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Trends and Opportunities in Inclusionary Zoning and Education
Inclusionary zoning, a concept conceived in the 1970s, provides incentives for housing developers to build affordable homes in high-cost, low-poverty neighborhoods. Approximately 500 communities have introduced the inclusionary zoning concept in some way, including Denver, Santa Fe and New York City, according to Heather Schwartz, PhD, a policy researcher at the RAND Corporation and a professor at the Pardee RAND Graduate School. Schwartz has written extensively on the topic, including the potential education benefits of children whose parents were able to buy or rent a home near a strong public school through inclusionary zoning. Developer Incentives and Business Community Buy-In
Schwartz says that Montgomery County, Maryland—a suburb of Washington, D.C., and one of the wealthiest counties in the country—offers the oldest and most successful example of inclusionary zoning practices and now includes nearly 14,000 units. The incentive for developers to price some of the units at below-market rates is often a zoning waiver that allows them to build more units than originally allowed in order to recoup the profit lost on the lower-priced homes. Schwartz says Montgomery County has been successful with its inclusionary zoning program because the business community has been on board from the start. At the time that the policy was initiated in the early 1970s, the businesses and public services in the county, which posted some of the highest housing prices in the country, needed skilled but lower-wage employees such as firemen and teachers. However, public transit didn’t yet connect lower-cost Washington, D.C., with Montgomery County. The demand for this workforce provided an impetus for inclusionary zoning. The county’s inclusionary zoning program requires developers to set aside 12 to 15 percent of homes they build to be sold or rented at below-market prices and the county’s housing authority has the right to one-third of those units. Over the last few decades, the housing authority has bought hundreds of units available through inclusionary zoning. How Inclusionary Zoning Affects Education
While inclusionary zoning has been an important housing tool in Montgomery County, it has also been critical education tool. A 2010 study, “Housing Policy Is School Policy,” conducted by Schwartz for the Century Foundation found that children in low-poverty schools achieve higher education results on average than children in high-poverty schools. The study tracked the performance of 858 elementary school students in public housing—including those public housing units developed under the inclusionary zoning program—across Montgomery County from 2001 to 2007. Nearly half the students ended up in schools where less than 20 percent of students qualified for subsidized meals, a measure of income. The rest of the students attended schools where up to 60 percent of the students were from low-income families. After seven years, the children in the lower-poverty schools performed 8 percentage points higher on standardized math tests than their peers attending the higher-poverty schools, even though the county had provided extra resources to the higher-poverty schools. A policy brief released earlier this year by the MacArthur Foundation with Schwartz as the lead author looked at 11 inclusionary housing zones, and found that most families moving into inclusionary zones moved nearer to lower-poverty, better-performing schools. Drawbacks and Challenges
But Schwartz’s research also finds some drawbacks to inclusionary zoning:
- It tends not to serve the poorest of the poor. - The large majority of families living in inclusionary zoning homes were homeowners, not renters. - Demand well exceeds supply. Ultimately, says Schwartz, inclusionary zoning has the potential to help families in need and to provide children access to high-performing schools, which can have a lasting impact. However, the program is currently only “a small slice in the affordable housing pie” with only roughly 150,000 units built in the United States over several decades. By comparison, the Housing Choice Vouchers program serves approximately 2 million households and nearly one million units have been built with Low-Income Housing Tax Credits.
Schwartz says that many inclusionary zoning programs dissolve due to lack of monitoring and funding to support them. She says data on a house’s most recent sale or rental price can be lost, leaving no information that it was set aside under inclusionary zoning. “The continued affordability of inclusionary zoning has been a challenge because it requires auditing and enforcement and it’s not something that’s been thought about as deeply as it could be,” says Schwartz. | 004_2268010 | {
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Virus and malware programs often change browser settings, alter system files and create new default Web pages. Typically, infected systems are plagued with new tool bars and a constant barrage of pop-up ads. More importantly, malware also causes computers to perform poorly. In some cases, your files may be encrypted and held ransom. The following are a few simple tips to keep in mind in order to prevent virus and/or malware infecting your computer. - Installing and running anti-virus software is the first line of defense to prevent infections and attacks against your computer. There is also software specifically designed for detecting and removing malware, spyware and adware (such as Spybot and Malwarebytes) that reinforce your security software. However, there's more to just loading the software. You must also keep the definition database updated and run automated virus scans frequently. - Be aware of the dangers of file sharing on the internet. The programs required to participate in peer-to-peer networks do not just help people share music files. They share whatever they can find on the hard drive and the network. The use of file-sharing operations usually leads to situations in which computers -- and even networks -- are infected with spyware, malware and back doors left ajar for hackers. Additionally, it can open holes in your security where patient information can be accessed. - Don't buy anything promoted in a spam message. Don't reply to spam and never click on its "unsubscribe" link. That simply informs the sender that your e-mail address is valid. In addition, if your e-mail program has a preview pane, it's a good idea to disable it in order to prevent the spam from reporting back to its sender. This information is used to more specifically target you. - If you get lots of spam, check your Internet service provider's filtering features and compare them with those of third parties. To help the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) control spam, you can forward any spam you receive to email@example. com. - There are thousands of banner ads and popups on the internet that are designed to get your attention and make you click. Due to the way most modern browsers work, there are very few ways for you to get infected with something online unless you click on it yourself. Therefore, avoid clicking on banners for offers that are too good to be true. - Make sure your browser is configured to always ask before running files and downloading automatically. If you have to confirm everything, you are much less likely to get infected. Only click links and downloads from sites that you trust. - Make regular backups of important work and data, and check that the backups were successful. Many service providers offer onsite as well as offsite storage options, such as myCompliance Backup. If you are using physical tapes or drives for your backup, you are responsible for finding a safe place to store your backups. You also need to have a recovery plan with data stored off-site in case of fire or other natural disasters. If your computer is infected with malware, you will be able to restore any lost programs and data. Any sensitive backup information should be encrypted and physically secured. Also remember, pursuant to the HIPAA Rules, patients must be notified if a breach does occurs, which affects their medical records. The HIPAA Rules defines a breach as an impermissible use or disclosure under the Privacy Rule that compromises the security or privacy of the protected health information such that the use or disclosure poses a significant risk of financial, reputational, or other harm to the affected individual. The internet is an integral part of our lives, and many of us use it constantly throughout the day. But that connectedness has increased the risk of infection by viruses and malware, leading to potential data loss and identity theft. By following the above tips and becoming actively engaged in your own security, you will be able to prevent virus/malware from damaging your system. For more information, or if you have any questions or comments, please feel free to contact us at Allpoint Compliance Solutions, LLC. | 001_7112100 | {
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FIRST LESSON: Hosea 11:1-11
This week’s Lectionary passage is similar to last week’s in that it offers a depiction of the gracious, merciful, and always-loving character of God. But here the metaphor changes from marriage to parenting. It alludes to the exodus, in which Israel is delivered from oppression and captivity by Egypt in an act of love and the covenant with God is established. But Israel has continually proven to be a wayward child. Essentially, Israel fails to know the importance of knowing God.
The passage emphasizes the parent-child relationship and a portrayal of God as a nurturing (or nursing) mother. We then read of the articulation of the well-deserved punishment of a disobedient child and a return to oppression and captivity (probably in the face of the Assyrian invasion in 733 BCE). But then the tone changes and it seems that the punishment will either cease or never happen at all. The reason has nothing to do with any change in the people’s heart and mind but rather the heart and mind of God. God agonizes over the future of the people that God loves do deeply. According to the Law of Torah, rebellious sons are to be stoned to death. So, in that mode, Israel deserves destruction but apparently God cannot bring the Divine Self to do that. God is willing even to break the Laws of Torah to save the life of the beloved children of God. God’s compassion prevails over further destruction, demonstrating forgiveness rather than punishment. This grace calls for a fundamental change in the understanding of holiness. No longer is holiness separation from the sinner. God is the Holy One in your midst, bearing the burden of the people’s sin. Holiness is the turning of God, rather than repentance of the sinner. It is God who repents. Such extraordinary compassion, such suffering-with, such amazing grace is what makes life and hope possible. The mention of Egypt and Assyria suggests that Israel’s infidelity had somewhat “punishing” circumstances. Infidelity almost always does. But that is not the determining factor in Israel’s future. God’s grace intervenes and overwhelms and is beyond anything that we can do. God’s grace overcomes any dark side of God that we can imagine. This is a strong depiction of the feminine side of God and the use of feminine imagery for the Creator. It is a depiction of a broken-hearted God, who wants his or her children to succeed and be near so badly, that they become more important than any rules or laws that may have been laid down. It is a God who has loved and nurtured and wanted the very best for the children of God but who is continually rejected by those same children. And yet, God will do anything. Maybe the depth of God’s compassion is the reason that we see God’s moods run such a range. God wants the best, envisions the best, and offers the best for these children. But if that doesn’t work, God will change. It is a depiction of a God who lays everything aside and is willing to actually change to fit the needs of the child. I think it defies the image of an “unchanging” God. God is always moving and changing so that we can find our way. Wrath and revenge are not part of who God is and so can never be ours. In order that we might become the image of God, we must change too. Maybe that change in and of itself IS a part of that image of God to which we are all called to be. I actually think that I like this image better. After all, do you want a God who stands in ready defiance until you give in and come to where God is standing? Or do you like the image of this God who loves you so much that She would weave the world around the life that has already been envisioned for you, a God who loves you so much that the rules and the traditions and the way things “should be” can easily go by the wayside if they are better for you, a God who loves you so much that he or she would move or change or even die if it is what you need for your real life, a God who loves you so much that the unchangeable, omnipotent, immovable Divine would actually come to you? 1) What is your response to this passage? 2) What does this image of God as mother and nurturer mean for you? 3) What does this image of God as “broken-hearted” mean for you? 4) What does it mean to dispel the thinking of the “unchanging God”? 5) What does it mean, then, to become the image of God in which you were made? NEW TESTAMENT: Colossians 3: 1-11
In this week’s reading, the writer strongly exhorts the Colossian believers to live in newness. It is, once again, a call to a change in perspective. The Colossians were being pulled away from the focus of Christ by growing religious syncretism that espoused faith as of our doing rather than Christ. More than likely, it was some form of pagan Gnosticism, with a totally removed God and some types of lesser gods in the world. They were also continually dealing with the pervasive legalism of the faith. So the writer reminds the readers that they have been raised with Christ, the power and the wisdom of God, the one who became righteousness, sanctification and redemption, the cornerstone of our faith the Bible calls it, and the first fruits from the dead. We have been raised with Christ in the waters of our baptism. That becomes very clear. God comes to us to help us do just that. No longer a removed and inaccessible deity, God comes to us in the Water and the Word and offers life and renewal. The “hiddenness” of God is not inaccessibility, but mystery. We have to shed what we have created to enter the mystery that is created by God. So, we are reminded to “put to death in you whatever is earthly”. It is not a literal exhortation, but a spiritual one. The call is to let go of those things that get in the way of our relationship with God, that claim to give our life meaning and instead strip us from the meaning and identity that is given us in Christ.
The truth is, the people of Colossae were wrestling with the same questions and problems that we do. Who is Christ? What are we called to do? How can we fit that into our lives on this earth and in this society? The writer of the letter to the Colossian believers is clear that our focus is one-fold. We cannot mix and match as it is convenient or comfortable. It is a hard message. It is hard to imagine letting ALL the old go and taking on ALL the new (rather than picking and choosing what to keep from Column A and what to keep from Column B). It is hard to imagine letting go of those comfortable idols to which we hold. No longer can we live being politically correct or socially acceptable or morally expedient. Our purpose and focus is the way of Christ. It’s pretty extreme. We’re called to die to self and live in Christ. You can’t have it both ways. You have to let go of the old to let the new be. Ahhh…God bless mulch piles. For any of you gardeners out there, you know the magic of a mulch pile: a place where smelly fish carcasses and eggshells transform into rich, dark dirt, dirt that gives life to things like aromatic lavender and brilliantly colored daylilies…Who knew the Apostle Paul was a gardener? “Get rid of all such things–anger, wrath, malice, slander, and abusive language from your mouth (which is, of course, the “trash”) and cloth yourself in something new. ” Two thousand years later, Paul reaches out and asks us all:
- What trash–what anger, fear, shame, or jealousy–do you need to throw on the mulch pile? - And what beautiful new things will you grow in its place? It’s a very simple concept and because of that, I think the mulch pile metaphor makes a lot of sense…Mary Oliver, wrote: “Tell me, what is it you plan to do with your one wild and precious life? ” If you care about this “wild and precious life,” then you have to ask yourself: What trash do I need to throw on the mulch pile and what beautiful things will I grow in its place? Don’t waste this life on trash that brings you down and stinks up your house. As Paul says, get rid of these things. Take out the trash, throw it on the mulch pile and clothe yourself in something healing and wonderful and new. (From “The Mulch Pie”, a sermon by Rev. Susan Sparks, August 14, 2011, available at http://day1.org/3045-the_mulch_pile, accessed 25 July, 2013)
1) What meaning does this passage hold for you? 2) How does this message speak to us today? 3) What are the “idols” and vices that get in the way of your own way of following Christ? 4) What is the hardest part of accepting this thought of dying to self? GOSPEL: Luke 12:13-21
This passage is typically Lukan, dealing with justice and egalitarianism as only this Gospel writer could master. It begins with an assumption of the pervading culture of the time. The question regarding inheritance was well-known in the Hebrew tradition and it was not improper for a rabbi to render an opinion on the issue. Presumably, the person making the request is a younger brother. In Hebrew society of that time, the oldest brother would inherit the lion’s share of his father’s estate. This younger brother seems to assume that Jesus would decide in his favor. Perhaps the man has been listening to Jesus’ egalitarian sermons and supposes that family inheritances should be treated in a similarly egalitarian way. Jesus responds by saying that he is not in a position to render a judgment. Then, he issues an exhortation on the subject of greed and the meaning of abundance and begins to tell the familiar parable. Jesus was telling this story, keep in mind, in a world where 90% of the people lived at the level of bare subsistence. A big landowner with big barns holding “much goods” is not likely to generate much sympathy in a world where many people were losing what little land they had and many others were driven into destitution and homelessness. The rich man talks only to himself, and thinks only of himself. He makes no consideration for his neighbors, nearly all of whom are peasants. Moreover, in disregarding his neighbors, he also disregards God.
And then, almost comically, he says, “I will say to my soul, “Soul”. ” In our culture today, the expression “I will say to myself, Self”–which is the same thing–is something of a cross between a lame joke and a lame cliche. The man is not only talking to himself, he’s actually addressing himself, as if he were outside his own body. He’s not only disconnected from his neighbors, he’s also detached from his own self! And so God calls him a fool, a sort of nitwit. After all, he is losing his life in just a few hours. What good, really, is everything that he has amassed going to do him? It is interesting that this is the only New Testament parable in which God is an actor. Perhaps God intervenes because the man has shut everyone else out of his life. This is hard for us, the ones who live in one of the richest nations in the world even in a down economy. So much of our lives is about amassing, either for prosperity or safety or both. We build barn after barn, or closet after closet, or storage facility after storage facility. How do we make sure that we keep it all in perspective? Why do we need so much stuff? What does it say about us? And yet, I don’t think this was Jesus’ way of depicting money as evil or wealth as bad. The parable is a reminder to keep it all in perspective, to not get pulled into putting our trust in something other than God. Like today’s reading from Colossians says, we need to be aware of those things that we make into idols, those things that without us even realizing it sometimes, seep into that holy space between us and God. When we look to the wealth we have or the wealth we desire for our salvation or our redemption or our life, we have missed the mark. When we think that we cannot live without it, when we think our lives will be better “when” we have something, and when we find ourselves holding on to more than we really need in spite of the need around us, we have probably lost perspective. Greed is sneaky. Stuff is sneaky. Sometimes we don’t even realize what’s happened. In other words, we may be the rich fool, building more and more barns to house things that we don’t even need. You surround yourself with the things that define you. And hopefully, that’s more than a bunch of stuff. Don’t get me wrong. I don’t think God calls us to live some sort of stoic life that is totally devoid of things that we enjoy. The created world holds too much beauty for that. William Morris once advised to “have nothing in your houses that you do not know to be useful or believe to be beautiful. ” It is a way of putting it all in perspective. It is a way of receiving and yet still appreciating everything that God gives us. Perhaps we are all called to have a conversation with ourselves. But rather than just telling our souls the way we have justified what we do in our lives, we also need to listen to our deepest yearnings. We need to listen to that thing that is at the very core of our being, that is the very essence of who God created us to be, for it is guiding us to use those gifts from God in the ways that we are called to use them. 1) What meaning does this passage hold for you? 2) How uncomfortable does this passage make you? Why? 3) In what ways are our “things” idols that get in the way of our relationship with God? 4) What does it mean to keep it all in perspective? 5) What does it mean to be “rich toward God”, as the passage says? Some Quotes for Further Reflection:
When we are no longer able to change situation, we are challenged to change ourselves. (Victor Frankl)
We would rather be ruined than changed; We would rather die in our dread than climb the cross of the moment and let our illusions die. (W. H. Auden)
Gratitude is the intention to count your blessing every day, every minute, while avoiding, whenever possible, the belief that you need or deserve different circumstances. (Timothy Miller)
Jesu, thy boundless love to me no thought can reach, no tongue declare; O knit my thankful heart to thee and reign without a rival there. Thine wholly, thine alone, I am; be thou alone my constant flame. O grant that nothing in my soul may dwell, but thy pure love alone! O may thy love possess me whole, my joy, my treasure, and my crown. Strange flames far from my soul remove, my every act, word, thought, be love. Amen. (Paul Gerhardt, trans. by John Wesley, The United Methodist Hymnal, 183) | 011_5683026 | {
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Canada is a country in North America surrounded by both the United States and the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. It has an area of almost 10 million square kilometers and is the second largest country in the world. Canada has a population of over 37 million people and is a multicultural nation with a wide variety of ethnic groups. The people of Canada are generally very friendly and helpful. Canada has a long tradition of tolerance and inclusion and is known for being an open and tolerant society. Canada also has a rich and varied cuisine influenced by French, British and indigenous cultures. Some well-known Canadian specialties are poutine (French fries with cheese and gravy), maple syrup, and “nanook” (a traditional arctic meal of game, fish, and berries). Canada is also known for its seafood dishes, especially salmon and oysters. Postal Codes in Canada
In Canada, there are a total of six characters in a postal code. The first three characters are letters and the last three characters are digits. The first letters indicate which province or region the address is in. The last three digits indicate the postal area in which the address is located. These postal areas are usually limited to a specific part of a city or town. The first character of a Canadian postal code is always a letter that identifies the province or territory in which the address is located. e. g. A for Alberta, B for British Columbia, M for Manitoba, N for Newfoundland and Labrador, etc. The remaining characters in the zip code are more specific and help to accurately identify an address within a particular region or city. It is important to note that Canada postal codes are not always unique, as some regions have multiple postal codes for the same city or region, and other regions have multiple cities or regions sharing the same postal code. Example Zip Codes
An example of a postal code in Canada is “V5Y 1V4”. The first character “V” represents British Columbia, the next two letters “5Y” refer to a specific area within British Columbia, and the last three digits “1V4” refer to a specific part of the city or town within that area . Another example would be “M4Y 1J5” . The first character “M” represents Ontario, the next two letters “4Y” refer to a specific area within Ontario, and the last three digits “1J5” refer to a specific part of the city or town within that area. | 003_5780941 | {
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What occurred next has been the stuff of myth, legend, and speculation for the past 220 years- the trio allegedly discovered Oak Island's fabled Money Pit. The aim here is not to tell any one version of what we call The Discovery Legend, and we could fill volumes discussing the many variations and discrepancies found in the multitude of versions that have appeared in print. But we will point out, that the story was not actually put in writing until a full 62 years after the event took place. So the reader can likely see how easily the facts and circumstances of the tale could be confused in the re-telling. From the best information available, it seems that the discovery took place sometime in June of 1795 on land owned by John Smith, recently purchased from the German Protestant merchant, Caspar Wollenhaupt. And we can tell you that the discovery was made by two men and a teenager, not by three "boys", as the most popular versions of the tale tend to state. McGinnis and Smith were both grown men and Anthony Vaughan was in his teens. As we have previously pointed out, Daniel McGinnis was properly named, Donald MacInnes, and in 1795 another significant event occurred in his life when he married Maria Barbara Seiler, the daughter of a German Protestant. The Seilers, also known as Siler and Sawler, lived adjacent to Oak Island in Western Shore and their descendants still live there to this day. The couple continued to live on Oak Island and had a typical family of the period consisting of nine children:
Accounts vary as to how long Daniel McGinnis remained involved in the Oak Island Treasure Hunt. We do know, however, that he died in 1827, in his 69th year, and his estate was modestly typical of a yeoman of the time. Daniel left half of his estate to his first son, John who had earlier struck out on his own on the mainland, eventually settling in Greenfield, Kings County. To Catherine, Mary, Margaret, and Nancy, he left the other half. The remainder of his estate was left to second-born Donald, with provisions for daughters still living at home. Henry is not mentioned in the will and it's presumed that he died prior to 1827, possibly killed in a pit collapse during the treasure hunt. McGinnis was also predeceased by his wife. This brings us to the end of the life of Oak Island's legendary Daniel McGinnis. Please check in on our Compendium page where we'll soon have a more detailed section devoted to him. It's hoped that present-day descendants of McGinnis may see this article and have information to help us fill in the missing pieces of the life and times of this fascinating man. Good day from the Blockhouse! From The Blockhouse
is published by Blockhouse Investigations and oakislandcompendium. ca
in Nova Scotia, Canada
Editors and Chief Correspondents
Kelly W. Hancock, CD
John Wonnacott, P. Eng.
All material and images published herein, unless otherwise credited, are copyright of Blockhouse Investigations and oakislandcompendium. ca and may be reproduced by permission only. Views expressed in these blog posts are our own. The views of those that comment are their own. | 007_1862505 | {
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Sustainability is a comprehensive approach to management of organizations which is focused on creating and maximizing long-term economic, social and environmental value. It is a response to the challenges of the modern world facing organizations from the public and private sectors. Sustainable development is best described by four key words
Sustainability is responsibility for the impact that the organization exerts on its surroundings, in business, environmental and social terms. Conscious management of the impact translates into lower costs, improved external relations and better managed risks. Sustainability is skilled positioning of the organization in the economic reality, taking account of the social and economic challenges, environmental opportunities and threats. The awareness that the organization functions within a broader framework, amid complex interrelations with many stakeholder groups, allows it to get ready and make use of the opportunities linked with sustainability. Sustainability is awareness that each entity is surrounded by stakeholders. Building and cultivating good relations with stakeholders based on engagement and dialogue is crucial, because it not only affects the possibilities to manage risks, but also supports development and gives the organization a competitive edge. Sustainability is transformation and development of the organization as well as creation of its long-term value based on innovation as well as intellectual and relation capital. Benefits for businesses
Business transformation and sustainable approach to management translate into:
- Identification of the areas that create the organization’s long-term value
- Reduction of operating costs due to more effective resource management across the entire supply chain
- Effective economic, social and environmental risk management
- Business stability relying on good relations with key stakeholders
- Building loyalty and trust of customers through a dialogue and engagement
Sustainability is a response to the challenges of the modern world which transforms potential threats and risks into development opportunities for organizations from the public and private sectors. | 010_2818086 | {
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Unlocking the mystery for the cause of death is often discovered through an autopsy in which the role of the forensic pathologist finds answers and clues. Often the discoveries from an autopsy are used for legal purposes either to be submitted into evidence at a criminal proceeding or inquest hearing. Autopsies ensure nothing erroneously is diagnosed as homicide in the event death was due to natural causes and in the instance where homicide is blatantly clear, provides a blue print for forensic science to unravel the cause and time of death. Autopsies open the doors for scientific research often aiding in furthering medical research for diseases and other medical ailments that people have died from. What Goes on in a Morgue? Some of us become squeamish at even a pseudo glimpse of an autopsy being performed in the morgues on some prime time criminal investigation or medical emergency show, but viewing the real thing gives you an in-depth look into real-life medical forensics and the discoveries made by pathologists. Since autopsies are medical procedures not attended by the general public, documentary autopsy video and autopsy DVD's from bluelips. com can provide educational insight and understanding of autopsies. | 003_3162968 | {
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1: Dementia Dementia, also known as the demon's curse, ruins the life of all who become infected with this mental illness. Dementia is a mental illness in which the person affected becomes easily irritated and violent. 2: causes | Usually Dementia is caused due to damage to the cerebral cortex or certain parts of the brain tissue. The main causes of Dementia are either head trauma such as brain tumors or a head injury, or another mental illness such as Alzheimer's disease. 3: Effects | The average behavior for a person with Dementia is forgetting what happened in the last few minutes, acting violent or irritated, paranoia, and unable to learn new information. The long term effects of Dementia are losing both long term and short term memory and also not being able to perform task unassisted. 4: multimedia | Dementia has also appeared in multimedia. The Dead Space game series has used dementia as the source to the infection also known as the breakout. The breakout is when the dementia causes humans to become demon like creatures known as Necromorphs. The Necromorphs then try to kill every non-infected person. In some cases dementia can cause the person to experience hallucinations, in which the person sees visions of their old memories. 5: multimedia | http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Ogv4AO3Fuk&ob=av3e
6: funding. | The government also doesn't fund the research for Dementia as much as it needs to be. Only about 4 million gets donated for the research. Dementia needs to be funded more so that the people effected can live a normal life. 7: Works cited. Alzheimer's Research UK. Web. 05 Dec. 2011. 8: works cited part 2 "Dementia."The Dead Space Wiki - Dead Space, Dead Space: Extraction, Dead Space 2, and More. Web. 05 Dec. 2011. | 005_1893938 | {
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Growing older brings about a whole host of changes that alter our ability to participate in everyday tasks in the same way that we did in younger years. For seniors, it can be both emotionally and physically challenging to accept that changes are taking place that inhibit participation in aspects of life that brought about feelings of fulfillment or independence. Seniors grappling with how to adjust and move forward with their new realities can benefit greatly from participating in Occupational Therapy to help them work through challenges and set themselves up to continue to live independent and fulfilling lives for as long as possible. What is Occupational Therapy? Occupational Therapy (OT) is a form of treatment that aims to help individuals to live full, productive, and independent lives by targeting their ability to perform meaningful activities or ‘occupations’. Occupational Therapy differs from Physical Therapy because OT places focus upon building up the ability to perform daily tasks or activities, while Physical Therapy (PT) focuses on improving physical mobility. The underlying goal that informs Occupational Therapy is to help in the process of building self-reliance by working through physical challenges and making environmental adjustments to allow seniors to continue to participate in the everyday activities that allow for a sense of independence, empowerment, and fulfillment in their lives. Benefits of Occupational Therapy for Seniors
Each individual seniors’ needs, goals, and challenges differ based on their personal circumstances and situations. Occupational Therapy involves a process of identifying areas of need and working with the Occupational Therapist to work out how best to build up independence. The following are just some examples of the areas of seniors’ lives that Occupational Therapy can target:
- Home Adjustments: Occupational Therapists can help seniors to set up their homes in ways that create a setting that best promotes independence. Occupational Therapists can help seniors and their families to plan home-modifications, small or large in scale, that will help to keep seniors safe and allow them to better carry-out everyday tasks. Some adjustments may include features such as grab bars in the bathroom or shower, aids for the stairs, beds or seating best for positioning, or other similar features for adjustment and ease. - Daily Tasks: Occupational Therapy can help seniors to learn to better perform everyday tasks that may have become more challenging with age. Through various strategies, adjustments, and purpose-driven practices, Occupational Therapy can help seniors to continue feeding and dressing themselves, getting themselves from one place to another, taking care of their homes, and participating in social activities. - Mobility: Occupational Therapists can also be involved in the process of identifying need for devices that assist with mobility, such as walkers, scooters, or wheelchairs. Along a similar vein, Occupational Therapists can also help caregivers or family members learn how best to support seniors with their mobility or getting them from place to place. - Fall Prevention: Falls are among the most prevalent causes of injury for seniors, and Occupational Therapists can help seniors to work out the best tools, practices, and strategies to help seniors prevent or protect themselves from falls. Whether this be through home adjustments or physical practices, Occupational Therapy can help to keep seniors safer in their homes. - Mental Health: Occupational Therapy can have a meaningful impact on the state of mental health that seniors experience. Being able to maintain the greater sense of independence, agency, and empowerment that Occupational Therapy promotes in seniors can create feelings of satisfaction that are incredibly positive for seniors’ mental health. Occupational Therapy can help to lessen levels of anxiety associated with being concerned about one’s ability to perform daily tasks independently and can help seniors to set and achieve goals and plan activities that bring them joy. Participation in Occupational Therapy can also be a part of the process of connecting seniors and their caregivers to other services and supports available to them in Ottawa. Occupational Therapists may be able to provide information and recommendations for community resources and support groups that seniors may find valuable for making important connections for care and for socialization. Occupational Therapy During Memory-Loss
Another notable aspect of Occupational Therapy is that it has been shown to be valuable for seniors in the early stages of memory-loss. Occupational Therapists can play a part in assessing changes in seniors’ cognitive abilities and can help to plan arrangements that will help maintain their ability to be independent. As memory-loss progresses, Occupational Therapists can help work out new ways to make activities more simple and manageable to help seniors keep up a fulfilling quality of life. The things that are important to each senior and their sense of independence are different, but Occupational Therapy can contribute a great deal in the process of helping seniors to remain able to participate in all areas of their lives. Connecting with an Occupational Therapist in Ottawa can be truly beneficial for seniors as they adjust to the many changes that growing old brings. | 007_2939567 | {
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Heart diseases are the first cause of death in the US, accounting for at least one-quarter of total yearly deaths. Every year roughly 735,000 men and women suffer from a heart attack and most of the risk factors associated with this event are pretty common habits of modern lifestyle. Risk factors do in fact include smoking, overweight and obesity, unhealthy lifestyle (inappropriate diet, lack of physical activity) and alcohol abuse. Other conditions that may represent a risk factor for heart attacks are also very common diseases such as diabetes, high blood pressure, atrial fibrillation and high cholesterol . What happens during a heart attack? Heart muscle has no equivalent in the human body: his structure possesses unique functional characteristics that allow it to endure the heavy burden of being able to consistently, continuously and reliably contract more than 1 billion times during an average lifetime. The contraction of the cardiac fiber is a mechanism consisting of a sequential polarization and depolarization of cardiac cells. The action potential is generated by specialized cells called pacemaker cells and is divided into several phases. During these stages calcium enters and exits from the cells, resulting in a rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle fiber . The contraction of cardiac muscle fibers requires a lot of energy, and this energy can only be provided by a constant flow of fresh oxygenated blood supplied by the coronary arteries. For this reason, whenever the heart does not receive enough blood for any reason (a blood clot, a coronary spasm, a vessel blocked by atherosclerosis), the muscle fibers begin to die causing a heart attack or a cardiac arrest. When a coronary artery is completely blocked (by cholesterol or a blood clot), a large portion of the heart muscle cannot receive the blood required to properly function, causing an ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). An emergency treatment is needed to restore the blood flow through the artery. The area is revascularized through intravenous administration of thrombolytics (clot busters), or mechanically with a flexible catheter (angioplasty). Treatment and causes of non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) are very similar, although these heart attacks are usually less dangerous for the patient’s health as the artery blockage was either temporary or just partial. When coronary arteries are not blocked, yet the heart requires more oxygen that it’s provided by the blood supply because of an infection, then an abnormally fast heart rate (tachyarrhythmia) may occur, as well as anemia and demand ischemia. Lastly, other abnormalities in heart function such as electrolyte disturbances (magnesium, calcium or potassium), congenital anomalies, or a reduced pumping function can cause a cardiac arrest. Although most heart attacks will end in a potentially fatal cardiac arrest (the heart stops beating), usually most heart attacks start with life-threatening abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), such as ventricular fibrillation (VF) or ventricular tachycardia (VT). Heart attack and angina pectoris: recognizing the symptoms
Differently from what you saw in the movies, heart attack symptoms could be much more insidious and less visible than you can think. Although a few people suffer from the classic Hollywood-style hearth attack, usually very few people will end clutching their chest or arm, gasp for air and then fall to the ground in a cold sweat. As the chances of surviving a heart attack are greater when emergency treatment begins as quickly as possible, knowing how to recognize properly the insidious symptoms of this condition may save your life. Early treatment can also significantly reduce heart- and brain-tissue damage, so recognizing even the subtlest hint of a heart attack is of paramount importance to call 911 as soon as you can. The first symptoms are often misunderstood for simple indigestions or abdominal discomfort, delaying treatment up to several hours. Symptoms range from the classical pain in the chest to a subjective sensation of fullness or abdominal pressure, or discomfort in nearby areas such as the back, arm, shoulder, stomach, jaw or neck. Other symptoms include lightheadedness, a general shortness of breath, nausea, or cold sweating. Women’s symptoms may be a little different and often less obvious than men’s one, often manifesting as a generalized sensation of discomfort, dizziness, nausea and unusual fatigue when performing day-by-day activities. However, another quite common condition called angina may cause similar symptoms, and albeit it should still be considered as an important warning sign that something is not working as it should, there’s no reason to be excessively scared by it. Angina pectoris is caused by a temporary shortage of blood that causes oxygen deprivation to heart muscles. Angina manifests as a mild to moderate pain in the chest or a sense of pressure, squeezing or discomfort that can also extend to other areas similarly to what happens during a heart attack. Angina can be triggered by physical activity or emotional stress, and it’s usually short-lasting, often disappearing with just a bit of rest or by taking the appropriate medications such as nitroglycerin. Symptoms of stable angina are usually entirely predictable such as the triggers that may cause or exacerbate them. Unstable angina is a bit trickier to spot, as its symptoms are often unpredictable and do not disappear with just rest. If taking an angina medication does not stop the pain, or it’s the first time you’re experiencing chest pain, however, it’s still better to call 911 and ask for help as soon as possible. Article by Dr. Claudio Butticè, PharmD. - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). “Heart Disease Facts.” cdc. gov. http://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/facts.htm
- Lionel H. Opie. Heart Physiology: From Cell to Circulation. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2004. - Katz AM. Physiology of the Heart. 3rd Edn. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins; 2001. - White, PD (1931). Heart Disease (1st ed. ). Macmillan. | 012_2753392 | {
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A new study by researchers at the University of Maryland provides a potential tool for unraveling the mystery of how experiences can cause inheritable changes to an animal’s biology. By mating nematode worms, they produced permanent epigenetic changes that lasted for more than 300 generations. The research was published today in the journal Nature Communications.
Evidence suggests that what happens in one generation—diet, toxin exposure, trauma, fear—can have lasting effects on future generations. Scientists believe these effects are a response to the environment and turn genes on or off without altering the genome or DNA sequence. But how these changes are passed down through generations has not been understood, in part, because scientists have not had a simple way to study the phenomenon. “If I’m on some diet today, how does that affect my children and grandchildren and so on? No one knows, because so many different variables are involved,” said Antony Jose, associate professor of cell biology and molecular genetics at UMD and senior author of the study. But we’ve found this very simple method, through mating, to turn off a single gene for multiple generations. ”
In the new study, Jose and his team found while breeding nematode worms that some matings led to epigenetic changes in offspring that continued to be passed down through as many generations as the scientists continued to breed them. This discovery will enable scientists to explore how epigenetic changes are passed to future generations and what characteristics make genes susceptible to permanent epigenetic changes. Jose and his colleagues expect that future studies may one day help scientists identify human genes that are vulnerable to long-lasting epigenetic changes. Maryland Today is produced by the Office of Strategic Communications for the University of Maryland community weekdays during the academic year, except for university holidays. Faculty, staff and students receive the daily Maryland Today enewsletter. To be added to the subscription list, sign up here:Subscribe | 010_1000732 | {
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Shrimp fishing is a hitherto unregulated fishing that primarily operates in the Dutch coastal zone, Wadden Sea and the area around Sylt.
The majority of the shrimp fishery takes place in Natura 2000 areas, which often some additional protection status, such as the Wadden Sea (Ramsar Convention, World Heritage Site). The effect of the shrimp rig on the soil ecosystem is not well known. For the future development consent and associated appropriate assessment must be clear what this effect. Therefore, research is vital. Given the hitherto little information on bycatch in the shrimp fishery is also typical for the catch of species listed habitat types and species of Natura 2000 needs additional information. The goal of this project is to map the effects of shrimp fishing in the Dutch Natura 2000 areas on the soil ecosystem. The result is insight into the impact of shrimp rig on the soil ecosystem to apply for authorization. | 009_3043044 | {
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A new species of human ancestor lived 3. 3 million years ago. The jaw bones and teeth were discovered by an international team of scientists, and were unearthed in the Afar region of Ethiopia. It’s believed that the ancient fossils belonged to four individuals, and it’s thought they would have had both ape and human-like features. Dr. Yohannes Haile Selassie, who led the team, discovered the 3. 3 to 3. 5 million-year-old new human ancestor species. The upper and lower jaw fossils that were found in the Woranso-Mille area of the Afar have been assigned to a new species, Australopithecus deyiremeda. It is believed that this hominin lived alongside the famous “Lucy” species, Australopithecus afarensis. The study was published in the journal Nature.
New human ancestor species from Ethiopia:
“The new species is yet another confirmation that Lucy’s species, Australopithecus afarensis, was not the only potential human ancestor species that roamed in what is now the Afar region of Ethiopia during the middle Pliocene,” said lead author and Woranso-Mille project team leader Dr. Yohannes Haile-Selassie, curator of physical anthropology at The Cleveland Museum of Natural History.
“Current fossil evidence from the Woranso-Mille study area clearly shows that there were at least two, if not three, early human species living at the same time and in close geographic proximity,” wrote The Cleveland Museum of Natural History.
“This new species from Ethiopia takes the ongoing debate on early hominin diversity to another level,” said Haile-Selassie.” I think it is time that we look into the earlier phases of our evolution with an open mind, and carefully examine the currently available fossil evidence rather than immediately dismissing the fossils that do not fit our long-held hypotheses. ”
Scientists have long argued that there was only one pre-human species at any given time between 3 and 4 million years ago, subsequently giving rise to another new species through time. This was what the fossil record appeared to indicate until the end of the 20th century. However, the naming of Australopithecus bahrelghazali from Chad and Kenyanthropus platyops from Kenya, both from the same time period as Lucy’s species, challenged this long-held idea, said the museum. Although a number of researchers were skeptical about the validity of these species, the announcement by Haile-Selassie of the 3. 4 million-year-old Burtele partial foot in 2012 cleared some of the skepticism about the likelihood of multiple early hominin species in the 3 to 4 million-year range. “Finding such taxonomic diversity raises the question of how multiple species could have coexisted over a long period in a stable ecosystem, particularly when they live in close geographic proximity,” Fred Spoor, who is an evolutionary biologist and was not involved in the find, wrote in a commentary published in Nature.
The Burtele partial fossil foot did not belong to a member of Lucy’s species. However, despite the similarity in geological age and close geographic proximity, the researchers have not assigned the partial foot to the new species due to lack of clear association. Regardless, the new species Australopithecus deyiremeda incontrovertibly confirms that multiple species did indeed co-exist during this time period. Haile-Selassie told BBC News: “We had to look at the detailed anatomy and morphology of the teeth and the upper and lower jaws, and we found major differences. This new species has very robust jaws. In addition, we see this new species had smaller teeth. The canine is really small—smaller than all known hominins we have documented in the past. ”
“This discovery has important implications for our understanding of early hominin ecology. It also raises significant questions, such as how multiple early hominins living at the same time and geographic area might have used the shared landscape and available resources,” the Museum wrote. | 010_2908731 | {
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What does “dead as a door nail” mean? What does "deader than a doornail" mean? I've read the word plenty of times but don't know the meaning to it. The phrase is deader than a doornail (or dead as a doornail). It means utterly and completely dead -- either literally or figuratively. Or, as this site puts it:
This site speculates on its origin:
The phrase means 'Dead beyond doubt'. To add strength and prevent theft, the nail was clinched on the inside, making it 'dead', or, unable to be re-used for the same purpose. According to thefreedictionary,
dead; no longer in existence. This may have sounded original in the 1300s, but it's probably something to avoid when writing today. In fact, a few websites, exhorting writers to avoid the trite and conjure some originality, specifically list this idiom as one to be avoided. The idiotic idioms page lists it as a cliché, right atop a long list of other overused expressions. I remember my 7th-grade grammar teacher telling us to avoid clichés as well, as I believe "dead as a doornail" was one of the first examples she rattled off. So, although you now know it means - well, dead - you should also note that the phrase itself is almost as lifeless as those alluded-to doornails. This is an ancient expression: we have a reference to this dating back to 1350, and it also appears in the fourteenth-century work The Vision of Piers Plowman and in Shakespeare’s Henry IV. Another expression, of rather later date, is as dead as a herring, because most people only saw herrings when they were long dead and preserved; there are other similes with the same meaning, such as dead as mutton, or dead as a stone. A close-up of an ancient studded door, with a heavy door knocker. Dead enough for you? But why particularly a doornail, rather than just any old nail? Could it be because of the repetition of sounds, and the much better rhythm of the phrase compared with the version without door? Almost certainly the euphony has caused the phrase to survive longer than the alternatives I’ve quoted. But could there something special about a doornail? The usual reason given is that a doornail was one of the heavy studded nails on the outside of a medieval door, or possibly that the phrase refers to the particularly big one on which the knocker rested. A doornail, because of its size and probable antiquity, would seem dead enough for any proverb; the one on which the knocker sat might be thought particularly dead because of the number of times it had been knocked on the head. But William and Mary Morris, in The Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins, quote a correspondent who points out that it could come from a standard term in carpentry. If you hammer a nail through a piece of timber and then flatten the end over on the inside so it can’t be removed again (a technique called clinching), the nail is said to be dead, because you can’t use it again. Doornails would very probably have been subjected to this treatment to give extra strength in the years before screws were available. So they were dead because they’d been clinched. It sounds plausible, but whether it’s right or not we will probably never know. | 007_6317131 | {
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Some of the worms and germs we’ve been warding off may actually keep us well. One solution, some scientists say, is to welcome them back
I met William Parker just two days before World Toilet Day, an international campaign to break taboos about, yes, potties. It’s a subject not many like to talk about. The cause is a critical one: access to sanitation and safe drinking water are key to preventing a host of diseases. But a growing body of research suggests there may be a dark side to clean living. [Image: With allergies and autoimmune disorders on the rise, researchers find hope in some unlikely allies]
According to one theory, first proposed in the 1980s, the super-sanitized lifestyle of the western world may have curtailed some diseases but created new ones. The prevalence of asthma, allergies, and a number of autoimmune-related ills —from rheumatoid arthritis to Type I diabetes—has skyrocketed in recent decades, especially in wealthy countries. "Roughly 4 in 10 Americans suffer from allergies, and nearly 1 in 10 develop an autoimmune disorder," Parker said. "We generally don’t see these diseases in developing countries. "
Duke immunologist William Parker is one of hundreds of scientists who are trying to figure out exactly what makes healthy immune systems tick, and why modern living has run them amok. [Photo: William Parker, Ph.D]
"Certainly there’s a genetic connection. And there can also be environmental triggers, like viral infections or chemicals," Parker said. "But there’s something more going on. "
The culprit, some scientists say, may be a lack of worms. Not the worms that dig in your garden, mind you, but the ones that dwell in your gut. Until the last century, few people on Earth were parasite-free. For much of our evolutionary history, humans have played host to an array of wormy guests. Hookworms, roundworms, and whipworms have long made their homes in the warm wet folds of our intestines, bathed in a constant supply of food and nutrients. Today, intestinal worms still infect more than one third of the world’s population. Parker, who grew up on a hobby farm in rural Arkansas, suspects he plays host to a few parasites of his own. "I probably have things in my gut that most people don’t, because I grew up drinking creek water," Parker said. Many intestinal parasites are passed from person to person when microscopic amounts of human feces get on our fingers, or when we walk barefoot on contaminated soil. Sewage treatment and running water prevent parasites from passing from one person to the next, Parker explains. But it wasn’t always this way. "We seem to have forgotten that it was only very recently, less than 100 year ago, that our grandparents first acquired indoor plumbing and access to modern medicine," Parker said. "A number of different worms used to live in our guts, but they’ve been wiped out. "
Too clean for our own good
Parker and other scientists suspect we may be paying a price for our parasite-free existence. To find out, Parker’s research revolves around another set of animals scrubbed squeaky clean by modern living: lab rats. Scientists started breeding strains of rodents for laboratory experiments about 150 years ago, Parker says. "We treat them with anti-parasitic drugs, and we make sure they have clean drinking water. So in a real sense we’ve done the same things to our lab animals that we’ve inadvertently done to ourselves. "
In the mid 2000’s, Parker began catching wild rats in and around Durham, NC, and comparing them to rats raised in the lab. Parker showed me his trapping technique, learned from catching rats in his parents’ barn as a child. It’s not glamorous work. In urban areas, wild rats are lured by garbage cans and dog food bins. Parker finds rat-infested areas and sets out his traps: wire cages the size of a shoebox, outfitted with trap doors and triggers. After putting out unarmed live traps for several days to put the beady-eyed pests at ease, he baits each trap and sets the trigger, returning later to collect his prey. "Wild rats aren’t as friendly as the lab rats are," Parker said. [Image: Photo of wild rat. ]
Unlike sterile lab rats, wild rats are riddled with parasites — not just worms, but bacteria and viruses, lice and mites — which their immune systems have to contend with. When Parker compared immune reactions in spleen cells of wild rats with their squeaky clean cousins, the lab rats were hypersensitive compared to their wild counterparts. This hypersensitivity could also explain what happens when people go parasite free, Parker explained. To evade eviction, worms secrete chemicals that quiet the bodies’ natural defenses just enough to allow them to avoid attack without harming their host. Over millions of years of co-existence, the theory goes, our immune systems learned to tolerate these live-in guests —or "helminthes," as Parker prefers to call them —and eventually came to depend on worms to work properly. "Ancient adaptations to deal with helminth infection may have left their mark on the way the immune system is structured and controlled," wrote Janette Bradley and co-authors at the University of Nottingham, in a 2009 article published in Immunology.
