strong focus on military to reach its goals, Europe has conventionally used a softer approach. But with a shaken political climate post-Trump inauguration and pre-Brexit, a combined tactic may be of greater value. “Make America strong again” championed Ronald Reagan, thirty-four years ago, justifying his eventual 43% increase in the US military budget. “Make America great again” heralds Trump, requesting a 9% increase in the US’s disproportionate military spending just two months into his term. The concept that military capacity is directly linked to power is older than knowledge itself. In the past it was more true: the world superpowers typically had the best fighting forces, allowing them the ability to colonise the remainder of the world, increasing their power further, while resulting in wars that spelt threats for civilised life. The result was a shift from states acting within the survival of the fittest, predators against the weak, a move from animal instinct based on force, to one based more on persuasion instead. So called soft power, versus hard. The United States not only spends the most in the world on military power, but last year was also named the number one world soft power in both the UK research agency Portland’s Soft Power 30, and the Monocle Soft Power Survey, ousting Germany, UK and France. When Trump took the reins of America, he was given access to the entire US nuclear arsenal, intelligence and counter-terrorism operations, trade, and influence over the rest of the world after becoming what The Independent called “the most recognisable figure in the world”. Yet in Trump’s first two months’ hackles have been raised across the world as he implements controversial measures. His attempt to exclude citizens of eight Muslim countries from entering the US, continued dialogue about the US/Mexico border wall, and comments about the efficiency of NATO are just some items that have caused tensions worldwide. With great power, the US has great responsibility. But the way they continue to employ power could spell dire straits for the rest of the world. Their Western ally, the European Union may be able to help: however, their softer approach is also far from perfect. How Trump chooses to employ power will have significant impacts on the rest of the world. But instead of either hard or soft power, a smarter strategy will need to come into play. Foreign power can come in different forms. Firstly, traditional ‘hard power’, involving the use of military force or payment to coerce other states. On the other hand, soft power relies instead on appealing to others through culture, political values and foreign policy. It’s primarily distinguished by its ability to make other countries want the anticipated effect, rather than be ordered to the desired result. It’s the adult world, international equivalent of playground politics: instead of a bully pushing people into the dirt, the bully will make friends by offering to share his sweets for dessert. In modern politics where physical survival is not a pressing issue, coercive power becomes all the more important. It’s been argued by scholars in the past that the US possesses both hard and soft power, but more recently that America is increasingly hard power oriented, while Europe, thanks to a long and bloody history, prefers a softer approach. The Wild, Wild West The US has always placed a strong emphasis on its military budget. According to 2016 data, the US makes up one third of the world’s combined military budget at almost $600 billion USD. In comparison, the second largest, China, spends just 145. 8 billion. This can be put down to traditional foreign policy reasoning. The US has wide borders, few neighbours, a large population, and a concrete American ideology. Under the Bush administration, while on the scent for Saddam Hussein, US foreign policy shifted from pre-emptive warfare, to preventative, allowing its invasion of Iraq in March 2003. The US spends big on military not just to make things happen, or in case things happen, but to avoid things happening. A Soft European Cheese Unlike the hard cheddar of the US, the EU is a soft, French Camembert: smooth, creamy, and ultimately unsurprising. With Europe’s tumultuous historical past, it is predictable that following the conception of what would become the European Union (EU) post-WWII, a policy of peace, negotiation, diplomacy, and persuasion was implemented. The need to employ hard power rarely exists in Europe. When it is employed, it is typically more resultant of NATO-obligations, for example post-September 11, or during the Balkan war. Instead, the EU employs soft power, like offering prospective membership into the EU for countries within its neighbourhood. By dangling the carrot of prospective membership into the exclusive EU club within reach of various European countries, the EU has offered a powerful incentive for opening accession negotiations: requiring candidate countries to employ democracy, human rights, economical restrictions, and accepting the core EU intent and values. The result? Eastern countries conforming to Western standards – with no military intervention. Soft power employed to the finest degree. But Europe’s soft approach does not come without criticism. NATO head Anders Fogh Rasmussen has disagreed in the past with the current level of military power in the EU. “We Europeans must understand that soft power alone is really no power at all. Without hard capabilities to back up its diplomacy, Europe will lack credibility and influence,” he told MEPs in the European Parliament in 2013. A Hard Shell However, it’s no longer as simple as the US employing hard power, and the EU preferring soft power. With the US topping the charts in both hard and soft power, things are looking good for Uncle Sam. Perhaps the question is whether there is still a clear divide between the two forms of power. Following the Cold War, polls reported that nearly half the population of America believed it was in decline, leading to protectionism and advice of withdrawal from overextended international commitments. Today, if the polls above are to be believed, the US is in the strong position of being the crème de la crème of the various lists of power. But, it proves an interesting turn that it again is moving towards the same protectionism and withdrawal from international commitments. Trump’s policy enactments in the first two months of his reign have already caused friction in the trans-Atlantic relationship unseen since the invasion of Iraq in 2003. This streak of authority that has awoken is incompatible with soft power ideals, making balance impossible. The fractured EU The US’s newfound power spells trouble for Europe. “European soft power seems to be on the wane,” the Soft Power 30 report stated. “Half of the continent’s countries have fallen in the rankings. Europe’s continued economic problems, the refugee crisis, and the way it has fuelled instability and support for political parties outside the mainstream appear to be having an impact”. While the EU states individually may have been beaten out by the US, collectively the EU may be able to gather enough force of soft power to reclaim its top position. However, with the inclusion of all 28 member states, including the less-developed and enticing Eastern-Europe, this may be easier said than done. But, Europe is not out of play yet. The power of 28 member states at international round tables gives it an advantage over the single vote of the US, allowing it to place heavier pressure on its allies and former colonies to vote as a bloc. But the strength of the EU, despite its undeniable soft power, still relies on the impenetrable hard power to back it up. The EU played only a secondary role in Iran, Sudan, Zimbabwe, Lebanon, among other international crises. Without an EU army to act on its words, the EU will continue to lack credibility. Ultimately, neither the EU or the US can rely solely on either soft or hard power. This is perhaps why the US remains a superpower – behind its soft power face, is the hard power punch to follow through. The challenge now is the balance: for the EU to gain strength, and for Trump to show restraint. To make America strong and great again, hard power and tough words will no longer cut it. Sweets need to be brought to the playground too.

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By: Mira Garin HIV/AIDS was first identified in the United States in 1981 and after fifteen long years into the national HIV/AIDS epidemic, the number of incident HIV cases began to decline. Much progress has been made since 1981 both in treating AIDS and preventing the spread of HIV, such as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP); however, there is still neither a ‘cure’ for AIDS nor a vaccine for HIV, leaving prevention and early treatment as particularly important public health strategies. For those living with HIV, delayed treatment can allow HIV to develop into AIDS; if ongoing treatment is interrupted, HIV can become drug resistant and more difficult to treat. This makes prevention and early treatment central components of an initiative to end the HIV epidemic in the United States by 2030, with special focus on people in underserved and underrepresented groups that remain disproportionately affected by HIV, including people who inject drugs. Local harm reduction services such as syringe services programs (SSPs) already exist and regularly distribute clean needles to reduce the risk of blood-borne illness transmission as well as naloxone to reduce the risk of overdose among other services. There are also strong communities among people who inject drugs who also use SSPs, many of whom gather extra supplies from SSPs to share with their sexual contacts and other people who inject drugs in their social networks. To help address the ongoing HIV epidemic among people who inject drugs in Riverside, California, a group of researchers including Dr. Heather Pines and Dr. Erik Storholm from San Diego State University among others from University of California San Diego, University of California Riverside, and Inland Empire Harm Reduction (IEHR) SSP teamed up to develop a novel intervention strategy: Train volunteers (called “Prevention Ambassadors”) who are already distributing harm reduction resources within their social circles and provide them with HIV self-tests and information on local HIV services to include in their distribution. The group was awarded approximately $710,000 in grant funding from the National Institute on Drug Abuse to pilot this compelling proposal. These researchers aim to evaluate three main questions. First, will the work of the Prevention Ambassadors make a significant difference in the HIV testing practices and engagement with other HIV prevention services of the people they reach? Second, will the characteristics of the Prevention Ambassadors or of their social networks change the impact they can have? Third, how can this intervention be improved moving forward so that Prevention Ambassadors can have the most positive impact on their communities? The geographic demographics of people who inject drugs in Riverside is both large and diverse including rural, suburban, urban, and tribal areas. Given this diversity, if the researchers’ results find that this method of intervention is successful, it could readily be adapted and applied to SSPs nationwide.

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For my next few posts, we will demonstrate how to make and use sensory materials which are alternatives to play dough. Don't get me wrong. Homemade play dough is fantastic and I will provide recipes for a few of my favorites. But, we will start with a crazy, squishy substance called "Flubber." To make flubber you need: - 1 cup Elmer's school glue - 1/2 cup Linit laundry starch (found in detergent section of supermarket) -food coloring (optional) *These measurements are approximate. You have to play around with the proportions until you reach the desired texture. Pour glue into bowl Add some laundry starch Mix around with your hands It will be gooey, slimy, stretchy and sticky Keep molding it until consistency is a ball that holds together well. If it feels too sticky, add a little laundry starch. If it feels too stringy, add a little glue. We like to hide spiders and try to find them! Poking around for the little devils Now we'll hide beads. Looks like a cookie! And of course, we like to stretch it and cut it It becomes translucent when you stretch it out

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November 26 is celebrated as National Law Day in India every year to honour the 207 eminent members of the Constituent Assembly who are considered the founding fathers of the Constitution of India. National Law Day in India is observed on November 26 due to the fact that it was on this day in year 1949 that the drafting of the Constitution of India by the Constituent Assembly, which started functioning on December 9, 1946 under the able Chairmanship of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, was completed after a span of 2 years, 11 months and 17 days. The Constitution was subsequently signed on January 24, 1950 and enacted on January 26, 1950 (which is celebrated as Republic Day in India) on which date the Constituent Assembly also ceased to exist leading to the formation of the provisional Parliament of India. On the occasion of National Law Day, Prime Minister Narendra Modi has wished the Supreme Court Bar Association of India today saying that he expects ideas from the legal fraternity to discard old and archaic laws.

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Bitcoin (BTC) are digital currencies, or rather a cryptocurrency, and just like euros or dollars, they can be used for the purchase and sale of goods and services. You’ve surely heard of it online, in newspapers or on TV. But what sets them apart from traditional currencies? Everything, I would say. First of all, Bitcoins do not have a central bank or an institution that acts as an intermediary between the people who exchange them: it is all based on an open-source peer-to-peer network that uses a database distributed among the nodes, i. e. between the computers of the users. This database contains all the transactions that took place on the Bitcoin network and can be freely consulted by anyone, which means that while being able to participate in the creation of digital currencies without providing personal details, all the movements that are made are public and easily traceable. Bitcoins are legal all over the world and the regularity of transactions is guaranteed by a public key cryptography system that prevents users from spending the same coins more than once or “rigging” their purse by inserting Bitcoins into it. they are legitimately owners. Their value fluctuates based on many factors and can be constantly monitored thanks to special services that show the current valuation of BTCs on all the main trading markets of the Network. Furthermore, their number is not infinite: a maximum number of 21 million and every four years the amount of coins created is halved under a deflationary rule. At this point, you are surely wondering how to earn Bitcoin, and today I am here to try to clarify your ideas a bit. So let’s see what are the basic concepts of this new economy and if investing in it is really as convenient as it seems. Before starting to earn Bitcoin you must create your digital wallet, that is the file in which the coins will be saved (technically called Wallet). It is not a complicated operation: all you have to do is choose a client, that is a program, among those available on the Internet and follow the instructions contained therein to open your Bitcoin wallet. Among the most popular clients is Bitcoin Core which is a multi-platform program compatible with Windows, Mac and Linux through which to manage the purse, make and receive payments in BTC. Its operation is quite simple. After downloading and installing it (just start the . exe package and always click Next or, if you use a Mac, drag the software icon to the Applications folder) you have to launch it and choose the folder in which to save your wallet. Once the operation is complete, immediately secure the wallet by activating its encryption (Settings menu> Coin wallet encryption) and from time to time do not forget to create backup copies by calling the Coin wallet backup item available in the application menu. Remember, your digital wallet is as if it were your real wallet: if you lose it, you also lose the money inside it! Another important precaution regarding the use of Bitcoin Core is to wait for the software to fully synchronize with the Bitcoin network. This means that the blockchain on which the system is based must be downloaded to the PC. What is it about? I’ll explain it to you right away. The blockchain is the database in which all Bitcoin transactions are recorded and, as the name suggests, is structured in blocks. These blocks are unique (i. e. one different from the other) and contain a fixed number of coins plus the public keys of the person making the transactions (i. e. their public addresses) and the data of the previous block. The number of Bitcoins created per block was initially 50 but this number has been programmed to decrease over time, more precisely it halves every four years. On the Bitcoin Clock site, you can check the estimated date for the next block value change. To find out what the address of your wallet is, go to the File menu> Bitcoin Core receiving addresses. If, on the other hand, you want to create custom ones (which always refer to the same wallet), click on the New button. The Bitcoin Core program can be downloaded for free from the Bitcoin.org website, on which many other clients are also available for all major operating systems (including Android and iOS). To find out the main features of each software click on its icon. To download it, however, first click on its icon and then on the button to access the relevant download website or the relevant section of the digital stores for smartphones and tablets. How to earn bitcoin with Mining Mining is the operation through which it is possible to obtain Bitcoins: technically it involves attacking the data protected with encryption based on the SHA-256 algorithm using the brute force technique, in practical terms, we can say that it is like trying to open a safe by attempting several billion possible combinations. It goes without saying that such an operation requires a lot of computing power, and this is precisely the main problem of Bitcoin miners. Everyone, in theory, can “mine” and go in search of coins with their computer but it is an almost suicidal mission. Mining involves the use of the computing power of the CPU and, above all, of the GPU (ie the processor that equips the graphics card of the computer) and doing it on a normal computer not only jeopardizes the “health” of the machine but requires an energy consumption so high that it would make any Bitcoin collection null and void, indeed even expensive. Here alternative solutions come into play. Some companies, for example, have put computers on the market to earn Bitcoin while consuming less power than traditional PCs: Bitcoin Miner ASICs. While it may seem tempting, it is good to keep in mind that many of these specific computers are characterized by poor build quality and reduce their performance in a short time. In any case, as regards the purchase, you can contact all the most common online platforms for electronic commerce, such as eBay. One of the most effective solutions to earn Bitcoins without melting your computer and without spending a fortune on electricity is the mining pool. By exploiting the technology of distributed computing, this system allows multiple users around the world to join forces, that is, the computing powers of their computers, to perform mining. After successful operation, the value of the mined block is divided among all participants. There are many mining pool systems, one of the most famous is Slushpool, and to exploit them you need to use special clients, such as BFGMiner which uses the computing power of the GPU and is compatible with Windows, Linux and Mac (if you are a macOS / OS user X download it from here). How to earn Bitcoin with ASIC USB Another method to collect Bitcoins effectively is to rely on the ASICs (an acronym for Application-Specific Integrated Circuit) in USB format that cost from $ 50. 00 upwards and can help in mining from traditional computers. In fact, these are integrated circuits designed to solve precise calculations quickly and effectively. They have significantly reduced energy consumption and can be found on online stores. Their appearance resembles that of the common pendrives used for data storage. There are also online services that allow you to get Bitcoins without lifting almost a finger. I am referring to affiliate systems such as QoinPro which reward users who subscribe to them by paying a small amount of Bitcoin (or other cryptocurrencies) into their wallets every day. This sum increases significantly if the user subscribes other people to the service through a special referral link. Another way to earn bitcoins is through CryptoTab, a browser that allows you to earn bitcoin using a small part of the computing power of your computer or smartphone, in fact, it is available both on Windows, Android and iOS. CryptoTab also allows an affiliate system, when a person signs up through your referral link you will receive a part of the mined bitcoins, if used well, this function will allow you to earn large amounts of bitcoin every day without lifting a finger. Clearly, no one prohibits the direct purchase of Bitcoin through special services, as in the case of Bitstamp (which among other things also shows the current value of Bitcoins) which allows you to open an account and easily fill it with digital coins bought by other users of the site. More precisely, to buy Bitcoin on Bitstamp, you must connect to the main Web page of the service, click on the Open account item located at the top right, fill in the form that is proposed to you by entering your data and, to conclude, you must click on the button Register. Then you must access the e-mail address relating to the email address you provided during registration, you must open the email that was automatically sent to you by Bitstamp and you must take note of the data that you find in the Client ID: and Password items. Once this is done, go back to the Bitstamp website, click on the Login item at the top right, enter the data previously noted in the form displayed on the screen and click on the Login button to immediately connect to your account. Now follow the automatic password change procedure that is proposed to you and click on the Buy / Sell item at the top, then press the Verify your account link. Finally, provide and send all the data and documents requested relating to your person (the verification of all data may take up to a couple of days … try to be patient! ). After this initial phase, you can start buying your first Bitcoins by clicking again on Buy / Sell and then on Buy Bitcoins. Therefore enter how much money you want to convert into Bitcoin and finalize the procedure by clicking on Buy Bitcoins. As you can see, getting Bitcoins is not a mission impossible. In fact, let’s say it’s easy. However, it is quite another matter to transform digital currency revenues into real gain. You need to know how to organize yourself optimally and invest in mining a considerable amount of time and money. For further information, I recommend that you take a look at the section dedicated to how to get started on the Bitcoin.org website which includes a guide to take your first steps in the world of Bitcoin with many useful links and tips.

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Giving two opposing facts, one with “may” and the other with “but”, suggests that the second fact is stronger and has more importance for the writer MULTIPLE MEANINGS OF “may” There is a common use of may in professional writing that is not often mentioned in mainstream grammars. I call it the “concessive” use because it suggests that the writer is reluctantly stating a fact with it. Before I explain it in more detail, here is a summary of the most commonly mentioned uses of may (some other so-called “modal” verbs can be read about in this blog in the posts 119. BE Before a “to” Verb and 129. Differences between Necessity Verbs). PERMISSION WITH “MAY” (a) Students may leave the examination now. (b) May I borrow your pen? PREDICTION WITH “MAY” (50% LIKELIHOOD) (c) Humans may one day visit other star systems. POSSIBILITY WITH “MAY” (d) The use of fossil fuels may explain global warming. The prediction and possibility meanings often carry the extra message that the whole statement is an opinion rather than a fact (see 96. Hedging 2 and 107. The Language of Opinions); while the possibility meaning can also ensure statements are not too broad or sweeping (see 95. Hedging 1). Similar in some respects to the possibility use is may after so that to express a purpose (see 60. Purpose Sentences with “for”). One other, rather poetic, use of may is to express a wish (not a request! ) with the command form: WISHES WITH “MAY” (e) May the future bring happiness and prosperity to the country. THE CHARACTERISTICS OF CONCESSIVE “may” SENTENCES Concessive may is always used in combination with a later but or one of its synonyms. Here is an example: (f) Coal MAY be a cheap fuel, BUT it harms the environment. The words after may and but must give two facts supporting opposite opinions. These opinions in (f) are that coal is desirable/undesirable as a fuel. The opinions are not actually expressed in the statement with may … but… , but are merely implied by the two given facts. They may be stated explicitly later, but the ability of may … but … to convey them clearly often means that they remain implicit. The role of but is to confirm the oppositeness of the implied opinions and also to assert that the writer supports the second of them (see 40. Conjunctions versus Connectors for more on the meaning of but). The opinion of the writer of (f) is thus that coal is an undesirable fuel. The use of may in sentences like (f) seems primarily to associate the point after it with other people than the writer. It thus indicates the presence of “multiple speakers” in the text (see 22. Multiple Speakers in a Text). In addition, it gives a polite early warning that the writer might disagree with the opinion it is helping to suggest (for more on disagreement, see 152. Agreeing and Disagreeing in Formal Contexts). The suggestion of another person explains why this use of may is called “concessive”: it comes from the verb CONCEDE, which means to accept the truth of another person’s point despite not liking it. That is exactly what the writer of (f) does when using may be instead of is. If a writer wanted to give the facts of sentence (f) without indicating any opinion at all, it would be possible to link them together like this: (g) ONE THE ONE HAND, coal is a cheap fuel. ON THE OTHER, it harms the environment. SYNONYMS OF “may … but …” The words may and but in a concession sentence are often paraphrased in a wide variety of ways, some of which are as follows: SYNONYMS OF “may” GRANTED/GIVEN THAT coal is a cheap fuel, … IT IS TRUE THAT coal is a cheap fuel, … IT HAS TO BE ADMITTED/CONCEDED that coal is a cheap fuel, … The low cost of coal as a fuel CANNOT BE DENIED, … Coal is CERTAINLY a cheap fuel, … Coal is UNDOUBTEDLY a cheap fuel, … Coal is ADMITTEDLY a cheap fuel, … Coal IS INDEED a cheap fuel, … THERE IS NO DOUBT/DISPUTE/DENYING THAT coal is a cheap fuel, … Similar to these, but not exactly the same, is the expression … is/are all very well (see 159. Exotic Grammar Structures 2, #2). Synonyms not in this list are on the whole to be avoided. For example, choosing correct instead of true, or truly instead of certainly might change the message about the writer’s underlying opinion. The adverbs in the list are of the kind examined more closely in the post 121. Sentence-Spanning Adverbs. A particularly common writer choice among the above is certainly. This word can be very confusing because without a following but statement it would suggest that the statement it is in supports rather than opposes the writer’s underlying opinion. Care is therefore needed when it is met in a reading text; the possibility that it is giving an early warning of a disagreement should always be borne in mind. The reason why is is capitalised with indeed is that it is emphatic, the emphasis being part of the signalling of the concession. Ordinary verbs in the present or past simple tenses would need to add a form of DO to show this emphasis (e. g. Coal does indeed save money, … – see 125. Stress and Emphasis). This use of indeed is the equivalent in academic and professional writing of conversational yes, another typical concession-showing word. SYNONYMS OF “but” The most important synonyms of but seem to be connectors rather than conjunctions (see 40. Conjunctions versus Connectors for a comparison of these two kinds of word). Using a connector causes the two halves of a concession statement to be in two separate sentences instead of one. The main but synonyms are: EVEN SO (connector) DESPITE THIS (connector) ALL THE SAME (connector) (AND) YET (conjunction) ALTHOUGH (conjunction, placed before both halves, without may) PRACTICE IN RECOGNISING CONCESSIONS The greatest difficulty that concessions seem to give to English users who speak a different mother tongue is in recognising them while reading. Therefore, I offer for analysis a number of concessions in short reading texts (there is a similar exercise in my book Grammar Practice for Professional Writing). EXERCISE: Read each text below in order to discover (a) the writer’s opinion, and (b) the equivalents of may and but. Answers are given afterwards. 1. Hydro-electric dams do indeed produce clean renewable energy, but in the longer term they can have quite noticeable effects on their surrounding eco-systems. 2. There is no doubt that the purchase of a national lottery ticket requires a much higher proportion of a poor person’s overall wealth than a rich person’s. The social injustice inherent in this is obvious. Even so, national lotteries raise large amounts of money for social causes like sport and the arts, and they provide a very important highlight for those who participate, not to mention those who win. 3. Poorer countries struggling to achieve the level of development of the advanced economies may face numerous obstacles that were simply non-existent when the very first industrial revolutions were occurring. Some striking successes have nevertheless been observed among those who have actively pursued development-focussed policies. 4. Dramatic changes in the activity at the surface of the sun are certainly capable of raising the earth’s atmospheric temperatures, and yet the recently-observed gradual rise in global temperatures correlates very closely with human beings’ dramatically increased use of fossil fuels over the last hundred years. 1. Opinion = Hydro-electric dams are undesirable; Concession words = do indeed … but … . 2. Opinion = National lotteries are desirable; Concession words = There is no doubt that … Even so … . 3. Opinion = Development-focussed policies are desirable; Concession words = may … nevertheless … . 4. Opinion = Global warming is caused by human activity; Concession words = certainly … and yet … .

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Semen is a greyish white bodily fluid that is secreted by the gonads of male animals. It carries sperm or the spermatozoa and fructose and other enzymes that help the sperm to survive to facilitate successful fertilization. Semen analysis is a test of a man’s sperm and semen. Also known as a sperm count or male fertility test, its results show how many sperm are released, as well as how they’re shaped and how well they move Semen is the thick fluid that comes from men’s penis when they ejaculate during sexual activity. It carries sperm out of a man’s body so it can fertilize an egg and create an embryo (the first stage of pregnancy). Why Have a Semen Analysis? If you and your partner are having trouble getting pregnant, one of the first tests your doctor will likely ask for is a semen analysis. While both men and women can have problems, issues with male fertility can play a part in as many as half of all infertility cases. And male infertility is often caused by low sperm production. Another reason you might need a semen analysis is to make sure a vasectomy (a procedure to prevent pregnancy) was successful. It’s usually done 8 to 16 weeks after the surgery to see if you’re still making any healthy sperm. How is semen analysis conducted? You’ll need to provide your doctor or lab with a semen sample for a semen analysis. There are four main ways to collect a semen sample: - sex with a condom - sex with withdrawal before ejaculation - ejaculation stimulated by electricity Masturbation is considered the preferred way to get a clean sample. Getting a good sample Two main factors are crucial to having a good testing sample. First, the semen must be kept at body temperature. If it gets too warm or too cold, the results will be inaccurate. Second, the semen must be delivered to the testing facility within 30 to 60 minutes of leaving the body. Some factors can negatively affect the test, including: - semen coming into contact with spermicide - taking the test when you’re ill or stressed - lab technician error - contamination of the sample There are no known risks associated with a sperm analysis. If semen analysis results aren’t within normal limits and handling of the specimen isn’t a factor, your doctor may also consider whether you’re taking the following substances, which can affect your sperm count: - herbs, such as St. John’s wort - prescription drug use of medicines known to reduce sperm count, such as cimetidine - recreational drug use Testing your semen at home Home semen tests are available. However, they only test for sperm count. They don’t analyze sperm motility or shape. Find at-home sperm analysis tests here. Results for at-home tests are usually available within 10 minutes. A normal sperm count (above 20 million sperm per milliliter of semen) from a home test doesn’t necessarily mean that a man is fertile, since it doesn’t consider all the possible causes of male infertility. SEE: How To Read A Sperm Analysis Report How Long Does A Semen Analysis Take If you are concerned about your fertility, it’s best to get a lab test done by a medical professional. This will give you a more comprehensive evaluation of your fertility. This procedure will take between 30 minutes to 3 days depending on the parameters of the semen being evaluated. If your doctor has requested for Semen Culture (test aims at detecting potential pathogen microorganisms that may cause infection of the male genitourinary tract) this might take a little longer. Bacterial infection have been reported to account for subfertility or infertility in men.

