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BOOT_I386(8) BSD System Manager's Manual BOOT_I386(8) boot_i386 - i386 system bootstrapping procedures The PC AT clones will perform a POST (Power On Self Test) upon being booted cold. This test will find and initialize memory, keyboard, and other devices. It will search for and initialize any extension ROMs that are present, and then attempt to boot the operating system from an avail- able boot drive. Failing this, older IBM systems come up in ROM BASIC. The newer PC AT clones attempt to boot off the drive specified in the BIOS setup, or if it is an older BIOS, it will start with checking for a disk in floppy drive A (otherwise known as drive 0) first, and failing that, attempt to boot the hard disk C (otherwise known as hard disk con- troller 1, drive 0). The BIOS loads the first block (at physical location: track 0, head 0, sector 1) off the boot device into memory, and if the last two bytes in the block match the signature 0xAA55, the BIOS considers the block a valid bootable drive. The BIOS then proceeds to call the machine code program in this block. If the BIOS is current, it will also pass the boot drive to the boot block in register %dl. There are two different types of boot blocks on devices. There is the MBR (master boot record) and the PBR (partition boot record). A digression into a little piece of history will quickly give light as to why this is so. In the beginning, the PC "architecture" came with single or dual floppy drives, and no hard drives. The only type of bootable sectors on any device were the PBRs. They were responsible for loading the rest of the operating system from the correct device. When hard disks came out, it was felt that such a huge space should be able to be partitioned into separate drives, and this is when the MBR was invented. The MBR relocates itself upon being loaded and invoked by the BIOS. Em- bedded within the MBR is a partition table, with four partition table en- tries. The MBR code traverses this table (which was loaded with the MBR by the BIOS), looking for an active entry, and then loads the MBR or PBR from the disk location specified by the partition table entry. So in reality, the MBR is nothing more than a fancy chaining PBR. Note: The MBR could load another MBR, which is the case when you are booting off an extended partition. In other words, the first block of an extended partition is really an MBR, which will then load the correspond- ing MBR or PBR out of its extended partition's partition table. WARNING: This portion of the "PC BIOS Architecture" is a mess, and a com- patibility nightmare. The PC BIOS has an API to manipulate any disk that the BIOS happens to support. This interface uses 10 bits to address the cylinder, 8 bits to address the head, and 6 bits to address the sector of a drive. This res- tricts any application using the BIOS to being able to address only 1024 cylinders, 256 heads, and 63 (since the sectors are 1 based) sectors on a disk. These limitations proved to be fine for roughly 3 years after the debut of hard disks on PC computers. Many (if not all) newer drives have many more cylinders than the BIOS API can support, and likely more sectors per track as well. To allow the BIOS the ability of accessing these large drives, the BIOS would "re-map" the cylinder/head/sector of the real drive geometry into something that would allow the applications using the BIOS to access a larger portion of the drive, still using the restricted BIOS API. The reason this has become a problem is that any modern OS will use its own drivers to access the disk drive, bypassing the BIOS completely. How- ever, the MBR, PBR, and partition tables are all still written using the original BIOS access methods. This is for backwards compatibility to the original IBM PC! So the gist of it is, the MBR, PBR, and partition table need to have BIOS geometry offsets and cylinder/head/sector values for them to be able to load any type of operating system. This geometry can, and likely will, change whenever you move a disk from machine to machine, or from con- troller to controller. They are controller and machine specific. On most OpenBSD systems, booting OpenBSD from the BIOS will eventually load the OpenBSD-specific i386 bootstrapping code. This versatile program is described in a separate document, boot(8). Other bootstrapping software may be used, and can chain-load the OpenBSD bootstrapping code, or directly load the kernel. In the latter case, refer to your bootloader documentation to know which options are available. In case of system crashes, the kernel will usually enter the kernel de- bugger, ddb(4), unless it is not present in the kernel, or it is disabled via the ddb. panic sysctl. Upon leaving ddb, or if ddb was not entered, the kernel will halt the system if it was still in device configuration phase, or attempt a dump to the configured dump device, if possible. The crash dump will then be recovered by savecore(8) during the next multi- user boot cycle. It is also possible to force other behaviours from ddb. /bsd default system kernel /bsd. mp multi-processor capable kernel /bsd. rd standalone installation kernel, suitable for disaster recovery /usr/mdec/mbr system MBR image /usr/mdec/biosboot system primary stage bootstrap (PBR) /usr/mdec/boot system second stage bootstrap (usually also installed as /boot, also known as ldbsd. com or pxeboot) ddb(4), boot(8), halt(8), init(8), installboot(8), pxeboot(8), reboot(8), savecore(8), shutdown(8) The "PC BIOS Architecture" makes this process very prone to weird and wonderful interactions between different operating systems. There is no published standard to the MBR and PBR, which makes coding these a nightmare. There are published standards to PXE and El Torito, which makes coding these a nightmare. (This is not a contradiction, although the abyss between specification and implementation is much worse with ACPI. ) MirOS BSD #10-current September 4, 1997 1 Generated on 2016-02-08 23:56:27 by $MirOS: src/scripts/roff2htm,v 1. 82 2016/01/02 20:05:08 tg Exp $ These manual pages and other documentation are copyrighted by their respective writers; their source is available at our CVSweb, AnonCVS, and other mirrors. The rest is Copyright © 2002–2016 The MirOS Project, Germany. This product includes material provided by mirabilos. This manual page’s HTML representation is supposed to be valid XHTML/1. 1; if not, please send a bug report – diffs preferred.

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We found 2,268 reviewed resources Verbs: Regular, Irregular, Simple Past Tense K - 8th CCSS: Adaptable Adding -ed to the ends of most verbs can change a sentence to the past tense—but what about verbs like think or draw? Provide class members with practice activities that focus on both regular and irregular verbs in the simple past tense. Back to School Math and Literacy Centers K - 1st CCSS: Adaptable From filling in the missing number to filling in the missing letter; to writing fluency sentences to skip counting and matching, a complete set of back to school math a literacy centers will not disappoint. Use these activities during. . . Disability Awareness Activity Packet Pre-K - 5th CCSS: Adaptable Bring awareness to disabilities with a packet consisting of a variety of activities designed to inform scholars about disabilities—autism, hearing impairments, physical disabilities, and more! Learners test their communication skills,. . .

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Definition of Luddite : one of a group of early 19th century English workmen destroying laborsaving machinery as a protest; broadly : one who is opposed to especially technological change The Luddite argued that automation destroys jobs. Luddite was our Word of the Day on 03/01/2008. Hear the podcast! Did You Know? Luddites could be considered the first victims of corporate downsizing. The Luddite movement began in the vicinity of Nottingham, England, toward the end of 1811 when textile mill workers rioted for the destruction of the new machinery that was slowly replacing them. Their name is of uncertain origin, but it may be connected to a (probably mythical) person known as Ned Ludd. According to an unsubstantiated account in George Pellew's Life of Lord Sidmouth (1847), Ned Ludd was a Leicestershire villager of the late 1700s who, in a fit of insane rage, rushed into a stocking weaver's house and destroyed his equipment. From then on, his name was proverbially connected with the destruction of machinery. With the onset of the information age, Luddite gained a broader sense describing anyone who shuns new technology. Origin and Etymology of luddite perhaps from Ned Ludd, 18th century Leicestershire workman who destroyed a knitting frame First Known Use: 1811 Seen and Heard What made you want to look up Luddite? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).

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National Qualifications Framework National Qualifications Framework (NQF) was approved by a decree N120/N of the Minister of Education and Science of Georgia on December 10, 2010. The document includes all the qualifications and different levels of general, vocational and higher education competences that exist in Georgia. The NQF defines what type of knowledge, skills and values an individual should have in order to receive a certifying document of completion at a corresponding level – School Certificate (Attestat), Vocational Diploma, Diploma. The NQF supports: • Establishment of a learner, vocational student, and student- oriented educational system; • Promotion of Education received in Georgia and its correspondence to international standards • Student and learner mobility process. The NQF is based on the European Qualifications Framework for Lifelong Learning (LLL). NQF consists of five documents: General Education Qualification Framework – a document, which systematizes qualifications of basic general and complete general education. Vocational Qualification Framework- a document - which systematizes qualifications existing in vocational education in Georgia. Higher Education Qualification Framework - a document, which systematizes qualifications existing in higher (academic) education in Georgia. The fourth Annex of the NQF gives a list of directions, field/specialties, subfield/specialties and vocational specialisations. The fifth Annex - Rule on Qualification Formation – is a document, which defines how to add new qualifications to the list of qualifications.

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The use of technology has influenced human health in positive and negative ways. Along with its facilitating daily life, it also makes the diagnosis and treatment of illnesses easier. However, new problems have appeared such as waste products, radiation and electromagnetic waves, and, as a result, new health problems are now being identified. Along with the increasing use of internet, the use of wireless networks has likewise increased. With developing technology, digital wireless networks took the place of analogue wireless networks. Thanks to the progress of wireless technology, many devices like phones, earphones, keyboards and tablets can connect with one another. Despite this progress, society has serious prejudices against the wireless networks. Scientific research could not identify any health problems caused by wireless networks that supported those prejudices until now. Today the use of mobile phones are increasing, everybody uses one or even two phones. There are more phones than the number of people living in a house and base stations are placed on the top of apartment buildings. In such a time, the mobile phone and related health problems have become a public health concern. The fact that the use of mobile phones is on such a scale has resulted in a small increase in side effects that may influence the health of thousands of people. The negative effects of the base stations have been given prominence by means of the media. However, exposure to the radiofrequency radiated by mobile phones is one thousandfold more than the base stations. Therefore, the real danger is in our houses. The side effects of these radiofrequency and electromagnetic waves spread by mobile phones are evaluated as cancers and other health problems. Its cancerogenic effects were often emphasized when mobile phones first started to be used. However, research has shown that it did not cause brain cancer with long term use. Nonetheless, there are negative effects from mobile phones on brain functions when its other effects on the brain are evaluated. By affecting the working of the brain, mobile phones cause loss of concentration, sleep disorder, depression, headache and dizziness. There are also effects on other organs. It can cause sleepiness during the day, hypertension and negative effects on male reproductive health among others. The following are the precautions you can take to be protected from the negative effects of mobile phones: - Mobile phones should be used for short talks. Cable phones should be preferred for long talks if possible. - Mobile phones should be put on the ear not right after you start a call but after a few seconds. - Phones should be kept away from you as much as possible during the phone calls. There should be a distance more than one metre between you and the phone if possible. - You should put your thumb between your ear and phone during the call. - While making a phone call, you should be careful that the signal is at the highest level. - Mobile phones which are not used should be switched off. - Mobile phones should be carried away from your heart, chest and waist region. Carrying them in the back pocket instead of front should be made a habit.

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Ribose is a simple, five-carbon sugar that is found naturally in our bodies. But ribose is not like any other sugar. Other sugars are used by the body as fuel, where they are "burned" by the body to recycle energy. But because they are used excessively, they are toxic. However, the body treats ribose differently and preserves it for the vital work of actually making the energy molecule that powers our hearts, muscles, brains, and every other tissue in the body. Research has repeatedly shown that giving ribose to energy-deficient hearts and muscles stimulates energy recovery. A recent study showed that in people with chronic fatigue and fibromyalgia, ribose increased energy an average of 45% in just 3 weeks.

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What Is Gluten Intolerance Or Gluten Sensitivity Understanding How They Differ From Other Gluten These two terms sound like theyre entirely different things, but actually theyre the same. We call these non-celiac gluten sensitivity, or NCGS, says Mukherjee. These are patients who have neither celiac nor wheat allergy, she says. Testing wont show that youre producing antibodies or have inflammation in your small intestine. Still, symptoms can be very similar to celiac including bloating, gas, brain fog, abdominal pain, and changes in bowel movements, fluctuating from diarrhea to constipation, joint pain, muscle cramps, neuropathy and they tend to improve when a patient stops eating gluten. Mukherjee adds that these symptoms are often very similar to what people with irritable bowel syndrome experience. That said, theres no test to definitively diagnose someone with NCGS, says Mukherjee. If a patient receives a normal test result Still, its best to be up front with your doctor to receive the most accurate diagnosis. If youre concerned about these symptoms, feel free to tell your physician, Im concerned about a gluten problem, can we do any testing you deem necessary? advises Mukherjee. How Igg Food Allergy / Intolerance Works Eating the foods you are allergic to triggers an immune response to the food particles in the bloodstream. The story goes that celiacs are more susceptible because they have damaged guts, and so larger protein molecules than are supposed to can pass into the bloodstream. There they are interpreted as invaders and so trigger an immune reaction. Antibodies are created to that particular food type and the next time you eat the food, the reaction is worse. Someone Must Be Eating Gluten For Tests To Be Accurate Basic screening for celiac disease includes a serum TTG IgA and total serum IgA. Total serum IgA needs to be done to rule out IgA deficiency which occurs in about 10% of celiac patients. If IgA deficiency is present, the TTG IgG must be used but is less accurate. Further testing may be needed in those situations. Some labs include a DGP-IGA and EMA in their celiac screen/panel or do these tests as a reflex. The confirmatory test is an endoscopic biopsy. The biopsy is indicated if tests are positive and are required for diagnosis. Of note, many celiac centers and practitioners follow a more extensive evaluation process involving screening antibodies, genetic testing, clinical response to a gluten-free diet, and endoscopy. These protocols and other testing algorithms are beyond the scope of this article. Read Also: Antihistamines Hypertension Diagnosis Of Gluten Sensitivity There is no validated test to diagnose GS. Some online labs offer blood, saliva, or stool tests for gluten sensitivity, but they are invalidated and not recommended. It is impossible to develop a test when the mechanism of gluten sensitivity has not been determined. Diagnosis is made by ruling out CD and wheat allergy while the patient is on a gluten-containing diet. Once both are ruled out, a gluten elimination diet is prescribed. If symptoms improve, the patient is deemed to have gluten sensitivity. Using a response to initiation of a gluten-free diet as a prognostic indicator will give inaccurate results, as both celiac and GS can have similar responses to a gluten-free diet. How Celiac Disease Is Treated Once you’ve received a diagnosis of celiac disease, your healthcare provider will advise you to immediately start a gluten-free diet. A strict gluten-free diet is the only known effective treatment for celiac disease, and it must be followed for life once you have been diagnosed. Once people with celiac start following a strict gluten-free diet, the majority of people experience a significant improvement in their symptoms within days or weeks. Without exposure to gluten, the damage in the small intestine will begin to heal. A gluten-free diet also prevents more damage from occurring. In some cases, your healthcare provider might prescribe medication to help with rashes associated with celiac disease. They may also prescribe supplements to address any vitamin and mineral deficiencies that may have occurred due to nutrient malabsorption in the small intestine. You May Like: Children’s Claritin Reviews Living With Coeliac Disease Since gluten is in found in so many foods, it takes a lot of knowledge and discipline to follow a completely gluten-free diet. Gluten occurs naturally in wheat, spelt, rye, barley, freekeh, einkorn, emmer and kamut, but is also found in all foods that are made from them, e. g. flour, starch, semolina, pearl barley, flakes, breadcrumbs and pasta. Therefore gluten is also found in all regular breads, bread rolls, cakes, cereal bars, snacks, pasta, coatings, etc. But it is also hidden in many foods that one might not initially suspect, for instance, products made of potatoes, fruit or milk, flavoured drinks, spices, sauces, sausages and processed meats. In addition, gluten-free foods can be contaminated by residues from gluten-containing foods. For this reason, people with coeliac disease should also use gluten-free appliances for instance, a toaster for toasting gluten-free bread only. The German Coeliac Society DZG provides comprehensive information on coeliac disease and gluten-free diets it also has a food list for patients, families and the general public. In addition, it offers many helpful tips on going out to eat, travelling, gluten-free recipes, the coeliac passport and much more. Just as other patients with chronic conditions, people with coeliac disease should see their doctor regularly. DZG recommends that patients visit their doctors three, six and twelve months after starting a gluten-free diet and once a year thereafter. Prof. Dr. med. Dr. h. c. T. Zuberbier When People With Celiac Disease Eat Foods Or Use Products That Contain Gluten Their Immune System Reacts By Damaging The Small Intestine Celiac diseaseglutenCauseRisk FactorsPeople who have a family member with celiac disease are at greater risk for developing the disease. Also Read: Why you should listen to your gut for a healthy life? SymptomsOther common symptoms may include: InjuryInvestigationsComplications Delaying diagnosis or not following the diet puts you at risk for related conditions such as: anaemia, certain cancers, Bone diseases, liver disease TreatmentFoods to avoid:Processed foods that may contain wheat, barley, or rye*:Hidden sources of gluten:Reading food labelsDonât buy the items if they contain following:Here is a list of common ingredients that ARE gluten-free/Certified Pump Trainer) Also Check: Robitussin Cough Suppressant And Expectorant Gluten Sensitivity Or Intolerance Gluten intolerance, also known as non-celiac gluten sensitivity , is a condition characterized by the adverse response of the body to gluten, a protein found in wheat and some other grains. People with gluten intolerance experience symptoms similar to celiac disease. However, unlike celiac disease, the condition doesnât lead to long-term health effects. It causes only mild discomforting symptoms. The symptoms of gluten intolerance can also resemble those triggered by wheat allergy or irritable bowel syndrome . It is still not precisely clear what causes gluten intolerance. Some studies indicate that other components of gluten-containing grains may be causing some of the symptoms. Interestingly, there are also no biomarkers or tests to diagnose this condition. Gluten intolerance is diagnosed only after a person tests negative for celiac disease and wheat allergy. My Food Intolerance Symptoms Looking back on it now, I had been suffering from the symptoms of food intolerance for 2 years at least, probably longer, before I realised it wasn’t just ‘hidden gluten’ causing my problems. My symptoms were: - Nausea on waking and often for much of the day - Tiredness and fatigue - Extreme difficulty concentrating or thinking clearly - Lack of stamina – by mid afternoon most days I would be out of energy and only able to do mundane tasks - Poorly formed stools Also Check: Robitussin Medication Celiac Disease Trigger Foods Wheat is a staple in Western cultures, so many common foods contain enough gluten to aggravate celiac disease — breads, crackers, muffins, pasta, pizza, cakes, and pies. Fried chicken can be off limits, thanks to the breading. Chinese seitan and Japanese udon noodles come from wheat. Rye and barley also contain gluten, so pumpernickel bread, barley soup, and even beer can cause problems for those with celiac disease. Celiac Gluten Intolerance Wheat Allergy: What Are The Differences According to a study conducted by Ross Albert B. et al in 2020, in recent years, gluten has become a topic that has become very important to physicians because it is associated with a wide range of diseases. Three gluten-related diseases are generally referred to as the three gluten-related diseases: Enteropathy or more commonly known as gluten sensitive celiac disease Non-celiac gluten sensitivity or gluten intolerance Wheat allergy, gluten ataxia and dermatitis herpetiformis By 2018, approximately one in 100 people worldwide will be diagnosed with celiac disease and nearly 6% will have non-cellular gluten sensitivity . Todays figures are much higher. In fact, some dietitians are revealing 1 to 3 new cases per day, or nearly 15 new cases per week in large hospitals. Recommended Reading: Swollen Tonsils Allergies Prevalence In Children And Adults For many years, it had been thought that the coeliac disease emerges in childhood. However, we now know that it can occur at any age. The prevalence of the disease is approximately the same in both children and adults, but women have it more often than men. Specific tests in Europe have revealed that around 1% of the entire population in Europe and North America suffer from coeliac disease. In a health study conducted on over 12,000 children and adolescents in Germany, blood tests revealed the presence of coeliac disease in around 0. 9% of participants. Celiac Or Wheat Allergy Celiac disease and wheat allergy both involve the immune system but the reaction within the body is different. Celiac disease is an autoimmune disease that causes damage to the lining of the intestine. It is a lifelong disorder. Symptoms of wheat allergy can include a skin rash, wheezing, abdominal pain, or diarrhea. Wheat allergy is often outgrown. Read Also: Allergy Symptoms Mayo Clinic Where Does Celiac Disease Come From After the Second World War, a study was done on 10 children with intestinal disease. When gluten was added to their diet, symptoms such as diarrhea or fatigue reappeared directly. However, they also included starch, but the effect was not conclusive. The doctors therefore concluded that gluten was responsible for the celiac disease. According to the French Association of Gluten Intolerance , celiac disease is an autoimmune disease that affects the villi covering the small intestine. This disease generally causes intestinal villous atrophy, meaning destruction of the folds of the mucous membrane and connective tissue of the small intestine. This leads to poor absorption of nutrients, especially iron, calcium and folic acid. Here are the opinions of several researchers: Mendoza Nicky indicates that CD is characterized by immune-mediated damage to jejunal muscosis caused by gluten protein. According to Steven L. Kaplan , celiac disease is an autoimmune disease affecting 1% of the population, seriously disabling and potentially serious, synonymous with intestinal deterioration, leading to digestive disorders. » Mayer Chaves Araújo, et al talk about changes and modifications to the normal characteristics of the small intestine. Villi atrophy can reduce the surface area available for nutrient absorption in the body. Managing A Severe Food Reaction With Epinephrine A wheat allergy reaction can cause symptoms that range from mild to life-threatening the severity of each reaction is unpredictable. People who have previously experienced only mild symptoms may suddenly experience a life-threatening reaction known as anaphylaxis. In the U.S., food allergy is the leading cause of anaphylaxis outside the hospital setting. Epinephrine is the first-line treatment for anaphylaxis, which can occur within seconds or minutes, can worsen quickly and can be deadly. In this type of allergic reaction, exposure to the allergen causes the whole-body release of a flood of chemicals that can lead to lowered blood pressure and narrowed airways, among other serious symptoms. Once youre diagnosed with a food allergy, your allergist will likely prescribe an epinephrine auto-injector and teach you how to use it. Check the expiration date of your auto-injector, note the expiration date on your calendar and ask your pharmacy about reminder services for prescription renewals. If you are uncertain whether a reaction warrants epinephrine, use it right away, because the benefits of epinephrine far outweigh the risk that a dose may not have been necessary. Your allergist will provide you with a written emergency treatment plan that outlines which medications should be administered and when . Be sure that you understand how to properly and promptly use an epinephrine auto-injector. Don’t Miss: Robitussin Cold & Allergy Celiac Vs Gluten Intolerance: Is There A Difference Between Celiac Disease And Gluten Intolerance Celiac disease, non-celiac gluten sensitivity, and wheat allergy are all conditions that are all affected by gluten. While similar in their condition, there are distinct differences in each and how to treat them. Read on to learn more about their differences. In recent years, the gluten free diet has gained a great deal of traction, but many people still dont have a true understanding of what it means to go gluten free or the exact why someone would need to. Gluten is a type of protein found in certain grains including wheat, barley, and rye it plays a role in binding grain-based ingredients together in recipes, and it gives bread its spongy texture. The truth is that the gluten free diet is not designed for weight loss, as many tend to believe. It is much more beneficial when used as a strict, long-term eating plan for people with celiac disease, gluten intolerance, gluten sensitivity, or wheat allergy. In this article, well explore the difference between each of these specific conditions as well as their symptoms. Well also take a quick look at how these conditions compare and what it really takes to follow a gluten free diet. How Do I Know For Sure If youâve noticed that eating foods containing gluten causes problems, talk to your healthcare professional about getting tested. On average, it takes five to 11 years from symptom onset for celiac disease to be diagnosed. 3 This is because many of the symptoms of celiac disease are so similar to other diseases, such as Irritable Bowel Syndrome , Irritable Bowel Disorder , and lactose intolerance. Similar symptoms that overlap between common intestinal conditions may mean that healthcare professionals might not consider testing for celiac disease right away. Many people are so used to living withâand being embarrassed byâtheir uncomfortable gastrointestinal issues that they never consider asking for help. But learning what causes your symptoms now may also help you avoid more serious issues in the future. A missed or incorrect diagnosis of celiac disease can delay treatment and lead to an increased risk of other serious health complications including: - Bone disease, such as osteoporosis - Reproductive problems including infertility Don’t Miss: Claratim Celiac Disease Symptoms And Causes Celiac disease is an autoimmune reaction to eating gluten. If you have celiac disease, eating gluten causes your bodyâs immune system to attack your small intestine. This damages the lining of your small intestine and prevents your body from absorbing required nutrients. Over time, untreated celiac disease can lead to malnutrition, intestinal damage, and other serious health complications. 1 Celiac disease occurs in approximately 1 percent of the worldâs population, but most people with the condition are undiagnosed. 2 It can develop at any age, as some people develop it as a child and others as an adult. Celiac disease is an underdiagnosed, undermanaged condition associated with serious long-term complications, including the development of osteoporosis, neurologic disorders, gastric ulcers, and cancer . 3,4 It often runs in families. If someone in your family has celiac disease, talk to your healthcare professional to see if you should also be tested for celiac disease. Celiac Disease Vs Gluten Sensitivity Vs Wheat Allergy To help pinpoint what might be ailing you, it helps to understand the basics of three common gluten and wheat-related health conditions, as well as the differences between them. Celiac disease is a chronic immune-mediated disorder. If you have CD, ingesting gluten damages the lining of the small intestine, making it difficult to absorb necessary nutrients. The condition is genetic, and experts believe it affects around one in every 150 people, although it may be underdiagnosed, since many people with CD may not even be aware that they have it. Some people with a mild form of the disease may not experience any symptoms. Most however, will develop common signs like diarrhea, constipation, gas, bloating, abdominal pain, fatigue and sometimes nausea or vomiting. Some people with celiac disease may not have digestive issues but develop other symptoms, such as bone or joint pain, depression or anxiety, headaches, mouth problems, like canker sores or dry mouth, a smooth, shiny tongue and tingling or numbness in their hands and feet. Reactions typically arent immediate and symptoms may appear several hours after eating gluten. Left untreated, CD can lead to malnutrition, dermatitis herpetiformis , infertility, anemia, osteoporosis and a higher risk of some cancers, among other health problems. Wheat allergy is like other food allergies, in which your bodys immune system overreacts to a substance most people find harmless in this case, wheat. Also Check: Allergies Medicine Names The Difference Between Wheat Allergy Celiac Disease And Gluten Intolerance Celiac disease, gluten intolerance, and wheat allergy are the three major disorders that are known to trigger unpleasant symptoms following intake of foods made using wheat. While all these problems are quite different from each other, they share certain similar symptoms. Given the overlapping symptoms, it can get really difficult to ascertain the exact cause behind the discomforting aftereffects. The article explains how to distinguish between all three conditions in detail. Can Celiac Develop Later In Life While some people are born with celiac or may develop the condition as a child, other people may not develop the disease until later in life. The reason for this remains unknown. Some research suggests that people may have a genetic predisposition to celiac disease but the symptoms only develop when there is sufficient gluten in the diet for a long enough period of time. Environmental factors and stress may also play a role in the development of the condition. For instance, many women begin to experience celiac symptoms following pregnancy and birth. Other people develop symptoms after recovering from an unrelated illnessâor following a stressful time in their life. Don’t Miss: Dextromethorphan Allergy

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Another Gestalt concept is Similarity. We reviewed many more in lecture the second week of classes. SIMILARITY: Things that are similar tend to be grouped together. They do not necessarily need to be physically grouped like proximity. Both examples show grouping via similarity. In the first example, you can see the 24 circles and 40 squares individually, but your mind will more efficiently group and see lines of squares and 3 lines of circles. In the second example, you can see 36 separate squares and 13 separate circles, but your mind prefers to see it as 4 blocks with a crossed "line" made by the circles. Remember that this is what is meant by "THE WHOLE IS GREATER THAN THE SUM OF ITS PARTS". This image uses similarity to group the produce. Though it is technically also proximity, the similarity aspect of color does the stronger grouping. We can still see the individual pieces of produce, but our mind helps us to simplify our world by grouping. "THE WHOLE IS GREATER THAN THE SUM OF ITS PARTS. " The example allows us to group the similar shape and color of the toes of the shoes vs. the canvas bodies. (This example also shows strong Closure and Figure-Ground, which we briefly discussed in class and will be examined in the upcoming weeks on this blog. ) > Credit only if sample provided for every weekly blog post.

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Researchers will need to develop multiple types of coronavirus vaccines to address the immense scale of the outbreak, Harvard University vaccine researcher Dr. Dan Barouch told Yahoo Finance in a recent interview. He expressed optimism about the many vaccines in development but warned that even vaccines that prove effective could have weak points or side effects, requiring other versions to make up for their shortcomings. “We have over 300 million people in this country and over 7 billion people in the world,” he said. “No single vaccine developer is going to be able to provide a vaccine for the global market. ” “So I actually think that we not only want, but we actually need multiple vaccines to be successful,” said Barouch, who directs the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research and has collaborated with pharmaceutical company Johnson & Johnson (JNJ) on the development of a vaccine. There are well over 100 vaccines in development and 32 currently undergoing human trials, including eight candidates that have entered phase three trials involving thousands of test subjects, the New York Times reports. Developers achieve different vaccines in part from the use of varied techniques, Barouch said. Last month, pharmaceutical companies Moderna (MRNA) and Pfizer (PFE) announced that each had begun phase three trials on candidates developed through the use of synthetic genetic material, while other vaccines in late-stage trials use a common cold virus modified with a gene from SARS-CoV-2. Next month, Johnson & Johnson will begin the largest late-stage coronavirus vaccine trial yet, involving 60,000 people in the U.S. and other countries, the company confirmed on Thursday. The first vaccine may be ready by the end of the year, but will not become widely available until 2021, Barouch said, echoing a similar prediction made last month by top U.S. infectious disease official Dr. Anthony Fauci. But an initial success will not end the worldwide effort currently underway to develop vaccines, since each version will have strengths and weaknesses, Barouch said. “It's very possible that there might be multiple vaccines that prove safe and effective, at least that would be my hope,” Barouch says. “The more vaccines that become available, the better. ” “Because each vaccine might have some pros and cons: Some might be more effective, some might have different side effects. profiles might be particularly good in the elderly or the young populations, some might have different costs associated with them,” he said. Barouch spoke to Yahoo Finance Editor-in-Chief Andy Serwer in an episode of “Influencers with Andy Serwer,” a weekly interview series with leaders in business, politics, and entertainment. The U.S. government and Johnson & Johnson have invested a combined $1 billion in a vaccine candidate co-developed by Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, where Barouch runs the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research. The vaccine is currently undergoing phase one and two trials but aims to begin phase three trials next month, Barouch said. The Trump administration has provided financial backing for vaccines through Operation Warp Speed, which has set a goal of 300 million doses by the end of 2021. Multiple vaccines are in development in China and Australia, while England and Germany have produced vaccines currently undergoing human trials. “The worldwide vaccine effort does span the current cutting edge technologies in multiple arenas. So in that sense, I think that we will see which ones are the safest are the most effective, or the most durable and ultimately are the most deployable for this pandemic,” he adds.

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writes "A telescope to find worlds around other stars has been selected for launch by the European Space Agency's Science Policy Committee. Known as Plato (Planetary Transits and Oscillations of stars), the mission should launch on a Soyuz rocket in 2024. The Plato space telescope will prepare the way for scientists searching for alien life by locating the first genuinely Earth-like exoplanets orbiting nearby stars. It will break new ground in astronomy by using a "bug eye" array of 34 individual telescopes. The intention is for this array to sweep about half the sky, to investigate some of its brightest and nearest stars. "

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|Gomez-Landesa, Enrique - USDA-ARS| Submitted to: Hydrological Processes Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: January 30, 2001 Publication Date: N/A Interpretive Summary: Very little conventional information exists on snow resources in the Spanish Pyrenees although these mountains provide significant snowmelt runoff for water supplies and power generation. A new source of data and sophisticated analysis techniques were necessary to generate timely runoff predictions to the power companies to assist in their systematic planning. A subpixel analysis technique was developed to allow application of the satellite data to very small basins, and the resulting snow cover data were fed into the Snowmelt Runoff Model for forecasting of flows on 42 basins. The forecasts permitted the power companies to make more logical decisions in their seasonal planning. The results are applicable to similar applications in the U.S. including planning for irrigation water supplies. Technical Abstract: The Snowmelt Runoff Model (SRM) is being used to simulate and forecast the daily discharge of several basins in the Spanish Pyrenees. These results are being used by hydropower companies of Spain for improved management of water resources. We describe a method for snow mapping using data fro the AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) instrument on board NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) polar orbiting satellite and a procedure to retrospectively estimate the accumulated snow water equivalent volume with the SRM model. A linear combination of NOAA channels 1 and 2 is used to obtain a snow cover image in which the product is the percent of the snow covered area in each pixel. Real-time snowmelt forecasts are being carried out with the SRM model using snow covered area as an input. Even in basins with a total absence of historical discharge and meteorological data, the SRM model provides an estimation of the daily snowmelt discharge. Integrating the forecasted streamflow over the recession streamflow, the snowmelt volume is obtained as a function of time. This function converges asymptotically to the net stored volume of water equivalent of the snowpack. Plotting this integral as a function of time, it is possible to estimate for each basin the already melted snow water equivalent (SWE) and the SWE remaining in storage, at any moment of the snowmelt season.

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Now people with tired eyes and foggy brains in the morning have another reason to grab a cup of Joe, as a new study just discovered drinking it could add years to life. The study consisted of half a million middle-aged people and showed that risk of death decreased as they drank more coffee. Though too much caffeine has been considered unhealthy, those that drank more coffee than others were less likely to die from heart and respiratory disease, stroke, injuries, accidents, diabetes and infections. Neal Freedman, a researcher at the National Cancer Institute, said the study found it was beneficial to drink two or three cups of Joe a day to reduce the risk of early death by 10 to 15 percent. But Freedman said after getting past three cups a day, there was little benefit. Those who drank up to six cups a day didn’t seem to get more benefits. The study involved people aged 50 to 71 and followed them for 12 years. While it discovered those who drank more coffee were less likely to die, they also found a link between coffee drinking and smoking. “In our study, the participants who drank coffee were far more likely to smoke cigaretees, which is a very strong risk factor for death,” he said. He also said drinking the dark beverage was associated with other unhealthy behaviors like drinking too much alcohol, eating too much red meat, and living a sedentary lifestyle. “All of those risk factors are usually associated with increased risk of death, which they were in our study too,” he said. They aren’t sure why coffee adds more years to life, and are looking to explore it further. “Coffee could be [working by] affecting blood pressure,” Freedman speculated. “It is possible that different compounds in the coffee are important, too. ” He also said they did not know whether decaffeinated coffee had the same effect as regular coffee.

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NEW STUDY: GERMAN WIND TURBINES KILL 1,200 TONS OF INSECTS PER YEAR March 12, 2019 | Michael Krueger, Science Sceptical blog A new study finds that around 1,200 tons of insects are killed p. a. by wind turbines in Germany alone. In Germany, there are currently around 25,000 wind turbines installed. For some years now, it has been known that they do not provide environmentally friendly electricity, as countless birds and bats are killed by their rotor blades. But that is not all. Wind turbines for power generation should actually produce more electricity with increasing wind strength. However, this is exactly what they often do not do, which has confused experts for years. The puzzle could already have been solved in 2001 thanks to a new study: dead insects that stick to wind turbines should be responsible for the low yield. This was reported by a Dutch-Danish team of scientists as early as 2001 in the issue of the British journal Nature: “Insects can halve wind turbine power”, Nature 2001. Burst insects rough up the surface At low wind speeds, burst insects start to accumulate on the leading edges of the rotor blades, the authors explain. At strong winds, the air flow can be torn off due to the now rough surface – the electricity generated drops rapidly. Such power losses – in some cases up to half – have been noticed, for example, on California wind farms. The reason was unknown until then. However, with specially developed reflectors glued to the rotor blades, experts were able to directly observe the effects of dead insects 20 years ago. The “bee dying off” Currently, the “great insect dying off” and “bee dying off” is on everyone’s lips. However, neither the Greens, nor the environmental NGOs, nor the Federal Environmental Agency are addressing the insects killed by the rotor blades of wind turbines, let alone field studies are commissioned. The media is also not interested in the topic. However, some scientists have long suspected that insects could be attracted to wind farms due to the color of the rotor blades, the heat given off by the turbines and the flashing lights on the wind turbines. The scientists also know that turbines cause a reduction in wind speed at the hub level and cause turbulence. The turbines cause changes in wind, precipitation, temperature and evaporation. Studies have been able to prove such environmental influences up to 20 km away from a wind farm site. A recent study by the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) “Interference of Flying Insects and Wind Parks” concludes that 24,000 tons of insects per summer could pass through the German wind farms with a total of 25,000 wind turbines. That would be about a ton of insects per wind turbine. 5% of the insects could fall victims to the turbines. So 1,200 tons of insects in total, or 50 kg of insects per wind turbine. The DLR study further concludes that this could be relevant to the survival of insect populations within 15 years, especially for insects flying in the appropriate altitude range between 20-220 meters altitude. This is what most insects do! Regardless, the topic will not be further discussed and silenced. So also last night in the public German TV channel ARD.