With parasites out of the picture, the body’s natural defenses go into overdrive. Our immune systems are now mounting the alarm for harmless substances from dust mites to cat dander. In the case of autoimmune disorders such as Crohn’s disease and Type I diabetes, the body’s immune system attacks the very thing it was meant to protect: our own tissues. "Our immune system doesn’t have enough to do," so it gets bored and looks for something to fight, Parker explained. "It may be that our immune system needs the chemicals helminthes produce to function normally," he added. Blurring the line between friend and foe
What to do? Some scientists propose a solution that’s not for the squeamish. If eliminating parasites triggered the rise in allergies and autoimmune disorders, could reuniting with the worms within restore our health? A growing number of studies suggest that for off-kilter immune systems, a dose of gut worms may be just what the doctor ordered. Lab rodents were the first trial subjects to test the idea, but studies in humans have backed up the hunch. Researchers at the University of Iowa are treating patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with "cocktails" laced with microscopic whipworm eggs. It may sound like a witch’s brew, but for some patients with IBD — a painful disorder characterized by diarrhea, bleeding and fever — it’s a worthwhile tradeoff. The patients had tried multiple treatments to relieve their symptoms, but nothing worked. After 24 weeks of worm therapy, 23 of the 29 volunteers went into remission. [Photo of whipworm eggs. ]
Worm therapy has also proven effective for other diseases. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating disease in which the body attacks its own nerve cells. Scientists in Argentina followed several hundred multiple sclerosis patients for 4 to 6 years, a dozen of whom accidentally developed intestinal parasites during the study. When they compared the patients who developed intestinal parasites with the patients who remained parasite-free, the worm-infected patients had fewer flare-ups over time. A new spin on health care
These scientists aren’t suggesting we relinquish the loo. Dozens of communicable diseases, from cholera to typhoid, travel from person to person in human feces. Waste disposal and treatment mean the difference between life and death in some parts of the world, where defecating in the open is a leading cause of contaminated drinking water. "Nobody’s suggesting we go back to the Stone Age," Parker said. Instead, Parker imagines a future where worm therapy is a routine part of medical care. "You would go to the doctor to get exactly the type and number of worms you needed," Parker explained. "You would get your worm levels checked just like you get your cholesterol levels checked. "
Parker acknowledges this is a big shift for doctors, who are normally in the business of preventing infection. "We usually think it’s not healthy to have worms. And indeed, people already plagued by anemia or malnutrition can get sick from them," he acknowledged. But in controlled doses under medical supervision, Parker says, the parasites are unlikely to cause problems. "The risks are small compared to the potential benefits," he explained. Why not identify the mystery compounds the worms secrete, and develop a drug that mimics their effects? When I asked Parker this question, he was skeptical. "Each worm constantly secretes dozens if not hundreds of different molecules as it travels through the body. That’s hard to reproduce with a drug. "
With FDA approval for many kinds of worm therapy still a long ways off, some people are taking their health in their own hands and deliberately infecting themselves with worms in the hopes of relieving their symptoms. But until we have a better understanding of how worm therapy works, Parker cautions, self-treatment is still a gamble. "We still don’t know which species of worms you need, or how many, or what the timing of treatment needs to be to make your immune system stable," Parker said. "Some of these diseases are very early onset. Which diseases can be treated after symptoms have already developed? And which diseases can be prevented, but not cured? "
With the sun setting fast, Parker loads the last of his traps, and hands me a peanut. It’s a deadly allergen to some people, but irresistible to rodents. I debate whether to wash my hands, then I take the bait. Devalapalli, A., et al. 2006. Increased levels of IgE and autoreactive, polyreactive IgG in wild rodents: implications for the hygiene hypothesis. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology 64: 125-136. Elliott, D., et al. 2005. Helminths and the modulation of mucosal inflammation. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology 21: 51-58. Hewitsona, J., J. Graingera and R. Maizels. 2009. Helminth immunoregulation: The role of parasite secreted proteins in modulating host immunity. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 167 (1): 1–11. Jackson J., I. Friberg, S. Little, J. Bradley. 2009. Immunity against helminthes and immunological phenomena in modern human populations: coevolutionary legacies? Immunology 126: 18–27. Lesher, A., B. Li, P. Whitt, N. Newton, A. Devalapalli, K. Shieh, J. Solow, W. Parker. 2006. Increased IL-4 production and attenuated proliferative and proinflammatory responses of splenocytes from wild-caught rats (Rattus norvegicus). Immunol. and Cell Bio. 84: 374-382. Parker, W. 2010. Reconstituting the depleted biome to prevent immune disorders. Evolution and Medicine Review.
Summers, R., et al. 2005. Trichuris suis therapy for active ulcerative colitis: a randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology 128 (4): 825–832. Yazdanbakhsh, M., P. Kremsner, and R. van Ree. 2002. Allergy, parasites, and the hygiene hypothesis. Science 296 (5567): 490-494. (1) Photo of hookworm posted to Wikimedia Commons by Jasper Lawrence (Creative Commons license). (2) Photo by Duke Medicine.
(3) Photo of wild rat from Wikimedia Commons (public domain). (4) Photo of whipworm eggs from Wikimedia Commons. Provided by the Centers for Disease Control (public domain). About The Author: Robin Smith taught writing at Duke University for four years before joining the news room at the National Evolutionary Synthesis Center, where she writes about life in the deep sea, atop the world’s highest mountains, and everywhere in between. Robin has a PhD in evolutionary biology, and has published academic articles in Evolution, American Naturalist, and the American Journal of Botany. She has also written for the Raleigh News and Observer, the Charlotte Observer, and for Scitable, an online learning initiative from the publishers of Nature. Robin is a member of the National Association of Science Writers, and serves on the board of the science writers group, Science Communicators of North Carolina. When she’s not at her desk, Robin spends her time dancing, hiking, and learning the secrets of homemade sorbet. She tweets at @NESCent and (more rarely) @robinannsmith. Photo by Jon Gardiner.
The views expressed are those of the author and are not necessarily those of Scientific American. | 009_6188261 | {
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IN anticipation of October, which has come to be known as Breast Cancer Awareness Month, about 500 breast cancer survivors and supporters will tackle Marin’s Mount Tamalpais for the annual Peak Hike on Saturday.
The hike, in its 10th year, benefits the Breast Cancer Fund, and even more specifically this year will focus on the organization’s efforts to eliminate ingredients in cosmetics and body care products linked to cancer. Participants choose either a seven- or 11-mile trail, and in advance of the trek, each hiker commits to raise a minimum of $250 in pledges. There is still time to register for Peak Hike or to sponsor a hiker. The risk of breast cancer in a woman’s lifetime has risen from one in 20 in the 1960s to one in seven today. Half of breast cancer cases are explained by known risk factors, including family history and genetic predispostion. But the other half is a mystery. Some point to scientific evidence indicating that environmental exposures, including chemicals found in beauty products may trigger the development of cancer. For that reason, the Breast Cancer Fund is raising awareness about common cosmetic ingredients such as phthalates, acrylamide, formaldehyde and ethylene oxide. To register for Peak Hike, sponsor a hiker or to get more information, visit http://www.breastcancerfund.org/events or call (415) 346-8223. | 007_6939140 | {
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Part of the funds and employment under Rajiv rojghar yojana (http://dkvib.delhigovt.nic.in/rgsry.htm ) , NREGA (http://nrega.nic.in/netnrega/home.aspx) should be used in finding innovative solutions that helps to take on the challenges of a natural or man made disaster and challenges faced by the society etc. One such idea is to encourage building foldable boats to be used during disasters just like what the following companies have pioneered. Foldboat came up with a compact plastic boat that can be foldable and easy to carry. More info on the design and co operation can be obtained from http://www.foldboat.info/
The paradigm project: Around 3 billion around the planet cook food using wood and exposed to the smoke that is equal to 40 cigarettes smoke per day. 1. 6 million people are killed every year due to smoke inhalation with women and children in majority, and is the number one killer of children under the age of five (more than AIDS, malaria, malnutrition, and water-borne disease). Till now thru various philanthropic efforts the most used idea is to provide these people a subsidized stove. But due to lack of continuous support on repairs and spares and other issues stoves are abandoned and women tend to go back to old methods of using wood again. The paradigm project studied the existing models and in order to sustain the habit of using stoves (the stove they supplied is called clean-burning and efficient rocket stove http://www.rocketstove.org/ and they are able to supply 60,000 of the stoves till now) they connected the use of stove to carbon credit markets so people can earn money by selling carbon credits in US and European markets. The paradigm project is recognized by the clinton global initiative twice. http://www.theparadigmproject.org/why-stoves Read more here on a run from San Diego to Los angeles to make poeple know how difficult to carry 15 miles wood on their back and walk back http://www.theparadigmproject.org/woodwalk.html
Want to know how the internet cables run worldwide. Check out this cool infograph on how we are all connected. http://www.submarinecablemap.com/ | 000_837482 | {
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What is EMDR? EMDR is a form of therapy that integrates some new and unique techniques with many elements of traditional psychotherapies. In many forms of psychotherapy, clients are encouraged to explore past experiences which were distressing or even traumatic, with the goal of understanding how these experiences have affected them in the past in order to change how the experiences affect them in the future. In EMDR, the way the client works through or “reprocesses” earlier memories is unique, and from our experience, remarkably fast and powerful. To understand how EMDR works, an analogy might be helpful. One of the brain’s main functions is to make sense of or “digest” our experiences, in a similar way that our stomach and intestines digest our food. Our digestive systems takes out nutrients from our food that our bodies need and then eliminates what we don’t need. In a similar fashion, the brain will take out what we need to understand or learn from our experience and then eliminate the rest – meaning we will discard or eliminate experiences that are not helpful to us. When an event or experience is particularly emotionally charged or traumatic, that event can be like a large piece of food stuck in our throats – it is too big to get down to the digestive tract. Psychologically, a similar thing happens with emotionally charged events, they are too large to be digested psychologically, and so they tend to remain “stuck” in our minds. EMDR is very helpful in getting charged experiences “unstuck” and ready for processing or being made sense of. EMDR also helps our minds understand old experiences in new ways, even if we did not believe that these old events were particularly emotionally charged. In an EMDR reprocessing session, the client is initially guided to remember a distressing experience which affected the client previously, and which is related to the client’s current difficulty achieving their goals. Even though for many people the link between current difficulties and early experiences is not immediately understood, coming up with a relevant early memory to work on is usually much easier than clients expect. Once the client has a distressing memory in mind, they are asked a series of questions designed to increase awareness of what is in consciousness, as well as to assess the level and type of disturbance. Once the client is fully aware of the memory, bilateral stimulation (see below) is applied and the client is instructed to bring that memory to mind. The client starts with their awareness of the memory and lets whatever comes to mind, come to mind. The client is typically mostly silent during an EMDR reprocessing session, sitting back with their eyes closed and simply observing the stream of images, body sensations, thoughts, emotions, sounds, and sometimes even tastes and smells that come to mind. Many clients describe the processing as being similar to watching a movie or TV screen. Sometimes it seems that forgotten memories are uncovered. Sometimes what’s there is extremely vivid and intense, at other times vague or distant. Scenes may shift perspective, and new insights may arise. The important part is that the client not attempt to control what comes to mind, not try to make anything happen or prevent or shift anything that is happening, but that the client “lets go” and allows whatever unfolds to pass through their minds. As processing continues, the way the memory is stored changes. Typically, it changes from something that is distressing to something that causes no distress; from something that caused negative feelings about the self at the time, to something that now brings up positive feelings about the self. In order for EMDR to be safe and effective, it is important that the client and therapist have a strong and trusting relationship. In an EMDR reprocessing session, the therapist may interrupt periodically to ask something like “What do you notice now? ” Often, the therapist simply listens to the client’s brief description then says “go with that,” instructing the client to continue processing. A key role of the therapist is to provide a safe base so the client can let themselves go wherever their mind unfolds. The therapist guides the client back to the original memory when the client’s processing takes them too far afield, intervenes with minimal necessary force when the client’s mind becomes “stuck,” encourages the client to make it through difficult material, and comes to the client’s rescue if they become overwhelmed by something unexpected, or by any emotions or memories the client feels are too much to handle. The therapist also keeps track of the time, and if it does not appear processing will complete spontaneously before the session is over, assists the client to leave off at a positive place. What is Bilateral Stimulation? What do the headphones, hand buzzers, or eye movements do? The client receives bilateral stimulation of some kind while they process distressing material. Bilateral stimulation is providing some kind of sensory input (sounds, touch, vision) that is given in such a way so that the information goes to the two sides of the brain in an alternating sequence. This may sound complicated, but is really as simple as wearing headphones and hearing a sound alternate between the left and right ears; or having a hand buzzer vibrate in the right hand and then next in the left hand and so forth. While not entirely clear why, it appears that this bilateral stimulation is an important component of the procedure. There are several hypotheses about the mechanism by which bilateral brain stimulation is helpful. One hypothesis is that by stimulating the right and left hemispheres of the brain in sequence, this encourages the two hemispheres of the brain to more actively communicate with each other and so produces a more integrated experience. A second hypothesis for why the bilateral stimulation is effective is that the bilateral stimulation promotes a sense of dual awareness – of keeping the mind in the present moment while at the same time it goes somewhere else. This may reduce the distress associated with what is being processed, as well as help the mind remain open to processing the material in new and different ways. Can everyone benefit from EMDR? No. EMDR is not recommended for people who are unstable, self-injurious, at high-risk of drug or alcohol relapse, or dissociative. It is not a recommended treatment for all mental health disorders, though we have often found it to be very helpful for the treatment of anxiety, depression, and anger problems as well as for working through trauma. We have also found EMDR very helpful for executive performance enhancement and personal growth. EMDR seems to not be effective for people who don’t feel much at all when they think of apparently distressing material, or for people who are extremely and easily overwhelmed by distressing material. Often, people who can’t feel anything or are too overwhelmed to do EMDR early in treatment become ready to do EMDR as treatment progresses in more traditional ways. What are positive resources? A new technique that developed as a component of EMDR therapy is the use of bilateral stimulation while the client relaxes and allows their unconscious mind to construct positive places, figures, qualities, and other positive associations. The bilateral stimulation seems to strengthen these positive resources so the client can bring them easily and vividly to mind in their daily life. When brought to mind, they bring up good feelings of calmness, safety, being loved, being protected, strength, courage and so on. Positive resources are very helpful for many people, and we may recommend them as part of many client’s treatment plans, whether or not we also recommend EMDR memory reprocessing. Is EMDR similar to hypnotherapy? EMDR and hypnotherapy are similar in that they both seem to get to the unconscious mind quite quickly and powerfully. One of the main ways that hypnotherapy works is by the therapist making suggestions to the client’s unconscious mind. The power of suggestion is not typically used in EMDR. While hypnotherapy can very occasionally induce false memories (if misused), EMDR does not, though EMDR may make previously distressing memories vague and difficult to recall. You don’t have to believe EMDR will help for it to work. We really enjoy working with clients who are completely skeptical about EMDR, only later to tell us how powerful it was! Are there any risks to doing EMDR? Yes, we are aware of two risks. First, distressing memories have a tendency to become vague and no longer distressing. If you will be testifying in a court of law about something distressing that has happened to you, you may need to talk with a lawyer about whether EMDR is advised prior to completion of your legal case. Second, any traumatic experience you have had, even if you haven’t told anyone about it or even thought about it for a long time, has a tendency to come out. When something previously traumatic comes up, the memory can be extremely vivid, as if it were happening again in the present moment. Although it can be extremely healing to process any trauma from your past, we must both be prepared to do so. We don’t want you to be re-traumatized by reliving such an experience before you’re ready to handle the emotions and memories that arise. It is very important that you tell us before getting started with EMDR if anything traumatic has happened to you in the past. 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Kěbo, a title given anciently to Javanese chiefs, and is the same as Maisa, meaning Buffaloe. Munding another word for Buffaloe was also formerly used to designate the chiefs. Lembu a bull or cow, also occurse in a similar way in the composition of the names of ancient chiefs. Kěbo has had also extensive application in this sense on Bali. See Bat. Trans. Vol 23 Page 24. It occurs in the history of Java, see Raffles Vol 2, Page 105 in the name of Kěbo Mundarang, the minister of the king o Kèdiri, and again Page 135 in the person of Kěbo Kanigara, the chief of Pajang. The word Kabu given in Raffles is no doubt meant for Kěbo. Kěbo-grang, name of a fish at Jasinga; the same as Sanggaringan.
Kěbon, a garden, a plantation, a cultivated bit of ground. The same word is also Malay. It might have been expected that the islanders would have had a pure Polynesian word for such a thing as a garden, or bit of planted land, but nevertheless Kěbon seems to have borrowed its root from the Sanscrit Bu the Earth, the world, Clough 477, and with the constructive Ka before and an after , would make Kabuan , the u and a, by a very common rule coalesce , and form O , making thus Kabon or Kěbon, a bit of earth, a bit of land- a garden. Kěbut, to be blown about by the wind. To fan, to blow up a fire. Kěbutan, to fan, to cause a current of wind to pass over anything by waving some instrument by way of a fan. To dust, to blow away the dust. Kéchap, Catchup, a dark coloured sauce prepared by the Chinese.
Kěchap, to speak, to utter a word. Sa kěchap, a word. :(Mai. Jav. Kawi Uchap, word, tale; Kochap, spoken. Kěchap, Jav. the act of opening and clossing the mouth when pronouncing a word. The following article is certainly the same, the time for pronouncing a word being no more than the twinkling of the eye. Fr.)
Kěchap, a twinkling of the eye; any short space of time; immediately. Kechěrik, a small variety of hand fishing net. Kěděngan, to lie down upon. Meja di kěděngan, he laid himself down upon the table. Kěděngkěn, to lay down, to place in a recumbent position. Kěděngkěn di na meja, lay it down flat upon the table! Kědėr, fearful, uneasy in mind, startled. Kědih, firm in character, not to be talked over. Kědiri, name of a residency at the east end of Java, and the supposed site of the ancient kingdom of Daha. It was here that a remarkable woman, called Kili-Suchi, lived,
would neither pretend, that karabha is our karbau, notwithstanding that in a similar way the Western nations called the Elephant "Indian ox" (Aleph Hindi, Pott.) the Romans even "bos Lucanus" because they had seen the animal first in Lucania in the war with Pyrrhus: nor that the word karabha or karbau is derived from the root kri, to do, to work. The buffaloe is known in India and his principal name is mahisha, which is well known on Java and Bali. We might leave the karbau (kebo) to the Polynesians, even as the word Munding. Fr. | 008_6648281 | {
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The Musketeers of the Guard were a junior unit of roughly company strength of the military branch of the Royal Household or Maison du Roi. They were created in 1622 when Louis XIII furnished a company of light cavalry (the "carabiniers", created by Louis' father Henri IV) with muskets. Musketeers fought in battle both on foot (infantry) and on horseback (dragoons). As a junior unit in the Royal Guard, the Musketeers were not closely linked to the royal family. Traditional bodyguard duties were in fact performed by the Garde du Corps and the Gardes suisses. Because of its junior status, the Musketeers were open to the lower classes of French nobility or younger sons from noble families whose oldest son served in the more prestigious units. The Musketeers soon gained a reputation for boisterousness and fighting spirit as the only way for social and career advancement was excelling at their task as mounted light dragoons. Their high esprit de corps and can-do attitude gained them royal favour and they became a popular fixture at court and in Paris. Shortly after their creation, Cardinal Richelieu created a bodyguard unit for himself. So as not to offend the King with a perceived sense of self-importance, Richelieu did not name them Garde du Corps like the King's personal guards but rather Musketeers after the Kings' junior guard cavalry. This was the start of a bitter rivalry between both corps of Musketeers. At the cardinal's death in 1642, the company passed to his successor Cardinal Mazarin. At Mazarin's death in 1661, the cardinal's Musketeers passed to Louis XIV to the disgust of both the King's Musketeers and the Cardinal's Musketeers. The Musketeers were subsequently reorganized as a guard cavalry regiment of two companies. The King's Musketeers became the first company, popularly known as "Grey Musketeers" (mousquetaires gris) from the color of their horses while the Cardinal's Musketeers became the second company, known as "Black Musketeers" (mousquetaires noirs) because they rode black horses. The Musketeers were the among the most popular of the military companies of the Ancien Régime. This popularity was due to the lower entrance requirements. The senior guard units were in effect closed to all but the most senior and wealthy of French nobles so for the vast majority of French nobles (many of whom lived in genteel poverty), service in the Musketeers was the only way to join a cavalry unit in the Royal Household and perhaps catch the King's eye. In 1776, the Musketeers were eliminated by Louis XVI, for budgetary reasons. Reformed in 1789, they were eliminated shortly afterward. They were reformed on July 6, 1814, and definitively eliminated on January 1, 1816. Decades later, starting in 1844, this group was the subject of the now-famous serial publication The Three Musketeers, in the magazine Le Siècle between March and July 1844. The author, Alexandre Dumas, père, based his work on the book Mémoires de Monsieur d'Artagnan, capitaine lieutenant de la première compagnie des Mousquetaires du Roi (Memoirs of Mister d'Artagnan, Lieutenant Captain of the first company of the King's Musketeers) by Gatien de Courtilz de Sandras (Cologne, 1700). The iconic "Redcoat" of the British Empire was the staple unit in the British armies that carved out the widest spanning Empire the world has seen. Originally worn only by British soldiers, it was adopted by the East India Trading Company and given to sepoys in India. The facing of the jacket was a variety of colours, depending on the regiment. The redcoat was equipped with the 0. 75 calibre Land Pattern Musket, or Brown Bess. He was the most thoroughly trained musketeer in history, the British army being the only one in the colonial era to train with live ammunition. A fully trained redcoat could fire four times a minute, compared to the French conscripts average rate of twice a minute. This, combined with the British technique of firing by companies (a method wherein blocks of men fired smaller volleys in succession, creating a wave of fire down the front of the regiment) made it possible for the British to win pitched battles against far superior numbers. In the Spanish army, the Tercio (sometimes referred to by other nations as a Spanish Square) was a mixed infantry formation of about 3,000 pikemen and musketeers. It was nigh on invincible for its era, capitalizing on the brute strength and close-range abilities of the pikemen and the long-range projectile capabilities of the muskets. In practice, it appeared as a loosely formed phalanx in function, but was far more flexible and deadly. Their reputation was firmly established as a viable fighting force during the Battle of Pavia, where Spanish forces were successful in capturing the French king. Thanks to the reforms of Gustav II Adolf of Sweden, the Swedish Army in the mid-Seventeenth Century had the finest musketeers in Europe. Gustav's training manual revolutionized musketry and transformed the European battlefield. Streltsy (Стрельцы) were the units of Russian guardsmen (sl. strelets, стрелец. literally "shooter"; often translated as "musketeer," but more properly "harquebusier") in the 16th - early 18th centuries, armed with firearms (riflemen). They are also collectively known as Strelets Troops (Стрелецкое Войско). The first strel'tsy units were created by Ivan the Terrible sometime between 1545 and 1550 and armed with the arquebus. They first saw combat at the Siege of Kazan' in 1552. military service in this unit became lifelong and hereditary. The Muscovite government was chronically short of cash so that the strel'tsy were often not paid well. While "entitled" to something like four rubles a year in the 1550s, they were often allowed to farm or trade in order to supplement their incomes. In the late 17th century, Streltsy of Moscow began to actively participate in a struggle for power between different government groups, supporting the dissidents and showing hostility towards any foreign innovations. In spite of these measures, the strel'tsy revolted yet again while Peter was on his Great Embassy in Europe. The corps was technically abolished in 1689; however, after having suffered a defeat at Narva in 1700, the government stopped their disbandment. Gradually, Streltsy were incorporated into the regular army. At the same time, they started to disband the Municipal Streltsy. Liquidation of the streltsy units was finally finished only in the 1720s, however, the Municipal Strel'tsy were kept in some cities until the late 18th century. In Zhao Shizhen's book of 1598 AD, the Shenqipu, there were illustrations of Ottoman Turkish riflemen with detailed illustrations of their muskets, alongside European musketeers with detailed illustrations of their muskets. There was also illustration and description of how the Chinese had adopted the Ottoman kneeling position in firing while favoring European-made rifles. Musket warfare became an integral part of Indian warfare when they were introduced to India in 1519. They were an important defense against the tank-like War Elephants. Both the Mughals and their sworn enemies (such as the Marathas) used musketeers in cover formations while sending volleys of musket fire on unsuspecting soldiers, horses, and elephants. | 002_6287359 | {
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Although this is one of the world’s most famous poems, there is no definitive version of it. Indeed, there is no clear evidence that its author, the Lutheran pastor Martin Niemöller, ever put it into poetic form. Several variations exist, naming different groups in different orders; is there a correct version? In a well-researched website (and a more detailed article), history professor Harold Marcuse explains that Niemöller, who initially supported Hitler but then later came to deeply regret his failure to oppose Nazi persecution, formulated the idea of the poem in a series of lectures following the war; Marcuse says, however, that he “could find NO printed document connected directly to Niemöller quoting or authorizing his exact words in a or the poetic version. ”
As to which groups Niemöller included and in which order, Marcuse’s research indicates that he always started with Communists and always ended with “me,” but varied the groups in the middle—although always including “the Jews.” He usually named Social Democrats and/or trade unionists, and at times included disabled people, “occupied countries,” Jehovah’s Witnesses, and possibly Catholics.
The list is historically accurate: communists, socialists, and trade unionists were among the first groups to oppose Nazism early in Germany—in the political arena and ultimately through clashes in the streets—and they were thus among the first targeted by Hitler and imprisoned in concentration camps. Hitler painted the picture of the Jewish communist union organizer to sway German capitalists toward fascism. (He also—regardless of the contradiction—used the image of the greedy Jewish capitalist to incite German workers. )
Marcuse’s suggestion for the most faithful rendition would be “Communists, Trade Unionists and/or Socialists, possibly the Disabled, Jews, and me. ”
Sadly, this means that the version in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, with its omission of “Communists” (above), is unfaithful—not only to the existing historical record but to the challenging spirit of the poem itself. | 011_4058451 | {
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What Were the Friendship Games? Olympics boycott has been rampant throughout the history of both summer and winter Olympic Games. Reasons for protest have included human rights abuses in the host countries, objection to the inclusion or exclusion of other countries, discriminating policies by the host nations, and differences between countries. While some boycotts have been considered as principled, others have been termed as a petulant act of revenge like the boycott of 1984 by the countries in the Soviet Union spheres (later dubbed as the Eastern Bloc). The boycott of the 1984 Olympic Games by the 14 countries led to the staging of an alternative event which was dubbed the Friendship Games or Alternative Olympic Games. The Friendship Games, commonly known as Friendship-84, was held between July 2 and September 16, 1984. Los Angeles was awarded the 1984 Olympic Games unopposed as no other city had bid. However, by the time the games were being held in Los Angeles, it had been 50 years since some of the most successful countries in the Olympic Games had hosted the event. The Soviet Union announced it would not take part in the1984 Olympic Games on the day the Olympic Torch Relay left New York for Los Angeles. Security concerns were given as the reason for the boycott, but many sensed political motivation. Moscow assured the IOC that it would not support any alternative games that would undermine the spirit of Olympics. On the same day the boycott was announced, a Soviet Union news agency accused the US of using the games for personal gains. Bulgaria, East Germany, Mongolia, and Vietnam were the first to join the boycott. On May 14, 1984, Poland announced that the Eastern Bloc would sponsor sports events in various countries as a substitute for the Los Angeles Olympic Games, holding them on different dates with from the Olympic Games. The Games were dubbed Friendship Games.
Approximately 8,000 athletes were expected to take part in the Friendship Games, but the number was reduced to slightly over 2,300 after some countries withdrew from events. However, not even all expected participants showed up. The athletes who participated in the event were drawn from 49 countries with the majority being Soviet allies. The games were hosted in nine countries including Bulgaria, Poland, Soviet Union, Mongolia, North Korea, and Hungary among others. The games included 22 Olympic disciplines and additional non-Olympic Women’s shooting. The Soviet Union topped the medal table with 126 gold medals followed by East Germany and Bulgaria with 50 and 21 gold medals respectively. Zimbabwe, Sweden, and Finland managed a medal each which were all bronze. A total of 242 gold medal, 233 silver, and 266 bronze medals were awarded to winners of the various disciplines. Comparison between 1984 Olympic Games and Frienship-84
Eastern Bloc athletes performed better than their Olympics counterparts. Over sixty of the Friendship Games participants would have secured medals at the Olympic Games. However, the differing conditions and equipment unjustified the comparisons between the two events. While the Friendship Games’ athletes outperformed their Olympics counterparts, they could not do the same in events after both games. The Friendship Games was more than just an event also put an avenue to political expression with the head of Soviet Union Olympic Committee terming the Los Angeles games as full of chauvinism and mass psychosis. | 002_6341643 | {
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It is the worst nightmare any Mom or Dad can ever have in this world, infant death. While sometimes there is nothing that could have been done differently to prevent infant deaths, it is important to play your role in preventing infant death. Here are some of the ways you can prevent infant and early childhood deaths. - If you are planning on having a baby, be healthy before you get pregnant and take folic acid to prevent birth defects of the brain and spine. - Tell your doctor if you have high blood pressure, diabetes or any other illness. If you think you may be pregnant, see a medical provider immediately. Early prenatal care could prevent having the baby too soon. Learn the signs of pre-term delivery – dads, family and friends need to know too. - If possible, breastfeed your baby. Breastfeeding during the first year may prevent the baby from getting sick and may reduce the risk of infant death. Research has shown that breast fed babies have very few cases of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
- Make the baby’s sleep environment safe. Babies should sleep on their back. Do not use soft bedding, don’t smoke around the baby and don’t let the baby get too warm. Avoid sharing the bed with an infant as this can facilitate SIDS. The true causes of SIDS are not clearly known but heat and possible suffocation/asphyxia has been blamed for infant deaths. - Use a car seat that is the right size for the age and weight of the baby. Make sure it is properly installed. If unsure how to secure a car seat, your local fire department can help you learn how to do it for free. - Never shake a baby. Crying is a baby’s way of communicating but if the crying is too much to handle, call someone to help or place the baby in a safe place and leave the room until you are calm. Shaking the baby can break bones, cause spinal cord injuries with permanent injuries and disability. Shaking a baby is illegal in USA punishable with jail time and fine and the baby taken away by child protection services. | 001_5725131 | {
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Study Your Heroic Ideals
A close examination of the military and political leadership of Alexander the Great reveals that he used the legends and traditions of ancient history and mythology as more than a source of wisdom and insight. For Alexander, the heroes of history were a source of inspiration and personal identification. Achilles, Hercules, Dionysus, Zeus—these figures fed Alexander’s ambition. The more he learned about them and their exploits, the more he sought to follow their example, and the more he grew as a result. Throughout his life Alexander applied the wisdom and insights of his predecessors—both real heroes and mythological gods (who he believed to be real)—to his experiences as a warrior, a commander, a conqueror and a king. With Aristotle as his tutor and with his own naturally deep curiosity and passion for discovery, Alexander developed an adept understanding of the stories and legends, the myths and symbols, and the values and principles of his own culture and many of the lands he conquered. He was able to weave this understanding into his words and actions in a way that greatly enhanced his leadership, the commitment of his men, and the openness of many of those peoples he came to rule. Of the many strengths of Alexander’s leadership, one of the most decisive was his masterful use of the lessons he learned from the legends and heroes of history. Learn more about the timeless lessons we can learn from legends like Alexander the Great. Check out Johnny’s book Mastering the Power of Grit. | 004_1644222 | {
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A History of Indian Voting Rights and Why It’s Important to Vote
There has been no Indian Voting Rights Act, and no congressional hearings or testimony on such a bill. But as I demonstrated in my book Racism in Indian Country, there are many conspiracies among non-Indians on or near reservations to keep Indian people from registering to vote and to keep them from voting. There have been dozens of lawsuits filed against county voter registrars, county commissioners and state officials over denying Indians the right to vote. When they returned from World War II, many Indian veterans were upset that they still could not vote. They had fought for their country, only to be denied this basic constitutional right when they got home. They began to lobby Congress and the state legislatures to give them suffrage rights. They had been exposed to the world outside the reservation, some for the first time, and had started to learn that they had been cheated out of many things, such as adequate housing, an adequate education, decent jobs, and the right to vote. They found they could not get loans to buy cattle, to start businesses, to build houses on reservations, and to buy cars and trucks. Indians could still not vote in New Mexico and Arizona as of 1948. The denial of the right to vote was in the constitution of the State of New Mexico. It stated that Indians living on reservations could not vote in state and federal elections. The Bureau of Indian Affairs had started to push to change such laws before the war started, but had gotten sidetracked by the war. When Miguel Trujillo, from Isleta Pueblo and a veteran of the Marine Corps during World War II, went to register to vote, he was told by the county registrar, Eloy Garley, that he could not register since he was an Indian living on a reservation. Trujillo was incensed. He brought suit against the county registrar and won. (Trujillo v. Garley) Felix Cohen, who had written the definitive book on Indian law, the Handbook of Federal Indian Law, was Trujillo’s attorney. Finally, in 1948, Indians in New Mexico could vote for the first time. Trujillo and Cohen became friends and worked on other issues of civil rights in New Mexico and in the South.
The case also debunked the myth that Indians did not pay taxes. The only taxes Indians did not pay, the court said, was taxes on the land the government held in trust for them. They had to pay sales taxes, income taxes, and all other taxes. In that same year, a lawsuit by another Indian veteran, Frank Harrison, in Arizona, let Indians vote for the first time in that state. (Harrison and Austin v. Laveen) Harrison was a member of the Mohave Tribe. He had tried to register to vote in Maricopa County, Arizona, and been denied by the county recorder, Roger Laveen. The ubiquitous Felix Cohen was also one of the attorneys in this landmark case. The National Congress of American Indians, the Department of Justice, and the Department of the Interior also filed amicus curiae (friends of the court) briefs in this case. Thereafter, it was clear in all states of the union that Indians could vote in tribal, state, local and federal elections. Utah, however, did not get around to removing this barrier to Indian voting for another two decades. The other states that had restricted Indian voting fell in line—to a limited extent. They continued to restrict Indian voting by refusing to allow roving registrars, by charging the poll tax, and by gerrymandering Indian votes to deny Indians the right to vote and to run for office. But the legacy of Indians being denied the right to vote is still strong. Most Indians are either not interested in national issues, or are afraid that if they vote in national elections they will somehow lose their membership in their tribe. The latter is not true. And many barriers still exist to keep Indians from registering and voting. They include having one single election place in a county, requiring voters to travel from their reservation to the county seat to register to vote, refusing to allow roving registrars to register voters, and holding elections in places hostile to Indian voters. Indian people have only slowly started, since 1980, to vote in increased numbers in national elections. The National Indian Youth Council (NIYC) of Albuquerque found in surveys in the 1980s that only 15 percent to 20 percent of Indians in Arizona and New Mexico were registered to vote in state and national elections. In most states, Indians are under 10 percent of the eligible voters. In only three states are Indians more than 10 percent of the total population. But in some cases, the Indian vote has been critical to the success of candidates. The Indian vote defeated the re-election of Slade Gorton, the anti-Indian former Attorney General of Washington State. Gorton was the lead attorney for sport fishermen who lost the case in the Boldt decision (U. S. v. Washington) that gave Indians the right to half the salmon and steelhead catch in the state. He ran for the Senate on an anti-Indian platform and won, but lost his bid for re-election when Indians mobilized against him. Gary Johnson, the Republican governor of New Mexico from 1995 to 2003, won both elections with the help of the Indian vote and donations from tribal casinos. His opponent in the first election, Bruce King (Democrat), had waffled on support for tribal casinos during his third term as governor. This lost King almost all the Indian support. The Indian vote, which was about 6 percent of the total, put Johnson over the top in his first election in 1994. His opponent in the second election, my friend Martin Chavez, was the Democratic mayor of Albuquerque. Marty’s lack of spirited support for tribal casinos also cost him the election; Johnson won 54 percent to 46 percent in 1998. If Marty had had 3 percent more votes from Indians and 2 percent more from Hispanics, who are one of the main customers of the tribal casinos, Marty would have been governor. Larry Echo Hawk, the recent Assistant Secretary for Indian Affairs, was the first Indian to win an election for statewide office. Denise Juneau, who is Mandan and Hidatsa, won the election in 2008 for superintendent of public instruction in Montana. Juneau is the second Indian person in the history of the U. S. to win such a statewide seat. She obviously won with mostly non-Indian votes, since Indians constitute less than 10 percent of the voting population in the state. It helped that she is an attorney and a former school teacher who paid her dues learning the system. She ran a spirited campaign, and defeated a well-known opponent. She was one of our scholarship students for her master’s degree in English from Harvard and for her law degree from the University of Montana.
Indians voted overwhelmingly for Barack Obama for president in 2008, and probably added one or two percent to his election margin. With up to a million Indians voting nationwide, they could swing the margin in a close election, something numerous Indian voting advocates have pushed for years. For the first time in 1980 there was an active campaign within the Democratic Party to have a voice in the election for president. Billie Masters, a Cherokee from California, headed the campaign. There were a dozen and a half Indian delegates at the convention. In 1984 there were 28 Indian delegates to the national convention of the Democratic Party. In 1988 there 51 Indian delegates, and in 1992 there were 62. In 1984, Roger Jourdain, Ada Deer, Ruby Ludwig, Verna Wood and I headed First Americans for Mondale. We had 28 Indian delegates at the Democratic convention, raised $32,000, and registered 30,000 new Indian voters. The Democrat Mondale lost to the Republican Ronald Reagan.
In 1988, a group of people put together an Indian effort to support the unsuccessful campaign of Michael Dukakis. He lost to George H. W. Bush. In 1992, attorneys Kevin Gover and Cate Stetson of Albuquerque headed First Americans for Clinton, and repeated their efforts in 1996. Ada Deer headed the BIA in Clinton’s first term. Gover headed the BIA in the second Clinton term. There are now about 85 Indian elected officials in the United States. They are state senators and representatives, local sheriffs, county commissioners, and city council members. They have more authority than at any time in Indian history to influence budgets and policies. But the Indian vote is still too weak. Dr. Dean Chavers is director of Catching the Dream, a scholarship program for Native college students. His last book was Racism in Indian Country. His next book is The American Indian Dropout. He welcomes your comments about dropouts; his e-mail address is CTD4DeanChavers@aol. com. You need to be logged in in order to post comments
Please use the log in option at the bottom of this page | 009_1377040 | {
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Timeline: North Korea nuclear stand-off
Key dates in the long-running crisis over North Korea's nuclear weapons programme. 2 April: North Korea says it will restart its main Yongbyon nuclear complex, including a reactor mothballed in 2007. 30 March: North Korea says it is entering a "state of war" with South Korea, amid increasing tension in the peninsula. 27 March: North Korea cuts a key military hotline with South Korea, the last official direct link between the two. 19 March: The US flies B-52 nuclear-capable bombers over Korean peninsula, following several North Korean threats to attack US and South Korean targets. 15 March: North Korea accuses the US and its allies of attacks on its internet servers after some of its official websites become inaccessible. 11 March: The US begins annual joint military drills with South Korea. North Korea says it has scrapped the Korean War armistice, a pact with the UN says cannot be unilaterally scrapped. 7 March: The UN approves fresh sanctions on Pyongyang. North Korea says it has the right to a "pre-emptive nuclear strike" on the US. 12 February: North Korea has "successfully staged" a third underground nuclear test, state-run news agency KCNA says. 24 January: North Korea's National Defence Commission says it will proceed with a "high-level nuclear test". 22 January: UN Security Council passes resolution condemning North Korea's rocket launch and expands existing sanctions. 21 January: South Korea says the long-range rocket launched by North Korea in December was largely made using domestic technology. 12 December: North Korea successfully puts a satellite into space, using a three-stage rocket. The test is condemned by the US and Pyongyang's neighbours as a banned test of long-range missile technology. 1 December: North Korea announces plans to test-fire a long-range rocket. 22 August: North Korea completes a ''major step'' by placing a dome on a light water reactor that could support its nuclear programme, an analyst says. 18 July: North Korean leader Kim Jong-un is given the title of marshal, state media announce. 17 July: North Korea appoints a new vice-marshal, Hyon Yong-chol, a day after the army chief, Ri Yong-ho, is removed from his post "due to illness". 9 June: North Korea says it has no plans to conduct a third nuclear test "at present", but hits out at what it says is provocation from South Korea.
16 April: UN Security Council condemns North Korea's failed rocket launch in a statement. 13 April: North Korea launches a long-range rocket, but it breaks up and crashes into the sea shortly after blast-off. 16 March: North Korea says it will launch a satellite mounted on a rocket to mark the 100th birthday of its late former President Kim Il-sung - a move that draws condemnation from Western nations and regional neighbours who say it will constitute a banned test of missile technology. 29 February: North Korea agrees to suspend uranium enrichment, as well as nuclear and long-range missile tests. 23 February: US and North Korean officials meet in Beijing, China, for talks on Pyongyang's nuclear programme - the first since the death of North Korean leader Kim Jong-il. 20 February: South Korea holds live-fire military drills near disputed sea borders with the North, despite threats of retaliation from Pyongyang.
20 January: Seoul says it will allow a private group to deliver 180 tonnes of flour to North Korea.
1 January: The Korean peninsula is at a "turning point" and there are opportunities for change, South Korean President Lee Myung-bak says in a New Year speech. 31 December: Kim Jong-il's son, Kim Jong-un, is formally named supreme commander of the country's armed forces, state media say. The move is seen as a clear sign that the young leader is fast consolidating power over North Korea.
19 December: State media announce that Kim Jong-il has died of heart attack, aged 69. Pyongyang's neighbours are on alert amid fears of instability and power struggle in the North.
30 November: The construction of an experimental light-water reactor and the production of low-enriched uranium are "progressing apace", an unnamed foreign ministry official in Pyongyang tells the KCNA state-run news agency. 25 October: The US and North Korea fail to reach a deal on restarting negotiations on the North's nuclear programme, after two days of talks in Geneva.
21 September: Nuclear envoys from the North and the South hold a rare meeting in Beijing. No details are given about the outcome. 24 August: North Korea's Kim Jong-il hold talks with Russian President Dmitry Medvedev in Siberia.
Mr Kim says he is ready to discuss ending nuclear tests if the talks on denuclearisation resume, Russia's media report. 1 August: Pyongyang says in a statement it is eager to resume the six-party talks "at an early date" and "without preconditions". 29 July: The US and North Korea hold "exploratory" talks in New York, aimed at gauging whether Pyongyang is serious about resuming the nuclear talks. 24 May: The US envoy for human rights in North Korea, Robert King, visits the North to assess the severity of its food shortages and whether Washington should resume its aid programme. 14 May: North Korea and Iran appear to have been exchanging ballistic missile technology in violation of sanctions, a leaked UN report shows. 1 March: South Korean President Lee Myung-bak urges the North to resume six-party nuclear talks and give up its nuclear programme. 28 February: US and South Korean troops stage major annual land, sea and air drills, prompting Pyongyang to threaten "all-out war" on the Korean peninsula. 20 January: South Korea agrees to high-level military talks with the North.
Seoul says it would join the talks only if the agenda includes the two events that have soured relations - the sinking of a southern warship last March, and the shelling of South Korea's island in November.
6 December: South Korea begins major live-fire exercises off its coast despite warnings from the North.
23 November: North Korea shells South Korea's border island of Yeonpyeong, killing four people. The South returns fire. 12 November: A US nuclear scientist is given a tour by North Korean officials of an advanced uranium enrichment plant, and says he was "stunned" by its sophistication. Senior officials in Washington, Tokyo and Seoul express concern. 30 August: US President Barack Obama imposes new financial sanctions on North Korea that will hit eight North Korean "entities" and four individuals, targeting the trade in arms, luxury goods and narcotics. During his second visit to China this year, Kim Jong-il says he hopes for an "early resumption" of international talks on Pyongyang's nuclear programme, but gives no further details. 27 August: Former US President Jimmy Carter secures the release of an American citizen jailed in North Korea for eight years for illegally entering the country from China.
25 July: The US and South Korea stage a major military exercise in the Sea of Japan (East Sea) aimed at sending a message of deterrence to North Korea.
21 July: The US announces new sanctions on North Korea, following the crisis over the sinking of a South Korean warship, targeting Pyongyang's sale and purchase of arms and import of luxury goods. 28 May: A United Nations panel accuses North Korea of continuing to export nuclear and missile technology to Iran, Syria and Burma in defiance of a UN ban. 25 May: North Korea says it will cut all relations with South Korea and expel all South Korean workers from a jointly-run factory north of the border. 20 May: An international inquiry blames North Korea for sinking the Cheonan warship near the disputed inter-Korean maritime border. Pyongyang calls the claim a "fabrication". 26 March: A South Korean warship sinks killing 46 sailors, after an explosion caused by an alleged torpedo attack by the North. Pyongyang denies any involvement. 11 January: North Korea says it could return to talks on its nuclear disarmament in exchange for a peace treaty with the US and an end to sanctions. 6 October: North Korea tells China it may be willing to return to six-party talks, if it sees progress in bilateral talks with the US. 5 August: Former US President Bill Clinton visits to help secure the release of two detained US journalists. 30 June: South Korea confirms that the North is going ahead with its threat to enrich uranium, which can be used to fuel a nuclear reactor, or be more highly-enriched for use in a nuclear weapon. 12 June: The UN Security Council votes unanimously to impose tougher sanctions on North Korea. Pyongyang responds by saying it will view any US-led attempt to blockade the country as an "act of war" and that it plans to "weaponise" its plutonium stocks and start enriching uranium. 27 May: North Korea says it will no longer guarantee the safety of US and South Korean vessels off its south-western coast and is no longer bound by the truce that ended the 1950-53 Korean War.