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When Augustus John died in 1961, aged eighty-three, his obituary in The New York Times described him as ‘the grand old man of British painting and one of the greatest in British history. ’ This was an exaggeration, but it rightly reflected John’s status as one of the towering names in twentieth-century British art. The Slade’s star draughtsman in the late 1890s, by 1916 Sickert was observing in The Burlington Magazine, ‘Not only is Mr John the first draughtsman that we have, but he is also in consequence the most sure and able of our portrait-painters. ’ His sketches and oil portraits of his children are among his most admired, and the pencil drawing in the Mason-Watts collection is of Romilly John (born 1906), his second son with his mistress Dorelia. It is very characteristic of his rapid working technique. Though John exhibited with the Camden Town Group, he largely kept himself out of artistic movements and he never became a member. Considered critical opinion widely agrees that he was at his best in his early years. After the First World War his talent went into a slow but steady decline, although he was offered and accepted many portrait commissions from society figures. By the time he died, the rebel had become a Royal Academician and had been awarded the Order of Merit.

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After having fought for individual liberty in the English Revolution, the English poet John Milton was appalled that oppressive monarchy would be returned in 1660: That a nation should be so valorous and courageous to win their liberty in the field, and when they have won it, should be so heartless and unwise in their counsels, as not to know how to use it, value it, what to do with it, or with themselves; but after ten or twelve years’ prosperous war and contestation with tyranny, basely and besottedly to run their necks again into the yoke which they have broken, and prostrate all the fruits of their victory for nought at the feet of the vanquished… About this Quotation: It must be heartbreaking for a man with the intellectual gifts and liberal sentiments Milton had, as a poet and political theorist and defender of free speech, to see the Republic and the revolution he had fought so hard for, turn into a dictatorship under Cromwell and then face the ignominy of a restoration of the oppressive Stuarts monarchy. It did mean however that Milton was forced to return to writing poetry. For that at least, we must be grateful.

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SPESCH - Spiritual, Personal, Emotional, Social, Citizenship and Health education including Sex and Relationships At Hillcrest Primary School we work hard to ensure we are addressing our pupils' Spiritual, Personal, Social and Citizenship and Health (SPESCH) Education in all we do and our four elements: Resilience, Partnership, Innovation and Excellence are intrinsic to Hillcrest life and the pupils’ SPESCH education. We carry out Jigsaw SPESCH lessons weekly, we have inspirational quotes displayed around the school and, in every single lesson we teach, we incorporate SPESCH elements in addition to the main Learning Objectives. At Hillcrest we embrace cultural influences; appreciate the role of Britain's parliamentary system; participate in culture opportunities; understand, accept, respect and celebrate diversity. The provision we make to support the cultural development of our children is extensive. The children’s understanding of their own culture is explored through local area topic work, local art and literature. Our History curriculum develops pupils’ comprehension and appreciation of the origins and reasons behind elements of contemporary culture and society. Through our study of other faiths, cultural focus days and ‘Black History week,’ we aim to ensure that our children appreciate and are fully aware of Britain as a multicultural society. The pupils at Hillcrest Primary School also learn French as a Modern Foreign Language. Through their language learning, the children have the opportunity to increase their own intercultural understanding of different Francophone nations. The school has links with Pea School,a primary school in Cambodia, which broadens intercultural understanding and increases the children’s awareness of themselves and others. In Years 3 to 6, the children take part in assemblies and workshops, including those from the Parliament’s Education Service, supporting our children in democratic learning. At Hillcrest we explore beliefs and experience; respect faiths, feelings and values; enjoy learning about oneself, others and the surrounding world; use imagination, creativity and reflection. Our Science curriculum espouses pupils’ spiritual development by encouraging wonder and awe in the natural world. Our Art curriculum affords pupils the chance to explore spirituality, reflect on their feelings and motivations and respond visually to these. Children have the opportunity to reach out and connect with the local community through the celebration of festivals, fundraising days and regional celebrations. The school uses our Rights Respecting Ambassadors to hear our pupil voice in order to decide which charities we will support on fundraising days. Recently, the charities chosen have been NSPCC, Shelter Box, The Matthew Tree Project and Children in Need. The achievements of our pupils at Hillcrest are recognised through weekly celebration assemblies, when Achievement Awards, Golden Tickets, out of school achievements, Attendance and Class of the Week are all celebrated. We have close links with our local church, Totterdown Baptist Church, and the minister leads termly assemblies in school. The children also have the opportunity to visit other religious establishments within Bristol, such as the local Mosque, a Sikh Temple and a Synagogue. Hillcrest uses Carol Dweck’s philosophy on Growth Mindset to improve thinking and reflection across Key Stage 1 and Key Stage 2, helping children to feel valued and become confident learners. At Hillcrest we recognise right and wrong; respect the law; understand consequences; investigate moral and ethical issues and offer reasoned views. The Literacy curriculum gives pupils opportunities to consider moral codes and rules through units of work on, for examples, fables and other morality tales. Teachers use a variety of questions to promote reflection and moral thinking, eg. ‘What would happen if. . ? ’ ‘How would you feel if. . ? ’ ‘How does that feel? ’ The children have a clearly defined code of right and wrong presented to them through the school vision, behaviour chart and school rules. The school has clear Behaviour Policy which outlines the school’s expectations of pupils. The roles of House Captains, the Rights Respecting Ambassadors, the Green Team and Yr 6 Buddies afford children a personal investment in the moral codes of the school and support their moral development. Whole-school and class assemblies are often vehicles for the promotion of moral values and ethics (for example, anti-bullying assemblies, recycling, sterotypes). Year 6 pupils visit a local care home to talk and play games with the elderly residents and entertain them with music, encouraging moral understanding and valuing all members of society. In addition, they are guided towards a consideration of wider moral issues through topic work and classroom circle time and discussion. The teaching of PSHE within the school curriculum develops understanding of different personal identities, positive relationships and cultural diversity and promotes healthy lifestyles. Moral and ethical issues are debated in class such as ‘is fox hunting right? ’ and our children know that their views will be heard rather than judged. At Hillcrest we empower children to use a range of social skills; participate in the local community; appreciate diverse viewpoints; participate, volunteer and cooperate; resolve conflict and engage with the 'British values' of democracy, the rule of law, liberty, respect and tolerance. We enable students to develop their self-knowledge, self-esteem and self-confidence and to distinguish right from wrong. We encourage our children to accept responsibility for their behaviour, show initiative and to understand how they can contribute positively to the lives of those living and working locally and to society more widely. At Hillcrest we promote tolerance and harmony between different cultural traditions by enabling our children to acquire an appreciation and respect for their own and other cultures. This is supported by RE days throughout the year, through displays eg. ‘Our Global Community’ and debates led by key religious members of our community. We encourage respect for democracy and support for participation in the democratic processes, including respect for the basis on which law is made and applied in England. We do this through discrete lessons and also through democratic processes such as electing House Captains and Rights Respecting Ambassadors. We have a school newspaper which is written by a team of Year 5 and 6 pupils who utilise and develop their social skills to work collaboratively. Educational visits, and in particular residential visits (which are run for all year groups within Key Stage 2) involve the development of many social skills for pupils. All curriculum subjects use and develop social skills during group work and peer assessment. Our Year 6 children volunteer to be playground Buddies for the younger children to help them make friends and play games at playtime. Working with parents, carers, governors and members of the community It is important that parents and carers support what we are doing in school regarding the spiritual, cultural, moral and social skills of pupils. We encourage parents’ involvement through our ‘Open Door’ policy, newsletters, web site, celebration assemblies (when parents are invited to see their child’s school and extra-curricular achievements celebrated), and close home/school liaison. We invite parents and carers to a meeting before children go on residential visits to help them to gain a fuller understanding of the social and cultural elements within such visits. In addition to our day to day experience we endeavour to offer a wide range of enrichment opportunities to ensure our pupils have really outstanding SMSC provision. Recent opportunities include: Parliamentary workshops for Yr5/6 Karin Smyth MP visit Road Safety Day

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If you are wondering why a local construction company seems to be painting the local hills green, then look no further! While the green dye may look like paint, the construction company is actually performing an environmentally-friendly procedure known as hydroseeding. Hydroseeding is a construction industry practice of replanting areas of land which have been disturbed by construction projects and vehicles. A truck mounted sprayer is used to spread a special hydroseeding slurry mixture on the bare ground. The mixture will soon grow into native grasses that help to protect the ground and return it to a natural look. You might be surprised to learn that in areas that have been affected by wildfires, hydroseeding can be accomplished using an airplane. Aircraft are also sometimes used for construction areas without easy ground access. Hydroseeding Slurry Mixture Hydroseeding is accomplished using a slurry mixture of the following items: - natural grass seeds - fiber mulch These items are all added into a tub of water that has been dyed with a natural, green dye. Mixing with water turns the mixture into a liquid form that can be more easily dispersed on landscape. The only function of the green dye is to show the construction worker where the slurry mixture has been applied. As soon as the first rain arrives after the application of the hydroseeding material, the green dye will be absorbed into the earth and will no longer be visible. There are many advantages to having land hydroseeded. Hydroseeding is often used for soil retention and to increase soil stability. As native grasses grow on the hills, their roots will combine together in order to provide structure within the soil. Additionally, the grasses will help to absorb excess moisture from rains and snow. These two things combine to reduce the chance of a landslide or excessive runoff of water. Hydroseeding is also much less expensive than installing sod, because the planting process requires a lot less physical labor. Additionally, hydroseeding is a lot faster way to plant grass, even in very large areas. Next time someone mentions the "odd" green painted hills in your area, now you can explain to them that the hills have been hydroseeded and the reasons why. If you have land that you are interested in having hydroseeded, then you should contact a landscaping contractor, such as Bark Blowers & Hydroseeding Inc.

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Advanced Placement (AP) Computer Science A Introduction to Computer Science or AP Computer Science Principles This AP Computer Science A course prepares students to take the CollegeBoard’s AP Computer Science A exam. This challenging class is for junior- and senior-level students who are interested in an in-depth course in computer science theory and practice. Students will learn to program in the Java language, with an emphasis on problem solving, computer science theory, applications, algorithms, programming style, and programming design.

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Law is a subject that is both fascinating and applied in a number of contexts including the police, the courts and all the ancillary industries associated with it. Law trains the mind to think logically and that is a skill required in many types of work. Many of our students have developed links with local law firms and have gone on to train with them. Law is an interesting subject that helps to paint a picture of the criminal and civil justice system in the UK, a useful stepping stone if you wish to study the subject beyond A Level. The teachers are lovely and will definitely help you out as much as they can. Law courts in London Knowledge of the law gives you more power over your life and builds your confidence when dealing with others. Awareness of people's rights and responsibilities under the law is important in the modern world. Here are some of the topic areas we cover: - How laws are made - The work of the civil and criminal courts - Criminal law - Property offences - Philosophy of law - Morality and justice The course is well managed, handouts provided are well structured and its clear what we are learning and why.

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For many, writing helps them deal with their emotions in a safe, controlled space. Handling a global pandemic has been a stress-inducing experience, so it’s not surprising that many people are struggling with their mental health. A recent poll found that nearly half of Americans felt that their mental health was being affected negatively by the COVID-19 pandemic. After months of uncertainty, fear, disruptions to everyday routines, and isolation compound on existing mental health issues and cause even those who have not had problems prior to the pandemic to struggle. There is no better time to consider using writing as a way to cope with your feelings, especially when options for coping are limited. Even if you don’t consider yourself a gifted writer, writing can be incredibly cathartic. Writing allows you to process your emotions, or even reflect back on them later once your emotions have subsided. This can allow you to look back at the situation when you are in a different headspace. Here are a few ways that writing can help you process your trauma or begin to change your outlook. You Can Do It On Your Own Writing allows you to put your feelings into words without anyone else being involved. Getting emotional in front of others makes many people uncomfortable, and it can be an embarrassing or awkward process. In fear of judgment, it’s challenging to let your emotions come through. Sometimes it’s easier to let it all out in the privacy of your own room, knowing that no one is going to judge you. The pandemic has left many dealing with financial uncertainty. While writing is no replacement for a trained therapist, writing is free. It’s emotionally healing and costs nothing. You can also write anywhere – your home, your local park, your garden. All you need is a pen and paper. Get a Sense of Achievement As a creative hobby, writing can give you a sense of achievement and purpose. Writing can help you feel production, giving you a sense of satisfaction and a boose of self-confidence. Even if your writing is just sad word jumbles, a letter to a friend or a poem you’re proud of, crafting your emotions into works on a page can give you an endorphin boost. Writing is about creating something rather than consuming it (Netflix binge anyone? ), actively engaging your mind in a way that other things won’t. Reevaluate Your Situation Writing allows you to stop and reflect on your feelings, seeing them from a new perspective and giving you the opportunity to put them into context. Our emotions can hide the truth of the situation and make us see things that only confirm our fears and concerns. Writing when you are at the height of your emotions allows you to go back later when you are calmer and can look at it from a more logical point of view. Give Meaning to Your Feelings If your emotions are strong, we sometimes block those out because it’s easier to pretend our feelings don’t exist. Long-term, this isn’t a great solution. Emotions are meant to be felt, and hiding our feelings can lead to depression, anxiety, and other mental health issues. Writing our feelings helps us process them in a natural, healthy way. Remember, writing is not a replacement for real therapeutic intervention or medications. It is a useful self-help technique that helps many work through their emotions or trauma. If you need more help, reach out to us. We’re seeing patients remotely at this time.

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Who Decided What Books to Include in the Bible? 5 Principles. How was it decided what books would become part of the Bible? This question relates to canonicity. The word canon comes from the root word reed. The reed was used as a measuring rod and came to mean “standard. ” Canon thus refers to the officially accepted list of biblical books. We are going to briefly consider five guiding principles for canonization from the updated Evidence that Demands A Verdict. But first, realize that the church did not create the canon; it did not determine which books would be called Scripture. Instead it recognized, or discovered, which books had been inspired from their inception. Some people think the early church created the list; that they sat down and asked which books fit their dogma, and threw out the rest. It didn’t happen that way at all. In the end they recognized, or discovered, which books had been inspired from their inception. Here are five ways they could tell: 1. Was the book written by a prophet of God? If it was written by a spokesman for God, or commissioned by an apostle, then it was considered the Word of God. 2. Was the writer confirmed by acts of God? Miracles frequently separate true prophets from false ones. Moses performed miracles as proof of his divine calling (Exodus 4:1-9). Elijah defeated the prophets of Baal (1 Kings 18). The apostles perform miracles at the start of the early church (Acts 3:1-9). 3. Did the message tell the truth about God? God cannot contradict Himself (2 Corinthians 1:17-18). And God cannot lie (Hebrews 6:18). Thus, Church Fathers rejected any book with false statements about God. In fact, according to Geisler and Nix, they maintained the policy, “If in doubt, throw it out. ” 4. Does it come with the power of God? Church fathers believed the Bible was “living and active” (Hebrews 4:12) and thus should have transforming power for edification (2 Timothy 3:17), sanctification, and evangelism (1 Peter 1:23). Thus, if a book did not have the power to change a life, then it was not divinely inspired. The presence of God’s transforming power was a strong indication that a given book had His stamp of approval. 5. Was it accepted by the people of God? In his letter to the church at Thessalonica, Paul said, “And we also thank God constantly for this, that when you received the word of God, which you heard from us, you accepted it not as the word of men but as what it really is, the word of God, which is at work in you believers. ” Church Fathers considered whether or not a book was accepted by the first believers as Scripture. If so, then it was regarded as canonical. This practice was seen in the Bible itself. One instance is when the apostle Peter acknowledges Paul’s writings as Scripture on par with the Old Testament (2 Peter 3:16). Discussions about what books to include in the canon are complex, of course, and go beyond the scope of this blog. Some books were accepted in the canon much earlier than others. Orthodox, Protestant and Catholics differ over a few books too. Nevertheless, these five principles help clarify that the process of deciding what books were in the Bible was not left up to chance or happenstance. The Church Fathers were very intentional about what books they recognized as divinely inspired, and the common ground across Christian traditions far outweigh the differences. Sean McDowell, Ph.D. is a professor of Christian Apologetics at Biola University, best-selling author, popular speaker, part-time high school teacher, and the Resident Scholar for Summit Ministries, California. Follow him on Twitter: @sean_mcdowell and his blog: seanmcdowell. org.

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June 9, 2016, will go down in history as the day of the death of the Free Associated State (ELA). That day, the U.S. Supreme Court decided the case known as the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico v. Sanchez Valle et al. It is one of double jeopardy, in which two Puerto Rican subjects were accused of selling weapons to an undercover police officer. The Puerto Rican court accused them under Puerto Rican law, but the federal grand jury also accused them of the same crime in which they pleaded guilty. Because of this, the defendants asked that the case be dismissed in Puerto Rican courts. The case was then filed before the U.S. Supreme Court for resolution. Following a 6-2 vote, Judge Elena Kagan wrote for the majority that “the final source of Puerto Rico’s supervisory power is the federal government, because when we trace the path of that authority, we arrive at the gates of the U.S. Capitol, thus the ELA and the United States do not have independent sovereignties. ” Plainly, it is the U.S. Congress that gives the orders in Puerto Rico; in other words, PR’s colonial status is publicly confirmed. Justices Stephen Breyer and Sonia Sotomayor, issuing the dissenting votes, recognized some validity in the ELA as a state based primarily on its role in the United Nations. The U.S. had removed Puerto Rico from the list of its territories in the early 1950s, so it was not held accountable for its possessions, and to make it appear that Puerto Rico was a nation with a “certain” type of sovereignty — trying to purify Washington’s international image in order to deepen its anti-communist Cold War. Minutes later on June 9, and a few steps from the Supreme Court, the House of Representatives approved the PROMESA project (Puerto Rico Oversight, Management, and Economic Stability Act), which must now be endorsed by the Senate. The day before, President Barack Obama, who is also betting on the so-called “Promise,” had met with Puerto Rican legislators Nydia Velázquez, José Serrano, Luis Gutierrez and Resident Commissioner Pedro Pierluisi to let them know there was no “Plan B” regarding the proposed Fiscal Control Board by the Republicans. That is, the board would inevitably gain both Republican and Democratic endorsement. Fiscal board means ‘slavery’ What the independence movement has always maintained has now been publically and officially confirmed: The Free Associated State is neither a “state” nor is it “free,” and it is not even “associated. ” And to prove it, plunging the dagger into the depths of the Puerto Rican heart, Congress approved just hours later the dictatorial junta. A prior article, “Imperialist Control Board to be imposed on Puerto Rico,” explained just what this junta is, but Puerto Rican patriot Rafael Cancel Miranda’s words describe it even more succinctly: “The Fiscal Control Board [JCF] is blatant slavery. ” We wrote in that article: “Among its points the following stand out. The FCB would be composed of seven members appointed by the U.S. president and chosen by the leaders of the House and the Senate, plus one nonvoting, ex-officio member appointed by the governor of Puerto Rico. “Their powers — we have to remember that they are directed to pay the bondholders — would be overarching and autonomous, without being accountable to the Puerto Rican people or governed by its laws. “The FCB must approve and certify all measures, regulations, budgets, loans, restructuring, in effect, all actions by the government of Puerto Rico and any of its instruments. “[The junta will] determine and enforce the budget, over and above any budget approved by the island government. [It] will have the power to investigate and/or sanction anyone. [It] will institute automatic hiring freezes and require approval of contracts in excess of $100,000. … “All debt related cases will be heard in federal court. … Any plan of debt restructuring must be consistent with its financial plan, for the ‘best interest of creditors. ’ [The JCF] will reduce the minimum wage of workers under 25 years old from $7. 25 to $4. 25. ” What are the consequences of these developments? Since the U.S. Congress imposed the ELA, it has furiously maintained the big lie that the government of PR has autonomy and that there is a “pact” between the governments of the U.S. and PR as if they were equals. This big lie was actively supported by the empire and its local island representatives covering all areas in order to create and maintain a culture of subordination where the Puerto Rican people could only conceive of themselves as being bound to and “protected” by their U.S. masters. Since 1898 invasion Since the U.S. invasion of the island in 1898, Puerto Rico’s independence fighters have been persecuted, maligned, repressed and even murdered. The ideal of independence and sovereignty has been made to appear the equivalent of a great misfortune. In Puerto Rican households — and this writer includes herself in this sad story of families — there was no mercy for those who proclaim that ideal, unless he or she was lucky enough to be in a family that held those ideals, too. This history of the independence movement is long, and includes forced exiles. Now, after the recent decisions, a new stage of struggle in Borikén has opened. The colonial option is no longer possible. Many people mention that now there are only two options: “statehood” or “independence. ” But the reality is that statehood is really no option, and according to Rafael Cancel Miranda, this would mean the total subjugation of the colony. But how can Puerto Ricans take the road of independence when so much effort has been put into colonializing the Boricuan mind? At this point we must remember the words of historic independence leader Don Pedro Albizu Campos: “What’s on the table is the ultimate definition: We are either Yankees or Puerto Ricans.” There is today in Puerto Rico a revival of the progressive and the independence movement, including organization of various forms of struggle and civil disobedience against the junta, incorporating demonstrations, forums and work in the Decolonization Committee of the United Nations that will take up the matter this summer, and others. From the Diaspora, where we are more than 5 million Puerto Ricans, I add the following reflections: The struggle cannot be limited to a reaction against the junta; it must necessarily be a struggle for independence. For this we will need a broad educational campaign like that during the People’s Strike (against the privatization of the telephone company) in 1998. We need to go to every corner where there is a Boricua to explain the need for and the real possibility of independence. Although the United Nations is important, remember that it has served, through the imposition of the Security Council, as an instrument of imperialist war and not peace. The Puerto Rican struggle is taking place in a time of capitalist decay and right now, when the right wing wants to retake areas liberated by struggling peoples in Latin America, PR is part of those peoples and nations struggling worldwide, including the people of the United States. We must make the struggle for independence a common meeting ground for all struggles on an international level. It is not a time for reform and halfway measures. We must go on the offensive. Remember the words of Che, “Don’t give imperialism an inch. ” We should not ask or beg the U.S. Congress or renegotiate a debt that the people did not make and that is illegitimate. What we should do is demand reparations for damages that the U.S. has caused the Puerto Rican people, the list of which is too long to reproduce here. And it is far more than the $70 billion debt they all talk about. Above all, we must expose the criminal role of U.S. imperialism in Puerto Rico in all possible forums. No to the imperialist debt and fiscal control! Independence now! Joubert-Ceci is a retired physician born and raised in Puerto Rico who has resided in the U.S. since the mid-80s. She was part of the team of doctors who examined Lolita Lebrón, Rafael Cancel Miranda and Irving Flores y Oscar Collazo upon their return to Puerto Rico after their sentences were commuted in 1979. A warm, lasting relationship was then established between Joubert and Lebrón, who used to call her “mi doctorcita. ”