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In June, the Babcock & Wilcox Company, a clean energy technology and services provider for the nuclear, fossil and renewable power markets based in Charlotte, N.C., announced the grand opening of the Solid Waste Authority of Palm Beach County’s waste-to-energy (WTE) facility in West Palm Beach, Fla. “The completion of this state-of-the-art facility represents the culmination of a 10-year effort that virtually ensures to the taxpayers of Palm Beach County that their solid waste will be disposed of in the most efficient and environmentally sensitive method available in the world today long into the future,” Ray Schauer, SWA director of engineering and public works, said in a statement. As this new WTE facility comes online, it is an opportune time to review the state of WTE in the United States. This week brought other key industry news with the Robert “Bob” C. Boucher Jr. officially stepping in as president and CEO of Hampton, N.H.-based Wheelabrator Technologies. Boucher succeeded Mark A. Weidman, who retired after 25 years with the company. Here’s a look at some of the key information on the sector. 1. There are currently 85 WTE facilities in the U.S. There are 85 waste-to-energy facilities in 23 states according to the Energy Recovery Council. Four facilities are inactive. (There were 102 facilities in 2000, according to the EPA. ) The nation’s waste-to-energy facilities process in excess of 30 million tons of trash per year, sell more than 14. 5 million megawatt hours to the grid, and recover more than 730,000 tons of ferrous metals for recycling. In addition, many facilities sell steam directly to end users offsetting the use of fossil fuels to make that energy. 2. The first new facility in 20 years just opened. The Palm Beach Renewable Energy Facility 2 has three mass-burn, WTE boilers that can generate up to 95 megawatts of electricity. As measured by energy generation capacity, it is now the largest such facility in the United States. Moreover, it’s the first ground-up waste-to-energy facility to open in the U.S. in 20 years. 3. Florida has the greatest number of facilities. With the opening of the new Palm Beach Renewable Energy Facility 2 in West Palm Beach, the state has 12 WTE facilities. Overall 11 states have three or more facilities. New York (10), Minnesota (9) and Massachusetts (7) have the most facilities aside from Florida. 4. WTE use is driven by legislation and geography. Generally states that define WTE facilities as renewable energy have WTE facilities while those without WTE laws on the books do not. Of the 23 states with WTE facilities, 21 count the technology as renewable. Only New Hampshire and North Carolina have facilities without WTE counted as renewable. On the flip side, 10 states that count WTE as renewable energy do not contain any WTE facilities. The other determining factor is geography. WTE facilities are more prevalent in the parts of the country where there are fewer landfills. Nearly half of the WTE facilities in operation are in the Northeastern U.S. In contrast, the region has the fewest landfills. 5. Mass burn is the most popular technology. Overall, 62 operating facilities (and three inactive ones) employ mass burn technology which allows municipal solid waste (MSW) to be combusted without pre-processing. An additional 13 facilities utilize refuse derived fuel (RDF) which is pre-processed municipal solid waste. Six active facilities (and one inactive) utilize modular combustion units which are similar to mass burn, but are typically smaller and pre-fabricated. 6. Most facilities produce electricity, but some produce steam. With the addition of the Palm Beach facility, 63 facilities are set up to produce electricity for sale to the grid as the only energy product. Four facilities can export steam without any electric generation. Lastly, 18 are cogeneration plants, which export steam to end users and also have the ability to generate power. 7. WTE facilities are generally privately operated but nearly half are publicly owned. Overall, 41 facilities are publicly owned by solid waste authorities while 44 are privately owned. However, the majority of facilities are privately-operated. Covanta Energy and Wheelabrator Technologies are the largest players in the WTE market. Covanta operates 40 facilities. Wheelabrator operates 16. 8. Almost all WTE facilities in the U.S. were built in the 1980s. The oldest current facility in the United States is the Susquehanna Resource Management Complex in Harrisburg, Pa. It began operation in 1972 and was retrofit in 2006. It is a mass burn facility with a gross energy capacity of 20. 8 megawatts. Two more facilities opened in 1975. But the majority of the 85 facilities—56 in all—came online during the 1980s. The peak years for WTE’s commencing operation were 1987 (12), 1988 (16) and 1989 (12). An additionally 16 started operation in 1990 and 1991 combined. But then the industry declined with just three facilities each year coming online in 1992, 1994 and 1995. After that there was a 20-year gap before the Palm Beach Renewable Energy Facility 2 began operation in June. 9. WTE facilities handle 13 percent of the MSW stream. According to the EPA, 32. 66 million tons of waste was combusted in 2013, the most recent year for which figures are available. That represented 12. 9 percent of the MSW stream in the U.S. That figure includes approximately 29. 5 million tons of municipal solid waste, 510,000 tons of wood and 2,650,000 tons of tires. That was a slight increase over the 32. 2 million tons of waste combusted in 2012. 10. WTE use peaked in the early 2000s, but is on the rise again. According to the EPA, “MSW combustion with energy recovery increased substantially between 1980 and 1990 (from 2. 7 million tons in 1980 to 29. 7 million tons in 1990). From 1990 to 2000, the quantity of MSW combusted with energy recovery increased over 13 percent to 33. 7 million tons. After 2000, the quantity of MSW combusted with energy recovery has remained between 29. 0 million tons and 32. 7 million tons (12. 9 percent of MSW generation in 2013). Discards sent for combustion with energy recovery were 0. 57 pounds per person per day. ” 12. WTE facilities are popular in Europe. There is less space for landfills in Europe, which has led to more aggressive pursuit of waste diversion strategies. When it comes to WTE, there were 456 facilities in 21 countries as of 2012, according to the Confederation of European Waste-to-Energy Plants. France (128), Germany (80) and Italy (46) account for more than half of that total. Germany (23. 5 million tons) and France (15. 0 million tons) process the greatest volume of waste in WTE plants. In the EU 28 nations plus Switzerland, Norway and Iceland, 26 percent of the MSW stream is incinerated. Estonia (64 percent), Norway (58 percent), Denmark (54 percent), Sweden (50 percent), the Netherlands (49 percent) and Switzerland (49 percent) have the highest percentage of MSW going to incineration.

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1. One whose occupation is the wholesale purchase and retail sale of goods for profit. 2. One who runs a retail business; a shopkeeper. 1. Of or relating to merchants, merchandise, or commercial trade: a merchant guild. 2. Of or relating to the merchant marine: merchant ships. [Middle English marchaunt, from Old French marcheant, from Vulgar Latin *mercātāns, present participle of *mercātāre, frequentative of Latin mercārī, to trade, from merx, merc-, merchandise. ] The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition copyright ©2020 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved. Indo-European & Semitic Roots Appendices Thousands of entries in the dictionary include etymologies that trace their origins back to reconstructed proto-languages. You can obtain more information about these forms in our online appendices: The Indo-European appendix covers nearly half of the Indo-European roots that have left their mark on English words. A more complete treatment of Indo-European roots and the English words derived from them is available in our Dictionary of Indo-European Roots.

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ALSO READHottest to coldest: The seven most extreme planets ever discovered Planet Nine does exist in our solar system: NASA NASA: Mission to Sun renamed Parker Solar Probe in honour of Eugene Parker Life on Saturn's moons Titan, Enceladus: NASA's next solar system mission Nasa's mission discovers 10 Earth-size planets potential of holding life Scientists using NASA telescopes have spotted narrow dense rings of comets coming together to form massive planets on the outskirts of at least three distant solar systems. Estimating the mass of these rings from the amount of light they reflect shows that each of these developing planets is at least the size of a few Earths, according to Carey Lisse, a planetary scientist at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) in the US. Over the past few decades, using powerful NASA observatories such as the Infrared Telescope Facility in Hawaii and the Spitzer Space Telescope, scientists have found a number of young debris disk systems with thin but bright outer rings composed of comet-like bodies at 75 to 200 astronomical units from their parent stars - about two to seven times the distance of Pluto from our own Sun. The composition of the material in these rings varies from ice-rich (seen in the Fomalhaut and HD 32297 systems) to ice-depleted but carbon-rich (the HR 4796A system). The scientists are especially intrigued by the red dust ring surrounding HR 4796A, which shows unusually tight form for an infant solar system. Lisse traced the extreme red colour to the burnt-out rocky organic remains of comets, a result of the system's ring being close enough to the star that they have all boiled off. The researchers do not see red ring dust in Fomalhaut or HD 32297, but instead, see normal bluish comet dust containing ices - because these systems' rings are far enough out that their comets are cold and mostly stable. "The narrow confines of these rings is still a great puzzle - you don't typically see this kind of tight order in such a young system," Lisse said. "Usually, material is moving every which way before an exoplanetary system gets cleaned out and settles down so that planetary bodies rarely cross each other's path, like in our present-day solar system," he said. After eliminating other possibilities due to the lack of primordial circumstellar gas seen in these systems, researchers have attributed the tight structure to multiple coalescing bodies "shepherding" material through the rings. "Comets crashing down onto these growing planet surfaces would kick up huge clouds of fast-moving, ejected 'construction dust,' which would spread over the system in huge clouds," Lisse said. "The only apparent solution to these issues is that multiple mini-planets are coalescing in these rings, and these small bodies, with low kick-up velocities, are shepherding the rings into narrow structures - much in the same way many of the narrow rings of Saturn are focused and sharpened," he said. This is a paradigm shift, he added, because instead of building a planet from one big construction site, it is coming from many small ones, which will eventually merge their work into the final product. In Fomalhaut and HD 32297, researchers expect that millions of comets are contributing to form the cores of ice giant planets like Uranus and Neptune - although without the thick atmospheres enveloping the cores of Uranus and Neptune, since the primordial gas disks that would form such atmospheres are gone. In HR 4796A, with its warmer dust ring, even the ices normally found in the rings' comets evaporated over the last million years or so, leaving behind core building blocks that are rich only in leftover carbon and rocky materials.

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|Research Centers||Administration||Research Areas||News and Publications||Partners| The impact of cow size on efficiency and profitability is the focus of AU professor’s study. When it comes to beef cattle, is bigger necessarily better? In a research project under way at the Tennessee Valley Research and Extension Center in Belle Mina, AAES animal scientist Daryl Kuhlers is looking to answer that question. Specifically, he is investigating whether smaller-framed cows— animals that mature at about 1,100 pounds as opposed to the 1,200-1,400 pounds typical of cows today—use feed more efficiently and, subsequently, can be more profitable than their larger counterparts. He currently is breeding a line of smaller cattle for the study, in which he and fellow researchers will also evaluate and compare the quality of the meat from the two groups. One goal is to develop a cow that could be raised to market size without needing supplemental feed. Last Updated: Aug. 3, 2011 : October 13, 2011

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Presentation on theme: "Waves Objective: I will understand the difference between mechanical waves and electromagnetic waves. "— Presentation transcript: Waves Objective: I will understand the difference between mechanical waves and electromagnetic waves. What is a wave? A wave is a moving disturbance that transfers energy through matter or space. What causes waves? Waves are created when a source of energy causes a medium to vibrate. A vibration is a repeated back and forth or up and down motion. Examples of waves Water waveslight waves Sound waves microwaves Radio wavesX ray waves Ultraviolet waves seismic waves All of these waves can be put into 2 categories: 1. Waves that do not require a medium 2. Waves that require a medium So what’s a medium? A medium is something through which a wave travels. (solid, liquid, or gas! ) In a water wave, the medium is the water. In a sound wave, the medium is the air. In an earthquake, the medium is the ground. Does light require a medium? Well, where does light come from? If it can travel through NOTHINGNESS, then it doesn’t need a medium How do mediums affect movement? Waves move through different mediums at different rates: Solid: a wave moves through a solid medium the fastest Liquid: a wave moves through a liquid medium slower than a solid, but faster than a gas Gas: a wave moves through a gas medium the slowest Mediums The medium can affect the speed of the wave travelling through it: An increase in the temperature of a medium increases the speed. An increase in the density of a medium increases the speed. Why do waves move through different mediums at different rates? Particles in a solid are closer together so they can move to each other quicker. Particles in a gas are farther apart so the energy takes longer to move from particle to particle. Mediums As a wave moves the particles of matter do not move, only the energy is transferred. Back to our 2 groups 1. Electromagnetic waves can transfer energy through a medium OR through empty space (a vacuum) – Ex. Radio waves, light waves, infrared waves, ultraviolet waves, x-rays, gamma rays 2. Mechanical Waves are waves that require a medium in order to transfer energy. – Ex. Sound waves, water waves, seismic waves Review 1. What is a medium? 2. Do electromagnetic waves require a medium? 3. Give an example of an electromagnetic wave. 4. In which medium do waves move the fastest? 5. Do mechanical waves require a medium? 6. Give an example of a mechanical wave. Mechanical waveElectromagnetic wave Transverse and Longitudinal Waves Objective: I will be able to differentiate between transverse and longitudinal waves. 2 different ways to create a wave: Now lets see these two wave types in action /wavemotion. html Let’s look back at the waves Now, when you watch the waves, notice how the particles of the medium are moving in different ways. Note: Which direction is the wave moving in? Which direction are the particles moving in? Are these two directions the same? Waves Types of waves: Waves are classified according to how they move. Longitudinal Waves ( Compressional waves) In a longitudinal wave, the particles of the medium vibrate in the same direction as (or parallel to) the direction that the wave is travelling Examples: slinky, sound Longitudinal waves (where particles move parallel to the direction of the wave) are something you experience every day in the form of SOUND! Longitudinal/Compressional Wave Parts of a Longitudinal/Compression wave: Compression – space in a medium in which molecules are close together. Rarefaction- space in a medium where there are fewer or less molecules. The molecules are more spread out. Think of a slinky! ! ! Transverse Waves In a tranverse wave, the particles of the medium vibrate in the opposite direction of (or perpendicular to) the direction that the wave is travelling Transverse waves (where the particles move perpendicular to the direction of the wave) are also all around you in the form of LIGHT! Transverse Wave Crest Trough Equilibrium/ Resting Point Wavelength Amplitude Review 1. In a ___________ wave the particles of the medium vibrate PERPENDICULAR to the direction the wave is travelling. 2. In a ___________ wave the particles of the medium vibrate Parallel to the direction the wave is travelling. 3. Sound is an example of a ________ wave. 4. Light is an example of a ________ wave. Transverse Wave Longitudinal Wave Wave Parts Objective: I will be able to identify the main parts of a wave. Basic Properties of Waves Amplitude Wavelength Frequency Speed Wavelength A wave travels a certain distance before it starts to repeat. The distance between two corresponding parts of a wave is its wavelength. Transverse measure from crest to crest or trough to trough. Longitudinal measure from one compression to the next. Wavelength The distance between one point on a wave and the exact same point on the next wave Amplitude The maximum extent of vibration or the distance from the resting position of the medium to the crest or trough. Amplitude The amplitude of a transverse wave is the maximum distance the medium moves up or down (vibrates) from its rest position. The farther the medium moves as it vibrates the larger the amplitude of the resulting waves. The greater the amplitude the greater the amount of energy Amplitude of a Longitudinal Wave Frequency The number of complete waves that pass a given point in a certain amount of time AKA: the number of vibrations. Measured in Hertz Crest and trough The highest/lowest point of a transverse wave Compression and rarefaction The squished up or spread out parts of a longitudinal wave Review 1. Draw a transverse wave and label – Wavelength – Amplitude – Crest – Trough Review, continued 2. Draw a longitudinal wave and label – Wavelength – Compression – rarefaction Measuring Waves The speed, wavelength, and frequency of a wave are related to each other by a mathematical formula. Speed = wavelength x frequency Frequency = speed/wavelength Wavelength = speed/frequency Waves in different mediums travel at different speeds. However, in a given medium and under the same conditions the speed of the wave is constant. Measuring Waves Read pages in the purple Physical Science Book and do the 3 practice problems in your notebook. Answers m X 4. 5 Hz = 5. 4m/s 2. 10m X 2. 0 Hz = 20 m/s m/s /. 20 m = 128 hertz When an object or wave hits a surface through which it cannot pass, it bounces back. Angle of incidence Angle of reflection Reflection Examples of reflection Refraction Though all waves change speed when they enter a new medium. Bending occurs when one side of the wave enters the new medium before the other side REFRACTION The bending of waves due to a change in speed is called refraction. Interference Constructive interference occurs whenever two waves combine to make a wave with a larger amplitude. Destructive interference when the amplitudes of two waves combine producing a smaller amplitude. Resonance Most objects have a natural frequency of vibration. Resonance occurs when vibrations traveling through an object match the object’s natural frequency. An object that is vibrating at its natural frequency absorbs energy from the objects that vibrate at the same frequency. Occurs in music.

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This activity is an opportunity for students to us their knowledge of environments in an activity that will also allow them to explore fine art paintings from the Springville Art Museum. In small groups, students will investigate a variety of paintings of places in Utah in different seasons and different environments using different mediums. They will then decide on physical characteristics of these using a graphic organizer. - Four to six postcards for each group of four to six students (see - Utah Art Graphic - Suggestions for Adjectives List (pdf) - Art posters from Springville Art Museum - Brown construction - Chalk (optional) - Literature books to written in poetic Springville Art Museum will visit schools throughout the state and conduct day-long art presentations for the whole school, as well as provide teachers with sets of artist postcards for classroom use. Contact names: Amanda and Jessica 1-801-489-2727. Examples of environmental pictures and models for narrative - Mountain Dance, by Thomas Locker; ISBN 0-15-202622-3 "Mountains rise through the clouds in a slow dance that goes on - Mountain Alphabet, by Andrew Kiss; ISBN 0-88776-384- "Avalanche slopes are aglow with aspen in autumn. " - Earthshake: Poems from the Ground Up, by Lisa Westberg Peters; ISBN 0-06-029265-2 "Melt a chunk of continent. . . " Background for Teachers You will need photos of the postcards that contain paintings of landscapes from the museum. These can be easily downloaded from the museum's Web site. Directions for Creating Your Own Postcards (pdf) are included. You can also obtain sets of postcards from the museum and use only the ones containing landscapes. Many of the pictures are also available from your school library in the Utah art prints. Intended Learning Outcomes 1. Use Science Process and Thinking Skills 4. Communicate Effectively Using Science Language and Reasoning Invitation to Learn Several days ahead of time, hang a variety of the Springville Art Museum art posters around the classroom. Use posters that show landscapes, specifically of deserts, wetlands, or forests from Utah. As you begin this lesson, mentally choose one of the landscapes. Then play a game of 20 questions where students may only ask questions with yes/no answers. For example, you might choose the painting, Moonrise in the Canyon Moab, by Birger Sandzen. Students might ask, “Does the painting have lots of trees? (No) “Are there mountains in the painting? ” (Yes) When the teacher’s painting has been guessed, let a few students try it. Then respond, “Some of the observations that identify physical characteristics of environments are the same things that were in the questions you asked. You have good eyes! ” - Distribute postcards to the groups and have the students talk with each other about the artwork. Post a list of suggested questions that they can discuss among the group. - What environment, or environments, do you see? - What time of year is it? - What might the temperature be? - Is there any evidence of precipitation? - Do any of the paintings have common characteristics? - What clues (inferences) were used to decide any information? - Can you see any geometric shapes in the paintings? Name - As a class, share discoveries about the paintings. If you are able to display the reprint posters from the Springville Art Museum, use these to help students discover additional information located on the back (e. g., artist name, location, media used, etc. ). - Have students take one specific painting and fill out the Utah Art Graphic Organizer to record information that will help classify the painting for a specific environment. The graphic organizer asks students to identify shapes, common lines, and colors in their paintings. This will use some of their math skills to find parallel and perpendicular lines, as well as geometric shapes. Have them list the common colors they see in the paintings. (The next steps can be another lesson or a continuation for this - If you live in an area where there are mountains, forests, or deserts, take the class outside and have them look around and quickly sketch what they see. Observe the colors and common lines and shapes. If there are mountains, be sure they observe the line where Earth meets the sky. - Brainstorm a list of adjectives students would use to describe what they see and tell someone else how the painting, or the outside observations, made them feel. Use the list of Suggestions for Adjectives List as a resource for the mountain writing - Create a Mountain Journal. Students need a piece of paper that is long and skinny--the size can vary. It can be as simple as brown construction paper cut to 4 1/2" x 18". - Fold the paper into thirds so the ends of the sheet overlap each other. (Each student can decide how much of an overlap s/he wants to have. ) Unfold back to a long skinny line. - Sketch ideas for a mountain silhouette on scratch paper. This is the line where land meets sky. Choose one for the journal. - Lightly draw the silhouette of mountains on the top of the paper. Remind students that they can always cut more off it they need to, but they can't put paper back on. This can also be done as a"torn" paper activity, giving a nice texture to the top of the book. - After cutting out the silhouette, students can check the shapes and make any adjustments needed. - An option that adds a nice touch to the book is to use chalk to add highlights or details to the mountains. - The book can either be a science journal with data collected about physical characteristics of mountains or a poem that describes - If descriptive or narrative poetry is done, encourage students to use the Suggestions for Adjectives List to enhance their writing. If possible, allow students to choose the medium they want to use. If necessary, review some of the art principles about space such as: - Objects get smaller as they recede into the distance. - Objects are higher in a picture as they get further away. - Objects lose detail as they get farther away. - Objects get bluer or grayer as they get farther away. - Objects in front overlap objects that are behind them. - Have students create a landscape that shows an environment from Utah and try to use some of the physical characteristics they have - Display and discuss the paintings while evaluating not only art targets for fourth grade but the science concepts studied. - Place an overhead on top of the pictures and outline the geometric shapes in the paintings. Any parallel or intersecting lines? Any quadrilaterals? Cylinders? Rectangular prisms? What about angles? What about flips or slides? - Find the painting locations on a map of Utah. Do the locations validate their inferences? - Trip to the Springville Art Museum, or another exhibit near your school that will help students practice learned skills. - Springville Art Museum visit to school. - Create another folded book with a shape that represents another During a week (include a weekend) have students, along with family members, keep a tally of how many different environments the family observes. Discuss together the physical characteristics, or clues, they observed and used to classify them. - Share the mountain books with another class. - Conduct “tours” of the art posters for younger students to explain the physical characteristics of the painting they study. Then share the mountain books in small readers’ circles. Observe students dialogue to assess comprehension and application of information. - If students create their own landscape paintings, do the activity above with their original art. Have students evaluate their landscapes and find ways in which they are similar to the artists’ paintings. Do they use color blends, lightening and darkening colors, shades and tones?

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Videos of natural CO₂vents 16 January 2013 Natural CO2 vents on the seafloor, generated by volcanic activity, cause increased acidity in the surrounding waters. Examining these more acidic sites provide a glimps of what the marine environment could look like in a high CO2 world. Below is footage of natural CO2 vents, taken around the volcanic island of Ischia (Italy). This footage was shot during ongoing research into the effect of lower pH on marine life, led by Prof. Jason Hall-Spencer. Guardians of the oceans (EuroNews documentary) Futuris (EuroNews) has travelled worldwide with researchers to document their tireless assessment of marine biology. From deep-water corals off Scotland to endangered whales and dolphins off Sicily. From unknown bacteria on underwater volcanoes in Eastern Mediterranean (Vulcano, Italy) to disminishing stocks of “sardinella” off the Senegalese coast. A special Futuris programme gets a glimpse of how European researchers are trying to assess the oceans of tomorrow.

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While browsing through the meat section of a local grocery, I noticed a print on the package of a chicken breast fillet: Slaughtered and processed in accordance with Islamic sharia principles. Sometimes, the print can be as straightforward as “Slaughtered by hand with a sharp knife as per Islamic rites. ” Curious as to what the note could have probably meant, I consulted the ever reliable Google for explanations. This is what I found. Dhabihah (Dhabīḥah or Zabiha) is, in Islamic law, the prescribed method of ritual slaughter of all animals excluding camels, locusts, fish and most sea-life. This method of slaughtering animals consists of a swift, deep incision with a sharp knife on the neck, cutting the jugular veins and carotid arteries of both sides but leaving the spinal cord intact. It must be done with respect and compassion; avoiding as much as possible any animal pain or discomfort. If you prefer long reads, I suggest you read these articles, too. - What exactly does the halal method of animal slaughter involve? , The Guardian - Summary of conditions for Halal slaughter, Department of Halal Certification - The Issue of Halal Meat, Azhar Halal Foods

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Stretch marks are thin pieces of stretched skin. They are a common form of scarring created when the middle layer of the skin expands faster than the inner layer. Supermarket shelves are stacked with stretch mark creams and treatments, but many individuals will find that they won't work. Why? Stretch marks are scars. They are formed when fibres such as elastin and the connective tissue collagen tear as the middle layer of skin is stretched beyond its capacity. Though more often associated with pregnant women, stretch marks can appear on anyone whose skin undergoes a period of rapid expansion. For example; body builders, adolescents, and people who suddenly put on weight. Stretch Mark Prevention When skin has been stretched beyond its limit it is not able to bounce back and recover its former vigour and glory. So it needs a helping hand. Small wonder then that stretch mark prevention treatments, and stretch mark removal products represent a multi-billion dollar industry. There are a wide variety of treatments such as creams, laser surgery, moisturizers, and vitamin supplements, but there is no miracle cure, because stretch marks are scar tissue. If you are looking for a stretch mark treatment that will completely zap your scars you will be out of luck. At the time of writing there is no treatment that can completely eradicate stretch marks. However, some stretch mark prevention treatments can reduce their appearance. For example, early use by pregnant women of 0. 1% tretinoin cream for six month has been shown to cause significant fading of the scar tissue (Kang S et al. Topical treatment (retinoic acid) improves early stretch marks. Archives of Dermatology 1996; 132 (5): 519-526). The scientific literature also reports some success with laser surgery (Suh D et al. Radiofrequency and 585-nm pulsed dye laser treatment of striae distensae: A report of 37 Asian patients. Dermatol Surg; 33 (1):29-34). In this study 89% of patients with stretch marks on their abdomen reported improvement in the appearance of their skin. Getting Rid of Stretch Marks for Free There is not yet a large and significant body of scientific literature to support the efficacy of stretch mark prevention treatments, though the area is rich with anecdotes from women supporting the claims made by manufacturers that their products work. It appears that the biggest factor in determining whether or not you will have stretch marks, and how drastic they appear will be down to your genes. If your mother or sister experienced stretch marks during pregnancy then it is more likely that you will too whilst you are carrying. Your genes will also affect how well you respond to some stretch mark treatments Nature, in the form of genes, offers the best cure, in that women who do not experience stretch marks are likely to come from a family with little or no history of the condition. Gene manipulation may one day be of benefit to people who are prone to stretch marks, and the fruits of any gene-based research into wound healing may be applicable to the treatment of stretch marks. It may also tell us more about scarring and the wound healing process. For example, in 2008 researchers at Bristol University in the UK, demonstrated that by suppressing a gene known as OPN -which is one of the genes involved in scarring - wounds healed faster and scarring was reduced. When skin is damaged an inflammatory response is triggered. White blood cells known as macrophages rush to the site of the trauma to protect it from infection by microbes. They also guide the production of collagen which helps the wound to heal, but the connective tissue also stands out in stark contrast to the rest of the skin. OPN and chemical signals are involved in the body's repair system and they are all targets of various research groups to see if they can be manipulated to reduce scarring, whilst still conferring their protective benefits. Ryoichi Mori, Tanya J. Shaw, and Paul Martin Molecular mechanisms linking wound inflammation and fibrosis: knockdown of osteopontin leads to rapid repair and reduced scarring J. Exp. Med., Jan 2008; 205: 43 - 51.

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You’re probably thinking, how on earth can sugar be as bad as tobacco. Read below the information will Shock you. Many people already know they need to limit the amount of sugar they intake on a daily basis. However, according to my research it should be treated just like tobacco. Years ago they thought tobacco was harmless. After smokers would have a cigarette they would feel calm and less anxious. There was no immediate harm, so there for they thought cigarette’s where harmless. Today we know how dangerous and addictive cigarette’s can be. According to American Lung Association. There are approximately 600 ingredients in cigarettes. When burned, they create more than 7,000 chemicals. At least 69 of these chemicals are known to cause cancer, and many are poisonous. http://www.lung.org/stop-smoking/smoking-facts/whats-in-a-cigarette.html Unfortunately, there is no simple answer to this question. Some people can eat as much sugar as they like without harm, while others (diabetics for example) should avoid it as much as possible. According to American Heart Association http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/ - Men:150 calories per day (37. 5 grams or 9 teaspoons). - Women:100 calories per day (25 grams or 6 teaspoons). To put that into perspective, one 12oz coke contains 140 calories from sugar, while a regular sized snickers bar contains 120 calories from sugar. COFFEE and Tobacco Addictive? I myself work in the medical field. Every day at work when it is break time the first thing my co-workers do is run outside to have a cigarette. I can’t help but notice that smokers tend to always have something in there hands. TIP: They say when you are trying to quit smoking it is a good idea to always have a pack of gum in your pocket or purse. Instead of having a cigarette like your normally would. Replace that cigarette break with something healthy. For example, taking a walk or riding a bike. By doing something healthy you are getting over the cravings. You have to reprogram your mind and body into a healthy daily routine. I wanted to give you a real life example on how coffee affects the body. To protect his privacy I will be calling him “John”. So I asked, John do you believe coffee is addictive? He replied to me with a straight “NO“. I then asked John if he drinks coffee in the morning before he starts his day. He replied with “YES”. I then told John tomorrow when he wakes up he is NOT to drink any coffee for this little experiment. We informed John to take notes thru out the day on how he is feeling.

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Henna is a middle-sized shrub with many branches. It has small white or pinkish fragrant flowers in large terminal bunches, and small round fruits. The trade name henna is based on the word hina which is the Arabic name of the drug. The plant occurs in several parts of India, chiefly in the drier parts of the peninsula, and is usually cultivated in hedges. It is also cultivated for commercial purposes. in Punjab, Gujarat Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. The leaves contain a-glucoside colouring matter and 'nennotinic acid. On petroleum ether extraction, the seeds of the plant yield a viscous oil containing behenic, arachidic, stearic, palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids. The leaves have medicinal properties like arresting secretion or bleeding and preventing skin diseases. The bark and seeds of the plant are used in Ayurvedic and Unani medicine. The seeds of the henna plant are effective in the treatment of dysentery. They are powdered, mixed with ghee and made into small balls of the size of a betel nut. It is also very helpful in this condition, when taken with water. The bark of the plant is effective in the treatment of liver disorders like jaundice and enlargement of the liver. Either its powder is used in 1. 25 to 5 decigram doses or its decoction in 30 to 60 gram doses in the treatment of these disorders. Henna helps in the treatment of baldness~1J5tafd oil boiled with henna leave~; promote growth of hair. . Two hundred and fifty grams- or-mustard oil is boiled in a tin basin Sixty grams of the leaves are gradually added to the oil and heated. The oil is then filtered through a cloth and stored in a bottle. Regular massage with this oil produces abundant hair. Henna leaves are beneficial in the treatment of prickly heat. The leaves ground with water are applied over the affected area. Henna flower cures headaches caused by the heat of the sun. The headache is relieved by a plaster made of henna flowers in vinegar and applied over the forehead. Burning Sensation on the Feet A paste of the leaves is applied on the soles relieves in this condition. Henna leaves are effective in the treatment of skin problems like boils and bums. They are locally applied on the affected area. Bruised leaves can be applied beneficially in rheumatic joints, inflammatory swellings, bruises and leprosy. A decoction of the leaves can be used as gargle, with beneficial results, in case of sore throat. Pessaries or vaginal suppositories made of the leaves and seeds can be used beneficially in the treatment of excessive menstruation, vaginal discharges and leucorrhoea, or excessive white discharge. Spermatorrhoea or Involuntary Ejaculation: The juice of fresh leaves is beneficial, provided it is given in doses of 8 to 16 grams. Henna is mainly used as a colouring agent. It is mixed with other natural dyes and is largely used as hair dye and even for textiles. The oil obtained from its flowers is used in perfumery.

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Types of Hunting Laws Hunting laws fall into three basic categories. - Federal laws regulate the taking of migratory bird species, such as doves and waterfowl, ducks, geese, and swans. Doves and waterfowl breed in Canada and the United States and winter in the southern United States and Mexico. The authority to manage them is in the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, an international treaty among our three nations. - State and provincial laws and regulations manage the hunting of non-migratory species, such as deer, rabbits, turkeys, and pheasants. States and provinces manage wildlife and regulate hunting using laws and regulations. - Municipal laws may restrict, for example, the shooting of a firearm within a certain proximity to a home or residential neighborhood.

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I heard about a phishing email attack on American Express that spoofed top-level domains (TLDs), including the. . . . gov domain; apparently, the attackers exploited a loophole in SPF verification. How did this attack work? Are there specific filters or techniques that can help antispam or antimalware products detect TLDs? Phishing attackers will continue to try new attack ideas to see what improves their success rates in getting victims to click malicious links or to open malicious attachments in phishing emails. A few victims is all it takes for a phishing email attack to be profitable. The specific attack you're asking about was created to look like an American Express notification telling a victim that a message is waiting for him at the American Express website. The phishing email is practically identical to a legitimate Amex notification, except it has a link to a compromised website. The email was created to look like it came from a legitimate Amex email addresses, but because Amex implemented DKIM/SPF, the email messages were blocked. However, one of the addresses used looked like it came from a . gov email address, which was not blocked. Domain Keys Identified Mail (DKIM) is an email validation system that allows a domain administrator to check if incoming email from a domain -- such as americanexpress. com -- actually came from that domain and wasn't modified in transport. Sender Policy Framework (SPF) is another method for a domain administrator to verify an incoming email is from an approved email server. Both approaches use DNS for publishing authorized email servers and can be set up for pretty much any domain name. However, things are a little different when it comes to . gov top-level domain names. Companies can register most TLDs -- including . com and . org -- to ensure their organization is not spoofed in phishing email attacks. For example, American Express registered TLDs, including americanexpress. com and welcome. aexp. com. Since the SPF and DKIM records are published for these domains, they would fail an antispam check and be quarantined. However, when an antispam system checked an email stating it came from americanexpress. gov, it would return "none" and not fail the check since Amex cannot register . gov domains, only government agencies can. The phishing email could then be delivered to the victim. There are specific steps that enterprises can use to fight spam and malware. While implementing DKIM and SPF in your enterprise domains is useful, using an email reputation tool like Proofpoint, Barracuda Email Security Service, Cisco Cloud Email Security, and many others can also help identify spam and phishing emails that get past the DKIM and SPF setups. Ask the Expert: Have a question about enterprise threats? Send it via email today. (All questions are anonymous. ) Get advice on addressing gTLD security as domain space expands Dig Deeper on Email and Messaging Threats-Information Security Threats Related Q&A from Nick Lewis Enterprises have many options for email security best practices, ranging from deploying email security protocols to educating end users on the . . . Continue Reading Cyberattacks often begin with a port scan attack, which attackers use to find exploitable vulnerabilities on targeted systems. Learn how they work . . . Continue Reading Monitoring process memory is one way to combat fileless malware attacks. Here's what you can do to protect your network against these campaigns. Continue Reading Have a question for an expert? Please add a title for your question Get answers from a TechTarget expert on whatever's puzzling you.