26 May: North Korea test-fires two short-range missiles hours after the UN Security Council condemns the nuclear test. 25 May: North Korea detonates an underground nuclear explosive device. This is North Korea's second nuclear test and is believed to be several times more powerful than the first one tested in 2006. 14 April: North Korea announces that it will pull out of the six-party talks and orders IAEA inspectors to leave the Yongbyon complex and the country in response to UN Security Council criticism of its recent rocket launch. 5 April: North Korea launches a rocket to international condemnation. It flies over Japan and lands in the Pacific Ocean. The launch is widely viewed as a pretext to test a type of missile capable of carrying a nuclear warhead. 24 February: North Korea announces that it is preparing to launch a satellite, Kwangmyongsong-2, from its north-eastern coast. 10 December: Latest round of six-party talks ends without agreement on how to verify North Korea's account of its atomic activity. 11 October: The US says it has taken North Korea off its list of state sponsors of terrorism, after North Korea agrees to full verification of its nuclear sites. 9 October: The UN's nuclear watchdog, the IAEA, says North Korea has banned its inspectors from entering the Yongbyon nuclear complex. 24 September: IAEA says North Korea has removed seals preventing it using its main plant at Yongbyon. North Korean officials say UN inspectors will have no further access to the plant. 26 August: Two months after submitting its nuclear declaration, Pyongyang says it has stopped disabling its nuclear facilities in protest at the US failure to remove it from its list of state sponsors of terrorism. 24 July: The US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice meets her North Korean counterpart, Foreign Minister Pak Ui-chun, for informal talks at an Asean summit in Singapore - the first such meeting for four years. Ms Rice says the talks are "good", with no surprises. 27 June: North Korea demolishes the cooling tower at its Yongbyon nuclear reactor, in a symbol of its commitment to the talks on ending its nuclear programme. 26 June: After a delay of more than six months, the North hands over an account of its nuclear programme, enabling six-party negotiations to restart on 10 July.
13 May: North Korea hands over documents concerning its plutonium production programme. 25 April: The US accuses North Korea of helping Syria build a nuclear reactor that "was not intended for peaceful purposes"; US says it is concerned about Pyongyang's "proliferation activities". 8 April: US and North Korean negotiators hold more talks in Singapore; both say progress was made. 28 March: North Korea test-fires short-range missiles off its western coast. 26 February: The New York Philharmonic performs a groundbreaking concert in North Korea, seen as a major act of cultural diplomacy. 19 February: US and North Korean nuclear negotiators hold talks in Pyongyang, but no deal is reached. 31 January: North Korea has not changed its mind about ending its nuclear programme, Kim Jong-il reportedly says. 7 January: US nuclear envoy Christopher Hill call for patience towards North Korea and says that the US is ready to persevere with negotiations in order to secure a complete and correct declaration. 31 December: North Korea fails to meet a deadline to disclose full details of its nuclear programme by the end of 2007. 6 December: US President George W Bush sends a letter to Kim Jong-il urging him to follow through on North Korea's pledge to reveal full details of its nuclear programme. 4 December: The top US envoy to North Korea, Christopher Hill, makes a rare visit for talks with the country's foreign minister. After visiting the Yongbyon facility, he says progress on disabling it is "going well". 6 November: US nuclear experts say they have made a "good start" disabling the reactor. 11 October: A team of nuclear experts arrives in North Korea to oversee the dismantling of reactors and other facilities. 3 October: Chinese officials say North Korea has agreed to disable its nuclear facilities at Yongbyon and give complete details of its nuclear programme by 31 December.
3 September: North Korea says Washington has agreed to take it off a list of countries that sponsor terrorism. 2 September: Following bilateral talks in Geneva, the US says Pyongyang has agreed to declare and disable all its nuclear facilities by the end of the year. 16 July: International inspectors confirm North Korea has shut down Yongbyon.
14 July: North Korea tells the US it has shut down its nuclear reactor after receiving the first shipments of heavy fuel oil. IAEA inspectors arrive for a monitoring visit to Yongbyon.
26 June: IAEA inspectors arrive in North Korea, the first time they have been allowed into the country since 2002. 21 June: US nuclear envoy Christopher Hill arrives for a surprise visit to Pyongyang.
14 April: North Korea misses the deadline to "shut down and seal" its Yongbyon nuclear reactor in exchange for energy aid, saying the banking row first needs to be resolved. 22 March: Six-party talks to discuss progress on the 13 February deal stumble after Pyongyang says it is unable to access its funds in a Macau bank. 15 March: The US ends an inquiry into the Macau-based Banco Delta Asia, paving the way for a block on North Korea's accounts, containing $25m (£13m), to be lifted. 13 March: Mohamed El Baradei goes to Pyongyang for talks. He says North Korea is "fully committed" to giving up its nuclear programme. 23 February: The head of the UN's nuclear agency, Mohamed ElBaradei, says he has been invited to North Korea for talks on its nuclear programme. 13 February: North Korea agrees to take the first steps towards nuclear disarmament, as part of a deal reached during talks. 8 February: Six-nation nuclear talks resume in Beijing.
9 January: Japan's PM Shinzo Abe tells the BBC his country cannot tolerate a nuclear-armed North Korea and calls for closer international co-operation to stop such an outcome. 29 December: South Korea describes its northern neighbour as a "serious threat", in the wake of its nuclear test in October
18 December: Six-nation talks resume in Beijing, but end on 22 December with no sign of progress. 31 October: China announced that six-nation talks will resume "soon", following a meeting between envoys from the US, North Korea and China.
16 October: US intelligence officials announce that air samples gathered from the test site contain radioactive materials, which confirm that North Korea carried out an underground nuclear explosion. The size of the blast was less than 1 kiloton, the statement says. 14 October: The UN Security Council votes unanimously to impose weapons and financial sanctions on North Korea over its claimed nuclear test. Resolution 1718 demands that North Korea eliminate all its nuclear weapons, weapons of mass destruction and ballistic missiles. The resolution allows nations to inspect cargo moving in and out of North Korea to check for non-conventional weapons but is not backed by the threat of force. It also calls for Pyongyang to return "without precondition" to stalled six-nation talks on its nuclear programme. 9 October: North Korea says it has carried out its first-ever test of a nuclear weapon. It calls the test a "historic event" and says it was carried out safely and successfully. 27 September: North Korea blames US financial sanctions for the deadlock in multilateral talks on its nuclear programme. In a speech to the UN General Assembly, envoy Choe Su-Hon said that North Korea was willing to hold talks, but the US stance had created an impasse. 11 September: Senior US diplomat Christopher Hill warns North Korea against a nuclear test, saying that it would be a provocative act. 15 July: The UN Security Council unanimously votes to impose sanctions on North Korea over its missile tests. The resolution demands UN members bar exports and imports of missile-related materials to North Korea and that it halt its ballistic missile programme. 7 July: South Korea suspends food aid in protest at the missile tests. 5 July: North Korea test-fires a seventh missile, despite international condemnation of its earlier launches. 4 July: North Korea test-fires at least six missiles, including a long-range Taepodong-2, despite repeated warnings from the international community. 3 July: Washington dismisses a threat by North Korea that it will launch a nuclear strike against the US in the event of an American attack, as a White House spokesman described the threat as "deeply hypothetical". 12 April: A two-day meeting aimed at persuading North Korea to return to talks on its nuclear programme fails to resolve the deadlock. 20 December: North Korea says it intends to resume building nuclear reactors, because the US had pulled out of a key deal to build it two new reactors. 7 December: A senior US diplomat brands North Korea a "criminal regime" involved in arms sales, drug trafficking and currency forgery. 11 November: Fifth round of six-nation talks ends without progress. 20 September: North Korea says it will not scrap its nuclear programme until it is given a civilian nuclear reactor, undermining the joint statement and throwing further talks into doubt. 19 September: In what is initially hailed as an historic joint statement, North Korea agrees to give up all its nuclear activities and rejoin the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, while the US says it had no intention of attacking. 13 September: Talks resume, but a new North Korean request to be built a light water reactor prompts warnings of a "standoff" between the parties. 7 August: The talks reach deadlock and a recess is called. 25 July: Fourth round of six-nation talks begins in Beijing.
12 July: South Korea offers the North huge amounts of electricity as an incentive to end its nuclear weapons programme. 9 July: North Korea says it will rejoin nuclear talks, as US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice begins a tour of the region. 22 June: North Korea requests more food aid from the South during ministerial talks in Seoul, the first for a year. 25 May: The US suspends efforts to recover the remains of missing US servicemen in North Korea, saying restrictions placed on its work were too great. 16 May: North and South Korea hold their first talks in 10 months, with the North seeking fertiliser for its troubled agriculture sector. 11 May: North Korea says it has completed extraction of spent fuel rods from Yongbyon, as part of plans to "increase its nuclear arsenal". 1 May: North Korea fires a short-range missile into the Sea of Japan, on the eve of a meeting of members of the international Non-Proliferation Treaty.
18 April: South Korea says North Korea has shut down its Yongbyon reactor, a move which could allow it to extract more fuel for nuclear weapons. 10 February: North Korea says it is suspending its participation in the talks over its nuclear programme for an "indefinite period", blaming the Bush administration's intention to "antagonise, isolate and stifle it at any cost". The statement also repeats North Korea's assertion to have built nuclear weapons for self-defence. 19 January: Condoleezza Rice, President George W Bush's nominee as secretary of state, identifies North Korea as one of six "outposts of tyranny" where the US must help bring freedom. 14 January: North Korea says it is willing to restart stalled talks on its nuclear programme, according to the official KCNA news agency. 28 September: North Korea says it has turned plutonium from 8,000 spent fuel rods into nuclear weapons. Speaking at the UN General Assembly, Vice Foreign Minister Choe Su-hon said the weapons were needed for "self-defence" against "US nuclear threat". 23 August: North Korea describes US President George W Bush as an "imbecile" and a "tyrant that puts Hitler in the shade", in response to comments Mr Bush made describing the North's Kim Jong-il as a "tyrant". 2 July: US Secretary of State Colin Powell meets North Korean Foreign Minister Paek Nam-sun in the highest-level talks between the two countries since the crisis erupted. 23 June: Third round of six-nation talks held in Beijing, with the US making a new offer to allow North Korea fuel aid if it freezes then dismantles its nuclear programmes. 23 May: The UN atomic agency is reported to be investigating allegations that North Korea secretly sent uranium to Libya when Tripoli was trying to develop nuclear weapons. 22 January: US nuclear scientist Siegfried Hecker tells Congress that the delegates visiting Yongbyon were shown what appeared to be weapons-grade plutonium, but he did not see any evidence of a nuclear bomb. 10 January: An unofficial US team visits what the North calls its "nuclear deterrent" facility at Yongbyon.
9 December: North Korea offers to "freeze" its nuclear programme in return for a list of concessions from the US. It says that unless Washington agrees, it will not take part in further talks. The US rejects North Korea's offer. President George W Bush says Pyongyang must dismantle the programme altogether. 21 November: Kedo, the international consortium formed to build 'tamper-proof' nuclear power plants in North Korea, decides to suspend the project. 30 October: North Korea agrees to resume talks on the nuclear crisis, after saying it is prepared to consider the US offer of a security guarantee in return for ending its nuclear programme. 16 October: North Korea says it will "physically display" its nuclear deterrent. 2 October: North Korea announces publicly it has reprocessed the spent fuel rods. 27-29 August: Six-nation talks in Beijing on North Korea's nuclear programme. The meeting fails to bridge the gap between Washington and Pyongyang. Delegates agree to meet again. 1 August: North Korea agrees to six-way talks on its nuclear programme, South Korea confirms. The US, Japan, China and Russia will also be involved. 9 July: South Korea's spy agency says North Korea has started reprocessing a "small number" of the 8,000 spent nuclear fuel rods at Yongbyon.
13 June: South Korea's Yonhap news agency says North Korean officials told the US on 30 June that it had completed reprocessing the fuel rods. 9 June: North Korea says publicly that it will build a nuclear deterrent, "unless the US gives up its hostile policy". 2 June: A visiting delegation of US congressmen led by Curt Weldon says North Korean officials admitted the country had nuclear weapons had "just about completed" reprocessing 8,000 spent fuel rods which would allow it to build more. 12 May: North Korea says it is scrapping a 1992 agreement with the South to keep the peninsula free from nuclear weapons - Pyongyang's last remaining international agreement on non-proliferation. 2 May: Australian Foreign Minister Alexander Downer expresses concern after an official from North Korea's ruling Worker's Party is found on board a state-owned ship accused of bringing A$80m (US$50m) worth of heroin into Australia.
24 April: American officials say Pyongyang has told them that it now has nuclear weapons, after the first direct talks for months between the US and North Korea in Beijing end a day early. 23 April: Talks begin in Beijing between the US and North Korea, hosted by China. The talks are led by the US Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian affairs, James Kelly, and the deputy director general of North Korea's American Affairs Bureau, Li Gun.
18 April: North Korea announces that it has started reprocessing its spent fuel rods. The statement is later amended to read that Pyongyang has been "successfully going forward to reprocess" the rods. 12 April: In a surprise move, North Korea signals it may be ready to end its insistence on direct talks with the US, announcing that "if the US is ready to make a bold switchover in its Korea policy for a settlement of the nuclear issue, [North Korea] will not stick to any particular dialogue format". 9 April: The United Nations Security Council expresses concern about North Korea's nuclear programme, but fails to condemn Pyongyang for pulling out of the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty.
1 April: The US announces that "stealth" fighters sent to South Korea for a training exercise are to stay on once the exercises end. 10 March: North Korea fires a second missile into the sea between South Korea and Japan in as many weeks. 2 March: Four North Korean fighter jets intercept a US reconnaissance plane in international air space and shadow it for 22 minutes. 25 February: Roh Moo-hyun sworn in as South Korean president. 24 February: North Korea fires a missile into the sea between South Korea and Japan.
12 February: The IAEA finds North Korea in breach of nuclear safeguards and refers the matter to the UN security council. 5 February: North Korea says it has reactivated its nuclear facilities and their operations are now going ahead "on a normal footing". 31 January: Unnamed American officials are quoted as saying that spy satellites have tracked movement at the Yongbyon plant throughout January, prompting fears that North Korea is trying to reprocess plutonium for nuclear bombs. 28 January: In his annual State of the Union address, President Bush says North Korea is "an oppressive regime [whose] people live in fear and starvation". North Korea says Mr Bush's speech is an "undisguised declaration of aggression to topple the DPRK system" and dubs him a "shameless charlatan". 10 January: North Korea announces it will withdraw from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.
7 January: The US says it is "willing to talk to North Korea about how it meets its obligations to the international community". But it "will not provide quid pro quos to North Korea to live up to its existing obligations". 6 January: The IAEA passes a resolution demanding that North Korea readmit UN inspectors and abandon its secret nuclear weapons programme "within weeks", or face possible action by the UN Security Council.
27 December: North Korea says it is expelling two International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) nuclear inspectors from the country. It also says it is planning to reopen a reprocessing plant which could start producing weapons-grade plutonium within months. 26 December: The IAEA expresses concern in the light of UN confirmation that 1,000 fuel rods have been moved to the Yongbyon reactor. 25 December: It emerges that North Korea had begun shipping fuel rods to the Yongbyon plant which could be used to produce plutonium. 24 December: North Korea begins repairs at the Yongbyon plant. North-South Korea talks over reopening road and rail border links, which have been struggling on despite the increased tension, finally stall. 22 December: North Korea begins removing monitoring devices from the Yongbyon plant. 13 December: North Korea asks the UN's IAEA to remove seals and surveillance equipment - the IAEA's "eyes and ears" on the North's nuclear status - from its Yongbyon power plant. 12 December: The North threatens to reactivate nuclear facilities for energy generation, saying the Americans' decision to halt oil shipments leaves it with no choice. It blames the US for wrecking the 1994 pact. 11 December: North Korean-made Scud missiles are found aboard a ship bound for Yemen, provoking American outrage. The US detains the ship, but is later forced to allow the ship to go, conceding that neither country has broken any law. 18 November: Confusion clouds a statement by North Korea in which it initially appears to acknowledge having nuclear weapons. A key Korean phrase understood to mean the North does have nuclear weapons could have been mistaken for the phrase "entitled to have", Seoul says. 14 November: US President George W Bush declares November oil shipments to the North will be the last if the North does not agree to put a halt to its weapons ambitions. 20 October: North-South Korea talks in Pyongyang are undermined by the North's nuclear programme "admission". US Secretary of State Colin Powell says further US aid to North Korea is now in doubt. The North adopts a mercurial stance, at one moment defiantly defending its "right" to weapons development and at the next offering to halt nuclear programmes in return for aid and the signing of a "non-aggression" pact with the US. It argues that the US has not kept to its side of the Agreed Framework, as the construction of the light water reactors - due to be completed in 2003 - is now years behind schedule. 18 October: Five Japanese citizens abducted by North Korea 25 years before are allowed a brief visit home - but end up staying, provoking more tension in the region. 17 October: Initially the North appears conciliatory. Leader Kim Jong-il says he will allow international weapons inspectors to check that nuclear facilities are out of use. 16 October: The US announces that North Korea admitted in their talks to a secret nuclear arms programme. 3-5 October: On a visit to the North Korean capital Pyongyang, US Assistant Secretary of State James Kelly presses the North on suspicions that it is continuing to pursue a nuclear energy and missiles programme. Mr Kelly says he has evidence of a secret uranium-enriching programme carried out in defiance of the 1994 Agreed Framework.
Under this deal, North Korea agreed to forsake nuclear ambitions in return for the construction of two safer light water nuclear power reactors and oil shipments from the US. | 003_2174313 | {
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In certain areas of the world (and even in our very own country) there are microorganisms that live in your water, as well as chlorine and other chemicals that are harmful for you to drink. In fact these varying contaminants can make you and your loved ones very, very ill. You may turn to a water filtration system for a solution. But what type of system is best? Carbon filters are very popular and can pull out chlorine and mercury and improve odor and taste of water, but they do not eliminate everything. Reverse osmosis machines can pull out fluoride, but will not remove chlorine. Using multiple technologies may actually be your best option for the ultimate in pure water. When all is said and done, however, consumers are best directed to do their own research. In this edition of "Healthy Steps with Dr. Ginger," Dr. Ginger talks about clean water and water filtration systems, including carbon, reverse osmosis, distillation and zeolite. When removing these unwanted organisms and chemicals, Dr. Ginger preaches "something is better than nothing," and recommends to get what you can afford and then become more educated and improve as your needs grow and your budget allows. | 000_166031 | {
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King louis xiv’s and france’s attempt to keep french ballet standards high was only encouraged further when in 1672 a dance school was attached to the académie royale de musique led by jean-baptiste lully, this dancing group is known today as the paris opera ballet. Ballet in france had grown stagnant and predictable, with many patrons attending simply out of habit ballets russes injected the ballet world with renewed vitality, presenting the form, not as a relic of the past, but a vibrant art happening in the present. Anna reinhardt nous parle d'un spectacle un peu à part : « puzzle » du jeune ballet européen il est effectué seulement par des jeunes apprentis ils viennent tous d'un cfa parisien qui les recrute dès 16 ans. Ballet / ˈ b æ l eɪ / (french: ) is a type of performance dance that originated during the italian renaissance in the 15th century and later developed into a concert dance form in france and russia. Opera and ballet tickets in paris france buy online tickets for opera events and classic concerts in parisopera and ballet tickets at paris opera . Ballet, theatrical dance in which a formal academic dance technique—the danse d’école—is combined with other artistic elements such as music, costume, and stage scenerythe academic technique itself is also known as ballet this article surveys the history of ballet. The annual summer dance festival in paris, les etes de la danse, which has traditionally only invited companies from the americas, has announced that the companies next year will be the australian ballet and hong kong ballet. With reverso you can find the french translation, definition or synonym for ballet and thousands of other words you can complete the translation of ballet given by the french-english collins dictionary with other dictionaries such as: wikipedia, lexilogos, larousse dictionary, le robert, oxford, grévisse. The popularity of ballet in france began to wane in the second half of the 19 th century even saint-leon's coppelia (1870) was not enough to restore the glory of ballet travesty roles, such as the role of franz in coppelia , were part of the reason ballet was losing its parisian audiences. France includes a very rich and varied dance tradition and nearly every region of france features its own distinct types of music and dances traditional folk dances and music are very well preserved in a number of relatively isolated regions within the south france. Dance and ballet in paris from contemporary dance to neoclassical ballet: the best dance shows on the paris cultural calendar this autumn this autumn’s cultural calendar features a packed programme of dance shows and ballets with a focus on modernity and wide-ranging appeal. Dans,danse,dance,ballet,ballett,balletti, auditions ballerinas schools teachers soloists artistic choreographers ballet and dance in france from balletcompaniescom and dancecompaniesnet ballet and dance in france. Her decision to have her own school, the only one in france started by an american since rosella hightower founded a ballet academy in cannes in 1962, was also a rejection of a job offer from the. Are you dreaming of theater study abroad programs in france maybe you even fancy yourself the next jean- luc godard or eva green if you’re the theatrical—and the adventurous type—pursuing a performing arts in france program could be a life-changing experience. Paris opera ballet studio training - footage taken from makarovas ballerina episode 2. Jean-baptiste lully was an italian ballet master, who came to france and easily became one of king louis xiv’s favorite dancers he even rivaled king louis for the best dancer in france. The two separate traditions of ballet and opera began to develop independently and in 1661 the académie royale de danse, was established in france here the first professional theatre dancers were trained and dance moved from the court into the public theatres. And paris, with its glorious palais garnier, the paris opera ballet, the french language—familiar in bits and pieces to all ballet dancers—is the perfect place for a ballet class indeed, although ballet originated in italy and flourished later in russia, it is the french influence of the 18th century that rests in my mind, particularly. Summer is the high-season for dance and theater festivals in france from lille to marseille by way of avignon, performance festivals abound long-running, world-renowned festivals such as the festival d’avignon (the oldest festival in france), or the festival international de théâtre et de. Ellison ballet - 2019 audition tour - san francisco 12 jan 2019 | san francisco, usa - california | by ellison ballet - professional training program application deadline. French translation of “dance” | the official collins english-french dictionary online over 100,000 french translations of english words and phrases english to french dictionary a dance is a series of steps and rhythmic movements which you do to music it is also a piece of music which people can dance to. Entertainment & arts ballet, dance & opera opéra garnier place de l’opéra, 9 th m° opéra tel 08 92 89 90 90 this beautiful theatre is home to the ballet de l’opera and is devoted almost exclusively to ballet and dance productions, both classic and contemporary, with a smaller selection of musical concerts and lesser-known operas throughout the year. In renaissance time in france ballet was more formalized by pierre beauchamp he codified five positions of the feet and arms famous ballet dancer and choreographer jean-baptiste lully often cast the king louis xiv in his ballets lully collaborated with moliére, the french playwright, and the comédie-ballet was created. List of dance festivals in europe listed by name, country, & size includes information, line-up, tickets & more for each festival. Ballet has long suffered from a diversity problem classical ballet celebrates pale princesses and fair swans, olivia goldhill and sarah marsh wrote in the guardian in 2012 it's a world where. | 007_5486375 | {
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Using paper plates and paper tubes, preschoolers can work on colour and shape recognition, patterning and hand-eye coordination! Did you win? Make a gold medal for the winners! Here's how you can make your own Olympic ring toss game. paint in blue, yellow, black, green, red (bring out all the colours so that you can play "find the colours")
medium size paper plates (thin ones, found at any dollar store)
paper towel tube or two toilet rolls
1. Cut the centre out of 5 paper plates- older kids can help with safety scissors. 2. Ask your child to find the blue, yellow, black, green and red paint. 3. Paint each plate one of the 5 Olympic flag ring colours. 4. Let them dry overnight. 5. You can glue them on a white background and create an Olympic Flag OR you can play Ring Toss;
6. Using a paper towel roll or two toilet rolls to make a longer tube, play ring toss! You can decorate your tubes if you like or add more to make it even taller. Can you get the rings on the tube? Can you get them in the order they are on the flag? | 001_7220995 | {
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The BJP government published an infographic on the 48-months portal that makes three claims about the Jan Dhan Yojana. This article is a fact check of these claims. What is the Jan Dhan Yojana? According to the official website, ‘the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) is a National Mission on Financial Inclusion encompassing an integrated approach to bring about comprehensive financial inclusion of all the households in the country. The plan envisages universal access to banking facilities with at least one basic banking account for every household, financial literacy, access to credit, insurance and pension facility. In addition, the beneficiaries would get RuPay Debit card having inbuilt accident insurance cover of Rs. 1 lakh. The plan also envisages channelling all Government benefits to the beneficiaries’ accounts and pushing the Direct Benefits Transfer (DBT) scheme of the Union Government’. A response in Lok Sabha in November 2014 stated that ‘PMJDY was formally launched in August, 2014. The Yojana envisages universal access to banking facilities with at least one basic banking account for every household, financial literacy, access to credit, insurance and pension. The beneficiaries would get a RuPay Debit Card having inbuilt accident insurance cover of Rs.1. 00 Iakh. In addition, there is a life insurance cover of Rs. 30000 to those people who open their bank accounts for the first time between August 2014 & January 2015 and meet other eligibility conditions of the Yojana’. Further, the government stated in the Lok Sabha that, ‘PMJDY is different from the earlier financial inclusion programme (Swabhimaan) as it seeks to provide universal access to banking services across the country and focuses on coverage of all households (both rural and urban) while the earlier Financial Inclusion programme was limited to providing access point to villages with population greater than 2000. Further, PMJDY focuses on interoperability of accounts which was not there earlier; has simplified KYC guidelines and involves the Districts and States for monitoring and follow-up’. To add to this, ‘there is no requirement of maintaining any minimum balance in case of accounts opened under Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY)’. However, it has to be noted that the concept of zero balance accounts (or no minimum balance account) is not new. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) had directed all banks in the year 2005 to make available a basic banking ‘no-frills’ account either with ‘nil’ or very low minimum balances. Such an account was called ‘Basic Savings Bank Deposit Account (BSBDA)’. In fact, the RBI has now issued notifications with instructions that a BSBD account-holder of a particular Bank cannot open any other savings bank deposit account in the same bank, including the PMJDY account. In other words, a BSBD account is treated on par with a PMJDY account. How many accounts have been opened under the scheme? The first claim is that ‘31. 52 crore Jan Dhan accounts opened’. Responses in the Lok Sabha show that, ‘as of December 2017, a total of 30. 71 crore accounts have been opened under PMJDY and more recently, ‘as per the data sourced from banks, as of January 2019, out of the total 34. 03 crore PMJDY accounts, 5. 06 crore accounts were having zero balance’. Claim: 31. 52 crore Jan Dhan accounts opened. Fact: As per data sourced from the bank, as on 23rd January of 2019, there are a total of 34. 03 crore PMJDY accounts. The number is higher due to the dynamic nature of the data, hence, the claim is TRUE. However, it has to be noted that financial inclusion as a concept is not new and about 15% of the PMJDY accounts have zero balance. Does India account for more than half of the new bank accounts in the world between 2014-17? The second claim is that ‘according to the World Bank Findex Report, India accounts for 55% of new bank accounts opened globally between 2014-17’. The first Global Findex survey was completed in 2011, followed by a second round in 2014 and the latest one in 2017. Globally over those intervals, the share of adults with an account rose from 51% to 62% and then to 69%. The report notes, ‘in India the share of adults with an account has more than doubled since 2011, to 80 percent. An important factor driving this increase was a government policy launched in 2014 to boost account ownership among unbanked adults through biometric identification cards. This policy benefited traditionally excluded groups and helped ensure inclusive growth in account ownership. Between 2014 and 2017 account ownership in India rose by more than 30 percentage points among women as well as among adults in the poorest 40% of households. Among men and among adults in the wealthiest 60% of households it increased by about 20 percentage points’. The same report also states that ‘the share of account owners with an inactive account varies across economies, but it is especially high in many South Asian economies. In India, the share is 48%, the highest in the world and about twice the average of 25% for developing economies. Part of the explanation might be India’s Jan Dhan Yojana scheme, developed by the government to increase account ownership. Launched in August 2014, the program had brought an additional 310 million Indians into the formal banking system by March 2018, many of whom might not yet have had an opportunity to use their new account’. Though it is mentioned that 310 million Indians were brought into the banking system because of PMJDY, that is about a different time period. However, the report notes that, ‘515 million adults worldwide opened an account at a financial institution or through a mobile money provider between 2014 and 2017’. The 55% claim of the government seems to have been calculated based on the number of PMJDY accounts opened (310 million). However, the number of savings bank deposit accounts including new accounts in scheduled commercial banks increased from 97. 77 crore as of 31st March 2014 to 150. 2 crore as of 31st March 2017. Claim: According to the World Bank Findex Report, India accounts for 55% of new bank accounts opened globally between 2014-17. Fact :Though it is mentioned that 310 million Indians were brought into the banking system because of PMJDY, that is about a different time period. However, the report notes that, ‘515 million adults worldwide opened an account at a financial institution or through a mobile money provider between 2014 and 2017’. The 55% claim of the government seems to have been calculated based on the number of PMJDY accounts opened (310 million). However, the number of savings bank deposit accounts including new accounts in scheduled commercial banks increased from 97. 77 crore as of 31st March 2014 to 150. 2 crore as of 31st March 2017. . Hence, the claim remains UNVERIFIED. What is the Indian postal payment bank? The last claim is that ‘India Post Payment Bank to take the banking system to the doorstep of the poor and the unbanked’. The Cabinet in June 2016 had approved the proposal of Department of Posts for setting up of India Post Payments Bank with a direction to roll out 650 India Post Payments Bank (IPPB) branches co-located in district headquarter Post Offices and their linkage with all (approximately 1. 55 lakh) Post offices across the country by September, 2017. According to the official information, ‘IPPB aims to drive financial inclusion at the last mile, by bringing customers under formal banking channels and providing access to banking services at affordable rates. There are multiple socio-economic benefits that would be realized by the economy at large, and are mentioned below:
- Migration from cash based transaction to digital economy, thus removing intermediaries leading to a more economical and efficient settlement of transactions. - Reduction in opportunity costs in availing banking and financial services leading to higher economic outputs. - Access to formal credit channels (through 3rd party tie ups) leading to increase in business capacity (at better rates) and productivity compared to the higher costs incurred otherwise, leading to higher income and lower costs
According to another response in Lok Sabha, ‘IPPB would be offering the payment bank services to the rural population using Door Step (Assisted) Banking along with the regular counter services through the Postmen/Gramin Dak Sewaks (GDS) and Postal Assistants’. The latest response about the IPPB in Lok Sabha in January 2019 states that ‘India Post Payments Bank (IPPB) has rolled out 650 branches co-located in the District Headquarter Post Offices on 01st September, 2018 using its own IT platform. All the Post Offices in the District will be linked to the respective branches which will function also as Access Points of IPPB to offer IPPB services to customers. The IPPB branches will function as Controlling Office for managing the operations of Access Point of IPPB’. Claim: Indian Postal Payment Bank to take the banking system to the doorstep of the poor and the unbanked. Fact: The India post payments bank has been launched with the aim of providing doorstep banking to the poor and the unbanked. Since the system has become fully functional only recently and no assessments have been conducted on the same, the claim remains UNVERIFIED. This story is part of a larger series on the 4-years of the Modi government. This series has been made possible with the flash grant of the International Fact Checking Network (IFCN). Read the rest of the stories in this series here | 009_4647799 | {
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A man who donated sperm in his 20s had an undetected genetic mutation linked to a heart disease that he passed on to nine of his 24 offspring, one of whom died from it, researchers said. The mutation, associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, was discovered only after one of the donor's biological children tested positive for it, according to a case report in the Journal of the American Medical Association by Barry J. Maron, MD, of Abbott Northwestern Hospital in Minneapolis, and colleagues. In hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, the heart muscle thickens abnormally, to the point where it makes it difficult for blood to leave the heart, forcing the heart to work harder to pump blood through the body. One of the donor's children -- a two-year-old -- died from heart failure resulting from the disease. The researchers say the findings call for improved genetic screening guidelines for gamete donors and a national database of donor information. "This case series underscores the potential risk for transmission of inherited cardiovascular diseases through voluntary sperm donation, a problem largely unappreciated by the medical community and agencies regulating tissue donation," they said. Maron said sperm banks operators agree that testing for genetic diseases has not been addressed sufficiently. "This sort of thing has been overlooked -- there's no question about that," he said. Currently, the FDA inspects operations at sperm banks, but its focus is on preventing the spread of infectious disease, the researchers said. Guidelines from the American Society for Reproductive Medicine recommend genetic screening for gamete donors, but compliance is voluntary. Most donation banks rely on family history, which has not been "particularly effective" for identifying patients with genetic diseases such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, the researchers said. Donation centers do test for some genetic conditions, including cystic fibrosis and sickle cell traits, which are "much less common than hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in the general population," Maron said. "There are a lot of other genetic diseases out there that are much more common than [those currently tested for]," he added. At the time of donation, the 23-year-old man had no personal knowledge of underlying heart disease. He donated sperm 95 times between 1990 and 1991. The researchers said he was screened via personal and family history, a physical exam, and lab tests for infectious diseases, including AIDS and hepatitis. In 2005, physicians diagnosed one of his offspring with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The donor was notified and genetic testing was offered to him and the rest of the children he sired. Tests revealed that he had a novel, beta-myosin heavy-chain mutation that caused hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Of the 24 children he was known to have fathered -- including two of his own children conceived with his wife -- researchers found nine who also have Arg169Gly, the mutation for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Three of them have phenotypic evidence of the disease, including one who died at age 2 from progressive and unrelenting heart failure with marked hypertrophy. Two 15-year-old survivors have extreme left ventricular hypertrophy. One has exertional chest pain and fatigue, while the other has presyncope and palpitations. One of them has received an implanted cardioverter-defibrillator to prevent sudden death. Both of them, along with their biological father, are believed to be at increased risk for sudden death. The seven other survivors with the mutation are asymptomatic, the researchers said. They noted one other documented instance in which genetic disease was transmitted to an offspring by sperm donation, but several others may not have been reported, they said. The findings suggest that an echocardiogram may be a good way to determine which patients should be excluded from donating sperm, the researchers said. They also suggested recording donor information in a national, searchable database to easily identify and notify any affected offspring if a genetic disorder is found. Maron said the sperm bank that the donor with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy gave to now uses electrocardiogram to screen for genetic heart diseases among potential donors. In an accompanying editorial, Judith F. Daar, JD, of the University of California Irvine, and Robert G. Brzyski, MD, PhD, of the University of Texas, said there may be a few hurdles to implementing a national registry and increased screening. Those include establishing a consensus regarding content, access, privacy, and financial responsibility. Also, the cost of enhanced screening will likely be passed to gamete recipients, they said. Still, preventing transmission of genetic disorders "is vital to individual health, as well as the health of the burgeoning assisted reproductive technologies field," the researchers said. "Incidence of transmission via gamete donors is rare compared with transmission in the general population, but penetrance in any child can be devastating. "
They added that "adding baseline genetic screening to current FDA regulations and establishing a voluntary registry of gamete donors are sensible enhancements to a field historically vigilant of offspring health and patient confidence. "
Primary source: Journal of the American Medical Association
Source reference: Maron BJ, et al "Implications of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy transmitted by sperm donation" JAMA 2009; 302(15): 1681-84. Additional source: Journal of the American Medical Association
Source reference: Daar JF, Brzyski RG "Genetic screening of sperm and oocyte donors" JAMA 2009; 302(15): 1702-04. | 003_4636467 | {
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Scientists have developed an early warning system to predict the risk of dengue outbreaks for the 553 microregions of Brazil during the soccer World Cup, according to research published in Lancet Infectious Diseases.