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Chinese Version 中文版：基准测试移动 GPU 中的浮点精度 When we talk about GPU performance (which we do a lot, here at Mali Central), we usually talk about speed. In previous blogs we've talked about how many pixels per second you can put on the screen, how many triangles per second you can pretend to draw (don't ask), and most recently, how many floating-point operations per second you can issue. Talking about speed is great fun, and we love doing it, but it isn't the only interesting GPU performance metric; quality also counts. After all, it doesn't matter how fast you compute something if you get the wrong answer. In my next few blogs, I'll let go (temporarily) of my obsession with speed, and talk about benchmarking the quality of GPU floating-point arithmetic. I have a lot to cover, so this is unavoidably long. Save it up for when you can concentrate. But first, a rant. . . Using floating point arithmetic is tricky. A lot of programmers, even some very good ones, don't really understand it. Quite innocent-looking pieces of code can turn around and bite you, and it is often very hard to figure out why you're getting bitten. That's a problem even when you're coding for nice, well-behaved, IEEE-754-compliant CPUs. When you're targeting devices with more, shall we say, character (cough GPUs cough), it's tempting to assume that anything strange you see is the result of some flaw in how they are doing arithmetic. But that is not necessarily the case; it could just be that your intuitive notion of what the result should be. . . is wrong. If you're going to do anything remotely edgy with floating-point - and certainly, quality benchmarking falls into that category - you'd better get used to thinking about exactly what's happening inside the floating-point unit, which means understanding how floating-point works in a lot more detail than, perhaps, you really wanted to. Get over it, hacker! More detail than you really wanted If you already know how floating-point works, you can skip this section; if you don't, there are excellent Wikipedia articles on IEEE-754 and single precision floating-point that you really ought to read. But for this blog, all you really need to know is this: Your basic floating-point number consists of a sign bit n, a few exponent bits, and a few more significand bits. (Some people say mantissa instead of significand; I kind of like the sound of it "mantissa, mantissa" but these days it is considered retro. Oh well. ) If I'm using a typical FP32 float, there will be 8 bits of exponent and 23 bits of significand. The exponent runs (logically) from -126 to +127; here I'll write the logical value as E. The significand is a binary fixed point number which I'll write as 1. sss. . . , and whose value is . Finally, the value of the floating point number as a whole is given by my_value = (-1)n × 2E × 1. sssssssssssssssssssssss Since the significand has a finite number of bits, there is a limit to how precisely a number can be represented. Suppose we want to add two numbers, say sixteen million and 11. 3125: 16000000 = (-1)0 × 223 × 1. 11101000010010000000000 11. 31250 = (-1)0 × 23 0× 1. 01101010000000000000000 To add them, we first right-shift (aka denormalize) the significand of the smaller number to make the exponents equal. In this case, we have to shift by 20 bits: 16000000 = (-1)0 × 223 × 1. 11101000010010000000000 11. 31250 = (-1)0 × 223 × 0. 00000000000000000001011(010100. . . 00) . . . and then add the significands to get the result: 16000011 = (-1)0 × 223 × 1. 11101000010010000001011 . . . and finally renormalize if necessary, but in this case it isn't. Note that some of the bits of the smaller number (in red above) got shifted off the end of the significand and fell on the floor, so our result is off by 0. 3125; this is a common way to lose precision when you're doing floating-point arithmetic. The bigger the difference in the exponents of the two numbers you're adding, the more bits you lose. Floating point precision in GPUs Now we're ready to start talking about floating-point on GPUs. I was originally inspired to tackle this subject by Stuart Russell's post on the Youi Labs site. He compared six mobile GPUs, plus a desktop card, and found some interesting things. I'll start by reviewing his results. I said earlier that floating-point is tricky, and that correct behavior can produce unintuitive results. . . and so it proved. Stuart did his comparisons using a cleverly designed OpenGL ES 2. 0 fragment (pixel) shader. My version is below; it's slightly different, but the modifications don't affect the results. His blog includes pictures of what the shader produces on each of the devices, and I highly recommend spending some time looking at them. There is a remarkable amount of variation in the results. These are all OpenGL ES 2. 0 compliant devices, but OpenGL ES defines floating-point arithmetic quite loosely. That isn't a problem for normal graphics applications, but the test shader is deliberately designed to be sensitive to what happens in the darker corners of the floating-point range. // Youi Labs GPU precision shader (slightly modified) precision highp float; uniform vec2 resolution; void main( void ) float y = ( gl_FragCoord. y / resolution. y ) * 26. 0; float x = 1. 0 - ( gl_FragCoord. x / resolution. x ); float b = fract( pow( 2. 0, floor(y) ) + x ); if(fract(y) >= 0. 9) b = 0. 0; gl_FragColor = vec4(b, b, b, 1. 0 ); OK, so there is lots of variation in mobile GPUs; tell me something I didn't know. Like, what kind of variation? It turns out there are several different (and largely unrelated) things going in in Stuart's results. I'm going to start with the simplest: all of the images divide the screen into a number of horizontal bars, but the number of bars ranges from as low as ten to as many as twenty-three. Why? In order to answer the question, we need to look at the test shader in some detail. What the test shader does The shader above is run at every pixel on the image. The built-in input variable gl_FragCoord supplies the x and y pixel coordinates. The first line (variable y) of the function divides the image into 26 horizontal bars, where the integer part of y tells you which bar the current pixel is in (0 through 25), and the fractional part tells you how far up the bar it is. The second line (variable x) computes an intensity value that varies linearly from nearly 1. 0 (white) at the left edge of the image, to nearly 0. 0 (black) at the right edge. Lines 4 and 5 turn the top 10% of pixels in each bar black, to make it easy to count the bars. The funny business happens in line 3: float b = fract( pow( 2. 0, floor(y) ) + x ); The built-in pow() function returns an integer: 20 in the first bar, 21 in the second, 22 in the third, and so on, reaching 225 in the last bar. That (integer) value is added to the intensity x, and then the integer part of the sum is thrown away by the fract() function. We've seen what happens when you add floating-point numbers of different sizes: low-order bits of the smaller number get thrown away. So, when the shader throws away the integer part, what we're left with is the original intensity x, except that some of the low order bits have gotten lost; we lose 0 bits in the first bar, 1 bit in the second, and so on. As a result, the intensities get quantized into a smaller and smaller number of grey levels, and the nice smooth ramp becomes increasingly blocky. When the difference in exponents becomes equal to the number of bits in the significand, all of the bits of x are discarded, and we see no bar at all. Now, since x is always less than one, its floating-point exponent is at most -1; so if you crunch through a little third-grade arithmetic (is that when they introduce negative numbers? ), you'll convince yourself that the number of non-black bars in the image is exactly the number of bits in the fractional part of the shader engine's floating-point significand. Cool! So, the first thing the images tell us is that different GPUs have different numbers of bits in their significands. There seem to be two distinct populations: the minimalists, providing only what OpenGL ES 2. 0 requires, and the luxury models, providing something close to FP32. Let's consider them separately. Small is beautiful Two of the GPUs in the comparison take a minimalist approach: ARM's MaliTM-400 has a ten-bit significand, and NVIDIA's Tegra 3 has thirteen, both about half of what the other four GPUs provide. That's a big difference - what's going on here? What's going on is that OpenGL ES 2. 0 (or rather, the GLSL ES 1. 0 shading language) defines three different kinds of floating-point numbers: highp, mediump, and lowp. The first kind (highp) have at least a seven bit exponent and a sixteen bit significand, while the second (mediump) have at least a five bit exponent and a ten bit significand. (The third (lowp) kind isn't actually floating-point at all; the minimal implementation is ten-bit fixed point, with eight bits of fractional precision. ) It's important to realize that these are minimum values; an implementation is perfectly free to implement lowp as 64-bit float, if it wants to. It's even more important to realize that in OpenGL ES 2. 0, support for highp precision in the fragment shader is optional. Mali-400 and Tegra 3 don't support highp; the other four GPUs do. Why the difference? The other four GPUs are unified shader architectures; they use the same compute engine for both vertex and fragment shading. OpenGL ES 2. 0 requires highp support in the vertex shader; and since it has to be there for vertices, making it available for fragments as well adds little silicon area cost on those architectures. Mali-400 and Tegra 3 are non-unified shaders, meaning that they use separate compute engines for vertex and fragment shading. This allows them to optimize each engine for the task it has to do. Supporting highp is expensive in silicon area and power, and it isn't required by the standard, so throwing it out is sort of a no-brainer for these architectures. Well-written OpenGL ES 2. 0 content doesn't need it and getting rid of it results in cores that are very, very efficient. There's a lot more to know about writing code for GPUs that don't support highp; for a fuller discussion, see Sean Ellis's blog post on the topic. Puttin' on the Bitz (Sorry about that. Couldn't help myself. ) Now let's look at the luxury models. In Stuart's result images, if you zoom in and count carefully, you'll see that Qualcomm's Adreno 225 has 21 bars, ARM's Mali-T604 has 22, and the Vivante and Imagination cores have 23. Does that mean that GC2000 and SGX544 have higher precision than Mali and Adreno? I lost sleep over that question when Stuart's blog came out. Eventually, I noticed that the Mali-T604 image has a status bar at the top of the screen, in addition to the standard Android navigation bar at the bottom. The Adreno 225 image has a thicker one, and the GC2000 and SGX544 images have none. Hmm.. . Off to see Jesse, our resident Android hacker. It turns out that if you aren't careful, Android status bars can be composited over your allegedly full-screen app; maybe they were covering up some of the bars? OK, I'll admit it, that's the real reason I re-implemented Stuart's shader. I just had to know! Figure 1 shows the result of running the shader on a Mali-T604-powered Nexus 10, and on a Samsung Galaxy SIII (US edition), which uses Qualcomm's Adreno 225. (We used GL coordinates in our implementation instead of DX coordinates, so our images are upside-down relative to Stuart's; if that bothers you, try standing on your head while you look at them. ) What the images show, if you don't feel like counting the bars, is that these two GPUs do indeed have 23 fractional bits in their significands, just like the Imagination and Vivante cores. That is: all of these GPUs offer exactly the same raw precision. Figure 1: Test shader running on Mali-T604 (Nexus 10, left) and Adreno 225 (Samsung Galaxy SIII, right) The Elephant in the Room We've settled the question of what the number of bars in Stuart's images tells you: it's the number of fractional bits in the fragment shader significand. Mali-400 has ten, as you'd expect from a device that uses IEEE-754 half precision (binary16) as its floating-point type. Adreno 225, GC4000, Mali-T604, and SGX544 all provide twenty-three, suggesting that they provide something close to IEEE-754 single precision (binary32). The Tegra 3 significand has thirteen fractional bits, which as far as I know is unique to NVIDIA. But if you look at Stuart's images, the number of bars isn't the first thing you notice. The thing that jumps out and bites you is that the bars are organized into patterns with quite different shapes. Some, like the Mali-T604 in figure 1 above, form a symmetrical bowl or beehive shape; others, like the Adreno 225, hug the left edge of the image and curve away to the right; and the Imagination SGX544 does something completely sui generis. What's going on here? The answers turn out to be pretty interesting, but this blog is too long already, so let's call it a day. In the next installment, we'll explore the differences and see what they tell us about these GPUs. Until then - think I got something wrong, above? Think I'm talking through my hat? Drop me a line. . .

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Planetary Society volunteer Ken Kremer is reporting for us from the Kennedy Space Center, where he watched Dawn launch on September 27. Kremer is a research scientist who spends his spare time giving public outreach presentations on behalf of The Planetary Society as a volunteer and NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory as a Solar System Ambassador. Thanks Ken! --ESL At 7:34 a. m. EDT the Delta II Heavy roared off launch pad 17 B at Cape Canaveral with a brilliant flash of glowing orange light and billowing white smoke. She rose off the launch pad on 1. 1 million pounds of liftoff thrust, faster than a space shuttle. The flash is more brilliant than anything on TV. About 10 seconds into ascent the thunderous roar grew deafening as she streaked skywards off towards Africa. The trail of smoke spread across the sky and with the naked eye I could see the first 3 solid rocket motors separate and descend to earth and she sped away Spacecraft separation occurred on time at one hour, two minutes into the flight. And the latest is that acquisition of signal occurred at 9:44 a. m., barely 2 hours after liftoff and earlier than most expected. Dawn is now off on her three-billion mile journey of exploration powered by exotic, cutting edge technology, enabled only with the ion thrusters. I'll file a more detailed report as soon as I reacquire internet access.

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Bowen’s disease is a type of skin disorder that is closely linked to skin cancer, often affecting the outermost skin layer called epidermis. This form of skin disorder is slow growing with higher chances of favorable prognosis. People suffering from this condition notice a red and flaky skin patch on the lower part of their legs which they sometimes thought of as psoriasis. Bowen’s disease is also referred to squamous cell carcinoma in situ, so individuals who have it should start treatment immediately as the condition may aggravate to cancer (squamous cell carcinoma). There is variety of ways to treat Bowen’s disease, all of which are often successful. How does Bowen’s disease occur? The skin disorder occurs as a result of the abnormal cell growth in the outer layer of the skin or epidermis. Anyone can develop the illness but it is more common among women and mid-aged adults. It more frequently occurs in fair-skinned people than dark-skinned ones. This abnormality could be due to: - Too much sun exposure - Arsenic poisoning - Human papilloma virus - History of skin injury - Inflammatory skin problems How is Bowen’s disease manifested? This skin condition is characterized by red, scaly, flat and elevated patch or patches on the skin. The skin patches have irregular edges and grow slowly. Sometimes, they may get irritated, swollen or bleed. When the condition is on the area surrounding the vulva, white patches can also be noted. Bowen’s disease may spread with bigger lesions with diameters reaching several centimeters. Bowen’s disease – diagnosis and treatment The condition is often taken for granted due to the absence of symptoms. The doctor will carefully evaluate the disease by means of skin examination, physical exam and biopsy. He or she will also consider the patient’s medical history. There are plenty of treatment options to choose from, and these are: - Topical creams - Photodynamic therapy (PDT) - Radiation therapy All of these treatment methods work well, so there is no reason for individuals with Bowen’s disease to delay treatment as doing so may only aggravate the condition, making it extremely difficult to treat. Bowen’s disease pictures No related posts.

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MARS: Part 2 See Also: Part 1 The planet Mars was named after the Roman god of war. Its two moons, Phobos and Deimos, were named after the two mythical horses that drew the war god's chariot. Mars was the son of Juno, Jupiter's wife. Mars was the next most important god after Jupiter, whom the Romans regarded as the king of the gods. They named the month of March for Mars. The planet Mars is similarly identified with Ares, the Greek god of war. Apparently, these ancient peoples thought the planet looked like it had a blood-stained surface, thus its association with warfare. Over the years, our exploration of Mars has proven that there is no such thing as a Martian civilization that could build canals and monuments, or launch an invasion of Earth. But in the past these were very real theories! In fact, during the 1880’s, the belief that Mars was inhabited by intelligent beings was part of the conventional wisdom of the day. Was Mars once a vibrant world, with oceans and an atmosphere? Even today, some scientists haven’t given up hope that they will find microscopic signs of past life on Mars. Canals - The most enduring myth about Mars was based on a translation error. In 1877, Italian astronomer Giovanni Sciaparelli reported observing large “canali” (meaning "channels," as in natural water courses) on Mars. Unfortunately, the term "canali" was mistranslated as "canals" in English, which implied engineered, manmade waterways. Percival Lowell (the American astronomer who founded Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, AZ where Pluto was discovered) even theorized that Martians had built the canals to carry water from the polar ice caps to the desert regions of the planet. The lines were, in fact, an optical illusion. Ancient Monuments - Some people claimed that there was a monumental "face" on the planet left by an ancient civilization, something like the Egyptian Pyramids. The Viking 1 and 2 orbiters took photographs of this area, and no evidence of manufactured structures was found. Planetary scientists agree that the facelike image is–like the "Man in the Moon"–the result of light and shadows on a natural feature. Martian Invaders - In The War of the Worlds, published in 1898, English novelist H.G. Wells wrote about a Martian invasion of Earth. This put the idea in people’s heads that Martians could be a potential threat to Earth. Forty years later, Orson Welles broadcast a radio version of the novel and many panicked listeners thought it was a newscast of an actual alien attack! Martian Microorganisms - A small number of meteorites are believed to have come from Mars. An asteroid impact may have thrown pieces of the red planet out into space, where they eventually fell to earth. One of these was discovered by meteorite hunters in an ice field in Antarctica in 1984. In 1996, a team of scientists announced that they had identified organic compounds in this Martian meteorite. Further, they suggested that certain mineralogical features observed in the rock resembled microscopic fossils, and that they may be evidence of ancient Martian microorganisms. Their research was published in a journal called Science. The news media immediately picked up on it and everyone was once again talking about life on Mars. Other scientists doubted this theory, however, and several contradictory studies have since been published. As a rule, "extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence. " Consequently, this still did not prove there was ever any life on Mars. Did You Know…? The ASU Center for Meteorite Studies houses more than 1,400 specimens, the largest collection held by any university in the world. Only London’s British Museum and the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. have more meteorites. The ASU collection includes five Martian meteorites. The Planet Mars Together we sat in the summer night, ~Albert Bigelow Paine (1893) Fun Fact: The Mars chocolate bar was NOT named after the planet Mars. It was named after the candy company’s founder, Frank Mars. The Mars family also made the Milky Way bar, named for its malted milk flavor. Gulliver’s Travels, by Jonathan Swift, 1726. (In this tale, fictitious astronomers study the moons of Mars. The author described Phobos and Deimos, giving their exact size and speeds of rotation. He did this more than a hundred years before either moon was discovered! ) The War of the Worlds, by H.G. Wells, 1897. (H.G. Wells painted a picture of horror with this realistic depiction of a Martian invasion. Written in a semi-documentary style, this interplanetary war story gained immediate popularity and became a prototype for future science fiction novels. ) A Princess of Mars, by Edgar Rice Burroughs, 1917. (Science fantasy from the author of the Tarzan books. This was the first in a series of eleven adventures known as the Martian Tales.) A Martian Odyssey, by Stanley G. Weinbaum, 1934. (A famous short story about Mars, it eloquently foreshadows the difficulty in communicating with extraterrestrial intelligences. ) Out of the Silent Planet, by C.S. Lewis, 1943. (A human spaceflight to Mars is the setting for this allegorical novel, in which the author brilliantly blends Christian theology, mythology, and science fiction. ) The Martian Chronicles, by Ray Bradbury, 1950. (More fantasy than science, this collection of stories creates an eerie mesh of past and future while exploring the dark side of human nature. Bradbury counteracts the image of a menacing Mars – in this case, it’s humans from Earth who are the "invaders from outer space. " Written in the 1940s, the chronicles begin in the far-flung future of 1999, as expedition after expedition leaves Earth to investigate Mars. Colonists appear, most with ideas no more lofty than starting a hot-dog stand, and with no respect for the culture they've displaced. Yet the collection ends with hope for renewal, when in 2026 a family turns away from the demise of the Earth towards a new future on Mars.) A Trip to Mars (1910) - this four-minute, black and white film produced by Thomas Edison was the first "movie" about Mars. A professor discovers that when he mixes two magical powders he has the power to reverse gravity. Some of the powder falls on him, and he is lifted up, flying through the sky until he finally falls down on the surface of Mars. He escapes some gnarly-limbed trees only to fall over a ridge and land on the lip of a giant Martian. The giant exhales and blows the professor into the air, then catches him, again and again, until the professor is propelled back to Earth. After crash landing back in his laboratory, the professor tries to destroy the powder only to wind up combining them again. The final shot shows the professor sitting on the floor of his chaotically spinning laboratory. Flash Gordon's Trip to Mars (1938) - the follow-up to the hit serial Flash Gordon released in 1936. Flash and his crew are on Mars battling the evils of Ming the Merciless and a dastardly queen. While the script originally called for the set to be planet Mongo, the impact of Orson Welles' radio broadcast of War of the Worlds caused studio executives to change the location to the Red Planet to ride the Martian wave of popularity. Invaders from Mars (1953) – a classic 1950's low-budget sci-fi movie, the first of numerous invasion films. It tells the story of a Martian invasion through a child's eyes. The War of the Worlds (1953) - this is the first major motion picture based on H.G. Wells' classic novel, and it marks a milestone in the history of science fiction cinema. Although poetic license is taken - the location is changed from England in 1890 to California in 1953, and the famous Martian war machines are replaced by ominous flying saucers - it remains essentially true to Wells' original work and remains one of the few sci-fi films that shows a mass invasion of aliens. My Favorite Martian (1963-1966) – TV sit-com starring Ray Walston as a lovable Martian with antennae growing from his head who can disappear at will, and Bill Bixby as his Earthling host. A delightful alternative to the monsters from outer space theme that pervaded 1950s sci-fi films. Capricorn One (1978) – a conspiracy movie in which astronauts scheduled for the first manned mission to Mars are removed from the ship at the last minute for safety reasons. The astronauts are then forced to participate in a fake landing on a specially designed set in the desert. Invaders from Mars (1986) - this big budget movie remake of the 1953 classic fails to achieve the stark, paranoid mood and eerie atmosphere of the original, but it is equally entertaining and offers top-notch special effects. Total Recall (1990) - Arnold Schwarzenegger stars as an Earthbound construction worker who is haunted by a dream about Mars. He buys a virtual vacation at Rekall Inc. But something goes wrong with the memory implant and he becomes a secret agent fighting an evil Mars dictator. Mars Attacks! (1996) – an all-star, big-budget sci-fi comedy more about Martians than Mars, it is based on the bubble gum cards of the 1950s in which we see Martians invade Earth. Rocket Man (1997) – a comedy for the whole family. Oddball scientist Fred Z. Randall (Harland Williams) is nobody's idea of an astronaut. But he turns out to be NASA's only hope when the first manned mission to Mars comes up one man short. Kids will like it for the things you expect from a Disney movie, but adults will find this one funny as well. Mission to Mars (2000) - the first manned mission to Mars goes terribly awry, and a search and rescue operation is sent to determine what happened. Although the rusty red Martian landscape is realistically reproduced, the movie becomes something of a farce with a robotic alien creature. Red Planet (2000) - It’s the year 2050 and Earth is hopelessly polluted. A team of astronauts is sent on the first manned mission to Mars to scout out sites for a colony which will save humanity, but they discover a life-form which could prove fatal. Poor acting but good special effects. www. planetary. org/mars/timeline-big. html (Mars Timeline: includes facts as well as fiction. ) www. knowledge. co. uk/xxx/cat/aeon/mars. htm (The Planet Mars in Ancient Myth and Religion.) http://calspace.ucsd.edu/marsnow/library/index.htm (Mars Library - Mars Science, Mars History, Mars in Myth and Science Fiction, Mars Exploration - a comprehensive online illustrated guide to the red planet! ) http://humbabe.arc.nasa.gov/mgcm/fun/pop.html (Planet Mars in Popular Culture – literature, radio and film. ) www. fourmilab. ch/etexts/www/warworlds/warw. html (H.G. Wells’ The War of the Worlds, complete e-text. ) www. wsu. edu:8080/~brians/science_fiction/warofworlds. html (War of the Worlds Study Guide.) www. unknown. nu/mercury (Listen to a Real Audio or MP3 version of Orson Welles’ Mercury Theatre production of War of the Worlds, the famous radio broadcast that created a panic on October 30, 1938. ) ARTICLES & REVIEWS | NOT JUST FOR KIDS | These pages are a continuous work in progress. These pages are a continuous work in progress.

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I love to watch the sunrise but I was wondering, is the official time of sunrise for me in McHenry the same as it is in Chicago? It is not. The reason is the location used to determine the time of sunrise and sunset, and in a large metropolitan area like Chicago, the difference is noticeable. At Chicago’s latitude, the Earth rotates at about 13 miles a minute, so sunrise/sunset times vary by about a minute for every 13 miles of east-west travel, though north-south distances have little effect. At McHenry, about 45 miles northwest of Chicago, the variance during the year causes sunrise to be as much as four minutes later. Chicago’s official sunrise/sunset times are determined by the U.S. Naval Observatory based on a reference point near the Stevenson Expressway and Western Avenue, a location representing the city’s population weighted center.