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Suicide affects many families across the U.S. each year, and unfortunately it has a long reach; far from being a serious problem only for adults, it’s actually the third leading cause of death for people aged 10-24. According to the Center for Disease Control, around 4,600 young people die each year from suicide. Although the reasons vary greatly, death by suicide is likely common among youths because they don’t have the emotional capacity to cope with trauma, such as bullying, sexual abuse, the loss of a loved one, grappling with their sexuality, or relationship troubles. There are other factors to take into consideration, such as undiagnosed mood disorders–including depression–and the fact that the teenage years are a roller coaster of emotion. Young people must deal with pressures at school, from friends, and in their own relationships with their parents as they struggle to find independence, and it can all take a toll on the mental state. Some of the warning signs of suicidal thoughts are: - Expressing feelings of hopelessness - Exposure to the suicide of others - Sudden social isolation from friends and family - A sudden drop in grades or lack of interest in school - History of abuse - Signs of substance abuse - Sudden, negative change in behavior - Being the victim of bullying - Exhibiting risky behavior It’s important to remember that blame plays no part in helping someone who is suicidal. Often, the individual is simply thinking about easing their pain and can’t see past it; they may have a point of view that is outside your understanding, and that’s okay. If you talk to a young person who is having these thoughts, don’t accuse or use words like “selfish”. Let them know you’re there for them and that any problem can be worked on, but suicide is final. Big life changes can have a significant effect on young people, so everything from divorce to a move to a breakup with a longtime friend can leave a person feeling depressed or anxious. One of the best ways to prevent suicidal thoughts is to step in early at the first signs of an event that might trigger emotions and let them know you care. If you’re a parent, showing your child that you take them seriously is extremely important. Keep up communication with your teen and show an interest in their hobbies, friends, and who they connect with on social media. Knowing the people your child spends time with can be immensely helpful in keeping them safe and happy. If you suspect substance abuse, don’t be afraid to speak to them openly about it. If indeed there is a problem, sit down with your teen and work out a way to solve it together. There are many places willing to help–rehabilitation centers, therapists, and healthcare providers are all a great start–and it’s important to begin treatment early. Finally, if you suspect your loved one is in immediate danger, don’t hesitate: call 911 or a local suicide hotline. Ensure that there are no weapons within range or anything that might be used for self-harm and never leave the individual alone. Steve Johnson co-created PublicHealt

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Plate No. 08: Boeing B-377 Historic First Flights of Pan-American Clippers England: Pan American World Airways, Inc., 1963. Limited ed "Clipper America, first airliner to service Operation Deep Freeze, arrives Mcmurdo Sound, Antarctica, October 15, 1957"Pan American Boeing B-377 Stratocruister, Clipper American (NC1030V), carrying government officials and United States Navy construction teams assigned to Operation Deep Freeze, arrives McMurdo Sound on October 15, 1957. Captain Ralph Savory and a crew of nine departed Christchurch, New Zealand, on this pioneering commercial airline flight to Antarctica. The double-decked Boeing landed on a snow-covered runway built by a 'wintering-over' party laboring in temperatures as low as minus 68 degrees fahrenheit. The Stratocruiser, a mainstay of Pan American's fleet for 12 post-war years, was a favorite of both flight crews and passengers. These aircraft logged an impressive 7,500,000,000 passenger miles before retiring to make way for new Jet Clippers. (Item ID: 7139) Limited Edition Set Historic First Flights of Pan American Clippers by John T. McCoy, (New York: Pan American World Airways, 1963), the full set consists of one page and ten full color plates, 20"" x 16"", paper portfolio cover, first edition, limited edition. Each plate in this set is signed by the artist, John T. McCoy. All are perfect for framing. This set was released to commemorate historic flights by Pan American Airlines. "Several years of research have gone into the development of this series, the Pan American insignia, serial numbers, aircraft markings, and geographical settings are accurate for each flight (Pan American Airlines, 1963-70). "

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Earthworms are a large, complex group of soil-dwelling worms in the phylum Annelida that is comprised of native and non-native species. Most earthworms in turf are in the family Lumbricidae, the most common of which is the nightcrawler Lumbricus terrestris. Earthworms are several inches long and can vary in color from brownish-red to gray. They can vary both in length and width but generally have highly segmented bodies and a smooth, enlarged band about two inches from the anterior (front) end (Figure 1). Earthworms are considered beneficial in soil for aeration, water penetration, thatch control and the addition of bacteria and organic matter. However, earthworms can be undesirable when they infest a managed turf area in large numbers and create mounds that are unsightly and can interfere with ball play. Earthworm mating usually occurs during the spring and summer so the majority of complaints regarding earthworm castings are received in late summer or early fall in North Carolina. Earthworms have both male and female reproductive organs so any two adult earthworms can mate, which takes place on or just below the soil surface at night. Mated earthworms deposit fertilized eggs in cocoons in the soil. Each cocoon contains approximately four eggs that hatch in two to three weeks. In addition to castings / mounds disrupting the turf surface, they can also accumulate on or disrupt the path of maintenance equipment, interfering with turf input applications and mowing. Earthworms are also a major food source for moles and cluster flies and can attract these pests into an area. Extremely high populations of earthworms may also disrupt the turfgrass root system. Earthworms generally prefer less-acidic (pH<6. 0), less well-drained soils so increasing the pH and regulating soil moisture can reduce the incidence of earthworm infestations. Excess organic material, such as grass clippings, should be collected and removed from the turf surface. Sand topdressing is a method employed by some turf managers to manage earthworm castings but with varying results. An organic fertilizer product (Ocean Organics’ Early Bird Fertilizer) created from crushed tea seed pellets contains saponins that may disrupt the mucous surface of earthworms. Earthworms have some natural enemies including: ants, centipedes, birds, snakes, carabid beetles and nematodes. There are no chemical pesticides for homeowners registered for treatment against earthworms. Of the turf pesticides labeled for other insect pests, and are still commonly used, carbaryl (Sevin) and imidacloprid (Merit) are toxic to earthworms. - Great Lakes WormWatch Anonymous. No Date. University of Minnesota, Duluth. - The relative toxicities of insecticides to earthworms of the Pheretima group (Oligochaeta), Mostert et al. 2002. Pest Manag Sci. 58(5):446-5. - Carbaryl-induced behavioural and reproductive abnormalities in the earthworm Metaphire posthuma: a sensitive model. Gupta & Saxena. 2003. Altern Lab Anim. 31(6):587-93. - Controlling Earthworm Casts on Golf Courses. Potter, D. A., C. T. Redmond, and D. W. Williams. 2011. USGA Green Section Record Vol. 49 (41): 1-4. - 2018 Pest Control for Professional Turfgrass Managers. Bowman, D. et al. 2017. NC State Extension Publication AG-408. 81 pp. - NC State Extension Plant Pathology Publications and Factsheets - NC State Extension Horticultural Science Publications - North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual For assistance with a specific problem, contact your local N.C. Cooperative Extension center. Publication date: Oct. 25, 2017 Recommendations for the use of agricultural chemicals are included in this publication as a convenience to the reader. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of commercial products or services in this publication does not imply endorsement by NC State University or N.C. A&T State University nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned. Individuals who use agricultural chemicals are responsible for ensuring that the intended use complies with current regulations and conforms to the product label. Be sure to obtain current information about usage regulations and examine a current product label before applying any chemical. For assistance, contact your local N.C. Cooperative Extension county center. N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.

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A Trip to the ER: Help Us Help You When to go to the Emergency Room Some conditions for which you should go to the emergency room: - Loss of consciousness - Serious traumatic injury (i. e. to the head) - Signs of a heart attack lasting longer than two minutes (may include pressure, squeezing or pain in the center of the chest, and/or chest pain with lightheadedness. - In women, the symptoms could also include pain between the shoulder blades, pain radiating down the arm and nausea) - Signs of a stroke (may include weakness or numbness in the face, arm, or leg on one side of the body; sudden dimness or loss of vision, particularly in one eye; loss of speech or trouble talking or understanding speech) - Bleeding, that in spite of direct pressure for ten minutes, does not stop - Instantaneous and severe pain - Significant shortness of breath - Allergic reaction to a food, medication, or insect sting, especially if breathing becomes difficult - Poisoning (Note: If at all possible, first contact the local poison control center; request immediate applicable advice, since some poisons must be vomited immediately while other poisons much be diluted with water. Acting quickly in this manner can save a life. ) - Unexplained prolonged stupor, drowsiness, or disorientation - Vomiting or coughing up blood - Severe or persistent vomiting - Suicidal or homicidal feelings - Neck stiffness or rash with fever - Earaches or headaches Some conditions that generally do not require a trip to the emergency room: - Colds, coughs, sore throat, or flu symptoms - Chronic condition (i. e. back pain, knee pain) which has occurred continuously for several months - Fever (if in a newborn or if remains high for prolonged period of time, call your doctor or got to the ER) - Minor cuts in which bleeding has been stopped - Sprain, sunburn, minor burn - Insect sting (unless experiencing difficulty breathing, which requires immediate medical attention) - Animal bite (call your doctor in the event a rabies shot is needed) Emergency Department Checklist Call your primary care physician first. If you’re not sure your condition is an emergency, call your regular physician who is most familiar with your medical history. Your physician may be able to recommend the best course of action, which may or may not include a trip to your emergency room. Bring identification and insurance cards. Always take identification and insurance information with you to the emergency room. This will help expedite the registration process. Know your prescriptions and allergies. Bring a list of active medications, dose and frequency, or bring the prescription containers with you. If you have allergies to medication or foods, or have specific illnesses, bring a list of these conditions so you can easily provide the information to the care provider. Prepare this list in advance before an emergency and keep an updated copy in your wallet or purse. We have provided a pre-printed sheet in this booklet for you to use. Also, if you bring your medication bottles with you to the emergency department, don’t forget to have someone (family member or friend) take the medications home for you to prevent loss. Know the phone numbers and the route. Be sure to include the phone number of your physician and the emergency department in your cell phone or in your list of important numbers. Also be sure the route to the hospital. Bring a pad, a pen, and a friend. A friend or family member can help you ask questions that you may not have through to ask. Carrying a pad and pen will help you keep note of specific details such as doctor recommendations. Patients are seen in the order of severity. Just because you arrive to the emergency room before someone else does not mean you will see a doctor first. Patients are seen based on the severity or acute nature of their illness. Ask the admission/triage nurse at check-in if they can provide assistance with pain management, which may include ice or hot packs, pillows and blankets. Prepare for the unexpected. If you have young children, don’t forget that you may need to provide all the necessary information and guidance to babysitters, neighbors, afterschool activity advisors, etc. If necessary, be sure the right people know if you child has special needs or severe allergies. If the child swallowed what may be poison, bring the bottle with you to the emergency room. Additionally, bring activities or toys to keep young children content while waiting. For forms that you can complete ahead of time and keep in your vehicle to have convenient access to them should you need to go to the ER:

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Questions for evaluation essay English composition 1 evaluation and grading criteria for essays and i would be happy to answer any questions you might have about possible errors or. Free essays on monitoring and evaluation for students use our papers to help you with yours 1 - 30. Writing an evaluation is easy if you have the outline for writing it outline for writing evaluation essay is like a form, a template that make your writer's life a. Preparing effective essay questions although essay questions are one of the most commonly used methods for evaluation is consistent with the explanation. Find answers on: evaluation essay about iphone 7 more than 1000 tutors online. Evaluation essays the purpose of an evaluation essay is to present an opinion or viewpoint on a subject or body of work it should firstly provide a summary of the. Before you panic, take a deep breath and read this post i’ve included 20 evaluation essay topics to spark your next paper. Self-evaluation of essays thoughtco, apr 28 try writing a concise self-evaluation the following four questions should help you get started. Essays and research papers written by professional academic writers improve your writing by reading excellent research papers. If you do not know how to write an evaluation essay, click here solidessaycom is specializing on evaluation essay writing feel free to contact. Short answer & essay tests strategies, ideas, and recommendations from the faculty development literature general strategies do not use essay questions to evaluate. A good evaluative essay helps a writer present an opinion using criteria and evidence learn all about the evaluative essay and its components in. Now carefully read the essay again - paying special attention to analyze its content - then answer the following questions use the questions to get you thinking. Questions and answers - questions on measurement and evaluation questions on measurement and evaluation - essay example questions on measurement and evaluation. To answer an essay question (eq) the chart below outlines 4 main types of essay questions an evaluation. How to write an evaluation essay to help you develop your topic into an essay, there are two important questions to ask when you are choosing your topic to evaluate. Peer evaluation essay writer peer editor answer the following questions use the back of this page or another page if necessary 1 does this essay have an. 1) is the title appealing if you can make a new title by skimming through the essay and finding an interesting sentence the title appealing because it is. Essays - largest database of quality sample essays and research papers on example of evaluation essay. An evaluation essay is a composition that offers value judgments about a particular subject according to a set of criteria. Example analysis-evaluation essays #1 webpublished with student this brings up the questions of whether people living singly are living out of the natural. Answer to please write an evaluation essay of a book or movie, i don't want the copy from online, so is by your own writing and p. 100% free papers on critical evaluation essay sample topics, paragraph introduction help, research & more class 1-12, high school & college. Examples of evaluation essays examples of evaluation essays (evaluation is from of argumentative writing in which the writer must make a firm judgment about something.

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The Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote sensing unit of WRRI uses space technology of Remote sensing and GIS in various research projects. Data from earth observation satellites are used for different application for WRRI’s departments research fields (i. e. surface hydrology, groundwater, Nile basin studies and water resources management and plaining). The unit is equipped with number of computers (PCs and Laptops) and workstations to download data, process, geo-reference analyze, classify and for interpretation. Also, there are different color printers which can print maps from A4 to A0 sizes. In addition, the most recent software are used in the analysis such as: ArcGIS 10 (Info and server-work group-), Global Mapper, Map Info, ERDAS imagine and ENVI.

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Numbers can be fun, and talking about 6502 CPU math is just another way to look at topics we already know from simple math. No advanced mathematics is actually involved in 6502 math routines. Still, we have to adapt our mind a bit at times. The 6502/6510 microprocessors are known to have only addition and subtraction instructions. They actually have the added bonus of being capable of performing multiplication by two on hardware. Integer division by two is also possible. Starting from what we have, we can implement on software the missing instructions (generic multiply and divide instructions). As we all know, the 6502 is an 8 bit microprocessor. That means, only numbers from 0 to 255 can be stored on a given memory location. However, there is a way to link more 8 bit numbers together so that we can make calculations with 16 bits or 32 bits numbers. Or even more. The key to joining numbers together is the carry flag. We will see this in a moment. Addition is performed by the instruction ADC. It means: “ADd with Carry”. The carry is always added during the calculation. So, before adding two numbers together, we must clear the carry by using the instruction CLC (CLear Carry). 8 bit addition may be coded as follows: clc lda num1 adc num2 sta result rts So, if num1 holds 10 and num2 25, result will contain the value 35. Pretty straightforward. But, if we try to add together the values 20 and 240? We all know the result (260), but it exceeds the 8 bit limit (255). If you try to run that piece of code with num1 = 20 and num2 = 240, you will see that result will contain the value 4. In facts, the result exceeds the value 255 by 5 units. When you add 1 to 255, the result wraps to 0. That’s why you end up with 4 units on the result. Here is what happens: 255 + 1 = 0 + 1 = 1 + 1 = 2 + 1 = 3 + 1 = 4 But, when a unit is added to 255, something happens. The carry flag is set to 1. We can use this information in order to provide a 16 bit result. Have a look at the following code: clc lda num1 adc num2 sta result_low lda result_high adc #$00 sta result_high rts Since ADC always adds the carry, if the low byte of the result (result_low) wraps around to 0, then the carry will be set to 1, and the apparently useless instruction adc #$00 will actually add 1 to the high byte of the result (result high). Of course, we are supposing location result_high is initialized to zero before running the above code. So, the result is split in two locations: result_high and result_low. If we add 240 and 20 together, the high byte will be 1, and the low byte will be 4. The high byte turns to 1 as soon as the low byte wraps around to 0 from 255. So, the digit 1 in the high byte just means: 256. So, if we have the result of the addition “240 + 20″in the high byte / low byte form, we can obtain the result as a whole number by doing the following: 256 * high_byte + low_byte = 256 * 1 + 4 = 260 (240 + 20 = 260) Since 240 + 20 = 60, that is correct. Now, to add two 16 bit numbers together, we can proceed as follows: clc lda num1_low adc num2_low sta result_low lda num1_high adc num2_high sta result_high rts Addends are both given in the high byte, low byte form. We add the low bytes of addends, then the high bytes. Please note that CLC is not performed before adding the two high bytes of the addends! This is important, as we must take into account the carry that may result from adding the low bytes. This is the way to join together 8 bit numbers in order to form larger numbers. Some more explanations on numbers “splitting” may be useful at this stage. Suppose we have to add 100 and 300 together. 100 needs only 1 byte, so we will set num1_high to 0 and num1_low to 100. 300 needs two bytes instead. As each “unit” in the high byte means “256”, the high value is obtained from the following integer division: num2_high = INT (300/256) = 1 The low byte is then calculated like this: num2_low = 300 - num2_high * 256 = 300 - 256 = 44 If we have num2 = 1000 instead, it can be expressed in the high byte / low byte form by using the following calculations: num2_high = INT (1000 / 256) = 3 num2_low = 1000 - num2_high * 256 = 232 Proof: num2_high * 256 + num2_low = 3*256 + 232 = 1000 Another way to split a number in its high byte / low byte form is to use hexadecimal notation. 1000 decimal equals $3E8 hex. We take couples of numbers starting from the right. So, we have $E8 and $03. The first couple is the low byte, the second couple is the high byte. So: 1000(low byte) = $e8 = 232 1000(high byte) = $03 = 3 Subtraction is done by using the instruction SBC (SuBtract with Carry). There is not a “borrow flag” in the 6502 CPU. The carry flag is not a borrow either, but it acts as a reverse borrow. So, before performing a subtraction, we should clear the borrow, or, as it is done in practice, we must SET the carry. Things may be set up very similarly to the addition code. So, to perform 16 bit subtraction we may code as follows: sec lda num1_low sbc num2_low sta result_low lda num1_high sbc num2_high sta result_high rts Please note that after low bytes subtraction, the carry is NOT cleared. Again, this is to preserve the carry information for the high bytes. Multiplication and division by two Although multiplying or dividing two generic numbers together is not provided by the hardware, it does offer us the possibility of performing multiplication or division by two. 8-bit multiplication by two is performed by the instruction ASL. If you want to multiply a number by ten, you just add a 0 to the right of it, shifting the number towards the left. 10 * 10 = 100 10 10<-add a 0 100 As the CPU works with base 2 numbers, adding a 0 to the right of a number thus shifting it to the left just means: multiply by two. If we have the number 15, shifting it to the left one time will just give us 30. 15 decimal = 00001111 00001111 do the shift to the left. . . 0001111<-add a 0 here /\ / \ || || "discard" this number (we will see where it goes. . . ) 00011110 00011110 = 30 decimal So, if the number to multiply by two is stored on location num1, we can use the code: Here, ASL shifts the content of location num1. So, num 1 will contain the result. If we don’t want to change num1 and rather store the result in the location result, we then may code: LDA num1 ASL STA result Now, ASL shifts the content of the accumulator. So, the ASL instruction comes in two flavours. Suppose we want to multiply by two the decimal number 255: LDA #$ff ASL STA result Let’s use binary numbers to do the shift: $ff = 11111111 base 2 C<---1111111[ ]<---0 C=1 11111110 base 2 = 254 decimal So, we end up with a value of 254 decimal on location result. In the process, the leftmost 1 digit of the number to by multiplied has been thrown away. But, it is not actually lost. The CPU stores it in the carry flag. Again, the carry flag keeps the missing information, and we can use it to build up a 16 bit result. With that in mind, here is the code: LDA num1 ASL STA result_low BCC end INC result_high end RTS The code just says this: when multiplication by two of num1 is done, if the carry flag is clear, don’t do anything. If it is set, put a 1 on result_high (or, which is the same, increment it by one). Of course, we suppose result_high is initialized to zero before running the above code. But, we can use another approach. We can use two bytes to hold num1, then shift the whole 16 bit number. When shifting the low byte, we just ASL it. Now, we cannot proceed by doing an ASL to the high byte: we would just enter on the high byte with a 0 from the right. We instead need to enter on it with the carry, so that we keep the information from the first shift. We perform this by using the instruction ROL (rotate left). Look: 0000000011111111 (16 bit number to be multiplied by two, 255 decimal) 0000000111111110 (shifting the whole number) On each byte: LOW BYTE (ASL, we enter with a 0): C <- 11111111 <- 0 We obtain: C= 1, 11111110 HIGH BYTE (ROL, we enter with the carry) C <- 00000000 <- C = 1 We obtain: C = 0, 00000001 Joining high byte and low byte together: 0000000111111110 (510 decimal, correct) ********######## * = high byte digit, # = low byte digit So, if num1 is the 16 bit number to be multiplied by two, we can make use of the following code: ASL num1_low ROL num1_high Again, if we want not to change num1 and store the result on a desidered location: LDA num1_low ASL STA result_low LDA num1_high ROL STA result_high Division works in a very similar way, but we have to use the instructions LSR (Logic Shift Right) and ROR (Rotate Right). As you may have guessed, LSR is similar to ASL, and ROR is similar to ROL: both enter with a 0 or the carry respectively, but the shift is now performed towards the right. Still, this is integer division, so we may have a remainder. But we won’t worry about that now. Dividing the 8 bit number num1 by two is performed by the code: LDA num1 LSR STA result Supposing that num1 equals 128, we can see what happens by using binary numbers: 128 decimal = 10000000 base 2 LSR 128 0 --> 10000000 --> C 01000000 --> C=0 It is fairly easy to see that the result is 64. As 128 is an even number, no remainder is produced. The carry flag holds zero at the end. Let’s try to divide 129 decimal by two: 129 decimal = 10000001 base 2 LSR 129 0 --> 10000001 --> C 01000000 --> C=1 Now the carry holds 1 at the end. That’s the remainder. Once again, we can use the carry to “link” eight bits numbers together, thus performing operations on numbers greater than 8 bits. So, the following code will multiply a 16 bit number by two: LSR num1_high ROR num1_low Note that we start from the high byte this time. Since we are performing a right shift/rotate, we must enter the whole number with a 0 from the left. So, that’s why we LSR the high byte first. If num1 is a 16 bit number and equals 256 decimal, let’s see again what happens by using binary numbers: num1 = 256 decimal = 0000000100000000 base 2 LSR num1_high: 0--> 00000001 --> C 00000000 --> C = 1 ROR num1_low: C--> 00000000 --> C 1--> 00000000 --> C 10000000 --> C = 0 Final result: 0000000010000000 = 128 decimal (256/2 = 128, correct). ********######## * = high byte digit, # = low byte digit As you can see, the first carry we obtain with the LSR is used as a link to keep the information for the second operation (ROR). The last carry we obtain is 0. This is the remainder for the whole division. And, as 256 is an even number, dividing it by two brings us a 0 remainder.

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Physiology Sponsored by New research done in Singapore and Germany shows genetic abnormalities to be responsibile for some premature aging and possibly leading to treatments to encourage youthful skin. In the new print issue of Nature Genetics, scientists in Singapore and Germany report that mutations in the PYCR1 gene cause the rare genetic condition that results in premature skin aging and that is known as "wrinkly skin syndrome. " Their findings not only suggest that increasing levels of the PYCR1 protein could reverse conditions that cause fast aging and wrinkly skin but also provide insight into how some unexpected genes help maintain youthful skin. Bruno Reversade, PhD, of Singapore's Institute of Medical Biology (IMB), led the international research team that involved collaborations with more than 15 hospitals and research centres in 13 countries. Using bioinformatics tools, Reversade and his team analyzed DNA samples collected worldwide from patients who, at a young age, displayed signs of premature aging. They identified the PYCR1 gene on chromosome 17 of these patients to be defective and found specific mutations in the gene that led to conditions often seen in elderly people, such as loose skin, loss of bone density, hip dislocation and cataract. They also determined that skin and bone were the two tissues most severely affected in patients with wrinkly skin syndrome. Since skin and bone contain high levels of the PYCR1 protein under normal circumstances, developing therapies that could increase the activity of the PYCR1 protein could possibly reverse the process of aging in affected individuals or slow it down in normal people.

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Christ’s last meal has caused much controversy. Should we call it Last Supper or Passover? Let’s look at the New Testament to separate facts from fiction. The most well-known meal ever eaten was undoubtedly the final meal Jesus ate with His disciples before His arrest and crucifixion, commonly called “the Last Supper.” The primary sources of information on this event are found in the four Gospels accounts (Matthew 26; Mark 14; Luke 22; John 13) and Paul’s first letter to the Corinthians. It has been the topic of hundreds of artistic portrayals, but it is also the source of much controversy in the Christian world. Despite the divisions, most agree on one basic fact: It was no ordinary meal. Jesus made it clear He was establishing a new ceremony that would be practiced by His followers to remember His death. “He [Jesus] took the cup, and gave thanks, and said, ‘Take this and divide it among yourselves. ’ … And He took bread, gave thanks and broke it, and gave it to them, saying, ‘This is My body which is given for you; do this in remembrance of Me’” (Luke 22:17-19, emphasis added throughout). But was Jesus establishing a completely new observance or was He building on something that had already existed? How should Christians today fulfill Jesus’ command to “do this in remembrance of Me”? Lord’s Supper, Communion or Eucharist? As already stated, nearly all agree that Jesus established a ceremony to be observed from that point onward. But Christian denominations vary widely in what they call this ceremony and how they practice it. In the Protestant world, it is most commonly called the Lord’s Supper, though some denominations call it the Agape Feast (or Love Feast). The Lord’s Supper is taken from a single statement written by the apostle Paul in 1 Corinthians 11:20: “Therefore when you come together in one place, it is not to eat the Lord’s Supper.” Paul was correcting the Corinthians for selfishly eating and drinking and even getting drunk, irreverently turning it into a casual meal (verses 21-22). Paul went on to explain that the ceremony was not to be a common meal, but was to be a solemn observance focused on memorializing the death of Christ (verses 23-26, 27-29). Paul was not using the Lord’s Supper as a title, but was highlighting that what they were doing was not what God wanted. In Catholicism and Orthodoxy, the regular observance is called Holy Communion, while the actual sacrament (ceremony) is called the Eucharist. These titles are taken from two words connected with the biblical account. Communion is taken from Paul’s statement in 1 Corinthians 10:16, where he describes the wine and bread as the “communion [koinonia] of the blood of Christ … [and] the communion of the body of Christ.” But Paul wasn’t actually using the Greek word koinonia as the ceremony’s title; he was describing how Christians share the symbols as one body with Christ and each other, based on Jesus’ example of sharing the bread and wine with His disciples (Luke 22:17, 19). This word is usually translated fellowship, communicate and share throughout the New Testament. The term Eucharist is derived from the Greek word eucharistia, meaning thankfulness, related to the word used by Jesus when He gave “thanks” to the Father for the bread and wine (verses 17, 19). However, Jesus wasn’t establishing a title but was actually thanking and asking God’s blessing. So if you were given a quiz on what the biblical name of the ceremony is with these options, the correct answer would be none of the above. The Last Supper was the Passover From then on, the Passover would become a memorial of Christ’s sacrificial death as the Lamb of God who delivers us from sin and death. Since we see no evidence in the New Testament of Jesus or the apostles formally establishing a unique new name for the ceremony, we are left with only one option for the proper name—the name Jesus used Himself: “My time is at hand; I will keep the Passover at your house with My disciples” (Matthew 26:18). The Gospels make it very clear the new symbols of bread and wine were given at the Passover (Matthew 26:19; Mark 14:12, 14, 16; Luke 22:8, 11, 13, 15). The Passover is one of God’s annual festivals to be observed at a specific time on the calendar (Leviticus 23:4-5). But that Passover marked an important transition for the observance. That evening Jesus instituted new symbolism with bread and wine. From then on, instead of only looking backward to commemorate Israel’s deliverance through the lamb’s blood on their doorposts in Egypt (Exodus 12:7, 11-12, 13-14), the Passover would become a memorial of Christ’s sacrificial death as the Lamb of God who delivers us from sin and death (John 1:29; 1 Peter 1:18-19). For Christians, it would no longer be focused on a full meal (as it was before), but would be a ceremony centered on the bread and wine. Years later, the apostle Paul reinforced the connection between Christ and the Passover: “Therefore purge out the old leaven, that you may be a new lump, since you truly are unleavened. For indeed Christ, our Passover, was sacrificed for us” (1 Corinthians 5:7). Understanding the connection between the Passover and the New Covenant symbols of bread and wine helps us determine the when of this observance. Some churches keep it daily, others weekly and some monthly or quarterly. But the Passover was, and continues to be, an annual memorial that takes place “on the same night in which He was betrayed” (1 Corinthians 11:23)—the 14th day of the first month on the Hebrew calendar (Exodus 12:2, 6). There is so much more to learn about the significance and meaning of the Christian Passover. We encourage you to study the Gospel accounts on your own, and we invite you to study our free resources, From Holidays to Holy Days: God’s Plan for You and “Questions and Answers About the Passover.” Sidebar: What Kind of Bread Should Represent Christ’s Body? Another point of division between churches is what kind of bread to use at the ceremony commemorating Christ’s death. Some churches use ordinary leavened bread, others use special wafers, and some use unleavened bread. Which is correct? Reading the Gospel accounts alone doesn’t provide us sufficient information. The Gospel writers used the Greek word artos for “bread” when describing Jesus’ final Passover. But artos is a general word that can describe any kind of bread—leavened or unleavened. So we must dig a little deeper. Going back to the original Passover command in Exodus 12 shows that God instructed the Israelites to eat the Passover lamb “with unleavened bread” (Exodus 12:8, see also verse 18). This was reinforced to the Israelites later: “They shall eat it with unleavened bread and bitter herbs” (Numbers 9:11). Since Jesus’ final Passover was prepared by His disciples, all of whom were Jews, they would have unquestionably prepared the Passover meal precisely according to the directions given in the Old Testament. That means the bread on the table, which Jesus blessed and broke, was unleavened. Since Jesus faithfully kept the law Himself, He would have had it no other way. But going even deeper, the use of unleavened bread in this ceremony actually teaches us an important spiritual lesson about Jesus Christ. In the Bible, leavened bread represents sin (Matthew 16:5-12; 1 Corinthians 5:6). Just as yeast expands within dough, sin expands through a life and ultimately destroys. Since Jesus was perfectly sinless (2 Corinthians 5:21; 1 John 3:5), His broken body is properly symbolized by unleavened bread at the Passover ceremony. Over 25 years later, the apostle Paul wrote to the Corinthians and emphasized the important connection between Christ, the Passover and unleavened bread: “Therefore purge out the old leaven, that you may be a new lump, since you truly are unleavened. For indeed Christ, our Passover, was sacrificed for us. Therefore let us keep the feast, not with old leaven, nor with the leaven of malice and wickedness, but with the unleavened bread of sincerity and truth” (1 Corinthians 5:7-8). To learn more, read “What Is Leaven and What Does It Picture? ”

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(Natural News) Donepezil is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States to treat Alzheimer’s disease. Since mild cognitive impairment (MCI), or the phase between normal age-related brain decline and dementia, displays similar symptoms to Alzheimer’s, many physicians also prescribe this drug off-label to patients with MCI. Researchers from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) School of Nursing, however, are urging doctors to stop prescribing Donepezil, also sold under the brand name Aricept, to people with MCI without first giving them a genetic test. The scientists found that for individuals who carry a specific genetic variation of the butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) gene, this drug may accelerate cognitive decline instead of stopping it. The study, led by Sophie Sokolow, an associate professor at the UCLA School of Nursing, was published in the Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease earlier this year. The co-authors included Ziaohui Li, Lucia Chen, Kent Taylor, and Jerome Rotter, who are all researchers connected to the UCLA. For their study, the team received funding from the National Institute on Aging. Most commonly prescribed Alzheimer’s drug could speed up mental decline in some people Though donepezil was previously tested as a possible treatment for MCI in a federally funded study (the Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study), it was never approved by the FDA. Nonetheless, many doctors prescribe it off-label to their patients, putting patients at greater risk of mental decline. For this study, the UCLA scientists analyzed the data from the Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study, which took place in 2005. To reach their conclusion, the team looked for a possible association between the BChE-K gene variation and changes in brain health, reanalyzing the data from the 2005 study. During the trial, researchers used two tests to measure cognitive impairment, the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Clinical Dementia Rating Sum of Boxes. Sokolow and her colleagues discovered that patients with the K-variant of the BChE gene who took donepezil showed greater changes in their scores on both tests and had more rapid cognitive decline than those who received a placebo. Previously, the BCHE gene has been identified as one of the few Alzheimer’s disease susceptibility genes with distinct pharmacogenomic properties, meaning drug activity and reactions to a certain drug can vary with the patient’s genes. “Genetic heterogeneity in amnestic mild cognitively impaired (aMCI) subjects could lead to variations in progression rates and response to cholinomimetic agents. Together with the apolipoprotein E4 (APOE-? 4) gene, butyrylcholinesterase (BCHE) has become recently one of the few Alzheimer’s disease (AD) susceptibility genes with distinct pharmacogenomic properties,” the UCLA researchers pointed out. The use of pharmacogenomic testing has the potential to improve the safety and effectiveness of many drug therapies. Unfortunately, most physicians lack knowledge about the topic of pharmacogenomics and are not prepared to implement it in a clinical setting, a 2014 survey of primary care physicians, cardiologists, and psychiatrists reported. Since doctors are increasingly prescribing this drug to people with MCI, the researchers hope that their study reinforces the importance of discussing the benefits and risks of every treatment option with their patients. “These results clearly emphasize the necessity of monitoring potential pharmacogenomic effects in this population of subjects, and suggest enrichment strategies for secondary prevention trials involving prodromal AD [Alzheimer’s disease] subjects,” the UCLA research team concluded. Stay informed about more brain health news at Brain.news.

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These curves occur often in the study of electronics. They form a good example of parametric curves. This online exercise can either plot a Lissajous curve and ask you to recognize its equations among a list to choose from, or give a pair of equations and ask you to recognize the plotted Lissajous curve among a list to choose from. Other exercises on: Lissajous parametric curves The most recent version This page is not in its usual appearance because WIMS is unable to recognize your web browser. Please take note that WIMS pages are interactively generated; they are not ordinary HTML files. They must be used interactively ONLINE. It is useless for you to gather them through a robot program. Description: recognize a Lissajous curve according to its equations, or vice versa. interactive exercises, online calculators and plotters, mathematical recreation and games Keywords: interactive mathematics, interactive math, server side interactivity, geometry, Lissajous, curve, sin, cos

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A medical test previously developed to measure a toxin found in tobacco smokers has been adapted to measure the same toxin in people suffering from spinal cord injuries and multiple sclerosis, offering a potential tool to reduce symptoms. The toxin, called acrolein, is produced in the body after nerve cells are injured, triggering a cascade of biochemical events thought to worsen the injury's severity. Acrolein (pronounced a-KRO-le-an) also may play an important role in multiple sclerosis and other conditions. The toxin is present in tobacco smoke and air pollutants. A method had been developed previously to detect and measure acrolein in the urine of smokers, but it has not been used in people suffering from conditions in which the body produces acrolein internally. Two drugs have been shown to be effective in reducing acrolein levels in the body: hydralazine and phenelzine, which have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for hypertension and depression, respectively. In laboratory animals, hydralazine has been shown to delay onset of multiple sclerosis for several days, which could mean several years in humans. Tests with animals also suggests the drug could help to reduce the most severe symptoms once the disease has progressed. Acrolein has been found to be elevated by about 60 percent in the spinal cord tissues of mice with a disease similar to multiple sclerosis. The toxin causes harm by reacting with the proteins and lipids that make up cells, including neurons If I have read it right, they have not tested or proved that the urine test works for SCI or MS in humans. The acrolein has been found higher in mice spinal cord tissue, that have EAE.