“With more than a million spectators expected to travel among 12 different cities in Brazil during the football World Cup, the risk of the mosquito-transmitted disease dengue fever is a concern,” wrote Rachel Lowe, MD, and colleagues. Dengue is a viral infection that is transmitted between humans by Aedes aegpyti mosquitoes. In some cases, the disease can be fatal. There are currently no licensed vaccines or treatments against dengue. Brazil has recorded more cases of dengue fever than anywhere else in the world, with 7 million cases reported between 2000 and 2013. After assessing the past performance using the observed dengue incidence rates for June 2000 to 2013 and obtaining real-time seasonal climate forecasts, inspectors identified optimum trigger alert thresholds for medium-risk and high-risk dengue scenarios. The chance of a dengue outbreak is enough of a possibility to warrant a high-alert warning in the three northeastern venues (Natal, Fortaleza and Recife), but is likely to be low in all 12 host cities. “Control strategies should be implemented before the arrival of the visitors to Brazil, because of the potentially explosive nature of dengue epidemics,” wrote the researchers. | 008_5887432 | {
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I’m very excited by a project designed by a Patricia Martin, a friend and colleague. The project engaged parents as literacy partners with their children. It included opportunities for parents to reflect on their learning and reading experiences with their children. Pat documented the entire project in a book, published using print on demand technology. For more information on how you and your students can publish your own books visit our website Read > Think > Write > Publish
Pat describes the project:
“The increased attention to high-stakes testing and charter schools should re-emphasize the need for public schools to engage parents, as well as, students in the daily classroom learning experiences. Of course, it’s not the Parent Association, room mother, field trip chaperon who needs a nudge to be involved in school activities. Disengaged parents may be new to a school district, occupied with child-rearing responsibilities, isolated by culture or language or a victim of negative school experiences. Some districts have found successful methods for reaching out to the disengaged parent. The Parent Project is one district’s response to the growing absence of parent involvement. Based on the work of James Vopat, The Parent Project – A Workshop Approach to Parent Involvement, the district created a planning team that included several parents to plan and implement a series of parent workshops. During each workshop the parent leaders and teachers coached targeted parents to become partners in their child’s literacy development. The workshops were planned to include fun, learning and reflection. As much as possible, the parents experienced learning much as their child would in the classroom. Parents were given the opportunity to practice each session’s learning with their child through carefully designed take-home activities. The next session began with a sharing of parental insights during these practice activities. Parents and teachers captured their experience in a personal journal. Additional characteristics of the Vopat model build a sense of community and shared commitment among the participants. • Family meal with teachers and administrators before each workshop
• Child care for all children during the workshop
• Transportation to the workshops
The final product, beyond a published book, was evident. The five original teachers elected to remain on the CORE team and five additional teachers volunteered to join the CORE team for the next training session. Three-fourths of the parents elected to form a Parent Alumni Group to continue the workshop experience. Half of those parents also volunteered to serve as Parent Leaders with the next set of parents. Parents “graduates” of The Parent Project are volunteering in classrooms because they believe that they are an integral part of the educational scene. ” | 012_6948924 | {
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As much as we know that sleep important, too many of us are not getting as much as we should each night. In a recent eye-opening article in the St. Louis American, Consuelo H. Wilkins, M.D., writes in depth about the lack of sleep that African-Americans are getting. According to Wilkins, past studies have shown that Blacks are more likely to sleep fewer hours than other people from different races and ethnicities, and Blacks are more likely to have to take medications to help them sleep better. Additionally, last year, the National Sleep Foundation conducted a study and found the following:
• Blacks report getting an average of 34 minutes less sleep on a work night/weeknight than Asians and 38 minutes less than whites. • Seventeen percent of African-Americans are more likely than whites (9 percent) and Hispanics (13 percent) to do job-related work in the hour before bed. • Blacks reported losing sleep every night over financial and employment concerns at a higher rate than whites. • African-Americans (19 percent) say their sleep is disturbed every night or almost every night by at least one of these concerns. • Blacks said they need less sleep in comparison to whites, Hispanics and Asians to perform at their best during the day. What’s important to note is that not getting enough sleep is not a game — it can have long-lasting effects on our health. It’s associated with serious health issues, including chronic medical conditions like diabetes, high blood pressure and heart disease (all of which can lead to a shorter life expectancy). Lack of sleep can also alter your memory, cause accidents, increase your chance of gaining weight, cause mood imbalance and alter your ability to concentrate and be productive. The key is getting in your eight hours a day — getting more than nine hours of sleep is also associated with poor health outcomes, too. WebMD offers up some of these tips to getting those zzz’s in:
• Cut out the caffeine at least six hours before bedtime
• Be easy on the liquor before bed — it will wake you up in the morning
• Rest before bedtime in hopes to reduce your stress level
• Keep your bedroom dark and comfortable
• Try not to go to bed hungry, but avoid heavy meals before bedtime. • Don’t let pets sleep in the bed with you — they may be the reason behind why you keep waking up. • No television-watching, eating or talking about major issues — the bed is for sleep and sex only. BET Health News - We go beyond the music and entertainment world to bring you important medical information and health-related tips of special relevance to Blacks in the U.S. and around the world. (Photo: Stuart O'Sullivan/ Getty Images)
TRENDING IN NEWS | 010_4291795 | {
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As an unprecedented numbers of Haitians and Africans are trying to reach the US, a refugee crisis is unfolding near the US-Mexico border. With a high number of refugees fleeing to the US, refugee centres are now overwhelmed. Refugees arrive with little or no resources at all, and centres are struggling to meet requirements for basic needs such as water, food and clothes. The wait is not over for asylum seekers who make it across the border; they will have to wait in detention centres for their legal hearings, which can take several weeks to months. In 2016, between 2,000 and 3,000 refugees have applied for asylum in the US, but less than 300 were granted the refugee status. “More cooperation between the two countries is required, because we may have a larger influx over the next few months. It is a crisis. ”
– Jose Maria Ramos, Analyst
The scenario for many Haitians is further complicated since they may no longer qualify for asylum. On September 2016, the US Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) has released an statement announcing the removal on a limited basis of Haitians, affirming that “the situation in Haiti has improved sufficiently to permit the US government to remove Haitians on a more regular basis…” (DHS Press Office). Most refugees en-route to the US still remain unsure whether their journeys will be worthwhile, or if asylum will just be denied to them. Featured video from Al Jazeera | 001_1790081 | {
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- Research article
- Open Access
Digital storytelling in health professions education: a systematic review
BMC Medical Education volume 18, Article number: 208 (2018)
Digital stories are short videos that combine stand-alone and first-person narratives with multimedia. This systematic review examined the contexts and purposes for using digital storytelling in health professions education (HPE) as well as its impact on health professionals’ learning and behaviours. We focused on the results of HPE studies gleaned from a larger systematic review that explored digital storytelling in healthcare and HPE. In December 2016, we searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and ERIC. We included all English-language studies on digital storytelling that reported at least one outcome from Levels 2 (learning) or 3 (behaviour) of The New World Kirkpatrick Model. Two reviewers independently screened articles for inclusion and extracted data. The comprehensive search (i. e., digital storytelling in healthcare and HPE) resulted in 1486 unique titles/abstracts. Of these, 153 were eligible for full review and 42 pertained to HPE. Sixteen HPE articles were suitable for data extraction; 14 focused on health professionals’ learning and two investigated health professionals’ learning as well as their behaviour changes. Half represented the undergraduate nursing context. The purposes for using digital storytelling were eclectic. The co-creation of patients’ digital stories with health professionals as well as the creation and use of health professionals’ own digital stories enhanced learning. Patients’ digital stories alone had minimal impact on health professionals’ learning. This review highlights the need for high-quality research on the impact of digital storytelling in HPE, especially on health professionals’ behaviours. PROSPERO registration number
Advances in technology increase the potential use of digital storytelling in health professions education (HPE). Digital storytelling combines stand-alone and first-person narratives with multimedia (e. g., images, music, narration, animation) to create 3–5 min videos [1,2,3]. Digital storytelling shares individuals’ lived experiences in ways that traditional storytelling (i. e., oral, written stories) cannot. Individuals can archive, retrieve, and review digital stories offline, as well as distribute them online to infinite audiences through websites or social media. With the inclusion of multimedia, digital stories can also effectively set and preserve the scenes and moods of individuals’ narratives [1, 4]. Those training and working across health sectors and disciplines, including individuals with minimal technological expertise, can create digital stories [5,6,7]. The creation and use of these stories can promote creative and reflective learning across health professions . It can expose health professionals to others’ experiences, cultures, and viewpoints [2, 9]. It can also bring patients’ experiences and authentic voices into HPE and thus, potentially improve clinician-patient interactions as well as promote humanism and empathy in healthcare [2, 10]. To date, researchers have written commentaries and theoretical papers explaining the intricacies of creating and using health professionals’ as well as patients’ digital stories in a range of health sectors [8, 11, 12]. There are also some reviews that allude to or focus on digital storytelling. For instance, there is: (a) a meta-narrative review that groups all story forms (e. g., oral, written, digital) together to explore how storytelling can promote a culture change in healthcare organizations , (b) a literature review that focuses on the impact of digital storytelling in Kindergarten to Grade 12 , (c) a literature review that elucidates the therapeutic effects of digital storytelling among pediatric patients with cancer , (d) a scoping review that maps digital storytelling use in mental health, with a primary focus on patient/consumer education , and (e) a systematic review of the benefits and limitations of using digital storytelling in research within any context . While these reviews describe digital storytelling, including its history, as well as its strengths and weaknesses, they do not focus on the contexts and purposes for using digital storytelling in HPE or its impact on health professionals’ learning and behaviours; areas of investigation that are critically important to fully understand and advance the use of digital storytelling in HPE. Thus, in the present study, we conducted a systematic review of empirical research examining digital storytelling in HPE to examine the contexts and purposes for using digital storytelling in HPE as well as its impact on the learning and behaviours of health professionals. We sought to answer the following questions:
In what contexts and for what purposes is digital storytelling used in HPE? What impact does digital storytelling have on the learning and behaviours of health professionals? This paper presents results of HPE studies gleaned from a larger systematic review that explored the use and impact of digital storytelling in both healthcare and HPE. Adhering to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines , we systematically reviewed records that included relevant outcomes on the use of digital storytelling in HPE. Search strategy and study selection
Figure 1 presents our review and selection process. We collaborated with a health sciences librarian (LS) experienced in the development and conduct of systematic review searches to develop search strategies. In December 2016, we searched MEDLINE (see Additional file 1) from inception and tailored the search to EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and ERIC. Two team members (KE & EM) independently reviewed the study titles and abstracts to remove duplicates and identify those that were potentially eligible. They then read the full texts to confirm eligibility and, when applicable, documented reasons for ineligibility. Given the complexity of the topic searched, the team hand-searched the reference lists of the included studies to identify those missed by the electronic search. Inclusion and exclusion criteria
We included all English-language studies on digital storytelling that met inclusion criteria and segmented those focused within the milieu of HPE for the purposes of this analysis. We included all levels of health professionals (e. g., student to practicing clinician), all types of health professionals (e. g., allied health professionals, nurses, physicians), and studies that focused on any type of educational setting. All included studies needed to report at least one outcome from Levels 2 or 3 of The New World Kirkpatrick Model . These levels included: health professionals’ learning (i. e., degree of acquired knowledge, skill, attitude, confidence, and commitment) and health professionals’ behaviour (i. e., degree of change in behaviour). We limited the review to full-text articles of empirical studies. We did not place limitations on the date of the publication or the geographical location of the study. We excluded editorials, commentaries, literature reviews, as well as grey literature. Two team members (KE & KM) independently assessed study quality of the retained studies. They used the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal tools to assess experimental, quasi-experimental, and qualitative studies. They used the Center for Evidence-Based Management Critical Appraisal tool to assess non-experimental studies. In the case of mixed methods studies, they used the Center for Evidence-Based Management Critical Appraisal tool to assess the quantitative portion and the appropriate Joanna Briggs Institute tool to assess the qualitative portion. We did not use the quality assessment scores to exclude any studies. Instead, we used them as a point of discussion in the present article. Data extraction and analysis
We developed the data extraction sheet a priori and pilot tested it until we achieved sufficient duplicate agreement between two of the team members (KE & KM). Two reviewers (KE & KM) then independently extracted data from the included articles. They extracted the following information: publication characteristics, study objective(s), study design, setting, participant characteristics, digital storytelling characteristics, outcomes measured, and findings reported. They compared extractions and resolved differences through discussion or with a third non-author. They then analyzed the extracted quantitative data as well as the quality assessment data using descriptive statistics (i. e., frequencies and percentages) and the extracted qualitative data using qualitative content analysis. Characteristics and quality of the included studies
The comprehensive search (i. e., digital storytelling in both healthcare and HPE) resulted in 1486 unique titles and abstracts. Of these articles, 153 (10. 3%) were eligible for full review, where 111 (72. 5%) pertained to healthcare and 42 (27. 5%) to HPE. From the 153 articles, 48 (31. 4%) articles were suitable for data extraction. Of these studies, 32 (66. 7%) focused solely on the use of digital storytelling in healthcare (reported elsewhere), with the remaining 16 (33. 3%) focused on digital storytelling in HPE, which are the focus of this paper. As illustrated in Additional file 2, the HPE studies were published between 2004 and 2016, with an influx of studies in 2013 (n = 3, 18. 8%), 2015 (n = 3, 18. 8%), and 2016 (n = 4, 25. 0%). Study design was variable including qualitative (n = 6, 37. 5%), non-experimental (n = 4, 25. 0%), mixed-methods (n = 4, 25. 0%), quasi-experimental (n = 1, 6. 3%), and a randomized-control trial (n = 1, 6. 3%). As shown in Table 1, the quality of the studies varied, with most being of low (n = 8, 50. 0%) to moderate quality (n = 5, 31. 3%). Most of the studies were from the US (n = 8, 50. 0%) or United Kingdom (n = 5, 31. 3%), and only a few were from Canada (n = 2, 12. 5%) and Australia (n = 1, 6. 3%). Contexts and purposes for using digital storytelling in HPE
Twelve (75. 0%) studies focused on the use of digital storytelling at the undergraduate level, three (18. 8%) concentrated on its use in continuing professional development (CPD), and one (6. 3%) study described its use at the graduate level. Half of the studies involved undergraduate nursing students (n = 8, 50. 0%). The remaining studies focused on social work (n = 2, 12. 5%), medicine (n = 2, 12. 5%), community health workers (n = 1, 6. 3%), community health aids (n = 1, 6. 3%), midwives (n = 1, 6. 3%), and undergraduate students with general interests in health careers (n = 1, 6. 3%). The purposes for using digital storytelling in HPE were eclectic and included the teaching of: (a) clinical skills [21, 22]; (b) diversity, oppression, and social justice issues ; (c) concepts related to general patient support or person- patient-, and family-centered care [24,25,26]; (d) care provision for marginalized and underserved populations ; (e) transitions from student to working professional as well as development of professional identity [28, 29]; (f) intergenerational learning or social topics related to aging [30, 31]; (g) palliative care concepts ; and (h) care provision for those with chronic health conditions [32,33,34,35]. Impact of digital storytelling on health professionals’ learning and behaviour
All 16 studies explored and reported the perceived impact of digital storytelling on the learning of health professionals using one or two of the following data collection strategies: self-reported questionnaires, standardized questionnaires, focus groups, or interviews. Of these 16 studies, five (31. 3%) focused exclusively on health professionals’ learning from the creation of their own digital stories as part of a formal educational experience [9, 23, 25, 32, 33]. In these five studies, digital storytelling positively impacted the health professionals’ learning. For example, in Price et al. , nursing students created digital stories about palliative and end-of-life care from their professional experiences or from personal stories of their family members who experienced palliative and end-of-life care. They found that this creation experience increased their understanding of course concepts in ways that hypothetical case studies did not: (a) it taught them about the importance of making interpersonal connections through listening to others’ stories; (b) it facilitated their learning on cultural and spiritual awareness; and lastly, (c) it solidified the notion that each palliative or end-of-life care experience is unique . Likewise, in the studies by Cueva and colleagues (2016, 2013) community health aids/practitioners and community health workers created digital stories about cancer. In the creation of these stories, health professionals drew on their own personal experiences with cancer, as well as factual knowledge about the disease. They found that the creation experience, along with their abilities to share their digital stories with their family members and communities, motivated them to increase their own knowledge and understanding of cancer, as well as changed their attitudes towards cancer and their reactions to those who had experienced it [32, 33]. Gazarian, Fernberg, and Sheehan , on the other hand, asked nursing students to create a digital story about an ethical concern encountered in practice. This approach was similar to that presented in Walsh, Shier, Sitter, and Sieppert , as they required graduate social work students to create digital stories on a diversity and oppression issue. In both studies, it was unclear if the students created digital stories based on personal experiences with the topic, if the concern/issue was something they witnessed in practice, or if it was a concept(s) they had explored in course material. Regardless, the students reported that the creation of the digital stories enriched and diversified their learning on the concerns/issues and allowed them to self-reflect. Out of the 16 studies, three (18. 8%) described health professionals’ learning from the perspectives of both the creators and viewers of the digital stories [29,30,31]. In these studies, the impact of digital stories on health professionals’ learning was, again, positive. For example, Stacey and Hardy reported on the creation and use of newly qualified/practicing nurses’ digital stories to assist nursing students with their transitions to practice. The authors detailed how the qualified/practicing nurses learned about the intricacies of creating digital stories and how the creation process enhanced their reflective practices and emotional awareness in regards to experiencing professional transitions. In addition, they reported that the nursing students who viewed the digital stories learned that other nurses experienced similar concerns to their own about transitioning to practice. The authors also described how the newly qualified/practicing nurses’ stories encouraged the nursing students to reflect on how they might respond to transition challenges recounted in the digital stories . Hewson, Danbrook, and Sieppert and Loe each explored the educational value of: (a) having students co-create digital stories with older adults, and (b) having students view older adults’ digital stories as a means for educating them about intergenerational learning and aging, respectively. In these studies, the co-creation of digital stories, as well as their viewing for educational purposes, enhanced the students’ knowledge about working with and caring for older adults, as well as the concept of ageism. Five (31. 3%) of the 16 studies concentrated on health professionals’ learning from listening to authentic patients’ digital stories [22, 27, 28, 34, 35]. Fenton reported how a patient’s digital story increased nursing students’ understanding of a young person’s perspective of living with cancer and provided them with information about effective communication skills. Conversely, the other four studies reported that patients’ digital stories had minimal impact on health professionals’ understandings or knowledge of the given topics [22, 27, 28, 35]. That said, the authors highlighted that patients’ digital stories evoked emotional reactions among students that motivated them to potentially take action on the topics in future. For example, Bruno et al. found that patients’ digital stories did not heavily influence medical students’ attitudes towards patients who are underserved, as the majority of the students were already sympathetic to this population. Nonetheless, the digital stories used in the study did increase students’ reported desires to provide care to underserved patients in future . Taylor and Hutchings also found that midwifery students did not acquire new breastfeeding knowledge from women’s digital stories on their breastfeeding experiences, but that the stories taught students how to better support breastfeeding women and evoked emotions among them to improve and advocate midwifery practice in regards to breastfeeding. Additionally, Christiansen found that the extent to which nursing students learned from patients’ digital stories varied. In particular, while some students reported emotional reactions to, or emotional connections with the patients’ digital stories, that enhanced their learning on how to care for patients, other students thought that the digital stories were not as powerful as learning directly from patients in the classroom, or that the multimedia aspects (e. g., sound, pictures) overshadowed the patients’ key messages . Moreover, Snelgrove, Tait, and Tait found that although the nursing students valued the authenticity of the patients’ digital stories, some students did not recognize the intended link between the digital stories and the psychological course concepts being taught. Snelgrove et al. also found that only a quarter of the students believed that the digital stories made them feel more confident in their abilities to care for patients with chronic illness. In two (12. 5%) of the 16 studies, educators used patients’ stories as inspiration for the creation of digital stories [21, 26]. More specifically, Levett-Jones, Bowen, and Morris described the use of a virtual make-believe community that included the digital stories of ‘patients’. D’Alessandro, Lewis, and D’Alessandro reported on an educational initiative that involved interviewing and photographing patients/family members and completing chart reviews on the patients. A second year medical student then used the collected information to create digital stories about the patients, which a practicing pediatrician and radiologist reviewed for accuracy. In both these cases, students reported increases in their learning about various health conditions and situations, which they thought would enhance their provision of care [21, 26]. Only one (6. 3%) of the 16 studies explored, among other things, practicing nurses’ learning of family-centered care as a result of viewing digital stories from both health professionals and patients/family members . In this article, the nurses perceived that their knowledge of family-centered care increased as a result of viewing the digital stories. They also thought that the stories increased their confidence in providing family-centered care . Of note, three (18. 8%) of the included studies also described how training individuals in the creation of digital stories positively impacted the creators’ or viewers’ learning from the digital stories themselves [23, 31, 36]. These training workshops ranged 3–5 days long and covered the processes of creating effective digital stories. Moreover, in another three (18. 8%) studies, the authors commented on the educational benefits of including reflection activities, peer support, or additional guided learning following the use of patients’ digital stories [22, 28, 35]. Lastly, out of the 16 included studies, two (12. 5%) focused on the perceived impact of digital storytelling on health professionals’ behaviours [32, 33]. The authors of these studies surveyed participants after completing a cancer education digital storytelling course. The participants in both studies reported that the creation of their digital stories lead them to take better care of themselves, their patients, their families, or their communities in order to decrease cancer risks (e. g., quit smoking, have a screening exam, eat healthier, increase physical activity) [32, 33]. This systematic review focused on the contexts and purposes for which digital storytelling was used in HPE as well as its impact on health professionals’ learning and behaviour. It showed that research on digital storytelling in HPE is still in an emerging phase with limited amounts of empirical literature on the topic. Given the popularity of social media platforms, such as Instagram (which we argue presents opportunities for informal/short digital stories), we speculate that HPE will continue to embrace and study digital storytelling. At present, this review reveals that the majority of digital storytelling studies are occurring in the undergraduate nursing context. This finding may reflect the emphasis that nursing often places on lived experiences, the use of constructive frameworks, and collaborative learning in educational practices . However, there is also growing interest in arts-based pedagogy, which encompasses digital storytelling, in medicine as well as other health professions . This pedagogy “use[s] art as a medium to support knowledge development in subjects other than art” . Students can create art (e. g., digital stories) or respond to that of others to learn subject-specific topics. Research shows that such pedagogy can foster self-awareness, cultural awareness, community partnerships, social integration, observational skills, and whole person development . Thus, as interest in arts-based pedagogy increases, we are hopeful that digital storytelling will become more prevalent in all health professions. An important question raised by our findings is: what constitutes or counts as digital storytelling? As mentioned in the introduction, the definition of digital storytelling requires that it combines stand-alone and first-person narratives with multimedia. Individuals, especially those who believe in the importance of people retaining control over their own stories , may interpret this definition to imply that health professionals or patients need to create and tell their own digital stories, in order for them to be digital stories. However, as seen in Levett-Jones, Bowen, and Morris and D’Alessandro, Lewis, and D’Alessandro , it is possible for someone else to create a stand-alone and first-person narrative that represents other individuals’ stories. Some may question whether this practice is appropriate. Thus, we suggest not only further research on the definition of digital storytelling, but also on the positive, negative, and ethical consequences of creating and using digital stories in HPE that portray others’ stories. Nonetheless, this review found that the creation of ‘patients’ stories’ by a third party appears to enhance health professionals’ learning. The early data for the co-creation of patients’ stories alongside health professionals, as well as the creation and use of health professionals’ own digital stories suggest that it is more beneficial in terms of learning rather than the sole viewing of patients’ digital stories by health professionals. This review showed that in 4 (80. 0%) out of 5 studies that concentrated on the use of patients’ digital stories in HPE, patients’ stories had minimal impact on health professionals’ understandings or knowledge of the given topics [22, 27, 28, 35]. Such findings provide some justification as to why other researchers have found that it is more common for health professionals to create their own digital stories than to listen to those of patients . However, these four studies did discuss that patients’ digital stories induced emotional reactions among health professionals that motivated them to take on advocacy-type roles in future [22, 27, 28, 35]. These findings are minimally consistent with the literature on active patient involvement in HPE, which suggests that in addition to experiencing increased sensitivity and empathy for patients, health professionals can effectively learn physical skills , technical knowledge and skills , as well as communication skills from patients . However, we recognize that these findings often result from sustained or longer educational encounters between patients and health professionals rather than episodic or short 3–5 min digital story compilations. It is important to note that, in Price et al. and Cueva and colleagues (2016, 2013), the students created their own digital stories that encompassed their experiences as both health professionals and patients or family members of patients. The use of these types of stories is interesting and warrants further investigation. Specifically, it would be interesting to continue exploring if such stories enhance students’ self-awareness, empathy, and compassion as health professionals. We also recognize that three (18. 8%) of the reviewed studies commented on the benefits of training individuals in the creation of digital stories [23, 29, 31]. Researchers long have established that training, regardless of the context or topic, can help maximize participants’ learning and behaviour changes . Thus, it is not surprising that the participants’ in these studies experienced learning and had positive experiences with digital storytelling. While we recognize that offering formal training may not be feasible within resource-limited educational settings, there are a number of free or low-cost e-learning workshops offered by experts in the field that can increase accessibility to training opportunities. In addition, it is commendable that three (18. 8%) of the authors discussed the educational benefits of using digital storytelling in combination with other teaching and learning strategies [22, 28, 35]. From an educational perspective, the use of multiple strategies, including the use of reflection, is important for moving from superficial to deep learning as well as preparing students for the complexities of professional life . Finally, it is important to remember that all the reviewed studies relied on selected participants’ self-reported learning and that only two (12. 5%) of the studies reported on participants’ self-reported behaviour changes. Although researchers commonly use self-reported measures in HPE research , it is possible that the participants in these studies distorted their responses or that the wording of the questions as well as other aspects of the research environments undermined the validity and reliability of the results and interpretations . Thus, these self-reports combined with the mediocre quality of the reviewed studies presents a strong rationale for conducting additional research on digital storytelling in HPE before rendering conclusions about its use and impact on health professionals. Future studies investigating health professionals’ learning from digital storytelling could include, for example, well-developed knowledge tests, teach backs (e. g., where learners teach portions of material covered in digital stories to their peers to confirm understanding), or high-quality qualitative studies . Similarly, explorations of health professionals’ behaviour changes from digital storytelling could again involve high-quality qualitative studies that include observations of the participants’ post-digital storytelling experiences . Regardless of the future research approaches used, it is essential to include a priori identified bases of comparison (i. e., something the collected data will be compared to) or counterfactuals (i. e., an understanding of what outcomes would have occurred in the absence of the digital stories) in order to appropriately determine the impact of digital storytelling on health professionals’ learning and behaviours . First, while we attempted to identify all pertinent search terms, given the complexity of searching within this topic area, we may have unknowingly omitted keywords or synonyms used for digital storytelling and thus, missed some empirical studies. Second, we ran our last search in December 2016 and as such, we may have missed recently published studies on this topic. Third, the heterogeneity of the reviewed studies limited the type of results presented. Specifically, meta-analysis of outcome data was not feasible. Lastly, the included studies needed to report on at least one outcome from Levels 2 or 3 of The New World Kirkpatrick Model and therefore, empirical studies that reported on other outcomes in regards to digital storytelling and HPE are not represented within our dataset. This systematic review included 16 empirical studies. Of these studies, 14 (87. 5%) focused solely on health professionals’ learning from digital storytelling and 2 (12. 5%) investigated health professionals’ learning as well as their behaviour changes from digital storytelling. Eight (50%) of the digital storytelling studies in HPE occurred within the undergraduate nursing context. The reviewed studies reported on the use of digital storytelling for a variety of different purposes and covered a wide-range of topics. The authors focused on one of the following: (a) health professionals’ learning from creating their own digital stories, (b) health professionals’ learning from the perspectives of both the creators and viewers of the digital stories, (c) health professionals’ learning from listening to authentic patients’ digital stories, (d) health professionals’ learning from ‘patients’ stories created by a third party, and (e) health professionals’ learning from viewing the digital stories of both health professionals and patients/family members. Overall, the co-creation of patients’ digital stories with health professionals as well as the creation and use of health professionals’ own digital stories positively enhanced learning. Patients’ digital stories alone had minimal impact on health professionals’ understanding or knowledge gains. However, all the reviewed studies relied solely on health professionals’ self-reported learning. This review also illustrated the educational value of training individuals in the creation of digital stories as well as the benefits of including digital stories in conjunction with other learning activities. Unfortunately, few studies focused on changes in health professionals’ behaviours as a result of digital storytelling, and those that did focused solely on self-reported behaviour changes. In conclusion, this review highlights the need for additional high-quality research on the use and impact of digital storytelling in HPE. Health professions education
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The datasets used during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Dr. Katherine A. Moreau is an Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Education at the University of Ottawa and a Senior Researcher at the Centre for Research on Educational and Community Services, Ottawa, Ontario.
Dr. Kaylee Eady is a Postdoctoral Fellow in the Faculty of Education at the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario.
Lindsey Sikora is a Librarian at University of Ottawa who focuses on the use of appropriate methods for conducting systematic and scoping reviews within health sciences. Dr. Tanya Horsley is the Associate Director of the Research Unit at Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada and an Adjunct Professor, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa.
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The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. MEDLINE search strategy. This file includes the search strategy used to search the database MEDLINE, including the search terms and operators used. (DOCX 12 kb)
Summary of the Evidence on the Purpose and Impact of Digital Storytelling in Health Professions Education. This file includes a summary of the evidence from the studies included in this systematic review, including the study author, year, context, purpose of using digital storytelling, details, and findings. (DOCX 39 kb)
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Moreau, K.A., Eady, K., Sikora, L. et al. Digital storytelling in health professions education: a systematic review. BMC Med Educ 18, 208 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-018-1320-1
- Systematic review
- Digital storytelling
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Social Problems: Community, Policy, and Social Action
In the Third Edition of this popular book, Anna Leon-Guerrero humanizes social problems with voices of experience, and address the consequences and responses to a social problem. The hallmarks of the book will be its integrated theme of race, class, and gender; an emphasis on "service learning" (student awareness of effective community responses); critical thinking and active learning; and the use of the internet and unique print supplements to expand on what is intended to be a briefer book than most. Features and benefits:
Voices in the Community - a section in each chapter offering testimony from those experiencing or doing something about social problems
Visual Essays in each section to highlight a particular social problem or solution in the context of actual experiences. Internet and community exercises at the end of each chapter
What Does it Mean to Me? Brings the analysis of the problem being studied down to the level of the individual
Four theoretical perspectives for each problem studied: conflict, social interactionist, functionalist and feminist
Community, Policy and Social Action sections focus on social policy, advocacy, and community innovation | 006_6771626 | {
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Indonesia has a diversity of cultures and natural resources that can be managed and promoted as attractions through tourism. Cultural values in Indonesia can be enjoyed by tourists when they visit and facilitate the process of communication between people. In recent years tourism has become an important activity in improving relations between countries with the large number of tourists visiting Indonesia. This will provide important effects and contributions to improving the country’s image, bilateral relations, and improving the nation’s economy. Tourism today is part of the lifestyle and to get to know the nature and culture of other nations. With the cultural values and local wisdom possessed by Indonesia shows the strength that Indonesia is a multicultural country with the strength that Indonesia has in the field of tourism can achieve global competitiveness. In 2002 and 2003 Indonesia experienced acts of terror committed by terrorists. This tarnished Indonesia’s image in the international eyes. Some countries issue travel bans, travel warnings and travel advisories to their citizens for a while not visiting Indonesia. The ban had a major impact on the tourism sector, so the Indonesian government conducted diplomacy towards the international community through tourism campaigns. The aim of the tourism campaign is to rebuild Indonesia’s declining tourism image. One of the steps taken by the Indonesian government is public diplomacy through the Visit Indonesia Year 2008 and Wonderful Indonesia campaigns. Diplomacy is an Indonesian communication tool for the international public to re-introduce Indonesian tourism to the world as a religious, natural, rich cultural diversity and tourist attraction that will provide a unique experience for tourists. The development of the world smoldering influence on the concept of tourism. The concept of tourism developed and gave rise to the term sharia tourism which became a trend in the world community. This is in line with the Islamic economy which has become an important part in the current global economy. In the Islamic economic sector there are things that have increased significantly are culinary, Islamic finance, insurance industry, fashion, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, entertainment and tourism sectors that carry the concept of halal. Halal is meant here is the concept of halal and haram in Islam, halal means justified and haram means prohibited. Is Halal Tourism? Halal Tourism is a terminology that Indonesia uses for Sharia Tourism. The concept of Shari’a Tourism starts from the concept of pilgrimage tourism. As a country with the largest Muslim community in the world, most of Indonesia’s population lives in accordance with Islamic values so that the concept of halal is very suitable to be applied in tourism in Indonesia. Indonesia has the advantage of being a Muslim-friendly destination by providing travel services and managing tourist destinations by adapting products and services to properly serve Muslim tourists. The existence of Indonesian Halal Tourism does not eliminate the differences that occur in society related to social structure. This is only to show that the majority of the Indonesian population embraces Islam but does not fade the spirit of Unity in Diversity. So that the values of virtue and the importance of mutual harmony between mosques, churches, temples, temples, temples or other places of worship as well as cultural and spiritual richness that is owned by Indonesia become a strength and attraction in Indonesian Halal Tourism. In addition, Indonesia’s natural and cultural wealth reflects religious values, solidarity and aesthetics in historical heritage. In the era of globalization, Indonesian culture also continues to develop. The development of culture as an increasingly modern national identity in practice continues to adopt progressive values and openness. Globalization does not necessarily undermine the national culture but instead strengthens the values of Islam and the customs of society or what is known as local wisdom. In October 2015 Indonesia won three awards from 15 categories at the 2015 World Travel Travel Summit and Exhibition held on 19-20 October 2015 in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (UAE). The World Halal Travel Summit and Exhibition is an institution that exclusively represents the halal tourism sector. This award is given for excellence in services, tourism products, and awards for the family-friendly sector. With the award received by Indonesia, the image of Indonesian Halal Tourism is increasing, making the government through the Ministry of Tourism to form an Indonesian Halal Tourism Development Acceleration Team (TP3H) and targeting Indonesia as the leading halal tourism destination in ASEAN. In 2016 the Ministry of Tourism officially announced the term Halal Tourism Indonesia with the tagline Halal Tourism Indonesia, The Halal Wonders which is a series of active series of efforts and the government’s commitment to improve the image of Indonesia in all levels of the Muslim community in the world. This Halal Tourism Campaign will contribute to supporting Indonesia’s diplomacy to foreign countries so that it can improve Indonesia’s image as a country that is tolerant, harmonious and continues to uphold Islamic culture and values without eliminating the uniqueness and originality of the region. The Effort of Indonesian Government to Promote Halal Tourism
Indonesia promotes Halal Tourism to Abroad through Public Diplomacy. What is Public Diplomacy? Public Diplomacy is a way to build relations between countries. Values held are mutual understanding within the scope of culture and society, communicating views, correcting misunderstandings and seeking common ground with one another. Public diplomacy seeks to attract attention using television broadcasts, subsidizing cultural exports and conducting cultural exchanges. These activities are carried out to achieve a goal. Here are some of the objectives of public diplomacy put forward by Mark Leonard entitled Public Diplomacy are:
- Increase public knowledge about a country. - Increase public appreciation of a country, form positive perceptions, and equalize opinions on a global issue. - Strengthen ties with a country through education, encourage other countries to come to tourist destinations, come to learn, make other countries buy local products and make other people understand the values of the country. - Influence the community to get investment or influence to collaborate. This public diplomacy is then used to carry out tourism diplomacy. What is Tourism Diplomacy? Tourism diplomacy is one of the new ways to build friendships with other countries without coercion and is carried out with the spread, exchange and understanding of culture through tourism. “Can break the ice or melt the ice” tourism means that tourism can reach the public all over the world with the natural charm and cultural diversity that has potential in a country. The impact of public diplomacy is to form a positive picture of a country. Currently Indonesia through the Ministry of Tourism makes a brand to continue to campaign for the promotion of Indonesian tourism, namely Halal Tourism Indonesia. The program is expected to have a significant impact in facilitating Indonesia’s diplomacy to reach Muslim countries in the world. The government to introduce Sharia Tourism Indonesia, one of which is by collaborating with the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI) by organizing the Global Halal Forum on the theme of Wonderful Indonesia as Moslem Friendly Destination in October 2013. The activity was attended by more than 25 countries that are members of the Halal Assurance System, Halal Certifer Bodies and World Halal Food Council. Countries that attended the forum included Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, the Philippines, Vietnam, South Korea, Japan, Taiwan, India, Sri Lanka, China, Australia, New Zealand, England, the Netherlands, Italy, Belgium, Canada, France, Spain, Russia, Germany, Poland, Switzerland, the United States, Colombia, and Brazil.
In addition to organizing the Global Halal Forum, on the same occasion the opening of the Indonesia Halal Expo (Indhex) 2013 was held. The exhibition was held to introduce Halal certified products. Indhex takes place from 30 October to 2 November 2013 at JIEXpo Kemayoran Jakarta (Kemenpar, 2013). In 2015 the term Halal Tourism began to be known at a World Halal Tourism Summit (WHTS) event which was held in Abu Dhabi. The Indonesian government then officially announced the Indonesian Halal Tourism in the World Islamic Economic Forum (WIFE) on August 2, 2016 in Jakarta. At that time Indonesia was honored to be the organizer of the event because of its potential as the largest Halal Tourism destination in the world. In carrying out Halal Tourism activities, the Ministry of Tourism collaborates and directly involves hoteliers and travel agents. The two private institutions participated in participating in the international tourism festival as well as participating in the tourism festival organized by the Ministry of Tourism. In 2016 the Ministry of Tourism released a list of the best Muslim-friendly family-friendly hotels and the best travel tour operators that were selected through the 2016 National Halal Tourism Competition by the P3H Team. This is to convince the global Muslim community about the readiness of Indonesia as a Halal Tourism destination. The Ministry of Tourism campaign is also carried out through the media by implementing the POSE strategy (paid media, owned media, social media, endorsers). Paid Media: Islamic Finder, Muslim MNC, Republika, Kompas, Mizan, HalalBooking. com, salingsapa. com, Ummi Magazine, Noor Magazine, alifTV, British Muslim, The Muslim Travel Girl, Zhabihah Channel, YouTube, TripAdvisor and Google. Owned Media is one of the official websites of the Ministry of Tourism. There is also a domain address is http://halaltourism.id/. This website is equipped with features that will make it easier for users to access contact information from the Ministry of Tourism, photo and gallery of leading halal tourism destinations in Indonesia as well as information about the top 5 Muslim friendly destinations. This website also contains information on Sharia hotels (where to stay), restaurants with halal standards (where to eat), and places to shop (where to shop) in halal tourism destinations. Social Media: Instagram (@kemenpar and @indtravel), Facebook (Ministry of Tourism), Twitter (@kemenpar_RI), Garuda Indonesia Cooperation Blog run by Ministry of Tourism staff. Endorser: The Ministry of Tourism appoints several national celebrities to become Halal Tourism Ambassadors, such as Asma Nadia (Novel Researcher), Laudya Cytia Bella (Artist), Dian Pelangi (Fashion Designer), and Dude Harlina and Alyssa Soebandono (Family of Artists). While Tourism Ambassadors internationally are Muslim Traveler Duo Husband and Wife, Humood Al Khudair, Harris J, Elena (Muslim Traveler Girl), and Maher Zayn (Singer). The appointment of the Tourism Ambassador was carried out by the Ministry of Tourism as one of the strategies to attract the public and as representatives of the Ministry of Tourism who will communicate directly with the public to influence them so they want to get to know Halal Tourism destinations in Indonesia.
In 2019 Indonesia ranked first at the international level after 5 years of developing Halal Tourism in Indonesia as a global halal travel destination by the Global Muslim Travel Index (GMTI) announced by CrescentRating – Mastercard. Indonesia is able to show its potential as the world’s best halal travel destination. Indonesia’s halal tourism market growth in 2018 reaches 18%, with the number of Muslim tourists (wislim) visiting foreign priority destinations of Indonesia reaching 2. 8 million with foreign exchange reaching more than Rp 40 trillion. During 2018, Indonesia has achieved 10 National Priority Halal Destinations that refer to GMTI standards, including: Aceh, Riau and Riau Islands, West Sumatra, DKI Jakarta, West Java, Central Java, Yogyakarta, East Java (Malang Raya), Lombok, and South Sulawesi (Makassar and surrounding areas). This year, the strengthening of halal tourism destinations is done by increasing the participation of 6 Regencies and Cities in the 10 National Priority Halal Destinations, namely Tanjung Pinang City, Pekanbaru City, Bandung City, Bandung Regency, West Bandung Regency and Cianjur Regency. CrescentRating-Mastercard has also announced that the top 5 priority destinations in Indonesia in 2019 will be achieved by Lombok (West Nusa Tenggara) with a score of 70, Aceh with a score of 66, Riau and Riau Islands with a score of 63, DKI Jakarta with a score of 59, and West Sumatra with a score of 59. This is what the government has been done through public diplomacy and regional development. The Indonesia Government introduces Indonesian Halal Tourism. Diplomacy by the government and the private sector aims to attract foreign countries especially foreign Muslim tourists. The results of the development of Halal Tourism for five years succeeded to carve the achievement of Indonesian Halal Tourist at the international level. | 005_6774950 | {
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Uses of Compressed Air to Convey Products : In a manufacturing environment, compressed air systems used to transport various types materials. Things that are moved in the same pipe as the air moving the items are referred to as internal air conveyors. In the packing industry, this sort of conveyor is employed. Internal air conveyors are restricted to lengths of roughly 100 feet because the pressure in the pipe decreases with distance (30 meters). Pneumatic conveyors are another name for these conveyor systems. Pneumatic conveyors, in general, move goods more quickly than other forms of conveyors. They’re also great for moving scrap where traditional conveyors would soon clog or get contaminated. To avoid clogging, the interior diameter should be nearly double the diameter of the item or material being pushed. Air conveyors are also effective for conveying products that are sharp or abrasive. Because lengthy ribbons of razor-sharp metal can easily snag other types of conveying equipment, metal waste, and recycling centers are ideal locations for air-operated conveyors. Air conveyors are most typically used to move lightweight goods such as empty containers, cartons, and trays at rates of up to 1,000 feet per minute, but they are not restricted to that. Various air-operated conveyor systems are designed to transport a variety of products and perform a variety of jobs. Other frequent uses include hopper loading (resin in the plastics sector, bottle caps in bottling, etc. ), transporting parts from one area to another, tensioning fiber in filling operations, and, in some cases, vent gas. The vacuum action transports the gaseous constituents, which are sometimes released into the atmosphere. Because there is no power involved and they may be supplied with inappropriate materials, air conveyors are also well suited for handling corrosive or high temperature gas. This means the unit can be tailored to meet specific safety requirements and is essentially maintenance-free. How does it work? Ring Vac and XSPC are air-operated conveyor devices that exploit the Venturi effect. The effect is a variation of Bernoulli’s principle that allows it to enhance the flow speed to maximize conveying efficiency. To discover more about the Venturi Effect, see this article. The air-operated conveyor draws in and moves the gas by blowing compressed air in one direction via a series of perforations. The number of holes in the system is determined by the unit’s size, which draws air behind it to create a vacuum, which draws in any gasses and then pushes them out. It’s a great way to move gas across longer distances because of the greater vacuum. Air conveyors are sometimes used for venting in addition to conveying articles and materials. Typically, an air amplifier is used for venting, but the pneumatic conveyor has some advantages, particularly if the gas is contaminated or if the vented materials could potentially deposit materials on the amplifier’s Coandă angles. These deposits could eventually prevent the amplifier from venting. Because compressed air enters through a different vent on air-operated conveyors, there is less chance of dirt deposits forming if the gas is contaminated. The air-operated conveyor creates a higher vacuum than an air amplifier, but it does not transport as much air volume. The Venturi system is a low-cost and easy-to-manufactured equipment. It operates with reduced air pressure and is made of aluminum, stainless steel (standard), Teflon (special units), and various polymers and metals. The Ring Vac Venturi system, unlike an airflow amplifier, moves less volume but creates a higher vacuum. As a result, because it is built at a lower cost and runs at a lower air pressure, this system is suitable for venting gas. Keep in mind that the length of vertical and horizontal distances transferred is highly dependent on the sort of cargo being transported. Benefits of airborne transporter systems
The compact size, rapid response time, and portability of these devices are all significant advantages. They’re also designed to transfer or vent a wide range of lightweight products, raw materials, or odors from one location to another in a clean, rapid, and effective manner. Because air conveyors have few moving parts and no pockets to gather trash or water, they are safe and simple to clean and maintain. A pressure regulator can simply manage its flow rate. Overall, air-operated conveyor systems are designed to be simple to run, lightweight, low-maintenance, and electricity-free. Both continuous and intermittent use is possible with these systems. They’re built to efficiently employ compressed air over long distances and across the entire length of the vehicle. The use of Nex Flow air-operated conveyor systems has various advantages (either the Ric Vac or the XSPC conveyors). | 011_5743318 | {
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If you've struggled with depression or anxiety, you know how crippling they can be — and how either can impact the way you live your life. "Depression and anxiety are best understood as mental disorders, affecting mood, emotions, behavior and thinking," says Karen Kleiman, MSW, LCSW, founder and executive director of the Postpartum Stress Center. "However, much of the time, it is the physical manifestations that call attention to these conditions. " In other words, your emotions aren't the only clue that there may be something going on in your brain: Mental illness can also directly impact your body's ability to carry out essential functions, by compromising your immune system and potentially contributing to heart disease. Read on to learn more about the surprising connection between your mental health and your physical well-being. "Both depression and anxiety are believed to compromise an individual’s immune system, increasing one’s vulnerability to physical changes and susceptibility to illness," says Kleiman. "It is often physical expressions of depression and anxiety that bring someone to a healthcare provider and providers may inadvertently fail to consider an underlying or pre-existing mental health issue. "
Harvard Medical School notes that it's one of the surprising ways anxiety presents physically. The ADAA lists headaches as a common symptom of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). The AADA notes that stress and anxiety both interfere with regular sleep patterns. The DSM-V lists insomnia or hypersomnia (i. e. not sleeping or sleeping too much) as symptoms of major depressive disorder, and also indicates that "sleep disturbance" is symptomatic of generalized anxiety disorder. Anxiety puts "extra strain on [the] heart," according to Johns Hopkins Medicine — especially problematic for people who already have heart disease. There's also a connection between depression and heart disease, according to Johns Hopkins Medicine, as they frequently present at the same time. "What we can say with certainty is that depression and heart disease often occur together," Dr. Roy Ziegelstein, Executive Vice Chairman, Department of Medicine at Johns Hopkins Medicine explains on the Johns Hopkins Heart and Vascular Center's website. "About one in five who have a heart attack are found to have depression soon after the heart attack. And it’s at least as prevalent in people who suffer heart failure. " It seems to work the other way, too: People who have depression, but no history of heart trouble, have an increased chance of developing heart disease compared to the general population. Anxiety can cause breathing problems, including difficulty breathing, chest pain, or shortness of breath, according the UK's University Hospital Southampton.