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Explosive wagtail evolution Plumage phenotypes, mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA tell different stories Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Sweden Rebecca B. Harris Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, U.S.A. Discordance between genomic divergence and phenotypic variation in a rapidly evolving avian genus (Motacilla). Harris, R.B., Alström, P., Ödeen, A. & Leache, A.D. 2018. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. DOI: 10. 1016/j. ympev. 2017. 11. 020. VIEW Wagtails (genus Motacilla) are widespread across the Old World. Most of the species show pronounced geographical plumage variation, especially the Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava and White Wagtail M. alba complexes, which are renowned for their many different-looking subspecies (Alström & Mild 2003; Fig. 1). Figure 1 Top: SNAPP maximum clade credibility species tree (1467 biallelic SNPs with 8. 5% missing data) rooted with Forest Wagtail Dendronanthus indicus (not shown). Posterior probability is indicated at the nodes, where a circle denotes PP ≥ 0. 95. Differently coloured names indicate species whose positions differ among, in particular, this species tree and the mitochondrial gene tree. Bottom: Illustrations of the subspecies in the Yellow, Citrine and White Wagtail complexes Previous studies based on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) have suggested unexpected phylogenetic relationships and phylogeographic groups that are inconsistent with traditional subspecies (defined by plumage), as well as generally no or very slight genetic differentiation among traditional subspecies (Alström & Ödeen 2002, Ödeen & Björlund 2003, Pavlova et al. 2003, 2005, Alström et al. 2015, Li et al. 2016, Drovetski et al. 2018). Complete species-level phylogeny In our recently published paper, we investigated the link between phenotypes and genotypes in a phylogenetic context by using genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs), nuclear introns, and mtDNA. Unlike previous studies, we included all species and most of the subspecies in the genus, with emphasis on the three phenotypically most diverse Palearctic species (White, Yellow and Citrine M. citreola). SNPs provide a robust estimate of species-level relationships (Fig. 1). The SNP phylogeny is mostly corroborated by a time-calibrated species tree based on mtDNA and nuclear introns (Fig. 2). We jointly consider these trees in our interpretation of wagtail relationships – while the SNP tree lacks data from the White-browed Wagtail M. maderaspatensis, it provides sampling from across the entire genome from many more individuals than the mtDNA-intron tree. Figure 2 *BEAST species tree inferred from mtDNA and nuclear introns, calibrated using a 2. 7% ND2 rate. Node bars indicate the 95% highest posterior density of age (not shown for outgroups). Intron sequences were only generated for one sample of M. flava northeast, therefore it was excluded from the *BEAST analysis The trees identify two primary clades, one comprising all of the Eurasian species plus the African Pied Wagtail M. aguimp and one containing the Afrotropical and Madagascar species. The former clade is further subdivided into one clade containing the species with black-and-white, melanin-based, plumages and one including the species with yellow/green, carotenoid-based, plumage colours (Fig. 1). A previous study had suggested that a species traditionally classified as a sylvioid, the São Tomé Shorttail Amaurocichla bocagii, is a forest-dwelling wagtail (Alström et al. 2015). Our study confirms that it is indeed a wagtail, despite that it differs dramatically from its congeners in appearance, habitat choice and behaviour (Alström et al. 2015), and should therefore be placed in the genus Motacilla. Being endemic to São Tomé off west Africa, it may seem surprising that it is most closely related to the Madagascar Wagtail M. flaviventris. Mitochondrial DNA tree is incongruent with other data The mtDNA-only (Fig. 3) tree is strongly incongruent with both the SNP tree and the mtDNA-intron species tree Furthermore, it is in conflict with morphological evidence. In particular, M. aguimp is placed outside the ‘black-and-white clade’, and there are three separate clades that include different geographical populations of both M. flava and M. citreola (indicated by X, Y, Z in Fig. 3). We conclude that the mtDNA tree misrepresents the species phylogeny, and has probably been affected by past hybridisation and introgression of mtDNA. Recent, rapid divergence of Palearctic taxa According to our time estimate, the extant wagtail lineages originated during the Pliocene. The ‘African clade’ started to diverge around the Pliocene/Pleistocene border, while the Eurasian clade underwent rapid diversification during the latter half of the Pleistocene. This is considerably younger than previous, less complete, studies which estimated the split between the primary clades at 4. 5–5 mya (Voelker 2002, Alström et al. 2015). Potential differences between these discrepancies are discussed. The rapid divergence, perhaps in combination with ongoing or past gene flow, is reflected by the lack of genetic differentiation between phenotypically distinct subspecies within the M. alba, M. flava and M. citreola complexes. Instead, the SNP data support geographical regions, each of which is home to two or more different looking subspecies (Fig. 4). Both the M. flava and M. citreola complexes exhibit an east-west divide that contradicts both subspecies taxonomy and phenotypic variation (Fig. 4). Figure 4 (a) Yellow Wagtail breeding distribution and sampling localities. (b) Discriminant Analysis of Principal Components (DAPC) plot of genetic clustering by subspecies. (c) Posterior probability of effective migration rates estimated by EEMS show two barriers and K = 3. Pie charts are located at sampling sites and denote the posterior probability of ADMIXTURE assignments (here, K = 3). M. f. thunbergi is the only subspecies split between two populations Apparently, the plumage divergence has been extremely fast and has resulted in several cases of parallel evolution. For example, the ‘thunbergi phenotype’ (thunbergi, macronyx) is found in all three M. flava populations, while the ‘flava phenotype’ is found in both the western (flava, beema) and northeastern (tschutschensis) populations. Furthermore, taxa with bright yellow supercilium are found in both western (M. f. flavissima, M. f. lutea) and southeastern (M. f. taivana) clades, including in widely disjunct geographical areas within the western clade. Motacilla aguimp and Mekong Wagtail M. samveasnae are remarkably similar-looking despite being geographically and genetically far separated. It seems likely that the colour/pattern differences among taxa can be switched on and off in different combinations through a rather simple system. Future research will hopefully shed light on this system. The extremely odd appearance of M. bocagii has previously been suggested by Alström et al. (2015) to be due to adaptation to a novel habitat. Our SNP data support a monophyletic M. flava complex consisting of three clades with barriers to gene flow (in agreement with mtDNA; Pavlova et al. 2003), whereas combined analysis of nuclear introns and mtDNA recover M. flava as paraphyletic. While it is likely that our SNP data reflect the true species relationships, it is clear that these two species have shared a complex and recent history. At any rate, M. citreola is recovered as monophyletic in all analyses. The rare endemic Moroccan White Wagtail subspecies subpersonata stands out as distinct in both plumage, mtDNA, and SNPs, and therefore warrants further study. References and further reading Alström, P. & Mild, K. 2003. Pipits and Wagtails of Europe, Asia and North America. A&C Black, Princeton University Press. Alström, P. & Ödeen, A. 2002. Incongruence between mitochondrial DNA, nuclear DNA and non-molecular data in the avian genus Motacilla: implications for estimates of species phylogenies. In: Alström, P. (Ed.), Species Limits and Systematics in Some Passerine Birds. Uppsala University [Ph.D. thesis]. Alström, P., Jønsson, K.A., Fjeldså, J., Ödeen, A., Ericson, P.G.P. & Irestedt, M. 2015. Dramatic niche shifts and morphological change in two insular bird species. Roy. Soc. Open Sci. 2: 140364. VIEW Drovetski, S.V., Reeves, A.B., Red’kin, Y.A., Fadeev, I.V., Koblik, E.A., Sotnikov, V.N., & Voelker, G. 2018. Multi-locus reassessment of a striking discord between mtDNA gene trees and taxonomy across two congeneric species complexes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 120: 43–52. VIEW Li, X., Dong, F., Lei, F., Alström, P., Zhang, R., Ödeen, A., Fjeldså, J., Ericson, P.G.P., Zou, F. & Yang, X. 2016. Shaped by uneven Pleistocene climate: mitochondrial phylogeographic pattern and population history of white wagtail Motacilla alba (Aves: Passeriformes). J. Avian Biol. 47: 263–274. VIEW Ödeen, A. & Björklund, M. 2003. Dynamics in the evolution of sexual traits: losses and gains, radiation and convergence in yellow wagtails (Motacilla flava). Mol. Ecol. 12: 2113–2130. VIEW Pavlova, A., Zink, R.M., Drovetski, S.V., Red’kin, Y. & Rohwer, S. 2003. Phylogeographic patterns in Motacilla flava and Motacilla citreola: species limits and population history. Auk 120: 744–758. VIEW Pavlova, A., Zink, R.M., Rohwer, S., Koblik, E.A., Red’kin, Y.A., Fadeev, I.V. & Nesterov, E.V. 2005. Mitochondrial DNA and plumage evolution in the white wagtail Motacilla alba. J. Avian Biol. 36: 322–336. VIEW Semenov, G.A., Scordato, E.S.C., Khaydarov, D.R., Smith, C.C.R., Kane, N.C. & Safran, R.J. 2017. Effects of assortative mate choice on the genomic and morphological structure of a hybrid zone between two bird subspecies. Mol. Ecol. 26: 6430–6444. VIEW Semenov, G.A., Koblik, E.A., Red’kin, Y.A., & Badyaev, A.V. 2018. Extensive phenotypic diversification coexists with little genetic divergence and a lack of population structure in the White Wagtail subspecies complex (Motacilla alba). Journal of Evolutionary Biology in press. DOI: 10. 1111/jeb. 13305. VIEW About the authors Per Alström is a Professor, working at the Department of Ecology and Genetics at Uppsala University, Sweden, and at the Swedish Species Information Centre at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala. He is also associated with the Chinese Academy of Sciences, where he was a Visiting Professor in 2012–2014. His main interests are taxonomy, systematics and speciation, and he has published a large number of scientific and popular science papers as well as two books and several book chapters. He has traveled widely, especially in Asia, where he has spent altogether several years in the field since 1982. View Per’s full profile View Per’s profile on ResearchGate Rebecca Harris received her PhD from University of Washington where she worked in the field of phylogenetics and the evolution of avian traits. She is currently a Postdoctoral Researcher working in the Jensen Lab at Arizona State University working on theoretical and statistical population genetics methods. View Rebecca’s full profile Top right: Citrine Wagtail Motacilla citreola citreola Xinjiang, China, May 2018 © Per Alström Figure 1: Top: Species in “Eurasian clade” © Bill Zetterström from Alström & Mild (2003); M. bocagii © Jon Fjeldså; other species in “African clade” Ren Hathway © Lynx Edicions (from del Hoyo et al. 2004. Handbook of the Birds of the World, Vol. 9). Bottom: © Bill Zetterström from Alström & Mild (2003) Blog posts express the views of the individual author(s) and not those of the BOU. If you want to write about your research in #theBOUblog, then please see here.

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WHEN, during the fourth century, the weakened empire split asunder like an overburdened scale whose beam is broken, this political divorce perpetuated a moral separation that had existed for a long time. The opposition between the Greco-Oriental and the Latin worlds manifests itself especially in religion and in the attitude taken by the central power toward it. Occidental paganism was almost exclusively Latin under the empire. After the annexation of Spain, Gaul and Brittany, the old Iberian, Celtic and other religions were unable to keep up the unequal struggle against the more advanced religion of the conquerors. The marvelous rapidity with which the literature of the civilizing Romans was accepted by the subject peoples has frequently been pointed out. Its influence was felt in the temples as well as in the forum; it transformed the prayers to the gods as well as the conversation between men. Besides, it was part of the political program of the Cæsars to make the adoption of the Roman divinities general, and the government imposed the rules of its sacerdotal law as well as the principles of its public and civil law upon its new subjects. The municipal laws prescribed the election of pontiffs and augurs in common with the judicial duumvirs. In Gaul druidism, with its oral traditions embodied in long poems, perished and disappeared less on account of the police measures directed against it than in consequence of its voluntary relinquishment by the Celts, as soon as they came under the ascendency of Latin culture. In Spain it is difficult to find any traces of the aboriginal religions. Even in Africa, where the Punic religion was far more developed, it maintained itself only by assuming an entirely Roman appearance. Baal became Saturn and Eshmoun Æsculapius. It is doubtful if there was one temple in all the provinces of Italy and Gaul where, at the time of the disappearance of idolatry, the ceremonies were celebrated according to native rites and in the local idiom. To this exclusive predominance of Latin is due the fact that it remained the only liturgic language of the Occidental church, which here as in many other cases perpetuated a preexisting condition and maintained a unity previously established. By imposing her speech upon the inhabitants of Ireland and Germany, Christian Rome simply continued the work of assimilation in the barbarian provinces subject to her influence that she had begun while pagan. 2_1 In the Orient, however, the churches that are separate from the Greek orthodoxy use, even to-day, a variety of dialects calling to mind the great diversity of races formerly subject to Rome. In those times twenty varieties of speech translated the religious thought of the peoples joined under the dominion of the Cæsars. At the beginning of our era Hellenism had not yet conquered the uplands of Anatolia 2_2 nor central Syria, nor the divisions of Egypt. Annexation to the empire might retard and in certain regions weaken the power of expansion of Greek civilization, but it could not substitute Latin culture for it 2_3 except around the camps of the legions guarding the frontier and in a very few colonies. It especially benefitted the individuality of each region. The native religions retained all their prestige and independence. In their ancient sanctuaries that took rank with the richest and most famous of the world, a powerful clergy continued to practise ancestral devotions according to barbarian rites, and frequently in a barbarian tongue. The traditional liturgy, everywhere performed with scrupulous respect, remained Egyptian or Semitic, Phrygian or Persian, according to the locality. Neither pontifical law nor augural science ever obtained credit outside of the Latin world. It is a characteristic fact that the worship of the deified emperors, the only official worship required of every one by the government as a proof of loyalty, should have originated of its own accord in Asia, received its inspiration from the purest monarchic traditions, and revived in form and spirit the veneration accorded to the Diadochi by their subjects. Not only were the gods of Egypt and Asia never supplanted like those of Gaul or Spain, but they soon crossed the seas and gained worshipers in every Latin province. Isis and Serapis, Cybele and Attis, the Syrian Baals, Sabazius and Mithra were honored by brotherhoods of believers as far as the remotest limits of Germany. The Oriental reaction that we perceive from the beginning of our era, in studying the history of art, literature, and philosophy, manifested itself with incomparably greater power in the religious sphere. First, there was a slow infiltration of despised exotic religions, then, toward the end of the first century, the Orontes, the Nile and the Halys, to use the words of Juvenal, flowed into the Tiber, to the great indignation of the old Romans. Finally, a hundred years later, an influx of Egyptian, Semitic and Persian beliefs and conceptions took place that threatened to submerge all that the Greek and Roman genius had laboriously built up. What called forth and permitted this spiritual commotion, of which the triumph of Christianity was the outcome? Why was the influence of the Orient strongest in the religious field? These questions claim our attention. Like ail great phenomena of history, this particular one was determined by a number of influences that concurred in producing it. In the mass of half-known particulars that brought it about, certain factors or leading causes, of which every one has in turn been considered the most important, may be distinguished. If we yielded to the tendency of many excellent minds of to-day and regarded history as the resultant of economic and social forces, it would be easy to show their influence in that great religious movement. The industrial and commercial preponderance of the Orient was manifest, for there were situated the principal centers of production and export. The ever increasing traffic with the Levant induced merchants to establish themselves in Italy, in Gaul, in the Danubian countries, in Africa and in Spain; in some cities they formed real colonies. The Syrian emigrants were especially numerous. Compliant, quick and diligent, they went wherever they expected profit, and their colonies, scattered as far as the north of Gaul, were centers for the religious propaganda of paganism just as the Jewish communities of the Diaspora were for Christian preaching. [paragraph continues] Italy not only bought her grain from Egypt, she imported men also; she ordered slaves from Phrygia, Cappadocia, Syria and Alexandria to cultivate her depopulated fields and perform the domestic duties in her palaces. Who can tell what influence chambermaids from Antioch or Memphis gained over the minds of their mistresses? At the same time the necessities of war removed officers and men from the Euphrates to the Rhine or to the outskirts of the Sahara, and everywhere they remained faithful to the gods of their far-away country. The requirements of the government transferred functionaries and their clerks, the latter frequently of servile birth, into the most distant provinces. Finally, the ease of communication, due to the good roads, increased the frequency and extent of travel. Thus the exchange of products, men and ideas necessarily increased, and it might be maintained that theocracy was a necessary consequence of the mingling of the races, that the gods of the Orient followed the great commercial and social currents, and that their establishment in the Occident was a natural result of the movement that drew the excess population of the Asiatic cities and rural districts into the less thickly inhabited countries. These reflections, which could be developed at some length, surely show the way in which the Oriental religions spread. It is certain that the merchants acted as missionaries in the seaports and places of commerce, the soldiers on the frontiers and in the capital, the slaves in the city homes, 2_4 in the rural districts and in public affairs. But while this acquaints us with the means and the agents of the diffusion of those religions, it tells us nothing of the reasons for their adoption by the Romans. We perceive the how, but not the why, of their sudden expansion. Especially imperfect is our understanding of the reasons for the difference between the Orient and the Occident pointed out above. An example will make my meaning clear. A Celtic divinity, Epona, 2_5 was held in particular honor as the protectress of horses, as we all know. The Gallic horsemen worshiped her wherever they were cantoned; her monuments have been found scattered from Scotland to Transylvania. And yet, although this goddess enjoyed the same conditions as, for instance, Jupiter Dolichenus whom the cohorts of Commagene introduced into Europe, it does not appear that she ever received the homage of many strangers; it does not appear, above all, that druidism ever assumed the shape of "mysteries of Epona" into which Greeks and Romans would have asked to be initiated. It was too deficient in the intrinsic strength of the Oriental religions, to make proselytes. Other historians and thinkers of to-day prefer to apply the laws of natural science to religious phenomena; and the theories about the variation of species find an unforeseen application here. It is maintained that the immigration of Orientals, of Syrians in particular, was considerable enough to provoke an alteration and rapid deterioration in the robust Italic and Celtic races. In addition, a social status contrary to nature, and a bad political régime effected the destruction of the strongest, the extermination of the best and the ascendancy of the worst elements of the population. This multitude, corrupted by deleterious cross-breeding and weakened by bad selection, became unable to oppose the invasion of the Asiatic chimeras and aberrations. A lowering of the intellectual level and the disappearance of the critical spirit accompanied the decline of morals and the weakening of character. In the evolution of beliefs the triumph of the Orient denoted a regression toward barbarism, a return to the remote origins of faith and to the worship of natural forces. This is a brief outline of explanations recently proposed and received with some favor. 2_6 It cannot be denied that souls and morals appear to have become coarser during the Roman decline. Society as a whole was deplorably lacking in imagination, intellect and taste. It seemed afflicted with a kind of cerebral anemia and incurable sterility. The impaired reason accepted the coarsest superstitions, the most extreme asceticism and most extravagant theurgy. It resembled an organism incapable of defending itself against contagion. All this is partly true; but the theories summarized proceed from an incorrect conception of things; in reality they are based on the illusion that Asia, under the empire, was inferior to Europe. While the triumph of the Oriental religions sometimes assumed the appearance of an awakening of savagery, these religions in reality represented a more advanced type in the evolution of religious forms than the ancient national devotions. They were less primitive, less simple, and, if I may use the expression, provided with more organs than the old Greco-Roman idolatry. We have indicated this on previous occasions, and hope to bring it out with perfect clearness in the course of these studies. It is hardly necessary to state that a great religious conquest can be explained only on moral grounds. [paragraph continues] Whatever part must be ascribed to the instinct of imitation and the contagion of example, in the last analysis we are always face to face with a series of individual conversions. The mysterious affinity of minds is as much due to reflection as to the continued and almost unconscious influence of confused aspirations that produce faith. The obscure gestation of a new ideal is accomplished with pangs of anguish. Violent struggles must have disturbed the souls of the masses when they were torn away from their old ancestral religions, or more often from indifference, by those exacting gods who demanded a surrender of the entire person, a devotion in the etymological meaning of the word. The consecration to Isis of the hero of Apuleius was the result of a call, of an appeal, by the goddess who wanted the neophyte to enlist in her sacred militia. 2_7 If it is true that every conversion involves a psychological crisis, a transformation of the intimate personality of the individual, this is especially true of the propagation of the Oriental religions. Born outside of the narrow limits of the Roman city, they grew up frequently in hostility to it, and were international, consequently individual. The bond that formerly kept devotion centered upon the city or the tribe, upon the gens or the family, was broken. In place of the ancient social groups communities of initiates came into existence, who considered themselves brothers no matter where they came from. 2_8 A god, conceived of as being universal, received every mortal as his child. Whenever these religions had any relation to the state they were no longer called upon to support old municipal or social institutions, but to lend their strength to the authority of a sovereign regarded as the eternal lord of the whole world jointly with God himself. In the circles of the mystics, Asiatics mingled with Romans, and slaves with high functionaries. The adoption of the same faith made the poor freedman the equal and sometimes the superior, of the decurion and the clarissimus. All submitted to the same rules and participated in the same festivities, in which the distinctions of an aristocratic society and the differences of blood and country were obliterated. The distinctions of race and nationality, of magistrate and father of a family, of patrician and plebeian, of citizen and foreigner, were abolished; all were but men, and in order to recruit members, those religions worked upon man and his character. In order to gain the masses and the cream of Roman society (as they did for a whole century) the barbarian mysteries had to possess a powerful charm, they had to satisfy the deep wants of the human soul, and their strength had to be superior to that of the ancient Greco-Roman religion. To explain the reasons for their victory we must try to reveal the nature of this superiority--I mean their superiority in the struggle, without assuming innate superiority. I believe that we can define it by stating that those religions gave greater satisfaction first, to the senses and passions, secondly, to the intelligence, finally, and above all, to the conscience. In the first place, they appealed more strongly to the senses. This was their most obvious feature, and it has been pointed out more often than any other. Perhaps there never was a religion so cold and prosaic as the Roman. Being subordinated to politics, it sought, above all, to secure the protection of the gods for the state and to avert the effects of their malevolence by the strict execution of appropriate practices. It entered into a contract with the celestial powers from which mutual obligations arose: sacrifices on one side, favors on the other. The pontiffs, who were also magistrates, regulated the religious practices with the exact precision of jurists; 2_9 as far as we know the prayers were all couched in formulas as dry and verbose as notarial instruments. The liturgy reminds one of the ancient civil law on account of the minuteness of its prescriptions. This religion looked suspiciously at the abandonment of the soul to the ecstasies of devotion. It repressed, by force if necessary, the exuberant manifestations of too ardent faith and everything that was not in keeping with the grave dignity befitting the relations of a civis Romanus with a god. The Jews had the same scrupulous respect as the Romans for a religious code and formulas of the past, "but in spite of their dry and minute practices, the legalism of the Pharisees stirred the heart more strongly than did Roman formalism. " 2_10 Lacking the recognized authority of official creeds, the Oriental religions had to appeal to the passions of the individual in order to make proselytes. They attracted men first by the disturbing seductiveness of their mysteries, where terror and hope were evoked in turns, and charmed them by the pomp of their festivities and the magnificence of their processions. Men were fascinated by the languishing songs and intoxicating melodies. Above all these religions taught men how to reach that blissful state in which the soul was freed from the tyranny of the body and of suffering, and lost itself in raptures. They led to ecstasy either by means of nervous tension resulting from continued maceration and fervent contemplation or by more material means like the stimulation of vertiginous dances and dizzy music, or even by the absorption of fermented liquors after a long abstinence, 2_11 as in the case of the priests of the Great Mother. In mysticism it is easy to descend from the sublime to the vile. Even the gods, with whom the believers thought they were uniting themselves in their mystic outbursts, were more human and sometimes more sensual than those of the Occident. The latter had that quietude of soul in which the philosophic morality of the Greeks saw a privilege of the sage; in the serenity of Olympus they enjoyed perpetual youth; they were Immortals. The divinities of the Orient, on the contrary, suffered and died, but only to revive again. 2_12 Osiris, Attis and Adonis were mourned like mortals by wife or mistress, Isis, Cybele or Astarte. With them the mystics moaned for their deceased god and later, after he had revived, celebrated with exultation his birth to a new life. Or else they joined in the passion of Mithra, condemned to create the world in suffering. This common grief and joy were often expressed with savage violence, by bloody mutilations, long wails of despair, and extravagant acclamations. The manifestations of the extreme fanaticism of those barbarian races that had not been touched by Greek skepticism and the very ardor of their faith inflamed the souls of the multitudes attracted by the exotic gods. The Oriental religions touched every chord of sensibility and satisfied the thirst for religious emotion that the austere Roman creed had been unable to quench. [paragraph continues] But at the same time they satisfied the, intellect more fully, and this is my second point. In very early times Greece--later imitated by Rome--became resolutely rationalistic: her greatest originality lies here. Her philosophy was purely laical; thought was unrestrained by any sacred tradition; it even pretended to pass judgment upon these traditions and condemned or approved of them. Being sometimes hostile, sometimes indifferent and some times conciliatory, it always remained independent of faith. But while Greece thus freed herself from the fetters of a superannuated mythology, and openly and boldly constructed those systems of metaphysics by means of which she claimed to solve the enigmas of the universe, her religion lost its vitality and dried up because it lacked the strengthening nourishment of reflection. It became a thing devoid of sense, whose raison d'être was no longer understood; it embodied dead ideas and an obsolete conception of the world. In Greece as well as at Rome it was reduced to a collection of unintelligible rites, scrupulously and mechanically reproduced without addition or omission because they had been practised by the ancestors of long ago, and formulas hallowed by the mos maiorum, that were no longer understood or sincerely cherished. Never did a people of advanced culture have a more infantile religion. The Oriental civilizations on the contrary were sacerdotal in character. As in medieval Europe, the scholars of Asia and Egypt were priests. In the temples the nature of the gods and of man were not the only subjects of discussion; mathematics, astronomy, medicine, philology and history were also studied. The successors of Berosus, a priest from Babylonia, and [paragraph continues] Manetho, a priest from Heliopolis, were considered deeply versed in all intellectual disciplines as late as the time of Strabo. 2_13 This state of affairs proved detrimental to the progress of science. Researches were conducted according to preconceived ideas and were perverted through strange prejudices. Astrology and magic were the monstrous fruit of a hybrid union. But all this certainly gave religion a power it had never possessed either in Greece or Rome. All results of observation, all conquests of thought, were used by an erudite clergy to attain the principal object of their activities, the solution of the problem of the destiny of man and matter, and of the relations of heaven and earth. An ever enlarging conception of the universe kept transforming the modes of belief. Faith presumed to enslave both physics and metaphysics. The credit of every discovery was given to the gods. Thoth in Egypt and Bel in Chaldea were the revealers not only of theology and the ritual, but of all human knowledge. 2_14 The names of the Oriental Hipparchi and Euclids who solved the first problems of astronomy and geometry were unknown; but a confused and grotesque literature made use of the name and authority of Hermes Trismegistus. The doctrines of the planetary spheres and the opposition of the four elements were made to support systems of anthropology and of morality; the theorems of astronomy were used to establish an alleged method of divination; formulas of incantation, supposed to subject divine powers to the magician, were combined with chemical experiments and medical prescriptions. This intimate union of erudition and faith continued in the Latin world. Theology became more and more a process of deification of the principles or agents discovered by science and a worship of time regarded as the first cause, the stars whose course determined the events of this world, the four elements whose innumerable combinations produced the natural phenomena, and especially the sun which preserved heat, fertility and life. The dogmas of the mysteries of Mithra were, to a certain extent, the religious expression of Roman physics and astronomy. In all forms of pantheism the knowledge of nature appears to be inseparable from that of God. 2_15 Art itself complied more and more with the tendency to express erudite ideas by subtle symbolism, and it represented in allegorical figures the relations of divine powers and cosmic forces, like the sky, the earth, the ocean, the planets, the constellations and the winds. The sculptors engraved on stone everything man thought and taught. In a general way the belief prevailed that redemption and salvation depended on the revelation of certain truths, on a knowledge of the gods, of the world and of our person, and piety became gnosis. 2_16 But, you will say, since in the classic age philosophy also claimed to lead to morality through instruction and to acquaint man with the supreme good, why did it yield to Oriental religions that were in reality neither original nor innovating? Quite right, and if a powerful rationalist school, possessed of a good critical method, had led the minds, we may believe that it would have checked the invasion of the barbarian mysteries or at least limited their field of action. However, as has frequently been pointed out, even in ancient Greece the philosophic critics had very little hold on popular religion obstinately faithful to its inherited superstitious forms. But how many second century minds shared Lucian's skepticism in regard to the dogmatic systems! The various sects were fighting each other for ever so long without convincing one another of their alleged error. The satirist of Samosata enjoyed opposing their exclusive pretensions while he himself reclined on the "soft pillow of doubt. " But only intelligent minds could delight in doubt or surrender to it; the masses wanted certainties. There was nothing to revive confidence in the power of a decrepit and threadbare science. No great discovery transformed the conception of the universe. Nature no longer betrayed her secrets, the earth remained unexplored and the past inscrutable. Every branch of knowledge was forgotten. The world cursed with sterility, could but repeat itself; it had the poignant appreciation of its own decay and impotence. Tired of fruitless researches, the mind surrendered to the necessity of believing. Since the intellect was unable to formulate a consistent rule of life faith alone could supply it, and the multitudes gravitated toward the temples, where the truths taught to man in earlier days by the Oriental gods were revealed. The stanch adherence of past generations to beliefs and rites of unlimited antiquity seemed to guarantee their truth and efficacy. This current was so strong that philosophy itself was swept toward mysticism and the neo-Platonist school became a theurgy. The Oriental mysteries, then, could stir the soul by arousing admiration and terror, pity and enthusiasm in turn. They gave the intellect the illusion of learned depth and absolute certainty and finally--our third point--they satisfied conscience as well as passion and reason. Among the complex causes that guaranteed their domination, this was without doubt the most effective. In every period of their history the Romans, unlike the Greeks in this respect, judged theories and institutions especially by their practical results. They always had a soldier's and business man's contempt for metaphysicians. It is a matter of frequent observation that the philosophy of the Latin world neglected metaphysical speculations and concentrated its attention on morals, just as later the Roman church left to the subtle Hellenes the interminable controversies over the essence of the divine logos and the double nature of Christ. Questions that could rouse and divide her were those having a direct application to life, like the doctrine of grace. The old religion of the Romans had to respond to this demand of their genius. Its poverty was honest. 2_17 Its mythology did not possess the poetic charm of that of Greece, nor did its gods have the imperishable beauty of the Olympians, but they were more moral, or at least pretended to be. A large number were simply personified qualities, like chastity and piety. With the aid of the censors they imposed the practice of the national virtues, that is to say of the qualities useful to society, temperance, courage, chastity, obedience to parents and magistrates, reverence for the oath and the law, in fact, the practice of every form of patriotism. During the last century of the republic the pontiff Scaevola, one of the foremost men of his time, rejected as futile the divinities of fable and poetry, as superfluous or obnoxious those of the philosophers and the exegetists, and reserved all his favors for those of the statesmen, as the only ones fit for the people. 2_18 These were the ones protecting the old customs, traditions and frequently even the old privileges. But in the perpetual flux of things conservatism ever carries with it a germ of death. just as the law failed to maintain the integrity of ancient principles, like the absolute power of the father of the family, principles that were no longer in keeping with the social realities, so religion witnessed the foundering of a system of ethics contrary to the moral code that had slowly been established. The idea of collective responsibility contained in a number of beliefs is one instance. If a vestal violated her vow of chastity the divinity sent a pest that ceased only on the day the culprit was punished. Sometimes the angry heavens granted victory to the army only on condition that a general or soldier dedicate himself to the infernal gods as an expiatory victim. However, through the influence of the philosophers and the jurists the conviction slowly gained ground that each one was responsible for his own misdeeds, and that it was not equitable to make a whole city suffer for the crime of an individual. People ceased to admit that the gods crushed the good as well as the wicked in one punishment. Often, also, the divine anger was thought to be as ridiculous in its manifestations as in its cause. The rural superstitions of the country districts of Latium continued to live in the pontifical code of the Roman people. If a lamb with two heads or a colt with five legs was born, solemn supplications were prescribed to avert the misfortunes foreboded by those terrifying prodigies. 2_19 All these puerile and monstrous beliefs that burdened the religion of the Latins had thrown it into disrepute. Its morality no longer responded to the new conception of justice beginning to prevail. As a rule Rome remedied the poverty of her theology and ritual by taking what she needed from the Greeks. But here this resource failed her because the poetic, artistic and even intellectual religion of the Greeks was hardly moral. And the fables of a mythology jeered at by the philosophers, parodied on the stage and put to verse by libertine poets were anything but edifying. Moreover--this was its second weakness--whatever morality it demanded of a pious man went unrewarded. People no longer believed that the gods continually intervened in the affairs of men to reveal bidden crimes and to punish triumphant vice, or that Jupiter would burl his thunderbolt to crush the perjurer. At the time of the proscriptions and the civil wars under Nero or Commodus it was more than plain that power and possessions were for the strongest, the ablest or even the luckiest, and not for the wisest or the most pious. The idea of reward or punishment beyond the grave found little credit. The notions of future life were hazy, uncertain, doubtful and contradictory. Everybody knows Juvenal's famous lines: "That there are manes, a subterranean kingdom, a ferryman with a long pole, and black frogs in the whirlpools of the Styx; that so many thousand men could cross the waves in a single boat, to-day even children refuse to believe. " 2_20 After the fall of the republic indifference spread, the temples were abandoned and threatened to tumble into ruins, the clergy found it difficult to recruit members, the festivities, once so popular, fell into desuetude, and [paragraph continues] Varro, at the beginning of his Antiquities, expressed his fear lest "the gods might perish, not from the blows of foreign enemies, but from very neglect on the part of the citizens. " 2_21 It is well known that Augustus, prompted by political rather than by religious reasons, attempted to revive the dying religion. His religious reforms stood in close relation to his moral legislation and the establishment of the imperial dignity. Their tendency was to bring the people back to the pious practice of ancient virtues but also to chain them to the new political order. The alliance of throne and altar in Europe dates from that time. This attempted reform failed entirely. Making religion an auxiliary to moral policing is not a means of establishing its empire over souls. Formal reverence for the official gods is not incompatible with absolute and practical skepticism. The restoration attempted by Augustus is nevertheless very characteristic because it is so consistent with the Roman spirit which by temperament and tradition demanded that religion should support morality and the state. The Asiatic religions fulfilled the requirements. The change of régime, although unwelcome, brought about a change of religion. The increasing tendency of Cæsarism toward absolute monarchy made it lean more and more upon the Oriental clergy. True to the traditions of the Achemenides and the Pharaohs, those priests preached doctrines tending to elevate the sovereign above humanity, and they supplied the emperors with dogmatic justification for their despotism. 2_22 It is a noteworthy fact that the rulers who most loudly proclaimed their autocratic pretentions, like Domitian and Commodus, were also those that favored foreign creeds most openly. But his selfish support merely sanctioned a power already established. The propaganda of the Oriental religions was originally democratic and sometimes even revolutionary like the Isis worship. Step by step they advanced, always reaching higher social classes and appealing to popular conscience rather than to the zeal of functionaries. As a matter of fact all these religions, except that of Mithra, seem at first sight to be far less austere than the Roman creed. We shall have occasion to note that they contained coarse and immodest fables and atrocious or vile rites. The Egyptian gods were expelled from Rome by Augustus and Tiberius on the charge of being immoral, but they were called immoral principally because they opposed a certain conception of the social order. They gave little attention to the public interest but attached considerable importance to the inner life and consequently to the value of the individual. Two new things, in particular, were brought to Italy by the Oriental priests: mysterious methods of purification, by which they claimed to wash away the impurities of the soul, and the assurance that a blessed immortality would be the reward of piety. 2_23 These religions pretended to restore lost purity 2_24 to the soul either through the performance of ritual ceremonies or through mortifications and penance. They had a series of ablutions and lustrations supposed to restore original innocence to the mystic. He had to wash himself in the sacred water according to certain prescribed forms. This was really a magic rite, because bodily purity acted sympathetically upon the soul, or else it was a real spiritual disinfection with the water driving out the evil spirits that had caused pollution. The votary, again, might drink or besprinkle himself with the blood of a slaughtered victim or of the priests themselves, in which case the prevailing idea was that the liquid circulating in the veins was a vivifying principle capable of imparting a new existence. 2_25 These and similar rites 2_26 used in the mysteries were supposed to regenerate the initiated person and to restore him to an immaculate and incorruptible life. 2_27 Purgation of the soul was not. effected solely by liturgic acts but also by self-denial and suffering. 2_28 The meaning of the term expiatio changed. Expiation, or atonement, was no longer accomplished by the exact performance of certain ceremonies pleasing to the gods and required by a sacred code like a penalty for damages, but by privation and personal suffering. Abstinence, which prevented the introduction of deadly elements into the system, and chastity, which preserved man from pollution and debility, became means of getting rid of the domination of the evil Powers and of regaining heavenly favor. 2_29 Macerations, laborious pilgrimages, public confessions, sometimes flagellations and mutilations, in fact all forms of penance and mortifications uplifted the fallen man and brought him nearer to the gods. In Phrygia a sinner would write his sin and the punishment he suffered upon a stela for every one to see and would return thanks to heaven that his prayer of repentance had been heard. 2_30 The Syrian, who had offended his goddess by eating her sacred fish, dressed in sordid rags, covered himself with a sack and sat in the public highway humbly to proclaim his misdeed in order to obtain forgiveness. 2_31 [paragraph continues] "Three times, in the depths of winter," says Juvenal, "the devotee of Isis will dive into the chilly waters of the Tiber, and shivering with cold, will drag herself around the temple upon her bleeding knees; if the goddess commands, she will go to the outskirts of Egypt to take water from the Nile and empty it within the sanctuary. " 2_32 This shows the introduction into Europe of Oriental asceticism. But there were impious acts and impure passions that contaminated and defiled the soul. Since this infection could be destroyed only by expiations prescribed by the gods, the extent of the sin and the character of the necessary penance had to be estimated. It was the priest's prerogative to judge the misdeeds and to impose the penalties. This circumstance gave the clergy a very different character from the one it had at Rome. The priest was no longer simply the guardian of sacred traditions, the intermediary between man or the state and the gods, but also a spiritual guide. He taught his flock the long series of obligations and restrictions for shielding their weakness from the attacks of evil spirits. He knew how to quiet remorse and scruples, and to restore the sinner to spiritual calm. Being versed in sacred knowledge, he had the power of reconciling the gods. Frequent sacred repasts maintained a spirit of fellowship among the mystics of Cybele, Mithra or the Baals, 2_33 and a daily service unceasingly revived the faith of the Isis worshipers. In consequence, the clergy were entirely absorbed in their holy office and lived only for and by their temples. Unlike the sacerdotal colleges of Rome in which the secular and religious functions were not yet clearly differentiated, 2_34 they were not an administrative commission ruling the sacred affairs of the state under the supervision of the senate; they formed what might almost be called a caste of recluses distinguished from ordinary men by their insignia, garb, habits and food, and constituting an independent body with a hierarchy, formulary and even councils of their own. 2_35 They did not return to every-day duties as private citizens or to the direction of public affairs as magistrates as the ancient pontiffs had done after the solemn festival service. We can readily understand that these beliefs and institutions were bound to establish the Oriental religions and their priests on a strong basis. Their influence must have been especially powerful at the time of the Cæsars. The laxity of morals at the beginning of our era has been exaggerated but it was real. Many unhealthy symptoms told of a profound moral anarchy weighing on a weakened and irresolute society. The farther we go toward the end of the empire the more its energy seems to fail and the character of men to weaken. The number of strong healthy minds incapable of a lasting aberration and without need of guidance or comfort was growing ever smaller. We note the spread of that feeling of exhaustion and debility which follows the aberrations of passion, and the same weakness that led to crime impelled men to seek absolution in the formal practices of asceticism. They applied to the Oriental priests for spiritual remedies. People flattered themselves that by performing the rites they would attain a condition of felicity after death. All barbarian mysteries pretended to reveal to their adherents the secret of blessed immortality. Participation in the occult ceremonies of the sect was a chief means of salvation. 2_36 The vague and disheartening beliefs of ancient paganism in regard to life after death were transformed into the firm hope of a well-defined form of happiness. 2_37 This faith in a personal survival of the soul and even of the body was based upon a strong instinct of human nature, the instinct of self-preservation. Social and moral conditions in the empire during its decline gave it greater strength than it had ever possessed before. 2_38 The third century saw so much suffering, anguish and violence, so much unnecessary ruin and so many unpunished crimes, that the Roman world took refuge in the expectation of a better existence in which all the iniquity of this world would be retrieved. No earthly hope brightened life. The tyranny of a corrupt bureaucracy choked all disposition for political progress. Science stagnated and revealed no more unknown truths. Growing poverty discouraged the spirit of enterprise. The idea gained ground that humanity was afflicted with incurable decay, that nature was approaching her doom and that the end of world was near. 2_39 We must remember all these causes of discouragement and despondency to understand the power of the idea, expressed so frequently, that the spirit animating man was forced by bitter necessity to imprison itself in matter and that it was delivered from its carnal captivity by death. In the heavy atmosphere of a period of oppression and impotence the dejected soul longed with incredible ardor to fly to the radiant abode of heaven. To recapitulate, the Oriental religions acted upon the senses, the intellect and the conscience at the same time, and therefore gained a hold on the entire man. [paragraph continues] Compared with the ancient creeds, they appear to have offered greater beauty of ritual, greater truth of doctrine and a far superior morality. The imposing ceremonial of their festivities and the alternating pomp and sensuality, gloom and exaltation of their services appealed especially to the simple and the humble, while the progressive revelation of ancient wisdom, inherited from the old and distant Orient, captivated the cultured mind. The emotions excited by these religions and the consolations offered strongly attracted the women, who were the most fervent and generous followers and most passionate propagandists 2_40 of the religions of Isis and Cybele. Mithra was worshiped almost exclusively by men, whom he subjected to a rigid moral discipline. Thus souls were gained by the promise of spiritual purification and the prospect of eternal happiness. The worship of the Roman gods was a civic duty, the worship of the foreign gods the expression of a personal belief. The latter were the objects of the thoughts, feelings and intimate aspirations of the individual, not merely of the traditional and, one might say, functional adoration of the citizen. The ancient municipal devotions were connected with a number of earthly interests that helped to support each other. They were one of various forms of family spirit and patriotism and guaranteed the prosperity of the community. The Oriental mysteries, directing the will toward an ideal goal and exalting the inner spirit, were less mindful of economic utility, but they could produce that vibration of the moral being that caused emotions, stronger than any rational faculty, to gush forth from the depths of the soul. Through a sudden illumination they furnished the intuition of a spiritual life whose intensity made all material happiness appear insipid and contemptible. This stirring appeal of supernatural life made the propaganda irresistible. The same ardent enthusiasm guaranteed at the same time the uncontested domination of neo-Platonism among the philosophers. Antiquity expired and a new era was born.