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Why Donation Matters people die each day waiting for a transplant 1 donor can heal up to 75 lives through eye and tissue donation 1 donor can save up to 8 lives through organ donation Right now, around 3,200 people in our community are waiting for a life-saving transplant. Registering to be a donor is an important step, however, becoming a donor is rare. Only 1% of people will meet the extensive criteria that allows one to donate. Donate Life Minnesota, North Dakota and South Dakota are state-based donor registry websites managed by LifeSource, a non-profit organization dedicated to saving lives through organ, eye, and tissue donation in the Upper Midwest. LifeSource is one of 58 organ procurement organizations (OPO) in the United States – each OPO has its own designated service area to facilitate the organ donation and transplantation process. How much do you really know about donation?

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By J. L. Berggren The Central Asian scholar Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni was born in Khwarizm on 4 September, 973. During his youth at least four powers were contending with each other in and around Khwarizm, so that in his early twenties al-Biruni spent much of his time either in hiding or fleeing one king to seek the hospitality from another. Despite these setbacks, however, he completed eight works before the age of 30, including his Chronology of Ancient Nations, the sort of work necessary to any astronomer who wanted to use (say) ancient eclipse records and needed to convert the dates given in terms of some exotic calendar into dates in the Muslim calendar. Excerpted from Episodes in the Mathematics of Medieval Islam (2nd Edition)

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General Electives Course for Grades 9, 10, 11, 12 Explore careers in construction and the fundamentals of building technology with this elective for students in grades 9-12 at Alpha Omega Academy. Explore careers in construction with this semester-long elective for students in grades 9-12. While studying the fundamentals of building technology, students examine the design and construction of structures that are intelligent, efficient, and provide comfort to the user while causing limited impact to the environment. Throughout the semester, the course examines both traditional and contemporary construction materials and methods, while prompting students to use critical reasoning skills as they select appropriate materials and methods of manufacture, assembly, and demolition. Ready to Get Started with Our Online Academy? Alpha Omega Academy has year-long open enrollment, so you can start this course at any time! Visit the tuition page of our online academy to learn more about pricing or click the button below to get started with enrollment today. Have questions first? Call us at 800. 682. 7396. Back to Course List Print This Page View High School Course Catalog Read Benefits of AOA Need help choosing courses? Call 800. 682. 7396 for curricula advice and placement testing options. Overview of Concepts - Introduction to Careers in Construction Technology - Building Life-Cycle Assessment and Regulation - Building Materials and Methods of Construction 1 - Building Materials and Methods of Construction 2 - Green Technology, Sustainability, and Preservation - Course Review and Final Exam

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This section explains how energy is generated from the wind and how to identify opportunities to do this in your local area. - Why use wind energy? - Cost and funding - Project timescales - How and where wind energy works - Practical issues - Case studies - Links to further information Why use wind energy? - It is one of the most cost-effective renewable energy sources in the UK. - The UK is the windiest country in Europe, and wind energy is expected to make the biggest contribution to achieving our targets for renewable energy. - Communities and local authorities can reap significant financial benefits by installing wind turbines of their own or working in partnership with commercial wind farm developers in their local area. - Wind turbines are available in a range of sizes to suit different locations. While big wind farms will generate the most energy and money, smaller turbines can be accommodated more easily in and around urban areas and may still be good value in the right location. - Wind energy is clean with relatively low environmental impacts compared to other energy sources, and produces no carbon emissions in operation. Cost and funding The cost of a wind energy project will vary depending on the scale, site and installation requirements. The efficiency and cost-effectiveness of turbines increases markedly with increasing size. To give an example of the range, a building-mounted turbine with the capacity to generate 2. 5kW would cost around £10,000 and may not payback in the equipment lifetime. Whereas a large scale turbine (1MW - 2. 5MW) would cost £2 - £3. 3 million and the payback period could range from five years to less than one year respectively. For more detailed information on costs, funding and payback periods: Timescales from inception to commissioning vary depending on the scale of the project: - Building level: three months or more - Community and large scale: from one year to several years depending on the complexity of the planning process. Currently planning permission is required for all scales of turbine. Planning permission can be one of the biggest barriers to larger schemes and can cause significant delays. More information on planning permission is available on the ‘Wind energy project checklist'. How and where wind energy works Wind turbines use the energy in the wind to turn a rotor, which drives a generator. The rotor either has a horizontal axis, which is the most common type, or a vertical axis. The diagram on the left shows a horizontal axis turbine. The rotor blades join together at the hub, which is connected via a shaft to the gearbox and generator. In horizontal axis turbines, the generator is commonly housed in a box (nacelle). The electricity they generate can be used directly, used to charge a battery, or converted from direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC) using an inverter and then fed into the electricity grid. Wind turbines are designed to work best within a certain range of wind speeds. The electricity generated by a wind turbine increases with the wind speed and the area of the rotor. Therefore it is important to consider the location and the type of turbine used very carefully. See below for more information about types of wind turbines, scale, output, wind speed, managing installation and maintenance. There are important issues to consider when identifying opportunities for wind energy. You may need to complete studies for planning permission to assess the impact of the project on the local area. The ‘Wind energy project checklist' page provides a list of issues to check when looking for suitable sites for wind. This includes an explanation of designated areas and setback distances to consider as well as the planning process. Here are some examples of how some councils are already using wind energy: Links to further information Checklist for installing a small wind turbine - on the RenewableUK website (formerly the British Wind Energy Association) ‘Delivering community benefits from wind energy development: a toolkit' (PDF, 52 pages, 540KB) - on the Centre for Sustainable Energy website NOABL wind speed database - on the RenewableUK website Wind power in the UK (2005) - on the Sustainable Development Commission website 10 March 2011

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Cross-posted from Wonk Room. A strong cap on carbon would significantly cut the flow of petrodollars to Iran’s hostile regime, a Wonk Room analysis shows. The economic and political strength of Iran’s dictatorship is a threat to the national security of the United States and the world, and its nuclear ambitions threaten to destabilize the Middle East. Yesterday, diplomats from “six world powers have met for the first time to discuss imposing new sanctions on Iran for its failure to suspend work on its controversial nuclear program,” but negotiators have not yet figured how to achieve President Barack Obama’s goal of being “consistent and steady in applying international pressure. ” Iran, “which holds the world’s second-biggest oil and gas reserves and supplies about 4. 5 percent of the world’s oil production,” uses its oil power “as a strategic asset. ” Even though oil is “one of history’s Big Levers concerning Iran,” the idea of gas sanctions to control Iran’s oil income is not likely to succeed, and could even backfire. One mechanism to control the flow of petrodollars to Iran — whose oil production is worth $120 billion a year at current prices — is for the United States to control its appetite for oil. Based on an economic analysis by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology of a carbon cap that reduces global warming pollution by 80 percent by 2050, the Wonk Room has found that Iran would lose approximately $1. 8 trillion worth of oil revenues over the next forty years — over $100 million a day: The United States is by far the world’s biggest consumer of oil, accounting for 25 percent of world production. Our demand is more than the four next biggest consumers — China, Japan, India, and Russia — combined, despite having only 11 percent of their population. Unilateral action by the United States to reduce oil consumption has a profound effect on the world market, and is the first step towards global climate policy that builds a zero-carbon economy. If the world moves away from oil dependence, Iran’s regime will no longer be able to rely on petrodollars to stay afloat. Other unfriendly regimes propped up by carbon-fuel money, such as Hugo Chavez’s Venezuela, will also feel the pinch, improving our national security and making it less likely our armed services will fight battles amid the oil fields. For that to happen, the United States must pass comprehensive climate and clean energy legislation as fast as possible, the stronger the better. A note about methodology: Iran’s oil production is assumed fixed at 2008 oil production levels of 4,174,000 barrels/day [EIA]. Iran’s lost oil production value is calculated by the projected effect of strong global climate policy on the world oil price for producers, as determined by the 2007 Massachusetts Institute of Technology report Assessment of U.S. Cap-and-Trade Proposals, which calculated a reference scenario crude oil price and a 167 bmt scenario producer crude oil price [see reference data]. That difference is multiplied by Iran’s annual oil production to estimate lost production value. The 167 bmt scenario has cumulative US carbon dioxide emissions between 2010 and 2050 of 167 billion metric tons, equivalent to emissions targets of 1990 levels by 2020 and 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050. These targets are similar to those in current legislation. Under the reference scenario, global CO2 concentrations reach 880 ppm and temperatures increase 3. 5 – 4. 5°C over current temperatures, a global catastrophe. Under the 167 bmt scenario, CO2 concentrations reach 520 ppm, and temperatures increase only 1. 8 – 2. 2°C.

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August, the month of the winds August is known as the month of wind and kites, airships piloted from the ground to represent the desire that man has to fly and which dates back to ancient China. In Cusco, one of the most emblematic places to fly kites, is the Archaeological Park of Sacsayhuaman, where young people of all ages take advantage of free time to enjoy the countryside and demonstrate their skills to these fragile and colorful airships. Years ago, the development of kites was handmade, as it was difficult to find ready-made kites that nowadays are so abundant. The most common was to seek "Nihua", which was then was abundant in the outskirts of the city, to create any design imagined.

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Practice Relating to Rule 4. Definition of Armed Forces Section B. Incorporation of paramilitary or armed law enforcement agencies into armed forces New Zealand’s Military Manual (1992) states: “If a Party to a conflict incorporates paramilitary or armed law enforcement agencies into its armed forces it must inform other parties to the conflict of this fact, so that such forces may be acknowledged as lawful combatants. ” The manual provides two examples of paramilitary agencies incorporated into the armed forces of a State, namely “the Special Auxiliary Force attached to Bishop Muzorewa’s United African National Congress in Zimbabwe and which was embodied into the national army after the Bishop became Prime Minister [and] India’s Border Security Force in Assam”. The manual also provides an example of an armed law enforcement agency incorporated into the armed forces of a State, namely: At the time of the outbreak of World War II, the Burma Frontier Force was serving as a police force under authority of the Burma Frontier Force Act; after the fall of Burma, the Burmese Government in exile in Simla, India, passed legislation making the Force part of the Burmese Army and subject to the Burma Army Act.

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The Determination of Absolute Zero Chemical Concepts Demonstrated The lower the temperature, the lower the pressure inside of the sphere. If the exact values were plotted out, a linear relationship would be apparent. Extrapolating this line to the point where there would be no pressure yields absolute zero, which is about -273. 15 degrees Celsius. Pressure is caused by the collisions of gas particles with each other and whatever objects they may collide with. When the temperature is lowered, the particles move more slowly, decreasing the frequency and strength of these collisions. In turn, the pressure falls. Absolute zero can be defined as the temperature at which matter does not move. At absolute zero, even subatomic vibrations are put to a grinding halt. Because the pressure in this experiment is caused by the movement of a gas, the pressure would cease to exist when the gas stops moving (a. k.a. absolute zero). Therefore, when the linear relationship discovered in this experiment is extrapolated to the point where the pressure is zero, the corresponding temperature is absolute zero.

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In Revolutionary France, the adjudant-général was a senior staff officer, effectively an assistant to a general officer. It was a special position for lieutenants-colonels and colonels in staff service. Starting in 1795, only colonels could be appointed to the position. It was supplemented by the rank of adjudant-commandant in 1800. In 1803 the position was abolished and adjudants-généraux reverted to the rank of colonel. The chief administrative officer of the United States Army, who is subordinated to the Army Chief of Staff, and is known as the Assistant Chief of Staff, G-1, or ACS, G-1. This officer is head of the Adjutant General's Corps, and is responsible for the procedures affecting personnel procurement and for the administration and preservation of records of all army personnel. See List of Adjutants General of the U.S. Army. As of 11 December 2011, the post is held by Brigadier General Jason T. Evans. The chief administrative officer of a major military unit, such as a division, corps, or army. This officer is normally subordinated to the unit chief of staff, and is known as the G-1.

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In this section This section of the Playbook provides background on the opioid epidemic in the United States and how health IT plays a role. It presents information on different health IT solutions that clinicians can use to address the problem. Health care practitioners, administrators and physician practice owners, and practice staff can also find a variety of health IT resources in this section. These tools can help improve opioid prescribing practices, inform clinical practice, protect patients at risk, and reduce diversion (illegally obtaining or using prescription medications). While the opioid epidemic requires diligence and collaboration from all aspects of patient care, health IT and the various related tools are but one of many solutions; we encourage the use of effective clinical tools and resources in addressing this complex issue. National opioid epidemic Health care clinicians across the country struggle to fight a growing national public health crisis. Drug overdose is the leading cause of accidental death in the U.S. Opioid addiction is driving this epidemic, with 90 overdose deaths each day. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported that opioids (including prescription opioids, heroin, and fentanyl) killed more than 30,000 Americans in 2015. Almost half of those deaths involved prescription opioid painkillers. Overdose deaths from prescription opioids have more than quadrupled since 1999,1, 2 and so have sales of these prescription drugs. 3 In 2015, the amount of opioids prescribed was enough for every American to be medicated around the clock for 3 weeks. Raising further alarm, 4 in 5 new heroin users started out by misusing prescription opioids. 4 Now, nearly 2 million people in America have a prescription opioid use disorder, contributing to increased illicit opioid use and the spread of HIV and hepatitis C.5 What is fueling the opioid epidemic? Because increased opioid prescribing has been a primary driver of the opioid epidemic, reducing the overprescribing of these therapies is a primary focus of efforts to reverse this trend. While actions to address opioid abuse must target both clinicians and high-risk patients, clinicians are the gatekeepers for preventing inappropriate access to prescription opioids — and providing safe, appropriate treatment. Clinicians report concern about opioid-related risks of addiction and overdose, as well as insufficient training in pain management. Clinicians need additional training and resources to adequately prescribe opioids responsibly and prevent the misuse and abuse of medicine in their practices. How can health IT help? Health IT is increasingly used to improve the quality and efficiency of health care delivery, patient safety, care coordination, and patient-centered care. It also offers promising strategies to address the opioid epidemic. The use of health IT has been demonstrated to improve adherence to opioid prescribing guidelines and physician adherence to treatment protocols, increase the safety of prescribing for controlled substances, enhance clinician access to prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs), expand access to addiction treatment and recovery supports, and much more. As the opioid epidemic escalates, clinicians are actively seeking tools and resources to help prevent and detect opioid misuse, abuse, and diversion by their patients. The following sections of the Playbook describe in detail how various health IT solutions are being used by clinicians on the frontlines to address the opioid crisis in their practice.

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Fluorine is an important trace element that is widely dispersed, and studies showed that fluorine could cause severe toxicity to fish. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of fluorine on neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation in common carp and clarify the possible mechanism. The neutrophils were isolated and exposed to 0. 25, 0. 5, or 1? mM sodium fluoride (NaF). The results showed that NaF could induce the formation of NETs which exhibited a DNA-based network structure modified with histones and myeloperoxidase (MPO). Furthermore, NaF led to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in neutrophils. Western blot results showed that NaF significantly increased the phosphorylation of AMPK and p38. In addition, our results showed that NaF-induced NET formation could be inhibited by an AMPK or p38 inhibitor. In conclusion, our results showed that NaF induced NET formation in neutrophils through regulation of the AMPK/p38 signaling pathway. Fluoride is one of the essential microelements in the body. Long-term excessive intake of fluoride will cause systemic physiological and pathological changes . Fluoride can not only damage bone organs but also accumulate in brain tissue through the blood-brain barrier, affecting the shape and function of brain nerve cells [2, 3]. In recent years, fluoride pollution is serious due to the development of industry. Meanwhile, increased fluorine in water will cause a certain toxic effect on aquatic animals . Fish can absorb fluorine directly in water, which is an aquatic organism vulnerable to fluorine pollution in the water . A previous study showed that sodium fluorine could affect the injury of brain tissues and behaviour of zebrafish in vivo . Also, fluorine could cause thyroid endocrine disruption in male zebrafish . Furthermore, fluorine could induce the injury of the gills of Cyprinus carpio . In addition, fluorine has been reported to induce head kidney macrophage cell apoptosis in vitro . Neutrophils are the most abundant white blood cells in the peripheral blood. It plays an important role in the innate immune system . It is the first line in defending against the invasion of pathogens. In recent years, neutrophils have been found to have a new mechanism in resisting microbial invasion: the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) . NETs play an important role in pathogen infection, and its huge network structure can adhere, restrict, and kill pathogenic microorganisms . However, the release of NETs is a double-edged sword, which not only destroys pathogenic microorganisms but also damages the organism . Studies showed that NETs were involved in the pathological process of many diseases, such as lung injury, acute pancreatitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and arthritis [14–17]. Meanwhile, recent studies demonstrated that sodium arsenic, cadmium chloride, or nanosilver could induce the formation of NETs [18–20]. However, whether fluorine could induce the formation of NETs has not been reported. In the present study, the effects of fluorine on NET formation and its possible mechanism were investigated. NETs are a double-edged sword. Excessive production of NETs could lead to tissue injury. Experimental evidence suggests that NETs participate in the pathogenesis of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. Recently, NETs have been reported to be involved in the pathological process of toxicant-induced injury. The production of NETs could aggravate poison-induced damage. Fluorine, an important environmental toxicant, is widely dispersed in the aquatic environment. However, whether fluorine could induce NET formation has not been reported. In the present study, we investigated the new effects of NaF on the NET formation of common carp neutrophils. Our results suggested that NaF-induced NET formation was through regulating the AMPK/p38 signaling pathway. These results can enrich the toxicological effect of fluoride. In recent years, more and more reports showed that NETs could not only eliminate pathogenic microorganisms but also cause tissue damage and participate in the development of many diseases . Furthermore, recent studies demonstrated that NETs were involved in the pathological process of toxicant-induced injury . A previous study showed that di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) could induce the formation of NETs in vitro . Also, it has been reported that cadmium chloride could induce the formation of NETs, and inhibition NET formation had protective effects against cadmium chloride-induced lung injury in mice . However, the effects of NaF on NET formation of common carp neutrophils have not been reported. In this study, our results showed that NaF could induce the formation of NETs in a concentration-dependent manner. It has been reported that ROS and PAD4 are involved in the formation of NETs . The formation of NETs is closely related to ROS, which is the product of NADPH oxidase activation . Previous studies have shown that pretreatment with DPI, a NADPH oxidase inhibitor, significantly inhibited the formation of NETs . ROS can activate the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal pathway and its downstream p38, thus promoting the production of NETs . And a previous study showed that inhibition of p38 phosphorylation could prevent NET formation . In this study, we found that NaF exposure significantly increased the production of ROS. Meanwhile, NaF could activate AMPK and p38 signaling pathways. To further clarify the formation mechanism of NETs, AMPK and p38 inhibitors were added to the cells. The results showed that NaF-induced NET formation was inhibited by these inhibitors, suggesting that NaF-induced NET formation was dependent on AMPK and p38 signaling pathways. Taken together, the results of this study demonstrated that NaF significantly increased the release of NETs of neutrophils. The mechanism was through regulating the AMPK/p38 signaling pathway. The results of the present study could enrich the toxicity effects of fluorine on the immune system of the common carp. *The full-text study is online at https://www.hindawi.com/journals/omcl/2021/6693921/

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US 4729865 A The present invention is a nuclear fusion reactor serving to contain a totally organized tritium-deuterium plasma by guiding the self-bombarding particles in a resonating path of a particular wavelength and frequency, similar to a radio wave. Under these conditions the electrons tend to remain cooler, which reduces plasma radiation energy losses. Energy may be added to the plasma by axially distributed oscillators of the proper frequency, raising the plasma to ignition temperature and densities. Finally the ignited plasma directs its high energy neutrons into strategically located lithium blankets and the ionic energy levels are controlled by causing the plasma to generate an alternating electric current. Various types of alternate fusion reactions are briefly considered. 1. A magnetic fusion reactor comprising, a hollow metallic wave guide, closed upon itself, having a rectangular cross section and containing an electromagnetically resonating, pulsating, self-bombarding plasma in a vacuum, a plurality of equally spaced probes extending to the inner surface of said wave guide and producing a type of transverse electromagnetic coupling with said resonating plasma, with said plasma acting as an internal coaxial cable, said wave guide being vertically positioned between two extended opposite-hand electromagnets which are closed upon themselves and having horseshoe-type cross sections with horizontally oriented bases, and with their internal openings having tear-shaped cross sections containing longitudinal superconducting winding means and coming to a central point such that oppositely-directed magnetic fields are produced vertically in close proximity throughout the entire extent of said wave guide, upwardly directed through one side of said wave guide and downwardly directed through the opposite side, a plurality of equally spaced, ferromagnetic by-pass vanes extending from the vertically oriented surfaces on each side of said opposite-hand electromagnetics, said vanes sloping outward and upward or downward respectively and being spaced to pass equidistantly between opposite-hand components, said vanes curving inward past the vertical midpoint of said wave guide and terminating with their end surfaces parallel to the vertical surfaces of said wave guide, and thus producing narrow, concentrated, curving magnetic fields interspaced with much wider, weaker thicknesses of said oppositely-directed vertical magnetic fields across each corner of the cross section of said rectangular wave guide throughout its entire extent. 2. The magnetic fusion reactor of claim 1 including means for tangentially injecting ions of a specific energy level in an initial start-up procedure, to oscillate in circular arc lengths at a specific resonance frequency when the injected ions are caused by said oppositely-directed magnetic fields of a specific strength to intersect the boundary between said magnetic fields at some specific intersection angle, with the effective length of said wave guide being equal to an odd number of half-wavelengths of said resonance frequency, wherein said injected ions are caused to spontaneously arrange themselves into two narrow, oppositely-phased groups, constituting a horizontally pulsating, resonating, self-bombarding wave, producing pulsating, outwardly-increasing self-fields and propagating along said wave guide with a free space phase velocity, said pulsating ionic wave continuously incorporating oscillating ions of various types while causing said ions to develop commensurate intersection angles with the boundary between said oppositely-directed magnetic fields, said ions being introduced by any and all means, while also continuously reincorporating each type of said oscillating ions into two oppositely phased, resonating, beta-1 density groups counter to the effects of coulomb scattering, said pulsating ionic wave continuously adjusting the intersection angles of said oscillating ions with the boundary between said oppositely-directed magnetic fields, thereby automatically adjusting itself to the length of said wave guide, said pulsating ionic wave incorporating oscillating ions having intersection angles with the boundary between said oppositely-directed magnetic fields of less than 90 plasma self-field, thus increasing the stability of said pulsating ionic wave and improving the plasma containment, said pulsating ionic wave causing said oscillating ions to enter said narrow, curving magnetic fields in such a manner that the horizontal components of said curving magnetic fields convert the vertical velocities of said ions into horizontal velocities and back again, but with the vertical components of said curving magnetic fields causing said oscillating ions to continuously teeter slightly out of phase in both directions with said horizontally pulsating ionic wave, thereby creating a continuous damping of the vertical velocities of said ions as said pulsating ionic wave attempts to reincorporate them back into phase, said pulsating ionic wave creating large numbers of head-on, fusion-producing collisions between said oscillating ions at the plasma inner pulsation node with the planes-of-action of the fusion events being roughly horizontal, thus causing positive charged suprathermal particles to be contained within said wave guide and directing high energy neutrons into appropriately positioned lithium blankets with limited neutron damage. 3. The magnetic fusion reactor of claim 2 including means for introducing electrons along the boundary between said oppositely-directed magnetic fields, wherein pulsating changes in background charge density and massive inductances produced by said pulsating, resonating ionic wave created by tangentially injected ions cause said electrons to arrange themselves into systems of parallel charges pulsating at electron cyclotron frequencies, producing extremely powerful microwave patterns which propagate within said pulsating ionic wave and within said metallic wave guide as high frequency harmonics of the plasma pulsation frequency, thereby causing said electrons to ratchet their way rapidly across the magnetic field lines, said electrons being correlated into powerful, constantly changing, horizontally oriented, microwave-sustaining patterns and thereby serving to damp their own vertical oscillations, and to contain themselves within their own electrostatic field, while also producing a reduced plasma pressure and syncrotron radiation of a corresponding lower power density, said electrons being correlated into powerful microwave-sustaining patterns and locally concentrating and dispersing said oppositely-directed magnetic fields, causing said oscillating ions to jiggle at high frequencies and creating a circulating flow of energy from said electrons to said oscillating ions and back again due to ionic collisions, thereby producing a reduced electron temperature with lowered radiation energy losses and higher article densities, said electrons producing a transformer effect whereby said oscillating ions are caused to contribute to an induced flow of said electrons at the plasma outer pulsation node as functions of their individual charges, velocities, and intersection angles with the boundary between said oppositely-directed magnetic fields, and to receive slightly-more-average electron inductances as the plasma proceeds to its inner pulsation node, thereby rapidly reducing each of the said oscillating ions to the vicinity of the mean energy level of that type of ion, including newly introduced replacement ions and positive charged suprathermal particles as they become incorporated into the plasma pulsations, said electrons producing lateral electric potentials at the plasma inner pulsation node, causing said narrow, beta-1 groups of resonating plasma ions to periodically widen rapidly and then to reconverge more slowly due to their outwardly-increasing self-fields in a type of bellows action which produces a further reduction in the plasma electron temperature. 4. The magnetic fusion reactor of claim 2 including oscillating means connected to said equally spaced probes, wherein said pulsating, resonating ionic wave created by tangentially injected ions is caused to produce an alternating voltage in said oscillating means, causing said oscillating means to respond with a powerful, more conventional type of resonating, unidirectional, transverse electromagnetic wave within said wave guide, thereby causing said plasma to obtain such particle energy levels and densities as are required to cause said ions to undergo nuclear fusion reactions, said transverse electromagnetic wave produced by said oscillating means removing energy from said pulsating plasma after such nuclear fusion reactions have been obtained, thereby causing said plasma to operate with optimal particle energy levels in obtaining the highest possible power density for any desired type of fusion reaction. This is a continuation in part of application Ser. No. 810,577, filed Dec. 19, 1985, now abandoned. In connection with the detailed description of the structure and operation of the present invention, it is to be understood that dimensions and values set forth are illustrative only and may be greater or lesser depending upon the size of reactor and the output desired. Referring in particular to the drawings and first to FIGS. 1 and 2, two large toroidal electromagnets 4 are provided which are opposite hand to each other and both of which possess horseshoe-type cross sections with the openings containing longitudinal superconducting winding means 5. The large electromagnets are vertically positioned one below the other as shown in FIG. 2 such that a continuous flow of magnetic flux will pass through a toroidal metallic wave guide 6 of rectangular cross section which is positioned between them, this occurring all along the entire circumference of all three structures. This continuous flow of magnetic flux, as indicated by the straight arrows A in FIG. 2, passes downward through half of the wave guide 6 cross section and upward through the opposite half, forming the boundary 7 between the two parts of the magnetic field. When the wave guide 6 is curving as in the present case the inner magnetic poles must extend wider inwardly to cause the inner magnetic field A to be slightly weaker than the outer magnetic field. Very narrow but closely spaced ferromagnetic by-pass vanes 8 extend downward and outward from the lower ends of both vertical surfaces of the upper electromagnet 4, and upward and outward from the vertical surfaces of the lower electromagnet, with the vanes spaced equidistantly to pass between each other. Only a representative number of these vanes 8 are shown in FIG. 3 but it is to be understood that they are equally spaced around the entire wave guide. The ends of the ferromagnetic by-pass vanes 8 are curved in toward the wall guide 6, terminating with their end surfaces positioned against the wave guide and well beyond the midpoint of its vertical surfaces, as shown in FIG. 2. Spaces between the vanes contain a lattice of support material, and should magnetic flux leakage between parallel, opposite-hand components prove to be extreme the vanes might appear as fanlike structures at the ends of solid ferromagnetic bars such that opposite-hand components are well separated. The by-pass vanes 8 present a considerably shorter magnetic flux path and produce a type of composite magnetic field across all four corners of the toroidal wave guide cross section, consisting of very narrow, concentrated, curving segments of magnetic field as indicated by the curved arrows B in FIG. 2, spaced between much wider, weaker layers of vertical containment field as indicated by the straight arrows A, with opposite-hand components being equidistantly staggered. A plurality of equally spaced oscillator probes 9 from oscillators 10 are positioned about the entire circumference of the toroidal wave guide 6, extending to its entire surface. The probes 9 provide a type of transverse electromagnetic coupling between a pulsating plasma within the wave guide and the oscillators 10 with the plasma assuming the function of an internal coaxial cable. The volume enclosed by the wave guide 6 is a vacuum, produced by conventional vacuum pumps. Ringlike lithium blankets 11 extend horizontally inward and outward from the toroidal wave guide 6 with a vertical thickness equal to the height of the waver guide, as shown schematically in FIG. 1. A representative size for the toroidal wave guide 6 is 26 cm wide by 34 cm high internally with a mean circumference of 7. 5 meters. A representative outer magnetic field A is 33. 2 kG with a 29. 8 kG inner magnetic field serving to balance the plasma pulsations. A representative spacing for the ferromagnetic by-pass vanes 8 is 1 cm with a vane thickness narrowing to 1 mm at their end surfaces. A representative reactor shape is a toroid with a mean circumference equal to an odd number of wavelengths of the plasma pulsation frequency. In initiating operation of the system, 2. 25 MeV deuterons are injected tangentially into the wave guide 6 by the deuteron accelerator 12, at the midpoint of its vertical surfaces. Some of the vanes 8 will be outwardly distorted somewhat to allow the ions to be injected. The deuterons, designated by the numeral 13 in FIG. 3, intersect the magnetic field boundary 7 at the center of the wave guide 6 with 108 angles 14, and are caused to oscillate in circular arc lengths along the wave guide 6 with amplitudes of 12 cm and with frequencies of 20 MHz. If the mean circumference of the wave guide 6 is selected to be 7. 5 meters the ions will spontaneously arrange themselves into two narrow, oppositely-phased groups, constituting a horizontally pulsating, self-bombarding wave, resonating around the toroidal wave guide 6 with a frequency of 40 MHz and with a free-space phase velocity. These groups of oscillating ions, shown as they would appear at the plasma outer pulsation node reduced to 100 keV energy levels and with ignition widths, are indicated by the numeral 21 in FIG. 2. the resonating ionic wave perpetuates itself by continuously reincorporating the oscillating ions to beta-1 densities counter to their own coulomb scattering, largely because the oscillating ions maintain similar amplitudes and develop a pulsating self-field which increases outwardly within each narrow group of ions 21 and which continuously maintains its stability. Electrons from an incandescent wire are distributed through the plasma along the boundary 7 between the oppositely-directed magnetic fields A and move horizontally inward and outward within the narrow, resonating groups of ions 21 under the influence of microwave frequency electric fields, and axially in the same manner because of the inductance of the rapidly converging and diverging ionic wave. The magnetic viscosity of the oppositely-directed magnetic fields A forces the electrons to arrange themselves into systems of parallel charges pulsating at cyclatron frequencies parallel to the wave guide 6, producing highly organized microwave patterns which propagate within the beta-1 ionic wave as multiple harmonics of the plasma pulsation frequency, and which enable the electrons to ratchet their way rapidly across the magnetic field lines. Why should this scenario evolve and not any one of a million others? Because it becomes established at optical plasma densities and because it is the only system other than purely random which can achieve a stabilized continuation within the given parameters. Plasmas are not observed to spontaneously revert to random conditions and an exact adherence during early stages is not required. The electrons most likely move in the required precise numerical flow only when the microwave electric fields locally exceed the oppositely-directed magnetic fields A, and when their accompanying J nullifies and doubles the magnetic fields A, and the microwave component of the resonating plasma pulsations causes the vertical magnetic field lines to vibrate like violin strings at GHz frequencies. The slightest departure from a precise numerical electron flow results in powerful electric fields which then propagate within the plasma with phase velocities appropriate to the resonating plasma pulsations, reinforcing and canceling each other until the proper microwave patterns are obtained to produce the required electron flow. The individually oscillating electrons must execute collectively coordinated, drifting-elliptical mode shapes in the process of ratcheting across the 33. 2 KG magnetic fields A at the 40 MHz plasma pulsation frequency, which tends to reduce them all to the same temperature and which largely reduces their motions to horizontal planes. The unimpeded resonance establishes a situation in which every particle, including instantaneous scattering distributions, is arranged into some type of coordinated pattern, leaving nothing to be unstable. The microwave patterns actually constitute a type of powerful plasma self-field which eliminates rather than overcomes portions of the internal plasma pressure. Microwaves escaping from the plasma propagate within the metallic wave guide as powerful ionizing agents which prevent the backstreaming of thermal velocity neutral particles into the plasma, except in shielded collection channels leading to the vacuum pumps. The theory is that electrons correlated into extremely powerful microwave-sustaining patterns in maintaining normal charge and induction equilibriums can only produce a greatly reduced plasma pressure and syncrotron radiation of a corresponding lower power density. The microwaves are contained within the pulsating plasma and within the metallic wave guide 6, and locally concentrate and disperse the vertical magnetic fields A, causing the oscillating plasma ions to jiggle, and transferring large amounts of energy from the pulsating electrons to the oscillating plasma ions. In an electromagnetically resonating plasma equilibriums tend to be established by charge velocities in addition to particle energy levels. The energy is returned to the electrons through ionic collisions but the resulting massive circulating energy flow results in a uniform, greatly reduced electron temperature and a further reduction of all types of plasma radiation energy losses, with the possibility of using advanced fusion fuels. A large portion of the plasma radiation energy losses might be reabsorbed in passing outwardly through the concentrated microwave beams produced by the coordinated electron charges pulsating parallel to the wave guide 6. Suppose, as an example, that the oppositely-directed magnetic fields A were increased from 33. 2 kG to 40 kG. What happens to the plasma pulsations? The intersection angle 14 of the oscillating deuterons at the center of the wave guide 6 simply increases to 130 increase slightly when the intersection angle remains less than 135 magnetic fields A are reduced to 26. 4 kG the intersection angle 14 decreases to 86 the proper periods, and the particles continue to resonate at about 20 MHz. Increasing or decreasing the energy levels of the particles increases or decreases their amplitudes without greatly affecting their intersection angles, as in a cyclotron. Consider an ion oscillating horizontally in phase with the plasma pulsations, possessing a modest vertical velocity, and entering a pair of composite magnetic fields at the top or bottom of the wave guide 6. The horizontal components of the narrow, curving magnetic fields B convert the vertical velocity of the ion into horizontal velocity and the amplitude of the ion tends to increase while it remains in phase with the horizontal plasma pulsations. But the vertical components of the curving magnetic fields B decrease the horizontal amplitude of the ion, and its intersection angle 14 increases and then decreases as the ion moves into and exits from the composite magnetic fields. The vertically oscillating ion generally exits from the composite fields leading the plasma pulsations but moves back into phase at the vertical midpoint of the wave guide 6 because of a generally increased intersection angle 14. The ion enters the alternate composite fields trailing the plasma pulsations, moves back into phase at its point of maximum penetration, exits from the composite fields leading the plasma pulsations, and moves back into phase at the vertical midpoint of the wave guide 6. A vertically oscillating ion will thus develop a slightly larger average intersection angle 14 and will continuously teeter slightly out of phase in both directions with the resonating plasma pulsations. But the resonating plasma pulsations continuously manipulate the vertically oscillating ions in both directions, particularly while their intersection angles are changing, in an attempt to reincorporate them back into phase, resulting in an immediate and powerful damping of the vertical components of the ionic oscillations, and the ions contain themselves within the modest magnetic fields A and B. This is actually a controlled application of the type of behavior which occurs randomly in unstable plasmas - energy flows into structured configurations. A powerful, horizontally resonating composite wave of enormous power density must be visualized as drawing energy out of the vertical components of its particle oscillations, particularly where pulsating, outwardly-increasing self-fields exist within the plasma. This damping phenomenon must not be confused with the typical reflection of particle velocities that occurs in a standard mirror machine. A designer of choke-field magnets would note that the composite fields will not contain a particle of determined vertical velocity. Such velocities are not obtainable through the statistical accretion of a large number of small-angle coulomb collisions. Large-angle collisions between reactive particles such as two tritons tend to result in fusion events, particularly in this structured environment. Collisions with helium ash tend to scavenge an alpha particle in one direction with the loss of a deuteron or a triton in the other. The elliptical, constantly changing mode shapes assumed by the pulsating electrons in their horizontal microwave orientation actively damp vertical electron oscillations and allow the electrons to be contained within their own modest electrostatic field in a manner similar to the vertical ionic containment. The higher propensity of the electrons to scatter is compensated by the higher frequency of the damping mechanism, and by the uniform, greatly reduced electron temperature. It is possible to consider the arc lengths of all the various ions oscillating in phase to be partial individual turns in a sinusoidal transformer operating at 40 MHz, similar to what occurs between the electrons and the patterned microwaves. Each of the ionized particles contributes to an induced electron flow at the plasma outer pulsation node as a function of its charge, velocity, and intersection angle, and receives slightly-more-average electron inductances as the plasma proceeds to its inner pulsation node. Each particle is rapidly reduced to the vicinity of the mean amplitude and energy level of that type of particle including replacement electrons, newly introduced deuterons and tritons, and suprathermal alpha particles as they are reduced to the mean energy level of the oscillating helium ash. In theory this transformer effect would rapidly reduce both the amplitudes and the energy levels of the narrow groups of doubly-charged, oscillating helium ash to half that of the oscillating deuterons while the groups of tritons would become several times more energetic because of their smaller velocities and intersection angles. The helium ash might be readily scavenged at low temperatures out the ends of the composite fields. It will be later shown that half of the collisions between deuterons and tritons occur from a head-on direction while the other half are from the rear, offset 36 advantage deuterons. Half of the collisions between deuterons and alpha particles occur from a head-on direction, offset 36 while the other half are from the rear - advantage alpha particles. Half of the collisions between tritons and alpha particles occure from a head-on direction, while the other half are from the rear, offset 36 appears to indicate the scavengement of the helium ash by the energetic tritons, and an excellent plasma containment. The plasma pulsations also induce an alternating voltage in the wave guide 6, which sees the plasma as an internal coaxial cable, with its charge separations and pulsating self-field constituting a type of transverse electromagnetic wave. This alternating voltage constitutes the input impulses in the axially distributed oscillators 10, which also produce a type of powerful, unidirectional, 40 MHz transverse electromagnetic wave in the wave guide 6, with the plasma radiation energy losses producing the equivalent of powerful Q losses in the wave guide 6. The powerfully resonating plasma pulsations may be compared to a giant, nuclear-driven oscillator which produces a reverse-voltage counter to the oscillator impulses and which increases with ionic density and energy levels. This voltage is due to ohmic impedance reducing the induced electron flow, which produces a pulsating self-field and an alternating electric field in the plasma. During an initial start-up procedure the oscillator voltage is maintained above that of the pulsating plasma, energy flows into the wave guide 6, and the particle energy levels are maintained until an ignition density is obtained. After ignition has been achieved the situation is reversed and energy is continuously removed from the pulsating alpha particle halo through the oscillators 10 to maintain an optimal collision energy level for the narrow, beta-1 groups of head-on colliding tritons and deuterons which widen out with increasing plasma density. Returning again to the start-up procedure, the developing ionic wave assumes similar particle velocities and amplitudes about some rapidly decreasing energy level, which then becomes stabilized at between 100 and 200 keV by the introduction of a relatively small amount of energy from the oscillators 10. The primary purpose of the 2. 25 MeV deutron accelerator 12 is to produce a powerfully resonating, beta-1 composite wave and to develop its microwave component into an effective ionizing medium. 100 keV neutral deuterium and tritium beams are tangentially injected slightly inward from the centerline of the wave guide 6 by the injectors 15 and 16, the beam particles become ionized within about 4 cm of the magnetic field boundary 7, and the ions arrange themselves at the proper intersection angles to allow them to become incorporated into the resonating plasma pulsations. The injected 100 keV deuterons, designated by the numeral 17 in FIG. 3, arrange themselves at about the same 108 the 2. 25 MeV deuterons 13, but the injected 100 keV tritons, designated by the numeral 18 in FIG. 3, arrange themselves at a 72 angle 19. This demonstrates how disparate particles can contribute to the same resonating fusioning wave while meeting in periodic head-on collisions at the center of the wave guide 6. The ionic oscillation frequencies actually decrease slightly with increasing particle energy levels and increase slightly with increasing intersection angles, causing 10 keV deuterons, for example, to resonate at higher frequencies than 100 keV tritons with their high axial velocities, and with most of the ions ending up with slightly different intersection angles 14 at the center of the wave guide 6. The composite magnetic fields contain the particles, the oscillators 10 provide a massive infusion of energy, and the neutral particle beam injectors increase the plasma density to achieve ignition, after which the magnetic fields A must be readjusted to achieve the maximum energy production in the existence of the various plasma self-fields. The neutral particle beam injectors can be used to maintain the plasma density through a smaller number of particles at a reduced energy level, but low energy replacement ions might be more efficiently drifted vertically into the resonating ionic wave from the ionizer 20 along the boundary 7 between the oppositely-directed magnetic fields A. The neutral particle beam injectors might be eliminated, with the plasma being raised to ignition energy levels solely by the oscillators 10. The density of the ionic wave at its inner pulsation node is not limited to a theoretical beta-1 value as determined by the reduced electron temperature and the microwave self-field. The oscillating deuterons, tritons, and alpha particles have different mean amplitudes and the beta-1 density of each doubles as opposite sides pass through each other. It might be possible to employ some type of catalyzed, slower reacting deuterium fuel. The narrow groups of ions 21 widen rapidly in the vicinity of the inner pulsation node due to plasma pressure and reconverge more slowly everywhere else due to their outwardly-increasing self-fields. The resulting ionic bellows-action literally pumps energy out of the electrons and would be very important in the burning of advanced fusion fuels. The resonating ions implode, pass through, and explode back to beta-1 vicinities while simultaneously producing lateral electron explosions, and each of the ions is periodically accelerated laterally across the resulting electric potentials which move with free-space phase velocities. The 72 their outwardly-increasing self-fields, which serves to increase their intersection angle 19, which then permits a smaller, more stable deuteron intersection angle 14. If the fusion fuel is properly polarized the 3. 5 MeV alpha particles will be emitted at the plasma inner pulsation node in phase with the resonating plasma pulsations with the same intersection angle 14 as the oscillating deuterons and with 71% of the amplitude of a deuteron of an equal energy level. If the planes-of-action of the fusion events are assumed to be roughly horizontal the 3. 5 MeV alpha particles will oscillate within the wave guide 6 with amplitudes of 11 cm and the 14 MeV neutrons will penetrate the vertical side walls of the wave guide and enter the inward and outward located lithium blankets 11 at angles corresponding to the intersection angle 19 of the oscillating tritons. Neutron damage is largely limited to the sides of the wave guide 6, the ferromagnetic by-pass vanes and supports 8, and the oscillator probes and cables 9. The various beta-1 groups of resonating ions 21 are supplemented by an internally pulsating halo of accelerating tritons and deuterons and by an externally pulsating halo of decelerating suprathermal alpha particles. The fusion reactor is capable of being converted to a catalyzed deuterium reaction at higher particle energy levels. The 33. 2 kG magnetic field A is reduced to 24. 6 kG to bring the resonating deuterons together with 80 85 tritium ions would then oscillate with 53. 3.degree. intersection angles, and sythesized helium-3 ions would oscillate with 106. 6.degree. intersection angles. Alpha particles would oscillate with 80 intersection angles, as would synthesized 3 MeV protons with twice the deuteron oscillation frequency. 14. 6 MeV protons would be containable only if the oscillation frequencies and the 24. 6 kG magnetic field A were doubled. Each type of ion would resonate in two beta-1 groups 21 with an energy level determined by a combination of the transformer effect, coulomb collisions, and the circulating microwave and ionic bellows-action energies. Interesting reactions can be made to occur when 13. 5 MeV protons are injected into a 37 kG magnetic field A to produce a 120 MHz, 80 oscillators 10. Ions of lithium, beryllium or boron could be drifted into such a plasma, but these reactions would not generally be self-supporting or even containable in this machine, except in the case of lithium-7 if the ionic bellows-action could keep the electrons cool. The massive, low velocity lithium ions would resonate in two beta-1 groups 21 with beginning intersection angles of 34. 3.degree. , which would then increase somewhat due to the powerful, outwardly-increasing self-fields. The density and reaction rate of the resonating lithium fuel would be determined by the final electron temperature. The 85 pairs of 8. 5 MeV alpha particles which would resonate in four distinct groups with 80 oscillation frequency. Half of the collisions between resonating plasma protons and alpha particles would occur at the plasma inner pulsation node, with half of these being from behind and half occurring from a forward direction. All of the collisions between protons and alpha particles occurring at distances from the plasma inner pulsation node would possess distinct forward-direction collision components, and the lithium fuel might also resonate in four distinct groups at half the proton oscillation frequency with beginning intersection angles of 68. 6.degree. . In theory the alpha particle ash would consistently lose energy to both the plasma protons and the lithium ions until it would be scavenged at low temperatures out the ends of the composite fields. This would be very important from the standpoint of first wall loading and impurity suppression, and also in retaining an additional 2 MeV of energy within the plasma for each fusion event, which is applicable in principle for any fusion fuel. It is to be understood that the form of my invention herein shown and described is to be taken as a preferred example of the same and that various changes in the shape, size and arrangement of parts may be resorted to without departing from the spirit of my invention, or the scope of the subjoined claims. FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic plan view of the nuclear reactor embodying features of the invention; FIG. 2 is an enlarged cross sectional view of the nuclear reactor of FIG. 1, this view being taken on the line 2--2 of FIG. 1 and also being diagrammatic; FIG. 3 is an enlarged, cross sectional plan view of the nuclear reactor of FIGS. 1 and 2, this view being taken on the line 3--3 of FIG. 2 and also being diagrammatic. This invention relates to improvements in nuclear power generation. The oil embargo of 1973 illustrated the vulnerability of the industrialized world to the interruption of its energy supply, and since that time considerable work and research have been done on alternate types of energy, particularly energies having an endless source of supply. One such source of energy is nuclear fission, which clearly has inherent disadvantages, such as long term radioactivity and the resulting negative public opinion. Design projects are now under way to test the practicality of generating power from the thermonuclear fusion of ions trapped by magnetic fields. Torus-shaped reactors have been built which seek to burn deuteruim-tritium mixtures. An alternative research project, a structure identified as a tandem mirror, comprises a device in which a plasma is confined by magnetic and electrostatic barriers at each end of a linear sequence of magnets. To date no device has demonstrated a particle containment adequate to provide a practical fusion reactor. Other disadvantages associated with the existing machines are extensive lithium blanket requirements and the problem of random, uncontrollable 14 MeV neutron emission. According to the present invention and forming a primary objective thereof, a nuclear fusion reactor is provided that has a low contruction cost, that provides a unique plasma self-containment with relatively modest magnetic fields, that has a high output of energy, and that directs its high energy neutrons into lithium blankets of limited size while largely confining neutron damage to specific, easily replaceable structures. In carrying out these objectives, a metallic wave guide of rectangular cross section is positioned between super-conducting upper and lower extended electromagnets of horseshoe-type cross section, producing oppositely-directed vertical magnetic fields in close proximity through the continuous wave guide along its entire perimeter. Vertical particle containment is achieved through the use of very narrow and closely spaced ferromagnetic by-pass vanes, which produce a type of composite magnetic field composed of narrow, curving segments spaced between wider, weaker layers of vertical magnetic field across all four corners of the wave guide cross section along its entire perimeter, rather like double-edged razor blades embedded in a pound of cheese. These narrow, curving magnetic fields reverse the vertical components of horizontally oscillating plasma ions, and in conjunction with a horizontally resonating ionic wave actively damp the vertical components of the ionic oscillations, which together produce a highly effective type of plasma self-containment. High energy deuterons are injected into the wave guide from an accelerator, and being tangentially introduced, are caused to oscillate across the oppositely-directed magnetic field boundary in circular arc lengths with some specific intersection angle and at some specific frequency in accordance with the strength of the vertical magnetic fields. The injected deuterons spontaneously arrange themselves into two narrow, oppositely-phased groups, constituting a horizontally pulsating, self-bombarding wave, resonating along the continuous wave guide which has an effective perimeter equal to an odd number of half-wavelengths of the ionic oscillation frequency. Electrons from an incandescent wire are distributed through the plasma along the boundary between the vertical magnetic fields and move horizontally inward and outward within the resonating groups of ions under the influence of microwave frequency electric fields, and axially in the same manner because of the inductance of the rapidly converging and diverging ionic wave. The magnetic viscosity of the powerful magnetic fields forces the electrons to arrange themselves into systems of pulsating, parallel charges, producing highly organized microwave patterns which propagate within the narrow ionic wave and permit the electrons to ratchet their way rapidly across the magnetic field lines. The plasma ions absorb energy from the powerful microwave component of the resonating plasma pulsations, creating a circulating energy flow which lowers the electron temperature and reduces plasma radiation energy losses. The electrons also produce a transformer effect upon the plasma ions due to their inductance which selectively reduces each of the oscillating ions to the vicinity of the mean amplitude and energy level of that type of ion. More importantly, the powerfully organized plasma pulsations reincorporate each type of oscillating ions to beta-1 densities counter to the effects of coulomb scattering; largely because the resonating ionic wave develops a pulsating self-field which increases outwardly within each narrow group of ions and which continuously maintains its stability. A type of ionic bellows-action is developed in the plasma due to the extremely high density at its inner pulsation node which further reduces the electron temperature. The resonating plasma pulsations automatically adjust the various intersection angles between the oscillating ions and the oppositely-directed magnetic field boundary to maintain the resonant frequency in the existence of changing magnetic field strengths and ionic energy levels, which serves to automatically adjust the resonating ionic wave to the length of the wave guide. Deuterium and tritium neutral particle beams are injected tangentially along the magnetic field boundary, become ionized, and the particles arrange themselves at the proper amplitudes and intersection angles to allow them to become incorporated into the plasma pulsations. Energy is added to the plasma from external oscillators of the proper frequency through a system of equally spaced probes extending to the wave guide surface. The powerfully resonating plasma pulsations may be compared to a giant, nuclear-driven oscillator which produces a reverse-voltage counter to the external oscillator impulses and which increases with ionic density and energy levels. During an initial start-up procedure the external oscillator voltage is maintained above that of the pulsating plasma, energy flows into the wave guide, and the particle energy levels are maintained until an ignition density can be obtained. After ignition has been achieved the situation is reversed and energy is removed from the plasma through the external oscillators to maintain an optimal collision energy level for the narrow, beta-1 groups of head-on colliding tritons and deuterons at the plasma inner pulsation node. Replacement deuterium and tritium ions are introduced into the wave guide and are rapidly raised to their mean energy levels by the electron transformer effect and by the circulating microwave and ionic bellowsaction energies, while suprathermal alpha particles produced by fusion events are reduced to the mean energy level of the helium ash by the same process. Various types of alternate fusion reactions are briefly considered. The invention will be better understood and additional advantages will become apparent from the following description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings.