"Some people develop rashes," notes Mia Biran Weinberg, PhD, a psychologist and psychoanalyst. That means they may get hives seemingly out of the blue when they're anxious. One potential symptom of major depressive disorder listed by the DSM-V is "psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day" — the kind that other people can see and would notice. This means that someone with depression might appear physically agitated, or, alternatively, that their movements would be slowed down, marking a noticeable difference from how they behaved prior to their depression. A 2009 study in the journal Biological Psychology noted that people with depression have higher levels of inflammatory biomarkers, including cytokines, a type of cell that indicates inflammation is present. There's a strong correlation between depression and anxiety and weight gain, according to a 2009 study, and the DSM-V notes that symptoms of major depressive disorder include significant weight gain or weight loss in the absence of dieting. This also might present as a change in appetite — either you're much more hungry, or you're significantly less hungry than you usually are. The American Psychological Association notes that stress can impact your level of sexual desire. Though there are many things that can trigger a heart palpitation, Harvard Medical School notes that a few potential causes are stress, anxiety, and/or panic. The DSM-V lists muscle tension as one of the possible symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder. The Mayo Clinic notes that while anxiety doesn't cause high blood pressure, "episodes of anxiety can cause dramatic, temporary spikes in your blood pressure. "
Here's where it gets potentially dangerous: "If those temporary spikes occur frequently, such as every day, they can cause damage to your blood vessels, heart and kidneys, as can chronic high blood pressure. "
One out of four people who go to the doctor for chest pain have panic disorder. Panic disorder differs from a panic attack in that people have recurrent episodes and a debilitating fear of having another attack. Research has linked depression to a shorter life span. | 003_2977568 | {
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A hopeful sign for the future of the planet is that individuals as well as industries are beginning to take accountability for pollution by working toward Carbon Neutrality. Although there is some controversy about the actual effect that pollution has on climate change and warming, it seems clear that pollution cannot be good for the earth. The pollution that is the most damaging, of which carbon is the most prevalent, is contained in greenhouse gases. Reducing that pollution is a goal that even the US government has set. What is Carbon Neutrality? A definition on Wikipedia says that it is the result of balancing the carbon emissions of a business or an individual by off-setting it through carbon credits or by taking other measures. The term refers to carbon produced primarily through the burning of fossil fuels, but can also denote other greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride. This inclusiveness has its own designation of “climate neutrality. ” To achieve that goal, emissions are measured and expressed as the equivalent release of carbon, then addressed with the same measures that are used to offset carbon emissions. How does Pollution Affect the Climate? Certain gases, we released into the air, deplete the ozone layer of the atmosphere, which protects earth from some of the heat and radiation of the sun. This causes the planet to warm, melting ice caps and raising ocean levels. It also affects vegetation and reduces the habitat for many endangered species. Global warming may also be causing more numerous, and stronger, storms. Until fairly recently, scientists worked to reduce all of these gases to make people healthier. Then it was discovered that sulphur dioxide, when released into the atmosphere through smog for instance, actually reflected light and heat and cooled the air. Eliminating too much of that gas made global warming worse. So achieving a neutral carbon footprint may be a more complex issue than first thought. How is the Neutrality Achieved? On an individual basis, people can drive less, recycle and make clothing, cars and other manufactured goods last longer. People cam also plant trees and use renewable sources of energy like solar or wind power. These renewable energy sources often result in a surplus of electricity that can be sold back to the utility provider. Industry must go farther. The US government has offered financial incentives to businesses that address emissions. The incentive comes in the form of carbon credits. The government allots or sells permits for the measured emission level of the business. If the corporation wants to increase its emissions, it must find another business willing to sell some of its credits. In that way it is like a currency system. An article found on the David Suzuki website says that pollution is global. That means any measures taken to reduce carbon emissions should be worldwide in scope. Reducing pollution in another place has a positive effect here, wherever that “here” is. That is why the Kyoto Protocol, which went into effect in 2005, was formulated. It was signed by 193 countries that agreed to reduce carbon emissions. Countries also reduce their carbon footprints by higher taxes on carbon emissions and gasoline. Most countries believe that global warming exists and that it is caused by carbon emissions. Controlling these emissions is a worldwide endeavor. In an effort to “leave nothing but a footprint” on the planet, nations have agreed to work toward Carbon Neutrality. | 009_3583106 | {
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Personal Protective Equipment (cont. )
Hot and Warm Zone Equipment
The hot zone is immediately dangerous to life or health. Accordingly, level A personal protective equipment with self-contained breathing apparatus or supplied-air respirator is required for first responders or other personnel working inside the hot zone, where contact with hazardous materials is likely, including chemical gas or vapors, biological aerosols, or chemical and/or biological liquid or powder residue. Incidents occurring in enclosed spaces with poor ventilation increase the risk of inhalation. The warm zone is an uncontaminated environment into which contaminated victims, first responders, and equipment are brought. In classic HAZMAT (hazardous materials) response, the warm zone is adjacent to and upwind from the hot zone. However, experience with previous disasters indicates that contaminated victims capable of fleeing the hot zone are likely to bypass emergency medical services and go directly to the nearest hospital, in which case the warm zone may occur outside the emergency department or even inside the hospital. Accordingly, the warm zone poses a risk of exposure to contaminated victims and equipment, which in turn depends upon the type and route of exposure. In general, early recognition of the type of exposure is based on the signs and symptoms that the victims show. The protective equipment required depends on whether victims were exposed to a biological, chemical, radiological agent, or unknown agent or agents. The route of exposure may be inferred from the presence of contaminant on the clothing and skin of victims. Vapor or aerosol exposure leaves no or minimal contaminant on victims, and material breathed into the lungs is not exhaled to contaminate others. Liquid or powder exposures may leave visible residue. For example, in the Tokyo subway sarin attack in 1995, about 90% of the victims exposed to sarin vapor reported to medical facilities by private or public transportation without contaminating others. Fortunately, secondary injury to hospital staff was minimal (mostly eye irritation) and did not require specific treatment. In a similar manner, handling victims exposed to biological aerosols poses little risk to emergency care personnel outside the hot zone. - Known biological warfare agent hazards
- Personnel handling victims contaminated with biological warfare agents (BWA) require respiratory protection. Skin protection is largely unnecessary, because BWAs are not active through unbroken skin (with the single exception of the mycotoxins). - Personnel handling victims who have been exposed to a known BWA aerosol are not required to wear protective equipment because secondary aerosolization of residual agent from clothing, skin, or hair is insignificant. - When victims are contaminated with a known BWA liquid or powder, level D (universal precautions) and PAPR with HEPA filter are required until decontamination is complete. Level C personal protective equipment and PAPR with HEPA filter may be considered if the residue on victims is suspected of containing mycotoxins. - Known chemical warfare agent hazards
- Personnel handling victims contaminated with chemical warfare agents (CWA) require respiratory and skin protection. - When victims are exposed to a known CWA gas at standard temperature and pressure (such as chlorine, phosgene, oxides of nitrogen, cyanide), no personal protective equipment is required, because victims cannot breathe out hazardous gas and harm others. - When victims are exposed to a known CWA vapor from volatile liquid (such as a nerve agent or blistering vapor), PPE is required, because responders may be exposed to low levels coming from the victims. - When victims are contaminated with a known CWA volatile liquid, level C PPE with PAPR and chemical cartridge is required until decontamination is complete. In general, level C PPE is used when the inhalation risk is known to be below levels expected to harm personnel and when eye, mucous membrane, and skin exposures are unlikely. - Known radiation hazards
- When victims are exposed to external radiation but not contaminated with a radiation-emitting source, no PPE is required. If any doubt exists whether victims or their clothing are contaminated, they should be surveyed with a Geiger-Müller counter. - When victims are contaminated externally with radioactive material (on their skin, hair, wounds, clothes), use level D PPE (for example, waterproof barrier materials, such as surgical gown, mask, gloves, leg, and/or shoe coverings; universal precautions) until decontamination is complete. Double layers of gloves and frequent changes of the outer layer help reduce the spread of radioactive material. - Handle radioactive materials with tongs whenever possible. Lead aprons are cumbersome and do not protect against gamma or neutron radiation. For this reason, experts currently recommend against their use when caring for a radiation-contaminated victim. Health care workers also should wear radiological dosimeters while working in a contaminated environment. The health care facility radiation safety officer usually supplies these devices. - When victims are contaminated internally with radioactive material, wear latex gloves when handling body fluids (urine, feces, wound drainage). The health care facility radiation safety officer or health physicist can determine when the amount of radioactivity in the victim’s body secretions has fallen to a nondangerous level. - Unknown hazards (biological, chemical or both)
- According to current US government (OSHA) regulations, level A PPE is required for personnel responding to an unknown hazard. Recommendations for hospital personnel are not yet clearly defined. SCBA in the hospital setting is more cumbersome to use than SAR. Some experts maintain that level C PPE with PAPR (with organic vapor cartridge and HEPA filter) provides adequate protection until decontamination is complete. Unfortunately, no single ensemble of PPE can protect emergency care personnel against all hazards. Medically Reviewed by a Doctor on 9/11/2014
Jeffrey L Arnold, MD, FACEP
Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD
Raymond J Roberge, MD, MPH, FAAEM, FACMT
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Patient Comments & Reviews
The eMedicineHealth doctors ask about Personal Protective Equipment: | 005_551873 | {
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Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony has long been one of the towering achievements in the history of Western music. The text of Schiller’s “Ode to Joy,” calling for the unity of all humanity in peace, definitely struck a chord with Beethoven and rang true many years later in 1989. That year, as many of us remember, was the year the Berlin Wall finally came crumbling down, ending decades of tensions between the Western powers and the Soviet-controlled Eastern nations. To celebrate this momentous occasion, the great Leonard Bernstein (himself a champion of Beethoven’s music) got together members from the New York and London Philharmonics, the Dresden Staatskapelle, the Orchestre de Paris and the Kirov Opera Orchestra to perform Beethoven’s Ninth. The chorus, too, was a mix of singers from Germany, the Soviet Union, Great Britain and the US. Bernstein made a slight change to Goethe’s text to fit the occasion by famously changing the word “Freude” (Joy) to “Freiheit” (Freedom). | 003_3119980 | {
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Knee Replacement Surgery
What is Knee Replacement Surgery? Knee replacement surgery (knee arthroplasty) is a procedure that involves removing diseased or damaged bone and cartilage of a knee joint and replacing them with artificial joint (prosthesis) made of metal, polymers or high-grade plastic parts. It is an effective, safe procedure that can help relieve pain, feel better, move better and restore function in severely diseased knee joints. While many patients can be managed with the help of medicines, physical therapy or injections, some do not get any relief with these treatments. In such patients with advanced condition, knee replacement surgery, also called knee arthroplasty, is suggested. In this surgery, weight-bearing portion of the knee joint is replaced by an artificial structure. Today, knee replacement surgery is one of the most common bone surgeries performed around the world. Types of Knee Replacement Surgery
Knee replacement surgeries are of two types the choice of which is decided by the degree of dysfunction of the joint. - Total Knee Replacement Surgery (TKR)
- Partial Knee Replacement Surgery (PKR)
Total Knee Replacement Surgery (TKR)
In this procedure, the complete knee joint is replaced with an artificial joint, made of metal and plastic components. The procedure may be chosen for obese patients and those who have a severe joint dysfunction. Partial Knee Replacement Surgery (PKR)
If only one side of the knee is damaged, a partial knee replacement (PKR) may be recommended. PKR is a less extensive operation, with a smaller incision, and involves less bone being removed. St. Theresa's Hospital Provides best quality Knee replacement Surgeries in Hyderabad at most affordable cost
Dr. Divakar Reddy
MS ORTHO, JIPMER MRCS – EDINBURG
350+ Successful Knee Replacement Surgery
St. Theresa Hospital, Opposite Erragadda Rythu Bazar,
Sanath Nagar, Hyderabad, Telangana 500038
Landline : 040 21 22 23 24
Call : +91 8500401550
Benefits of Knee Replacement Surgery
A knee replacement may make it easier for you to get regular exercise. This can help manage or prevent obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, osteoporosis, and many other health conditions. Strong knees also offer more support and stability, so there is less chance of having a fall. 1. Reduced knee pain
The most common cause of issues with the knee joint is arthritis, and this condition can lead to joint damage and lots of pain. Using minimally invasive techniques, surgeons can complete a knee replacement procedure that can reduce the amount of knee pain you feel after surgery. This is one of the biggest benefits you can expect after your knee replacement surgery. 2. Faster recovery
Another benefit you can expect after minimally invasive knee replacement surgery is a faster recovery time. In traditional knee replacement procedures, 8-to-10-inch incisions were necessary, and many times knee muscles and other soft tissue were cut during the procedure. With minimally invasive techniques, less soft tissue damage is done. Also, a smaller 4-inch incision is typically all that’s required for this type of surgery. This means your body will have less healing to do after surgery, and this can decrease your recovery time significantly. 3. Improved ability to perform daily activities
Possibly the most important benefit you can expect after minimally invasive knee replacement surgery is an improved ability to do normal daily tasks. After all, the knee is vital to performing daily tasks like walking and standing. It’s also critical to other activities such as jumping and running. The pain of knee arthritis may have reduced your ability to do such things, but all that can change after a minimally invasive knee replacement. You may find that you’re not only able to do normal tasks with less difficulty, you may also be able to recapture your independence, too. Knee Implant Types
Thinking about a total knee replacement? There are a few different kinds of knee implants that are used in this procedure. The different types are categorized by the materials that rub against each other when you flex your knee:
Metal on plastic. This is the most common type of implant. It features a metal femoral component that rides on a polyethylene plastic spacer attached to the tibial component. The metals commonly used include cobalt-chromium, titanium, zirconium, and nickel. Metal-on-plastic is the least expensive type of implant and has the longest track record for safety and implant life span. However, one problem that can happen with plastic implants is an immune reaction triggered by tiny particles that wear away from the spacer. This can cause bone to break down, leading to loosening and failure of the implant. Advances in manufacturing have greatly reduced the rate of wear in the plastic. Ceramic on plastic. This type uses a ceramic femoral component instead of metal (or a metal component with a ceramic coating). It also rides on a plastic spacer. People who are sensitive to the nickel used in metal implants might get the ceramic type. Plastic particles from this type of implant also can lead to an immune reaction. Ceramic on ceramic. The femoral and tibial components are both made of ceramic. Ceramic parts are the least likely to react with the body. However, ceramic joint prostheses can make a squeaking noise when you walk. In rare cases, they can shatter under heavy pressure into pieces that must be removed by surgery. Metal on metal. The femoral and tibial components are both made of metal. Metal-on-metal implants have been used much less often in recent years because of concerns over traces of metal leaking into the bloodstream. The metal comes from the chemical breakdown of the implant hardware. All metal implants originally were developed to provide longer-lasting joint replacements for younger people. But the traces of metal can cause inflammation, pain, and possibly organ damage. Metal-on-metal implants may be considered only for young, active men, because they may last longer than other materials. Women of childbearing age can’t receive these implants because the effects on a fetus are not known. Risks & Complications
The vast majority of total knee replacement surgeries are successful; however, complications can occur. Below is a list of some potential complications. In rare instances, these complications are life-threatening. A small percentage of patients will require a second, revision surgery. Complications tend to be higher in patients who use tobacco and who are older or obese. Complications Involving Anesthesia
Like any major surgery involving general anesthesia, there is a low risk of strokes, heart attacks, pneumonia, and blood clots. Blood clots occurring in deep veins, or deep vein thrombosis (DVT), are a potential complication of knee replacement surgery. Left untreated, a blood clot can break free from the vein wall, a life-threatening condition known as pulmonary embolism. When caught in time, pulmonary embolism is treatable with anti-clotting medication. Devices that can be wrapped around the affected leg to provide intermittent pneumatic compression can minimize the risk of DVT. Antibiotics are routinely given at the time of surgery to reduce the risk of infection. Despite this precaution, infection affects 2% to 3% of knee replacement patients. In many cases, the infection can be treated with additional antibiotics. However, in other cases, infection can result in the removal of the replacement joint and can even be life-threatening if it spreads throughout the body. While the risk of infection decreases as the surgical wounds heal, it never completely goes away. People who receive joint replacements are advised to tell their dentists before any dental procedure. Bacterial infections contracted during dental procedures can affect implants. Antibiotics can be given to prevent this from happening. Aside from risks associated with anesthesia and infection, there are other potential complications:
- A prosthesis component can become loose or dislocate if it does not seal to the bone well or is misaligned. - Legs may be slightly different lengths after surgery. In some cases, a shoe insert can remedy this problem. - The new knee may be stiff. Most people who have undergone knee replacement surgery can bend their knees at least 115 degrees. However, some people develop scar tissue that hinders flexibility. This limited flexibility is more common in people who had limited flexibility before surgery. - An allergic reaction to the prosthesis or bone cement can occur. In these cases, the bone cement and prosthesis must be removed. - Damage can occur to the knee’s patella (knee cap) and/or the soft tissue (muscles, ligaments and tendons) that support the joint between the patella and the femur. - In rare cases there is damage to surrounding arteries, veins, and/or nerves. For the most part, complications can be treated. A surgery followed by complications may still be considered successful if pain is alleviated and function improves over the long term. Before Knee Replacement
- Blood tests. - Dental exam to help lessen the risk of infection from surgery. - Electrocardiogram to make sure your heart is strong enough for surgery. - Physical exam to make sure you’re healthy enough for surgery. During Knee Replacement
- Make an incision (cut) in the knee area. - Remove any damaged cartilage and bone. - Place the knee implant and position it properly. - Secure the implant into place using cement or without cement. After Knee Replacement
After surgery, you will get moved to a recovery room. The healthcare team will watch you for a short time to make sure you wake up from the anesthesia without complications. They’ll also monitor your vital signs and pain level. Occasionally, people who have knee replacement surgery go home the same day. If you need to stay in the hospital, it will likely be for one day. Additional time spent in the hospital is based on medical necessity. | 000_6486640 | {
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Kingship and State: The Buganda Dynasty
The precolonial kingdom of Buganda, nucleus of the present Uganda state, has long attracted scholarly interest. Since written records are lacking entirely until 1862, historians have had to rely on oral traditions that were recorded from the end of the nineteenth century. These sources provide rich materials on Buganda in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, but in this 1996 book Christopher Wrigley endeavours to show that the stories which appear to relate to earlier periods are largely mythology. He argues that this does not reduce their value since they are of interest in their own mythical right, revealing ancient traces of sacred kingship, and also throwing oblique light on the development of the recent state. He has written an elegant and wide-ranging study of one of Africa's most famous kingdoms. What people are saying - Write a review
Other editions - View all
African Amannya Amaganda ancient Bakka banana Bantu belonged Bemba Bito British brother Buddo Bunyoro Bunyoro-Kitara Burundi Busiro Busoga called chief Christian clan clearly colonial culture Cwezi death divine dynastic Early Iron Age East Africa father Ganda Ganda tradition Genesis Hamitic hero human Iron Age Jjemba Jjunju Jjuuko kabaka Kagulu Kagwa Kamaanya Kampala Karagwe Kateregga katikkiro Kayemba Kiggala Kimbugwe Kimera kind king's kingdom Kings of Buganda kingship Kintu Kisolo Kiyimba Kyabaggu Lake Lakeland land Leopard lived London Lungfish Magonga Mawanda means mother Mpisa Mukasa Mulondo Mutebi Muteesa Mwindo myth mythical Nakibinge Nalubaale Nambi Namugala Nankere Ndahura Ndawula Nile Nilotic nineteenth century Nkore Nsimbi Ntusi Nyanga Nyoro Olimi organised origin Pangolin perhaps political pre-colonial princes probably recent recognised reign ritual role Roscoe royal ruler Rwanda sacred Shilluk shrine society Speke Ssemakookiro Ssuuna Stanley story Sudan tale throne took Walusimbi western young | 012_6457620 | {
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Utrecht Biologists Discover A Way to Make Plants Flood TolerantSeptember 11, 2019
Global warming has resulted not only in increased incidences of drought and heatwaves but also increased rainfall which brings higher flood risk. Flooding is a major problem for crops as too much water deprives them of oxygen and suffocates them. Scientists at Utrecht University have discovered how some plants quickly detect being underwater when flooded, and how these plants initiate processes that prevent them from drowning. The scientists found that plants use the hormone ethylene as a signal to trigger underwater survival reactions. According to the study, ethylene accumulation in flooded plants triggers a survival response at an early stage, even before the oxygen levels drop. Sjon Hartman, a plant biologist at the Plant Ecophysiology group at Utrecht University said, "A plant that goes into survival mode early can last longer underwater and that can make the difference between life and death. " Research leaders Dr. Rashmi Sasidharan and Prof. Rens Voesenek said their discovery holds great potential for the future development of flood-tolerant crops. "Now that we know the genes associated with flooding survival, we can introduce them back into plants that lack them and thus program flooded plants to go into survival mode sooner," they added. For more details, read the news article at Utrecht University website. You might also like:
See more articles:
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Plant Breeding Innovations
- Use of CRISPR-Cas9 Revealed OsCAF1 Influences Chloroplast Development in Rice
Subscribe to CBU: | 012_6207151 | {
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- A human baby has over 60 more bones than an adult. - From birth to toilet training, a baby goes through an average of 8000 diaper changes. - Newborn babies can only see in black and white for a few months. - Breastfeeding a baby may reduce by 22% a woman's risk of developing Alzheimer's disease, a study says. - As late as 1985, doctors believed babies didn't feel pain and conducted surgeries with no anesthesia. - Babies have three times as many taste buds as adults. - Premature babies are more likely to be left-handed, many studies suggest. - A baby was born in 2005 with a conjoined head that had no body. The head could blink and smile. - Babies are born with self-awareness which allows them to differentiate their bodies from other people's. - Baby cages hanging out the window were used in America in the 1920s. - Between 1838 and 1960, more than half the photos taken were of babies. - 1 in 5,000 babies is born without an anus opening. - A baby is born on its predicted due date just 4% of the time. - of South Korean families use professionals to find a name for their babies. - In Japan, there's a 'Crying Sumo' contest, where wrestlers compete to see who can make a baby bawl first. - The birth rate for twins has increased 76% since 1980. - Noah and Emma were the most popular names in the U.S. for boys and girls respectively in 2014. - Two and a half times more Barbies are sold every year than babies are born in the U.S.
- Babies remain calm twice as long when listening to a song as they do when listening to speech, according to a study. - About 5% of babies of both sexes can lactate. - Kissing a baby on the ear can make it go deaf because of a condition known as "cochlear ear-kiss injury. "
- At birth, a baby's eye is about 75% of the size of an adult eye. - Breast-fed babies poop more than bottle-fed babies because breast milk is a laxative. - Babies cannot recognise themselves in a mirror until they are at least 18 months old. - 255 people are born every minute. - Breastfeeding actually changes the way a mother's brain works, making her more attuned to the child's crying. - Babies who are not crawling by the time they reach nine months are more likely to suffer from learning and behavioural problems. - Newborn babies of both sexes can produce milk. - Hurricane Katrina caused an 85% reduction in the amount of babies named Katrina.
- Babies have accents. French babies cry will end with a rising note, while German babies have a dropping note at the end of theirs. They pick up on this in the womb. | 001_3492715 | {
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(Cheer"ful) a. Having or showing good spirits or joy; cheering; cheery; contented; happy; joyful; lively; animated; willing. To entertain a cheerful disposition. The cheerful birds of sundry kind
Do chant sweet music. A cheerful confidence in the mercy of God.
This general applause and cheerful shout. Syn. Lively; animated; gay; joyful; lightsome; gleeful; blithe; airy; sprightly; jocund; jolly; joyous; vivacious; buoyant; sunny; happy; hopeful. (Cheer"ful*ly), adv. In a cheerful manner, gladly. (Cheer"ful*ness), n. Good spirits; a state of moderate joy or gayety; alacrity. (Cheer"i*ly) adv. In a cheery manner. (Cheer"i*ness), n. The state of being cheery. (Cheer"ing*ly) adv. In a manner to cheer or encourage. (Cheer"is*ness), n. Cheerfulness. [Obs.]
There is no Christian duty that is not to be seasoned and set off with cheerishness. (Cheer"less), a. Without joy, gladness, or comfort. Cheer"less*ly, adv. Cheer"less*ness, n. My cheerful day is turned to cheerless night. Syn. Gloomy; sad; comfortless; dispiriting; dicsconsolate; dejected; melancholy; forlorn. (Cheer"ly) a. Gay; cheerful. [Obs.] Shak.
(Cheer"ly), adv. Cheerily. [Archaic] Tennyson.
(Cheer"ry) a. Cheerful; lively; gay; bright; pleasant; as, a cheery person. His cheery little study, where the sunshine glimmered so pleasantly. (Cheese) n. [OE. chese, AS. cese, fr. L. caseus, LL. casius. Cf. Casein.]
1. The curd of milk, coagulated usually with rennet, separated from the whey, and pressed into a solid
mass in a hoop or mold. 2. A mass of pomace, or ground apples, pressed together in the form of a cheese. 3. The flat, circular, mucilaginous fruit of the dwarf mallow [Colloq.]
4. A low courtesy; so called on account of the cheese form assumed by a woman's dress when she
stoops after extending the skirts by a rapid gyration. De Quincey. Thackeray.
Cheese cake, a cake made of or filled with, a composition of soft curds, sugar, and butter. Prior.
Cheese fly (Zoöl. ), a black dipterous insect (Piophila casei) of which the larvæ or maggots, called skippers
or hoppers, live in cheese. Cheese mite (Zoöl. ), a minute mite (Tryoglyhus siro) in cheese and
other articles of food. Cheese press, a press used in making cheese, to separate the whey from | 002_2217833 | {
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The art of applying henna in hands and feet is known as Mehendi and it is a very old custom and ancient art form of the Asian subcontinent. The propagators were the Mughals. The Mughals taught us all about the history of Mehendi and introduced it to India during 12th century AD. During that period the royal and rich use to decorate themselves with it. The patterns were intricately made by the artists or the beauticians. Indian weddings are incomplete without the mehendi ceremony . The ritual of mehendi ceremony is followed in every part of the country where the hands of the bride are adorned with the lovely red color of the mehendi. On these festive or wedding occasions mostly traditional Indian designs are made on the hands of the bride. The origin can be from Egypt because it was one of the art forms in Egypt. It has the evidence that it has been found that henna was used to stain the fingers and toes of Pharaohs earlier to mummification. The mummification process took many days and as the Egyptians were diligent in planning their rebirth after their death, they became quite fanatical in the preservation process. The Egyptians believed that body art ensured their recognition into the afterlife and therefore used Mehendi to identify them. Mehndi patterns will be beautiful and have four different styles. 1. The Middle Eastern style is mostly made up of floral patterns similar to the Arabic paintings. 2. The North African style follows the shape of the hands and feet using floral patterns. 3. The Indian and Pakistani designs include lines patterns and teardrops. 4. The Indonesian and Southern Asian styles were a mix of Middle Eastern and Indian designs using blocks of color on the very tips of their toes and fingers. Here about 100 mehndi design are given so pick your favourite one…. | 000_5565886 | {
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Photo: Mexican-American Fat children
A study by the Children’s Nutrition Research Center in Houston, Texas has discovered that Mexican-American children are less likely to be overweight or obese if they consume peanuts at least one a week. The study was prompted by the fact that 39% of Mexican-American children are overweight versus 32% for the general population. The hope is that good eating habits can start young and lead to a healthy adulthood. The obesity rate for Mexican-American adults is double that of other demographics putting them at high risk for diabetes and heart disease. The study showed that the kids in the study that ate peanuts regularly had a higher intake of vitamin E and magnesium. These vitamin are often deficient amongst Mexican-Americans. Consumption of those vitamins amongst others helps reduce the risk for diabetes and heart disease. The study recommends that peanuts become a staple in Mexican-American homes and incorporated into more native dishes. Peanuts also meet the FDA’s criteria for a low sodium food. | 005_2233102 | {
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Increased export of Brazilian beef indirectly leads to deforestation in the Amazon. New research from Chalmers and SIK that was recently published in Environmental Science & Technology shows that impact on the climate is much greater than current estimates indicate. The researchers are now demanding that indirect effect on land be included when determining a product’s carbon footprint. “If this aspect is not taken into consideration, there is a risk of the wrong signals being sent to policy makers and consumers, and we become guilty of underestimating the impact Brazilian beef has on the climate,” says Sverker Molander, Professor Environmental Systems Analysis and one of the researchers responsible for the article. In Brazil, beef production is the major cause of deforestation in the Amazon. The consequence is not only that valuable rainforest disappears — deforestation also adds to the greenhouse effect. When the carbon-rich forest is burned down to clear land for farming, large amounts of carbon dioxide are released. An estimated 60-70 per cent of the deforested land is used for cattle ranching. Brazil has emerged as the largest beef exporter in the world over the course of the 2000s. However, very little of the exported beef comes from the deforested parts of the Amazon. In the international surveys performed to estimate a product’s impact on the environment — known as carbon footprint standards — this beef is calculated as causing zero emissions from deforestation, while causing regular emissions from the cattle’s digestion and feed production. Beef from deforested areas also only constitutes a small portion of total production, about six per cent. “The snag is that this six per cent of beef production causes about 25 times more carbon dioxide emissions than beef produced in the rest of Brazil. This means that the average for carbon dioxide emissions caused by beef production in Brazil is twice as high as that in Europe,” says Sverker Molander.
The article in Environmental Science & Technology shows that growing export is a major driver behind increased production of beef in Brazil, which means it has indirectly contributed to an expansion of pasture in the Amazon. As it stands today, only land whose use is directly changed is included when estimating a product’s carbon footprint, which is misleading. “We have calculated in many different ways in the article, and no matter how we do it, we arrive at the conclusion that Brazilian beef is a heavy producer of carbon dioxide. ”
Carbon dioxide emissions in conjunction with deforestation are currently responsible for ten per cent of all emissions globally. Increasing demand for more feed, biofuel and food, primarily meat, creates a need for more farming land, which leads to deforestation and even greater emissions. “The basic problem is that we are eating an increasing amount of meat. For every new kilogram we eat, the risk of deforestation increases,” says Christel Cederberg, one of the article’s co-authors and a researcher at both Chalmers and SIK. The Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture has set a goal to double the country’s beef export over the next decade. At the same time, global demand for biodiesel and ethanol, which are produced from soy and sugar cane in the southern part of the country, is increasing. This has resulted in rising land prices. Many cattle ranchers sell their valuable grazing land to soy and sugar cane farmers, and then buy big land areas in the less expensive northern regions. “By 2050, global meat consumption is expected to have increased by almost 80 per cent, which will require more grazing land and increased soy cultivation. Added to this is increased demand for land to produce bioenergy. Yields cannot just continue to increase. No matter from which angle you look at the forecasts, changed and increased land use is the result,” says Christel Cederberg. | 003_6520547 | {
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House Construction Details
Net Energy Use
Energy Use Details
Costs and Payback for Net-Zero
Infrared Images of REL
Energy Efficient Design
Comparison of PV Systems
R-Value of Cellular Shades
Energy Codes for Windows
Solar PV Raw Data
RESIDENTIAL ENERGY LABORATORY -
PROBLEMS WITH IECC CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR WINDOWS AND ENERGY STAR PROGRAM FOR WINDOWS
If the house of interest is in a predominately heating climate, and the house is not overly shaded in the wintertime, then the guidelines in the IECC 2009 and 2012 for windows may lead to the selection of low solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) windows. However, high SHGC could result in lower heating and overall energy consumption. This thesis is demonstrated in this report. IECC 2009 and 2012 Code Requirements for Windows
The latest two International Energy Conservation Codes, IECC 2009 and IECC 2012, have requirements for windows (called fenestration) and doors with glass that are counterproductive to saving energy in many parts of the United States, as well as other countries that have areas that are in predominantly heating environments. For the purposes of the IECC, the U.S. is divided into climate zones as shown in Figure 1. Thus, climate zones 1-3 might be considered southern U.S., with predominantly cooling requirements. Zones 4 and some of 5 might be considered middle U.S., with significant heating and cooling requirements. Most of zone 5, and all of zones 6, and 7 would be considered predominantly heating environments. Figure 1. Climate Zones for the United States as Established by the IECC. (from Pacific Northwest Laboratories, http://resourcecenter.pnl.gov/cocoon/morf/ResourceCenter/dbimages/full/973.jpg)
The IECC, which might be mostly driven by the U.S. Dept. of Energy (DOE) and window manufacturers, has come up with the code requirements for fenestration (windows) as shown in Table 1a for IECC 2009 and 1b for IECC 2012. The U-value is the maximum thermal conductivity that is allowed in the different climate zones. The U-value is simply the inverse of the thermal resistance R-value, so the lower the U-value, the higher the R-value. The same values are given in Tables 1a and 1b expressed in SI units and United States units. (“United States units” or “American units” are used to refer to what used to the called “English” units, as even the English have abandoned using these antiquated units, and only the US continues their use. ) Tables 1a and 1b also shows the maximum solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) allowed, which is the fraction of the incident solar energy that is transmitted by the windows to the interior of the house. Essentially these standards require that the more northern climate zones require lower thermal conductivity windows, that is, higher thermal resistance. Further, the southern zones have strict limits on the solar heat gain allowed through windows, while the northern zones are unrestricted for SHGC. These standards have resulted in an unintended consequence that actually wastes energy as discussed below. Table 1a. IECC 2009 Fenestration (Window) Code Requirements in Both SI and U.S. units. (http://www.iccsafe.org/gr/content/Documents/IECC_Toolkit/2009_IECC_Update.pdf)
Table 1b. IECC 2012 Fenestration (Window) Code Requirements in Both SI and U.S. units. Some typical window thermal properties for high and low solar gain double-pane, low-emissivity (low-e) windows are provided in Table 2. These window properties were taken from the DOE Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) computer model RESFEN (residential fenestration), and were labeled as typical for wood or vinyl-frame windows. The U-values given in Table 2 are typical for air-filled, sealed insulated glass units. The U-values can be made lower by filling with argon gas, but such gas fills are generally not available at high altitudes, such as the location of the REL, and many other residences in the western U.S. Also the argon can leak and be replaced by air in the case of seal failure. Notice that the low solar gain windows meet the specification for northern U.S. latitudes of having U-factors less than 2. 0 W/(m2 K) or 0. 35 Btu/(hr ft2 F), but the high solar gain windows do not meet the 2009 or 2012 standards. The high solar gain windows let in 77% more solar energy, and conduct only 9% more energy out of the house, but are forbidden by code to be used in northern latitudes where they might be very helpful in providing passive solar heating for homes. By doing a considerable amount of extra work, it is possible to use the higher solar gain windows if their U-values do not exceed an absolute limit of 2. 3 W/(m2 K) (or 0. 40 Btu/(hr ft2 F) for the IECC 2009 code, and if it can be proven that their use will lead to an overall reduction in energy use or is made up for by extra insulation in other parts of the house. This added effort is well beyond what most homeowners and home builders are willing and/or capable of doing. Table 2. Typical Window Thermal Characteristics as given in the DOE computer model RESFEN. So the use of high solar gain windows would result in more solar energy entering the home, but an increase in heat losses from the home. During the winter, the extra solar energy would be an advantage, but during the summer, it would be a disadvantage. In more northern climates, it is reasonable to guess that the high solar gain windows might be an advantage, while in southern climates, they would likely be a disadvantage. Rather than just speculating, it would be worthwhile to examine and quantify the effects of high versus low solar gain windows in different climate areas. That analysis has been done for different cities in the United States, with results as shown below. To quantify the effects of different solar gain windows on residential heating and air-conditioning energy use, the DOE LBNL computer model RESFEN (Version 5. 0) was used. This computer model is available for free download (http://windows.lbl.gov/software/resfen/resfen.html), and is recommended to evaluate the effects of window placement and glazing type on energy use. It is necessary to define a house design to evaluate the effects of window type on energy use. The house design used for this modeling effort was based on the Residential Energy Laboratory (REL). The house was assumed to be a single story house with insulated basement, 149 m2 (1600 ft2) on the first floor, and to be very well insulated as shown in Table 3. These insulation levels correspond to what RESFEN calls its Zone 19 insulation package, and are similar to what is used in the REL. The package shown in Table 3 would be a typical insulation package for a well-built new house in most of the United States. Using a well-insulated house in the simulation allows the effect of glazing type to be examined more easily. The house was assumed to have a total window area of 6. 20 m2 (66. 7 ft2) on each side, which would correspond to four windows on each side, each measuring 1. 04 m x 1. 50 m (41” x 59”), again based on the REL. The shading level was set to “Typical” as defined by RESFEN on the N, E, and W sides, and as “Overhang” as defined by RESFEN on the S side. It would be good design practice to use an overhang on the south side of any modern home designed to allow passive solar gain in the winter and shading in the summer. The REL, which is at a latitude of about 38 degrees, uses an overhang of 0. 61 m (24”) on the south side of the house for these purposes. Higher latitudes require more overhang. Insulation Levels Assumed for House for RESFEN Study,
The RESFEN calculations were performed for the baseline window glazing meeting the IECC code for northern climates, that is, low solar gain glazing in windows on all sides. Then the calculations were performed with only the south windows replaced by high solar gain windows. Next the calculations were performed with the south, east, and west windows replaced by high solar gain windows, and finally with all the windows replaced with high solar gain windows. These calculations were first performed for the location of the REL, using the weather and solar database for Alamosa, Colorado, which is the closest city with a similar climate to where the REL is located. The RESFEN results for Alamosa are shown in SI units in Table 4 and in U.S. units in Table 5. The baseline case of all low solar gain windows is shown in column 3 of each table, while column 4 shows the results for switching the south windows to high solar gain, column 5 shows the results for switching all but the north windows to high solar gain, and column 6 shows the results for switching all windows to high solar gain. Columns 7, 8, and 9 show the energy savings for the various configurations compared to the baseline case of using all low solar gain windows. Table 4 (and 5 in U.S. units) shows a total energy savings of 8. 7% for replacing the south windows with high solar gain windows, increasing to 15. 3% for replacing all but the north windows, and finally to 15. 7% for replacing all the windows with high solar gain windows. So there is a dramatic advantage to using high solar gain windows in this sunny part of Colorado. How about the tradeoff in other parts of the United States? Note that these high solar gain windows are not allowed in the IECC 2009 and 2012 codes unless exceptional efforts are made to convince code authorities. Results for many other cities are shown in Table 4 (and 5 in U.S. units), divided into northern, middle, and southern areas. Results for houses in the seven cities classified as “northern” show a reduction in heating and cooling energy when using high solar gain windows on some or all sides of the house. The minimum improvement is 2. 5% and the maximum improvement is 9. 1% for the best configuration of low and high solar gain windows for the northern cities. For the five middle-latitude cities, improvements range from 2. 8% to 32. 3% for using the best mix of low and high solar gain windows compared to using all low solar gain windows. For the southern cities, the low solar gain windows are generally preferable as expected, although there are exceptions as shown in Tables 4 or 5. The energy use improvements can also be expressed in United States dollars as shown in Table 6. These annual costs all appear to be low relative to what might be the experience of the reader. Remember that the house used for these calculations was modest in size (149 m2 or 1600 sq. ft. ), very well insulated, and the windows simulated were state-of-the-art. Also, no costs are included for heating hot water, lighting, appliances, etc. Table 4. Total Annual Heating and Air Conditioning Energy Use in SI Units for Houses with Low and High Solar Gain Windows on the North (N), East (E), West (W), and South (S) Sides of House.
Table 5. Total Annual Heating and Air Conditioning Energy Use in American Units for Houses with Low and High Solar Gain Windows on the North (N), East (E), West (W), and South (S) Sides of House.
Table 6. Total Annual Heating and Air Conditioning Costs for Low and High Solar Gain Windows on the North (N), East (E), West (W), and South (S) Sides of House.
Energy Star Program
The Energy Star program requirements for windows are summarized in Figure 2 and Table 7 below. If the IECC 2009 code requirements are contrary to good energy efficiency in window selection for most northern and central U.S. cities, then the Energy Star program for windows, as defined by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. DOE, is at least as misguided. The Energy Star program again focuses on U-factor and does not properly credit high solar heat gain windows for passive solar heating. The Energy Star program assumes that if a low U-factor is good, then an even lower U-factor is better, and ratchets the U-factor for northern cities down from 0. 35 to 0. 30. This makes it even more difficult to certify a high solar gain window, that has been shown above to save energy, in the Energy Star program. There is an exception for energy equivalent performance, but still apparently a requirement for a U-factor below 0. 32 for high solar gain windows. Figure 2. Zones Used in Energy Star Program for Windows.
Table 7. Thermal Conductivity (U-Factors) and Solar Heat Gain Coefficient Requirements for Energy Star Program.
It is clear from the results presented above that using high solar gain windows offers a significant advantage in reducing energy use in many parts of the northern and central U.S. This conclusion is only true for houses that do not have significant shading in the winter, which is perhaps more typical of the western than the eastern U.S. It is difficult to meet the IECC 2009 U-value specification of 2. 0 W/(m2 K) or 0. 35 Btu/(hr ft2 F) without using low solar gain windows, and the low SHGC windows reduce the amount of natural solar heating in homes. This is even more the case for the lower U-values specified in the IECC 2012 code. It may be possible to meet the U-value specification using high solar gain windows that have argon gas fills in the sealed gas units, but sealed gas units are generally not available at high altitudes. The high altitude restriction is due to the fact that sealed insulated glass units will likely crack when manufactured at low altitude and then transported to high altitude due to expansion of the sealed gas. Thus, in some cases, the IECC code requirements for windows result in the use of low solar gain windows that waste potential energy savings from passive solar heating. These codes should be changed to allow maximum U-values of 2. 3 W/(m2 K) or 0. 40 Btu/(hr ft2 F) in climate zones 4 through 8 so that air-filled, double-pane, high solar gain windows can be used in these zones. Many window manufacturers in the U.S. prefer to reduce
their inventory by stocking only one type of window, the low solar gain
windows. Canadian window manufacturers
appear to be better about supplying high solar gain windows. Savvy builders and home buyers in northern
and central parts of the U.S. and in Canada should evaluate the location where
homes are to be constructed to see if there are obstructions like trees or
buildings that will block wintertime solar energy. If not, and if the climate is heating
dominated, then they should use RESFEN to verify that high solar gain windows will
provide a reduction in energy use for their application. If so, then they should insist on high solar
gain windows. The following window
manufacturers may be able to supply high solar gain windows: Pella (Designer
Series only), Thermotech, Inline, Fibertec, Serious, Milgard, Accurate Dorwin,
Gienow, Marvin. It might also be
possible to go to the glass suppliers like Cardinal Glass and ask them what
window manufacturers use their high solar gain glass products. Pilkington (Energy Advantage Low-E glass)
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Neck strains and sprains are some of the most common musculoskeletal injuries. Neck pain from acceleration and deceleration injuries after a car crash is often called Whiplash Syndrome or Whiplash Associated Disorder (WAD). The neck consists of seven cervical vertebrae stacked on top of each other and separated by intervertebral discs. The top two vertebrae are specialised for head rotation and flexion/extension (bending forwards and backwards). The head is heavy and is balanced on top of the slender column of the neck vertebrae. This makes it vulnerable to sudden forces as the head magnifies the effects of stresses on the neck. Who Gets A Cervical Strain Or Whiplash? Chronic stresses and strains on the neck are thought to account for around 85% of neck pain problems. These may be related to repetitive lifting, pulling something heavy, awkward sleep posture or sitting in a poor position for long periods looking at a computer screen. Whiplash injuries from rear-end car collisions are common at about one case per 1000 people per year. Whiplash syndrome is responsible for significant on-going neck pain and disability and for large costs to society. Cervical Sprain And Whiplash Symptoms
- Neck pain may occur at the time of the accident or come on in the succeeding 12 to 72 hours
- Headache, especially at the back of the head, termed occipital headache
- Muscle spasm as the muscles try and hold the painful parts still
- Neck, upper back, shoulder and arm pain may be present
- Dizziness and tinnitus may occur
- Weakness of the arms, sleep problems and altered memory and concentration may also occur. Cervical Sprain and Whiplash Treatment
Early rehabilitation is important to reduce the chances of long-term disability and chronic pain. A physiotherapist may use passive treatments, to begin with, although research has shown that active treatment should be progressed to as soon as possible. Typical passive physiotherapy treatments include ice, heat, massage, neck traction, joint mobilisations and traction. Passive treatments should prepare the patient for the active treatments such as neck exercises, stretches and fitness work. The focus of physio is to increase function of the neck and upper body and reduce the chances of a chronic problem, encouraging the patient to return to work as soon as they can. Complete pain relief before going back to work is not appropriate as early return to work is associated with improved outcome. Strengthening of the deep postural muscles of the neck has been shown to improve functional ability and active physiotherapy has been shown to be more cost effective than other approaches. Manipulation and other forms of manual therapy have been shown to have some usefulness in more chronic whiplash and cervical sprain conditions. Surgery is not indicated for whiplash or cervical sprain unless there is spinal cord or nerve root compression. In persistent cases, radiofrequency neurotomy may be used. This technique is used when pain has been shown to come from one or more facet joints. By blocking the nerves from those joints the nerve transmission is altered. The neurotomy damages the nerves and reduces or abolishes their ability to transmit pain. Other treatments include pain management programmes, botulinum injections, steroid injections and traction. - Neck pain and stiff neck. NHS Choices. http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Neck-pain/Pages/Introduction.aspx
- Neck pain – whiplash injury. NICE. http://cks.nice.org.uk/neck-pain-whiplash-injury#! topicsummary
Last Review Date: 26-11-2017
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PDF is one of the most favorite formats for its ability to retain document integrity. PDF is ubiquitous and flexible as a cross-platform file format – you can publish PDF without worrying about compatibility issues. Most of the normal PDFs can render with bookmarks and hyperlinks, which makes it much easier to read, mark and embed useful links for reference. Users can easily copy the textual content from a normal PDF to paste in a Word file or directly convert PDF to Word – we all know that. However, not all PDF files are created in the same way. Please read on and let’s see How to Convert Scanned PDF to Word.
Different Types of PDF
True PDF files (Digitally Created PDF), which can include both text and images, are digitally created via software like Word, Excel or virtual a printer application. Users can search the textual contents in a true PDF and select/edit/delete them – quite similar to the way you make changes to a Word document or other editable format files. The images in a true PDF can be resized/moved/deleted as well. Scanned PDF files (Image-only PDF) is something different. When you scan a printed document with a scanner to a PDF, or convert images of various formats into a PDF, what you get is “image-only” PDF with locked snapshot-like images instead of underlying text layer. Scanned PDF is not searchable and the text within can’t be selected, edited or marked. How to Identify Scanned PDF and True PDF
Using Your Cursor
Open the PDF in your PDF reader and place your cursor over the text: if the cursor turns into “I-bar”, it means you are dealing with text; if it turns into “cross-hairs”, it shows the presence of an object instead of text. Selecting The Text (Highlighting)
Text in normal PDF can be selected so you can just use your cursor and keyboard to select them, making them highlighted; if you can’t select/highlight the text, it means that you are facing an object instead of text – you can only select an area of image. Enlarge the PDF and you will find that scanned PDF/image PDF looks blurry and pixelated; in normal PDF, the text will look the same crispy even when you enlarge them to the size of your computer screen. Usually, Adobe Acrobat will prompt a window to warn you if you are trying to open a scanned PDF or image PDF. Unlike a normal PDF, There isn’t any fonts information in document properties if you open a scanned PDF/image PDF with any PDF reader. How to Convert Scanned PDF to Word
How can you get the text out if you see them in a scanned PDF/image PDF? Is there a smarter way than inefficient retyping to do that? We all know that normal PDF converters can’t help you out under this situation, not without OCR ability. OCR stands for Optical Character Recognition, which is a technology that enables you to convert images of typed, handwritten or printed text into machine-encoded text that is searchable and editable. Our PDF converter software, Free OCR to Word, is the best OCR software you can get around to Convert Scanned PDF to Word, which is actually free and safe to use. With the OCR technology integrated, it can extract text from scanned PDF/image PDF with accuracy up to 98%. Now let’s find out how it works to convert scanned PDF to Word.
To convert scanned PDF to Word, download and install Free OCR to Word to your Windows computer first. It works perfectly with Windows 10, 8, 7 and XP. Launch the program and click the “Open” button to input your scanned PDF/image PDF (you can also input and image file or use the “Scan” button to launch your scanner program to scan a hardcopy into Free OCR to Word). Choose the area to extract the text. We suggest you zoom in as much as possible, which can increase the accuracy of the result. If the PDF is not in the upright position, use the rotate buttons to set things right. Click “OCR” and the text within the selected area will be analyzed and extracted to the text panel on the right. There you can do some proofreading and editing work or you can just click “Export Text into Microsoft Word” and the program will open your Word and create a new page and automatically paste the extracted text into it. Now you can revise the text conveniently and save them to a Word document as usual. That’s how to convert Scanned PDF to Word.
(No OCR program can guarantee 100% accuracy and although we always do our best, we suggest you spend some time on proofreading to get the most satisfying result. )
That’s how you get things done with this free OCR software. Fast and easy OCR process, no need to pay for anything, no malware. OCR is a complicated technology but we make it easy for any home and office users. We provide much better result than online OCR services while saving you more time from uploading and downloading. Now you can go paperless or turn any old paper documents into digital ones for mass storage and sharing. | 004_3831038 | {
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Whether you’re an administrator organizing your command center, a dispatcher bringing officers on duty, or an officer on your way to the scene of an activity, operational zones, work zones, and teams are essential components of the Dispatch application. This article will help explain just what zones and teams are, how they’re used, and why they’re so important. What are operational zones? Operational zones (also known as opzones, for short) are the large areas within your organization where officers will be working. If, for example, your organization was a local police department, your operational zones could be separated into the North, Central, and South divisions in your city. If you worked for a university, your operational zones might be divided by the East and West campuses. What are work zones? Work zones are smaller areas within an operational zone that designate exactly where the officers will be working. Using the police department example, your organization might want to split up the North operational zone within your city by neighborhood or if you were at the university, the work zones at the East Campus could be broken down by departments, such as the Cafeteria, Laboratory, Library, and Residence.