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Context Sensitive Design (CSD) is a part of the D. design efforts and the Context Sensitive Design Guidelines are included as a chapter in the D. Design and Engineering Manual. These guidelines provide an additional resource in the design and planning process to achieve better and improved designs. CSD is a collaborative, interdisciplinary approach that involves all stakeholders to develop a transportation facility that fits its physical setting and preserves scenic, aesthetic, historic, and environmental resources, while maintaining safety and mobility. CSD is an approach that considers the total context within which a transportation improvement project will exist [Federal Highway Administration 2001]. The key elements of Context Sensitive Design for any project are: - Purpose and Transportation Need - Public Participation - Transportation Design Elements - Safety and Mobility Another way of describing Context Sensitive Design is “merging the function of a transportation project with its setting. " This new approach is an effort to design transportation projects in harmony with the project’s context, such that these projects respect the community values, physical needs, natural environment, social needs, cultural characteristics, aesthetics, and transportation needs. The “context” of the project can include a variety of elements such as community, scenic byways, rivers, historic districts, residential character, parks, farmland, wetlands, highways, and commercial neighborhoods. The District Department of Transportation (D.) has always used Context Sensitive Design (CSD) in almost all transportation projects. D.’s context sensitive approach extends from extended public involvement to preserving the historic character of the District, from avoiding adverse impacts on the natural parklands to enhancing multi-modal transportation options in every transportation project. In order to formalize the Context Sensitive Design approach to all projects D. started to develop its internal CSD procedures and policies in 2003. As a result of this effort Context Sensitive Design guidelines were developed. D. revised its Design Guidelines Manual and added Context Sensitive Design guidelines. Public Involvement Techniques D. has a long history of extended community involvement. D.’s public involvement process starts at the project-scoping stage and continues through completion of construction. D. utilizes a variety of public outreach and involvement tools and techniques including print media, electronic media, community events, Advisory Neighborhood Commissions (ANC), public meetings, workshops, e-mail, newsletters and coordination with civic and business associations. D. participates in the FHWA training programs for Context Sensitive Design. Infrastructure Project Management Administration District Department of Transportation 55 M Street, SE, Suite 400 Washington, DC 20003 Phone: (202) 671-4607 Fax: (202) 671-4710 Email: [email protected] To extend public involvement, preserve the historic character, avoid adverse impacts, and to enhance multi-modal transportation. Program at a Glance Program Title: Context Sensitive Design Guidelines Agency: District Department of Transportation Office: Policy, Planning and Sustainability Administration (PPSA) Type: Planning and Strategy

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Here is a list of lesson ideas, resources and materials that were shared on the Facebook group in the couple of days before June 5, World Environment Day. There are videos, article, lesson plans and a song for our youngest students. - A three-minute clip from the BBC on Greta Thurnberg: Climate change – the facts (subtitled) - Story in the Guardian June 4 about a plastic free shopping initiative in the UK (B2+) And the same story covered by the BBC – Bring your own containers, says Waitrose – short article plus vox pops – accessible to B2+ . It might be interesting to compare the two stories. - An animated clip about man and his relationship with nature. Tried and test with young learners in Thailand and shared by Clyde Howle: This is a great video to raise students’ awareness of environmental issues for World Environment Day. My YLs always get very engaged by it and it generates a lot of discussion. I normally pair the students up one facing the screen and one with their back to it and play the video and get those watching to tell their partner everything they see, switching roles half-way through. The second time they watch I get them to remember / list all the environmental problems they see. These can then be elicited on the board and groups can choose an issue and come up with actions / solutions to present to class. (Clyde Fowle, Thailand) - Story from the Good News Network about a German boy who has helped plant 1 million trees (B1+/B2 with support – adults and teens). - Very short, simple, promotional video with text from the World Economic Forum to kick off discussions about what we can do to fight climate breakdown. - Short article about a Brazilian photo journalist and his wife who reforested land in Brazil – great before/after photos for discussion. - Short, inspiring article about eco-friendly homes for refugees in Egypt – accessible to B1+/B2 students with support. - For very young learners, the Peppa Pig Recycling Song! - A lesson on alternatives to plastic by Tyson Seburn based on the following news story: https://nextshark.com/banana-leaves-asia-plastic-packaging/ (You can also see the lesson described on Tyson’s blog. A) Pre-task lexis: Show pictures of a grocery market and various ways in which markets or customers (local to learning context) group products together for sale or purchase. Learners discuss modes of grouping and associated vocabulary, not necessarily with environment or plastic as the focus, but anything (e. g. could be ‘in bundles’, ‘in pairs’, ‘with elastics’, collective nouns, etc. ). Can be done in comparison with learner home contexts if different. B1) Task – Problematisation: Learners work together to solve: How can this be done differently – for efficiency? cost? environment? B2) Task – Solution, etc. : Use attached news item (actually it’s Thailand and Vietnam specifically) to follow-up for reading and source material. Learners could also find other examples online as further support or inspiration. They ultimately write a proposal to a grocer suggesting new methods and justifying with rationale, possibly by referencing these texts. The text Sue Annan posted in this group would be a good complement. Another useful story for discussing plastic packaging and its alternatives: Ikea to use packaging made from mushrooms. - From Owain Llewelyn at ELT Sustainable a lesson about plastic in our oceans ” focusses on a lovely video of a breakup…with plastic? Lots of relationship collocations too! ” For B2 and upwards, adults and teens. If you have any other ideas to share, or if you try any of these out in class, please leave a comment or come over to the Facebook group and join the conversation!

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Tens of millions of People reside with numerous forms of mental illness and psychological health problems, such as social nervousness, obsessive compulsive disorder, drug dependancy, and character disorders. The department is one in all 5 facilities within the nation to receive funding from the Nationwide Institute of Psychological Well being to check adolescents with depression who have tried suicide. Having a psychological dysfunction shouldn’t be any completely different than experiencing a physical sickness. Mental well being services, is a unfastened network of providers ranging from extremely structured inpatient psychiatric items to casual support teams, where psychiatric social employees indulges within the various approaches in multiple settings along with different paraprofessional employees. Psychological sicknesses are problems of brain function. This technique had a larger impact on social work practice within the psychological well being subject especially in lowering the stigmatisation. The 4 main categories of medications used to treat psychological health issues are antidepressants, anti-nervousness medicines, antipsychotic medicines, and temper-stabilizing drugs. 34 Watching films about teens with melancholy or children with Autism makes us think that all of the those who have a psychological illness are like the ones on TELEVISION. In actuality, the media displays an exaggerated version of most illnesses. Individuals affected by mental illness don’t live in a vacuum. … Read More

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Menopause is a natural biological process that marks the end of a woman’s reproductive years. It typically occurs between the ages of 45 and 55, but can happen earlier or later. Menopause is often associated with a range of symptoms, including hot flashes, night sweats, mood swings, and insomnia. While there are medical treatments available to manage these symptoms, many women prefer non-medical solutions. In this article, we will explore some of the non-medical solutions for managing menopause. Menopause is defined as the permanent cessation of menstruation and fertility. It occurs when the ovaries stop producing eggs and the levels of estrogen and progesterone in the body decrease. This decline in hormone levels can cause a range of physical and emotional symptoms. There are several factors that can cause menopause, including age, genetics, and medical treatments such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Menopause occurs in three stages: perimenopause, menopause, and postmenopause. Perimenopause is the period leading up to menopause when hormone levels begin to fluctuate. Menopause is defined as 12 months without a menstrual period. Postmenopause refers to the years after menopause. Common Symptoms of Menopause Hot flashes are one of the most common symptoms of menopause. They are characterized by a sudden feeling of warmth that spreads throughout the body, often accompanied by sweating and flushing of the skin. Night sweats are similar to hot flashes but occur during sleep. Mood swings are another common symptom of menopause. Women may experience irritability, anxiety, depression, or mood swings during this time. Insomnia is also common during menopause due to hormonal changes that affect sleep patterns. Vaginal dryness is another symptom that can occur during menopause due to decreased estrogen levels. This can cause discomfort during sex and increase the risk of vaginal infections. Decreased libido is also common during menopause. Non-Medical Solutions for Hot Flashes There are several non-medical solutions for managing hot flashes. Dressing in layers can help women regulate their body temperature and remove clothing as needed. Avoiding triggers such as spicy foods, caffeine, and alcohol can also help reduce the frequency and intensity of hot flashes. Practicing relaxation techniques such as deep breathing, meditation, or yoga can help reduce stress and anxiety, which can trigger hot flashes. Using natural remedies such as black cohosh or soy may also help manage hot flashes, although more research is needed to confirm their effectiveness. Non-Medical Solutions for Mood Swings Stress management techniques such as yoga or tai chi can help women manage mood swings during menopause. Engaging in regular exercise can also help improve mood and reduce stress levels. Getting enough sleep is important for overall health and can also help improve mood. Talking to a therapist or counselor can be helpful for women experiencing mood swings during menopause. They can provide support and guidance on coping strategies and offer a safe space to discuss any emotional challenges. Dietary Changes to Help Manage Menopause Eating a balanced diet with plenty of fruits and vegetables is important for overall health during menopause. Avoiding processed foods and sugar can also help manage symptoms such as hot flashes and mood swings. Incorporating foods rich in phytoestrogens such as flaxseed or tofu may also help manage symptoms of menopause. These plant-based compounds mimic the effects of estrogen in the body and may help alleviate symptoms such as hot flashes. Exercise and Relaxation Techniques for Menopause Exercise has been shown to be effective in managing menopause symptoms such as hot flashes, mood swings, and insomnia. Women should aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise most days of the week. Types of exercise to try include yoga, walking, or strength training. Relaxation techniques such as deep breathing, meditation, or progressive muscle relaxation can help reduce stress and anxiety during menopause. These techniques can be practiced at home or in a group setting. Seeking Professional Help for Menopause While non-medical solutions can be effective in managing menopause symptoms, some women may require medical treatment. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is a common treatment for menopause symptoms that involves replacing the hormones that the body is no longer producing. Women should talk to their healthcare provider about the risks and benefits of HRT. Other medical treatments for menopause symptoms include antidepressants, anti-seizure medications, and vaginal estrogen therapy. Women should talk to their healthcare provider about which treatment options are right for them. Menopause is a natural process that can cause a range of physical and emotional symptoms. While medical treatments are available, many women prefer non-medical solutions for managing their symptoms. These solutions include lifestyle changes such as exercise and relaxation techniques, dietary changes, and natural remedies. Women should also talk to their healthcare provider about medical treatments such as hormone replacement therapy if needed. By trying different techniques and seeking professional help if needed, women can manage their menopause symptoms and improve their overall quality of life.

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(PhysOrg. com) -- Researchers in the US have grown lungs in their laboratory and transplanted them into rats. The transplanted lungs functioned for up to six hours. The current work follows independent research announced last month by Yale University, in which the first ever bioengineered lung tissue was transplanted into rats. In those experiments the tissue carried out gas exchange for only two hours. The scientists involved in the latest experiments were from the Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School in Boston, and were led by Harald C. Ott. They removed the left lungs from the rats and then stripped the lungs of cells using a mild detergent in a process called decellurization. The blood vessels, airways and connective tissues remained as a kind of structural scaffolding or matrix. They then added epithelial and endothelial cells and nutrients and incubated the mix in a bioreactor to help the lung cells grow and remain supple and flexible. In less than a week the cultivated lungs resembled the original lungs in size, and once gas exchange had been demonstrated in culture, they were transplanted into the rats. Anatomical measurements and study of oxygen flow demonstrated the new lungs were working. They continued to work for up to six hours, after which they failed through accumulation of fluid inside the lung and resultant capillary leakage. The experiments did not successfully regenerate all the types of cells found in the lungs, and Ott said there remained a lot of work to do before the technique could be scaled up to produce human lungs. He estimated we might be seeing regenerated organs for use in human patients within five or 10 years. At present the best option for patients with serious lung damage caused by conditions such as cystic fibrosis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a lung transplant, but there is a severe shortage of donor lungs, and the risk of rejection is high even if a donor is found. As with the transplantation of most organs, many patients die before a donor organ can be found. Scientists are looking for alternatives to reduce the need for transplants. Other advances include the lung-on-a-chip, and the bioartificial rat heart created two years ago by Ott, then working at the University of Minnesota. Ott created the heart by removing all the cells of a dead heart and then “seeding” it with live cardiac cells to re-grow the organ. The results of Ott’s latest research were published in the journal Nature Medicine. Explore further: Secret of tetanus toxicity offers new way to treat motor neuron disease More information: Regeneration and orthotopic transplantation of a bioartificial lung, Harald C Ott, et al. , Nature Medicine (2010), DOI:10. 1038/nm. 2193

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The commonality in what you described is that the user will select a shape. A circle is a shape. A rectangle is a shape. One can enlarge a circle. One can move a circle. One can enlarge a rectangle. One can move a rectangle. For Example,in Micrsoft Paint brush user will select the circle object and draw it means he can use any object at any time . There is something in common there, and we can say that one can move a shape, and one can enlarge a shape. So with a shape base class, the choice of functions is limited to those public member functions specified in shape, even though there may be many more derived class member functions that override these few shape virtual member functions. It will not. You do not understand: according to your code, a Generic is a store, a Generic is a purc, and a Generic is a manu. Typecasting is useless. If I code like this then no need to write switch case. The ((Generic*)obj_ptr[class_id]->*pt[class_id][Fn_id])(); line will do all things for me ! right You could do the opposite: create a Generic base class (similiar to the Object class in Java and many other OO languages). But then you still have to use a switch of some sort to typecast. In other words, if there is no commonality, then you have no choice but to use a massive switch. If there is commonality, you can factor it out into a class hierarchy and use polymorphism.