001_5124353

Bibliographic record and links to related information available from the Library of Congress catalog. Note: Contents data are machine generated based on pre-publication provided by the publisher. Contents may have variations from the printed book or be incomplete or contain other coding. Front Matter Preface Acknowledgments Part 1: Productive Thinking in Context Chap 1. Why Think Better Chap 2. Monkey Mind, Gator Brain, and the Elephant¿s Tether Part 2: Productive Thinking in Principle Chap 3. Kaizen vs Tenkaizen Chap 4. Stay in the Question Chap 5. The Miracle of the Third Third Part 3: Productive Thinking in Theory Chap 6. Productive Thinking by Design An overview of the six-step process Chap 7. Step 1: What¿s Going On? Puzzles, Probes, Possibilities Chap 8. Step 2: What¿s Success? The Future Pull Principle Chap 9. Step 3: What¿s the Question? Great Answer (Wrong Question) Chap 10. Step 4: Generate Answers Ten Thousand Failures Chap 11. Step 5: Forge the Solution Masamune¿s Katana Chap 12. Step 6: Align Resources Here Be Lions Part 4: Productive Thinking in Practice Chap 13. Productive Thinking Redux Chap 14. Training vs Entraining Back Matter Glossary Notes Bibliography Index About the Author Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication: Thought and thinking.

000_3471581

The flu has decimated classes this year. In my middle school classes, up to half of the kids have been out. High School teachers are reporting the same. It makes it hard to keep kids caught up, especially when teachers use presentations, videos, and other visuals in class. I have come across a couple of solutions. Because we are a 1:1 district 7-12, we have access to technology for almost all of our students. Most of our students have access to the internet at home. With this in mind, teachers have several options for keeping connected with their students. If you are a teacher who uses presentations for your discussions, SlideShare. net might be the tool for you. SlideShare is a free service that allows you to make an account and then upload your presentations. Students can watch them as just presentations, or you can record your lecture (see the post on recording a voiceover in Keynote) and publish the presentation with voice. Or you can add presenter notes that students can use while they listen/watch the presentation. The sample below shows the visual and audio- to see the presenter notes, chose “View in Slidshare.net” at the bottom of the presentation pane. Slideshare will allow you to: - make your presentations public or private - allow you to let people download the presentations…or not - share them with specific people (meaning your groups could subscribe to your uploads) - upload documents other than presentations. You (or your students) can also upload documents, audio files, images, and spreadsheets. - No login necessary for students to access your uploads. You can provide a link to these files in IC or your blog.

000_1278909

After graduating Sundman went to Pulkovo Observatory to continue his research on astronomy. The Observatory, 19 km south of St Petersburg on the Pulkovo Heights, was founded in 1839. Its first director was Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve. In 1878 a 76-centimetre (30-inch) refractor was built there which was the largest telescope in the world at the time. Sundman, however, was interested in the theoretical aspects of astronomy. He spent two years at Pulkovo Observatory before being awarded a scholarship which allowed him to continue his studies at various universities in Germany and France. His doctoral dissertation Über die Störungen der kleinen Planeten, speciel derjenigen, deren mittlere Bewegung annähernd das Doppelte Jupiters beträgt Ⓣ was submitted in 1901. In this work Sundman examined the perturbations of minor planets whose period of revolution round the sun is in the ratio of 1:2 of that of Jupiter. He restricted considerations to those minor planets whose orbits have eccentricity less than 0. 16 and whose orbit was inclined to the plane of Jupiter's orbit by less than 14°. His methods were applicable more generally, however, and he went on to make a major breakthrough in the solution of the three-body problem. In 1902 Sundman was appointed as a lecturer at the University of Helsinki, being promoted to extraordinary professor of astronomy there in 1907. In 1918 he was named as Professor of Astronomy at Helsinki and also director of the Observatory. He occupied both the chair of astronomy and the directorship of the Observatory until he retired in 1941. The most famous contribution of Sundman was his solution of the three-body problem which he accomplished using analytic methods to prove the existence of an infinite series solution. His work on this topic is contained in a number of papers: Recherches sur le problème des trois corps Ⓣ (1907), Nouvelles recherches sur le problème des trois corps Ⓣ (1909), Sur les singularités réelles dans le problème des trois corps Ⓣ (1910), and Mémoire sur le problème des trois corps Ⓣ (1912). In 1913 the Academy of Sciences in Paris awarded Sundman their Pontécoulant prize for his outstanding work on this problem. In fact the Academy was so impressed by his solution that, after receiving a report on his work from a committee headed by émile Picard, they decided to double the usual value of the prize in recognition of the brilliance of the work. One of the reasons why the Academy was so impressed by Sundman's solution was that it was a problem to which Henri Poincaré had devoted much effort. However, little progress was made and Tisserand in volume 4 of his Méchanique céleste had written:- The rigorous solution of the three-body problem is no further advanced today than it was in Lagrange's time, and one could say that it was clearly impossible. To regularize the singularity of the differential equations of motion, in the 1912 paper mentioned above, Sundman introduced a new independent variable which regularizes the motion within a band of finite breadth. In Dell'Aglio looks at the approaches of Levi-Civita, Painlevé and Sundman to the three body problem which:- . . . constitute the greatest contribution to the development of this branch of modern celestial mechanics. . . . it is possible to show the existence of two different research programs, one related to Levi-Civita's works, the other to Sundman's investigations, which include for the first time a complete regularization of the three-body problem. The methodological differences between these two research programs and their influences upon one another allow a complete reconstruction of this historical case. In particular, their divergences reflect different views about the mathematical model of the three-body problem; and, finally, different conceptions about the idea of 'solution' of a physico-mathematical problem. Sundman will always be known for his remarkable solution to the extremely difficult three-body problem, but he did other important work. Perhaps the most significant was his paper Plan d'une machine destinée à donner les perturbations des planètes Ⓣ (1915). E J Nyström describes the contents of this paper:- Sundman considers that the complicated calculations necessary to determine the perturbations caused by the planets on each other is work which could be carried out by means of a machine. Such a machine will necessarily be very complicated and Sundman describes the project in detail using well-known techniques and construction capabilities in a field unrelated to astronomy. . . . It is a matter of construction a machine for solving systems of second order differential equations. The machine is planned according to the principle of analogy, that is to say the mathematical operations are translated or represented on different parts of the mechanical system. Although designed to calculate astronomical perturbations, the machine essentially functions as an integrator for differential equations and could be used for a large number of other problems. Its adaptation for these other aims will be relatively simple to achieve. Let us note a few other publications by which appeared late in his career. He published La gravitationuniverselle et sa vitesse de propogation Ⓣ (1929), Démonstration nouvelle du théorème de Poisson sur l'invariabilité des grands axes Ⓣ (1940), and The Motions of the Moon and the Sun at the Solar Eclipse of 1945, July 9th (1948). In the 1940 paper Sundman gave a new and elegant demonstration of the theorem of Poisson on the invariability of the major axes of the planetary orbits which had been demonstrated in several ways. In Järnefelt describes Sundman's character:- Sundman had a very reserved character. He was always full of sympathy for his fellow man and hated publicity. This last statement suggests that Sundman may not have been pleased had he realised that 60 years after his death a biography describing his remarkable achievements would be placed on the web! Article by: J J O'Connor and E F Robertson

009_1961770

Hard like Diamond It doesn’t rust and produces hardly any brake dust. The Ever hear of WIDIA? Dr. Matthias Leber flashes a knowing smile. As a mechanical engineer and brake expert at the Sounds like alchemy What would happen if there were a brake that functioned nearly as well as a ceramic brake and had the same thermal stability but cost only about one-third as much, didn’t need racing pads, showed much less wear than a conventional gray-iron brake, produced hardly any brake dust, and didn’t rust? That sounds like alchemy—yet it’s serious technology from New technology developed for racing is often transferred to road vehicles. One example would be the Simply put, a brake disc made entirely of tungsten carbide would cost as much as several sets of ceramic brakes. Moreover, the technology wasn’t sufficiently advanced to bind tungsten carbide to a substrate—such as gray iron. But following a lengthy series of tests in close collaboration with Bosch/Buderus, Searching for the right composite “The pads required at least as much development effort,” says Leber. Laser technology and high-precision, automated production processes for a new type of disc are one thing. Pads with the right composite are another. A surface as smooth as a mirror needs a special pad that’s adhesive. Imagine running your finger with light pressure over a mirror; it doesn’t slide uniformly but instead keeps sticking for an instant. However, an overly soft pad on a very hard surface would wear down too quickly at high disc speeds. So the engineers added some very hard materials to the pad: microscopic particles that penetrate the tungsten carbide coating. These pads positively cling to the disc. “The result surprised us all,” says Leber. “We already knew that the brake would be good, but the first tests exceeded all our expectations. ” Thanks to the smooth surface, the full pad immediately starts covering the disc at low speeds. You could compare it to the difference between a vinyl record and a CD: unlike gray iron, tungsten carbide has hardly any grooves and is smooth as a mirror, so there are no hollows to reduce the total amount of surface area. When greater stopping power is needed at high speeds, the hard components of the pad throw out their microscopic anchors. “That, of course, means wear and tear,” says Leber. “It also means brake dust, but 90 percent less than what you’d get with a gray-iron brake. ” Moreover, the tungsten carbide discs have a service life 30 percent longer than their gray-iron counterparts. This puts their performance levels close to those of the PCCB, but at only one-third of the cost of the ceramic brakes. And the new brakes feel like the PCCB in practice. The pedal force remains constant, even when the brakes are hot. These brakes don’t show the dreaded fading behavior at high temperatures. On the contrary, they work all the more crisply at temperatures above 600 degrees Celsius. Clean as a whistle After around six thousand kilometers of normal use, the brake pads have polished the surface of the disc to a shine. Their color then matches the white ten-piston fixed calipers in the front and the four-piston fixed calipers in the rear, whose technology is familiar from the PCCB. But why white? Leber laughs. “If a brake produces practically no dust, you want to advertise that fact. My color proposal met with a lot of initial resistance. ” But after thousands of kilometers, the brakes on the new The PSCB will start as standard equipment only in the new By Thorsten Elbrigmann Photos by Frank Ratering

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What Is the Future of /mo9hsr-0md0? In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the future of /mo9hsr-0md0. This technology has the potential to revolutionize the way we live and work, but many people are still unsure about what it is and how it works. In this article, we will explore the basics of mo9hsr-0md0 and discuss its potential future applications. What is /mo9hsr-0md0? /mo9hsr-0md0 is a type of technology that allows for the creation of three-dimensional objects using a computer program. It works by building up layers of material until the desired object is created. This process is known as additive manufacturing and is different from traditional manufacturing methods, which involve subtracting material from a larger block. Current Applications of /mo9hsr-0md0 Currently, /mo9hsr-0md0 is being used in a variety of industries, including aerospace, automotive, and healthcare. In aerospace, it is being used to create lightweight parts that can withstand extreme temperatures and pressures. In the automotive industry, it is being used to create prototypes and custom parts. In healthcare, it is being used to create prosthetics and implants that are tailored to individual patients. The Future of /mo9hsr-0md0 in Manufacturing One of the most exciting potential applications of /mo9hsr-0md0 is in manufacturing. As technology continues to improve, it has the potential to completely change the way we manufacture goods. Instead of relying on large factories and supply chains, we could see a shift towards smaller, decentralized manufacturing facilities that are capable of producing goods on demand. The Future of /mo9hsr-0md0 in Construction Another area where /mo9hsr-0md0 could have a significant impact is in construction. Currently, most buildings are constructed using traditional methods, which can be time-consuming and expensive. With mo9hsr-0md0, it may be possible to create entire buildings using 3D printing technology. This could lead to faster and more affordable construction methods. The Future of /mo9hsr-0md0 in Medicine In the field of medicine, /mo9hsr-0md0 has already shown great promise. As mentioned earlier, it is being used to create prosthetics and implants that are tailored to individual patients. In the future, it may be possible to use /mo9hsr-0md0 to create entire organs for transplant. This could revolutionize the field of organ transplantation and save countless lives. The Future of mo9hsr-0md0 in Space Exploration Space exploration is another area where mo9hsr-0md0 could have a significant impact. Currently, most of the equipment used in space exploration is launched from Earth. With mo9hsr-0md0, it may be possible to create equipment and even habitats on other planets using local materials. This could make space exploration more affordable and sustainable. The Future of /mo9hsr-0md0 in Education As mo9hsr-0md0 becomes more accessible, it is also likely to have an impact on education. Students will be able to create their own models and prototypes, allowing them to learn about design and engineering in a hands-on way. This could lead to a new generation of innovators and entrepreneurs who are capable of using this technology to solve real-world problems. The Future of mo9hsr-0md0 in Art and Design Artists and designers are already using /mo9hsr-0md0 to create unique and intricate pieces. As technology continues to improve, we can expect to see even more creative applications. For example, it may be possible to create clothing and accessories that are tailored to individual customers using mo9hsr-0md0. The Future of mo9hsr-0md0 in Sustainability Finally, /mo9hsr-0md0 has the potential to play a significant role in sustainability. By using local materials and producing goods on demand, we could reduce our reliance on global supply chains and reduce our carbon footprint. Additionally, mo9hsr-0md0 can be used to create products that are designed to be recycled or biodegradable, further reducing our impact on the environment. In conclusion, the future of /mo9hsr-0md0 is bright. This technology has the potential to revolutionize a wide range of industries and change the way we live and work. As technology continues to improve, we can expect to see even more exciting applications in the years to come. Whether it’s in manufacturing, construction, medicine, or art, mo9hsr-0md0 is sure to have a significant impact on our world.

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Muslims embrace the taboo against pork because Which three places are major hearths (or nodes) of folk house forms in the United States? Neo-eclectic houses are called what? Small satellite dishes have made television a force for political change because Government censorship is much more difficult to enforce in countries without freedom of speech because of Which state contains the largest Amish population? The artistic custom of Tibetan Buddhists is to paint: According to the geographer Fred Kniffen, folk housing types found in the Ohio River Valley region originated in: The saltbox house type is most common to: One of the primary mechanisms by which popular culture is transmitted is: The peak of the popularity of the split-level house type was: A clothing style of popular culture that has diffused to much of the world is: The popularity of golf in the United States is greatest in: Country music originated in which hearth? Folk culture is an example of what? One of the strongest connections that tie people to a certain environment is what? What is not considered to be a fundamental part of evaluating the severity of overpopulation? Which of the most populous regions of the world has the least proportion of rural population? The areas of the world with the highest rate of natural increase are what? The first-listed country currently has the largest population, but, because of differing rates of population increase, the second-listed country will likely soon replace it as the most populous. What is the correct pairing? Population pyramids illustrate what? Population can be measured as a function of what? The largest desert region in the world extends from North Africa to Southwest and Central Asia, and is known as what? The number of people supported by a unit area of arable land is called what? What did the agricultural revolution bring with it? Are any countries still in Stage 1 of the Demographic Transition Theory? What is the most important factor in age distribution? The statistical study of human populations is: Some countries entered Stage 2 of the demographic transition after: Stage 2 of the demographic transition is characterized by a drop in the: The current population pyramid of the United States has a noticeable bulge in the middle, which is due primarily to: The United States takes a census of the population every: The fact that nursing homes in the United States have residents who are largely female is reflected in the population pyramid by the: The most common environmental threat to forced migration is what? What event in the United States during the first half of the 20th century caused significant internal migration? Internal migration can be divided into what two types? What are three major kinds of push-pull factors? What two countries have been especially prominent destinations for economic migrants? Why have years of out-migration in Scotland been stanched? International migration is primarily a phenomenon of countries in Stage 2 of the demographic transition and generally results in what? In what stage of demographic transition does interregional migration from a country's rural areas to its cities become important? The United States has had two main eras in immigration and these two eras drew migrants from different regions. What is the correct eras and regions. What European country that has sent the largest number of immigrants to the United States. During the third peak of immigration into the United States (1900-1915), from which regions of Europe did the majority come from? During the 1980s and 1990s, the three leading sources of United States immigrants from Asia were what? Immigrants cluster in communities where people from the same country previously settled. This type of clustering is called what? Citizens of poor countries who obtain jobs in Western Europe and the Middle East are known as what? From where did the "Mariel boatlift" originate? Opposition to immigration during the early twentieth century intensified in the United States when the majority of immigrants did what? What are the two main types of internal migration? Give an example of the most famous, large-scale U.S. internal migration. The low point of migration to the United States was: The country that has supplied the United States with the most immigrants is:

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Abiotic soil properties affecting interpretation of IRIS sensors in tidal and freshwater soils Date of Original Version Indicator of Reduction in Soils (IRIS) films are visual sensors used to document weakly or moderately reducing conditions in soils based on the reduction and removal of brown manganese (Mn) oxide or orange iron (Fe) oxide paints, respectively, from underlying white polyvinyl chloride (PVC) films. Paint removal is largely assumed to result from anaerobic microbial reduction using metal oxides on the PVC films as electron acceptors. If true, IRIS films could indicate conditions favorable to other biogeochemical processes that occur at similar redox potentials to those facilitating paint removal. Our objective here was to assess the effects of selected abiotic soil properties on IRIS film paint removal to determine whether removal can accurately be attributed to biotic processes alone. Through field deployments and laboratory incubation experiments using IRIS films, we investigated relative sulfide concentration and dissolved organic matter as two abiotic factors potentially capable of removing paint from Mn IRIS films. Our results showed that abundance of reactive soluble sulfides cause rapid and extensive abiotic paint removal from Mn films, whereas ambient concentrations of dissolved organic matter in freshwater wetland porewater does not drive abiotic removal. Furthermore, we found that the visible formation of black iron monosulfides on Fe films can be used to detect sulfide concentrations that will remove paint from Mn films. This study suggests that whereas some abiotic soil properties (e. g., sulfide concentration) can cause paint removal, IRIS films may be a viable tool to approximate biotic process rates where abiotic paint removal can be ruled out. Soil Science Society of America Journal Romero, Jasper, Katelyn Hino, Joseph Loffredo, Mark Stolt, Serena Moseman-Valtierra, Jose Amador, and Brett Pellock. "Abiotic soil properties affecting interpretation of IRIS sensors in tidal and freshwater soils. " Soil Science Society of America Journal , (2021). doi:10. 1002/saj2. 20293.

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There is a halo adjacent to the 22°-halo which can have different shapes. Its appearance changes subject to the sun elevation. At sun elevations of less than 32° this halo is called the upper and lower tangent arc to the 22°-halo, at sun elevations of more than 32° it is called the circumscribed halo. When the sun is low, the two “arms” of the upper tangent arc form a sharp angle. As the sun gets higher, they get closer and closer to the 22°-halo. At the same time they become longer, joining the lower tangent arc at a sun elevation of 32°. The complete ring now being formed is called the circumscribed halo. It touches the 22°-halo above and below the sun. First the circumscribed halo is of an oval shape. At increasing sun elevations its shape becomes more and more circular and gets closer to the 22°-halo. At a sun elevation of 70° the circumscribed halo almost covers the 22°-halo. Towards the sun its colour is reddish, while its outer rim is bluish. As well as the tangent arcs, the circumscribed halo has more intensive colours than the 22°-halo. Conversion of the tangent arcs to the circumscribed halo. Diagram taken from: Manual of Geophysics, Volume VIII, Page 1045 The tangent arcs and the circumscribed halo are caused by horizontally orientated column-shaped crystals. The refraction angle is 60°. The light enters one face of the prism and leaves the next but one. That is the same path the light takes when there are parhelia or the 22°-halo. The different halos result only from the different orientation of the crystals.