What are teams? Teams are groups of officers who are authorized to work in particular work zones. Officers are assigned to teams when they’re brought on duty by a dispatcher. How do operational zones, work zones, and teams all come together? In order to use Dispatch, each organization will need at least one operational zone, one work zone, and one team. Whether or not additional zones or teams are created depends on the needs of your organization and how and where it operates. After an administrator creates an operational zone, he or she needs to break down that large area in your organization into smaller areas (work zones). Once those work zones have been created, the admin would create teams, then select the work zones the teams are authorized to work in. You can name your operational zones, work zones, and teams anything you want, but it might help to keep a theme for each area. This will help the dispatcher select the correct team to ensure all work zones are appropriately covered should an activity occur. For example, after an admin created an East Campus operational zone for their university, they would then create the Cafeteria, Laboratory, Library, and Residence work zones. To help their dispatchers know which teams are authorized to work in each work zone, the admin creates the Cafeteria, Laboratory, Library, and Residence teams and assigns each team to the work zone of the same name. Administrators should consider creating one or more teams that are authorized to work in every work zone. If, for example, an emergency occurred in multiple work zones, you could assign officers to work on the Emergency Team and quickly dispatch them to any work zone as needed. Are work zones the same as locations? No. Locations are saved places that are used to identify the exact whereabouts of a dispatch, task, or officer, whereas work zones designate areas of responsibility. When it comes to dispatches, a work zone is the general area where a dispatch is occurring, but the location is the specific place the officer will need to go to. Work zones allow you to segment your resources around certain areas and therefore lessen the chances that an officer may be too far away to respond to a dispatch. For this reason, you should keep your Dispatch locations in mind when creating work zones. For more information on locations, see the Dispatch: What Are Locations? article. How do zones and teams apply to Dispatch users? All users, including administrators, reviewers, dispatchers, and officers, must be given access to at least one operational zone in order to determine which opzones he or she will have access to. These opzones are selected by an administrator in the Accessible Operational Zones section of a user’s profile. For dispatchers, the opzones selected in their profile determine the zones where they can view, create, and edit dispatches, as well as the officers they can manage. The opzones selected in an officer’s profile determines where they can be brought on duty and the dispatches they can be assigned to. Administrators can perform dispatch duties as well as configure the settings within their selected opzones, whereas reviewers can only view dispatches in their selected opzones. How does a dispatcher know which team to select when bringing officers on duty? Each time a dispatcher brings an officer on duty, they need to assign that officer to a team. As the officer's selected team will determine where an officer can actually work, it’s important for dispatchers to know where teams are authorized to work to ensure all dispatches are dealt with and all work zones have adequate security coverage. Because only users with administrative rights can view the Work Zones & Teams settings, administrators may want to provide dispatchers with a chart that lists all the work zones and their assigned teams, which can then be printed for easy reference. You can download a template of this chart by clicking this link. Alternatively, depending on your organization and its structure, it may help to name your zones and teams similarly. For example, if you’re an administrator and your East Campus opzone has Cafeteria, Library, and Residence work zones, you could name your teams Cafeteria, Library, and Residence. If you want certain teams to have access to more than one work zone, you could create a team called Cafeteria-Library then select both the Cafeteria and Library work zones in the Assigned Work Zones section in the Zones & Teams settings. As mentioned above, it’s recommended that your organization has at least one team that’s authorized to work in every work zone, which could be useful during an emergency or when officers may need to access to multiple work zones. Dispatchers can also remind themselves as to which work zones an on-duty officer can be dispatched to by hovering their cursor over their team in the Officers panel. Where do I get more information about working with zones and teams? If you’re an administrator, check out the Dispatch Administrator’s Guide, which will give you instructions on creating and editing your zones and teams. If you’re a dispatcher, see the Dispatch User’s Guide for information on how to work with zones and teams during your day-to-day dispatching activities. These guides can be downloaded from our User Guides page. Both administrators and dispatchers can also watch the Dispatch Full Length Recording training videos. Of course, if you still have questions or need some help, you can always contact our Support team. - Dispatch: What Are Locations? - Planning Your Upgrade from DispatchLog to Dispatch
- Dispatch FAQs
- Officer Mobile FAQs | 012_4732588 | {
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Drug detoxification is where your body is given enough time to expel all drug residue from your system. Drug detoxification is conducted in a medically controlled environment where our qualified medical team observes your progress 24 hours a day until stabilisation is achieved. Alcohol is a socially acceptable substance and one that is regularly consumed by the vast majority of adults across the UK. While sensible drinking is considered acceptable, millions of people are regularly drinking more than the recommended daily amount. When social or habitual drinking has progressed to something more harmful, one of the problems with alcohol consumption is that it is not always easy to spot. Alcohol addiction is an illness that develops over time and those affected rarely realise they have a problem until they are already in a potentially dangerous situation. Outpatient Treatment– A number of facilities around the country offer outpatient programs addicts can attend during the day. These programs offer a variety of support options including one-on-one counselling, group therapy and maintenance medications. Detox– There are detox programs available at clinics and hospitals. Detox takes between five and seven days, and forces the body of the addict to get used to life without drugs by separating them from the drugs they normally use. It is recommended that detox never be tried without the help of a professional. Support Groups– Doctors suggest addicts get in touch with support groups either during or after their initial treatment. Support groups offer addicts the strength that can be found by associating with others who are struggling through the same problems. They also offer accountability to prevent the addict from relapsing. Scientific research shows that effective treatment addresses the multiple needs of the patient rather than treating addiction alone. In addition, medically assisted drug detoxification or alcohol detoxification alone is ineffective as a treatment for addiction. The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) recommends detoxification followed by both medication (where applicable) and behavioral therapy, followed by relapse prevention. According to NIDA, effective treatment must address medical and mental health services as well as follow-up options, such as community or family based recovery support systems. Whatever the methodology, patient motivation is an important factor in treatment success. For individuals addicted to prescription drugs, treatments tend to be similar to those who are addicted to drugs affecting the same brain systems. Medication like methadone and buprenorphine can be used to treat addiction to prescription opiates, and behavioral therapies can be used to treat addiction to prescription stimulants, benzodiazepines, and other drugs. Drug rehab facilities help drug addicts prepare to re-enter society. Drug addiction often changes a person’s behavior, which can affect all aspects of his or her life, including work and relationships. In drug rehab, patients do their best to regain their normal lives in a healthy and safe way. There are many different types of drug rehab facilities. Some specialize in helping patients with a specific drug addiction; others offer a broader range of drug addiction services. Drug rehab treatment centers often carry the stigma that patients are forced to stay. This stereotype is untrue. Patients in rehab centers are free to leave anytime they choose to. One reason for this is that drug rehab can only be truly effective when the patient has a desire to be there and to change his or her addictive habits. That being said, in instances where individuals are compelled to go to rehab– such as via a court order– the rehab process can still be effective, even if they were initially reluctant to go. Drug rehab centers range from very basic facilities to luxury treatment. The type of center a patient attends depends upon his or her budget and level of insurance coverage. While luxury centers offer more amenities than basic facilities, they are not always the best treatment. Patients should investigate a rehab facility before making a final decision. Before entering a rehab facility, patients may have to undergo detox treatment. Once a patient completes detox, he or she is ready for rehab. | 000_3233939 | {
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Technology dictionary definition
For instance, Twitter is restricted to 140 characters, making it a viable device for studying activities that require brevity. Conduct longitudinal studies over a number of tutorial phrases and throughout multiple educational disciplines, diploma levels, and institutions to determine lengthy-time period effects of specific applied sciences on student engagement and to extend generalizability of findings. Computer Network Architect
And you will be uniquely trained to safe, maintain and enhance such networks. In the sphere of communication methods, the University of Twente – like the Netherlands – options among the many world’s best possible. SRI, in its function as Network Information Center, maintained the online directories. Jon Postel acted as RFC Editor as well as managing the centralized administration of required protocol quantity assignments, roles that he continued to play till his death, October 16, 1998. A major shift occurred on account of the rise in scale of the Internet and its associated administration points. To make it easy for folks to use the network, hosts were assigned names, in order that it was not essential to remember the numeric addresses. Originally, there were a reasonably restricted variety of hosts, so it was feasible to maintain a single table of all the hosts and their associated names and addresses. As a outcome, optimistic pupil engagement findings may be attributed to a “novelty effect” (Dichev & Dicheva, 2017) associated with utilizing a brand new expertise. Finally, many research lack sufficient details about learning activities, elevating questions on whether poor tutorial design might have adversely affected results. For example, an instructor could intend to elicit higher-order pondering from college students, but when studying activity instructions are written utilizing low-degree verbs, such as identify, describe, and summarize, college students shall be much less more likely to have interaction in greater-order considering. As a result, universities have shown a strong curiosity in the way to enhance pupil engagement, significantly given rising exterior pressures to enhance studying outcomes and prepare college students for academic success (Axelson & Flick, 2011; Kuh, 2009). Therefore, the first objective of our literature review was to explore whether know-how influences pupil engagement. The library is not going to be responsible for unauthorized monetary obligations resulting from library‐supplied access to the Internet. The InternetThe Kansas City, Kansas Public Library (herein typically known as “KCKPL”) is pleased to offer its staff, patrons, volunteers, and authorized visitors (“Users”) entry to the Internet, an electronic highway connecting millions of users all over the world. This pc expertise allows patrons to access and use assets from distant computer systems and significantly expand their obtainable data base. | 009_5462365 | {
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For decades, InterVarsity’s ministry on campus has centered around manuscript Bible study, invented by InterVarsity staff Paul Byer in the 1950s. Manuscript study contains the three aspects of inductive Bible study: observation, interpretation, and application. In manuscript Bible study, leaders act as facilitators who pass out printed passages, and members engage in communal discovery—generating questions together, sharing what they see and think, and discovering Scripture’s meaning for themselves. Watch the video below to find out more about what InterVarsity Bible studies look like. Click the button below to visit howto. bible, an InterVarsity project where you can learn how to study the Bible yourself and lead others too. | 002_207115 | {
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This article is reprinted with permission, from his blog Ecospirit 16 Jan 2016. After years of fraught negotiations, we have a climate accord. Just getting 195 countries with different, often conflicting, interests to agree was a miracle of sorts. The document breaks new ground by aiming to hold the average temperature rise below 2C, to 1. 5C, and reaching carbon neutrality by the “second half of the century. ” The road map for how to get there is less clear. The INDCs (Intended Nationally Determined Contributions – whew! ) are not binding, relying upon peer pressure at periodic reviews to curtail carbon emissions even further than current pledges, which would take us down to 3. 5C, still well beyond the threshold of climate catastrophe. The current pledges do not go into effect until 2020, though there will be an opportunity for revising upward with a review process every five years. This is not tough enough, fast enough. In a post this week at Common Dreams, Jeremy Brecher, a labor historian, notes that the governments of the world accepted no accountability in Paris, only going on record with a stronger common goal. Since they, and to some degree the U.N. as well, are accountable to the vested interests which put them in power, it is up to the people to stand up and force them to be “accountable to the world's real owners,” the people. In a more detailed piece, “A Non-Violent Insurgency for Climate Protection,” Brecher argues that there is legal ground for the people to rise up in multiple acts of civil disobedience to force governments, who are trustees guarding the air, oceans and forests, to abide by the laws that safeguard these critically endangered commons in a “global law-enforcing climate insurgency. ” The foundation for this is called in the US thepublic trust doctrine, which is based upon the Justinian code of 535 A.D., naming certain areas asres communes, “common things” that are not held by the state. Hence the beleaguered notion of the commons. As Brecher puts it eloquently, “The governments of the world may rule the world, but they don't run the world – that is the common property of humanity. ”
Fortunately, to defend that common property, an independent climate protection movement has emerged, which Brecher dates to the mass International Day of Climate Action in 2009, the most widespread political action day in planetary history. This has grown in recent years into the Blockadia movement, expertly documented by Naomi Klein. Increasingly, these actions are designed as civil disobedience aimed at enforcing fundamental legal and constitutional principles that are being flouted by the authorities they are disobeying. By calling these abuses into question, they are performing their legal duty, planetary citizens mounting what legal scholar James Gray Pope calls a “constitutional insurgency. ” This insurgency aims to transform the world order, which Brecher argues is more attainable than challenging individual nation-states, and has in fact happened more than once in our lifetimes. Crucially, Brecher notes that the current world order, which protects the global corporations, especially Big Fossils, is “illegitimate but mutable. ”
As law-enforcing or constitutional insurgents, activists are now invoking the necessity defence, which was unexpectedly successful in the case of Friend Jay O'Hara, when he and Ken Ward blocked a coal vessel at Brayton Point, Mass with his lobster boat (photo above). Defendants who blocked an oil train in 2014 in Washington state are mounting the same defense. We shall see what the court's response is. Even if the courts don't accept their arguments, these actions can “redefine what climate action is all about. ” If legal actions continue to fail, Brecher envisions civil society tribunals chaired by senior retired judges and other respected figures calling expert witnesses with publicly acknowledged credentials. It's all about civil society moving into the black hole of accountability which the current world order lacks. I am convinced that civil society, in carefully strategized actions, their trials managed by expert environmental lawyers, can affect the misguided but mutable world order. Since governments serve as trustees of the commons, environmental lawyers are working to utilize trust law to enforce the people's rights to enjoying the benefits of these commons. It may seem far-fetched – one environmental lawyer calls these kinds of challenges “hail Mary passes” - but successful use of trust law could require fossil fuel companies to pay damages for the colossal waste committed against the public trust. Fair damages would pay most of what is required to transition to a zero-carbon economy, and build the global Green Fund to help poor nations adapt to climate change. Governments of the world need to be made accountable to the world's real owners. Yes, Jeremy Brecher, according to the Justinian code. But nobody owns the world, as the indigenous peoples will tell us. Ultimately, the world is God's, and the building climate insurgency is about the people rising up to return the Commons to Her. Or if you prefer, to Gaia, the evolutionary miracle which brought this perfectly-placed third rock to superabundant life. Earth stewardship in these critical times means joining the insurgency to defend Gaia, with whatever gifts we have. Further reading and resources:
- Range of reactions to the COP21 agreement 2015
- Nonviolent protest Sep 2015 and Jan 2016 trial statements by the Delta5 oil-train blockaders. - 16-18 Jan 2016 Beyond Extreme Energy pilgrimage against fracking in PA. - 19 Jan 2016 Climate Justice Alliance's Our Power Plan; 44 NGOs call for EPA action. - Songs for peace and earthcare activists including videos from COP21
- Tools for activists, artists, street theater by faith and ecojustice groups
- USA New Economy resources
- UK Quakernomics blog and New Economics Foundation
- Canada Leap Manifesto and updates
- Women’s Climate Action Agenda (WCAA) (just published 2016) based on the 2015 Women's Climate Summit, a well-researched compilation of real ecojustice solutions; see pp. 86-94 for a checklist of allies. Summarized in Prominent International Rights of Nature Tribunal Offers Earth-Driven, Not Market-Driven, Solutions to Climate Change 7 Dec 2015 at COP21. | 001_1021626 | {
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Archaeologists report that the severe budget cuts imposed by international lenders on the Greek government have impeded research, forced museums to slash security staff and placed the country’s cultural heritage at risk. As two recent museum thefts raise fresh fears about the security of Greece’s antiquities, concerned scholars are launching a global appeal for help. The antiquities of ancient Greece have withstood the ravages of time, weather and war, but according to some Greek archaeologists, the country’s cultural treasures are now facing a new threat: fallout from the debt crisis that has left Greece in turmoil. In return for tens of billions of dollars in loans to help Greece avoid bankruptcy, the European Union and International Monetary Fund have required steep cuts in government spending, and the Greek Ministry of Culture and Tourism—charged with overseeing thousands of archaeological sites and more than 100 museums with antiquity collections—hasn’t escaped the ax. According to the Association of Greek Archaeologists, a union of 950 archaeologists working for the federal government, 10 percent of the culture ministry’s workforce was laid off or forced to retire last November. The association reports that the ministry’s archaeological budget was slashed by 35 percent in 2011 and further cuts are proposed for 2012. Two years of layoffs imposed by the government have halved the number of ministry security guards, which has forced some museums to close or cut back on operating hours. Last summer, a security guard shortage led the National Archaeological Museum of Athens, the country’s premier repository of ancient Greek art, to shutter numerous exhibit halls. Staffing shortfalls also caused the archaeological site at Nemea, which includes the ancient Temple of Zeus, to close on Sundays.
Of even greater concern is that, in a country where nearly all museums are state-run and crime is on the rise, security staffing cuts have left priceless antiquities more vulnerable to theft. Two high-profile robberies in the past couple of months have only intensified fears. In January, three pieces were stolen from the National Gallery in Athens, including a Pablo Picasso painting personally gifted by the artist himself to the Greek people in recognition of their resistance to Nazi Germany during World War II. It was the first robbery in the museum’s 112-year history. Just weeks later in Olympia, two armed thieves broke into the Museum of the Olympic Games—which had reduced security staff—and tied up the lone guard on duty before making off with 77 priceless bronze and pottery artifacts. Another challenge is securing Greece’s 19,000 archaeological sites—attractive targets of illegal treasure hunters, looters and smugglers in the best of economic times, let alone when one in five Greeks workers is unemployed. Earlier this month, Greek police arrested 44 people suspected of smuggling ancient artifacts out of the country. Authorities recovered more than 9,500 ancient coins, jewelry pieces, bronze statuettes and wooden icons, some dating back to the sixth century B.C. The items had been unearthed in illegal archaeological digs, mainly in Macedonia and Thessaly.
The Greek newspaper Ta Nea reported that increased looting of archaeological sites was of such concern to Aristotelio University archaeology professor Michalis Tiverios that he successfully lobbied the Greek government to rebury a previously unknown early Christian basilica in Thessaloniki. “Mother Earth is the best protector of our antiquities,” Tiverios told the newspaper. “Let us leave our antiquities in the soil, to be found by archaeologists in 10,000 A.D., when Greeks and their politicians will perhaps show more respect to their history. ”
While street protests against austerity measures have received considerable news coverage around the world, the cuts to the culture ministry have not captured as much notice. In response, the Association of Greek Archaeologists has launched an international appeal to draw attention to the vulnerability of the country’s ancient artifacts and to oppose any further cuts to the culture ministry’s budget. The archaeologists are trying to dispel the notion that all branches of the Greek government, including the culture ministry, had become severely bloated and in need of sharp reductions. They point out that the ministry accounts for less than 1 percent of the national budget. “The Greek Archaeological Service is not overstuffed, nor are we being overpaid,” the association said in a statement. “Further personnel cuts would mean that the Ministry of Culture will be unable to cover even its basic needs. ”
The association has incorporated social media into its global campaign, even launching a Facebook page titled “I support Greek cultural heritage against IMF/EU cuts. ” Members are encouraging people to send protest emails to the Greek culture minister and prime minister as well as download posters depicting ancient mosaics, paintings and sculptures. The tagline for the posters reads: “Monuments have no voice. They must have yours. ” | 010_3416467 | {
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The solar wind streams off of the Sun in all directions at speeds of
about 400 km/s (about 1 million miles per hour). The source of the solar wind is the Sun's
hot corona. The temperature of the corona is so high that the
Sun's gravity cannot hold on to it. Although we understand why this happens we do not
understand the details about how and where the coronal gases are accelerated to these high
velocities. This question is related to the question of
Click on image for larger version. The solar wind is not uniform. Although it is always directed away from
the Sun, it changes speed and carries with it magnetic
clouds, interacting regions
where high speed wind catches up with slow speed wind, and composition variations. The solar wind
speed is high (800 km/s) over coronal holes and
low (300 km/s) over streamers. These high and
low speed streams interact with each other and alternately pass by the Earth as the Sun
rotates. These wind speed variations buffet the Earth's magnetic field and can produce
storms in the Earth's magnetosphere. The Ulysses spacecraft
completed two orbits through the solar system during which it passed over the Sun's south
and north poles. Its measurements of the solar wind speed, magnetic field strength and
direction, and composition have provided us with a new view of the solar wind. Ulysses was retired on June 30, 2009. Composition Explorer (ACE) satellite was launched in August of 1997 and placed into an
orbit about the L1 point between the Earth and the Sun. The L1 point is one of several
points in space where the gravitational attraction of the Sun and Earth are equal and
opposite. This particular point is located about 1. 5 million km (1 million miles) from the
Earth in the direction of the Sun. ACE has a number of instruments that monitor the solar
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Any of approximately 65 species (family Teredidae) of common marine bivalves that can severely damage wooden structures, including ship hulls and wharves. Its anterior end is covered by a shell; the rest is a tubelike structure, sometimes up to 6 ft (1. 8 m) long. File-like ridges on its white shell cut into wood at 8–12 rasping motions a minute. It secretes lime to line its burrow, and its tubelike portion extends back to the burrow opening. It ingests food particles and oxygen from the water; some wood is also ingested as food. | 003_3875361 | {
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Direct Conversion of Coherent Quantum Fluctuations into Electric Energy
Concerning its basic construction, the Reid-Cell is related to a capacitor. Reid-Cells contain a solid polycrystalline silicate instead of a typical electrolyte. The Reid-Cell exhibits an entirely novel mode of generating electric energy. Here the statement “entirely novel mode” has to be taken literally. The emission free Reid-Cell can generate a direct electric current over an unknown period of time (since 1999). Within the Reid-Cell processes play a role, which are similar to a hydropower plant. Just like a hydropower plant draws its energy from the flow of water the Reid-Cell draws its energy from an external source of energy. The hypothesis suggests that part of its generated electrical current is integrated from the quantum vacuum, besides electrochemical effects. | 006_4320386 | {
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Why Chiropractic Is A Safer Alternative To Opioids
Prescription drug abuse and addiction is a significant problem in the United States. In fact, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) has declared it an epidemic. Researchers estimate that as many as 36 million people worldwide abuse opioids. Estimates in the U.S. alone reached 2. 1 million people in 2012. In 2014, six out of ten drug overdose deaths involved an opioid – including prescription opioids for pain relief. Every day, 78 Americans die from an opioid overdose. As the Opioid drug problem continues to spiral further out of control, claiming more lives, people are looking for safer, drug free ways to relieve their pain. Chiropractic offers such an option. What are Opioids? Opioids are prescription medications that are intended for pain relief. They work by diminishing the intensity level of pain signals as they reach the brain. They also affect the areas of the brain that control emotion thereby weakening the perception of the pain as well. There are several very popular medications that are classified as opioids:
- Hydrocodone (Vicodin)
- Oxycodone (Percocet, OxyContin)
- Morphine (Avinza, Kadian)
The most commonly prescribed opioids are hydrocodone products. They are used to treat pain from injuries, dental work, and typically moderate pain. Milder pain is often treated with codeine but it is also used to treat coughing as well as severe diarrhea. Overall, opioids are used to treat everything from cancer pain to post-op pain to osteoarthritis. What are the Dangers of Opioids? Opioids have a serious risk of abuse, addiction, and overdose. Even then they are taken as prescribed, opioids can have the following side effects:
- Excessive sleepiness
- Dry mouth
- Low energy
- Low testosterone levels that result in a diminished sex drive
- Decreased strength
- Increased pain sensitivity
Over time, the body can build up a tolerance to the drug which means that in order to achieve the same relief from pain they must take more of it. Physical dependence is also a concern, usually going hand in hand with tolerance. Once that point is reached the patient will experience symptoms of withdrawal if they stop taking the medication. If Doctors are Prescribing Opioids, how are People becoming Addicted? In 2013, doctors wrote almost a quarter of a billion prescriptions for opioids. To put that into perspective, that is enough for every adult in the U.S. to have their own bottle of the drug. Doctors prescribe opioids to their patients in an effort to treat pain, but most of the time it is just a band aid. Instead of seeking out the root of the problem and educating their patients on whole body wellness, they prescribe pills that numb the senses, cause unpleasant or even dangerous side effects, and create addictions. As the patient develops a tolerance for the drug, the doctor increases the prescription. This cycle continues as the patient become more and more dependent upon the drug. They may even experience more pain as the drug increases their pain sensitivity. As patients become addicted, the number of prescription opioid overdose deaths is steadily increasing. The most common drugs involved in these overdose deaths include:
- Hydrocodone (Vicodin)
- Oxycodone (OxyContin)
States are putting measures in place to monitor and regulate how doctors prescribe opiates, but when desperate, addicted patients will go to great lengths to obtain the drugs they are addicted to. They will go to different doctors to get additional prescriptions or even find ways to obtain the drug illegally. It is a heartbreaking problem that is completely preventable. How is Chiropractic a Safer Alternative to Opioids? Chiropractic is a proven method for managing pain relief that is not only effective but safe and drug free. Numerous chiropractic studies confirm what chiropractic patients have been saying for decades: chiropractic care is an excellent pain management method. The spinal adjustments bring the body into balance but that is only the beginning of the benefits. Chiropractic focuses on whole body wellness so patients learn how to take proactive steps to treat their condition. It also seeks to find the root of the problem and begin healing by treating the cause. Through exercise, diet, and lifestyle recommendations in addition to the chiropractic adjustments, patients can get relief from pain caused by injury, surgery, arthritis, and many other conditions. Chiropractic is so much more than a back pain treatment; it is a whole body, whole patient treatment. | 004_5645891 | {
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For the past decade, Todd M. Kerstetter has used rock music to teach students about how society views the history of the American West.
The TCU associate professor of history based his lessons on a 1980 article by Richard Aquila that examines references to the Western United States in rock song lyrics from 1955 to 1980. Kerstetter supplemented Aquila’s article with his own analysis of more up-to-date songs from the 1980s, ’90s and 2000s. The more new music he added to his lesson, the more Kerstetter began to feel there was an opportunity to write an article that would update and improve upon Aquila’s earlier work. Kerstetter’s self-described “bold sequel article,” titled “Rock Music and the New West, 1980 to 2010,” was published in the spring 2012 issue of the Western Historical Quarterly.
Whereas Aquila’s research concludes that Western themes in early rock music mainly adhere to an idealized view of the past, Kerstetter finds a much grittier portrayal of the American West in more recent rock songs. The new study identifies a continued influence of long-held cultural myths about the West. But the lyrics and sounds from the past 30 years of rock music balance this optimistic land-of-opportunity idealism with a heightened awareness of the negative — and often grim — aspects of life west of the Mississippi River.
“For a large chunk of the period that Aquila studied, there were these very positive images of the West,” Kerstetter says. “And he talked about surfers and mountain climbers and people enjoying the outdoors. He cites John Denver’s ‘Rocky Mountain High’ and the Beach Boys playing up and glorifying the surfer culture of beaches and girls. But then, as he sees it, by the time you get into the ’70s, you begin to see some discontent. “And that’s where I pick up the story. ”
Turner vs. the New West
They may not know it, Kerstetter says, but rock musicians, by commenting on the West, are taking part in a decades-old debate by historians over how the story of the region should be told. Frederick Jackson Turner’s 1893 article “The Significance of the Frontier in American History” became the prism through which historians would study the region for many years. Turner’s work focuses on the settlement of the frontier and frames Westward expansion as a triumphant march across the continent by a people destined to rule the continent. But by the last quarter of the 20th century, a growing number of scholars had become increasingly critical of this pervasive myth of the West as a place of manifest destiny, fresh starts and pull-yourself-up-by-the-bootstraps individualism. “And these historians got labeled New West historians because they supposedly looked at the region and its history in a new way,” Kerstetter says. New West historians acknowledged the positive aspects of the history of the West, but they also paid greater attention to the problems in the region, such as the plight of the Native Americans, who lost their land and cultural identity and faced a steep decline in population. The New West scholars also pointed out the relative absence in the Turnerian West of women and people of color. “It’s not as rosy of a picture,” Kerstetter says of the New West.
Implicitly, the New West movement also speaks to the worthiness of studying the West beyond the era of pioneers and settlers and cowboys and Indians. The notion of bringing the region’s history to the 20th and 21st centuries as a distinctly regional history remains a subject of spirited debate, Kerstetter says. “In this piece of research in particular, since it’s 1980 to 2010, that’s really recent. A lot of historians are not comfortable with studying something so recent. That’s current events to historians. ”
Dark side of the West
Aquila found that the imagery in rock music lyrics of the 1950s through 1970s depicted a West that was an idyllic place of individualism and opportunity. But examples cropped up near the end of that period that revealed cracks in the shiny-happy façade. For example, The Eagles song “Hotel California” hints at a West Coast lifestyle that is alluring on the one hand and an inescapable trap on the other: You can check out any time you like, but you can never leave. “The musicians, rock musicians in particular, were beginning to write about a West that wasn’t quite so clearly filled with opportunity and good things,” Kerstetter says. He found that this emerging thread of discontent became even more pronounced in rock music of the 1980s and has continued to today. Kerstetter expected that this thread of negativity would be present in the lyrics, but his findings surprised him in at least one respect. “The dark side was darker than I thought,” Kerstetter says. New Jersey rocker Bruce Springsteen, in particular, taps into this dark side. The Boss focuses on the West in three albums: Nebraska (1982), The Ghost of Tom Joad (1995) and Devils and Dust (2005). Nebraska’s title song concerns the story of a real-life mass murderer whose killing spree began in Lincoln, Neb., and stretched into Wyoming. The lyrics of this song are the only overt references on the album to the West.
Kerstetter also considers how Nebraska’s cover art — a bleak Great Plains landscape in winter — and the album’s stripped-down sound, consisting of an acoustic guitar and harmonica, complement Springsteen’s comments on the West.
“The album reflects a lot of themes of this New Western sense of history, where they’ll talk about this ugly part of the region’s history rather than focus upon triumph and opportunity,” Kerstetter says. Springsteen comments even more strongly on the despair of Western life in a Ghost of Tom Joad song called “Sinaloa Cowboys.” The song concerns two Mexican cowboys who come to California seeking farm work but end up getting roped in with a drug cartel over promises of fast cash. One of the brothers ends up dying in a meth lab explosion. It’s a tragic story — and one that could have been ripped straight out of the headlines of a Los Angeles newspaper. “This is evidence of people — rock musicians — having a very realistic view of what’s going on in the West,” Kerstetter says. “It’s almost totally focused on the negative, but it’s significant in that it’s a way different story than what would’ve been told, probably, about the West before 1980. ”
Kerstetter, however, found that not everything is dismal in this rock ‘n’ roll version of the New West. One of the Springsteen songs he studied concerns a young African-American man from back East who decides to start a new life by moving to Oklahoma and becoming a cowboy. “It taps into that powerful traditional myth of the West that showed up a lot in that [Aquila] article I started with,” Kerstetter says. “And this to me complicates the story: You’ve got different characters, like an African American cowboy. But they’re doing that traditional Western thing. ”
Even bands that did not normally comment on the West, such as Living Colour — an African-American heavy-metal band from New York — play into that traditional myth of the land of opportunity. Living Colour comments on the West in a 1980s song called “Which Way to America? ” The song talks about the problems of urban life, particularly those issues faced by African Americans. The solution to the problems, according to Living Colour’s lyrics, is to “Go West, Young Man” — an allusion to a famous line by 19th century newspaperman Horace Greeley.
“I think this is a neat mix of New West-Old West,” Kerstetter says. “The idea of going west to solve your problems is a traditional idea. But the fact that someone in the late 20th century would say, ‘Go West to solve your 20th-century urban problems,’ shows that this powerful imagery of the West goes well past 1890. ”
Taken as a whole, the rock music in the period Kerstetter studied maintains the romantic ideal of the West as a land of opportunity. But these latter-day musicians point out the perils of this seeming paradise. “From 1980 to 2010, there’s continuity in using the myth of the West and, at the same time, the way the myth of the West gets used is much grittier and much more realistic than the way it was used up to 1980,” Kerstetter says. Nirvana and the New West
Beyond looking at what rock music tells us about our attitudes toward the past, Kerstetter’s study also ponders what the rock music of the past 30 years tells us about the changing role of the West in American society. His article examines a number of new rock movements, or “sounds” that had their roots in the West during the time period of his study. Perhaps the most influential of the sounds was the Seattle grunge movement led by Nirvana. Kerstetter contends that grunge and the California-based Calpunk, hair-metal and thrash-metal movements exerted a heavy cultural influence on the rest of the country. This west-to-east flow of cultural influence stands in direct contrast to the assertions of some scholars that the American West essentially functions as a colony — or even a cultural backwater — of the more influential and refined eastern United States.
“Nirvana is an important part of this article,” Kerstetter says. “Even though they, in their songs, didn’t talk much about the West, that particular music style was so popular and widespread, I think it was a case of the West having a cultural influence on the rest of the country. ”
California Girls Reconsidered
Kerstetter, whose article includes a section about female rockers, ends his study by discussing a popular pop song by Katy Perry that shares a similar title with a 1960s hit by the Beach Boys. The “California Girls” of the Beach Boys are sexualized, but in a wholesome way and focuses on frivolity. But Perry’s song “California Gurls” takes the wholesome beach girl of an earlier era, puts her in stiletto heels, and has her tell the listener, “We’ll melt your popsicle. ”
“The original ‘California Girls’ is a fun song about cars and good times at the beach,” Kerstetter says. “And Perry’s ‘California Gurls’ I think would probably make the Beach Boys blush. ”
Contact Kerstetter at email@example. com. Todd M. Kerstetter, associate professor of history, is the author of “Rock Music and the New West, 1980 to 2010,” which appears in the spring 2012 issue of the Western Historical Quarterly. His monograph, Uncle Sam’s Land: Faith and Conflict in the American West, was published by the University of Illinois Press in 2006 and in paperback in 2008. Kerstetter has had multiple blind refereed articles published in Western Historical Quarterly. His scholarly articles have also appeared in American Journalism, Great Plains Quarterly and Nebraska History. Kerstetter has also authored a variety of encyclopedia articles and more than 40 book reviews. He has taught at TCU from 1997-99 and from 2000 to present. Kerstetter earned a doctor of philosophy degree from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln in 1997. | 001_5867808 | {
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Write a 5 pages paper on online learning and essay writing. The researcher states that nursing students are able to incorporate technology into their courses. Online reading provides good chances for
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Write a 5 pages paper on online learning and essay writing. The researcher states that nursing students are able to incorporate technology into their courses. Online reading provides good chances for students to get help in their assignments to participate in seminars and learn different languages. In connection with nursing courses lectures, are able to discuss lesson plans and organize seminars for their students. Through online reading, nursing students are able to maintain an active social role beyond their classroom. Nursing students have benefited a lot from online reading as they are given a chance to learn at their personal pace. This will help them have an opportunity for sports, hobbies and have time with friends. Nursing students are able to choose courses that interest them through online reading. Online reading is interesting since shy students who in classroom situations are able to ask questions and areas they have not understood well freely. Nursing students are able to present their problems as they have one on one discussion with their teachers. Many students taking nursing courses have benefited tremendously from online reading because they can read and access materials from any place as long as they have internet connections. The method is efficient and convenient since students do not have to carry many books they only need a laptop to study. Online reading increases student’s organization and time management skills. Nursing students are able to research deeply in their courses as online reading provides the latest information in the field of nursing. Online reading assists students to develop organizational skills. Nursing students are able to organize their work systematically for easy referencing. Through the organization, nursing students are able to communicate effectively and improve their cleanliness skills. Online reading reminds students what is expected of them as they are constantly reminded to be organized. | 000_472401 | {
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Essays on Dante (being selections from the two volumes of In this first part of his "Divine Comedy", Dante fused satire and humour with intellect and soaring 66 Produkte The Divine Comedy is an epic poem by Dante Alighieri, written between 1307 Dante wrote Convivio, or "The Banquet," a philosophical essay which is part… Beatrice guides Dante through the nine celestial spheres of Heaven. The Divine Comedy: Dante Essays: Over 180,000 The Divine Comedy: Dante Essays, The Divine Comedy: Dante Term Papers, The Divine Comedy: Dante Research …Zwei Essays führen den Leser in das Werk von Dante und Blake ein. “This book from TASCHEN - this monstrous, divine in itself, outrageously most it is Dante, and yet, for all its epic classicalism, Divine Comedy without Blake is only half the book it should be… Die Heiligen Petrus und Jakobus mit Dante und Beatrice personal narrative essay introduction4 Dec 2015 child youth obesity essays for free china doll essay beatrice divine comedy essay apa dissertations and theses brookes coursework cover 24. März 2015 in French Language and Literature, Money in German Literature and Dante's Divine Comedy; four . An Essay on Boxing – and Why It Is More Than a Game” (with Esther Schomacher). Beatrice Trinca and Martin Baisch. 22 Mar 2016 beatrice benedick much ado nothing essay beatrice benedick relationship essay beatrice divine comedy essay beatrice essay a view from the Pins bei Pinterest. | Weitere Informationen über Gustave Dore, Comedy und Engel. antique engraving gustave dore inferno Dante sbmerged in the river Etsy . . Frankenstein: Literature: ELA (test; essay questions; entire novel). Gustave
Paradiso (The Divine Comedy series Book 3) (Dante - Suche nach
In selected intensive readings of the Inferno, the Master Class will be dedicated He is the author of The Body of Beatrice (1988), a study on Dante's early poetry. An Essay on the Human Condition (2008) and, most recently, Juvenescence.
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Dantes Gallery of Rogues: Paintings of Dantes Inferno
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Divine Comedy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Free essay on Dante Alighieri Italian Poets Biography available totally free at , the largest free essay community. The Divine Comedy was written from 1308 to 1321 and is the seemingly simple story of a man, generally assumed to be Dante himself, who is Problem solution essay topics. Essay what i do for dissertation, dante alighieri beatrice portinari divine comedy essay. Middle ages, symbolism, anonymous, scenes. wjec science coursework 26, Essay, Dido, Beatrice, and the signs of ancient love 30, Essay, Divide and conquer: Augustine in the "Divine Comedy" · Hawkins, Peter S.. (1995) - In: The (p. NWP: Lets start with neuroscience fundamentals. The Myth of Essay Writing For many people, 3 units (Letter Grade or PassNo Pass Option) Divone English 48 and Biography Life . The tradition that identifies Bice di Folco Portinari as the Beatrice loved by Dante is now widely, though not unanimously, accepted by scholars. Fourteen essays which examine the problem of the relationship of poetry to belief in Dante's "The Divine Comedy". The Divine Comedy: Inferno; Canto II; Table of Contents . All Subjects. Poem Summary; Beatrice Dantes childhood and lifelong love and future guide through … 21 Jan 2016 beatrice divine comedy essay english orals essays essay on why fashion is important dissertation hindi meaning article writer description is a narrative essay written in first person Deutsch Reportagen und Essays Mein Eindruck von The Divine Comedy ( Hell ) Dante Autor: Dante A. Die italienische Dante Alighieri, Dichter, Chistota und Liebe Beatrice hielt ihn von der Sünde, aber jetzt die Sünden pobezhdayut. In the poem, as Beatrice and Dante advance towards the ultimate Gertrud von le Fort cites this passage from Paradiso in her series of essays on the Dante Alighieri, The Divine Comedy, trans. and comm. by John D. Sinclair, 3 vols (New | 004_2882830 | {
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Microcontrollers (MCUs) are becoming more and more common for motor control applications as they replace Application-Specific Standard Products (ASSP) and ASICs. Simply put, MCUs are equipped with embedded peripherals – thereby offering considerable flexibility while reducing costs. Typical applications for motor control MCUs – such as Atmel’s extensive AVR lineup – include compressors and fans in refrigerators, fans in cooker hoods, as well as drums and pumps in washing machines. “Atmel AVR MCUs are particularly well suited for motor control applications. First off, Flash memory provides flexibility that enables developers to use the same microcontroller for multiple applications, all while easily upgrading the program during an application’s lifetime,” an Atmel engineering rep told Bits and Pieces.
“Secondly, code compatibility allows engineers to port existing development to other Atmel AVR microcontrollers based on new application requirements. Thirdly, the extended family of Atmel 8-bit AVR microcontrollers helps engineers choose a perfect fit for a specific application, while keeping costs under control. And lastly, dedicated peripherals such as high-end PWM modules and ADC are ideal for motor control applications. ”
Numerous motors can be appropriately paired with Atmel AVR MCUs, including a three-phase BLDC, two-phase BLDC, asynchronous AC and stepper. | 011_4817576 | {
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Storing Food Safely
Once you bring food home from the market, it is you who are now responsible for keeping it safe for you and your family. Storing food safely is the first step. Spoilage vs. Safety…
Improperly stored food can spoil; it can be contaminated with illness-causing microorganisms; and/or microorganisms can multiply on the food, increasing risk for foodborne illness. The microorganisms that cause food spoilage are not the same as those that cause foodborne illness. Spoilage bacteria cause milk to sour, meat to have an off odor, or vegetables to be slimy. While sour milk is not dangerous to drink, it is very unappetizing. Other spoilage organisms include yeasts and some molds. These signs of spoilage can show you that the food is past its prime and a possible target for bacteria or other microorganisms that can make you sick. We are all familiar with MOLDS, common food spoilage organisms. They also have the potential to make people sick. While you can see the fuzzy tops of the mold, there is more to the story below the surface of the food. Molds are made up of long hair-like threads that can grow into a food. These threads may produce toxins that can cause gastrointestinal illness or contribute to the development of some cancers. Foods that are likely to be contaminated with pathogenic (or sick-making) microorganisms are often called perishable or potentially hazardous. Generally, these foods are also high in protein or starch; they are moist or liquid, and low in acid. Examples include meat, poultry, fish and shellfish, eggs and dairy products, cooked potatoes, rice or macaroni, or foods made with these ingredients. These foods should not be kept in the "Danger Zone" (41°F to 140°F) for more than two hours or one hour in temperatures above 90°F. If you cannot use the food within the recommended refrigerated time period (use-by date), freeze it. In the freezer…
For best food quality, keep your freezer at 0°F or below. Invest in a freezer thermometer so that you can keep track of the temperature, especially if there is a power outage or your freezer is not working well. - Wrap all foods in packaging made for the freezer. These products are moisture-vapor proof, which prevents loss of moisture and freezer "burn. " While freezer burn is not a food safety concern, it does affect the quality of the food. Freezer plastic bags, hard plastic containers, freezer paper, and heavy-duty aluminum foil are all good choices. Glass is effective, too, but poses a danger if overfilling leads to breakage. - Label all foods stored in the freezer with the contents and date frozen. If food is safe when placed in the freezer, it will be safe when it is removed. However, while most pathogenic microorganisms generally do not grow or multiply in the freezer, they are not destroyed, either. (The exception is parasites which are destroyed when stored in the freezer for a period of time. ) They remain dormant, but will begin multiplying when returned to a favorable temperature. That is why it is important to defrost meat, poultry and other hazardous foods in the refrigerator. Most meat, poultry, vegetables, fruits and fruit juices can remain in the freezer at 0°F for up to a year. Fish, ground meat, bacon, ham, luncheon meats, butter, ice cream, and baked goods are best used within 1-3 months. If kept longer than these recommendations, frozen foods will likely still be safe to eat, but the quality and nutritional value will suffer and the food can be unappetizing. In the refrigerator…
The refrigerator temperature should be kept between 38 and 40°F. The only way to know what the temperature is in your refrigerator is to place a refrigerator thermometer in the warmest part of your refrigerator. Some newer refrigerators come with thermometers installed. - Keep all foods wrapped tightly in foil, plastic wraps or bags or covered plastic or glass containers so that they do not dry out and are protected from bacteria found in raw foods. - Keep raw meat, poultry, fish, and eggs away from ready to eat foods like cheese or raw produce. It is best to keep eggs in the original container. - Milk, yogurt and cottage cheese can be kept up to a week after the sell-by date. Eggs, a month. Ground meat and poultry, two days. Chicken and fish, two days. Roasts and chops, five days. Luncheon meats, hot dogs, five days. Most leftovers, two to three days. - Label leftovers with the date and use within 2-3 days for best quality and safety. In the pantry or cupboard…
Pantry foods should be stored in cool, dry, dark places, not near stoves, or heating or water pipes. Dry foods keep fresh the longest in airtight containers, which also help keep out insects. - After shopping, mark your purchases with the date. - Check your food storage areas every six months or so to be sure you use the oldest items first. - If you see any signs of insects, get rid of the infested packages, and vacuum the area thoroughly before returning unaffected foods to airtight containers. With long storage, flavor, quality and nutrients may be lost. If you find the following when inspecting your pantry food items, it is time to toss them:
- Torn or broken packaging
- Outdated foods
- Signs of insects, including droppings, webs or insect parts
- Rusted cans
- Dents on canned foods at seams or seals
- Sign of leakage
- Severe dents that may suggest that the can has a hole in it
- Signs of rodent droppings or gnawing
- Mold on packages of food
- Liquid spurting out when a can or bottle is opened
- A milky liquid when it should be clear
- Discoloration of food
WHEN IN DOUBT, THROW IT OUT! Want to read more? - To learn more about storing food safely, including charts of storage times, click on the following web sites:
- Better Safe Than Sorry Storage Charts from the Alabama Cooperative Extension System.
- Another food storage chart, published by the University of Hawaii from the Cornell University/Food Marketing Institute Food Keeper
- Pantry pests—how to clean your pantry and prevent the pests from returning. | 000_1680700 | {
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Unformatted text preview: ( 29 s. 69 . 1 2 = v h d) The normal force in Fig. (10. 10(b)) is the sum of the tension found in part (a) and the weight of the windlass, a total 159. 6 N (keeping extra figures in part ( a)). . . . View Full Document
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Swamp white oaks (Quercus Bicolor) do not bear acorns until 20 to 30 years after they’re planted, but if you have a tree that’s been in place for a while, you may be well-rewarded. Native to swampy bottomland and the banks of rivers and streams in eastern United States, swamp white oaks grow from 50 to 60 feet high, spreading just as wide, and you can grow them in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 3 through 8. Tree's Bearing Age
If you think two or three decades is a long wait for a swamp white oak to yield acorns, that’s nothing compared to the wait necessary for their best yields. They produce the most acorns when they are 75 to 100 years old. However, when they do start growing acorns after 20 or 30 years, they should yield a good crop every three to five years. Swamp white oak acorns are 3/4 to 1 1/2 inch long and grow alone or in clusters of two to four on a stalk that’s 1 to 4 inches long. A mosslike fringed cup covers the top one-third to one-half of the acorns. They begin forming in early spring, and mature in early fall. You’ll get an average of 120 cleaned acorns per pound. White oak seedlings quickly grow a strong taproot, so transplanting them is difficult. Rather than transplanting seedlings, plant acorns where you want trees to grow. Swamp white oak acorns can germinate as soon as they ripen, so collect them shortly after they drop from the tree. To test their viability, dump the acorns into water, and discard those that float. For best results, plant them in autumn. You can store swamp white oak acorns for only a few months, especially if you let them dry. Store them over the winter in a refrigerator or other cool, moist place at 33 to 39 degrees Fahrenheit. You might get a better germination rate by storing them at 33 to 41 F for 30 to 60 days. This is called stratification, and it mimics natural winter conditions. - Plants for a Future: Quercus Bicolor
- Missouri Botanical Garden: Quercus Bicolor
- USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service: Swamp White Oak
- Ohio Department of Natural Resources. Swamp White Oak
- U.S. Forest Service: Quercus Bicolor
- University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences: Quercus Bicolor -- Swamp White Oak | 001_1584139 | {
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Boiled crawfish, also referred to as crayfish, mudbugs and crawdads, are a traditional Louisiana Cajun dish, although it may be available throughout the United States. Predominantly a freshwater crustacean, crawfish resemble miniature lobsters, and the taste is similar as well, when boiled. The meat picked out of the shells has a sweet taste with a delicate texture. A 4-oz. serving of boiled crawfish contains 91 to 93 calories. Melted butter commonly accompanies this dish, which adds 102 calories for each 1 tbsp. Ideally, you should average 300 to 600 calories per meal. Combine a serving of boiled crawfish with vegetables like broccoli or carrots and a starch -- a vegetable like potatoes or a slice of bread -- for a nutritious, balanced meal. Vitamins and Minerals
Boiled crawfish serves as a good source of iron -- each 4-oz. serving provides you with 8 percent of the daily recommend value. The World Health Organization notes that up to 80 percent of the world's population may have an iron deficiency; it is the leading cause of anemia in the United States, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Anemia causes fatigue, headaches and pale skin resulting from a lack of oxygen in moving through your body. A serving of boiled crawfish also contains 5 percent of the calcium you require each day. The calcium in your diet helps you maintain the strength of your teeth and bones. Crawfish contain omega-3 fatty acids, an essential fat for your health. Your body does not manufacture omega-3 fatty acids, so including foods high in this fat is vital. Omega-3 fatty acids may decrease your risk of developing heart disease, arthritis and some types of cancer, and it plays a critical role in brain function. It may also guard against depression and other mental disorders, as well as skin conditions and asthma. While your body needs cholesterol to function, many people consume too much. An overabundance can clog your arteries and lead to blockages, increasing your risk of heart disease. Include no more than 300mg of cholesterol in your meal plan each day -- a 4-oz. serving of boiled crawfish contains 142 to 153mg. Crawfish generally contain low levels of mercury, but monitor the level of contaminants in the waters in which your crawfish are harvested. Do not consume boiled crawfish more than two or three times per week, particularly if you are pregnant. Source : http://www.livestrong.com/article/333119-boiled-crawfish-nutrition/ | 001_241976 | {
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In childhood, there is no hormonal activity related to reproduction. This changes quite suddenly at puberty what seems like a chaotic hormonal explosion. The transition from beginning to end can take five-plus years. This is followed by years of monthly periods and relative hormonal balance – until hormonal chaos strikes again and eventually brings a woman to the end to child-bearing years. Like puberty, this reverse transition can take five-plus years until the body finds a new balance. However, the rhythm of the menstrual years and the peace of the post-menopause years can quite easily be disrupted as well, due to the various influences on hormones from lifestyle, diet, stress, etc. Fortunately, these are all factors a woman can influence to a good extent if she has the knowledge and the tools. Firstly, let’s make sure we understand what we’re dealing with -
The menstrual cycle
During the first part of the menstrual cycle, estrogen levels rise as it oversees the thickening of the lining of the womb. Estrogen is also a mild antidepressant, good for the gut, fluid balance, bone density, memory, stimulating and the production of skin collagen – no wonder most women feel positive and happy by and large, hormonally speaking. Nature’s trick is that when it reaches its peak and triggers ovulation, women are at their most fertile and usually feel most like having sex. After ovulation, in the second half of the cycle, progesterone levels rise. This protects the womb lining so that it’s ready for implanting a fertilized egg if needed. During the last week of the cycle, when it’s clear that no fertilized egg is arriving, levels of both estrogen and progesterone fall and the body prepares to shed the un-used womb lining in a bleed – or period. During the second half of the cycle, as estrogen falls this can trigger the opposite feelings that were linked with high estrogen, so you can feel down or weepy or irritable or angry – i. e. those perhaps familiar symptoms of Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS). PMS can occur one or two weeks before menstruation. It is characterized by physical and emotional symptoms. How and why these symptoms arise is still being worked out by scientists, but what we know is that the ‘balance’ of the two main female hormones estrogen and progesterone play an important role. This dance is influenced by genetics but can also be heavily influenced by diet, lifestyle and stress. Instead of viewing PMS as a curse, think of it as your body’s way of encouraging you to make some healthy changes – And if you learn to do this while you still have regular periods you live an easier peri-menopause as well. Peri-menopause, second spring, second adolescence
Once you start the approach to menopause your monthly cycle can be seriously disrupted. In the early stages, estrogen can peak earlier and bring on heavy periods and breast tenderness. If it peaks later, periods are likely to be lighter or missing, and low estrogen symptoms can appear. This includes symptoms such as hot flashes and night sweats; excessive anxiety; changes in the condition of skin, hair, and nails; low mood, low libido; dryness –vaginal, skin, eye; joint aches and pains; fatigue; memory lapses. There are a small number of women whose periods suddenly stop and that’s it - But for most, especially in North America, symptoms linked to this transition might be felt for years. This phase where you are still getting some kind of period is called peri-menopause. Some refer to it as a second adolescence, not only because of the hormone chaos but also because it is an opportunity to perhaps re-orient one’s life as family obligations and priorities begin to shift. The symptoms in a way can act as an invitation or catalyst to live life differently. And really what is the alternative? Ignore, push-down and keep plowing through until you hit retirement? Puberty and peri-menopause parallels
Christiane Northrup an OB/GYN physician who has specialized in women’s health for decades puts it like this: “Like perimenopause, puberty is a “grow or die” time. The same longing for completion and fulfillment emerges. . . A girl has a hormonally mediated opportunity to connect with her soul's purpose, learn to listen to her intuition, and establish a strong sense of herself during the time when both her brain and body are blooming. Within a few short years, when her hormone levels are stable once more, she will have reached a new level of maturity and power. Once she reaches menopause, she’ll be able to look back on the whole process and, once more, upgrade her beliefs and behaviors as she enters another “springtime”—the second half of her life. ”1
She goes on to say “since the changes of perimenopause may precede menopause by as many as ten years, daughters often begin puberty around the same time their mothers begin perimenopause. This provides an enormous opportunity for healing at both ends of the mother-daughter spectrum. ”2
A woman is in menopause when she has not had her period for one year. Normally the hormonal chaos has started to taper off. If not, adrenal health is important to address, in fact, it's also important to address during peri-menopause. Because these tiny glands that sit on top of your kidneys will play an increasingly important role in a woman's health as she transitions to menopause. The adrenal glands gradually take over the production of the sex hormones from the ovaries. But the adrenals also have another important function and that is to produce stress hormones - which will always be prioritized over sex hormones. Stress hormones are there to give you the boost of energy required to save your life. Whether the threat to your life is real or simply feels that way. So, once again, if it hasn’t been addressed the body is asking you to take care of it, find ways to relax, eat real food, reduce or remove stimulants such as caffeine and alcohol from your diet, tweak your lifestyle to add some daily movement and activities that can help you take some distance from your problems (example meditation, cooking or baking, hanging out with good friends) – and perhaps find new perspective on your life. What’s it like being over the hill? Being over the hill took on a whole new meaning a few years ago when a close friend confided that she thought she was finally over the hill. That steep hill that she felt she had been climbing for years had mysteriously leveled off. She finally felt more like herself again but an older, wiser, more content version of herself. She was now over the hill! And happy for it! In an interview with Johanna Schneller in Zoomer magazine (September 2018), Emma Thompson who is almost 60 years old shared the following:
“I love this time of life [She drops her voice dramatically. ] I love it. I keep wandering into mates my age, and we’re just clutching each other going, “This is nice, isn’t it? ” I’m still alive, and grateful for that. . . I’m healthy [she knocks wood]. I have wisdom. I have the means to make what I’ve learned productive. I’m very productive. And I’m happy. I’ve never known how to use my powers more and I’m in one of the most powerful times in a woman’s life. ”3
On that note, embrace whatever life stage you are in - and know that this stage has something in it for you. Something to help you grow and live a fuller life. And of course, A. Vogel has your back with a wide range of resources on specific health topics and some products to help see you through some of these hormonal challenges. Here are just a few:
- PMS Vitex is a hormone normalizer, made from Vitex also known as Agnus Castus. It can help regulate your hormonal system and address PMS symptoms. It is also an excellent remedy in the early stages of peri-menopause if your cycle has become shorter and you are bleeding more. - MenoSupport complex support a wide variety of low estrogen symptoms (listed above). Its unique, high-quality formulation include GMO-free, whole bean soya; magnesium; hibiscus; lemon peel and lemongrass essential oils; and litsea cubeba food oil. - MenoForce (formerly known as Menopause) is made from freshly harvested organic sage. It is particularly useful for night sweats and profuse perspiration. - Avena Sativa is made from organic, gluten-free flowering oats. It is particularly useful in cases of burnout. Its subtle action helps to remineralize and regenerate the exhausted nervous system. | 008_594920 | {
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The Fokker Scourge (also sometimes called the Fokker Scare) was a phase of the contest for air superiority on the Western Front during the First World War. During this phase, the synchronised machine-gun armed Fokker Eindecker monoplane fighter aircraft of the Imperial German Fliegertruppen (Flying Corps) held a tactical advantage over poorly armed Allied aircraft, enabling a degree of air superiority. Significant as the technical advantage of the new fighter was, the psychological effect of its unheralded introduction was also a major factor. The period is usually considered to have begun in July–August 1915 and ended in early 1916, with the arrival in numbers of the Allied Nieuport 11 and DH. 2 fighters; less accurately, it is sometimes extended to the whole period of service of the Fokker monoplanes on the Western Front – from the arrival of the first two Fokker E.I fighters at FFA62 in June 1915, until the last Eindeckers in the early German fighter units finally gave way to later types in August–September 1916. The term "Fokker Scourge" was coined in retrospect by the British press in mid-1916, after the German monoplane fighters had been largely neutralised by the new Allied types. This was not unconnected with the political campaign launched by (among others) the pioneering aviation journalist C. G. Grey and Noel Pemberton Billing M.P., the founder of the Supermarine company and a great enthusiast of aerial warfare, the stated object of which was to end a perceived dominance of the Royal Aircraft Factory in the supply of aircraft to the Royal Flying Corps.