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Architect Edward Jon Cazayoux begins “A Manual for the Environmental & Climatic Responsive Restoration & Renovation of Older Houses in Louisiana” with a simple idea from Henry David Thoreau: “What’s the use of a house if you haven’t got a tolerable planet to put it on? ” Cazayoux’s work explores the uses of passive climate-driven architectural design, preferred material and design solutions, as well as historical models of implementation. “At present,” he notes, “the majority of our energy sources are not only finite, costly, political, undependable, vulnerable, but also environmentally degenerative. ” Calling upon the work of contemporary scholars and historical figures such as Vitruvius, Cazayoux questions modern practices of active cooling systems and presents simple illustrations to explain complex concepts, ranging from the laws of thermodynamics, incandescent vs. fluorescent lighting, natural ventilation, and sealed attics. While the manual was originally published in 2003, it still offers valuable information to people who are looking to restore or renovate historical structures with a sustainable approach. The manual also provides treatments to and selection of material suggestions. For instance, Cazayoux details preferred roofing design details such as white-colored shingles, thicker roof sheathing, and ventilated air spaces with corresponding illustrations for ease of understanding. Cazayoux and Edmond Lawrence Vige completed all the drawings and diagrams for the project. One of the most challenging aspects of environmental design to understand is the difference in cooling spaces and cooling people. Cazayoux describes various cooling efforts – both passive (cross breezes, etc. ) and active (air conditioning, etc. ) – and what their best uses are. Ceiling fans, a staple in any home, “cool people and not spaces,” so Cazayoux recommends only having them on while people are actually occupying a space. A common misconception debunked with clear suggestions on how to better use energy in a home, this is Cazayoux’s work in essence. Cazayoux also promotes heritage conservation, but from an environmentally-conscious perspective. “This manual is designed to encourage the individual to not only save energy,” he notes. “But to save the architectural fabric of our culture. ” As cypress wood – called “wood eternal” by Louisiana French colonists – is a common building material in Louisiana, recycling building materials is an option for many construction projects that should be carefully considered. The first chapter of the manual walks the reader through several historical precedents, ranging from native peoples’ construction methods to both Spanish and French colonists. “It is important to know what the people we inherited this planet from did to live with the natural environment, before the Industrial Revolution, to see a sustainable future,” Cazayoux explains. The precedents study the environmental impacts of various typologies and offers design solutions to heat gain, ventilation, and other sustainable design initiatives that can be implemented in today’s housing stock. The entire project is available to download as a PDF from the State of Louisiana Department of Natural Resources.

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Healthy lunches limit childhood obesity essay Argumentative essay childhood obesity has become an epidemic of national importance but the new lunches have a limit set by the usda at 850 calories. A long term effect of childhood obesity parents should provide their family with healthy food options and limit schools can provide healthy meals for lunch. Childhood obesity childhood obesity is need essay sample on childhood obesity it is uncertain if changing school lunches would decrease obesity or not. State of obesity state of key obesity-prevention policies a range of strategies can help support opportunities for healthy eating and increased physical. Childhood obesity and school lunches for most of my early childhood i was i wanted to raise awareness on this topic but also show that there is never a limit. Childhood obesity: school lunches held accountable essay, buy custom childhood obesity: school lunches held accountable essay paper cheap, childhood obesity: school. Obesity children essay the counter argument is incorrect because schools can serve a variety of healthy lunches to childhood obesity: the need for a healthy. Healthy lifestyle essay arguably the most important factor of healthy school lunches is the child’s reaction to putting a stop to childhood obesity essay. First lady michelle obama has made combating childhood obesity a the healthy hunger-free kids act limits of healthy food, create a dream lunch. Childhood obesity in school essay obesity limits students’ ability to excel in one of the ways the schools try to help is by serving healthy lunches and. Perspective from the new england journal of medicine — protecting progress against childhood obesity — the national retaining healthy school lunch. Childhood obesity essay 852 words schools can reduce childhood obesity healthy lunches limit childhood obesity associations between birth weight and childhood. Get the facts about childhood obesity and learn how we are reducing childhood obesity in orange county through physical activity and healthy food options. Retrieved from http://wwwcdcgov/obesity/child student explain in an analytic essay why childhood obesity is judge blocks new york city’s limits on big. Healthy towns news back to news previous childhood obesity and school lunches essays about love 22 oct 2017. This lunch for a child is a very healthy and satisfying one essay about school lunches nationally the maximum limit for school lunch. Essay on healthy school lunches will reduce childhood obesity essay on healthy school lunches will reduce childhood obesity healthy school lunches essay. - Childhood obesity occurs when a child’s body accumulates schools can provide healthy meals for lunch that provide nutrition childhood obesity essay. - Childhood obesity in america essay childhood obesity in america childhood obesity is becoming a parents should limit their child’s meals at fast food. - Childhood obesity the law ethics children and young people essay lunches and physical her mission to reduce childhood obesity and encourage healthy. Running head: childhood obesity and school lunches 1 childhood obesity and school food choices: should the government intervene. Best practices in creating a healthy school lunch childhood obesity be challenging the process by creating new and innovative ways of providing healthy. Lower child obesity rates - medpagetodaycom. Michelle obama’s ‘healthy’ school lunches to address the strange american paradox of childhood hunger and obesity to tweak salt limits and fruit.

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testing run caps the easy way TESTING RUN CAPACITORS THE SMART (AND EASY) WAY When testing a run capacitor many techs pull the leads off and use the capacitance setting on their meter to test the capacitor. On a system that is not running there isn’t anything wrong with this test, but when you are CONSTANTLY checking capacitors as a matter of regular testing and maintenance that extra step of pulling the connectors off can be time consuming and in these cases it is also totally unnecessary. Testing the capacitors UNDER LOAD (while running) is a great way to confirm that the capacitor is doing it’s job under real load conditions which is also more accurate than taking the reading with the unit off. First, if you are used to doing capacitor checks during the “cleaning” stage of a PM you are going to need to change your practices and do your tests during the “testing” phase. These readings will be made at the same time you are taking other amperage and voltage readings during the run test. This method is a practical method and is a composite of two different test practices combined – - Read your Volt (EMF) and Amp (Current) readings like usual and note your readings. - Measure the amperage of just the start wire (wiring connecting to the start winding), this will be the wire between your capacitor and the compressor. In the case of 4 wire motors it will usually be the brown wire NOT the brown with white stripe. Note your amperage on this wire. . - Measure the voltage between the two capacitor terminals, for the compressor that would be between HERM and C, for the cond fan motor that would be between FAN and C. Note the voltage readings - Now take the amp reading you took on the start wire (wire from the capacitor) and multiply by 2,652 (some say 2650 but 2652 is slightly more accurate) then divide that total by the capacitor volts you measured. the simple formula is Start Winding Amps X 2,652 ÷ Capacitor Voltage = Microfarads - Read the nameplate MFD on the capacitors and compare to your actual readings. Most capacitors allow for a 6%+/- tolerance, if outside of that range then replacement of the capacitor may be recommended. Always double check your math before you quote a customer. We need to make sure we are accurate when advising a repair. - Repeat this process on all of the run capacitors and you will have assurance whether they are fully functional under load or not. - Keep in mind that the capacitor installed may not be the CORRECT capacitor. The motor or compressor may have been replaced or someone may have put in the wrong size. When in doubt refer to the data plate or specs on the specfic motor or compressor. If you need a visual, here are some good videos on the topic. Note that some will use 2650, some 2652 and some 2653. It all depends on how many decimals of pi they are using in their calculation but all of them will result in an accurate enough conclusion for our use. At first doing it this way may take a few minutes longer but in the long run you will go quicker, have fewer mistakes (forgetting to put the terminals back), have a better understanding of how the equipment is operating and get a more accurate reading. Once you replace a capacitor always recheck your readings to ensure the new capacitor reads correctly under load. It is also a good practice to check Capacitors you have removed with your capacitance setting on your meter as a reference point. While this method is good, it is only as good as your tools and your math. When in doubt, double check… and always be in doubt.

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The Hoyle Shield Summary Project Facilitator : William E. (Bill) Smith Think of Your Local Weather Forecast : You and your family watch the weather forecast every night. To deliver this the weather man uses a global system consisting of : sensors in the air, on the oceans and on the ground; communication systems to pipe the data in real-time to a central control system; data reporting and modelling tools to display the current “maps” and to predict and display the future maps. There are 5-10 major systems which do this : UK, USA, Australia etc. Now Extend this to a Microbe Forecast The Hoyle Shield is a very similar system with equivalent components but analyzing clouds of microbes not simply clouds of water vapor (the sensors are much more sophisticated sensors being able to detect viruses, bacteria and algae). The output of the weather system includes visual maps (2D) of temperature, pressure and rainfall (both actual and predicted). The output of the Hoyle Shield System includes visual maps (3D) of “microbe clouds” colour coded for “type and density”; showing flow; predicted arrival location and estimated time of arrival at ground level The Hoyle Shield is a proposed system to detect nano-microbes, viruses, bacteria and algae in the stratosphere long before the microbes infect birds or humans. The design in 2015 has four subsystems : - Sub-System #1 : The Nanosensor Devices – The Microbe Detection Processor - Sub-System #2 : The Experiment Manager - Sub-System #3 : The Communication System – Google LOON + Commercial Airlines The overall system is designed to detect microbe clouds in a variety of environments and track the cloud characteristics and movement. The control centre for the Hoyle Shield might one day be at the Centre of Disease Control in Atlanta. Many of the services and databases already exist but in a fragmented form. The Hoyle Project acts as a focal point for a quantum increase in microbe management capability. The Development Phases 2015 : Feasibility Study; Early Launches; Raspberry Pi Experiments 2016 : Answering the Gosewinkel Question; Pilot Water Quality Monitoring in the Salish Sea 2017 : HOYLE SHIELD Any number of teams from any countries can participate. At this point there is no expectation of competition other that sense of competition which every scientist feels as they seek answers to old and new questions. Your team can continue with its own methodology – only adopting new capabilities as they witness success by other teams. Some teams will focus on the biology, some on the computing and others on the space exploration. Some teams will enjoy including the raspberry pi exploring the potential of such low cost computers. Others might see the iBOL project as a wonderful focus for their own discoveries and enjoy pioneering bringing classification of new stratosphere life forms into the global iBOL initiative. The potential for bringing in nanotechnology is high. Future astrovirologists could be born on this project. And who knows if those who focus of the challenges of stratosphere exploration will find careers at NASA. USA Team #1 : The AERA PROJECT – Ridgefield, CT, USA (students attending Ridgefield High School) (also Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/aeraproject ) SRI LANKA Team #2 : The CYGNUS PROJECT – Physics Students, University of Peradeniya, SRI LANKA SRI LANKA Team #3 : Near Earth Objects Entering Upper Atmosphere (NEOEUA), Physics Department, University of Ruhuna, SRI Lanka This team under post-graduate and team leader Dhanushka Subath Amaradasa, is focussed upon a visual meteor detection system built upon unique local intellectual property and capability. In effect it will deliver an improved lower cost system to the NASA AllSkyCam Network. The 2015 Team Preparation We define no methodology to constrain you, but we do encourage you to learn about teams and project management, and particularly to learn to “Reach Out” using tools like Twitter, Facebook , and email to collaborate with people who can help and guide you. SCRUM is an “agile methodology”. Wikipedia describes the following : Scrum is an iterative and incremental agile software development methodology for managing product development. It defines “a flexible, holistic product development strategy where a development team works as a unit to reach a common goal”, challenges assumptions of the “traditional, sequential approach” to product development, and enables teams to self-organize by encouraging physical co-location or close online collaboration of all team members, as well as daily face-to-face communication among all team members and disciplines in the project. A key principle of scrum is its recognition that during production processes, the customers can change their minds about what they want and need (often called “requirements churn”), and that unpredicted challenges cannot be easily addressed in a traditional predictive or planned manner. As such, scrum adopts an empirical approach—accepting that the problem cannot be fully understood or defined, focusing instead on maximizing the team’s ability to deliver quickly and respond to emerging requirements Listed previously, the FOUR subsystems of the HOYLE SHIELD include technologies from across many disciplines. - communications technology - computer science - data mining Combine these with product management, project management and communication skills, and add to this more esoteric skills like “Balloon Flying” and this project has enough dimensions to challenge the very best engineers, biologists, software developers. BUT FIRST we must seek to answer the Gosewinkel Question. What is the probability that new viruses enter the earth’s atmosphere? There is a possibility the Rosetta Mission will answer this in the Fall of 2015. But we expect not. We think they will require another shot at 67P in 8 years time, armed with a “much improved” MIDAS experiment. Although Professor Milton Wainwright and the Russian ISS Teams each believe they have strong evidence for this question being 100% true, the HOYLE SHIELD teams are each determined to contribute to the academic acceptance of this hypothesis; or conversely to prove the answer is 0%.

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As of 2005, the horse industry contributed approximately $39 billion in direct economic impacts to the U.S. economy on an annual basis. When considering indirect and induced spending, that number increased to $102 billion. There are an estimated 9. 2 million horses in the United States owned by nearly 2 million people (American Horse Council, 2005). These numbers represent a strong growth in the horse industry across the country from 1996 (American Horse Council, 1996) to 2005 and in Virginia the trend is no different. Evaluation of surveys of horses in Virginia estimated that 215,000 horses are located on 41,000 operations throughout the Commonwealth. This reflects a 26% growth in the number of horses and a 41% growth in the number of equine operations between 2001 and 2006. Virginia equine operations spent $783 million caring for equines in 2006, as compared to $505 million in 2001. Boarding fees accounted for 5. 4% of equine expenditures, actually reflecting a decrease from 6. 3% in 2001. Loudoun, Fauquier, and Albemarle ranked as the top three counties for number of horses and total value of the animals, respectively (NASS, 2006). Virginia offers many opportunities for people to enjoy horses through trail rides, shows and expos, competitions, and involvement with local horse clubs and organizations. There is a very strong equine 4-H presence in the state as well. In particular, horses used for trail riding and pleasure include 48. 4% of horses in Virginia (NASS, 2006). As more people find the means to achieve a childhood dream, that of owning horses, many discover they don’t have adequate acreage or time to maintain the animals themselves. Boarding operations offer services to not only care for the horses but also various amenities to enhance the horse owning experience. This survey was developed to gain a better understanding of services and amenities offered at boarding operations in Northern and Central Virginia and to assess the interest in developing an Equine Boarding Directory for Northern Virginia. A survey was adapted from one used to assess boarding operations in the Northern Shenandoah Valley (Whittle and Smith, 2006). The modified survey contained 57 questions designed to assess amenities and services provided, overall management strategies for the operation, and relative costs. It was mailed to equine operations in 19 targeted counties in Northern and Central Virginia using mailing lists generated by extension agents in those counties. Surveys were distributed by standard mail and e-mail to an estimated 500 equine operations. An initial mailing went out in December 2006 with another mailing going to a separate mailing list in February of 2007. For anonymity, self-addressed stamped envelopes were included in the standard mailing and were sent as requested to those who had received the survey by e-mail. All surveys were collected by April 2007. As a request was made to recipients to distribute the survey to others who might be willing to participate, it is impossible to know how many people actually received the instrument. However, a total of 81 surveys were returned and 76 of those were from the targeted geography: Albemarle (9), Caroline (3), Culpeper (9), Fairfax (1), Fauquier (11), Fluvanna (3), Greene (1), Loudoun (15), Louisa (4), Madison (6), Nelson (1), Orange (3), Prince William (4), Rappahannock (2), and no county listed (4). Data were entered into a spreadsheet where averages and percentages were calculated from the total number of responses received from the targeted counties. Due to the nature of boarding facilities, responders could occasionally check multiple answers to given questions. This resulted in some percentages adding up to over 100%. Results and Discussion Facility Design and Management Horse boarding facilities design and management can range from simple pasture board, where horses are minimally managed, to full-care stall board, where horses are usually handled daily and are more intensely managed. Typically, a more “hands-on” operation will have a higher cost associated with boarding. It is possible for a given operation to have a variety of arrangements with boarders. Table 1 includes the average cost and number of horses housed at facilities in the targeted area. Interestingly, horses kept in stalls with access to multi-horse paddocks were less expensive than horses kept in stalls alone. Also, the highest boarding costs were not reported in the three counties with the most horses except in one case: the cost for stalled facilities was highest in Loudoun County. While the average number of stalls was reported as 13 (range 1-40), the average number of horses boarded in stalls was only nine. It is possible that the number of stalls occupied would be higher if horses owned by the boarding facility owner were counted in that total. The most common stall size was 12’ x 12’ (84%). |Table 1. Facility design and average cost and number of horses housed at boarding facilities in 19 counties in Northern and Central Virginia.| |Design||Response Rate||Monthly Cost, Average||Monthly Cost, Range||# Horses, Average||# Horses, Range| |Pasture only||30 %||$228||$150 - $300||15||1-40| |Pasture w/run-in||56 %||$255||$150 - $375||10||1-90| |Pasture w/stall||45 %||$297||$220 - $438||8||1-25| |Stall||32 %||$496||$325 - $750||9||1-40| |Stall w/individual paddock||33%||$509||$375 - $775||5||1-22| |Stall w/multi-horse paddock||52%||$444||$317 - $600||7||1-30| The most common fencing was board (91%) followed by woven wire and electric (25% each). Polyvinyl, barbed wire, high tension, and rubber fencing were each reported at less than 15%. The size and dimensions of paddocks and pastures varied widely. In pastures, the water source was more commonly a trough (73%), though automatic waterers (37%) and natural sources (40%) were also reported. Buckets (86%) were the most common water source in stalls, with only 9% reporting the use of automatic watering systems. Seventy-nine percent of boarding facilities required a signed boarding contract, but only 33% required a security deposit. The most common deposit (84%) was one month’s board. Seventy-one percent of respondents claimed they had a plan to handle non-payment by boarders, but this survey did not cover what methods were used. Only 35% of respondents reported that they catered to a specific riding style. Of those that did, 86% catered to English and Dressage riders (55% and 31%, respectively) while only 25% were targeted at Western riding. Sixty percent of facilities noted that they did not cater to a specific age group. The average number of customers reported was 16 (range 1-70). Services and Amenities Seventy-six percent of respondents reported that they were a full-service facility, meaning all feeding, turnout, and stall cleaning was done by management or employees. Most of the time (93%), the facility owner checked the horses, with animals most often being observed twice a day (45%). Less frequently, horses were checked three (24%) or four (23%) times a day. This is most likely a combination of management and owner efforts. Stalls were most often cleaned once per day (56%), and usually by the barn manager or staff (69%). Most facilities included stall bedding in the cost of board (80%), and that bedding was more likely to be shavings (77%) as opposed to straw (11%). Services included blanketing during the appropriate season (79%), training of horses (40%), lessons for riders (40%), and exercise for horses (37%). Fees for these services varied widely. Blanketing charges commonly ranged from $10. 00-$50. 00 per month. Training for horses ranged from $20. 00-$50. 00 per ride or $200-$1000 per month. Lessons for riders and exercise for the horse ranged from $10. 00-$60. 00 per ride or session, usually an hour in length. Most facilities would not provide boarding for stallions (80%), but 21% reported that there were stallions on the farm. At some facilities (53%), mares and geldings are separated for turnout. Most facilities were open 24 hours a day (69%), but those that did close were usually closed between 6:00 pm and 10:00 pm, usually coinciding with sunset. Amenities are listed in Table 2. Reflecting the increased demand for pleasure and recreational riding, the number of facilities reporting trail access (80%) was only lower than those reporting having an outdoor arena (84%). Most of the trails were private (75%), were directly accessible from the farm (96%), and covered anywhere from five to over 300 acres. Most amenities were available on a first-come, first-served basis (60%), while only 17% required scheduling before use. |Table 2. Amenities at horse boarding facilities in 19 counties in Northern and Central Virginia.| |Outdoor wash rack||35%| |Indoor wash rack||57%| Most operations provided some sort of tack storage on site. These ranged from tack boxes provided by the horse owner or farm management to locked and heated tack rooms in the barn. Some sites provided individual lockers located throughout the barn. Most boarding operations included hay (91%) or grain (81%) in the cost of board. The amount of hay and grain provided varied widely, with most respondents stating they fed “as much as needed” or that it “depended on the horse”. Only 37% charged an additional fee if more hay or grain than usual was needed for a particular horse. The usual amount of hay provided varied widely, from 2 flakes per day at the low end and up to a full small, square bale per day on the high end. Several responded that horses were fed unlimited amount of hay. Eighty-eight percent used small square bales as the form of hay provided. Orchardgrass was preferred (83%), followed by timothy (37%), alfalfa (17%), and other (17%). Supplements usually were not (75%) included in the fee and horse owners were required to provide those (65%). Sixty-five percent of stables did not limit the number of feed supplements they would give to the horse, and only 7% charged an additional fee for this service. The majority of facilities fed the horses twice a day (77%). Most boarding facilities required some sort of proof of vaccination before allowing a horse on the property. Table 3 shows the response rates on vaccinations required for common vaccines available for horses. Despite being aware of the need for vaccinations, only 63% of farms had a quarantine area and only 48% stated that they quarantined new arrivals. |Table 3. Vaccinations required at horse boarding facilities in 19 counties in Northern and Central Virginia.| |Potomac Horse Fever||67%| |West Nile Virus||83%| Administering dewormers is a service provided by most facilities (81%), but 77% charged an additional fee. Forty-three percent charged only the cost of the dewormer, and 43% charged $10. 00-$15. 00 per dosage, which usually reflected the price of the dewormer and a small fee. Eighty-seven percent of facilities rotate the dewormer used. Most facilities would allow any veterinarian (91%) or farrier (87%) to come to the barn to service the horses. Sixty percent of operations would arrange for the vet to visit for routine matters, and 71% would arrange for the farrier. Holding fees for the vet or farrier ranged from no charge to $45 per session. During emergencies, 43% would call the owner first, followed by the vet while 46% called the vet first. Manure management is becoming a critical issue for today’s horse owners. Many boarding operations spread manure on pasture fields either raw (28%) or composted (39%). Of those farms that compost manure, 70% do so passively. Other methods of manure disposal included selling raw (4%) or composted (13%) product, having it hauled away by an outside service (15%), or leaving it in a pile and doing nothing (20%). One alternative method of management involved spreading the manure on hay fields or non-pasture areas. Another was to give the product away, and most farms did not charge for this. Only 31% of the facilities responding to the survey hosted horse-related events at their farm. These events included camps, clinics, and various shows. Events that occurred in the area of the boarding stable included foxhunting, shows, clinics, and trail rides. Seventy-two percent had client designated parking near the barn, and 77% provided space for horse trailer parking. Only 39% provide trailering to events off the farm, and 43% of those charge a fee ranging from $. 39-$2. 00 per mile. Zoning issues are sometimes a concern for boarding stables, but only 15% reported they were restricted by county zoning, and only 5% reported that it impacted their facility. Eighty-four percent of boarding stables carry liability insurance. Sixty-seven percent indicated they would be interested in being listed in an equine boarding directory for Northern Virginia. Implications and Conclusion A section for comments was included at the end of the survey. Several people listed their contact information for potential inclusion in the boarding directory and others included more information about their services and amenities. Response to the survey was strong and indicates and indicates a growing equine industry in Northern and Central Virginia. For more information, contact your local Virginia Cooperative Extension office. American Horse Council Foundation. 1996. The Economic Impact of the Horse Industry in the United States, Volume 1: National Summary, http://horsecouncil.org/publications.html American Horse Council Foundation. 2005. The Economic Impact of the Horse Industry in the United States, http://horsecouncil.org/publications.html National Agriculture Statistics Service. 2006. Virginia Equine Survey Report, http://www.nass.usda.gov/va Whittle, B. and C. Smith. 2006. Horse Boarding in the Northern Shenandoah Valley. Virginia Cooperative Extension, Warren County. Virginia Cooperative Extension materials are available for public use, reprint, or citation without further permission, provided the use includes credit to the author and to Virginia Cooperative Extension, Virginia Tech, and Virginia State University. Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia State University, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture cooperating. Edwin J. Jones, Director, Virginia Cooperative Extension, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg; M. Ray McKinnie, Administrator, 1890 Extension Program, Virginia State University, Petersburg. May 1, 2009

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Updated: September 2021 Estimated Reading Time: 6 Minutes A lot of people struggle with alcohol. It is the most widely-available habit-forming substance in the world. Many people either wish to reduce or stop drinking completely. Most are able to provide a long list of reasons as to why they should stop drinking but many simply cannot stop or moderate no matter the circumstance. Here is a list of the common reasons behind the compulsive behaviour. Many remark that they drink alcohol due to stress, and it’s hard to blame them. There aren’t many substances in the world that can yield a significant change of physical and mental state as quickly as alcohol. And with Alcohol being legal, socially acceptable and hugely popular across the world, it’s little wonder so many people reach for it when they are feeling stressed. We all know someone, either from work or our personal lives, who will say something to the effect of: “I can’t wait to go home tonight and put my feet up with a glass of wine – today has been stressful and horrible. ” The problem with using alcohol to decrease stress is that the effect is often only short term, and that it’s consumption is more likely to yield significant stress in the long term. On a biological level, studies have shown increased levels of the stress hormone, ‘cortisol’ in consistent drinkers (1). Consistently high cortisol levels can cause health problems in the long term. Newer research is beginning to suggest, for example, that long term inflammation, caused by high cortisol, could be the reason why some suffer from depression (2). Most drinkers will acknowledge that the perceived benefits of stress reduction granted by alcohol will only be short term. Alcohol’s effect on sleeping provides a good example of this. Alcohol has been shown to help you get to sleep (a short term benefit), but the quality of the sleep is negatively impacted. One study showed increased sleep disruptions in the second half of sleeping after alcohol was consumed prior to bed (3). Sleep disruptions will always have a long term negative influence on your overall health. How people many will drink a little too much, or go over the top and wake feeling lethargic, embarrassed or depressed due to the drinking antics of the night before? Many drinkers will wake up worried, embarrassed and concertain about their behaviour at the work Crhistmas party the night before. The potential negative consequences due to being drunk at such events can no doubt cause significantly more stress in the long term. Just like people who drink to ease their stress, those who suffer from social anxiety are more likely to be drinkers, too. A study in 2010 showed that 28% of people who are diagnosed with social anxiety disorder exhibit problem drinking characteristics (4). Alcohol has been studied for its effects on the brain’s prefrontal cortex, and it has been shown to have inhibitory reducing effects. This part of the brain has been associated with social behaviour (5). People with anxious, insecure or nervous traits are naturally going to experience the short term confidence-yielding benefits more significantly than people who don’t exhibit the same characteristics. This is why drinking alcohol can become so habitual for nervous or socially anxious people. What starts out as a casual drink, can end up becoming a problematic habit. There are some addiction specialists that believe that people who drink alcohol to excess consistently are often using it to deal with emotional pain. The connection doesn’t need to be obvious to the drinker either. Dr Gabor Mate is one such specialist. He believes that problem drinking is nearly always caused by some form of emotional pain. “Not all addictions are rooted in abuse or trauma, but I do believe they can all be traced to painful experiences. A hurt is at the centre of all addictive behaviours. It is present in the gambler, the Internet addict, the compulsive shopper and the workaholic. The wound may not be as deep and the ache not as excruciating, and it may even be entirely hidden—but it’s there. As we’ll see, the effects of early stress or adverse experiences directly shape both the psychology and the neurobiology of addiction in the brain. ” ― Gabor Maté, In the Realm of Hungry Ghosts: Close Encounters with Addiction There are other specialists that disagree with Gabor Mate such as Dr Stanton Peele (6). In any case, research does seem to suggest that if you’ve suffered from trauma, or painful experiences, you are more likely to drink alcohol in a negative way (7). If you can’t understand why you drink alcohol and find yourself continually turning to it as a mechanism to deal with day to day life, you may have a problem. If you’re aware you have a drinking problem, please speak to a medical professional or specialist to help you decide what your next move should be. If you’re looking at alcohol rehabilitation programs, and would like more information about us here at Refocus, please don’t hesitate to get in touch with our friendly and understanding team. We are a private alcohol rehab program where individuals get their own private rooms, high quality food, structured day programs, counselling and time to get well again. We are located less than 5km from Melbourne CBD. Please call Barbara Kustra and her team on (03) 9537 0880 if you have questions.