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Hinode Views the Sun's Surface Hinode's Solar Optical Telescope is the first space-borne instrument to measure the strength and direction of the sun's magnetic field in the sun's low atmosphere, also called the photosphere. This image from the Solar Optical Telescope shows a greatly magnified portion of the solar surface. Energy from below the surface of the sun is transported by convection and results in the convection cells, or granulation, seen in this image. The lighter areas reveal where gases are rising from below, while the darker "intergranular lanes" reveal where cooler gases are sinking back down. Image credit: Hinode JAXA/NASA/PPARC + View large image

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In 2007, a baseline survey was undertaken of almost 130 randomly chosen grassland parcels that had recently entered one of the HLS options HK6 (Maintenance of Species-Rich Semi-Natural Grassland) or HK7 (Restoration of Species-Rich Semi-Natural Grassland). These sites were resurveyed in 2014, to enable progress against the Indicators of Success set for these parcels/agreements to be assessed, and to obtain an overall assessment of the effectiveness of these management options, as applied at the outset of Environmental Stewardship. The survey involved condition assessment, recording of vegetation in permanent quadrats and soil sampling. This project produced the following outputs: |Submission of Final Report||Defra report/publication| The research underpins that: - Targeting is important – some sites have inherent constraints (such as high fertility), but where there is good management, high quality wildflower meadows can be restored from impoverished starting points. - Site preparation and introduction of appropriate species are key. - Effective cutting and/or grazing management is also important, particular during early stages. - To get the best results management may need to be adapted depending on conditions and circumstances. Other findings include that between 2007 and 2014, 25% of sites improved in condition, 64% remained in the same condition category and 11% declined. The overall net gain was +14. 4%. The most frequent reason for a site failing to meet good condition was too low frequency of high-value indicator species. The key factors identified for option success were careful targetting/initial assessment of site potential and active intervention, usually including seed introduction.

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Indigenous Picture Books Picture books are a wonderful way for young children to learn about themselves and learn about others. More and more picture books written for children by Indigenous authors are becoming available. How do you choose great books to share? Find suggestions in these five lists: - 14 inspiring children’s books from Indigenous writers - #IndigenousReads by Indigenous Writers: A Children’s Reading List - First Nation Communities Read - From Sea to Sea: Celebrating Indigenous Picture Books - Indigenous Books for the Early Years Here’s Monique Gray Smith reading her picture book, You Hold Me Up, which appears on many lists. The Canadian Children’s Book Centre has created a National Indigenous History Month Reading List that extends beyond picture books. For books to use with older children in school, the First Nations Education Steering Committee and First Nations Schools Association have created an online catalogue of Authentic First Peoples Resources (K-9). A summary of guidelines for choosing books for children with Indigenous themes or about Indigenous peoples can be found in How to Tell the Difference: A Guide to Evaluating Children’s Books for Anti-Indian Bias and Oyate’s Additional Criteria. Related Blog Posts Reading together is a wonderful family tradition, but only if children are enjoying it. A mix of the cozy and familiar with the unexpected and surprising can keep it fun … Reading SOS videos answer questions families have about supporting their children’s reading. Children often have favourite stories they can listen to again and again (and again! ). And while adults might grow tired of the repetition, there are good reasons for reading stories …

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October is Breast Cancer Awareness Month Many of you reading this post either currently have, have survived, or know someone who has been diagnosed with breast cancer. According to a 2005 report from the Institute of Medicine, roughly 2. 3 million women in the USA have or have had breast tumors. Increasing breast cancer awareness is a vital part of prevention as well as survival. Exercise and healthy eating may protect against breast cancer, its recurrence, and can help survivors rebuild their strength and energy. Are You Aware? Did you know that new research shows breast cancer occurs in African American women at an earlier age and has a higher rate of mortality than in white women? The American Cancer Society estimated more than 19,000 black women would be diagnosed with breast cancer this year. Even though that number represents 12% fewer occurances than in white women, it is the second-most common cancer among black women, surpassed only by lung cancer. “[Even after accounting for lower income and less access to strong health care,] poorer outcomes among African-American women persist. … There is also evidence that aggressive tumor characteristics are more common in African-American women than white women. ” (Source: Black America Web) Beating Breast Cancer Excerpt from the National Breast Cancer Awareness Month site: Breast cancer research has shown that obesity and weight gain can increase the risk of recurrence. They also raise the risk of other important disorders, such as heart disease and diabetes. An overall healthy weight loss program – one that includes low in fat and high in fruits, vegetables and whole grains – may protect against cancer. Women recovering from breast cancer are encouraged to follow established guidelines for good health. Working with a doctor is the best way for survivors to develop a safe nutrition and exercise plan that matches their needs. Exercise and Fitness Regular exercise provides real benefits to breast cancer survivors. A recent study in the Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, March 2007, showed that women with breast cancer that has spread beyond the breast may benefit from participating in a tailored yoga program that includes gentle yoga postures, breathing exercises, and meditation. In addition to helping maintain a healthy weight, physical activity such as yoga can increase strength and energy while reducing stress. Exercise can also reduce symptoms of fatigue, nausea and pain. So, choose an activity that suits you and get active! The American Cancer Society hopes the message that all women get from Breast Cancer Awareness Month is how important it is to keep informed about the risks and to be proactive in getting screened and treated. By Laura Brooks

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Nearly 70 per cent of American adults are overweight or obese, and Canadians aren’t far behind. But what if carrying a few extra pounds actually conferred some health benefits? Carl Lavie, a cardiologist at the John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute in New Orleans and a leading researcher in his field, is author of a new book, The Obesity Paradox. It explores surprising new research suggesting that, in some cases, overweight people might be the longest living of all. Q: As a cardiologist living and working in Louisiana, the most obese state in the U.S., you must see the impacts of obesity all the time. What led you to write this book? A: You’d think that the overweight and obese are always going to be doing worse. But the research that we’ve done, and others too, has shown that you cannot necessarily say that thinner is healthier. Fat has been demonized by our society, but our research shows that fat is not always the devil. In fact, fitness is much more important than being thin, with regard to long-term health outcomes. Q: You write that your patients who were overweight or moderately obese and had heart disease tended to do better than those who were thin—and that the same is true of those with arthritis, kidney disease, diabetes, cancer, HIV. That’s quite a list of conditions. A: It’s a lot of conditions, and it’s generally the case in older people in our society, too. If you just look at young people, there’s not nearly as clear a relationship between higher weights and better outcomes. But in many studies, normal-weight older people have a worse prognosis than those who are in the overweight range, or are very mildly obese. Clearly, I’m not trying to promote obesity. But in the U.S., three-fourths of our adult population are either considered overweight or obese, and many have tried to lose weight and been unsuccessful. What I’m saying is, it’s not necessarily doomsday for these people. They’re not dropping like flies. In fact, the worst prognosis is in the thin person who’s not physically active. They do worse than almost anyone else. If you’re fit, it doesn’t matter nearly as much what you weigh. Q: You cite a 2013 finding that people with a body mass index of 25 to 30, which is considered overweight, have the lowest mortality rate. [BMI is a measure of body fat based on weight and height; 25 or greater qualifies as overweight, while 30 or greater is obese. ] A: That was a meta-analysis of 97 studies of 2. 9 million people, and they analyzed greater than 270,000 deaths. They showed the absolute best survival was in the 25-to-30 BMI range. That group had a six per cent lower mortality than did the normal BMI group. Then the mildly obese, which is 30 to 35, had a five per cent lower mortality than did the normal-weight BMI, although that was not statistically significant. If you just looked at the obese, they had a higher mortality, but that’s because the mortality was considerably higher as you got to the 35-to-40 [BMI range], and especially above 40. Some use the term “morbidly obese” for that degree of obesity. That’s very important, because no one is saying that having a BMI above 40 can possibly be a good thing. Those people need weight loss, and many may benefit from bariatric surgery. But in the overweight and mildly obese, there’s very little data to prove that weight loss improves health outcomes. Now, if somebody wants to lose weight because they want to look better at the beach, or if they feel better at a lower weight because it’s easier on their back and hips, those are all different stories. But if they’re trying to lose weight so they can live longer, there’s very little evidence that’s the case in the overweight and mildly obese groups. In fact, there is some data to show that group actually does best. Q: We all tend to gain weight as we age, and you argue that maybe this weight gain serves a purpose—that it’s protective. A: That is definitely possible. In our society, the tendency has been to gain weight between the ages of 20 and 50. If someone’s thin but inactive, they may have a bunch of fat, even if their total weight is not high. That person is worse off than the person who’s got more meat on them [and who is fitter]. Q: Why would fat be protective? A: Say you have two people that both get a heart attack. One’s got a BMI of 33; one’s got a BMI of 23. The guy with the BMI of 33, let’s say, is a guy who finished high school and weighed 165 lb. , and then between the ages of 20 and 50, gained a lot of weight. Along with that, he got elevated glucose, bad lipids, a raised blood pressure, increased inflammation, and he was sedentary. That’s what led to the heart attack. Whereas the person who remained quite thin, if he got the same heart disease even though he looks healthier, he got the disease due to genetics. That genetic predisposition may be what’s causing him to have a worse prognosis. As a doctor, 15 years ago we would have felt the thinner one had a better prognosis. Now we know we need to worry even more about the thin person with heart disease. Q: For what other reasons do overweight or obese people fare better against disease? A: If you get cancer or HIV, or bad heart failure, you’ve got metabolic reserves to fight it. But I don’t think it’s as simple as just that, because why would it be the case for someone who got chest pain, found a blocked artery, got a stent put in and can go back to work in two days? He was fine the day before; he’s back to feeling good a couple of days later. Why, in that group, would the mildly obese and overweight also do better than the thin? [Lavie’s book notes that a person with strong bones and good muscle tone could very well have a high BMI, because bone is denser than muscle and twice as dense as fat. ] Q: Still, the “healthy obese” must be a small group. One study from York University found that just six per cent of obese people were metabolically healthy (normal blood pressure, healthy cholesterol and blood sugar levels). A: I think that there are other studies that show a much higher percentage. And there are a lot of thin [people] who are metabolically unhealthy. From a pure health standpoint, you’d rather have a BMI of 32 and be fit, than a BMI of 22 and be unfit. Q: You note that it’s possible to be “thin on the outside, and fat on the inside”—and that where fat is carried on the body is more important than how much you weigh. A: There is some evidence that the fat around your hips and buttock area can be protective. The worst fat is visceral fat, around the organs; it’s associated with more adverse health consequences. You can measure that by waist circumference. If men have waist circumferences greater than 40 inches, and women greater than 35, that’s a big waistline. Q: You extol the benefits of exercise, and you have run marathons—but your book also warns against the perils of extreme exercise. A: I certainly don’t want to discourage people from exercise. The fact is that we have a much bigger problem in this country with low exercise. But if you look at people doing a marathon, right after they finish, give them a blood test and you find that many release substances correlated with heart attacks and heart failure. If you study their hearts with fancy imaging tests, you’ll see that they dilate their heart right after the marathon [as do heart patients]. Normally that all goes away within days or weeks, but it shows there’s some acute damage to the heart with extreme exercise. If somebody just does one marathon, that’s one thing, but some people are doing 10 and 15 a year. Only 20 per cent of the country is meeting the minimal requirements for exercise, so it’s a really small number that’s doing excessive exercise. But the point we’re trying to make is that fat is not always bad, and exercise is not always good. You want to find the sweet spot for both. Q: Has this been a controversial message? A: Some people will hear us saying it’s OK to be obese, and they misunderstand. I still think in a perfect world, everyone would remain thin, fit and metabolically healthy, but that’s not what’s happened. What we’re trying to point out is that if the weight is not perfect, it’s not doomsday. It’s much more important to be fit than it is to be thin with regard to long-term health outcomes. That message doesn’t pertain to the extreme ends of obesity, like above a 40 BMI, the morbid obesity that is now reaching almost three per cent of the U.S. population. That’s a dangerous level of obesity. Q: In 2013, the American Medical Association recognized obesity as a “disease. ” What’s your view? A: There’s good and bad. The good is putting emphasis on it. The negative is it puts too much emphasis on weight as opposed to other aspects of health, particularly fitness and metabolic health. Low fitness would be a much more [severe] disease than being overweight and mild obesity. No one would argue that having a BMI above 40 is not a disease. But I think the argument is: Is it fair to count a BMI of 31 or 32—or 27 or 28—as a disease, when you’ve got data on 2. 9 million people showing that they have a survival rate that’s at least as good, maybe better [than those with a healthy BMI]?

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Corporates play a critical role in either damaging or protecting the environment. Here is how Candor TechSpace sets an example through its water conservation and recycling initiatives. When it comes to the motto, ‘Reduce, Reuse, Recycle’, how many of us implement this concept in the workplace? Fortunately, more and more companies are committing themselves to reducing, reusing and recycling resources. Candor TechSpace, for instance, makes efforts to demonstrate this philosophy by making all of its campuses as sustainable as possible. The aim is also to lower its carbon footprint and significantly reduce the amount of natural resources its campuses consume. Let’s focus on how Candor TechSpace is using less water to lighten the burden on Mother Earth. INTRODUCTION OF DRIP IRRIGATION In Candor’s campuses, the conventional watering systems for horticultural areas and green belts have been converted to drip irrigation. Drip irrigation can save water by allowing it to drip slowly to the roots of plants. Since the water goes directly to the plant’s roots, it minimises evaporation. Indeed, when it comes to Candor’s campuses, the drip irrigation system with its sprinkler-based facility has resulted in 50 per cent reduction of water usage for horticultural purposes. INSTALLATION OF EFFICIENT FAUCET AERATORS We can save water if we turn off the tap when not using it, but did you know that there are ways to save water when you turn on the tap too? In Candor TechSpace campuses, inefficient faucet aerators have been replaced with water-efficient ones to lessen water usage. This has resulted in reduction of water usage by 10 lpm (litres per minute) per faucet in every use. DEVELOPMENT OF GREEN BELTS Green vegetation cover is great for retention of soil moisture and recharging of groundwater. Candor TechSpace campuses have designated green belts or planned open spaces that are safeguarded from construction activities. The objective behind promoting the development of green belts in and around campuses has been to increase the water entrapment areas. Also, green belts reduce the suspended particles in the air since the dust settles down with the grass cover. Native species of plants have been planted in these green belts to increase natural recharging of groundwater through rainfall. IMPLEMENTATION OF RAINWATER HARVESTING PITS Rainwater harvesting pits allow the rainwater to replenish groundwater by recharging the underground aquifers. It can be built to help the water infiltration in an area. There are 27 operational rainwater harvesting pits in Candor’s campuses, each with a water-capturing capacity of 2-5 kl/hr. These pits are cleaned regularly to maintain their efficiency. RECYCLING OF THE WATER USED To save, recycle and reuse waste water, Candor TechSpace has also set up state-of-the-art sewerage treatment plants (STPs) across its campuses. After treatment, and a final check for the absence of pollutants and impurities, this water is used in diesel generating sets, and for watering plants, flushing toilets and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC). The STPs have made it possible to save 3,780 kld (kilo litres per day) of fresh water to be used in the campuses for these purposes. In fact, the total water requirement for these activities is presently being met by the recycled water. Efforts are made on a regular basis to maintain and upgrade the STPs, which in turn has reduced the demand for fresh water considerably. Candor TechSpace has come a long way with implementation of water conservation and recycling initiatives across its campuses. But it still has a lot more work to do in this regard, so keep watching this space for more on our journey of sustainability! In Candor TechSpace campuses:

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(I'm going to ignore the fact that it's the 15th, and I haven't yet cracked the book. I've been busy getting data. Give me a few days, mkay? ) I've been working on this yeast two-hybrid. It's the sexiest experiment ever, because it exploits the innate genetics in yeast for a truly holy purpose. And since I love it so much (I'd marry it, if I could), I'm going to explain it to you. The point of the yeast two-hybrid is to find out whether two proteins interact (bind) with each other. Background: genes are encoded in DNA, but genes are not always expressed. So a yeast cell can have a gene that codes for "survival in the absence of histidine" (the gene allows the yeast to make its own histidine, a nutrient), but the yeast will only survive in the absence of histidine IF the gene is expressed. More background: What determines whether a gene is expressed? There's a promoter region next to the gene which is responsible for promoting gene expression. So what usually happens is that a protein (called a transcription factor) will go to the DNA where the gene is, bind to the promoter region, and promote gene expression. The transcription factor has two parts to it: the DNA binding domain and the activation domain. (Go ahead, guess what they each do. ) And these parts are modular, so they can be separated into two different proteins and still work, as long as they can be brought next to each other. That is what happens in the yeast two-hybrid: You take your favorite protein A, and fuse it to the DNA binding domain. Then you take your favorite protein B, and fuse it to the activation domain. If proteins A and B bind to each other, the activation domain is brought into proximity to the DNA binding domain (which binds the promoter region), and the gene is expressed. You can then test for binding by testing whether the yeast grow in the absence of histidine. It's really very beautiful. So I'm doing this with six proteins: A, B, C, D, E, and F. And I'm looking for interactions between each possible pair. And a little more complicated than that. But I finally have all my preliminary data for that. And I can draw an interaction map, and it makes sense! It even agrees with previously published data (which isn't as definitive as mine). So I'm really very excited.

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The patients are said to have been ‘cured’ of HIV after receiving stem-cell transplants after they had been diagnosed with the blood cancer lymphoma, CBS News reports. The revelation was announced at the International AIDS Society conference in Kuala Lumpur. Dr Timothy Henrich, an associate physician at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, told the media that the men are no longer taking AIDS drugs. The first patient has been off treatments for 15 weeks and the other has been off for seven weeks, Reuters According to CBS News , these two men aren't the first to be ‘cured’ of HIV with this treatment. Timothy Ray Brown, a man who previously had HIV and leukemia, received a stem cell transplant from a person with a genetic mutation called delta 32 that made them HIV-resistant. Researchers in California found traces of HIV in his tissue in July 2012, but Brown claims that the any virus that remains is dead and can’t replicate. While reports suggest that a stem cell transplant is risky because it weakens the immune system , expensive and isn’t viable for HIV positive people “who can usually live normal, comfortable lives if they take antiretroviral drugs”, Dr Sharon Lewin, an infectious disease professor at Monash University in Melbourne told MedPage Today , “the next step is to confirm this in larger numbers. Lewin added that patients who undertake the treatment are “absolutely instrumental in moving the science forward”. The impact of HIV/Aids in the world Statistics by the World Health Organisation (WHO) indicate that today about 34 million people live with HIV/AIDS in the world. Africa continues to be more affected by HIV than any other region of the world, accounting for 69% of people living with HIV globally, says UNAIDS Although more research is being done on HIV treatments, this advancement is good news for South Africa, which has the largest anti-retroviral treatment program in the world. The fight against HIV also got a welcome boost this week as world health body WHO recommended that people with HIV receive treatment earlier. According to the new recommendations, governments must provide treatment when the patients’CD4 cell count drops to 500 cells. Currently in South Africa, patients start treatment when their CD4 cell count drops below 200. Speaking on news channel eNCA this week, Health Minister Dr Aaron Motsoaledi said they will move to adopt the new recommendations early next year. These new developments will certainly help HIV patients who receive treatment when their systems are already compromised. In the meantime, it’ll be interesting to watch if this stem cell transplant development will one day become a viable HIV treatment.

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The experiment tested 209 7th and 8th grade students in the U.S. on texts about the discoveries of Galileo OR the discoveries of Marie Curie. The texts were developed to be as similar as possible in terms of syntactic complexity, vocabulary, accuracy, and other measures, and vary only in whether the information was presented in a typical expository fashion or in terms of a personal story of the scientist. For example, one section of the expository text included this passage And with this simple, powerful tool [Galilean telescope], we can see many details when we use it to look up into the night sky. The moon may look like a smooth ball of light covered with dark spots, but on a closer look through this telescope, we can see deep valleys and great mountain ranges. Through the telescope, we can now see all the different marks on the moon’s surface When Galileo looked through his new telescope, he could see the surface of the moon, and so he began his first close look into space. He slept during the day in order to work and see the moon at night. Many people thought that the moon was a smooth ball with a light of its own. Now that Galileo had a closer look through his telescope, he realized that the moon’s surface had mountains and valleys. There's a case to be made that it also lends itself to a triumphalist view of science that is not accurate; scientists as heroes in an ever-progressing march towards Truth. Since Kuhn, that more or less Popperian view of science has been viewed as at least too simple, and more likely inaccurate. But if it helps middle schoolers understand science, I'm inclined not worry too much about that point. Instead, I'd like to broaden the view of "narrative. " (I made this point in Why Don't Students Like School.) You don't have to think of narrative just as the story of an individual or group of people; you can think more abstractly conflict, complications, and the eventual resolution of conflict as the core of narrative structure. I prefer to think of narrative in this broader sense because it is more flexible, and gives teachers more options, and also better captures the aspects of narrative structure that I suspect are behind the advantage conferred. Arya, D. J. & Maul, A. (2012). The role of the scientific discovery narrative in middle school science education: An experimental study. Journal of Educational Psychology, 104, 1022-1032.

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This California town ran its Chinese residents out. Now the story is finally being told. Tens of thousands of state residents, plus many millions of Americans, live in California. The region’s economy is a mainstay for the state, generating $300 billion a year in spending and supporting over 300,000 jobs. But California also has a long history of race relations. From the gold rush of the 1850s to the civil rights era of the ’60s, the state was a hotbed of racial strife. In recent weeks, those tensions have manifested themselves on a national scale as protests against police brutality took to the streets in various cities. The latest flare-up centers on the shooting of an unarmed black man last weekend in Ferguson, Missouri: An alleged police officer has been charged with murder after shooting 18-year-old Michael Brown, sparking renewed calls for change in policing and the criminal justice system. But as the racial divides in the American south were becoming more visible through the rise of civil rights, so too have they come to California. The state’s Chinese community has seen the most dramatic changes. In the decades that California has been under Republican rule, the Chinese population has fallen from about one million to about 100,000. Today, that number is about one-sixth of what it was a century ago. In a recent report about California’s Chinese history, the U.S. Geological Survey pointed to the recent drop in the state’s Chinese population as one of the key reasons. But the main reason may be that many Chinese Americans have left the state, moving to Texas or Florida for a better version of California. The state Department of Justice has also taken notice. It released an official report in March that detailed how the Chinese community in California has been a victim of its own success. The study concluded that the state’s Chinese-American population began dropping well before Asian immigration to California began. Those who moved out for a better life left behind more crime, such as the illegal selling of drugs, than immigrants. At

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At Midtown Dental, we can say with certainty that the number one way our patients neglect their oral health is by failing to keep a regular check-up schedule. Regular visits to your dentist are vital to maintaining your oral health –– even if you think everything is fine! Continue reading to find out why we recommend visiting us 1-2 times per year. Your dentist can see what lies beneath the surface. While you may not be experiencing any symptoms, there is a lot that could be happening with your teeth. As we age, our gums can begin to recede, often without us noticing. This can cause sensitive teeth, cavities, and more. The exposed tooth is far more susceptible to harm than the rest of the tooth and succumbs to damage more easily. Your dentist will take x-ray images of your teeth to see what is happening below the surface, and they can even detect cavities forming between the teeth. Your dentist uses this technology to find and diagnose issues that are invisible to the human eye, such as bone density, softening between teeth, and damage to the teeth from trauma or bruxism. Prevention is the key to oral health. Dentists can detect underlying issues in your mouth, including inadequate oral hygiene habits, cavities forming, and more severe conditions we don’t often consider, such as oral cancer, disordered eating, and infection. In all cases, prevention is the best treatment, and this is only possible with regular visits to your dentist. 3 common oral conditions that can be avoided with regular dental check-ups. This is the cumulative result of tartar build-up. Caused primarily by inadequate oral hygiene habits which cause sticky plaque to form a hard acidic barrier on the teeth. This tartar irritates the gums and causes inflammation. Gingivitis, the beginning stages of gum disease, is fairly common and includes symptoms such as bleeding during brushing or eating, sensitive teeth, and reddened gums. Luckily, when caught in these early stages, the effects of gingivitis can be dramatically improved. Your dentist will be able to identify gingivitis and give you tips for improving your oral hygiene. Those with gingivitis may be asked to increase their visits to the dentist to track progress and healing. Cavities are often the result of the build-up of plaque, a sticky microbial coating that forms on the teeth. Tartar is the hardened plaque that forms after 72 hours with no brushing and can only be removed by the dentist. In tandem, plaque and tartar break down the enamel and create tiny openings that allow bacteria into the soft dentin layers of our teeth. Using x-ray and visual inspections, your dentist can prevent or mitigate the damage caused by a cavity with regular cleaning and fillings. While enamel damage is permanent, fillings offer a way to prevent further decay. It is essential to visit your dentist before cavities become more serious, and more costly interventions (such as crowns and root canals) are necessary. This condition, often attributed to stress and as a side effect of some prescription medication, causes trauma to the teeth through clenching or grinding –– often during sleep. Your dentist can spot the tell-tale signs of this condition and help to mitigate it through several treatment options from a mouth guard, massage, and, in more extreme cases, botox. With covid-19 protocols in place, you can visit us safely! There’s no need to avoid your regular dental appointments during this time, as we strictly adhere to all covid-19 protocols. Your safety and oral health are our priorities. Schedule your appointment today and speak to your dentist about your oral care routine –– we’re here to answer all of your questions.

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[Harvard University] it is observed that younger patients are much better than adults in post transplantation recovery and Current statistics project a more successful picture with a reduced mortality rate for bone marrow transplantation at 5%. Also, this is a relatively new procedure with a total of only 200 people with the sickle cell disease having undergone it. [Debby Golonka] With the advancements in genetic science the search for a cure to sickle cell disease by way of gene therapy is ongoing. It has been many years since researchers cloned the beta globin gene and current research is focused on the locus control region and the use of adeno-associated viruses as vectors. Research is also focused on inserting the AAV into pluripotent stem cells so as to trigger the synthesis of healthy beta-globin naturally. However, there are still a lot of biomolecular mechanisms involved that need to be clearly understood before gene therapy can be offered as a solution for sickle cell disease. One important problem for example, is overcoming the immune response to the viral vector. [Harvard University] Like any other debilitating disease there are definitely psychosocial issues associated with the Sickle cell disorder. The fact that the disease is genetic and more common within one particular community (African-American community) has its own implications. African-American people with the disease may feel marginalized and discriminated both with the insurance and the employment sectors and this fear maybe either perceived or real. These problems may get amplified in the absence of adequate counseling services. From the individual patient's perspective the impact of the debilitating nature of the disease results in fear and poor self-esteem. In some cases faced with a disease that has no cure, children discontinue their education and are totally unprepared as adults to face the challenges of life. Severe stress and disempowerment is associated with the disease both in the patient as well the family. The frequent pain crisis and the incurable nature of the disease and the imminent early death cause immense suffering and stress within the family. [Janice H. Schopler, 1990, pg 85] It is not uncommon that people with sickle cell disease avoid their disease status from their prospective employer for fear of not being picked. . . The frequent pain episodes and the time off from work create stress in patients, which adds to their fear of losing their job. Such patients who suffer from frequent bouts of pain and other disabling symptoms need vocational rehabilitation. Patients with severe disabilities associated with the condition may be employed in sheltered workshops. [Walter C. Stolov, 2000, pg 362] Sickle cell disease is a distressing and debilitating genetic disorder with associated psychosocial implications as with any other chronic incurable disease. Besides a risky bone marrow transplantation there is no real hope for a complete cure with other interventions. Pharmacological therapy is thus largely focused on symptomatic management and reducing the discomfort and pain for the patient. Drugs such as Hydroxyurea, Erythropoietin, Nitric Oxide, etc. have so far shown considerable success in palliating the symptoms. Screening for babies and administering prophylactic doses of antibiotics is found to be promising in avoiding opportunistic bacterial infections and reducing associated infant mortality. The development of gene therapy for sickle cell disease is still underway and though researchers have successfully cloned the beta globin long back they are still a long way from understanding the complex biochemical and molecular mechanisms, a knowledge of which is necessary before gene therapy could be an answer to sickle cell disease. The psychosocial implications of the condition assume greater significance for counselors and rehabilitators. The fear and stress associated with a chronic disabling condition have to be properly ascertained and proper counseling and supportive therapy provided in order to improve the quality of life for the affected individual. CDC, 'Sickle Cell Disease', retrieved on Feb 10th 2008, at http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/sicklecell/hcp_data.htm Allan Platt, 'Emergency Management of Sickle cell Disease', Retrieved on Feb 10th 2008, from, http://www.emorypa.org/LAPAsicklehandout.doc Nemours Foundation, "Sickle Cell Disease', Retrieved on Feb 10th 2008, at http://www.kidshealth.org/parent/medical/heart/sickle_cell_anemia.html Doris L. Wethers, M.D, (2000), 'Sickle Cell Disease in childhood', Published by American Family Physician, Retrieved on Feb 10th 2008, from, http://www.aafp.org/afp/20000901/1013.html SCDAA, (2005) 'What is Sickle Cell Disease', Retrieved on Feb 12th 2008, from, http://www.sicklecelldisease.org/about_scd/ Harvard University, (2000), 'Management of patients with Sickle Cell Disease', Retrieved on Feb 12th 2008, at http://sickle.bwh.harvard.edu/scdmanage.html#top Debby Golonka, (2007) 'Bone Marrow Transplant for sickle cell disease', Retrieved on Feb 12th 2008, from, http://www.peacehealth.org/kbase/topic/detail/other/hw254074/detail.htm Janice H. Schopler & Maeda J. Galinsky (1990), "Groups in Healthcare Settings," Haworth Press. Walter C. Stolov, Michael R. Clowers, (2000) 'Handbook of Severe Disabilities: A Text for Rehabilitation Counselors," Diane Publishing This is often associated with an infection by Parvovirus B-19. The bone marrow's replacement of the cells is disrupted. This usually manifests with a rapid drop in hemoglobin levels. Luckily, this condition is usually self limited, and the treatment is mostly supportive. Recovery is usually heralded by an increase in the reticulocyte count. In children and in adolescents, sickle cell disease causes growth retardation, a delay in the manifestation of Sickle Cell Anemia: Ethical Considerations The only known cure for sickle cell disease is hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). Survival rates after HSCT are high, almost 100%, with cure rates of more than 90% (Nickel, Hendrickson & Haight, 2014; Nickel & Kamani, 2017). To receive HSCT most successfully, the donor is ideally a HLA-identical sibling. This raises several ethical concerns. The most pressing of all ethical concerns related to HSCT is Sickle Cell Disease Recent years have seen a number of different investigations of the issues involved in the transition of care -- from pediatric-oriented to adult-oriented services -- for those who suffer from sickle cell disease. Although different researchers have taken a number of different approaches to the question, which I hope to survey in order to provide some report on the current state of opinion regarding transition of care, all III. Considering Current Challenges As noted during the introductory chapter of this proposal, children routinely note how their parents cope with pain; their particular pain coping styles. During the implementation of this proposed study, this researcher expects to create a questionnaire. . . exploring the way parents of adolescents afflicted with SCD personally handled their pain. Both parents and adolescents will be solicited to contribute to the following components will the condensed/adapted to The use of hydroxyurea and postoperative heparin prophylaxes were also included in the recorded observations made by the researchers. Standard statistical techniques including regression analysis were used to determine the levels of correlation that existed between transfusion therapy, pharmaceutical use, and complications. Materials As this was a retrospective study that did not involve any direct experimentation or even direct observation, the materials used were rather minimal compared to many other clinical Sickle cell anemia according to the U.S. National Library of Medicine/National Institutes of Health - NLM/NIH (2013), "is a disease in which your body produces abnormally shaped red blood cells. " As the NLM/NIH further point out, the cells produced in this case ordinarily have a crescent-like shape. The red blood cells of an individual usually have a disk-like shape. It is this disk like shape that enhances and eases their

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Every year, the United States sets aside certain days to mark the historical events and principles we value most as a nation. The fall harvest festival of Thanksgiving honors the example set by America’s earliest settlers, for example. Independence Day in July celebrates our founding as a free nation, and the sacrifices of those who died in military service defending ours and other’s liberties are marked every May on Memorial Day. On the second Monday of October we commemorate the voyage of discovery by Europeans to the Americas and the man who led it, Christopher Columbus. In a larger sense, though, it is a celebration of the cultural diversity brought by the waves of immigrants who followed the Italian explorer to these shores and the strength that their diversity has brought our nation. That heritage is enshrined on our nation’s Great Seal with the Latin inscription E Pluribus Unum: Out Of Many, One. On October 12, 1492, three ships commissioned by the king of Spain made landfall among the outer islands of what is now the Bahamas chain in the Caribbean Ocean. Their commander, Columbus, had been tasked with finding a faster, more direct route from Europe to the trading centers of Asia. Instead, he found for Europeans an entire new world. Columbus was a child of the Renaissance, a revival of the learning, culture and spirit of ancient Greece and Rome, notably preserved by Muslim scholars. The invention of the printing press in 1440 spurred a revolution in communication and learning. The works of the ancient Greek philosophers and other classical thinkers were widely published, and many began to question age-old assumptions about the physical world and human relations. The "new learning," as it was called, led men to question authoritarian political systems based on the so-called "divine right" of kings. English political philosopher John Locke argued that all legitimate government rests on the "consent of the governed. " He wrote that religious faith is a matter of individual conscience, not state direction, and that where one faith is persecuted, no faith is secure. Empowered by these ideas, thousands upon thousands of Europeans followed Columbus’ path to new lives in the new world. Asserting the right of all men to freedom, they established the United States and transformed a wilderness into the freest and most productive nation in history. It is that legacy that we celebrate today.

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Dear Fellow American, It is one of the most revered classics of American literature, and yet it has been banned in thousands of public schools across America. Of Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Ernest Hemingway once said, “All modern American literature comes from one book by Mark Twain called Huckleberry Finn.” Unfortunately, political correctness has taken this literary classic out of the hands of far too many young Americans. Here at Hillsdale College, we’re working to safeguard the legacy of this treasured classic, along with the legacy of the man regarded by many as America’s greatest author. That is why I want to offer you a special, newly-released DVD box set of Hillsdale’s popular online course, “Mark Twain: Tom Sawyer, Huckleberry Finn, and Selected Short Stories” today. Twain’s realist fiction reveals timeless truths about human nature and encourages reform in the reader and society. After all, while American life has dramatically changed since the 1800’s, human nature has not, making Twain’s work as important as ever. With memorable humor and simplicity, he reveals fundamental truths not just about us as Americans, but about the human condition. That’s why we decided to develop this online course to explore Twain’s writings more deeply. Now, we have created a special DVD version of this course that includes all nine lectures in the course. I’d like to send this DVD box set to you right away, as our way of thanking you for supporting Hillsdale’s online courses with a gift of $100 or more. These online courses, including “Mark Twain,” are funded by generous donors like you. Your gift will help Hillsdale College maintain its independence from every penny of taxpayer funding, and continue to reach and teach millions of Americans with these free online courses and other educational programs. Reserve your DVD set now using this secure link, while they last: https://secure.hillsdale.edu/support-hillsdales-online-courses-mark-twain-dvd. Larry P. Arnn President, Hillsdale College Pursuing Truth—Defending Liberty since 1844 Hillsdale College 33 East College Street Hillsdale, MI 49242 USA

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Researchers at University College London and University of Cambridge say mammals with large brains may have evolved their larger brains due to the long-term investment of maternal care. The British researchers focused on analyzing brain sizes of 197 marsupial mammals, such as kangaroos and possums, and 457 placental mammals, such as cats, dogs, and horses. They found marsupial brains to be of equal or even larger size than those of placental mammals. A competing theory attributes larger brain size in mammals to metabolism. Physorg.org reported there has been such a focus on metabolic rate and brain size, that the role of maternal care has been overlooked. Dr. Anajali Goswami said, “If we take primates out of the equation, we discover that marsupials, despite having much lower metabolic rates, have similarly sized brains, or sometimes even bigger brains, than their placental mammal counterparts. So clearly, evolving big brains is not just about having a high metabolism. Instead, it seems maternal care is the most consistent factor driving the development of big brains across all mammals. ” (Source: University College London) Marsupial brains experience the most growth after birth, and placental brains during gestation. For marsupials, the British research may show the long lactation and period of maternal care is a critical phase of brain development. Primate brains grow during gestation and after birth from maternal care. Research about metabolic rate in orangutans appears to be in alignment with British marsupial study. Orangutans were found to have a very low metabolic rate, and yet are one of the most intelligent mammals. Research from decades ago used inanimate fake mother figures with baby rhesus monkeys. It found the baby monkeys chose a non-feeding fake mother made from terry cloth over a wire fake mother which provided food. This research also found without the comforting aspect of a soft mother presence the babies experienced high stress, which interfered with their development.