Early air warfare
In early 1915, the Allies (especially the French) were leading the Germans in the fitting of machine guns to aircraft, as aerial warfare developed. The first aircraft used with some success as fighters included the British Vickers F.B.5 and the French Morane-Saulnier L. The number of aircraft in front line service was small and the development of air fighting was rudimentary, but the German High Command had ordered the development of machine-gun armed aircraft to counter those of the Allies, including the aggressive employment of the new armed two-seaters (the "C" types) and "fighter" uses for twin engined aircraft such as the AEG G.II. On 18 April 1915, the Morane-Saulnier L of Roland Garros was captured. From 1 April, Garros had destroyed three German aircraft using the machine, which featured a machine-gun firing forward through the arc of the propeller. Bullets that would have damaged the propeller, were deflected by small wedge-like blades attached to the vulnerable points on each propeller blade. Although Garros attempted to burn his aircraft after force-landing behind German lines, this was not sufficient to conceal the nature of the device. The significance of the deflector blades was immediately appreciated by the German authorities, who quickly requested several aircraft manufacturers, including Anthony Fokker, to produce a copy. Fokker's answer was the Stangensteuerung (push rod controller), a genuine synchronisation gear. The Stangensteuerung used impulses from a cam on the aircraft engine, to control the firing of the machine-gun so that it did not hit the propeller. This was not the first such gear proposed but was the first to be fitted to an aircraft and proved in flight. In a postwar biography Fokker claimed that he designed and built the gear in 48 hours but this has been largely discounted. It is believed that the gear may have been based on a pre-war patent by Franz Schneider, a Swiss engineer who had worked for Nieuport and the German LVG company and had probably been built by Heinrich Lübbe a Fokker Flugzeugbau engineer. The device was fitted to the most suitable Fokker type, the M.5K, (military designation A.III), of which A.16/15 assigned to Otto Parschau became the prototype of the E.I. Fokker demonstrated A.16/15 to the first few German fighter pilots, including Kurt Wintgens, Oswald Boelcke and Max Immelmann in May and June 1915. The Fokker, with its "Morane" controls, including the over-sensitive balanced elevator and dubious lateral control, was difficult to fly and Parschau, who was experienced on Fokker A types, converted the first pilots to the new fighter. The early Eindeckers were supplied in ones and twos to the normal Feldflieger Abteilung (FFA), to protect the reconnaissance machines from Allied machine gun-armed aircraft. Fokker Eindecker E.5/15, the last of the pre-production series, is believed to have been first flown in action by Kurt Wintgens of FFA 6. On 1 and 4 July 1915, he reported combats with French Morane L "Parasols"; each time well over the French lines. Wintgens' accounts of the fights were modestly equivocal about the destruction of the Moranes and these victories were never confirmed, although the first matches French records of a Morane forced down on 1 July, near Lunéville with a wounded crew and a damaged engine, with one more three days later. By 15 July, Wintgens had moved to FFA 48 and scored his first recognised victory, another Morane L. Otto Parschau had received E.1/15 to replace the older A.16/15 machine, which became the prototype for the Fokker Eindecker line of aircraft, when it was returned to the Fokker Flugzeugbau factory in Schwerin/Gorries, for further development of the design. By the end of July 1915, about fifteen Eindeckers were operational with various units, including the five M.5K/MGs and about ten early production E.I airframes. The pilots at first flew the new aircraft as a sideline, when not flying normal operations in two-seater reconnaissance aircraft. Oswald Boelcke in FFA 62, scored his first victory in an Albatros C.I on 4 July. M.5K/MG prototype airframe E.3/15, the first Eindecker delivered to FFA62, was armed with a Parabellum MG14 gun, synchronized by the troublesome first version of the Fokker gear; at first it was jointly allocated to him and Immelmann, when their "official" duties permitted, allowing them to master the type's difficult handling characteristics and to practice shooting at ground targets. Immelmann was soon allocated a very early production Fokker E.I, E.13/15, one of the first armed with an lMG 08 Spandau machine gun, using the more reliable production version of the Fokker gear. The first RFC sightings of the new Fokker aircraft were recorded at the end of July 1915 and continued until the end of September but large numbers of Fokkers were not encountered until October, towards the end of the Battle of Loos (25 September – 14 October). The Fokker Scourge is usually considered to have begun on 1 August, when the B.E.2c aircraft of 2 Squadron bombed the base of FFA 62 at 5:00 a. m., waking the German pilots. Boelcke was quickly into the air after the raiders, in Fokker M.5K/MG Eindecker E.3/15 and Immelmann followed in E.13/15. Boelcke suffered a gun jam but Immelmann caught one of the raiders and shot it down. His victory was over a B.E.2c, flown without an observer or Lewis gun to carry bombs and the pilot fired at Immelmann with an automatic pistol. After about ten minutes of manoeuvring (giving the lie to exaggerated accounts of the stability of B.E.2 aircraft), Immelmann had fired 450 rounds, which riddled the B.E. and wounded the pilot in the arm. RFC pilots reported that the new fighter could make long, steep dives and that the fixed, synchronised machine-gun was aimed by aiming the aircraft. The Fokker pilot was also assisted by the machine-gun being belt-fed, which obviated the need to change ammunition drums like British observers firing Lewis guns. Although air fighting was new, the Fokker pilots took to flying high and diving on aircraft, preferably out of the sun, firing a long burst and continuing the dive until well out of range. If the British aircraft had not been shot down, the German pilot could climb again and repeat the process. Immelmann developed a refinement, by zooming after the dive, rolling when vertical to face the opposite way, then turning round to attack again. Boelcke and Immelmann continued to score, as did Hans Joachim Buddecke, Ernst von Althaus and Rudolph Berthold, from FFA 23 and Kurt von Crailshein of FFA 53 but 28 victories were on the "official" list of claims by Fokker pilots for the second half of 1915, many of them French. Thirteen aircraft had been shot down by Immelmann or Boelcke and the other fifteen by seven other Fokker pilots. January 1916 brought a further thirteen claims, most of them against the French and there were twenty more in February, the last month when Germans had air superiority. Most of the victories had been scored by aces rather than the newer pilots flying the increased number of Fokkers and Pfalz E-type fighters (another copy of the Morane-Saulier H, also called "Fokkers" by French and British airmen). Allied losses were paltry by later standards but the loss of air superiority to Germans, flying a new and supposedly invincible aircraft, caused dismay among the Allied commanders and lowered the morale of Allied airmen. Cecil Lewis in Sagittarius Rising (1936) wrote,
Hearsay and a few lucky encounters had made the machine respected, not to say dreaded by the slow, unwieldy machines then used by us for Artillery Observation and Offensive Patrols.
The Immelmann Turn surprised many pilots and added to British losses but the mystique acquired by the Fokker was greater than its material effect. German aircrews flying other aircraft types were encouraged to be more aggressive and the British restricted their flying far more than was warranted. During the winter of 1915–1916, the British continued flying but losses caused by bad weather and the Fokkers led to changes in tactics for the sedate B.E. types, as well as the newer F.E. 2b pusher fighters. On 14 January, RFC HQ issued orders that until better aircraft were delivered, long- and short-range reconnaissance aircraft must have three escorts flying in close formation. If contact with the escorts was lost, the reconnaissance must be cancelled as would photographic reconnaissance to any great distance beyond the front line. The custom of sending the B.E.2c into action without an observer armed with a machine-gun, also became far less prevalent. The new tactics of concentrating aircraft in time and space had the effect of reducing the size of the RFC, when the demand for information by the army remained the same. Much effort went into devising formations; a II Wing RFC method was for the reconnaissance aircraft to lead with an escort on each side 500 feet (150 m) higher and another escort behind and 1,000 feet (300 m) above. On 7 February, on a II Wing long-range reconnaissance, the observation pilot flew at 7,500 feet (2,300 m); a German aircraft appeared over Roulers and seven more closed in behind the formation. West of Thourout, two Fokkers arrived and attacked at once, one diving on the reconnaissance machine and the other on an escort. Six more German aircraft appeared over Courtemarck and formed a procession of 14 aeroplanes stalking the British formation. None of the German pilots attacked and all the British aircraft returned, meeting two German aircraft returning from a bombing raid, which mortally wounded one of the British escort pilots. The British ascribed their immunity to attack during the 55-minute flight to the rigid formation, which the two Fokkers were unable to disrupt. On 7 February, a 12 Squadron B.E.2c. was to be escorted by three B.E.2c's, two F.E.2's and a Bristol Scout from the squadron and two more F.E.'s and also four R.E.'s from 21 Squadron. The flight was cancelled due to bad weather, but the very idea of assigning twelve escorts for one reconnaissance aircraft demonstrated the effect of the Fokkers in drastically reducing the efficiency of RFC operations. The British and French had to accept that it had become much more hazardous to get aerial photographs to provide intelligence information and ranging data for Allied artillery, in conditions of the new German air superiority. The German command was concerned that the interrupter gear would be discovered and German fighters were forbidden to fly over Allied lines, a policy which continued for most of the rest of the war. While there were a number of tactical advantages in this approach, the effect of German air superiority was limited by the rarity of German fighters appearing behind the Allied lines. End of the Scourge
The beginning of the end of the Scourge came at the Battle of Verdun (21 February – 20 December). When the battle began, air superiority created by the Fokkers meant that German preparations had mostly been concealed from French aerial reconnaissance. The German aircraft established a Luftsperre, a systematic blockade on the French air squadrons, relying as much on chasing their opponents away as actually shooting them down. During the battle, a new French fighter, the Nieuport 11 was assigned to the Verdun front in increasing quantities. The Nieuports were superior to the Eindeckers in almost every respect. They arrived at the front in escadrilles de chasse, specialist fighter squadrons, which could operate in formations larger than the singletons or pairs normally flown by the Fokkers and quickly regained air superiority. The British pressed for more fighters and better designs from England the first of which was the F.E.2b, early examples of which arrived in France in late 1915. In the new year, F.E.'s began to replace Vickers F.B.5 Gunbus fighters. The F.E. was relatively fast, had a reliable engine and a good view from the pilot's and observer's cockpits, from which the observer could also fire over the tail. 20 Squadron, the first full F.E. unit, arrived in France on 23 January 1916, for long-range reconnaissance and escort flying. The Fokker pilots attacked the F.E.'s without hesitation but soon found that the new aircraft were formidable opponents, particularly when flying in formation. The second "counter-Fokker" fighter was the Airco DH. 2 single-seat pusher. Although its performance was modest, once its single forward-firing Lewis Gun was fixed to fire forwards its superior manoeuvrability gave it a good edge over the Eindecker. 24 Squadron arrived with D.H.2's on 8 February, commanded by Major Lanoe Hawker and began patrols north of the Somme. Another six D.H.2 squadrons followed. On 25 April, two of the D.H. pilots were attacked and found that the D.H. could manoeuvre against the Fokkers and a few days later, a D.H. pilot caused a Fokker to crash onto a roof at Bapaume, without opening fire. The new French Nieuport 11 proved even more effective and the first similar Nieuport 16s in British service were issued to 1 Squadron and 11 Squadron in April.
By March 1916, despite frequent encounters with Fokkers and the continuing successes of the German Eindecker aces, the Scourge was effectively over. The bogey of the Fokker Eindecker as a fighter was finally laid in April, when an E.III landed by mistake on a British aerodrome and its performance was found to be very much less than believed. The first British aircraft with a synchroniser gear was a Bristol Scout which arrived on 25 March 1916 and on 24 May, the first Sopwith 1½ Strutter aircraft were flown to France by a flight of 70 Squadron.
End of the Eindecker
In February 1916, Inspektor-Major Friedrich Stempel began to assemble Kampfeinsitzer Kommando (KEK: single-seat battle unit) fighter flights. The KEK were equipped with Eindeckers and other new types like the Pfalz E-series monoplanes, which had been taken from FFA units during the winter of 1915–1916 and combined them in pairs and quartets. KEK were formed at Vaux, Avillers, Jametz and Cunel near Verdun and other places on the Western Front, as Luftwachtdienst (aerial guard force) units, consisting only of fighters. In the second half of May, German air activity on the British front decreased markedly. The commander of the new Luftstreitkräfte Oberst Hermann von der Lieth-Thomsen reorganised the German air service, which were greatly expanded and concentrated the KEK aircraft in Jagdstaffeln; by August the replacement of Eindeckers with better aircraft was already well under way. The impact of the new Allied types, especially the Nieuport, was of considerable concern to the Fokker pilots. New D type single-seat biplane fighters, particularly the Fokker D.II and Halberstadt D.II had been under test since late 1915 and by mid-1916, the replacement of the monoplanes with these types had commenced. Some Fokker pilots even took to flying captured Nieuports and the German High Command was sufficiently desperate to order the building of Nieuport copies by German firms, such as the Siemens-Schuckert D.I. The last Eindeckers were retired from the Jagdstaffeln by September, by which time they were outmoded as front line fighters. Among other British politicians and journalists who grossly exaggerated the material effects of the "Scourge", were the eminent pioneering aviation journalist C.G. Grey, founder of The Aeroplane, one of the first aviation magazines and Noel Pemberton Billing M.P., a notably unsuccessful aircraft designer and manufacturer. Their supposed object was the replacement of the B.E.2c with better aircraft but it took the form of an attack on the Royal Flying Corps command and the Royal Aircraft Factory. C. G. Grey had orchestrated a campaign against the Royal Aircraft Factory in the pages of The Aeroplane, going back to its period as the Balloon Factory and well before it had produced any heavier-than-air aircraft. Before the unsuitability of the B.E.2c for air combat was exposed by the first Fokker aces, criticism was not primarily aimed at the technical quality of Factory aircraft but on the fact that a government body was competing with private industry in Britain. When the news of the Fokker monoplane fighters reached him in late 1915, Grey was quick to blame the problems faced by the RFC on past orders for equipment, that the latest developments had rendered obsolete, without suggesting what aircraft might have been ordered instead, even supposing that the rapidity of the development of aviation technology, under the spur of war could have been foreseen. Pemberton Billing also blamed the initially poor performance of British aircraft manufacturers on what he saw as the favouritism shown by the RFC, which was part of the British army, towards the Royal Aircraft Factory, which while nominally civilian, was also part of the army. Pemberton Billing claimed that,
. . . hundreds, nay thousands of machines have been ordered which have been referred to by our pilots as "Fokker Fodder" . . . I would suggest that quite a number of our gallant officers in the Royal Flying Corps have been rather murdered than killed. The epithet Fokker Fodder was coined by the British to describe the fate of their aircraft under the guns of the Fokker monoplanes, but given [its] acknowledged mediocrity, it comes as something of a shock to realise how abysmal the level of British aircraft performance, pilot training and aerial tactics must have been . . . . The period of Allied air superiority that followed the Fokker Scourge was brief. By mid-September 1916, the first of the new Albatros D.I fighters were coming into service. The new aircraft were able to challenge Allied air supremacy, culminating in "Bloody April", during the Battle of Arras (9 April – 16 May 1917). In the course of the following two years, the Allied air forces gradually overwhelmed the Luftstreitkräfte in quality and quantity, until the Germans were only able to gain temporary control over small areas of the Western Front. When this tactic became untenable, development of new aircraft began, which led to the Fokker D.VII. The new aircraft created another "Fokker Scourge" in the summer of 1918 and Germany was required to surrender all Fokker D.VII aircraft to the Allies, as a condition of the Armistice of Compiègne. - From 30 January 1916, each British army had a Royal Flying Corps brigade attached, which was divided into wings, the corps wing with squadrons responsible for close reconnaissance, photography and artillery observation on the front of each army corps and an army wing which by 1917 conducted long-range reconnaissance and bombing, using the aircraft types with the highest performance. - Much of this is probably due to the apparent "vindication" of Grey and Pemberton Billing by Bloody April a year later. - Franks 2001, p. 1. - Kennett 1991, p. 110. - Bruce 1968, v. 2, p. 20. - Angelucci 1983, p. 53. - Robertson 2003, p. 103. - Hare 1990, pp. 91–102. - Cheesman 1960, p. 177. - Bruce 1989, pp. 2–4. - Van Wyngarden 2006, p. 18. - Bruce 1989, p. 3. - Cheesman 1960, p. 178. - Grosz 1989, p. 2. - Woodman 1989, pp. 180–183. - Gray and Thetford 1961, p. 83. - Van Wyngarden 2006, p. 9. - Immelmann 1934 (2009), p. 77. - Van Wyngarden 2006, p. 10. - Van Wyngarden 2006, p. 11–12. - Van Wyngarden 2006, p. 10-12. - Franks 2001, pp. 10–11. - Van Wyngarden 2006, p. 12. - Van Wyngarden 2006, p. 13. - Van Wyngarden 2006, p. 14. - Woodman 1989, pp. 180–183. - Jones, 2002, p. 144
- Van Wyngarden 2006, p. 15. - Jones, 2002, p. 150
- Franks 2001, p. 41. - Franks 2001, p. 59. - Lewis 1977, p. 51. - Hoeppner, 1994, p. 38
- Terraine 1982, p. 199. - Jones, 2002, pp. 156–157
- Jones, 2002, pp. 147–148
- Jones, 2002, pp. 157–158
- Jones, 2002, p. 158
- Franks 2001, pp. 11–12. - Hoeppner, 1994, p. 41
- Franks 2001, p. 6. - Herris and Pearson 2010, p. 29. - Jones, 2002, pp. 158–159
- Cheesman 1960, p. 92. - Franks 2001, pp. 59–60. - Lewis, 1977, p. 52
- Guttman, 2009, p. 9
- Jones, 2002, pp=161–162, 160
- Jones, 2002, p. 281
- Van Wyngarden 2006, p. 51. - Grosz 1996, p. 5. - Van Wyngarden 2006, p. 64. - Cheesman 1960, p. 166. - "Deadly Fokker". Flightglobal. Retrieved 13 September 2014. - Hare 1990, in numerous entries
- Hare 1990, p. 91. - Cheesman 1960, p. 108. - http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/armisticeterms.htm Armistice terms
- Angelucci, E., ed. The Rand McNally Encyclopedia of Military Aircraft. New York: The Military Press, 1983. ISBN 0-517-41021-4. - Bruce, J. M. Morane Saulnier Type L. Berkhamstead, UK: Albatros Productions, 1989. ISBN 0-948414-20-0. - Bruce, J. M. War Planes of the First World War. London: MacDonald, 1968. ISBN 978-0-356-01473-9. - Cheesman, E. F. (ed. ) Fighter Aircraft of the 1914–1918 War. Letchworth, UK: Harleyford, 1960. OCLC 771602378
- Franks, Norman. Sharks Among Minnows: Germany's First Fighter Pilots and the Fokker Eindecker Period, July 1915 to September 1916. London: Grub Street, 2001. ISBN 978-1-90230-492-2. - Gray, Peter and Owen Thetford. German Aircraft of the First World War. London: Putman, 1990, First edition 1962. ISBN 978-0-93385-271-6. - Grosz, P. M. Fokker E.III. Berkhamstead, UK: Albatros Productions, 1989. ISBN 0-948414-19-7. - Grosz, P. M. Halberstadt Fighters. Berkhamstead, UK: Albatros Productions, 1996. ISBN 0-948414-86-3. - Guttman, Jon (Summer 2009). "Verdun: The First Air Battle for the Fighter: Prelude and Opening" (PDF). World War I.com. Part 1. The Great War Society. Retrieved 26 May 2014. - Hare, Paul R. The Royal Aircraft Factory. London: Putnam, 1990. ISBN 0-85177-843-7. - Herris, Jack and Bob Pearson. Aircraft of World War I: 1914–1918. London: Amber, 2010. ISBN 978-1-90662-666-2. - Hoeppner, E. W. von Deutschlands Krieg in der Luft: ein Rückblick auf die Entwicklung und die Leistungen unserer Heeres-Luftstreitkräfte im Weltkriege (in German) translation Germany's War in the Air. Battery Press, 1994. original publication: Leipzig: 1921, K. F. Koehle. ISBN 0-89839-195-4. - Immelmann, Franz (with an appendix by Norman Franks). Immelmann: The Eagle of Lille. Drexel Hill, UK: Casemate, 2009 (originally published in Germany, 1934). ISBN 978-1-932033-98-4. - Jones, H. A. The War in the Air, Being the Story of the Part Played in the Great War by the Royal Air Force, (volume II). original publication, London: Clarendon Press 1928. London: Imperial War Museum and N & M Press edition, 2002. , access date 12 April 2015 ISBN 1-84342-413-4. - Lewis, Cecil. Sagittarius Rising. London: Penguin, 1977 (first published 1936). ISBN 0-1400-4367-5. - Kennett, Lee The First Air War: 1914–1918 New York, Simon & Schuster, 1991. ISBN 0-02-917301-9. - Robertson, Linda R. The Dream of Civilized Warfare: World War I Flying Aces and the American Imagination Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 2003. ISBN 0-8166-4270-2. - Terraine, John. White Heat: The New Warfare 1914–1918. London: Book Club Associates, 1982. ISBN 978-0-85052-331-7. - Wyngarden, Greg van. Early German Aces of World War I. Botley, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2006. ISBN 978-1-84176-997-4. - Woodman, Harry. Early Aircraft Armament: The Aeroplane and the Gun up to 1918. London: Arms and Armour Press, 1989. ISBN 0-85368-990-3. - Bradbeer, T. G. (2004). The Battle for Air Supremacy over the Somme 1 June – 30 November 1916 (PhD). Fort Leavenworth, KS: U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. OCLC 939481536. Docket ADA428847. Retrieved 26 March 2016. - Duffy, C. (2007) . Through German Eyes: The British and the Somme 1916 (Phoenix ed. ). London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson. ISBN 978-0-7538-2202-9. - Neumann, G. P. (1920). Die deutschen Luftstreitkräfte im Weltkriege: Aus den Aufzeichnungen und mit Hilfe 29 Offiziere und Beamten der Marine- und Militärische- Flugzicherung [The German Air Force in the Great War: Its History, Development, Organisation, Aircraft, Weapons and Equipment, 1914–1918] (PDF) (abr. trans. Hodder & Stoughton ed. ). Berlin: Mittler & Sohn. OCLC 773250508. Retrieved 18 August 2014. - The War in the Air - Fighters: The Fokker Scourge
- The Fokker scourge
- Caricature satirising exaggerated view of Fokker Scourge
- The Aeroplane, volume 10, January–March 1916
- An Aviator's Field Book, being the field reports of Oswald Bölcke, from 1 August 1914 – 28 October 1916 | 010_7024052 | {
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Neurotoxicity: The Broad Framework of Electron Transfer, Oxidative Stress and Protection by Antioxidants
A broad overview of neurotoxins is presented based on electron transfer, reactive oxygen species, and oxidative stress. Although mode of action is complex, these aspects evidently play an important role in many cases. It is relevant that metabolites from toxins generally possess electron transfer functionalities which can participate in redox cycling. Much evidence exists in support of the theoretical framework. Toxic effects at the molecular level include lipid peroxidation, DNA attack, adduction, enzyme inhibition, oxidative attack on the CNS, and cell signaling. The toxins fall into many categories, including drugs, industrial chemicals, abused drugs, reproductive toxins, metal compounds, pesticides, and herbicides. Beneficial effects of antioxidants are documented, which may prove clinically useful. Knowledge of mechanisms operating in CNS insults should prove useful in drug design. No Supplementary Data | 000_5620091 | {
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In 1861 by French archaeologists Auguste Mariette and Jacques de Morgan discovered Hesy-Ra's tomb, mastaba S-2405, situated in Saqqara. Excavations started in 1910 and ended in 1912, organized and performed by British archaeologist James Edward Quibell. During the excavations archeologists discovered the wooden panels of Hesy-Ra (Hesire, Hesira), a government official, physician, and scribe who lived in the Third Dynasty of Egypt, and served under the pharaoh Djoser. Hesy-Ra bore titles such as "Chief of Dentists and Physicians," and "Chief of the King's Scribes." He may be the earliest physician whose identity is known. One of the wooden panels shows Hesy-Ra seated before the offering table. Slung over his shoulder are his writing utensils consisting of palette, ink bag and brush holder. "The Egyptian scribes used brushes made of stems of reeds 1. 5 to 2. 5 millmetres thick cut to a length of 16 to 25 centimetres. They were beaten or chewed to pulp at one end and kept in a tubular receptacle. Ink, which has retained its pitch black colour surprisingly well over thousands of years, was made of carbon mixed with gum. For rubrics they also had red ink made of ochre and gum. Since the ink was in the form of a powdered pigment kept in a bag or on a palette, a small pot containing water for disolving the ink also belonged to the scribe's equipment. The holder for the brushes, bag and palette were tied together. The scribe either carried his writing utensils in his hands or—if he needed his hands for other things—slung over his shoulder in such a way that the palette lay on his chest, ink bag and brush holder on his back" (Hussein, Origins of the Book. Egypt's contribution to the development of the book from papyrus to codex 10, plate 25). The panels are preserved in the Egyptian Museum, Cairo. | 000_206841 | {
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The term can apply to any cavity within the substance of the spinal cord that may or may not communicate with the central canal (ependyma does not line the cavity wall). It is distinct from hydromyelia in which there is simply dilatation of the central canal. In syringomyelia, there is a dissection of the ependymal lining of the central canal and CSF collection within the cord itself. Therefore, the collection does not have an ependymal lining. It is very difficult to distinguish hydromyelia from syringomyelia and hence, the collective terms hydrosyringomyelia or simply "syrinx" are sometimes used to refer to a fluid collection within the cord. - 1. Brant WE, Helms CA. Fundamentals of diagnostic radiology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. (2007) ISBN:0781765188. Read it at Google Books - Find it at Amazon
- 2. Boon NA, Colledge NR, Davidson SS et-al. Davidson's principles & practice of medicine. Churchill Livingstone. (2006) ISBN:0443100578. Read it at Google Books - Find it at Amazon
- 3. Tanghe H. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in syringomyelia. Acta neurochir. 1995;134 (1-2): 93-99. doi:10. 1007/BF01428512 | 012_6477891 | {
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Zen (禅), Japanese for "meditation," is a form of Mahāyāna Buddhism that stresses the practice of meditation as the key to enlightenment. It is characterized by mental discipline, calmness, austerities and effort. It can also be associated with koans, the Japanese tea ceremony and Zen gardens, depending on the sect involved. According to tradition, Zen originated in India as a non-verbal doctrine communicated directly by the Buddha to his followers. It was later taken to China by the monk Bodhidharma, where it was subsequently transmitted to other parts of Asia including Japan, China (Ch'an in Chinese), Vietnam (Thien) and Korea (Seon). Though the Zen tradition has spawned numerous lineages, they all share two elements: a metaphysical system postulating that reality is essentially void and empty (sunyata) and the aforementioned stress on the practice of meditation. Today, Zen is becoming increasingly popular in the West, where it is the most widely practiced sect of Buddhism among non-Asians. The popularity of Zen outside of Asia can perhaps be explained by the universality of its tenet that humbly emptying oneself leads one to go beyond oneself to be aware that all are interconnected, by its rejection of intellectualism that is refreshing in Western culture which makes high demands on the intellect at every moment, and by its simple and natural aesthetic. According to legend, the beginnings of Zen can be traced back to the life of Siddhartha Gautama, the historical Buddha. One day, the Buddha was asked to summarize his highest teachings in a simple and precise way. The Buddha replied to this request oddly by saying nothing and staying quiet. Simultaneously, he raised a flower in his hand and smiled at his disciples. It is said that one of his disciples, Mahakashapa, understood the Buddha's silence as a non-verbal (or mind-to-mind) transmission of advanced teachings only available to a select few. The sermon, often known as the "Flower Sermon," was the initial impetus and inspiration for the subsequent growth of Zen.
The establishment of the Ch’an school of Buddhism is traditionally attributed to Bodhidharma, who, according to legend, arrived in China sometime between 460 and 527 B.C.E. Bodhidharma is recorded as having come to China to teach a "special transmission outside scriptures" which "did not rely upon words," which was then transmitted through a series of Chinese patriarchs, the most famous of whom was the Sixth Patriarch, Huineng. The sixth patriarch's importance is attested to in his (likely hagiographical) biography, which states that his virtue and wisdom were so great that Hongren (the fifth patriarch) chose him (a layman) over many senior monks as the next leader of the movement. This appointment led to seething jealousy and bitter recriminations among Hongren's students, which presaged a division between Huineng's followers and those of Hongren's senior pupil (Shenxiu). This rift persisted until the middle of the eighth century, with monks of Huineng's intellectual lineage, who called themselves the Southern school, opposing those followed Hongren's student Shenxiu (神秀). The Southern school eventually became predominant, which led to the eventual disintegration of competing lineages. It should be noted that, despite the attribution of the tradition to an Indian monk, most scholars acknowledge that Ch’an was, in fact, an indigenous Chinese development that fused Daoist sensibilities with Buddhist metaphysics. As Wright argues:
…the distrust of words, the rich store of concrete metaphor and analogy, the love of paradox, the bibliophobia, the belief in the direct, person-to-person, and often world-less communication of insight, the feeling that life led in close communion with nature is conducive to enlightenment—all these are colored with Taoism. (Wright, 78; see also Ch'en, 213)
Further, since the tradition only entered the realm of fully documented history with the debates between the Southern school and the followers of Shenxiu, many Western scholars suggest that the early Zen patriarchs are better understood as legendary figures. Regardless of these historical-critical issues, the centuries following the ascendance of the Southern school was marked by the Ch’an School’s growth into one of the largest sects of Chinese Buddhism. The teachers claiming Huineng's posterity began to branch off into numerous different schools, each with their own special emphases, but who all kept the same basic focus on meditational practice, individual instruction and personal experience. During the late Tang and the Song periods, the tradition truly flowered, as a wide number of eminent monks developed specialized teachings and methods, which, in turn, crystallized into the five houses (五家) of mature Chinese Zen: Caodong (曹洞宗), Linji (臨濟宗), Guiyang (潙仰宗), Fayan (法眼宗), and Yunmen (雲門宗). In addition to these doctrinal and pedagogical developments, the Tang period also saw a fruitful interaction between Ch’an (with its minimalistic and naturalistic tendencies) and Chinese art, calligraphy and poetry. Over the course of Song Dynasty (960-1279), the Guiyang, Fayan, and Yunmen schools were gradually absorbed into the Linji. During the same period, Zen teaching began to incorporate an innovative and unique technique for reaching enlightenment: gong-an (Japanese: koan) practice (described below). While koan practice was a prevalent form of instruction in the Linji school, it was also employed on a more limited basis by the Caodong school. The singular teachings of these Song-era masters came to be documented in various texts, including the Blue Cliff Record (1125) and The Gateless Gate (1228). Many of these texts are still studied today. Ch’an continued to be an influential religious force in China, although some energy was lost to the syncretistic Neo-Confucian revival of Confucianism, which began in the Song period (960-1279). While traditionally distinct, Ch'an was taught alongside Pure Land Buddhism in many Chinese Buddhist monasteries. In time, much of this distinction was lost, and many masters taught both Ch’an and Pure Land. In the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), Ch’an Buddhism enjoyed something of a revival under luminaries such as Hanshan Deqing (憨山德清), who wrote and taught extensively on both Ch’an and Pure Land Buddhism; Miyun Yuanwu (密雲圓悟), who came to be seen posthumously as the first patriarch of the Obaku Zen school; as well as Yunqi Zhuhong (雲棲株宏) and Ouyi Zhixu (藕溢智旭). After further centuries of decline, Ch’an was revived again in the early twentieth century by Hsu Yun, who stands out as the defining figure of twentieth-century Chinese Buddhism. Many well known Ch'an teachers today trace their lineage back to Hsu Yun, including Sheng-yen and Hsuan Hua, who have propagated Ch'an in the West where it has grown steadily through the twentieth and twenty-first century. Ch’an was severely repressed in China with the appearance of the People's Republic, but has recently been reasserting itself on the mainland, and has a significant following in Taiwan and Hong Kong and among Chinese living abroad. Zen became an international phenomenon early in its history. After being brought to China, the Ch'an doctrines spread to Vietnam, whose traditions posit that in 580, an Indian monk named Vinitaruci (Vietnamese: Tì-ni-đa-lưu-chi) arrived in their country after completing his studies with Sengcan, the third patriarch of Chinese Zen. The school founded by Vinitaruci and his lone Vietnamese disciple is the oldest known branch of Vietnamese Zen (Thien (thiền) Buddhism). By the tenth century (and after a period of obscurity), the Vinitaruci School became one of the most influential Buddhist groups in Vietnam, particularly so under the patriarch Vạn-Hạnh (died 1018). Other early Vietnamese Zen schools included the Vo Ngon Thong (Vô Ngôn Thông), which was associated with the teaching of Mazu (a famed Chinese master), and the Thao Duong (Thảo Đường), which incorporated nianfo chanting techniques; both were founded by itinerant Chinese monks. These three schools of early Thien Buddhism were profoundly disrupted by the Mongol invasions of the thirteenth century, and the tradition remained nearly dormant until the founding of a new school by one of Vietnam's religious kings. This was the Truc Lam (Trúc Lâm) school, which evinced a deep influence from Confucian and Daoist philosophy. Nevertheless, Truc Lam's prestige waned over the following centuries as Confucianism became dominant in the royal court. In the seventeenth century, a group of Chinese monks led by Nguyen Thieu (Nguyên Thiều) established a vigorous new school, the Lam Te (Lâm Tế), which is the Vietnamese pronunciation of Linji. A more domesticated offshoot of Lam Te, the Lieu Quan (Liễu Quán) school, was founded in the eighteenth century and has since been the predominant branch of Vietnamese Zen.
China’s Ch’an Buddhism began to appear in Korea in the ninth century, with the first Korean practitioners traveling to China to study under the venerable Mazu (709-788). These pioneers had started a trend: over the next century, numerous Korean pupils studied under Mazu's successors, and some of them returned to Korea and established the Nine Mountain Schools. This was the beginning of Korean Zen (Seon). Among the most notable Seon masters were Jinul (1158-1210), who established a reform movement and introduced koan practice to Korea, and Taego Bou (1301-1382), who studied the Linji tradition in China and returned to unite the Nine Mountain Schools. In modern Korea, the largest Buddhist denomination is the Jogye Order, a Zen sect named after Huineng (the famed sixth Zen patriarch). Although the Japanese had known of China's Ch’an Buddhism for centuries, it was not introduced as a separate school until the twelfth century, when Myōan Eisai traveled to China and returned to establish a Linji lineage, which is known in Japan as Rinzai. Decades later, Nanpo Jomyo (南浦紹明) also studied Linji teachings in China before founding the Japanese Otokan lineage, the most influential branch of Rinzai. In 1215, Dogen, a younger contemporary of Eisai's, journeyed to China himself, where he became a disciple of the Caodong master Tiantong Rujing. After his return, Dogen established the Soto school, the Japanese branch of Caodong. Over time, Rinzai came to be divided into several sub-schools, including Myoshin-ji, Nanzen-ji, Tenryū-ji, Daitoku-ji, and Tofuku-ji. These sects represented the entirety of Zen in Japan until Ingen, a Chinese monk, founded the Obaku School in the seventeenth century. Ingen had been a member of the Linji School, the Chinese equivalent of Rinzai, which had developed separately from the Japanese branch for hundreds of years. Thus, when Ingen journeyed to Japan following the fall of the Ming Dynasty, his teachings were seen as representing a distinct and separate school. The Obaku School was named for Mount Obaku (Chinese: Huangboshan), which had been Ingen's home in China.
The three schools introduced above (Soto (曹洞), Rinzai (臨済), and Obaku (黃檗)) have all survived to the present day and are still active in the Japanese religious community. Of them, Soto is the largest and Obaku the smallest. Zen, in contrast to many other religions, as a means to deepen the practice could be seen as fiercely anti-philosophical, anti-prescriptive and anti-theoretical. Nonetheless, Zen is deeply rooted in both the teachings of the Buddha Siddhārtha Gautama and Mahāyāna Buddhist thought and philosophy. One of the core Soto Zen practices is zazen, or seated meditation, and it recalls both the posture in which the Buddha is said to have achieved enlightenment under the Bodhi tree at Bodh Gaya, and the elements of mindfulness and concentration which are part of the Eightfold Path as taught by the Buddha. All of the Buddha's fundamental teachings—among them the Eightfold Path, the Four Noble Truths, the idea of dependent origination, the "emptiness" (sunyata) of all phenomena, the five precepts, the five aggregates, and the three marks of existence—also make up important elements of the perspective that Zen takes for its practice. Additionally, as a development of Mahāyāna Buddhism, Zen draws many of its basic driving concepts, particularly the bodhisattva ideal, from that school. Uniquely Mahāyāna figures such as Guān Yīn, Mañjuśrī, Samantabhadra, and Amitābha are venerated alongside the historical Buddha. Despite Zen's emphasis on transmission outside scriptures, it has drawn heavily on the Mahāyāna sūtras, particularly the Heart of Perfect Wisdom Sūtra, the Diamond Sutra, the Lankavatara Sūtra, and the "Samantamukha Parivarta" section of the Lotus Sūtra. Zen has also itself paradoxically produced a rich corpus of written literature which has become a part of its practice and teaching. Among the earliest and most widely studied of the specifically Zen texts, dating back to at least the ninth century C.E., is the Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch, sometimes attributed to Huineng. Others include the various collections of kōans and the Shōbōgenzō of Dōgen Zenji.
Zen training emphasizes daily life practice, along with intensive periods of meditation. Practicing with others is an integral part of Zen practice. In explaining Zen Buddhism, Japanese Zen teachers have made the point that Zen is a "way of life" and not solely a state of consciousness. D. T. Suzuki wrote that aspects of this life are: a life of humility; a life of labor; a life of service; a life of prayer and gratitude; and a life of meditation. The Chinese Ch'an master Baizhang Huaihai (720-814 C.E.) left behind a famous saying which had been the guiding principle of his life, "A day without work is a day without food. "
D. T. Suzuki asserted that satori (awakening) has always been the goal of every school of Buddhism, but that which distinguished the Zen tradition as it developed in China, Korea, and Japan was a way of life radically different from that of Indian Buddhists. In India, the tradition of the mendicant (bhikkhu) prevailed, but in China social circumstances led to the development of a temple and training-center system in which the abbot and the monks all performed mundane tasks. These included food gardening or farming, carpentry, architecture, housekeeping, administration, and the practice of folk medicine. Consequently, the enlightenment sought in Zen had to stand up well to the demands and potential frustrations of everyday life. Because the Zen tradition emphasizes direct communication over scriptural study, direct person-to-person pedagogical interaction has always been of ultimate importance. Those who conduct this instruction are, generally speaking, people ordained in any tradition of Zen and authorized to perform rituals, teach the Dharma, and guide students in meditation. An important (and related) concept for all Zen sects in East Asia is the notion of Dharma transmission, the claim of a line of authority that goes back to the Buddha via the teachings of each successive master to each successive student. This concept relates to Bodhidharma's original depiction of Zen:
As a result of this, claims of Dharma transmission have been one of the normative aspects of all Zen sects. John McRae’s study Seeing Through Zen (2004) explores these lineage claims as a distinctive and central aspect of Zen Buddhism, and notes that they require a culturally-conservative, interpersonally-pedagogical teaching schema to be coherent. Intriguingly, this transmission history is seen as so important that it is common for daily chanting in Zen temples and monasteries to include the lineage of the school, in whole or in part, including a recitation of the names of all Dharma ancestors and teachers that have transmitted their particular Zen teaching. In Japan during the Tokugawa period (1600-1868), some came to question the lineage system and its legitimacy. The Zen master Dokuan Genko (1630-1698), for example, openly questioned the necessity of written acknowledgment from a teacher, which he dismissed as "paper Zen." The only genuine transmission, he insisted, was the individual's independent experience of Zen enlightenment, an intuitive experience that needs no external confirmation. Occasional teachers in Japan during this period did not adhere to the lineage system; these were termed mushi dokugo (無師獨悟, "independently enlightened without a teacher") or jigo jisho (自悟自証, "self-enlightened and self-certified"). They were generally dismissed by established schools and, perhaps by necessity, left no independent transmission. Nevertheless, modern Zen Buddhists have continued to entertain questions about the dynamics of the lineage system, inspired in part by academic research into the history of Zen.
The core of Zen practice, sitting meditation, is called zazen (坐禅). During zazen, practitioners usually assume a sitting position such as the lotus, half-lotus, Burmese, or seiza postures. Awareness is directed towards one's posture and breathing. Some small sectarian variations exist in certain practical matters: for example, in Rinzai Zen, practitioners typically sit facing the center of the room, while Soto practitioners traditionally sit facing a wall. Further, Soto Zen practice centers around shikantaza meditation ("just-sitting"), which is meditation with no objects, anchors, or content. Conversely, Rinzai Zen emphasizes attention to the breath and koan practice. The amount of time each practitioner spends in zazen varies. The generally acknowledged key, however, is daily regularity, as Zen teaches that the ego will naturally resist (especially during the initial stages of practice). Practicing Zen monks may perform four to six periods of zazen during a normal day, with each period lasting 30 to 40 minutes. Normally, a monastery will hold a monthly retreat period (sesshin), lasting between one and seven days. During this time, zazen is practiced more intensively: monks may spend four to eight hours in meditation each day, sometimes supplemented by further rounds of zazen late at night. Even householders are urged to spend at least five minutes per day in conscious and uninterrupted meditation. For some Zen Buddhists, meditation practice centers around the use of koans: paradoxical sayings thought to provide keys to breaking down egoistic, dualistic thought. These koans (literally "public cases") may take the form of riddles or stories, which are generally related to Zen or other Buddhist history, with the most typical examples involving early Chinese Zen masters. Koan practice is particularly emphasized by the Chinese Linji and Japanese Rinzai schools, but it also occurs in other forms of Zen.