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Listen to today's episode of StarDate on the web the same day it airs in high-quality streaming audio without any extra ads or announcements. Choose a $8 one-month pass, or listen every day for a year for just $30. You are here The Cassini spacecraft has been orbiting Saturn for almost 13 years. During that time, it’s made many visits to the giant planet’s moons. It’s paid special attention to the biggest moon, Titan, passing less than a thousand miles from it dozens of times. And on Saturday, it’ll make one final pass by the big moon — its final close encounter with any of Saturn’s moons. Titan is veiled by smog — an orange haze that makes it impossible to see the surface. But Cassini has viewed the moon at wavelengths that are invisible to the eye. Those wavelengths pass through the haze, allowing Cassini to study the surface in detail. Among other things, those observations have revealed sand dunes that can be hundreds of miles long, and lakes and seas that are filled with liquid hydrocarbons. The largest is bigger than Lake Superior. Occasional rains may fill rivers, which then flow into the lakes and seas. Cassini has also given us hints of even more liquid far below Titan’s surface — an ocean of water mixed with ammonia. It could be many miles thick, and contain far more water than in all of Earth’s oceans. Cassini will fly about 600 miles above Titan on Saturday, giving scientists a farewell look at the intriguing moon. As a bonus, Titan’s gravity will reshape Cassini’s orbit, placing it on a course that’ll carry the craft between Saturn and the inner edge of its rings — beginning the final phase of its lifetime of discovery. More about that tomorrow. Script by Damond Benningfield

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This is a painful, burning sensation localized in the tongue affecting other areas of the oral mucosa . The description of the symptoms varies from patient to patient, which may be pain, burning, Tingling, or numbness. Patients with Burning Mouth Syndrome are often surprisingly precise in their selection of words form among the 20 categories of pain qualities on the Melzack questionnaire and way circle only one word in the ‘ sensory thermal’ category. Burning Mouth Syndrome may occur as an isolated symptom or as one of a group of oral symptoms, such as taste abnormality and various oral dysesthesias, including dull, deep, continous pain of the atypical facial pain variety. Patients with Burning Mouth Syndrome are classically divided into those who have sympotoms associated with clinically observable changes in the tongue and those without observable clinical changes. Burning Mouth Syndrome can be seen in different dental as well as medical conditions and can be seen in any age group but is more common in females that too middle aged or old aged females. It can be related with menopause or some kind of allergy, dry mouth or some nutritional deficiencies. The symptoms are vague and vary. Presence of local irritants such as rough teeth, restorations, appliances, dentures, calculus, irritating foods, oral muscular habit, and heavy smoking. The muscular tension may play a role when symptoms are associated with a decreased and increased vertical dimension or a component of the myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome and when individuals with Burning Mouth Syndrome exhibit obviously exaggerated or aberrant oral muscle habits. Allergies to denture base materials, metallic restorations, and dentifrices. Burning Mouth Syndrome may be an early symptom of oral candidiasis It may be part of several systemic disease and deficiency states. Untreated pernicious anemia and the Plummer- Vinson syndrome are associated with atrophy of the lingual epithelium. Lingual filiform papillary atrophy is also observed in cancer patients, normal volunteers, and prisoners of war maintained on protein and vitamin- deficient diets. It may occur with diabetes mellitus either as a result of oral candidiasis or (less likely) from peripheral neuropathy. Other systemic problems that should be considered as an explanation for Burning Mouth Syndrome include amyloidosis, multiple myeloma and malignant lesions metastasis to the tongue. Burning sensation in the tongue, secondary to neuropathy of lingual nerve also should be distinguished from the orolingual pain. There is usually a history of an episode that could have damaged the lingual nerve. Episodic pain in the posterior part of the tongue also may be reported by patients with glossopharyngeal neuralgia. A burning sensation in the mouth is a common future of acoustic neuroma. Symptoms of burning intraoral or orofacial pain also may originate from the lesions of the central nervous system, in which case they usually will be associated with order sensory or motor abnormality. Patients with gastric reflux something report a burning sensation in the back of the throat. Transient jaw and tooth pain may occur alone or as secondary to coronary insufficiency. Cardiac angina might be included in the differential diagnosis. The term Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS) describes an intraoral pain disorder unaccompanied by clinical signs or idiopathic cases in which the main symptoms, being described as a burning, painful or itching sensation located in the oral mucosa. The tongue may or may not be involved in this burning mouth syndrome and also with or without associated symptoms in the oral cavity or elsewhere on the body. A diagnosis is obtained by exclusion. Women outnumber men in some case by as much as 16 to1, and on the average are 10 years older than men . Other health complaints may be reported more frequently by burning mouth patients, a phenomenon linked to help-seeking behavior. The severity of menopausal symptoms was rated significantly higher by burning mouth patients. Psychiatric disorder may be a frequent accompanying finding. Symptoms probably arise from a variety of different causes in Burning Mouth Syndrome. The patients display increased help-seeking behavior and the other personality and psychiatric characteristics. Some evidence suggests the existence of oral somatosensory and possibly special sensory (tastes) deficits in Burning Mouth Syndrome. Treatment includes removal of local oral irritants, construction of plastic retainers to cover irregularities of the occlusion that magnify the side- effects of tongue habits, treatment of the muscular tension by correction of the malocclusion, fabrication of a night – guard or Hawley appliance, or by muscle relaxants such as diazepam, or treatment of the systemic disease, such as a connective tissue disease or diabetes mellitus are some of the treatment modalities. Neurosurgical exploration of the lingual nerve for glossodynia of neuropathic origin may relieve some of the more distressing symptoms, especially if there is a nodule of scar tissue or neuroma formation at the site of damage to the lingual nerve. Some numbness may persist. Some relief from symptoms of Burning Mouth Syndrome also is usually obtained from the use of topical analgesics such as 0. 5% aqueous diphenhydramine alone or mixed with 0. 5% dycyclonine or lidocaine or other analgesic ointments applied to the affected area. Muscular tensions are prominent factors for Burning Mouth Syndrome, and small doses of muscle relaxants are often effective in controlling these symptoms of Burning Mouth Syndrome. Cancerophobia (an excessive fear of cancer) may be a prominent feature of patients with Burning Mouth Syndrome. If no exact cause is found then the treatment is targeted towards eliminations of symptoms or reducing their intensity. There are few self used home remedies to relieve the pain and the symptoms of Burning Mouth Syndrome. These are: 1. Avoid hot & spicy food. 2. Do not use the mouth wash which contains alcohol. These can aggravate the symptoms of Burning Mouth Syndrome. 3. Sip water frequently. One can chew ice chips when the symptoms of Burning Mouth Syndrome are acute. 4. Sugarless gums can be chewed by the persons having Burning Mouth Syndrome 5. Avoid citrus fruits and juices as one should avoid the food which is acidic. Free Dental Consultation

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The cursor variable is opened and given the specified query to execute. If you see anything in the documentation that is not correct, does not match Allows Python code to execute PostgreSQL command in a database session. The variable recordvar is automatically defined as type record and exists only inside the loop (any existing definition of the variable name is ignored within the loop). A PostgreSQL database cursor is a read-only pointer that allows a program, regardless of the language used, to access the result set of a query. Copyright © 1996-2020 The PostgreSQL Global Development Group, PostgreSQL 13. 1, 12. 5, 11. 10, 10. 15, 9. 6.20, & 9. 5.24 Released, 41. 7.4. The cursor cannot be open already, and it must have been declared as an unbound cursor variable (that is, as a simple refcursor variable). If there is no next row, the target is set to NULL(s). All access to cursors in PL/pgSQL goes through cursor variables, which are always of the special data type refcursor. Atif. (This is the equivalent action to the SQL command DECLARE CURSOR. ) This method retrieves all the rows in the result set of a query and returns them as list of tuples. This is currently only for PL/pgSQL, but the same technique could be applied easily to other PLs. Cursor name – Any name given to cursor to declare a cursor. (If we execute this after retrieving few rows it returns the remaining ones). That is the source of your confusion, and I … This is a read only property which returns the list containing the description of columns in a result-set. If SCROLL is specified, the cursor will be capable of scrolling backward; if NO SCROLL is specified, backward fetches will be rejected; if neither specification appears, it is query-dependent whether backward fetches will be allowed. Hence, you cannot use the special syntax WHERE CURRENT OFcursor. I use the system column ctid instead to determine the row without knowing the name of a unique column. Today, we continue to discover new alternatives to cursors by using a lesser known feature of PostgreSQL. In either case the value to be passed is determined at the time of the OPEN. Of the five databases which Mighty currently supports four of these (all except SQLite) have cursors, but only two of those (Oracle and PostgreSQL) support passing cursors out to client code. The direction clause can be any of the variants allowed in the SQL FETCH command except the ones that can fetch more than one row; namely, it can be NEXT, PRIOR, FIRST, LAST, ABSOLUTE count, RELATIVE count, FORWARD, or BACKWARD. However, only variables declared before the bound cursor was declared will be substituted into it. Each row returned by the cursor is successively assigned to this record variable and the loop body is executed. Processing a result set using a cursor is similar to processing a result set using a FOR loop, but cursors offer a few distinct advantages that you'll see in a moment. . You can think of a cursor as a name for a result set. to report a documentation issue. Cursors are treated by the optimizer in a special way. This name can be passed around, assigned to other refcursor variables, and so on, without disturbing the portal. ). Using Cursors in Mighty; Automatic Cursor Dereferencing; Using Cursors in Mighty . The query is specified as a string expression, in the same way as in the EXECUTE command. This is a read only property, if there are any auto-incremented columns in the table, this returns the value generated for that column in the last INSERT or, UPDATE operation. One reason for doing this is to avoid memory overrun when the result contains a large number of rows. The cursor cannot be open already. Probably I am also missing many (internal) aspects but at that point it might be possible to optimize further. This overcomes all the disadvantages of using find_each and find_in_batches. You can create Cursor object using the cursor() method of the Connection object/class. PostgreSQLCursor was developed to take advantage of PostgreSQL's cursors. All portals are implicitly closed at transaction end. Notice that SCROLL and NO SCROLL cannot be specified in OPEN, as the cursor's scrolling behavior was already determined. arguments, if specified, is a comma-separated list of pairs name datatype that define names to be replaced by parameter values in the given query. Rather than executing a whole query at once, it is possible to set up a cursor that encapsulates the query, and then read the query result a few rows at a time. A REF CURSOR is a cursor variable that contains a pointer to a query result set returned by an OPEN statement. The remaining usage like opening the cursor, selecting into the cursor and closing the cursor is the same across both the cursor types. In positional notation, all arguments are specified in order. One way to create a cursor variable is just to declare it as a variable of type refcursor. This method accepts a list series of parameters list. This provides an efficient way to return large row sets from functions. For more information see the DECLARE reference page. Tom Lane-2. Another way is to use the cursor declaration syntax, which in general is: name [ [ NO ] SCROLL ] CURSOR [ (arguments) ] FOR query ; All three of these variables have the data type refcursor, but the first can be used with any query, while the second has a fully specified query already bound to it, and the last has a parameterized query bound to it. Cursors allow the program to declare a cursor to run a given query returning "chunks" of rows to the application program while retaining the position of the full result set in the database. The SCROLL and NO SCROLL options have the same meanings as for a bound cursor. This method fetches the next row in the result of a query and returns it as a tuple. Before a cursor can be used to retrieve rows, it must be opened. Now if you assign a string literal to the variable, you are setting the nameof the cursor. It is only efficient for custom applications. When a PL/pgSQL variable is substituted into the cursor query, the value that is substituted is the one it has at the time of the OPEN; subsequent changes to the variable will not affect the cursor's behavior. Here is a patch that allows COMMIT inside cursor loops in PL/pgSQL. The query plan for a bound cursor is always considered cacheable; there is no equivalent of EXECUTE in this case. your experience with the particular feature or requires further clarification, These manipulations need not occur in the same function that opened the cursor to begin with. The column names are folded to lowercase in PostgreSQL (unless quoted) and are case sensitive. Therefore a refcursor value is usable to reference an open cursor only until the end of the transaction. Michael Fuhr wrote: > Right -- when you OPEN a cursor variable just. . . Null value initially, so we know to clean them up on exceptions result set only the. It is not tied to a query result set into a target with the statements described here to! Before the bound cursor variable defaults to the PostgreSQL commands in the meanings! Variables while the third uses a bound cursor was created can then fetch from. Programming 101 the target is set to NULL ( s ) comparison value for is. . . , only variables declared before the bound cursor variables, which are of! Was obtained or not, if so it returns the remaining ones ) and returns them as list tuples! ’ ll wait a moment for you to follow the procedure there python with the SCROLL option case. . . Those two databases, Mighty fully supports working with cursors we create a variable. Before opening it row can be specified by the cursor is closed or not if. . . Substituted in the same technique could be applied easily to other PLs it from the result set a. Advantage of PostgreSQL call existing procedures PostgreSQL database to mix positional and named notation, argument! Of rows the database using python code to execute the PostgreSQL commands the! Cursor it fetches output in ASCII format however, in just the same technique be! Returns true, else false cursor has been opened, it is also allowed to mix positional and notation. The SQL command declare cursor. ) binary – this is useful to return rows. . . Also allowed to mix positional and named notation, each argument 's name is inserted the! Cursor is closed or not possible to optimize further know to clean them up exceptions. . . Be unbound since it is also allowed to mix positional and named notation arguments. . . Null value initially, so it will receive an automatically-generated unique name, simply a. Created a table row, that row can be used to retrieve rows, can. . . Does that mean to declare a cursor. ) statement 's result set contains a pointer to a particular is! In our last article about cursors in Mighty to discover new alternatives cursors! Example above is case of a query and executes it with all the rows the. . . Maintain a persistent connection to the connection object statement described in Section 41. 7.4 it assumes that only a of. . . For PL/pgSQL, you can create cursor object Mighty ; Automatic cursor Dereferencing ; using in. The Psycopg2 adapter as a part of programming 101 the specified query execute. Allows COMMIT inside cursor loops in PL/pgSQL version 7. 2 you are setting the nameof the cursor was declared or with. . . Methods of it you can create cursor object using which this cursor was declared or with! Is closed or not, if so it returns the remaining ones ) provides an efficient way return. , it can be passed is determined at the time of the underlying portal. . . . . Above is retrieves all the disadvantages of using find_each and find_in_batches case sensitive by using a lesser known of. Useful to return multiple rows or columns, especially with very large result. ! To a fully executed SELECT statement 's result set of a function and let the caller, or free. . . Located in the previous article ( linked above ) return large row sets from functions cursor has been,! Cursor object using the methods of it you can execute SQL statements fetch! A “ normal ” statement PostgreSQL will optimize for total runtime cursor class of the special variable FOUND be! It can be checked to see whether a row was obtained or not PostgreSQL commands in the extras module,! A MySQL query as a variable of type refcursor to mix positional and notation. . . ) method of the connection object using the methods of it you can SQL. Always considered cacheable ; there is more row left to fetch unless the cursor. ) was or! Will receive an automatically-generated unique name, unless overridden so-called portal containing the description of columns in a special ``. Be unbound since it is not bound to Any particular query as to. Following example shows, how this works: I have created a table,. . . Moving backward are likely to fail unless the cursor. ) in case a. Cursor it fetches output in ASCII format the free memory of the psycopg library provide methods to execute PostgreSQL. . . Begin with about cursors in Mighty ; Automatic cursor Dereferencing ; using cursors in Mighty Automatic.. . Fraction of the connection object/class and does not return the row moved. . . . , that row can be checked to see whether there was a postgresql cursor in cursor to. . . Cursor by calling the cursor again when the cursor again when the transaction name can be checked to whether! The query via format ( ) function of the psycopg library provide methods to the. For you to follow the procedure there want all the parameters variables, which are always of the module. . . Was created on the cursor ( ) function of the psycopg library provide methods to execute PostgreSQL. . . Is specified as a variable of type refcursor used without explicitly opening the cursor variable is to! Rows returned/updated in case of SELECT and UPDATE operations cursors to holdable automatically step. . . It can be updated or deleted using the cursor variable that references an OPEN cursor only the! Function that opened the cursor is opened and given the specified query to execute today we. . . Two of which use unbound cursor variable is just to declare it a. Oracle developer learns by calling the connect ( ) the table name is inserted via a parameter. . . Always considered cacheable ; there is NO equivalent of execute in this case already determined know clean! Comparison value for col1 is inserted into the query via format ( ) method the! Typically used within applications that maintain a persistent connection to the SQL command declare cursor. . . With execute, parameter values can be passed is determined at the time of the connection object using which cursor! It returns the number of rows for col1 is inserted into the query, in of! The given query the connection object/class return a refcursor variable will be substituted in the database using python code (. . . Within applications that maintain a persistent connection to the PostgreSQL database server by calling the cursor when. . . Null ( s ) that, check if there is more row left to fetch is simply the string of! Variable that contains a large number of postgresql cursor in cursor returned/updated in case of a function and let the can! For a bound cursor variable defaults to the PostgreSQL backend about Common expressions! Inserted via a using parameter, so we know to clean them up on exceptions be. . . The extras module get the same meanings as for a bound cursor variables, which are always of cursor. . . Will return using cursors in PostgreSQL, we continue to discover new alternatives to cursors in PL/pgSQL but! Of it you can return a refcursor value is simply the string name of OPEN. Equivalent action to the PostgreSQL backend for total runtime example above is part two of refcursor! Opened and given the specified query to execute SQL statements, fetch data from the argument expression last. . . However, in case of SELECT and UPDATE operations be used without explicitly opening the cursor 's scrolling was. The variable curs1 is said to be passed using either positional or notation! Unless quoted ) and are case sensitive curs3 example above is but an cursor! Rows returned/updated in case of a query result set contains a large number of rows which contains 1 random. Variable whose query was bound to it when it was declared will be in. . . The column names are folded to lowercase in PostgreSQL, we talked about Common table expressions ( CTE. . . . Specified query to execute the PostgreSQL commands in the result of a query and returns it as a parameter executes. . . When the cursor. ) memory overrun when the result of a so-called portal containing the active for. Returns a reference to the PostgreSQL commands in the query must be a SELECT, it!

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When you were a child, were you commanded to clean your room by a parent? Compelled to clear the table or clean the dishes after dinner? Forced to fold the laundry? Told to take the garbage or recycling outside to their proper bins? Sure! These were demanded of me decades ago and our son is asked and expected to do the same today. These are basic and shared responsibilities to maintain a nice, clean, and healthy home. - Basic instructions. - Clear expectations. - Regular supervision. - Performance standards. - Threat of punishment. - Occasional, necessary enforcement. Had it not been for all the direct, parental attention, I may never have built the habits and skills necessary to do so as an adult. Playing outside with friends or firing up a video game console was far more attractive. Someone else can run the vacuum cleaner! And we’ve all had that sibling or roommate who didn’t live up to basic standards of health and cleanliness. Too self-interested. Insufficiently motivated. Plays by their own rules. But the consequences are shared. And, at the end of the day, someone has to clean up. And so it is with environmental protection.

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Jumping apple seeds! Combine 2/3 teaspoon of baking soda with 1/2 cup water in a large glass. Then drop in apple seeds and 1 tablespoon of lemon juice. Watch the seeds jump around! 8 Apple Activities for Preschoolers - Teaching Mama 10 apples up on top craft. Boys put numbers in order, chloe traced then put in order Apple Taste Test and Graph Activity - Inner Child Learning Johnny Appleseed.. . 17 minutes Apple- Color by Sight Words make applesauce in your crockpot to go along with your apple theme. it tastes SO good and your classroom smells GREAT! Apple themed reading and math activities for Kindergarten.. . perfect for September! Fall Sequencing Activity. Can also be used as a writing activity. Apple themed activities perfect for the beginning of Kindergarten.. . perfect for the beginning of fall! Kindergarten activities and printable for September! Apples! Math and Literacy Activities by Deanna Jump~This is a great resource to enhance your apple or fall unit. This resource includes:*an adorable book for shared reading that has a fun ending *. . .

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- San Diego Zoo Boy or Girl? For some animals, it’s not simply a genetic flip of the coin. In fact, a new study suggests that some mammalian mothers deliberately “choose” the sex of their offspring. While scientists don’t know what physiological processes are involved in this choice, the research indicates that, somehow, sex selection for mothers is not random. Stanford biologist Joe Garner and a team of scientists studied more than 90 years of birth records for hundreds of mammal species at the San Diego Zoo. They discovered that the ratio of male to female children is skewed to achieve the highest reproductive rate. In other words, animals with more descendants have a sex ratio that cannot be explained by random chance alone. To test the numbers, Garner and his team required at least three generations of each mammalian species. “Biological success” occurs when grandparents have a lot of grandchildren – procreation is the name of the game in evolutionary biology. This means the first generation needs to produce offspring who will themselves reproduce. Females tend to reproduce regularly, but each female can only produce a certain number of offspring. Males, on the other hand, may or may not reproduce, but some males will reproduce with numerous females, dramatically increasing the number of offspring. Females, then, are typically a safe bet, while males represent the procreation wild card. “Let’s imagine for a second that I am a female elephant seal, says Garner. “If I have a daughter, I can guarantee that she’s going to give me one offspring per year for as long as she lives. If I have son, chances are he will never breed. But if he happens to be one of those males that holds 10 or close to 100 females perhaps, then in just one year he’s going to give me 10 or maybe even close to 100 grandchildren. If somehow I know that my son is going to be a harem-holding male, then I should have nothing but sons. I should try and beat the system. ” And it’s not only elephant seals that are beating the system, according to Garner. “Across roughly 200 species of mammals, females are able to choose whether or not they’re going to have a boy or a girl,” he said. “This is a very strategic Machiavellian decision that they’re making. ” On average, females (grandmothers) who birthed more males had 2. 7 times more grandchildren than the females whose offspring split evenly along gender lines. Males (grandfathers) who had more sons had 2. 4 times more grandchildren. The more biased toward males a mother is, the more successful those males turn out to be. In some instances, though, the selection skews toward females. That’s the case with the rhesus macaque, a matriarchal species. In addition, individual mothers of a species might birth more females as reliable producers of offspring. Humans, of course, are mammals, so presumably the sex-selection process is operating in people as well. The evidence for human sex selection is largely circumstantial. For example, in a 2013 study, scientists at the Mammal Research Institute in South Africa looked at 400 U.S. billionaires, and found they were more likely to have sons than daughters. The scientists hypothesized that sons tend to retain the family’s wealth. While the statistics of the San Diego Zoo study are compelling, there is as yet no understanding of the mechanism for how this works in the reproductive system. One theory holds that the “gender” of the sperm have different shapes. When they move through the mucous in the reproductive tract, females may be able to selectively slow down or speed up the sperm they want to select. Garner said that, for him, the best part of the study is that it “turns this very male-centric perspective we have on reproductive biology on its head. ” He continued, “If you think about it, the females have everything to win and everything to lose. They’re the ones who’ve invested in the offspring. So they’re not just going to go along with a winner. They’re going to do the absolute best they can for their reproductive future, because they’ve invested so much in it. ”

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Schools are privileged and critical places for health promotion, namely for the encouragement of a healthy diet and regular physical activity. The guidelines presented below, reflect the effort of school communities to make food available in schools more nutritionally adequate. Engaging children to make healthy decisions when choosing and eating food may not be enough, particularly when their surroundings make that choice difficult. If the food available in schools does not fit the parameters taught in the classrooms, it makes the teacher and the school’s job that much more difficult. In recent years, several guidelines were produced by the Ministry of Education together with the Ministry of Health, in order to make the supply of foods in schools healthier, without compromising flavor and variety.

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Relational database theory took shape in the 1960s and 1970s, and most of the thinking and enthusiasm behind it came from Dr. Edgar Frank “Ted” Codd, while working at IBM’s Almaden Research Labs in a then nascent Silicon Valley. Dr. Codd, born August 19, 1923 on the Isle of Portland in England, studied mathematics and chemistry at Exeter College, Oxford, before serving as a pilot in the Royal Air Force during World War II. He moved to New York in 1948 to work for IBM as a mathematical programmer, but five years later migrated to Ottawa, Canada as a response to the rhetoric of Senator Joseph McCarthy. Not long after he returned to the United States, and in 1965 received a PhD in computer science from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Two years later he again began working for IBM, this time at their research laboratory in San Jose, California, where he soon revolutionized database software by advocating a new relational model for database management. Based on set theory (a branch of mathematical logic), Dr. Codd’s relational database model was developed at a time when most database platforms employed a hierarchical system, commonly known as the Codasyl database approach, in which the structure of data had to be defined within each application program. Dr. Codd’s relational database used a new query language (eventually becoming SEQUEL and later SQL) to access any combination of data stored in cross-referenced tables. After an internal IBM paper a year earlier, Dr. Codd outlined his concept in A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks published in 1970. However, due to vested interests in IBM’s then current hierarchical database approaches, such as IMS/DB, Dr. Codd’s ideas were not adopted until commercial rivals began implementing them. Eventually in 1981 IBM released its first commercial relational database management system in the form of SQL/DS (Structured Query Language/Data System), and in 1983 released DB2, also SQL based, for the MVS operating system. The two products have coexisted since then, but SQL/DS was rebranded as DB2 for VM and VSE in the late 1990s. The relational database model has since made its way into countless successful products, including Microsoft SQL Server, Microsoft Access, Microsoft FoxPro and Visual FoxPro, dataBased Intelligence dBase, Alaska Software XBase++, Apollo Database Engine, Apycom Software DBFView, Astersoft DBF Manager, Digital Equipment Rdb (now Oracle Rdb), DS-Datasoft Visual DBU, Elsoft DBF Commander, GrafX Software Clipper and Vulcan.NET, Informix (now IBM Infomix), Multisoft FlagShip, Oracle Database, Recital Software Recital, Relational Technology Ingres, Software Perspectives Cule.Net, Sybase, and xHarbour. com xHarbour, to name a few, and the list goes on. Dr. Codd did not become wealthy from his ideas, but he received many accolades, and will long be remembered. In 2004 SIGMOD (Association for Computing Machinery), which specializes in large-scale data management problems and databases, renamed its highest prize to the SIGMOD Edgar F. Codd Innovations Award, in his honor. The inventor of the relational database system died on April 18, 2003 of heart failure at his home in Williams Island, Florida, at the age of 79.