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Saturday, June 22, 2013 All Kinds of Brain-Training Exercises ---for You & Your Child! Recently, medical experts in the field of neurology (science of the brain) have made an important discovery. Your brain is an organ that possesses what is called plasticity. This means that it is mold-able and can be strengthened or even changed. The neurons in your brain, and their connecting synapses, can actually be re-arranged to promote faster, more efficient learning. Cognitive brain training exercises take advantage of this plasticity. At the same time, did you know that playing a game of Hopscotch, Four Square or even Jumping Rope can also help improve your brain? Yes! These games and others like them can actually exercise your brain as well---as the rest of your body---and improve its function. This happens through the mastering of hand-eye coordination, balance, sequencing and other skills that promote brain connectivity or the crossing of the brain’s mid-line, a necessary part of brain training. So, this week’s article is all about resources for improving brain function both with specific, physical exercises and with other brain-building activities. By adding a few of these to your and your child's daily regimen, you'll both be ready for just about any cognitive skill workout. What's more, your child's next school year could be even more productive! Do them together, and imagine what great things could develop for BOTH of you! Physical Activities to Improve Brain Function 10 FREE Brain Gym Exercises (Downloadable Handout)—by Colleen Evans, Ph.D. Physical Exercise for Brain Health Other Brain Training Activities 25 Sites and Tools to Exercise Brain VIDEO: Best iPad Apps for Kids: Brain Training Games This is the easiest way to find the right apps for your child. Over 500 iPad app reviews broken down by child's age and topic. What's hot? What's FREE? Direct Link to Related Site Providing the Apps & App Reviews BEST Brain-Training Apps for More FOCUS! For information on customizable reading tools: www. FocusandRead. com Tools for struggling readers of all ages! www. BrennanInnovators. com Info & support for struggling readers Image courtesy of: https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=168407373334202&set=pb.165629486945324.-2207520000.1371949346.&type=3&theater

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Alternative Pain Treatment There are as many alternative pain treatment options these days as there are standard medical treatment options. Not everyone subscribes to the “drugs and surgery” mindset for treatment of their joint pain issues. They would much prefer to engage in more natural, non-medical or surgical options before considering “the knife” or the use of medications that may have harmful side effects. The following are examples of alternative pain treatment options available today: Acupuncture is an ancient Chinese medical treatment characterized by the use and insertion of several fine-gauge, “filiform” needles, strategically placed around the body in locations where they can stimulate physiologic responses in other areas. Many times they are inserted into the skin at points called “meridians”, or “acupressure points” which seem to control many bodily functions and responses. Examples include treatments for headaches, smoking, and pain relief. Many people seek out this alternative form of pain management because it has literally no adverse side effects. Treatments can have moderate lasting effects without the potential hazards of chemical medications. Therapeutic acupuncture, in the properly skilled hands (mostly in China), is frequently used successfully as a form of anesthesia for certain surgical procedures. What is Glucosamine? Glucosamine, another alternative pain treatment option, is a natural compound that is found in healthy cartilage. Glucosamine sulfate is a normal constituent of glycoaminoglycans in cartilage matrix and synovial fluid. Available evidence from randomized controlled trials supports the use of glucosamine sulfate in the treatment of osteoarthritis, particularly of the knee. It is believed that the sulfate moiety provides clinical benefit in the synovial fluid by strengthening cartilage and aiding glycosaminoglycan synthesis. If this hypothesis is confirmed, it would mean that only the glucosamine sulfate form is effective and non-sulfated glucosamine forms are not effective. Glucosamine is commonly taken in combination with chondroitin, a glycosaminoglycan derived from articular (joint surface) cartilage. Use of complementary therapies, including glucosamine, is common in patients with osteoarthritis, and may allow for reduced doses of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Glucosamine and Chondroitin are not subject to scrutiny by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), therefore effectiveness can only be documented anecdotally (from personal experiences). Typically, one hears many good things about these supplements Common trade names for these compounds include: Osteo-Biflex, Cosequin, Cartiflex, Glycoflex and many others too numerous to include. They can come in capsule or pill form, chewable candies, and even liquid drinks. Magnetic therapy refers to the application of either electro-magnetic devices or “static” magnets to the human body for the alleged purpose of enhanced health, various types of healing, and/or general revitalization. The static magnets come in a wide variety of products, from wrist wraps to king size mattresses and everything in between. There are literally thousands of companies and products available in the marketplace. In the USA, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), maintains no clinical control over the manufacture or sale of these products, except to say that it is not legal for companies or individual sales persons to make any medical claims from the use of these products. That being said, millions of people have used, and reportedly benefited from, these alternative pain treatment products. Most information is anecdotal and not clinical or objective, but that does not seem to dull the overall public impression that these products do indeed help people, by their own accounts. The alternative health and medicine industry is astoundingly huge, with millions of products and companies all claiming to improve health and restore vitality. Some technologies such as acupuncture and massage therapy are grounded in clinical proof and are highly regarded, while other less objective-results-oriented products and techniques are judged by personal experiences. The take-home message here is to thoroughly research a product or company before trying these products. Because of the overwhelming number of testimonials and personal feedback that is circulating on the Web these days, it seems that a great many people feel these products help. Leave Alternative Pain Treatment; return to Home Page

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My baby's tongue seems to be tethered to the floor of her mouth. Is this normal? It's not uncommon. If the connecting skin under your baby's tongue (a membrane called the frenulum) is short or extends too far toward the front of her tongue, she has a condition called ankyloglossia, or tongue-tie. About 4 percent of babies are born with tongue-tie, which seems to run in families. There are degrees of tongue-tie, depending on how close to the tip of the tongue the frenulum reaches. Some babies have just a bit more attachment than is ideal, while others have a membrane that's attached all the way to the tip of the tongue. The tongue may appear to have a heart-shaped edge because the frenulum is pulling the center of the tongue back. Will tongue-tie cause problems? It can. Many cases of tongue-tie correct themselves during a baby's first six weeks, as the structure of the mouth changes, and some babies learn to adjust to a tongue-tie that doesn't go away. But because tongue-tie limits the range of motion of a baby's tongue, the condition can cause problems with feeding, swallowing, and speech – not to mention licking an ice cream cone down the road. Will my baby's tongue-tie interfere with breastfeeding? It could. She may have no problem at all, or she may have trouble moving her tongue in the wavelike motions necessary for effective breastfeeding. (Getting milk from a bottle doesn't take the same maneuvering, although some tongue-tied babies even have difficulty bottle-feeding. ) Other factors come into play as well. The shape of your breasts, the size of your nipples, and the elasticity of your breast tissue may also affect your baby's ability to nurse with a tongue-tie. - Here are some signs that your baby's tongue-tie may be causing feeding problems: - She repeatedly breaks suction while feeding. - She makes clicking noises while feeding. - She's gaining weight too slowly. - You experience nipple pain when she nurses. (She may be chewing rather than sucking in her effort to access the milk. ) - Your milk supply is dwindling. Can tongue-tie be corrected? Yes, tongue-tie is easily corrected with a simple, safe, and immediately effective surgical procedure called a frenotomy. The doctor numbs the membrane with a topical anesthetic, then snips it with a pair of blunt-edged scissors. It takes just a second, and doctors say it's less traumatic than an ear piercing. Some parents report that their babies didn't even cry during the procedure, and others say the discomfort seemed minimal. If you're at all concerned about your baby's tongue-tie, talk with her doctor about it. If it's interfering with your baby's feeding, ask to have it snipped. Your baby's doctor can probably do the procedure in his office, but if not he can refer you to someone who can. If you can see that your baby's tongue-tied, mention it to her doctor, even if she's feeding just fine. The doctor can help you decide whether it's serious enough to interfere with speech development or cause other problems later on. A pediatric dentist can weigh in on whether the condition might affect the development of your baby's mouth or teeth.

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A new study shows failure to properly restrain children in carseats or a seatbelt remains a leading cause of death for children involved in motor vehicle accidents. As reported today on the Well blog, the death rate decreased from 2002 to 2011, but thousands of children under 12 unfortunately died because they were not buckled in. Using a carseat or seatbelt could have saved many of those lives: In 2011, 33 percent of children who died in motor vehicle accidents were not buckled in. While only 2 percent of children under age 1 rode unrestrained, 22 percent of those in that age group who died were unbuckled. An estimated 3,308 children under 4 are alive today because they were properly buckled in. “We can do more to help protect our children on the road,” [lead author Erin K. Sauber-Schatz, PhD] said “We have to make sure that children are buckled into age- and size-appropriate seats and seatbelts on every trip, no matter how short the trip. ” Many hospitals, including Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital Stanford, offer car seat installations and inspections for new parents. Previously: Precious cargo: Keeping kids safe in cars and planes Photo by Kari Bluff

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Video SparkNotes: John Steinbeck's Of Mice and Men summary Of Mice and Men (Paperback) John Steinbeck, Writer: A Biography. Of Mice and Men is a novella written by John Steinbeck. American Library Association, Benson explores. Curley, in the classroom, and Carlson arrive seconds after. Curley uses his aggressive nature and superior position in an attempt mjce take control of his father's farm. Video Clear Your Schedule It's not like you have anything better to do with the next minutes than watch the full-length adaptation. About This Guide This teaching guide helps instructors use a specific primary source set! Early in the novel, when Lennie likes to pet soft things, Steinbeck is using what technique? Lennie wanders into mive stable, the bitter, private individual behind many Clear Your Schedule It's not like you have anything better to do with the next minutes than watch the full-length adaptati. The Dr. Benson explores An in-depth study of the shy. Published in and set during the Great Depression of the s, Of Mice and Men explores the themes of loneliness and isolation. In a time when every man is for himself to survive, George and Lennie travel together and take responsibility for each other. Because the novella is told in six parts, where each scene has a specific setting and the plot is chronological and dialogue driven, it has also been frequently adapted for the stage. Its first production in was written and produced by Steinbeck, himself. Of Mice and Men is still widely-taught in high schools across the United States eighty years after publication, not only because it is part of the literary canon, but because Steinbeck has packed so many literary devices and complex social issues into a tiny little package. The reader is fascinated by a certainty of approaching doom. Here he is in the trailer for the movie, two years before losing his legs in 's Forrest Gump. They had fled from Weed after Lennie touched a young woman's dress and would not let go. Steinbeck's Centennial Series? However, he changed the title after reading Robert Burns 's poem To a Mouse. Benson explores. Action Crime Drama. Show More.That was something like being chosen for Oprah's book club. Her husband, Curley, Topoli. George must always A Iranian fi. About the Author. Las uvas de la ira The Grapes of. George Milton Ray Walston ! Cite this set.

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|CATEGORY: art history / paintings| |To mount a work of art in a hanging scroll *kakemono 掛物, handscroll *kansubon 巻子本, framed picture gaku 額, screen *byoubu 屏風, sliding door panel *fusuma 襖 or album *jou 帖 format for display or preservation. During the Nara and Heian periods, mountings were called soukou 装こう and were primarily for sutra scrolls. In the Kamakura period, the term hyouhoe ひょうほえ was used, and the work of mounting sutras was performed by professional craftsmen called *kyouji 経師. During the Muromachi period it became popular to use Chinese brocades for mounting Chinese and Zen 禅-related paintings and calligraphy. How art was mounted in ancient times is unclear, as no examples have survived and there are few written records on the subject. However, from the 13c there are numerous examples of hanging scrolls depicted within handscrolls. One such scroll, the Tale of Hungry Ghosts GAKI ZOUSHI 餓鬼草紙 (Tokyo National Museum) hung in front of a Buddhist temple in the late 12c. This scroll is mounted simply with decorated silk or paper added at the top and bottom edges of the painting. A rod is attached to the bottom of the scroll. A hanging scroll depicted in the 14c Pictorial Record of Honen Shounin handscroll Hounen Shounin eden 法然上人絵伝 (Chion-in 知恩院, Kyoto ; See *Hounen 法然), is decorated on all four sides with silk and paper. It appears from these and other examples that the earliest hanging scrolls were simpler and smaller than they are today. Before the shoin style of architecture *shoin-zukuri 書院造 was developed in the Muromachi period, hanging scrolls were hung from the *nageshi 長押 or horizontal crossbeams inside the buildings. In buildings of the shoin style, they were displayed in alcoves *tokonoma 床の間, usually in sets of three. Geiami 芸阿弥 (1431-85) established aesthetic precepts for the mounting, selection and appreciation of hanging scrolls. His personal taste in mounting later became standardized through names such as *yamato hyougu 大和表具, shin 真 gyou 行 sou 草, and *bunjin hyougu 文人表具. | (C)2001 Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System. No reproduction or republication without written permission.

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COUNTRY PROFILE ON UNIVERSAL ACCESS TO SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS : BANGLADESH This study explores the barriers and impediments that women and girls in Bangladesh are facing that make it difficult for sexual and reproductive rights (SRR) to be realized. While the country mandates inclusion of curricula on sexuality and reproductive health (SRH) in formal and non-formal education sectors, the matter is generally weakly addressed, resulting in young people of 10-19 (constituting one third of the entire population in Bangladesh) who have limited knowledge of SRH issues including contraception, sexuality, family planning and sexually transmitted diseases. Improving Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights for Rohingya Refugees and Host Communities In August 2017, widespread violence carried out with “genocidal intent” in Myanmar forced 745,000 Rohingya to flee to Bangladesh and settle in camps in Cox’s Bazar. Fifty-two percent of the refugee population there are women and girls. Those of reproductive age are in dire need of emergency and longer-term sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) services. Many have additional needs related to sexual trauma experienced in Myanmar and/or in Bangladesh. For many, these needs are not being fully met due to implementation and access barriers. This report provides an overview of key gaps in SRHR care in terms of access, capacity, data, and services. Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights This paper presents the vision and position of the Liliane Foundation with regard to SRHR, and has been written for the international development community, government officials and Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) both in the Netherlands and the global South. This report calls on NGOs and decision makers not to leave children and young people with disabilities behind when investing in SRHR, and to remind NGOs that strive for the inclusion of people with disabilities that SRHR is also an important aspect of human development. Exploring Disability Across Intersections of Gender and Sexuality This paper looks at the multiple ways disabled men and women navigate, negate and reinforce societal norms around sexuality and sexual desire. It draws insights from the one year scoping study titled ‘Exploring sexuality of physically disabled people through photo narratives in Bangladesh’ conducted by BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka. The study looked at how physically disabled individuals between the ages of 20 – 40 years positioned across rural and urban backgrounds, understood and expressed notions and expectations of love, romance and intimacy through photography.

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1 Answer | Add Yours When a big war like World War I ends, the servicemen do not immediately return home. There is a long period of processing and transporting thousands of men back to the U.S. There is also the question of occupying conquered countries and enforcing the terms of surrender. No doubt the American government wanted to maintain a presence in Europe after going to the huge expense of sending a large army over there. It is a complicated and slow process. Krebs could not return to the United States until his division of the Marines was sent back from Germany in 1919. He enlisted in the Marines in 1917 and did not return to the United States until the second division returned from the Rhine in the summer of 1919. . . . There is a picture which shows him on the Rhine with two German girls and another corporal. In the meantime many other soldiers were being mustered out and sent home. Just because the Germans had surrendered did not mean that all the Allied armies could automatically turn around and go home. Evidently Germany was not occupied after World War I, as it was in World War II for many years, but troops were stationed along the Rhine river, which marks the western boundary of Germany. Presumably there was a chance that the Germans might break the peace treaty and invade France again if there was nothing to prevent them from doing so. The military rule had to remain in force until a stable new German government had been established. Unfortunately the new order in Germany did not last very long. By the mid-1930s Hitler was coming into power and he had grandiose plans involving a much greater war than World War I had been. Krebs had no choice about when to come home. He was just obeying orders. He was only a corporal. He couldn't ask questions and wasn't given any information. We’ve answered 319,639 questions. We can answer yours, too. Ask a question

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Performed under a microscope, a selective peripheral neurotomy is a procedure in which nerves that contribute to spastic and dysfunctional limbs are "cut back. " This reduces spasticity and allows more normal functioning of that muscle. Cutting a portion of the nerve reduces the “noise” being relayed back to the spinal cord which causes the spasticity. However, during a selective peripheral neurotomy, enough remaining nerve is maintained in order to control the muscle and avoid paralyzing it. Furthermore, the muscle is preserved and there is no need to cut or lengthen the tendon. Is This Procedure For You? Depending on the specific patient and their medical history, selective peripheral neurotomy may be appropriate for a brain or spinal cord injury as a result of stroke, tumor or trauma. People with cerebral palsy, or multiple sclerosis may also benefit from this procedure. More Effective Than Botox Selective peripheral neurotomy is a more effective, longer lasting alternative to Botox injections. Essentially, anyone who gets some benefit from Botox treatments can realize more relief of spasms with selective peripheral neurotomy. Simple and Safe Selective peripheral neurotomy is a relatively simple procedure; no special post-operative care is required as the sutures are absorbable. Rehabilitation can begin 72 hours after the procedure. Selective peripheral neurotomy may restore hand and arm movement as well as improve walking in select patients who have brain or spinal cord injury as a result of stroke, tumor or trauma.

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What are the 5 debates in psychology? 5 Core Psychological Debates - Nature vs. Nurture. - Materialism vs. Constructionism. - Person vs. Situation. - Consistency vs. Change Across Development. - Cultural Universals vs. Cultural Variability. What are some current debates in psychology? Debates and Issues in Psychology - Mind Body Debate. One of the central questions in psychology (and philosophy) concerns the mind/body problem. - Nature vs. Nurture. - Reductionism vs. Holism. - Idiographic vs. Nomothetic. - Psychology as a Science. - Free-will vs. - Animal Research. - Gender Issues. What are the 3 major issues in psychology? Understand the three major issues in development: continuity and discontinuity, one common course of development or many unique courses of development, and nature versus nurture. What is the biggest debate in psychology? There are a lot of great debates in psychology. However, many would agree that one of the most contested is the nature or nurture debate. Who was the first female psychologist? Margaret Floy Washburn Margaret Floy Washburn was the first woman to earn a doctoral degree in American psychology (1894) and the second woman, after Mary Whiton Calkins, to serve as APA President. Who wrote the first psychology textbook? One possible answer would be “William James,” who wrote the first psychology textbook, Principles of Psychology, in 1890. Who was the first psychologist? Wilhelm Wundt opened the Institute for Experimental Psychology at the University of Leipzig in Germany in 1879. This was the first laboratory dedicated to psychology, and its opening is usually thought of as the beginning of modern psychology. Indeed, Wundt is often regarded as the father of psychology. Who discovered psychology? |Known for||Experimental psychology Cultural psychology Structuralism Apperception| |Fields||Experimental psychology, Cultural psychology, philosophy, physiology| |Institutions||University of Leipzig| What are enduring issues in psychology? The five issues, person- situation, nature-nurture, stability-change, diversity-universality and mind-body, all involve decifering how a human develops or behaves.

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Life Span: long-lived perennial Size: Height: 1-2 (4) ft Width: 1-3 ft Flower Color: yellow Fruit Color: red Noted for: Showy flowers, showy fruits, thorns, interesting foliage Recommended Uses: Can be used as a small specimen plant or as a low-growing hedge that is sure to keep out intruders. Considerations: Thorns! This plant has thorns and prickles that will attack the unwary. They make weeding difficult, and the plant needs to be where no one will accidentally step on it. Propagation: Fragments of an existing plant. Salt Tolerance: Moderately salt tolerant Soil or other substrate: Sand Attracts a variety of insects, especially native bees. Nectar plant for dotted skipper (Hesperia attalus) butterflies. Native Habitats: Scrub, scrubby flatwoods, sandhill, xeric disturbed areas. Distribution and Planting Zones Natural Range in Florida USDA zones are based on minimum winter temperatures Suitable to grow in: Ethnobotany:Hispanic people use a fruits (called tunas) to make jams and syrups. They also slice the pads (nopales) into thin strips, grill them, and serve with a lime juice. Other Comments:Rarely grown but worthy of consideration in hot dry locations where the thorns are not an issue or are an asset. One of several cactus species that is attacked by the cactus moth, Cactoblastis cactorum, which arrived in Florida in 1989, and this invasive species has become a serious threat to the diversity and abundance of Opuntia cacti in North America. If it become a problem on an Opuntia used in landscaping, it is best treated by manual removal as insecticides can also kill native butterflies and pollinators.

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Lifestyle was originally coined by Austrian psychologist Alfred Adler in 1929. The current broader sense of the word dates from 1961. In sociology, a lifestyle is the way a person lives. A lifestyle is a characteristic bundle of behaviors that makes sense to both others and oneself in a given time and place, including social relations, consumption, entertainment, and dress. The behaviors and practices within lifestyles are a mixture of habits, conventional ways of doing things, and reasoned actions. A lifestyle typically also reflects an individual's attitudes, values or worldview. Therefore, a lifestyle is a means of forging a sense of self and to create cultural symbols that resonate with personal identity. Not all aspects of a lifestyle are entirely voluntaristic. Surrounding social and technical systems can constrain the lifestyle choices available to the individual and the symbols she/he is able to project to others and the self. The lines between personal identity and the everyday doings that signal a particular lifestyle become blurred in modern society. For example, "green lifestyle" means holding beliefs and engaging in activities that consume fewer resources and produce less harmful waste (i. e. a smaller carbon footprint), and deriving a sense of self from holding these beliefs and engaging in these activities. Some commentators argue that, in modernity, the cornerstone of lifestyle construction is consumption behavior, which offers the possibility to create and further individualize the self with different products or services that signal different ways of life. Subscribe to rss feed

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When you’re out and about enjoying the summer, it’s essential to take care of your eyes. A great way to maintain eye health during the summer is to be aware of some of the unique risk factors which may be noticeable during certain activities like attending outdoor events, sports, and other recreational activities. Below are some basic summer eye protection tips: - Be sure to wear goggles when you are participating in summer sports such as swimming, water skiing, or other water sports. Chlorine in water can cause eye irritation. Be sure to avoid swimming while wearing contact lenses, and remove lenses before using a hot tub or showering. - If you wear contact lenses and frequently swim, consider getting prescription swimming goggles. They are usually available at a modest cost and can help you avoid the inconvenience of having to constantly remove your contacts prior to swimming. - Hay fever can cause symptoms that affect your vision such as itchy eyes along with sneezing, runny and itchy nose, and breathing difficulties. If you get hay fever, be sure to avoid pollen as much as possible by keeping windows closed and keeping surfaces in your home clean. - Wearing sunglasses is essential to protect your eyes from UV radiation when you are outdoors. It’s also important to wear them to limit your exposure to pollen and other allergens if you get hay fever. - Be sure to wear sunglasses to protect your eyes from long term eye problems that result from excessive sunlight exposure such as cataracts. We hope this list of eye care tips can add to what you already knew, and that you use these to protect the health of your eyes.

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Have you seen the movie "The Wizard of Oz? " In the movie, the main character Dorothy and her dog Toto are carried away by a tornado and end up in a fantasy land called Oz. While this is a great film to watch, it is not quite accurate; tornadoes do not safely carry people to magical places. In fact, they can be extremely dangerous! Also known as a twister or a cyclone, a tornado is a rotating funnel of air that is in contact with the ground, and they usually form during very strong thunderstorms. Thunderstorms form when a warm front meets a cold front. When the two fronts meet, if the change of wind direction and speed is strong enough, then the air will start rotating and form a tornado. Tornadoes are the fastest winds on earth, sometimes reaching speeds up to 300 miles per hour! They are so strong that they can pick up and destroy cars, houses, and even buildings! While tornadoes can be really cool to watch, you should never get near a tornado! Instead, you should immediately find shelter. If you want to find out how to protect yourself from a tornado, watch intense tornado videos, and learn all the fascinating facts about tornadoes, lightning, and thunderstorms, you are definitely at the right place here at Kids Ahead! Title picture by Justin1569 at en. wikipedia. Did you know that it was possible for rain to be different colors? Scientists didn't! There was milky rain falling from the s. . . Dr. Winn will discuss the history of thunderstorm and lightning research at Langmuir Laboratory, and will focus on natural . . . Do you want to learn how to predict changes in the weather? Learn how different atmospheric pressures affect weather, and lea. . . Lightning struck when Dr. Josh Wurman landed on the Discovery Channel's reality series Storm Chasers and the IMAX film Forces.. .

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Solar desalination plant shows promise The WaterFX solar thermal desalination plant, and it has been turning salty, contaminated water into ultra-pure liquid for nearly a year. It’s the only solar-driven desalination plant of its kind in the country. The solar desalination plant produces water that costs about a quarter of what more conventionally desalinated water costs. ($450 an acre-foot versus $2,000 an acre-foot. ) An acre-foot is equivalent to an acre covered by water 1 foot deep, enough to supply two families of four for a year. This is about $18. 75 per month for a family of four. That makes it a more economically attractive option than any of the 17 conventional desalination plants planned throughout California. The way the solar plant works is simple, which is why the water it produces is cheap. The solar plant uses tainted water through a series of pipes and tanks that heat it. The heat comes from the plant’s huge, parabolic-shaped solar reflector, which focuses the sun on a long tube containing mineral oil. That heated tube in turn creates steam, which condenses the brackish water into usable liquid, separating out the minerals. More conventional desalination plants – such as a $1 billion operation being built near San Diego – use a reverse osmosis process, in which brackish water is forced through screens to filter out the contaminants. That requires a lot of energy, which is why it is more expensive. WaterFX’s pilot plant cost $1 million in state grants to build last summer. The expansion of the 36-plant complex would cost as much as $30 million, which Mandell is working on raising. John A. Peters

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Scientists Discover Plastic-Eating Bacteria That Can Save Our Planet The new species, Ideonella sakaiensis, breaks down Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) – used extensively worldwide to package bottled drinks – by producing two enzymes capable of hydrolyzing PET and the reaction intermediate, mono-(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalic acid – MHET for short. Both enzymes, according to Japanese scientists, are required to enzymatically convert PET efficiently into its two environmentally benign monomers, terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol. Terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol are then used by the bacteria as an energy source. For five years, the researchers collected 250 samples of PET debris from soil and wastewater from a PET bottle recycling plant in Sakai, Japan. They scanned these samples for bacteria that could eat PET and discovered that Ideonella sakaiensis could fully break down a thin film of low-grade PET after six weeks at a temperature of 30°C. Genetic and biochemical analyses identified two key enzymes involved in the breakdown of PET. One enzyme worked with water to break down the plastic into an intermediate substance, which the other enzyme broke down into PET’s basic building blocks, the scientists said. Study co-author Kohei Oda, an applied microbiologist at the Kyoto Institute of Technology in Japan, commented: “The bacterium is the first strain having a potential to degrade PET completely into carbon dioxide and water… In the future, we would like to “improve the ability of the microorganisms to degrade. We hope that we can develop a technology to handle such a lot of wasted PET. ” Scientists have long searched for a biological agent that could effectively degrade PET’s tough crystalline structure. However, they had only found a few species of fungi that could partially break down the plastic. The discovery of Ideonella sakaiensis is, therefore, a step in the right direction. An elated Oda said: “I was very surprised to find micro-organisms that degrade PET, because so far, it has been said that PET is a non-biodegradable plastic. ” Natures way of fighting back? "Could a new plastic-eating bacteria help combat this pollution scourge? " https://t.co/BbtnDHbvqJ — Pooja Bhatt (@PoojaB1972) March 11, 2016 While the new discovery holds exciting possibilities for the harmless breakdown of PET, lead author Dr Shosuke Yoshida said that it was not as simple as unleashing armies of PET-metabolising bacteria into landfills to break down waste plastic. “Because of its crystal structure, the rate of degradation is very slow. However, after heat-treatment at 260 degrees, the crystal structure breaks down, allowing these micro-organisms to easily decompose the plastic. ” Insisting that the enzymes and processes would need refinement before they could be useful for industrial recycling or pollution clean-up, Professor Kenji Miyamoto from Keio University, one of the authors of the study, remarked: “It’s difficult to break down highly crystallized PET. Our research results are just the initiation for the application. We have to work on so many issues needed for various applications. It takes a long time. ” PET is the most recycled plastic in the US but recycling rates still only reach about 31% nationwide. The European Union recycles roughly half of its PET. Even so, tens of millions of metric tons of the plastic wind up in landfills each year, where the polymer’s strong ester bonds resist breakdown. According to the World Economic Forum, PET makes up almost one-sixth of the world’s annual plastic production of an estimated 342 million tons. Despite PET being considered one of the world’s most environmentally damaging but also one of the more commonly recycled plastics, the World Economic Forum reports that only just over half is ever collected for recycling and far less actually ends up being reused. It’s thought that plastic bottles take 450 years to break down, and although some plastics do degrade quicker in the ocean, this just leads to more chemical pollution. In 2010, eight million tons of plastic trash ended up in the ocean from coastal countries. If the ongoing practice of dumping plastics continues, the WEF recently warned, there will be more plastic than fish calculated by weight in the world’s oceans by 2050. Discovery of Ideonella sakaiensis could be really good news for the environment considering the fact that our plastics are now littering the streets, filling landfills and cluttering up the oceans. As Science Alert observes: This opens a whole new approach to plastic recycling and decontamination. At present, most plastic bottles are not truly recycled. Instead they are melted and reformed into other hard plastic products. Packaging companies typically prefer freshly made ‘virgin’ plastics that are created from chemical starting materials that are usually derived from oil. The PET-digesting enzymes offer a way to truly recycle plastic. They could be added to vats of waste, breaking all the bottles or other plastic items down into easy-to-handle chemicals. These could then be used to make fresh plastics, producing a true recycling system. This Article (Scientists Discover Plastic-Eating Bacteria That Can Save Our Planet) is free and open source. You have permission to republish this article under a Creative Commons license with attribution to the author and AnonHQ. com.

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Patient zero was probably in Puna, a lush, wild district not far from Volcanoes National Park on Hawaii’s Big Island. In 2010, the U.S. Forest Service and University of Hawaii started getting calls from distraught landowners in the area about ohia trees on their properties. Ohias, the bright, flowered trees that dominate nearly 50 percent of the island-state’s forests, are known for their ability to thrive nearly anywhere across the archipelago. But a swath of them had withered mysteriously and died in a matter of weeks. It perplexed Flint Hughes, a Forest Service ecologist on the Big Island. Groves of aging ohia trees, which can live for 600 years, often die off together when they reach old age, but these were young trees that had turned brown and wilted. More calls started coming in from across Puna, all reporting the same problem: the ohias were dying, fast. The Forest Service was stumped. It wasn’t until 2013, when Hughes and another ecologist checked on a particularly resplendent patch of forest owned and protected by the private Kamehameha Schools system, that the severity of the matter became apparent. The two men had been there a month earlier checking on seedling mortality. But rather than gazing at a grove of healthy trees, they stood over an ohia graveyard. The trees were alive a couple weeks ago, Hughes remembers thinking. “That was the alarm going off. ” Hawaii is a veritable bastion of sub tropic flora and fauna, and the Forest Service has addressed numerous ecological crises in the 57 years since the island cluster earned statehood. But whatever was killing the ohia threatened to leave much deeper wounds. The trees are a keystone of the islands’ native ecosystem—they make up a huge majority of its canopy, and provide coverage for low-lying plants and food and habitat for honeycreeper birds—and are central to native Hawaiian culture. In ancient Hawaii, ohia was a byword for strength, sanctity, and beauty, says Sam ‘Ohu Gon, senior scientist and cultural advisor for the Nature Conservancy of Hawaii. Ancient Hawaiians used the tree’s strong wood in canoes, spears, and homes; it was also the premier material used in temples, offering platforms, and oracle towers. When an ohia tree was removed from the forest for carving into an idol of the warrior god, Ku, tradition demanded a human sacrifice. “It’s a fundamental part of the intellectual foundation for Hawaii,” says Gon. “You can tell the whole history of Hawaii with ohia,” Hughes adds. In 2012, diseased ohia covered about 2,300 acres in Puna. By 2014, dead ohia littered more than 15,000 acres of pristine rainforest. The disease was marching across the island of Hawaii, uncontained. Terrified the scourge would spread to other islands, the state government formed task forces and funded studies. And yet, the disease remained a mystery. The very basics—the mechanism that causes the affliction—were unknown. Was it caused by volcanic activity? Seismic damage to roots? No one knew. It was maddening, Hughes said. “The trees that get hit by this become the breeding ground—they become the vectors. They sustain the disease so it can kill other trees around it. It’s really diabolical. It’s a lot like other pathogens that impact humans," Hughes says. “I refer to it as ‘tree Ebola’ in talks if I really want to get people’s attention. ” For 70 million years, Hawaii existed in relative isolation. The plants and species that slowly arrived on this collection of volcanic rocks in the middle of the Pacific hitched rides on traveling birds or floated in on the waves. Over millennia, they evolved into completely unique species, unseen anywhere else on earth. The list of Darwinian creations on the islands includes the ohia tree. It’s not surprising, then, that the arrival of man irrevocably altered this tropical Eden. We introduced deer that trampled through the undergrowth; pigs that ate ground-nesting birds; weeds that choked out native plants; fire ants that roam the beach. The ecological history of Hawaii, especially in today’s globalized world, is a story of continual invasion. “We’re the invasive species capital of the world, I’m sure,” Hughes says, laughing. The cause of the disease, it seemed safe to assume, was another invader from beyond the breakers, imported by us. But still no one was sure just where it came from or how it got there. By 2014, ecologists at the Forest Service and University of Hawaii tropical forest extension in Hilo knew they needed help, says J.B. Friday, an extension forester with the University of Hawaii College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources. Lisa Keith, a plant pathologist with the USDA Agricultural Research Service, got the call from a researcher at the university who had found fungi in samples of dead ohia. Could she take a look? “We needed to learn as much as we could as fast as we could,” she says. She began by taking the samples and performing “tree autopsies. ” The inside of the ohia were discolored and showed signs of infection. The killer, it appeared, was clogging the tree’s vascular system, shutting off its water supply. “There was a lot of stuff growing” inside the trees, Keith says, “but we’d constantly find Ceratocystis fimbriata. ” A strain of C. fimbriata, a fungus and plant pathogen, was introduced to Hawaii decades ago, but records showed it had only attacked sweet potatoes. No one had ever seen the fungus do something like this to ohia. Keith introduced pure cultures of the fungus into healthy ohia seedlings and waited. For months, nothing happened. Then one day a symptom appeared—browning leaves, discolored bark—and within one to two weeks the plant was dead. The fungus was likely a new strain of C. fimbriata, Keith and researchers realized, never before seen in the wild. It turned out the fungus could incubate inside trees for years (two to five for mature ohia), reproducing and slowly colonizing the ohia. “The tree can survive for a while—until it’s finally had enough,” Keith says. The finding was dramatic: it’s exceedingly rare to discover a fungal strain attacking a new species (or “novel pathogenicity,” to the scientists involved), let alone to make the discovery in just a matter of months. As for the disease’s origin, no one could be sure, but experts assumed the fungus hadn’t originated in Hawaii. Keith and her cohort called the plague “Ceratocystis Wilt on Ohia,” but Hawaiians came to know it by a different name: Rapid Ohia Death. Finally the disease had a name and officials had some inkling of what they were dealing with. State agricultural and forest employees quickly alerted the public and, in the summer of 2015, they implemented an island-wide quarantine to prevent to the spread of Rapid Ohia Death, or ROD, from the Big Island to any of Hawaii’s smaller islands. “Ohia trees cover more than one million acres statewide and ohia is widely considered the most important forest tree in Hawaii,” Suzanne Case, the head of the state’s Department of Land and Natural Resources, told the press. “They are so important for protecting our forest watersheds that it’s necessary our approach to combating this disease involves the highest levels of government and include non-government agencies. ” The fungi spreads like a virus, so transporting infected ohia wood to a new area could spell disaster. (In quarantine inspections of ohia wood leaving the island, Hughes says, about 60 percent is infected with ROD. ) It is so tenacious, Keith and officials believe, the fungus can be transmitted through dirty tools, like chainsaws, and even woodland creatures or the wind, since the microscopic fungal spores need only a small wound to enter new trees. If nothing else, Keith’s studies showed how aggressive the fungus was. The question became not How do we cure ROD? Keith says, but “How can you slow its spread? How can you manage something like this on a large scale? ” Greg Asner is up in the air every morning by 7 a. m. hunting for ROD. The skies are clearest early, he says. A Carnegie Institute for Science researcher and Stanford professor, the ecologist is in high demand around the world. Last year, Asner used laser-guided imaging spectroscopy to check the water level in trees in California’s drought-starved forests. In Hawaii, where he’s lived for over 30 years, Asner flies a custom-built lab through the sky. He retrofitted a hulking twin turboprop Dornier Do 228—a utility plane with enough room for 28 passengers—and packed its fuselage with high-tech imaging equipment to take the vital signs of foliage below. The silver and green “Carnegie Airborne Observatory” can identify trees under “physiological stress,” i. e. starved for water and potentially suffering early stages of ROD. Until Asner took up the case in January, all the surveys of ohia on the Big Island had been distinctly low-tech—ecologists either looked for browned trees in a helicopter or trudging through thick forests, looking for dying trees. The view from 6,000 feet has not been good. The extent of the disease is “worse than people think, even worse than Flint [Hughes] knows—and Flint knows better than anyone," Asner says. “I’ve worked on invasive species for 20 years, and I’ve just never seen anything this virulent. ” But Asner, in his flying laboratory, isn’t just counting the dead. He is mapping out where trees are surviving the fungus. It’s part of a nascent, last-ditch plan from Keith, Hughes, Friday, and their respective departments to help the trees save themselves. It’s an idea, Asner says, that he can’t get out of his head: “We go out there, find the survivors, direct Flint’s field team to go collect seeds, then get Lisa [Keith] in there to find out physiologically why there might be resistance in there. ” “Just like when the Bubonic plague was going through Europe and people were dying by the millions, there were those that pulled through,” the Nature Conservancy’s Gon says. “They were the progenitors of the population after. ” University of Hawaii conservationists are already seeking funding to collect ohia seeds for a seed bank, in preparation for the tree’s potential extinction. The plan to find the survivors won’t take effect until summer, at the earliest. Until then, Hughes and the teams of scientists working on ROD have their work cut out for them. In January, officials confirmed the disease had spread to Hawaii Volcanoes National Park and near the Kona District, home of the Ironman championships. If the disease continues unabated, it will redraw the landscape of Volcanoes National Park and beyond. “Worst case scenario is that it spreads statewide and it decimates all of our ohia forests,” Robert Hauff, forest health coordinator at the state Department of Land and Natural Resources, told reporters in December. “It's a pretty bleak picture. ” There have been some successes, though. The fungus has so far been contained to the Big Island, which seems to experts like a minor miracle, and a public awareness campaign has residents chipping in to prevent the spread and protect one of the island’s most storied trees. In the beautiful grove of ohia trees where Hughes first realized the severity of the disease four years ago, ROD has taken its toll. The Kamehameha Schools, which owns the forest, understood the importance of the ohia, Hughes says. Before the outbreak, the schools' land manager was working to protect the forest from another invader. “They were in the process of putting in a very expensive feral ungulate-proof fence around the entire parcel” to keep wild boar and other non-native hooved animals from wrecking the ecosystem, Hughes says. Today, the state-of-the-art fence stands around an area decimated by ROD, protecting nothing. After the mechanism of ROD was finally unraveled, the Kamehameha land manager was devastated. "He just about broke down in tears," Hughes says. Had his fencing spread the fungus? Was he to blame? The Forest Service veteran did his best to assuage the land manager’s guilt. The disease was completely absent four years ago, he said. No one could have known. Last month, in hunting for the source of the fungus, Keith and her colleagues identified what they think may be its origin in Hawaii. The pathologists have found strains of the deadly fungus in a South American species of ornamental vine—the kind you'd install in your garden to give it that "tropical" feel—imported and sold in nurseries on the Big Island. It's just another plant humans have brought to the Aloha State, Hughes says. “We’ve been playing Russian Roulette with our ecosystem for decades, if not centuries,” he says. “In terms of blame," Hughes says, "we are to blame, unfortunately. ”

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Budgerigars (Budgies) are parakeets that originate in Australia, budgies are nomadic they need to fly a long way in search of food and water. This means they are very active little parrots with energy to burn and curiosity to match. Things you might need - Bird Cage - Food – seed mix, grit, treats - Food and Water Containers - Perches and Stands - Iodine Bell - Wormer/Mite and Lice Spray/Sulpha - Perch Covers and Grit Sheets - Vitamin Supplements You should try to supply your budgies with as large a living area as possible, this means the largest suitable cage you can afford, the cage or aviary should be furnished with safe perches, feed and water bowls and a few carefully selected toys. Budgies are very agile and playful pets and you can easily keep them entertained with a few well-chosen toys. As budgies live in flocks they have a need for social activities. So unless you are home most of the time and are able to give your budgie regular time out of its cage with you, you would be better to get another budgie for companionship. Hand tame budgies are absolutely delightful to have out of their cage with you, they will climb all over you and generally make it difficult to ignore them.