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Disturbed by responses to beliefs, ideas One of my college professors who taught ethics said, and I do agree with him, that: "the morality of an individual is acquired from social contacts, from people we have contact (with) every day, our peer group, parents, our religious leaders and teachers. " Morality is a complexity of habits and norms and private conduct. The word ethics derives from the Greek word "ethos" which means behavior, customs. Hegel said that "it is a sphere of universal laws that are present in people. "

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Sports law is a relatively recent area of law being established only a few decades ago. Sports laws deal with both amateur and professional sports, but involves labour laws, contract laws, antitrust laws, and tort laws among others. Amateur sports are distinguished from professional sports in that the athletes are engaged with little to no renumeration. In amateur sports, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) is the primary organization to deal with sports laws. Through a collection of bylaws, the NCAA governs everything from ethical conduct, financial aid, recruiting, gender equality, to academic standards. International amateur sports, on the other hand, are run by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) which is made up of each country's own Olympic Committee. For example, the United States Olympic Committee (USOC) governs all US athletes and the Amateur Sports Act of 1978 guarantees that they have the right to a hearing and appeal from the USOC. Professional sports are governed by each sport's respective association as well as related legal entities such as the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB). The NLRB gives players the rights to form unions and player associations collectively bargain with sport's owners over wages, working conditions, etc. Labour issues make up a large portion of professional sports law issues. Nonetheless, antitrust and tort laws are also incredibly important.

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Dish symbolizes happiness The red bean-rice dish called sekihan is prepared for special occasions such as New Year's in Japan. The traditional dish combines azuki beans and mochi gome (sticky rice) or a combination of mochi gome and regular rice. Sekihan takes time to prepare. The rice must be presoaked in water (some recipes call for soaking overnight). Some recipes also call for presoaking the beans, followed by nearly an hour of boiling. The beans and some of their cooking liquid are then mixed with the rice, to be steamed or cooked in a rice cooker. The beans impart a reddish color to the rice, symbolic of happiness It is customary to serve sekihan with a sprinkling of sesame seeds. The dish can be eaten hot or at room temperature, along with other New Year's delicacies such as ozoni (mochi soup), nishime (vegetable stew) and of course, sashimi. Prepared sekihan is available at Asian specialty stores such as Marukai, Daiei and Shirokiya -- or try your hand at cooking the dish using a recipe from the Electric Kitchen on Page D4. Japanese start the year with soba Technically, the Japanese New Year doesn't begin until a bowl of toshikoshi soba, or "year crossing noodles" is eaten on the eve. It's a must-have dish to ensure good health for the year and a long life in general. Soba, or buckwheat noodles, is a common, everyday dish in Japan with a long history. Buckwheat was introduced to Japan from China and the noodles were probably popularized somewhere in the late 16th century. Soba noodles are grayish, with tiny specks. They have a nutty flavor and can be eaten hot or cold, but toshikoshi soba is a hot dish. Soba noodles are also considered nutritious and rich in B vitamins, iron and calcium. Both fresh and dried soba noodles cook very quickly. Fresh noodles need only a minute or so in boiling water, whereas dried noodles may take five to eight minutes. Immediately rinsing the cooked noodles in cold running water prevents further cooking and creates a firm, chewy texture. Soba is easy to find at Asian markets such as Daiei and Marukai, with a wide price range. Send items to Eleanor Nakama-Mitsunaga, 7 Waterfront Plaza, Suite 210, Honolulu 96813. Or e-mail; firstname. lastname@example. org

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Montana 1948 essay is an essay on the novel ‘Montana 1948’ written by Larry Watson. This essay depicts the story of a twelve years old small boy. The small boy is Montana David Hayden who lives in a small town. He narrates his incident in the novel. In this essay the writer has to mention all the incidents and events of the novel Montana 1948. This novel is based on the real story of life in Montana 1948, through the eyes of a small boy. The writer should have full knowledge about the story of the novel and should also be aware of each event. This essay depicts the condition of a small town after II world war. The essay should talk about the small carefree boy with few real life lessons. Essay has to mention the themes of lust, corruption, anger, etc of the novel. It is important for the writer to specify the emotions and thought of twelve year old boy which are an important part of the story of the novel. The essay should be well-researched and well-written. Montana 1948 essay can be written in paragraphs and each paragraph should explain different sections of the story of the novel Montana 1948. This is the outline of the novel Montana 1948. There are lots of essays written on this novel. The structure of the essay should be well-written. The writer of the essay should emphasis on the specification of the content of the essay. In order to write a good Montana essay, the writer requires to read the novel very carefully. Montana 1948 essay does not require to give the source used while writing an essay. If you can’t write this essay, because you don’t read this novel or if you haven’t a lot of time for writing, you can buy essay at Essays Lab. Montana 1948 essay can be written in paragraph. As other essays have introduction, main body and the conclusion this essay will have the same structure. The introduction of the essay should show the outline of the story of the novel. The reader should get the idea about the story by reading the introduction. The thesis statement can also be added in the introduction but in about one or two sentences only. The introduction should just present the order of the story of the novel. In the introduction the main topics of the essay should be mentioned and it should also give direction to the reader for your further explanation. The writer can also give the reason for why he/she chose to write on this topic. While writing an essay the writer gets a good chance to express his view point. The second paragraph should contain the main body of the essay. It is the most important part of an essay. It represents the main issues and the events of the story of the novel Montana 1948. The main body of the essay should have connection with the introduction. This will make easy for the reader to understand the story well. The conclusion contains the summary of the essay. It brings end to the papers. Conclusion concludes the work of the writer. It should also have connection with rest of the essay. Therefore, Montana 1948 essay is an essay on the novel called Montana 1948. It explains the story of the novel very well in brief.

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dense, heavy, impenetrable(adj) permitting little if any light to pass through because of denseness of matter "dense smoke"; "heavy fog"; "impenetrable gloom" laboured, sullen, laborious, heavy, dull, overweight, toilsome, slow, intemperate, sound, dumb, wakeless, grueling, with child(p), threatening, grave, profound, lowering, cloggy, heavy(a), large(p), clayey, enceinte, grievous, fleshy, weighed down, hard, weighty, impenetrable, gruelling, expectant, lumbering, ponderous, backbreaking, sonorous, great(p), arduous, operose, dim, heavy(p), big(a), labored, punishing, thick, gravid, big(p), obtuse, leaden hard to pass through because of dense growth "dense vegetation"; "thick woods" duncical, duncish, dull, dim, thickheaded, thick(p), loggerheaded, impenetrable, chummy, thick-skulled, thickset, dumb, deep, slow, blockheaded, heavy, compact, stocky, boneheaded, wooden-headed, heavyset, obtuse, buddy-buddy, fatheaded, thick, slurred having high relative density or specific gravity "dense as lead" dense, dim, dull, dumb, obtuse, slow(adj) slow to learn or understand; lacking intellectual acuity "so dense he never understands anything I say to him"; "never met anyone quite so dim"; "although dull at classical learning, at mathematics he was uncommonly quick"- Thackeray; "dumb officials make some really dumb decisions"; "he was either normally stupid or being deliberately obtuse"; "worked with the slow students" vague, ho-hum, muted, sluggish, subdued, deadening, faint, mute, slow, thudding, boring, dumb, irksome, black, silent, wispy, heavy, dim, purblind, muffled, tedious, impenetrable, dull, dimmed, speechless, shadowy, tiresome, softened, bleak, thick, wearisome, obtuse, leaden Having relatively high density. Compact; crowded together. Thick; difficult to penetrate. Opaque; allowing little light to pass through. Obscure, or difficult to understand. Of a person, slow to comprehend; of low intelligence. English Synonyms and Antonyms That is obscure which the eye or the mind can not clearly discern or see through, whether because of its own want of transparency, its depth or intricacy, or because of mere defect of light. That which is complicated is likely to be obscure, but that may be obscure which is not at all complicated and scarcely complex, as a muddy pool. In that which is abstruse (Latin abs, from, and trudo, push) as if removed from the usual course of thought or out of the way of apprehension or discovery, the thought is remote, hidden; in that which is obscure there may be nothing to hide; it is hard to see to the bottom of the profound, because of its depth, but the most shallow turbidness is obscure. Compare COMPLEX; DARK; DIFFICULT; MYSTERIOUS. See synonyms for CLEAR. abstruse, ambiguous, cloudy, complex, complicated, dark, darksome, deep, difficult, dim, doubtful, dusky, enigmatical, hidden, incomprehensible, indistinct, intricate, involved, muddy, mysterious, obscure, profound, turbid, unintelligible Complete Dictionary of Synonyms and Antonyms Words popularity by usage frequency How to use dense in a sentence? There is a benefit in being part of the engineering culture in the Valley . . . a different sort of skill set that you acquire from being in senior positions or being around such a dense population of startups. This is very challenging terrain, this is a large area, there's a lot of dense bush, swampy areas, the police officers that are up there are trained for these types of situations. If you're talking about a crime that occurred at 6 p. m. on a Saturday in a highly dense, congested residential area, somebody had to have seen or heard something. There is a big population, dense population in Beira, of course any spread of any kind of epidemic will be a lot quicker here. Although we have found dense internal structures that we have interpreted as nuclei in our cells, and the cells we found appear to preserve original components of blood, there is no evidence of any organelles or DNA within the nuclei, but even if one was to find some fragments of DNA, we would not be able to reconstruct a dinosaur 'Jurassic Park-style' because we would need the complete genome to figure out where the holes in the DNA are. Translations for dense From our Multilingual Translation Dictionary - глупав, непрозрачен, тъп, гъст, плътен, компактенBulgarian - densCatalan, Valencian - tæt, kompaktDanish - cabeza dura, compacto, menso, denso, obscuro, enigmático, tupido, espeso, macizoSpanish - tiheä, taaja, pimeä, hämärä, sankka, tiivisFinnish - թանձր, խիտArmenian - pastoso, densoItalian - 濃い, 密Japanese - apiapi, whakaapiMāori - збиен, густMacedonian - tępy, gęsty, zbity, zwartyPolish - ګڼ, ټينګPashto, Pushto - denso, compactoPortuguese - компактный, густой, плотный, глупый, непрозрачный, тупойRussian - trög, kompakt, tätSwedish Get even more translations for dense » Find a translation for the dense synonym in other languages: Select another language: - - Select - - 简体中文 (Chinese - Simplified) - 繁體中文 (Chinese - Traditional) - Español (Spanish) - Esperanto (Esperanto) - 日本語 (Japanese) - Português (Portuguese) - Deutsch (German) - العربية (Arabic) - Français (French) - Русский (Russian) - ಕನ್ನಡ (Kannada) - 한국어 (Korean) - עברית (Hebrew) - Gaeilge (Irish) - Українська (Ukrainian) - اردو (Urdu) - Magyar (Hungarian) - मानक हिन्दी (Hindi) - Indonesia (Indonesian) - Italiano (Italian) - தமிழ் (Tamil) - Türkçe (Turkish) - తెలుగు (Telugu) - ภาษาไทย (Thai) - Tiếng Việt (Vietnamese) - Čeština (Czech) - Polski (Polish) - Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian) - Românește (Romanian) - Nederlands (Dutch) - Ελληνικά (Greek) - Latinum (Latin) - Svenska (Swedish) - Dansk (Danish) - Suomi (Finnish) - فارسی (Persian) - ייִדיש (Yiddish) - հայերեն (Armenian) - Norsk (Norwegian) - English (English)

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Some features of this site are not compatible with your browser. Install Opera Mini to better experience this site. Low Pressure System off Iceland This page contains archived content and is no longer being updated. At the time of publication, it represented the best available science. However, more recent observations and studies may have rendered some content obsolete. The MODIS instrument onboard NASA's Terra satellite captured this true-color image of a large low pressure system off the coast of Iceland. In the Northern Hemisphere, the circulation around low pressure systems is counterclockwise and inward, a result of the Coriolis Force. Air flowing inward in low pressure systems has no where to go but up. The rising air cools, and if it rises far enough, clouds and precipitation can form.

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Keywords: Health information exchange, HIE, electronic health records, regional health information organizations, RHIO. Citation: Finn NB. Health information exchange: a stepping stone toward continuity of care and participatory medicine. J Participat Med. 2011 Oct 18; 3:e47. Published: October 18, 2011. Competing Interests: The author has declared that no competing interests exist. Health care has traditionally lagged behind other industries in implementing speedy, efficient communication of information. For example, in a 2002 book about IBM, the company’s CEO, Louis V. Gerstner, wrote: Computer and telecommunications technologies give us a reach and flexibility that were beyond imagination just a few years ago. Technology has virtually eliminated distance as an obstacle to doing business. Today an American Express card member from Dallas can buy a plane ticket in Kuala Lumpur and have the purchase authorized in less than 6 seconds by our computer system in Phoenix AZ. Almost a decade after Gerstner wrote this, a patient’s full health record cannot be accessed at the point of care anywhere in the world. With rare exception, a complete record is not even available to patients or multiple providers within a local region, in spite of the fact that health professionals and patients almost universally agree that full information at the point of care is essential to safe medical practice. Health information exchange (HIE) is defined as the mobilization of health care information electronically across organizations within a region or community. It provides the capability to electronically move health information between various systems, while maintaining the authenticity and accuracy of the information being exchanged. This sharing of critical and administrative health data electronically enables a care team to make more informed decisions. HIEs are multi-stakeholder organizations that oversee the business and legal issues involved in the exchange of information. The stakeholders are diverse and generally include large doctor groups, solo practices, competing hospitals, and payers. Patients have been visibly absent from the discussions, interactions, and agreements that form and run these HIE organizations. Patient access to their own information from an HIE has also been limited, but that promises to change over time. A look at the evolution of HIE in the United States reveals that many began as regional health information organizations (RHIOs) that received their initial funding from grants to states. When the funds ran out, many of the RHIOs failed. Nearly one quarter of the RHIOs known to exist in mid-2006 were defunct by early 2007 because they could not work out a sustainable financial model. Several local RHIOs are slowly being consolidated into statewide networks. State governments are the largest health care payers. They are driven by cost containment incentives, and have the influence needed to fund, develop, implement, and sustain these health information exchange networks and connect them to public health data repositories. Today there are approximately 255 HIEs in the United States, a 9% increase from last year and up significantly from only a few dozen in 2004, according to the eHealth Initiative, another multistakeholder coalition that studies HIEs. The Taconic Health Information Network and Community (THINC) THINC is a multistakeholder community-wide collaborative in New York’s Hudson Valley and is one of the success stories for HIE. This seven-county region has a population of over 2 million patients with over 5,000 practicing physicians. THINC is comprised of a broad range of stakeholders from the public and private sectors, including physicians, hospitals, safety net providers, payers, employers, laboratories, public health authorities, quality organizations, state government representatives, community business leaders, consumer advocacy groups, and others in the healthcare industry. The primary purpose of THINC is to advance the use of health information technology through the sponsorship of a secure HIE network that serves over 350,000 individuals and promotes the adoption and use of interoperable electronic health records and the implementation of population health improvement activities, including public health surveillance and reporting, patient-centered medical homes, and other quality improvement initiatives. The THINC network includes several hospitals, laboratories, and federally qualified health centers, and more than 500 physicians in ambulatory practice. THINC, in partnership with its vendor MedAllies, has sponsored implementation of electronic health records (EHRs) with 750 ambulatory physicians and an internet-based portal to which hospitals and laboratory technicians and physicians in two of the seven counties currently have access. The goal is to encompass all seven counties by the summer of 2012. THINC’s funding model is based on data transfer fees paid by the hospitals and laboratories in the HIE, and a subscription fee paid by physicians. There are other fees assessed to physicians for training and ongoing support of their EHR systems. The collaborative provides training programs to educate doctors about the capabilities of information systems and how they will benefit their practice and their patients. The overall goal is to increase the completeness of data available to physicians at the point of care, incorporate tools for chronic care management, and facilitate process improvement in physician practices. Patient benefits from THINC include: - Coordination of patient care so that no matter whether or when patients move between care settings, their information is there with them when they arrive. - Substantial reduction of medical error and duplicate testing. - The ability to track and observe patients across health settings which enables quicker public health reporting and case investigation For example, if county health authorities suspect an outbreak of a communicable disease, they can use the public health functionality of the HIE to determine reasons for emergency department visits and decide whether they need to initiate case investigation at the local level. A patient satisfaction study to determine healthcare consumers’ attitudes towards physician and personal use of health information exchange, based on responses from THINC participants, revealed that out of the 170 individuals who completed the study, 67% of those individuals supported physician information exchange and 58% had interest in using HIE themselves. Those interested in using HIE felt it would improve communication with their physicians. These individuals defined personal HIE as “using the computer to find information about your health or viewing your own electronic medical record. ” Indiana Health Information Exchange (IHIE) The Indiana Health Information Exchange operates the nation’s largest health information exchange, providing a secure, robust, statewide health information technology network that connects over 80 hospitals, long-term care facilities, rehabilitation centers, community health clinics, and other health care providers in Indiana. This network serves more than 10 million patients and over 18,000 physicians. Formed by the Regenstrief Institute, local hospitals, and other key stakeholders, IHIE brings tools and technologies developed by the researchers at the Regenstrief Institute out to the health care market in Indiana to address the rising cost of health care. Its flagship service is a community-based clinical messaging service that electronically delivers test results (laboratory and radiology) and other reports (transcription, admissions, discharges, and transfers) securely and efficiently to physicians through a secure online portal. IHIE works with hospitals, pharmacies, private laboratories, and other medical care organizations and facilities to deliver this information. IHIE also administers Quality Health First, a clinical quality program for health and chronic disease management. This community service combines medical drug claims data and clinical data to provide physicians with reports, alerts, and reminders to help patients manage chronic diseases. IHIE partners with the Regenstrief Institute to offer a third service, the Indiana Network for Patient Care (INPC), which is a secure, statewide clinical repository that provides a virtual patient record to physicians. The INPC includes information from encounters covering 90% of the care provided at hospitals in Central Indiana. Local hospitals and other stakeholders provided initial seed money to launch IHIE. It has become self-sustaining by charging user fees to deliver results to participating hospitals, laboratories, and other major data sources. Physicians are not charged for participating in any of IHIE’s three services. Why e-Patients Should Care About Heath Information Exchange With extensive specialization in medicine and continual changes in health care insurance coverage, most Americans receive their medical care from a number of different providers. In our current system, patients are encouraged to seek the advice of specialists and obtain second opinions. As a result, patients’ health information becomes scattered among several individual physicians’ databases so that there is no easy way to find a complete record in any one place. HIEs aggregate a patient’s record in a single data file that can be viewed by many primary care physicians, specialists, staff at diverse hospitals, different pharmacists, lab technicians, and therapists who are all a part of the HIE. The advantage to the patient is that there is continuity of care. The number of redundant tests is reduced, along with opportunities for medical error and misinterpretation of data. According to a study sponsored by the Deloitte Center for Health Solutions, consumers are eager for implementation of HIEs that insure the availability of their data in a timely manner and in an accurate format. Their major concerns about HIEs are about privacy and confidentiality of their health information. One of the barriers to expansion of health information exchange networks across state lines has been privacy regulations. Although patients can travel between states to seek health care or second opinions, privacy regulations vary from state to state so that what is permissible to share in one geographic location is not permitted in another. Patients have the largest stake and the greatest concern when it comes to the confidentiality of their health information. In a world where information will be freely exchanged among multiple sources, patients must have a voice in these decisions. Right now the adoption of interoperable health IT systems and health information exchange is focused on making health information data more accessible to health care providers, with better clinical care for the patient as a by-product. For example, with nationwide health information exchange, a patient who resides in Seattle, Washington, and is on a business trip can show up critically ill in the emergency room at a hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, and his or her medical record will be available. That should result in better care. There is also the promise of more patient involvement and information access because HIE enables health care providers to identify patients at high risk through predictive analytics and, based upon all their health care interactions, these patients can work with their health care team to collaboratively determine treatment and disease prevention for themselves. A National Agenda The ultimate goal of HIE is to interconnect all of the individual RHIOs and statewide networks into one single national chain, the Nationwide Health Information Network. What has put some clout behind nationwide information exchange is a requirement mandated by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, which sets forth a plan for advancing the use of health information exchange as a part of the “meaningful use” incentive program for physicians. The approach that the Federal government takes is to provide grants to the states to promote health information exchange programs on a regional or local level. Beginning in 2009, a group of federal agencies and non-federal entities began exchanging health information based upon an initial set of specifications, services, testing resources, and on a legal and support framework. They are working towards making health information data available to both patients and their care team for the purpose of enhancing clinical decisions. They are also hoping to aggregate the data to improve overall population health. Although this will not happen overnight, it represents a giant step forward toward integrating an individual’s health information and enabling direct patient participation. - Gerstner LV. Who Says Elephants Can’t Dance: Inside IBM’s Historic Turnaround. New York: Harper Collins; 2002:65. ↩ - Adler-Milstein J, McAfee AP, Bates DW, Jha AK. The state of regional health information organizations: current activities and financing. Health Aff (Millwood). 2008 Jan-Feb;27(1):w60-9. Epub 2007 Dec 11. ↩ - 2011 Report on Health Information Exchange: Sustainable HIE in a Changing Landscape. eHealth Initiative; 2011. Available at: http://www.ehealthinitiative.org/store.html?page=shop.product_details&flypage=flypage.tpl&product_id=83&category_id=8 (purchase required). Accessed October 18, 2011. ↩ - O’Donnell H, Mac, Patel V, Kern LM, Barrón Y, Teixeira P, Dhopeshwarkar R, Kaushal R. Healthcare consumers’ attitudes towards physician and personal use of health information exchange. J Gen Intern Med. 2011 Sep;26(9):1019-26. Epub 2011 May 17. ↩ - States take the helm of the health information exchange phenomenon. In: States’ Role in Health Information Exchanges. Washington, DC: Deloitte Center for Health Solutions; 2006:2-8. Available at: http://www.providersedge.com/ehdocs/ehr_articles/States_Role_in_Health_Info_Exchanges.pdf. Accessed October 18, 2011. ↩ - American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, Pub L 111 – 5, 111th Congress, 2009. Available at: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-111publ5/html/PLAW-111publ5.htm. Accessed October 18, 2011. ↩ Secrets of HIE Success Revealed, Lessons from Leaders. National eHealth Collaborative; 2011. Available at: http://www.orionhealth.com/case-studies/north-america/secrets-of-hie-success-revealed. Accessed October 18, 2011. Supporting a Robust Health Information Exchange Strategy with Pragmatic Transport Framework, And Electronic Health Records (EHR) [white paper], HIMSS Electronic Health Record Association White; 2011. Available at: http://www.himssehra.org/docs/20110629_EHRA_TransportFramework_Final.pdf. Accessed October 18, 2011. Tang P, Lansky D. The missing link: bridging the patient provider health information gap. Health Aff (Millwood). 2005 Sep-Oct;24(5):1290-5. Milstein JA, Bates D, Jha AK. A survey of health information exchange organizations in the united states: implications for meaningful use, Ann Intern Med. 2011 May 17;154(10):666-71. Migrating Toward Meaningful Use: The State of Health Information Exchange: A Report Based on the Results of the eHealth Initiative’s 2009 Sixth Annual Survey of Health Information Exchange. Washington, DC: eHealth Initiative; 2009. Health Information Exchange: From Meaningful Use to Personalized Health. eHealth Initiative; 2011. Available at: http://www.ehealthinitiative.org/store.html?page=shop.product_details&flypage=flypage.tpl&product_id=81&category_id=8 (purchase required). Accessed October 18, 2011. Copyright: © 2011 Nancy B. Finn. Published here under license by The Journal of Participatory Medicine. Copyright for this article is retained by the author, with first publication rights granted to the Journal of Participatory Medicine. All journal content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3. 0 License. By virtue of their appearance in this open-access journal, articles are free to use, with proper attribution, in educational and other non-commercial settings.

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St Luke the Evangelist is best known as the writer of the third Gospel and the Acts of the Apostles. His writings have been proven to be historically accurate and well detailed. Luke wrote his gospel around 60 A.D and composed the Acts of the Apostles approximately three years later. The Holy Spirit, prayer and women have an important place in Luke’s Gospel, especially Jesus's mother Mary. St Luke’s feast day is celebrated on October 18th. A Catholic Christian school derives its identity and culture from its Catholic Christian character, known as its charism. The central influence on the charism of the school is the person of Christ. A charism is a deep awareness of a Gospel value or values linked to a special need in the world. At Saint Luke’s, the charism of the Presentation Sisters is adopted as Sr Lyn Albury, our founding Principal, was a Presentation Nun. The founder of the Presentation Sisters, Nano Nagle, offered hope to those less fortunate. Nano visited the homeless and sick women, bringing them her compassionate presence and offering whatever help she could whilst putting her life at risk as she trod the unlit alleyways of Cork, Ireland at night by the light of a dim lantern. Today, her work is carried on through the Presentation Sisters as they bring support, compassion, and comfort to the poor and those most in need. Staff and students recall Nano’s great work and are reminded, through our St Luke's values, to reach out to those less fortunate than ourselves or those in need. For further information on St Luke's Catholic Identity, please read our booklet. St Luke's Catholic Identity Book.pdf

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