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Surviving the Winter Trees are typically considered to be composed of at least 50% water. During the winter low temperatures can cause the water inside your tree to freeze. Unfortunately, trees don’t have the ability to move or flock to warmer climates so they have to survive on their own. Thankfully snow keeps at least the bottom of the tree insulated from the more extreme temperatures. However, the trunk and crown are left at the mercy of Mother Nature. In order to survive the cruel winter your tree starts its energy storing process in the end of the summer. There are three main methods used by trees to prevent the freezing of its cells. The first is to convert its starches during the fall to glucose which operates as an anti freezing agent. The second method is that the tree transforms its membranes during the transitional period so that they are more flexible. This process makes the water inside the tree able to move between membranes without becoming still and vulnerable to freezing. The third process is that the tree’s cells will become viscous in order to prevent solidifying. For the most part these three methods are used by all trees in order to prevent freezing during the winter.

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Find what you need in our searchable FAQ. 31700 views | Last updated on May 15, 2018 contact reserve dvds cds popular call number articles children Research catalog interlibrary loan get it books ill research copyright locations Reference fair use Librarian videos periodicals bibliography databases librarians Questions magazines assistance journal citation images The library has an extensive collection of over 200 databases. These databases can serve as indexes for citations and abstracts, as well as a repository for ebooks, full-text articles, data sets, photos, and other information. Generally you can use the Articles & Books tab on the library's home page search box to find articles and citations. Using this feature will search UMD’s extensive collection of digital articles, ebooks and books, as well as other content. (Please note that not all databases and resources are indexed by this aggregated search engine, so you may need to search specific databases. ) After your first search, you can use the options on the left-hand side of the screen (example below) to narrow down to just articles. For a more focused search, you can look into a specific database for articles. Click on the Databases link on the library homepage. If you have a specific database you want to search or that is recommended to you, you can find it by title, or if you want to search a wide range of resources, choose Databases by Subject.

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Squeals of Delight LA Opera's 'Hansel and Gretel', enjoyed by MARIA NOCKIN During the 1890s, when verismo operas with their melodramatic plots were popular in Italy, German audiences were calling for romanticism and operas written by local composers. Early in the decade, a German homemaker and mother named Adelheid Wette wrote a play based on one of the 'Fairy Tales' collected by the Grimm Brothers. She intended it to be performed at a holiday family gathering and she asked her brother, a professor of music, to write four songs to be sung during the performance. The result of this request would eventually become the opera we know as Hänsel und Gretel. Wette's brother was, of course, Engelbert Humperdinck (1854-1921) who wrote his first and by far most successful opera in response to her request. It would eventually bring him fame and financial independence. Because she knew her audience, she toned down the more frightening aspects of the tale. She introduced such child-friendly characters as the Sand Man and the Dew Fairy and brought in the chorus of children at the end. Her brother was so enchanted with her work that he chose to make it a fully orchestrated opera in his late romantic musical style. A scene from Los Angeles Opera's production of Hansel and Gretel. Photo © 2006 Robert Millard Hänsel und Gretel was always considered a Christmas piece and it received its première at the Court Theatre in Weimar on 23 December 1893. The conductor, Richard Strauss, called it 'a masterwork of the first rank'. Humperdinck was to write a number of other operas, but none of them are regularly performed. He did, however, have a pupil who would become a famous composer: Kurt Weill, who wrote Mahagonny and The Threepenny Opera, among other operas. Graham Clark as the witch and Lucy Schaufer as Hansel in LA Opera's 'Hansel and Gretel'. Photo © 2006 Robert Millard Hänsel und Gretel was the first opera heard on the radio. On 6 January 1923, it was broadcast from Covent Garden. A few years later, on 25 December 1931, this work inaugurated the ongoing series of Metropolitan Opera Broadcasts when it was beamed to 190 stations across the United States. Copyright © 9 December 2006 Maria Nockin, Arizona USA

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Nursing, Portal:Nursing/Nursing history , Nursing home , Nursing diagnosis , Nursing school , Nursing informatics , History of corsets is a profession focused on assisting individuals, families in attaining, re-attaining and maintaining optimal health and functioning. Modern definitions of nursing define it as a science and an art that focuses on promoting quality of life as defined by persons and families, throughout their life experiences from birth to care at the end of life History of nursing thumb|right|200px|A Nurse with a hospital ship . ">[U.S. Navy recruiting poster from World War II. It shows a Navy Nurse with a hospital ship In premodern times, nun s and the military often provided nursing services. The religious and military roots of modern nursing remain in evidence today. For example, in Britain, senior female nurses are known as "Sisters". Florence Nightingale is regarded as the founder of modern nursing, which flourished in response to the Crimean War . New Zealand was the first country to regulate nurses nationally, with adoption of the Nurses Registration Act on the 12th of September 1901. Ellen Dougherty was the first Registered Nurse For more information on prominent nurses, both historical and contemporary, see articles on individual nurses . There are also articles on nursing museums on Wikipedia. Many of these museums, such as the American Museum of Nursing , have online galleries. see also|Timeline of nursing Nursing as a profession Nursing, like all professions, is based on the ideal of service to humanity. The practice of nursing involves altruistic behavior, is guided by nursing research and is governed by a code of ethics Nursing continues to develop a wide body of knowledge and associated skills. There are a number of education al paths to becoming a professional nurse but all involve extensive study of nursing theory and practice and training in clinical skills The authority for the practice of nursing is based upon a social contract that delineates professional rights and responsibilities as well as mechanisms for public accountability. In almost all countries, nursing practice is defined and governed by law and entrance to the profession is regulated by national, state, or territorial boards of nursing. The American Nurses Association has defined nursing as "the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations. " [ANA. Nursing's Social Policy Statement, Second Edition, 2003, p. 6 & Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice, 2004, p. 7. ] based Royal College of Nursing offers this definition: Nursing is "The use of clinical judgement in the provision of care to enable people to improve, maintain, or recover health, to cope with health problems, and to achieve the best possible quality of life, whatever their disease or disability, until death. " [http://www.rcn.org.uk/downloads/definingnursing/definingnursing-a5.pdf RCN (2003) Defining nursing Retrieved October 2006] Nursing theory and process In gereral terms, the nursing process is the method used to assess and implement interventions, and evaluate the outcomes of the care provided. Like other disciplines, the profession has developed different theories derived from sometimes diverse philosophical beliefs and paradigm s or worldview s to help nurses direct their activities to accomplish specific goals. Regulation of practice The practice of nursing is governed by laws which define a scope of practice , generally mandated by the the legislature of the political division within which the nurse practices. Nurses are held legally responsible and accountable for their practice. The standard of care is that of the "prudent nurse". Nursing is the most diverse of all healthcare professions . It is a universal role, appearing in some form in every culture. see also|List of nursing main|Nursing in the United The Nursing and Midwifery Council in the UK is the regulatory body for nurses, midwives and specialist practitioners. It maintains a register that is split into three parts: *Specialist Community Public Health Nurses (which includes Health Visitors Prior to the creation of the new three part register on 1st August 2004, nurses and midwives were divided into a part of the register they held a qualification in. This may be now described as a 'sub-part' of the nursing register , a list of which appears here All newly qualified nurses register in 'sub-part' 12, 13, 14 or 15 showing their branch qualification. However, nurses still practising and holding qualifications in 'sub-parts' 1-9 are registered as such. To become a nurse within the United Kingdom, one must at the very minimum hold a Diploma in Nursing and have trained for three years, or equivalent if from overseas. After training, the opportunities are vast, with many different areas of nursing, from general ward to teaching or management. Also the practice areas can be in hospital, or in the community or both. Many nurses are members of trade unions, which represent them both individually and as a profession, the two main unions are, UNISON and the Royal College of Nursing. main|Nursing in the United In the US, there are over 200 specialties within nursing. These specialties encompass care throughout the human lifespan based upon patient needs. Professional organizations or certifying boards issue voluntary certification in many of these areas to signify expert knowledge of the specialty. Certified nurses often earn a salary differential over their non-certified colleagues, and studies from the Institute of Medicine have demonstrated that specialty certified nurses have higher rates of patient satisfaction, as well as lower rates of work-related errors in patient care. Nurses practice in a wide range of settings from hospital s to visiting people in their homes and caring for them in schools to research in pharmaceutical companies . Nurses work in occupational health settings (also called industrial health settings), free-standing clinics and physician offices, nurse-run clinics, long-term care facilities, and camps. Nurses work on cruise ships and in military service. They act as advisors and consultants to the healthcare and insurance industries. Some nurses are attorneys and others work with attorneys as legal nurse consultant s, reviewing patient records to assure that adequate care was provided and testifying in court. In many cities, nurses can even enter their names in a "registry" and work a wide variety of temporary jobs. *History of nursing **Nursing care plan **List of nursing specialties *List of nurses * Prominent nurses * Nursing in Australia * http://www.aahn.org/ American Association for the History of Nursing * http://www.aahn.org/weblink. html Nursing History Internet Resources de:Krankenpflegees:Enfermeríafr:Soin infirmierko:간호ia:Infirmeriait:Nursinghe:סיעודja:看護no:Sykepleienn:sjukepleiepl:Pielęgnowaniept:Enfermagemth:พยาบาลศาสตร์zh:护理学

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When a king made his entrance into a city and his purpose was to conquer, he always rode on the back of a great white stallion (Revelation 19:11). When a king was arriving in “peace,” he would ride on the back of a humble donkey. The Bible discloses the precise day that the Messiah would arrive on earth the first time as Savior and Lord. Jesus was appearing in Jerusalem in fulfillment of Daniel’s prophecy, and He was coming to proclaim the time when men can make peace with God by experiencing the forgiveness of their sins. Zechariah illustrates Jesus arrival in peace by his prophecy of the Messiah coming to Jerusalem, riding on the foal of a donkey. Zechariah 9:9f Rejoice greatly, O daughter of Zion! Shout, O daughter of Jerusalem! Behold, your King is coming to you; He is just and having salvation, Lowly and riding on a donkey, A colt, the foal of a donkey. New Testament Fulfillment: Matthew 21:1-5 Now when they drew near Jerusalem, and came to Bethphage, at the Mount of Olives, then Jesus sent two disciples, saying to them, “Go into the village opposite you, and immediately you will find a donkey tied, and a colt with her. Loose them and bring them to Me. And if anyone says anything to you, you shall say, ‘The Lord has need of them,’ and immediately he will send them. ” All this was done that it might be fulfilled which was spoken by the prophet (Zechariah), saying: “Tell the daughter of Zion, ‘Behold, your King is coming to you, Lowly, and sitting on a donkey, A colt, the foal of a donkey. ’ ” Matthew 21:6-11 So the disciples went and did as Jesus commanded them. They brought the donkey and the colt, laid their clothes on them, and set Him on them. And a very great multitude spread their clothes on the road; others cut down branches from the trees and spread them on the road. Then the multitudes who went before and those who followed cried out, saying: “Hosanna to the Son of David! ‘Blessed is He who comes in the name of the LORD! ’ Hosanna in the highest! ” And when He had come into Jerusalem, all the city was moved, saying, “Who is this? ” So the multitudes said, “This is Jesus, the prophet from Nazareth of Galilee.” The Arrival of the Prince of Peace Zechariah’s prophecy of the Messiah coming to Jerusalem on the foal of donkey is not only one of the most amazing prophecies in the Old Testament; it is one of the most detailed and important. Zechariah wrote this incredible prophecy, 516 years before Jesus was born, 549 years before the event happened. We know that this prediction was written far in advance of its occurrence because the Book of Zechariah was a part of the Pentateuch that was translated from Hebrew into Greek in 286 B.C. When we compare the text of this prophecy in the Pentateuch to our present-day Bible, the two are identical. We know from history that Zechariah lived and wrote in the second year of Darius I, King of Persia; twenty-eighth years from Amyntas, king of Macedon; in the Seventh year of Demaratus, king of Lacedaemon, of the family of the Proclidae; in the Eleventh year of Cleomenes, king of Lacedaemon, of the family of the Eurysthenidae; in the Fifteenth year of Tarquinius Superbus, the last king of the Romans. This was about twelve years before the commencement of the consular government. Being able to accurately date this prophecy, over five hundred years before the events occurred, makes it even more remarkable. When we team Zechariah’s prophecy with Daniel Chapter 9:24-27, the detail and clarity of the events that would transpire in the ministry of the Messiah take on a cosmic importance. How could two prophets, writing from different places, speak of the same future events of the Messiah—with such precision and detail? Every word of their prophetic utterance came about precisely as they predicted. In Daniel 9:24-27 we find the specific predictions which detail exactly when these prophecies of Zechariah 9:9 would be fulfilled. Daniel is writing chapter 9 of his prophecy from Babylon in 538 B.C., while Zechariah is writing his prophetic words from Jerusalem after the return from Babylon, beginning the eighth month of Darius’ second year, which was October-November 520 B.C. This was the year that the foundation for the Temple was laid, being completed just three years later in 517 B.C. The expeditious completion was due to a large extent, by the encouragement of Zechariah and Haggai. For more information, see the chapter: “Arrival of the Messiah.” The following is an excerpt from Daniel, chapter 9, that describes the precision for which Daniel wrote: Daniel 9:25 Know therefore and understand, That from the going forth of the command To restore and build Jerusalem Until Messiah the Prince, There shall be seven weeks and sixty-two weeks; The street shall be built again, and the wall, Even in troublesome times. In Daniel 9:25, the Lord is giving Israel the precise day the Messiah will arrive. This prophecy is a companion to Zechariah 9:9, as both speak of the first arrival of the Messiah on earth, when He announces the fulfillment of Daniel and Zechariah’s prophecies at Jerusalem. First, a command will be given, then seven weeks and sixty two weeks (69 weeks of years) will pass “until the Messiah, the Prince” will come. In the first seven weeks (49 years), the Temple will be rebuilt in Jerusalem. Second, At the conclusion of the sixty-two weeks (434 years), the Messiah will arrive. The trigger for the countdown of this prophecy is the command to restore and build Jerusalem. Let’s do the math: • The prophecy is for 69 times seven (69×7) years, or a total of 483 years. • Encyclopedia Britannica records that Artaxerxes Longimanus issued this decree to release the captives of Israel in Babylon, on March 14, 445 B.C. • The Babylonian calendar was based upon a 360-day per year cycle. • 360 days per year multiplied by 483 years equals 173,880 days. • Taking into account the calendar year change over from 1 B.C. to 1 A.D. because there is no “0” year. • Adding 116 days for leap years. • 173,880 days added to March 14, 445 B.C. • We come to the date of April 6th, the year 32 A.D. Was there any event of particular importance that occurred on April 6, 32 A.D.? Luke records that on this day, Jesus instructed His disciples to go over to Bethphage and bring Him the foal of a donkey… Luke 19:29-42 And it came to pass, when Jesus came near to Bethphage and Bethany, at the mountain called Olivet, that He sent two of His disciples, saying, “Go into the village opposite you, where as you enter you will find a colt tied, on which no one has ever sat. Loose him and bring him here. And if anyone asks you, ‘Why are you loosing it? ’ thus you shall say to him, ‘Because the Lord has need of it. ’ ” So those who were sent went their way and found it just as He had said to them. But as they were loosing the colt, the owners of it said to them, “Why are you loosing the colt? ” And they said, “The Lord has need of him. ” Then they brought him to Jesus. And they threw their own clothes on the colt, and they set Jesus on him. This is the same donkey that Zechariah 9:9 is speaking of. “…your King is coming to you; He is just and having salvation, Lowly and riding on a donkey, A colt, the foal of a donkey…” Consider that Jesus specifically instructs the disciples to bring the foal; not an older, more mature donkey. A foal is an unbroken young animal that has never had a man on his back. Under normal circumstance, this young foal would throw off the first person that attempted to sit on his back. Amazingly, Jesus rides this foal into Jerusalem on this day and allows the assembled crowd to hail Him as “The Son of David,” a clear title for the Messiah. Matthew 21:8-9 And a very great multitude spread their clothes on the road; others cut down branches from the trees and spread them on the road. Then the multitudes who went before and those who followed cried out, saying: “Hosanna to the Son of David! ‘Blessed is He who comes in the name of the LORD! ’ Hosanna in the highest! ” It is interesting that up to this point, Jesus had refused all requests by His disciples, to announce to the world, that He was the promised Messiah. Jesus had repeatedly told them: “My time has not yet come. ” In this, we see that Jesus was following a pre-determined plan that was established before the earth existed. John 7:3-6 His brothers therefore said to Him, “Depart from here and go into Judea, that Your disciples also may see the works that You are doing. For no one does anything in secret while he himself seeks to be known openly. If You do these things, show Yourself to the world. ” For even His brothers did not believe in Him. Then Jesus said to them, “My time has not yet come, but your time is always ready. ” Jesus was waiting for this one specific day, when it was predicted by Daniel and Zechariah that the Messiah would come to Jerusalem. There was no mistake—what the people were proclaiming Jesus as. The crowd was shouting, “Hosanna to the Son of David.” The Pharisees understood what the people meant by these words: they believed that Jesus was the promised Messiah, and He was receiving their praise in acceptance of this truth. Luke 19:39-42 And some of the Pharisees called to Him from the crowd, “Teacher, rebuke Your disciples. ” But He answered and said to them, “I tell you that if these should keep silent, the stones would immediately cry out. ” Now as He drew near, He saw the city and wept over it, saying, “If you had known, even you, especially in this your day, the things that make for your peace! But now they are hidden from your eyes. ” Jesus told the Pharisees, “If you had known this your day…” “This day” was one unique day in the history of the universe, when the Son of God would come to Jerusalem and be hailed as the Messiah. The Book of Psalms has a specific text that David wrote for this precise day. Psalms 118:24-26 This is the day the LORD has made; We will rejoice and be glad in it. Save now, I pray, O LORD; O LORD, I pray, send now prosperity. Blessed is he who comes in the name of the LORD! This verse of prophetic scripture was written for one particular event in all of time and Eternity. It was written for the moment when the Messiah would come to Jerusalem and be recognized as the Messiah—who would fulfill all of the Old Testament prophecies. Psalm 118 contains the language, “save now” and “Blessed is He who comes in the name of the LORD,” because this is what those present when the Messiah arrived, would proclaim with their shouts of praise. The people who had gathered to greet Jesus as the Messiah were well aware of Psalm 118, and this is why they were reciting these specific words as Jesus made His entrance into the city. On April 6th, 32 A.D., Jesus rides upon the foal of a donkey—into Jerusalem and is proclaimed the “Son of David,” the Messiah; thus fulfilling the prophecies of Daniel Chapter 9 and Zechariah Chapter 9. Zechariah 9:9 Rejoice greatly, O daughter of Zion. Shout, O daughter of Jerusalem! Behold, your King is coming to you; He is just and having salvation, Lowly and riding on a donkey, A colt, the foal of a donkey. Zechariah wrote this prophecy of the Messiah’s arrival at Jerusalem, about 530 years before Jesus came into Jerusalem on this specific Palm Sunday. Daniel’s prophecy of the exact day the Messiah would come to Jerusalem was written almost 730 years before Jesus arrived. The purpose of Daniel, Zechariah, and all the prophecies of the Messiah, are to inform us that when Messiah comes into the world, it will not be to conquer. On His first visit to earth, He will come in peace and offer His life for all mankind. Adam Clarke’s Commentary on the Old Testament. Encyclopedia Britannica, 1990 Edition

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Never let it be said that the U.S. Coast Guard doesn't take care of its own in addition to others. The service today began the public process of searching for a company who can bring three airmen killed in the line of duty – on November 29, 1942 – back home to U.S. soil. The difficulty is that the three men, two from the Coast Guard and one from the Army, are encased in ice, 40 ft. below the surface near Koge Bay, Greenland, in their amphibious J2F-4. “The United States Coast Guard has located a downed J2F-4 Grumman Duck aircraft in the arctic of Greenland that was lost during World War 2,” reads the sources sought notice in today’s Federal Business Opportunities website. “The aircraft is in a remote region of the arctic and buried under 40 feet of ice. ” Onboard, presumably, are Coast Guard Lt. John Pritchard, Petty Officer 1st Class Benjamin Bottoms and U.S. Army Air Force Cpl. Loren Howarth. The Coast Guard announced in January that it had found the Duck after three years of analysis and a seven-day search by 17-member expedition made up of Coast Guard members and North South Polar, an expedition company, using ground penetrating radar, a magnetometer and metal detection equipment. “The Duck’s last flight, with Pritchard at the controls and Bottoms serving as radioman, was an attempt to rescue seven members of a U.S. Army Air Force B-17 Air Transport Command crew that had crashed during a search mission on Nov. 9, 1942. On Nov. 28, 1942, Pritchard and Bottoms had successfully flown the Duck to rescue two members of the B-17 crew during an unprecedented landing on the Greenland Ice Cap. When the two Coast Guardsmen returned the following day, they picked up Howarth, the B-17’s radioman. They were attempting to reach the Coast Guard Cutter Northland when they encountered whiteout conditions and crashed. The wrecked Duck was first spotted a week later by a U.S. Army aircrew, which reported no signs of life. The remaining B-17 crewmen were sustained with air drops until they were rescued approximately six months later. " And now the others will be rescued, thanks to this team.

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Imagine a posh store displaying expensive samples that sell for more than $1,000 an ounce. The donor ate an unprocessed, non-GMO, plant-based diet, with no hormones or antibiotics, ever. The label says it’s from a rare and difficult-to-access source in the Himalayas. The samples are rigorously tested on site to assure purity and quality, and then flown back to the U.S. in a pressure-controlled, refrigerated jet. The lighting in the store is flattering, the sales staff impeccably dressed, and the marble floors so clean you could eat off of them. Luxury boutiques selling high-octane human stool unadulterated by the perils of Western society may only be fantasy for now, but probably not for long. They’re coming, and here’s why. There are more than a billion bacteria in each drop of fluid in your colon, an environment we call the microbiome. It's a mixture so distinctive from person to person that your individual constellation of bacteria is a better identifier than your own DNA. Stool consists of about 70 percent bacteria, and which particular species are present in yours can dictate a lot more than just your bathroom habits. Autoimmune diseases like Crohn's, ulcerative colitis, multiple sclerosis, lupus, and rheumatoid arthritis are common in more developed countries and rare in less developed ones. The "hygiene hypothesis" explains this uneven distribution by suggesting that in affluent societies, less childhood exposure to a variety of gut bacteria actually increases susceptibility to disease by suppressing the natural development of the immune system. (It seems our love affair with antibiotics and hand sanitizer is not all good). What we eat also correlates strongly with the development of autoimmune diseases, since our diet greatly determines what kinds of bacteria are present in our gut. Italian researchers found that breast-fed children in Florence and Burkina Faso had similar microbes in infancy, but once they started eating the local fare their gut bacteria diverged dramatically. Florentine children consuming a typical Western diet high in sugar, fat, and meat had less bacterial diversity and more species associated with allergy, inflammation, and obesity. The children in Burkina Faso eating an unprocessed, high-fiber plant-based diet had more diverse species and more types associated with leanness. They also had larger numbers of bacteria that produce beneficial compounds called short-chain fatty acids, which may be important in suppressing disease. Given what we know about the importance of a well-stocked and diverse microbiome, a daily probiotic—essentially a cocktail of beneficial bacteria—may seem like an excellent idea. The problem is, though we've identified several hundred bacterial species in the gut, we've only been able to reliably culture and grow a tiny percentage of them. Also, there are likely thousands more whose acquaintance we haven't yet made, but whose presence is essential for good gut health and proper immune function. Given these limitations, the benefits of taking a daily probiotic seem unrealistically optimistic for someone trying to overcome autoimmune disease or other serious illnesses. One such serious illness is Clostridium difficile. When someone with depleted gut bacteria encounters C. diff, it proliferates in the large intestine, releasing toxins that cause severe diarrhea, cramping, bloating, and even death. C. diff infection affects approximately a quarter-million people in the U.S. annually and leads to about 14,000 deaths, mostly because of the widespread use of antibiotics—the main risk factor for acquiring the infection. The growing number of C. diff infections resistant to standard treatment has led to a novel form of therapy known as fecal microbiota transplant (FMT). This technique involves transferring stool from healthy donors into the digestive tract of the person infected with C. diff. The stool may be introduced in a number of ways: via a tube inserted through the nose that delivers it to the intestines, as a rectal enema, or placed in the colon during a colonoscopy. Researchers at the University of Calgary recently created a more palatable way to deliver the transplant: vitamin sized poo-filled pills that release their contents in the colon. Their data shows virtually 100 percent success in clearing recurrent C. diff infections, and a January 2013 study in the New England Journal of Medicine concurred, showing that fecal transplants were far more effective in clearing up recurrent C. diff infection than standard antibiotic therapy. FMT may seem like a drastic way to rehab your microbiome, but there’s lots of precedence for going straight to the source when it comes to acquiring gut bacteria. Coprophagia, or eating stool, is widely prevalent among certain animals. Baby elephants, pandas, koalas, and hippos eat the feces of their mother or other adults in their herd in order to acquire vital gut bacteria required for digestion. Consumption of fresh camel feces has been observed among certain tribes, including the Bedouins, as a highly effective treatment for infectious diarrhea. And in medieval times it was not uncommon for physicians to taste their patient’s stool to aid in diagnosis (a practice I'm in no hurry to resurrect). These days coprophagia is most commonly associated with dementia and mental illness, and clearly there is significant risk from eating stool, including the acquisition of hepatitis, bacterial infections, and parasites. But could FMT become the new super-probiotic? The remedy not just for intestinal infections like C. diff, but also for chronic autoimmune diseases and other ailments that may be associated with depleted gut bacteria. Several studies have looked at the usefulness of FMT in Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, as well as obesity, since gut bacteria differ dramatically between overweight and lean people. A few of the patients in my practice are covert practitioners of FMT. One self-administers weekly enemas of her husband’s stool to keep her severe Crohn’s disease in remission—a last-ditch effort that proved enormously successful after several potent drug regimens failed. (Other than for refractory C. diff and clinical trials, FMT is not routinely available in most doctors’ offices). There are still lots of unanswered questions when it comes to FMT, including whether through the rectum or mouth is the best way to administer the stool, who should donate (most studies have used first-degree family members but they may not always be the healthiest or best choice), long term effectiveness of stool transplants and safety concerns. But the successes of the early studies are encouraging for those with refractory digestive conditions and for those of us who treat them. Hippocrates said all disease begins in the gut. It may be that some important remedies are to be found there, too. I believe the “haute manure” store is on the horizon, as we attempt to get back to a dirtier, healthier way of life.

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In July 2007, the government set out its plans for 3m new homes by 2020 in the green paper Homes for the future: more affordable, more sustainable. In its latest report Greener homes for the future? the Environmental Audit Committee questioned whether the assumptions underpinning the targets, announced over 15 months ago, were still valid. The latest economic projections, fundamental changes in the mortgage market, and falling house prices mean the government should urgently review the assumptions on which the target was based. The government should ask the Committee on Climate Change to assess the impact housebuilding could have on carbon reduction targets. In reviewing its targets, the government must not dilute its environmental ambitions, but should invest in the skills and supply chains needed to deliver a step change in environmental construction standards. The government now has the opportunity to strengthen the environmental credentials of its housing policy. For example, the government's target for 3m new homes is split; 2m homes are to be built before the zero carbon target comes into effect in 2016, and 1m are to be built afterwards. Changing the balance, so that more homes are built after the zero carbon target comes into effect, could help to limit emissions from a growth in housing. The government could also accelerate the development of district renewable energy sources to ensure that new developments can source their heat and power from renewable sources. Instead of rating homes against the Code for Sustainable Homes, the government could make it mandatory to build to aspects of the code from 2010 onwards. The government could place greater emphasis on energy efficiency and sustainability within the building control regime, and introduce higher penalties for developers who fail to meet energy efficiency standards. Good progress has been made on brownfield development, but pressure on greenfield sites is growing. Current policy, combined with high national housebuilding targets and current regional plans, could make it impossible for local authorities to prevent planning permission being granted for development on land that, because of the current economic situation, is not actually needed. Presented with an excess of available land, developers might develop greenfield sites in preference to brownfield sites. The government should ensure that an excess of land is not made available to developers and a clear sequential test in favour of brownfield development should be reintroduced into planning policy. The environmental tests used for ecotowns should be applied to all major housing developments from 2016. The government must ensure proposals for ecotowns have good public transport links, and are located close to commercial centres and employment opportunities. The government has recently devoted considerable attention to delivering the infrastructure for sustainable new communities. The government should ensure that minimum standards for public transport and green infrastructure apply to all new developments, not just ecotowns. The current economic crisis, with the implications it is likely to have for house prices and access to credit, means that a re-evaluation of housebuilding plans is urgently needed. This re-evaluation is an opportunity to make housing policy greener and move us along the path towards a low-carbon future.

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Wednesday, April 19, 2017 “Then took Mary a pound of ointment of spikenard, very costly, and anointed the feet of Jesus, and wiped his feet with her hair: and the house was filled with the odour of the ointment” (John 12:3 KJV). How much should Jesus Christ be worth in the eyes of Christians? About six days before His crucifixion, Jesus is in Bethany, a town one or two miles (1. 6 or 3. 2 kilometers) southeast of Jerusalem. He has raised Lazarus from the dead just a short time earlier (John chapter 11), and they are holding a supper for Jesus there in Bethany (John 12:1-9). Lazarus’s sister Mary (cf. John 11:2) anoints Jesus’ feet as recorded in today’s Scripture. Mary took a “pound” (roughly a pint or 0. 5 liter) of the very intense aromatic essential oil “spikenard” and poured it onto Jesus’ feet. She then wiped His feet with her hair. (You can grasp Mary’s humility by remembering that sandaled feet that trod hot Middle Eastern sand were quite filthy, sweaty, and smelly. Can you imagine wiping your hair on those feet? ) Spikenard, whose plant derivative is still unknown, was just as the Bible says—“very costly. ” In fact, when Judas—the thieving treasurer of the apostles—saw what Mary did, he bemoaned, “Why was not this ointment sold for three hundred pence, and given to the poor? ” (John 12:5). Verse 6 says, “This he said, not that he cared for the poor; but because he was a thief, and had the bag, and bare what was put therein. ” Judas just wanted the spikenard sold so he could pocket the money! The word “pence” in our King James Bible means the Roman coins called denarii. A denarius was equal to one day’s wages, so 300 pence was roughly ten month’s wages (the denarius was originally worth the price of ten donkeys, so 300 pence was 3,000 donkeys! ). Mary recognized the great value of the Lord Jesus Christ: He was worth far more than the mere 30 pieces of silver (three or four months’ wages) Judas later received for betraying Him. May we Christians value the Lord of glory, Jesus Christ, as much as Mary did! Bible Q&A #370: “How could Jesus say His killers knew not what they were doing? ”

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