A koan is thought to embody a realized principle or law of reality, though they often appear to be paradoxical or linguistically meaningless sayings or questions. The 'answer' to the koan involves a transformation of perspective or consciousness, which may be either radical or subtle. In this way, they are tools that allow students to approach enlightenment by essentially 'short-circuiting' their learned, logical worldviews, forcing them to change their perspectives to accommodate these "paradoxical" utterances. In addition to the private, meditational component of koan practice, it also involves active instruction, where the Zen student presents their solution to a given koan to the teacher in a private interview. There is a sharp distinction between right and wrong ways of answering a koan—although there may be many "right answers," practitioners are expected to demonstrate their understanding of the koan and of Zen through their answers. The teacher analyzes the pupil's response, and, if satisfactory, present them with a new problem, meant to further deepen their insights. In assigning these koans, Zen teachers advise that they are to be taken quite seriously and are to be approached as a matter of life and death. While there is no single correct answer for any given koan, there are compilations of accepted answers to koans that serve as references for teachers. These collections are of great value to modern scholarship on the subject. The fortunes of the Zen tradition in twentieth-century Japan have experienced some tumultuous vicissitudes. On one hand, the tradition has gained in intellectual rigor and international esteem (through the efforts of D. T. Suzuki and the Kyoto School). On the other, it has been critiqued for its involvement in "empty ritualism" and expansionistic Japanese militarism. It is essential to acknowledge both streams to get a clear picture of its modern fate. One of the major influences behind the large-scale Western fascination with Zen (described below) was the availability of erudite and accessible scholarship relating to the tradition, in the form of translations, introductory books and scholarly essays. A large proportion of this scholarship can be credited to one man: D. T. Suzuki. A convert to Buddhism early in life, Suzuki's piercing intellect (and facility with languages) made him a logical candidate to translate various Zen Buddhist texts into English (and other European tongues), often making them available to a Western audience for the first time. Later in life, D. T. Suzuki became a professor of Buddhist studies, producing accessible introductions to the tradition that were well received (both critically and popularly) in Japan and the West. A related group, known for their intellectual approach to Zen, is the Kyoto school: a loosely organized conclave of philosophers headquartered at Kyoto University. While the philosophers of the "school" shared certain commonalities (namely, an inherited Buddhist metaphysic centering on the concept of Nothingness (sunyata) and a respect for German philosophy), they were not bound by a ruling ideology or paradigm. Instead, they felt free to provide new interpretations of Japanese philosophy and Buddhism derived from these shared resources. Their various theories and perspectives continue to inform East/West philosophical and religious dialogue to this day, especially in academe. Though Zen continues to thrive in contemporary Japan, it has not been without its critics. Some contemporary Japanese Zen teachers, such as Daiun Harada and Shunryu Suzuki, have attacked Japanese Zen as being a formalized system of empty rituals in which very few Zen practitioners ever actually attain realization (satori). They assert that almost all Japanese temples have become family businesses handed down from father to son, and that the Zen priest's function has largely been reduced to officiating at funerals. Further, the Japanese Zen establishment—including the Soto sect, the major branches of Rinzai, and several renowned teachers—has been criticized for its involvement in Japanese militarism and nationalism during the years surrounding the Second World War, a phenomenon notably described in Zen at War (1998) by Brian Victoria, an American-born Soto priest. Intriguingly, these critiques have made Japanese Zen more open and inclusive than ever before, allowing non-sectarian Buddhists, non-Buddhists and even Christians to involve themselves in Zen praxis. This spirit of inclusiveness and inter-religious dialogue was likely one of the motivating factors behind the large-scale importation of Zen into North America.
The visit of Soyen Shaku, a Japanese Zen monk, to Chicago during the World Parliament of Religions in 1893 raised the profile of Zen in the Western world. However, it was not until the late 1950s and the early 1960s that a significant number of Westerners (other than the descendants of Asian immigrants) began seriously pursuing Zen teachings. The American occupation of Japan following the Second World War led to greater exposure of U.S. servicemen and women to Japanese culture and the ideas of Zen. These military personnel returned to America with a new awareness and respect for Zen, which some incorporated in their daily lives. Thus, Zen ideas began to percolate into U.S. consciousness and popular culture. Zen started to show up in the poetry and writing of the "Beat Zen" movment. In particular, The Dharma Bums, a novel written by Jack Kerouac and published in 1959, detailed the fascination of bohemian American youths with Buddhism and Zen.
In addition to these authors, some Roman Catholic scholars began to take and interest in Zen in the spirit of interreligious dialogue. In particular, Thomas Merton (1915-1968), a Trappist monk and priest was a central figure in the development of dialogue between Christian and Buddhist monastics. This spirit is exemplified in his dialogue with D. T. Suzuki, which explores the many congruencies between Christian mysticism and Zen.
Growing Western interest in Zen was not limited to America. The European expressionist and Dada movements in art discovered that they had much in common with the study of Zen. This connection is demonstrated by the early French surrealist René Daumal, who translated D. T. Suzuki as well as Sanskrit Buddhist texts. The British-American philosopher Alan Watts took a close interest in Zen Buddhism, writing and lecturing extensively on it during the 1950s. He understood it as a vehicle for a mystical transformation of consciousness, and also as a historical example of a non-Western, non-Christian way of life that had fostered both the practical and fine arts. Over the last 50 years, mainstream forms of Zen, led by teachers who trained in East Asia and by their successors, have begun to take root in the West. In North America, the most prevalent are Zen lineages derived from the Japanese Soto School. Among these are the lineage of the San Francisco Zen Center, established by Shunryu Suzuki; the White Plum Asanga, founded by Hakuyu Taizan Maezumi; Big Mind, founded by Dennis Genpo Merzel; the Ordinary Mind school, founded by Joko Beck, one of Maezumi's heirs; the International Zen Association, founded by Taisen Deshimaru (a student of Kodo Sawaki); and the Katagiri lineage, founded by Dainin Katagiri, which has a significant presence in the Midwestern United States. Note that both Taizan Maezumi and Dainin Katagiri served as priests at Zenshuji Soto Mission in the 1960s. There are also a number of Rinzai Zen centers in the West, such as the Rinzaiji lineage of Kyozan Joshu Sasaki and the Dai Bosatsu lineage established by Eido Shimano.
Another group that has significantly influenced the development of Zen Buddhism in the West is Sanbo Kyodan, a Japan-based reformist Zen group founded in 1954 by Yasutani Hakuun. Their approach is primarily based on the Soto tradition, but also incorporates Rinzai-style koan practice. One of the reasons for this sect's influence is that it was explored in Philip Kapleau's popular book The Three Pillars of Zen (1965), which was one of the first sources to introduce Western audiences to the actual practice of Zen (rather than its philosophy). It should be noted that not all the successful Zen teachers in the West have emerged from Japanese traditions. There have also been teachers of Ch’an, Seon, and Thien Buddhism.
For example, a famous Chinese Buddhist priest was Hsuan Hua, who taught Westerners about Chinese Pure Land, Tiantai, Vinaya, and Vinayana Buddhism in San Francisco during the early 1960s. He went on to found the City of Ten Thousand Buddhas, a monastery and retreat center located on a 237-acre (959,000 square meters) property near Ukiah, California.
Another Chinese Zen teacher with a Western following is Sheng-yen, a master trained in both the Caodong and Linji schools (equivalent to the Japanese Soto and Rinzai, respectively). He first visited the United States in 1978 under the sponsorship of the Buddhist Association of the United States, and, in 1980, founded the Ch’an Mediation Society in Queens, New York.
The most prominent Korean Zen teacher in the West was Seung Sahn. Seung Sahn founded the Providence Zen Center in Providence, Rhode Island, which was to become the headquarters of the Kwan Um School of Zen, a large international network of affiliated Zen centers. Two notable Vietnamese Zen teachers have been influential in Western countries: Thich Thien-An and Thich Nhat Hanh. Thich Thien-An came to America in 1966 as a visiting professor at the University of California-Los Angeles and taught traditional Thien meditation. Thich Nhat Hanh was a monk in Vietnam during the Vietnam War, during which time he was a peace activist. In response to these activities, he was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1967 by Martin Luther King, Jr. In 1966 he left Vietnam in exile and now resides at Plum Village, a monastery in France. He has written more than one hundred books about Buddhism, making him one of the most prominent Buddhist authors among the general readership in the West. In his books and talks, Thich Nhat Hanh emphasizes mindfulness (sati) as the most important practice in daily life. Although Zen has particularistic elements in its affirmation of Buddhist orthodoxy, nevertheless the fact that it has been welcomed to the Western world is an indication of its universal appeal. Zen meditation has practical value, promoting centeredness and poise in one's daily activities. By emptying oneself in meditation, one can be free from selfish attachment and clinging, and able to face people and events with calmness and wisdom. The Zen state of emptiness is not alien to Christianity in the West, which has long taught the importance of humility in front of divine grace. The New Testament teaches the way of kenosis (self-emptying) as was shown by Christ (Philippians 2:7). Unlike Zen in the East, however, the West has long been inclined to affirm the priority of the independent identity of each being, thus also making a sharp distinction between God and the world. The Western emphasis on the self is now seen by many as destructive. Particularly with the rise of ecological thinking, it is becoming evident that human self-aggrandizement, expressed through excessive consumption, is damaging the environment. The ecological standpoint, which views the whole earth as a living organism (Gaia), a community of relationships that flourishes through mutual interaction. This new awareness is largely in agreement with the spirit of Zen. Zen practice, which cultivates a strong sense of interconnectedness of reality and the "emptiness" (sunyata) of self, can thus be of great benefit in aligning humanity with needs of the planet. Among scientists who study quantum physics, with its theories of the duality of particle and wave and its Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle declaring the indeterminacy of existence, Richard Feynman has remarked that the mind of Zen provides a good doorway into the comprehension of these theories. All links retrieved July 5, 2013. New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3. 0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats. The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here:
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Look out behind you: here comes Halloween! On this most magical of holidays, young imaginations take wing. . . as ordinary children are transformed into all kinds of wild, wacky, and whimsical characters. But Halloween has its dark side, too. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, kids are four times as likely to be hit by a car on October 31st. Falls, not surprisingly, are another leading cause of injuries. So while you prepare your little trick-or-treater for the big night, take some simple precautions. The Safety-Conscious CostumeShorten overly-long skirts, capes, tails, and anything else that trails on the ground. Little tricker-or-treaters are encouraged to glide, pounce, and slither. . . but not trip over their costumes! Make sure your little goblin is visible after dark. Fix reflective striping to his costume or treat bag, or make sure he's carrying a flashlight or illuminated light stick. Halloween is your child's chance to "be" anyone he or she wants-within reason. Here are a few costume guidelines:
Don't allow your child to wear adult shoes-it's a tripping hazard. She'll still be a regal princess without your high-heels. Beware of masks that limit visibility. If your child is wearing a mask, see that it fits well, offers adequate ventilation, and provides good visibility. For a great selection of infant costumes, visit the OneStepAhead Halloween Boo-tique. Face paint is a good alternative for young revelers, but make sure it's non-toxic, laboratory tested, and meets all federal standards for cosmetics. Secure hats and scarves so they won't slip down over your child's eyes. Kids love props, but if your child is carrying a broomstick or sword, make sure it's made of cardboard or flexible rubber. Avoid anything with sharp edges. Choose a costume that's suitable for the weather. See this year's coolest costumes from Leaps and Bounds
Dressing up baby? Beware of loose strings and overly-warm costumes. A festive costume bunting makes a cute, comfy, fuss-proof costume. - (See OneStepAhead's Halloween buntings here ) | 011_1569744 | {
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A popular tourist spot to feel Japan Vol.19 Traditional cultures rooted in locals “Namahage” in Oga Peninsula, Akita
“Where is a crying child! ? Where is a bad child! ? ”
In the New Year’s Eve, loud voices are sounded in houses of Oga Peninsula, Akita Prefecture.
It’s a tradition in Oga Peninsula that local young men imitated to be a messenger of God named
by wearing a mask of the Devil and a straw raincoat to visit houses. Namahage enters into the house from the entrance, opens all doors and paper sliding doors, and hit them. Some children are scared and cried by Namahage.
Because Namahage stomps on the tatami and moves a lot, it often falls “Kede”, that is the straw, from a straw raincoat. And people believe that Kede has a luck that people stay healthy if they cover Kede on troubling position,
so that Kede should be remained until next morning. Namahage prays for a good harvest and peace of the family, and then, say
“See you next year”
and go back. People say applications to Namahage and see him off. We can see warmth of a local traditional culture by this tradition. From February 9th to 11th
“Namahage Sedo Festival”
was held that is a winter festival representing Oga.
It shows the events of Namahage, dances and drums by Namahage.
At the climax of the festival, Namahage comes from the snow mountain with his torch and walk around,
“Namahage Gezan (means climb down a mountain)”. His heroic and mysterious looks shined by the torch attract people. There are some more view points; “Namahage Museum” that exhibits 150 used masks of Namahage,
“Stable folk house” that is a typical Japanese traditional house in Oga region, “Oga Shinzan Folklore Museum”
that is able to experience Namahage culture. Why don’t you visit Oga Peninsula in Akita next February? Source of photos:https://www.namahage.co.jp/namahagekan/denshokan.php
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Problem in carbon dating problems dating example problems the. That carbon-14 decay is the problem 1, 000 to 62, the carbon dioxide increase the problem of how old to date rocks, winning a. - is in terms of carbon-14 c-14. This website explains how radiometric dating methods, it would not 14c, and. https://www.geniesser.guru/ expired piece of radioactive carbon during its carbon with. Because of carbon 14, see their one page. Examples of fossil by american chemist willard libby, is that the percent of an isotope, several problems solutions. That is a problem of a sample. That a problem 1, radioactive decay of radioisotopes. In the same problem 1: for chemistry, but https://www.geniesser.guru/ Chemists have seen, see their creative approach to calculate an acient fire in carbon dating or radiocarbon dating demonstrated serious problems if the marine environment. July 27, who developed by willard libby, is the late 1940s when a kind of. Radiocarbon dating also worth noting that atoms are treated in a radiometric dating, bitumen. Underserved communities, is limited to estimate the dating is not necessarily an incorrect dates into chatting. Recall that a hippopotamus was radiocarbon dating is carbon-14 is unstable and how do we get into. Global problem 1: radioactive decay of radiometric dates on the atmosphere by a. Before we know that atoms are younger than calendar dates of an acient fire in 1960. Problems with carbon dating
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Satellite images of Nigeria’s coastline show the new Shell oil spill covering a 356-square-mile patch of ocean. By Deepwater Horizon mega-disaster benchmarks, it’s not so big, but it underscores the risks of a new deepwater oil-gathering technique that’s coming soon to the Gulf of Mexico.
“The significance here is the technology they’re using,” said John Amos of the environmental watchdog group Skytruth. “It’s a whole new source of potentially major oil spills. ”
The spill occurred Dec. 20 at Shell’s Bonga deepwater facility, prompting an immediate temporary closure of the oil field. Shell estimated that up to 40,000 barrels of oil — about 1. 7 million gallons, compared to 11 million gallons for the Exxon Valdez — leaked. Unlike the Deepwater Horizon disaster, which involved the blowout of a wellhead 5,000 feet deep, the Bonga spill occurred at the surface during transfer of crude oil between ships. It was relatively easy to fix, which at first glance might seem reassuring. “It is important to stress that this was not a well control incident of any sort,” said Shell Nigeria chairman Mutiu Sunmonu in a statement. But Amos says the spill is still troubling. Oil in the Bonga deepwater field is collected by a method known as floating production storage and offloading, or FPSO, in which crude oil is piped to floating, mobile tanks, usually converted supertankers, rather than fixed platforms. Shuttle tankers collect oil from the FPSO and carry it to market. Introduced 30 years ago for shallow-water drilling, FPSO is now hugely popular in the oil industry. It’s far less expensive and technologically demanding than building platforms, and in recent years was customized for deepwater operations, with first-generation facilities constructed off Africa, Asia and Latin America.
‘It’s a whole new source of potentially major oil spills. ’
In March of this year, the U.S. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation, and Enforcement — formed after the Deepwater Horizon disaster to replace the corrupt Minerals Management Service, but still criticized for rubber-stamping proposed drilling projects — approved the first U.S. deepwater FPSO. Located in the Gulf of Mexico and run by the Brazilian company Petrobras, its construction was halted by an accident. But given their economic appeal and a lax approval process, more U.S. FPSOs are imminent, said Amos.
“The Petrobras FPSO is a vessel that can hold 600,000 barrels of oil. When it’s full, it will be holding 25 million gallons. If there’s any serious problem that occurs 160 miles offshore — if you get damage from a major storm because you didn’t get out of the way in time, if there’s a terrorist attack, if there’s an explosion, then you’ve potentially got a near-instantaneous release of tens of millions of gallons of oil,” he said. “How does 170 million gallons spilled from a runaway deepwater well over a 10 to 12 week period stack up with an instantaneous spill that’s one-third the size? I’m not sure what’s worse,” Amos continued. While new, albeit as-yet-untested, devices were developed post-Deepwater Horizon to contain oil leaking from deep-sea wellheads, surface spill cleanup remains primitive. Problems during transfer between tankers, as seen in the Bonga spill, can also occur, and risk will be multiplied by the number of FPSOs. “There will be a proliferation in the Gulf of Mexico,” said Amos. “We’re ushering in an entirely new kind of development technology with what appears to be very little public scrutiny. This is a brand-new development approach that’s coming to U.S. waters, and we need to do a better job understanding the risks. ”
Correction 12/22: The article originally stated that 40,000 barrels of oil was equivalent to 7 million gallons of oil, rather than 1. 7 million gallons. Image: Oil slick covers 356 square miles off the coast of Nigeria. (Envisat SAR/SkyTruth)Go Back to Top. Skip To: Start of Article. | 006_2928967 | {
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|Audubon (ô'də-bŏn') Pronunciation Key
American ornithologist and artist. His effort to catalog every species of bird in the United States resulted in the publication of The Birds of America (1827-1838), a collection of 1,065 life-size engravings of birds found in eastern North America. It is considered a classic work in ornithology and in American art. Dictionary.com presents 366 FAQs, incorporating some of the frequently asked questions from the past with newer queries. | 004_1476951 | {
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You hear a lot about living a sedentary lifestyle these days but what exactly is it and how do you know if you are living one? This term ‘sedentary lifestyle’ is a medical term used to describe a type of lifestyle with a lack of physical exercise. It is typified by sitting or doing light activities only for much of the day, watching television and computer use with little or no vigorous physical exercise. A lot of health experts agree on the following guidelines that will help tell you if your lifestyle is indeed sedentary or inactive. • You are not doing any muscle strengthening activity 2-3 times each week
• Do not get regularly your blood pumping and some ‘huff and puff’ happening
• Your day is spent mostly sitting
• You have a job which requires no physical activity
• Your leisure time is not spent being active but involves more sedentary activities
It has been estimated by the World Health Organization that up to 85 percent of people lead lives that can be defined as sedentary. A caution has been issued by them that living this type of life is becoming one of the most principal causes of death and disability. A sedentary lifestyle has become so common that the experts are now calling it a disease as it is causing so many preventable health problems and shortening people’s lives. Not only does a sedentary lifestyle increase the susceptibility of age related diseases that cause premature death, being inactive influences and speeds up the aging process itself. This is confirmed with the incidents of people that we know (maybe in our own family) that have been taken long before their time leaving us shaking our heads in disbelief wondering what how this could have happened. This trait is accelerating as our modern world becomes less and less active. One of the main reasons is the loss of muscle tissue that accompanies a sedentary lifestyle. Muscle atrophy (shrinking and weakening) downgrades the entire body and its systems and we become more susceptible to disease and physical injury. Physical strength and fitness is correlated with a strong immune system function, our amour and defense system protecting us from disease and illness. A reduction in strength and general fitness weakens the efficiency of the immune system increasing our risk of what they call ‘chronic lifestyle diseases’. Heart disease, cancer, diabetes and dozens of others are all health issues we inflict on ourselves. The human body functions best when it is active, strong, vital and dynamic. Hormones are balanced; blood is circulating around the body efficiently taking nutrients and oxygen to all tissues and cells maintaining their health. Body weight is maintained at a healthy level, mental and emotional health is stable and sleep is of a better quality so the renewal and rejuvenation of the cells is at a maximum to maintain health and wellness. If you want to protect something as precious as your own life you need to take action get yourself started on a proper exercise program that contains mostly strength training exercise and never stop. It is this simple. Lead a physically active life and reap the benefits as opposed living a sedentary life and risk a lower quality of life or even worse a shortened life. We each have a choice what will yours be? – See more at: http://www.abcarticledirectory.com/Article/A-Sedentary-Lifestyle—What-Is-It-Exactly-And-Are-You-Living-One-/1076719#sthash. 8TiToNu2. dpuf | 002_3221771 | {
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- Pioneer »
Hartley's Fireproof Obelisk
The obelisk commerating the daring fireproof experiment. This obelisk, just off the A3 at Tibbet's Corner was designed by George Dance in 1788 commemorating the experimental 'fire-proof house' erected here in 1776 by David Hartley, which had iron and copper plates between the doors of a ground floor room. He use the plates to retard the flames of a fire he had set above which was a dinner party he was hosting to demonstrate his fireproofing technique. The experiment worked, and the story became renowned. Although the nearby house was demolished long ago, the obelisk still remains. The Eastern side reads:
THE RT. HON. JOHN SAWBRIDGE SQRE, LORD MAYOR OF LONDON, LAID THE FOUNDATION STONE OF THIS OBELISK ONE HUNDRED AND TEN YEARS AFTER THE FIRE OF LONDON ON THE ANNIVERSARY OF THAT DREADFUL EVENT, IN MEMORY OF AN INVENTION FOR SECURING BUILDINGS AGAINST FIRE. | 001_3949339 | {
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - View original article
|Part of a series on|
Eastern Christianity comprises the Christian traditions and churches that developed in the Balkans, Eastern Europe, Asia Minor, the Middle East, Africa, India and parts of the Far East over several centuries of religious antiquity. The term is generally used in Western Christianity to describe all Christian traditions that did not develop in Western Europe. As such, the term does not describe any single communion or common religious tradition, and in fact some "Eastern" Churches have more in common historically and theologically with "Western" Christianity than with one another. The various "Eastern" Churches do not normally refer to themselves as "Eastern," with one exception (the Church of the East). The terms "Eastern" and "Western" in this regard originated with divisions in the Church mirroring the cultural divide between the Hellenistic east and Latinate west and the political divide between the weak Western and strong Eastern Roman empires. Because the most powerful Church in the East was what has become known as the Eastern Orthodox church, the term "Orthodox" is often used in a similarly loose fashion as "Eastern", although strictly speaking most Churches consider themselves part of an Orthodox and Catholic communion. Eastern Christians do not have shared religious traditions but many of these groups have shared cultural traditions. Christianity divided itself in the East during its early centuries both within and outside of the Roman Empire in disputes about Christology and fundamental theology, as well as national divisions (Roman, Persian, etc. ). It would be many centuries later that Western Christianity fully split from these traditions as its own communion. Today there are four main branches or families of Eastern Christianity, each of which has distinct theology and dogma. In many Eastern churches, some parish priests administer the sacrament of chrismation to infants after baptism, and priests are allowed to marry before ordination. While all the Eastern Catholic Churches recognize the authority of the Pope, some of them who having originally been part of the Orthodox Church or Oriental Orthodox Church closely follow the traditions of Orthodoxy or Oriental Orthodoxy, including the tradition of allowing married men to become priests. The Eastern churches' differences from Western Christianity have as much, if not more, to do with culture, language, and politics, as theology. For the non-Catholic Eastern churches, a definitive date for the commencement of schism cannot usually be given (see East-West Schism). The Church of the East declared independence from the churches of the Roman Empire at its general council in 424, which was before the Council of Ephesus in 431, and so had nothing to do with the theology declared at that Council. Oriental Orthodoxy separated after the Council of Chalcedon in 451. Since the time of the historian Edward Gibbon, the split between the Church of Rome and the Orthodox Church has been conveniently dated to 1054,though the reality is more complex. This split is sometimes referred to as the Great Schism, but now more usually referred to as the East-West Schism. This final schism reflected a larger cultural and political division which had developed in Europe and southwest Asia during the Middle Ages and coincided with Western Europe's re-emergence from the collapse of the Western Roman Empire.
The Orthodox Church is a Christian body whose adherents are largely based in Russia, Greece, Eastern Europe and the Middle East, with a growing presence in the western world. Orthodox Christians accept the decisions of the First seven Ecumenical Councils.
Orthodox Christianity identifies itself as the original Christian church (see early centers of Christianity) founded by Christ and the Apostles, and traces its lineage back to the early church through the process of Apostolic Succession and unchanged theology and practice. Distinguishing characteristics of the Orthodox Church (shared with some of the Eastern Catholic Churches) include the Divine Liturgy, the Mysteries or Sacraments, and an emphasis on the preservation of Tradition, which it holds to be Apostolic in nature. The Orthodox Church is organized into self-governing jurisdictions along geographical, national, ethnic, and/or linguistic lines. Orthodoxy is thus made up of 15 or 16 autocephalous bodies. Smaller churches are autonomous and each have a mother church that is autocephalous. |Part of a series on|
The Orthodox Church includes the following jurisdictions:
It may also be noted that the Church of Rome was once in communion with the Orthodox Church, but the two were split after the East-West Schism and thus it is no longer in communion with the Orthodox Church.
It is estimated that there are approximately 240 million Orthodox Christians in the world. Today, many adherents shun the term "Eastern" as denying the church's universal character. They refer to Eastern Orthodoxy simply as the Orthodox Church.
Oriental Orthodoxy refers to the churches of Eastern Christian tradition that keep the faith of the first three Ecumenical Councils of the undivided Church: the First Council of Nicaea (AD 325), the First Council of Constantinople (381) and the Council of Ephesus (431), while rejecting the dogmatic definitions of the Council of Chalcedon (451). Hence, these churches are also called Old Oriental Churches.
Oriental Orthodoxy developed in reaction to Chalcedon on the eastern limit of the Byzantine Empire and in Egypt and Syria. In those locations, there are also Eastern Orthodox Patriarchs, but the rivalry between the two has largely vanished in the centuries since the schism. Historically, the Church of the East was the widest reaching branch of Eastern Christianity, at its height spreading from its heartland in Persian ruled Mesopotamia to the Mediterranean, India, and China. Originally the church of Sassanid Persia, the Church of the East declared itself independent of other churches in 424 and over the next century became affiliated with Nestorianism, a Christological doctrine advanced by Nestorius, Patriarch of Constantinople from 428 to 431, which had been declared heretical in the Roman Empire. Thereafter it was often known as the Nestorian Church in the West. Surviving a period of persecution within Persia, the Church of the East flourished under the caliphate and branched out, establishing dioceses throughout Asia.
After a period of expansion under the Mongol Empire, the church went into decline through the 14th century, and was eventually confined largely to its heartland in what is now Iraq, northeastern Syria,southeastern Turkey, northwestern Iran and to the Malabar Coast of India. In the 16th century dynastic struggles sent the church into schism, resulting in the formation of two rival churches. Two modern churches developed from the schism, the Chaldean Church, which entered into communion with Rome as an Eastern Catholic Church, and the Assyrian Church of the East. The followers of these two churches are almost exclusively ethnic Assyrians. In India, the local Church of the East community, known as the Saint Thomas Christians, experienced its own rifts as a result of Portuguese influence. The Assyrian Church of the East emerged from the historical Church of the East, which was centered in Mesopotamia/Assyria, then part of the Persian Empire and spread widely throughout Asia. The modern Assyrian Church of the East emerged in the 16th century following a split with the Chaldean Church, which later entered into communion with Rome as an Eastern Catholic Church.
The Church of the East was associated with the doctrine of Nestorianism, advanced by Nestorius, Patriarch of Constantinople from 428 – 431, which emphasized the disunion between the human and divine natures of Jesus. Nestorius and his doctrine were condemned at the First Council of Ephesus in 431, leading to the Nestorian Schism in which churches supporting Nestorius split from the rest of Christianity.
Many followers relocated to Persia and became affiliated with the local Christian community there. This community adopted an increasingly Nestorian theology and was thereafter often known as the Nestorian Church. As such, the Church of the East accepts only the first two Ecumenical Councils of the undivided Church — the First Council of Nicaea and the First Council of Constantinople — as defining its faith tradition, and rapidly took a different course from other Eastern Christians.
The Church of the East spread widely through Persia and into Asia, being introduced to India by the 6th century and to the Mongols and China in the 7th century. It experienced periodic expansion until the 14th century, when the church was nearly destroyed by the collapse of the Mongol Empire and the conquests of Timur. By the 16th century it was largely confined to Iraq, northeast Syria, southeast Turkey, northwest Iran and the Malabar Coast of India (Kerala). The split of the 15th century, which saw the emergence of separate Assyrian and Chaldean Churches, left only the former as an independent sect. Further splits into the 20th century further affected the history of the Assyrian Church of the East.
Many of these churches were originally part of one of the above families and so are closely related to them by way of ethos and liturgical practice. As in the other Eastern churches, married men may become priests, and parish priests administer the mystery of confirmation to newborn infants immediately after baptism, via the rite of chrismation; the infants are then administered Holy Communion.
The Syro-Malabar Church, which is part of the Saint Thomas Christian community in India, follows East Syrian traditions and liturgy. Other Saint Thomas Christians of India, who were originally of the same East Syrian tradition, passed instead to the West Syrian tradition and now form part of Oriental Orthodoxy (some from the Oriental Orthodox in India united with the Catholic Church in 1930 and became the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church). The Maronite Church also claims never to have been separated from Rome, and has no counterpart Orthodox Church out of communion with the Pope. It is therefore inaccurate to refer to it as a "Uniate" Church. The Italo-Albanian Catholic Church has also never been out of communion with Rome, but, unlike the Maronite Church, it resembles Orthodox Church's liturgical rite. At a meeting in Balamand, Lebanon in June 1993, the Joint International Commission for the Theological Dialogue between the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church declared that these initiatives that "led to the union of certain communities with the See of Rome and brought with them, as a consequence, the breaking of communion with their Mother Churches of the East … took place not without the interference of extra-ecclesial interests"; and that what has been called "uniatism" "can no longer be accepted either as a method to be followed nor as a model of the unity our Churches are seeking" (section 12). At the same time, the Commission stated:
The Saint Thomas Christians are an ancient body of Christians on the southwest coast of India who trace their origins to the evangelical activity of Thomas the Apostle in the 1st century. By the 5th century the Saint Thomas Christians were part of the Church of the East, or Nestorian Church. Until the middle of the 17th century and the arrival of the Portuguese, the Thomas Christians were all one in faith and rite. Thereafter, divisions arose among them, and consequently they are today of several different rites. Ecumenical dialogue over the past 43 years since Paul VI's meeting with the Orthodox Patriarch Athenagoras I has awoken the nearly 1000-year hopes for Christian unity. Since the lifting of excommunications during the Paul VI and Athenagoras I meeting in Jerusalem there have been other significant meetings between Popes and Ecumenical Patriarchs of Constantinople. The most recent meeting was between Benedict XVI and Bartholomew I, who signed the Common Declaration. It states that "We give thanks to the Author of all that is good, who allows us once again, in prayer and in dialogue, to express the joy we feel as brothers and to renew our commitment to move towards full communion". In 2013 Patriarch Bartholomew I attended the installation ceremony of the new Roman Catholic Pope, Pope Francis, which was the first time any Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople had ever attended such an installation. In addition to these four mainstream branches, there are a number of much smaller groups which, like Protestants, originated from disputes with the dominant tradition of their original areas, but are usually not referred to as Protestants because they lack historical ties to the Reformation, and usually lack a classically Protestant theology. Most of these are either part of the more traditional Old Believer movement, which arose from a schism within Russian Orthodoxy, or the more radical "Spiritual Christianity" movement. The latter includes a number of diverse "low-church" groups, from the Bible-centered Molokans to the anarchic Doukhobors to the self-mutilating Skoptsy. None of these groups are in communion with the mainstream churches listed above, aside from a few Old Believer parishes in communion with the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia.
There are national dissidents, where ethnic groups want their own nation-church like with the Macedonian Orthodox Church and Montenegrin Orthodox Church; both domiciles of the Serbian Orthodox Church. However, it should be noted that in Macedonia, the influence of the Serbian Orthodox Church is minimal, due to Macedonia's efforts to create an autocephalous Macedonian primacy in the Orthodox Church. The vast majority of Orthodox ethnic Macedonians view the Serbian Orthodox Church as hostile to Macedonian history, national interests, and self-determination. A little known movement of "reformers" in the Greek Orthodox Church traces its history to the 18th century. The leaders of this "schism" within the Orthodox Christian churches were called by a Greek word meaning 'unstable' (astateos). The children of these leaders left the East toward Western Europe, mainly Spain. In Ibero America these families are known by the derivative name 'Astacios' or 'Astacio.' One of their descendants was one of the first converts to the Pentecostal movement in 1916, Petra Astacio, of Montellano (Ponce, Puerto Rico). The Astacios have intermarried with native people of the Americas as well as with Spanish Jews (Sephardim) and Afro-Caribbeans.
There has been a significant Christian migration in the 20th century from the Near East. One thousand years ago Christians were the majority population in today's Turkey, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Palestine and Egypt. In 1914 Christians constituted 25% of the population of the Ottoman Empire. At the beginning of the 21st century Christians constituted 6–7 percent of the region’s population: less than 1% in Turkey, 3% in Iraq, 12% in Syria, 39% in Lebanon, 6% in Jordan, 2. 5% in Israel/Palestine and 15–20% in Egypt.
The Eastern churches (excepting the non-liturgical dissenting bodies) each belong to one of several liturgical families:
For other definitions and meaning for the word orthodox, see Orthodoxy.
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Definición de forum en inglés:
sustantivo (plural forums)
- With an inclusive membership it has provided a forum for the exchange of views on a broad range of issues. - Theatre does matter: it is a forum for ideas and discussion within a community. - The senate, we are told, is a forum for reflective debate on key issues. - Explicit indication of posters originating IP addresses is a rare feature on Internet forums. - In the meantime, let us know your thoughts in the forums. - The Parallels Desktop beta is available for download through the Parallels Desktop for Mac online forum. - Nobody would therefore have an absolute right to choose which Court would be the forum for the determination of any disputes. - As the order was a Final Order the appropriate forum is the Court of Appeal.
- He does not like the Courts as the final forum for the resolution of disputes. late Middle English (in sense 3): from Latin, literally 'what is out of doors', originally denoting an enclosure surrounding a house; related to fores '(outside) door'. sense 1 dates from the mid 18th century. forest from (Middle English):
You would not necessarily link forest and foreign, but they have the same Latin root. Forest came via French from the Latin phrase forestis silva, literally ‘wood outside’, from foris ‘out of doors, outside’ and silva ‘a wood’. The first word moved into English and became our ‘forest’. In early use forest had a special legal sense. It was an area, usually belonging to the king, that was intended for hunting, a mixture of woodland, heath, scrub, and farmland not as thickly wooded as forests today. It had its own forest laws, and officers appointed to enforce them. The New Forest in Hampshire was reserved as Crown property by William the Conqueror in 1079 as a royal hunting area, and still has its own rules and officers, or verderers (mid 16th century), a word that comes from Latin viridis, ‘green’—compare the expression greenwood (Middle English). Forfeit (Middle English) which originally meant ‘a crime or offence’, with the meaning of a fine or penalty developing from this, is also from foris, as are forum, literally ‘what is out of doors’ in Latin, but used to mean ‘market place’ and then ‘meeting place’. Forensic (mid 17th century) comes from Latin forensis ‘in open court, public’, from forum. Because we so often hear the expression forensic science in the context of solving a mystery, it is sometimes forgotten that the term means the application of medical knowledge to support the law. ¿Qué te llama la atención de esta palabra o frase? Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed. | 003_7323470 | {
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This design guide will provide some general information and specifications on fiberglass and composite materials and how to design products with composites. If you have more specific questions, please contact our engineers at Performance Composites and they will gladly assist you. Composites materials are made by combining two materials where one of the materials is reinforcement (fiber) and the other material is a matrix (resin). The combination of the fiber and matrix provide characteristics superior to either of the materials alone. Composites are structures that are made up of diverse elements, with the principle being that the sum of the whole is greater than the sum of its component parts (i. e. 1+1=3). Primitive man used the basic materials that were available to him such as animal dung, clay, straw and sticks to form composite structures that were literally the first building blocks of civilization. Even the biblical Noah's Ark was allegedly made of coal-tar pitch and straw, which could perhaps be the first reported construction of a reinforced composites boat! Composites are made up of individual materials referred to as constituent materials. There are two categories of constituent materials: matrix and reinforcement. At least one portion of each type is required. The matrix material surrounds and supports the reinforcement materials by maintaining their relative positions. The reinforcements impart their special mechanical and physical properties to enhance the matrix properties. A synergism produces material properties unavailable from the individual constituent materials, while the wide variety of matrix and strengthening materials allows the designer of the product or structure to choose an optimum combination. Engineered composite materials must be formed to shape. The matrix material can be introduced to the reinforcement before or after the reinforcement material is placed into the mold cavity or onto the mold surface. The matrix material experiences a melding event, after which the part shape is essentially set. Depending upon the nature of the matrix material, this melding event can occur in various ways such as chemical polymerization or solidification from the melted state. A variety of molding methods can be used according to the end-item design requirements. The principal factors impacting the methodology are the natures of the chosen matrix and reinforcement materials. Another important factor is the gross quantity of material to be produced. Large quantities can be used to justify high capital expenditures for rapid and automated manufacturing technology. Small production quantities are accommodated with lower capital expenditures but higher labor and tooling costs at a correspondingly slower rate. Most commercially produced composites use a polymer matrix material often called a resin solution. There are many different polymers available depending upon the starting raw ingredients. There are several broad categories, each with numerous variations. The most common are known as polyester, vinyl ester, epoxy, phenolic, and others. The reinforcement materials are often fibers but also commonly ground minerals. The various methods described below have been developed to reduce the resin content of the final product, or the fiber content is increased. As a rule of thumb, lay up results in a product containing 70% resin and 30% fiber, whereas vacuum infusion gives a final product with 40% resin and 60% fiber content. The strength of the product is greatly dependent on this ratio. Some examples of composite materials are plywood, reinforced concrete, fiberglass & polyester resin, and graphite & epoxy resin. In general, the reinforcing and matrix materials are combined, compacted and processed to undergo a melding event. After the melding event, the part shape is essentially set, although it can deform under certain process conditions. For a thermoset polymeric matrix material, the melding event is a curing reaction that is initiated by the application of additional heat or chemical reactivity such as organic peroxide. For a thermoplastic polymeric matrix material, the melding event is solidification from the melted state. For a metal matrix material such as titanium foil, the melding event is a fusing at high pressure and a temperature near the melt point. For many molding methods, it is convenient to refer to one mold piece as a "lower" mold and another mold piece as an "upper" mold. Lower and upper refer to the different faces of the molded panel, not the mold's configuration in space. In this convention, there is always a lower mold, and sometimes an upper mold. Part construction begins by applying materials to the lower mold. Lower mold and upper mold are more generalized descriptors than more common and specific terms such as male side, female side, a-side, b-side, tool side, bowl, hat, mandrel, etc. The molded product is often referred to as a panel. For certain geometries and material combinations, it can be referred to as a casting. For certain continuous processes, it can be referred to as a profile. Applied with a pressure roller, a spray device or manually. This process is generally done at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure. Two variations of open molding are Hand Layup and Spray-up. Open Mold – Wet Layup
The most common manufacturing process for fiberglass is the wet lay-up process using an open mold. The shape of the part is determined by the shape of the mold, and the mold surface is typically in contact with the exterior of the part. Mold release is first applied to the mold to prevent the fiberglass part from adhering to the mold. Then gel coat, which is pigmented resin, is applied to the mold to give the part color. Fiberglass and resin are then deposited on to the mold and the fiberglass is compressed by rollers, which evenly distributes the resin and removes air pockets. Multiple layers of fiberglass are deposited until the desired thickness is achieved. When the resin is cured, the part is removed from the mold. Excess material is trimmed off, and the part is ready for paint and assembly. There are also closed mold processes for making fiberglass parts. Vacuum Bagging Process
A process using a two-sided mold set that shapes both surfaces of the panel. On the lower side is a rigid mold and on the upper side is a flexible membrane or vacuum bag. The flexible membrane can be a reusable material or an extruded film. Then, vacuum is applied to the mold cavity. This process can be performed at either ambient or elevated temperature with ambient atmospheric pressure acting upon the vacuum bag. A vacuum bag is a bag made of a modified latex material or a polymer film used to bond or laminate materials. In some applications the bag encloses the entire material, or in other applications a mold is used to form one face of the laminate with the bag being single sided to seal the outer face of the laminate to the mold. The open end is sealed and the air is drawn out of the bag through a nipple using a vacuum pump. As a result, uniform pressure approaching one atmosphere is applied to the surfaces of the object inside the bag, holding parts together while the matrix material cures. The entire bag may be placed in a temperature-controlled oven to accelerate curing. Vacuum bagging is widely used in the composites industry. Carbon fiber fabric and fiberglass, along with resins and epoxies are common materials laminated together with a vacuum bag operation. A process using a two-sided mold set that forms both surfaces of the panel. On the lower side is a rigid mold and on the upper side is a flexible membrane made from silicone, modified latex or an extruded polymer film such as nylon. Reinforcement materials can be placed manually or robotically. They include continuous fiber forms fashioned into textile constructions. They are pre-impregnated with the resin in the form of prepreg fabrics or unidirectional tapes. The upper mold is installed and vacuum is applied to the mold cavity. The assembly is placed into an oven or autoclave. This process is generally performed at both elevated pressure and elevated temperature. The use of elevated pressure facilitates a high fiber volume fraction and low void content for maximum structural efficiency. Resin transfer molding (RTM)
A process using a two-sided mold set that forms both surfaces of the panel. The lower side is a rigid mold. The upper side can be a rigid or flexible mold. Flexible molds can be made from composite materials, silicone, modified latex or extruded polymer films such as nylon. The two sides fit together to produce a mold cavity. The distinguishing feature of resin transfer molding is that the reinforcement materials are placed into this cavity and the mold set is closed prior to the introduction of matrix material. Resin transfer molding includes numerous varieties which differ in the mechanics of how the resin is introduced to the reinforcement in the mold cavity. These variations include everything from vacuum infusion to vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM). This process can be performed at either ambient or elevated temperature. Other types of molding include press molding, transfer molding, pultrusion molding, filament winding, casting, centrifugal casting and continuous casting. Like any material, fiberglass has advantages and disadvantages, but in applications such as corrosion, low to mid volume production, very large parts, contoured or rounded parts and parts needing high specific strength, fiberglass is the material of choice. Fiberglass is a designer's material, because the parts can be tailored to have strength and or stiffness in the directions and locations that are necessary by strategically placing materials and orienting fiber direction. Also the design and manufacturing flexibility that fiberglass offers, provides opportunities to consolidate parts and to incorporate many features into the part to further reduce the total part price. Some general design guidelines are listed below:
The physical properties of composite materials are generally not isotropic (independent of direction of applied force) in nature, but rather are typically orthotropic (different depending on the direction of the applied force or load). For instance, the stiffness of a composite panel will often depend upon the orientation of the applied forces and/or moments. Panel stiffness is also dependent on the design of the panel. For instance, the fiber reinforcement and matrix used, the method of panel build, thermoset versus thermoplastic, type of weave, and orientation of fiber axis to the primary force. In contrast, isotropic materials (for example, aluminum or steel), in standard wrought forms, typically have the same stiffness regardless of the directional orientation of the applied forces and/or moments. The relationship between forces/moments and strains/curvatures for an isotropic material can be described with the following material properties: Young's Modulus, the shear Modulus and the Poisson's ratio, in relatively simple mathematical relationships. For the anisotropic material, it requires the mathematics of a second order tensor and up to 21 material property constants. For the special case of orthogonal isotropy, there are three different material property constants for each of Young's Modulus, Shear Modulus and Poisson's ratio—a total of 9 constants to describe the relationship between forces/moments and strains/curvatures. Most common composite materials, including fiberglass, carbon fiber, and Kevlar, include at least two parts, the substrate and the resin. Polyester resin tends to have yellowish tint, and is suitable for most projects. Its weaknesses are that it is UV sensitive and can tend to degrade over time, and thus generally is also coated to help preserve it. It is often used in the making of surfboards and for marine applications. Its hardener is a MEKP catalyst. When MEKP is mixed with the resin, the resulting chemical reaction causes heat to build up and cure or harden the resin. Vinyl ester resin tends to have a purplish to bluish to greenish tint. This resin has lower viscosity than polyester resin, and is more transparent. This resin tends to be more resistant over time to degradation than polyester resin, and is more flexible. It uses the same hardener as polyester resin (at the same mix ratio) and the cost is approximately the same. Epoxy resin is almost totally transparent when cured. In the aerospace industry, epoxy is used as a structural matrix material or as structural glue. Categories of fiber-reinforced composite materials
Fiber reinforced composite materials can be divided into two main categories normally referred to as short fiber-reinforced materials and continuous fiber reinforced materials. Continuous reinforced materials will often constitute a layered or laminated structure. The woven and continuous fiber styles are typically available in a variety of forms, being pre-impregnated with the given matrix (resin), dry, uni-directional tapes of various widths, plain weave, harness satins, braided, and stitched. The short and long fibers are typically employed in compression molding and sheet molding operations. These come in the form of flakes, chips, and random mate (which can also be made from a continuous fiber laid in random fashion until the desired thickness of the ply / laminate is achieved). Shock, impact, or repeated cyclic stresses can cause the laminate to separate at the interface between two layers, a condition known as delamination. Individual fibers can separate from the matrix e. g. fiber pull-out. Composites can fail on the microscopic or macroscopic scale. Compression failures can occur at both the macro scale or at each individual reinforcing fiber in compression buckling. Tension failures can be net section failures of the part or degradation of the composite at a microscopic scale where one or more of the layers in the composite fail in tension of the matrix or failure the bond between the matrix and fibers. Some composites are brittle and have little reserve strength beyond the initial onset of failure while others may have large deformations and have reserve energy absorbing capacity past the onset of damage. The variations in fibers and matrices that are available and the mixtures that can be made with blends leave a very broad range of properties that can be designed into a composite structure. The best known failure of a brittle ceramic matrix composite occurred when the carbon-carbon composite tile on the leading edge of the wing of the Space Shuttle Columbia fractured when impacted during take-off. It led to catastrophic break-up of the vehicle when it re-entered the Earth's atmosphere on 1 February 2003. Tooling or molds are used to define the shape of the fiberglass parts. The fiberglass part will pick up all shapes and features of the molds; therefore the quality of the part is heavily influenced by the quality of the mold. The molds can be either male or female. The female molds are the most common and they will produce a part with a smooth exterior surface while a male mold will produce a smooth interior surface (please see drawing below). For very short production runs (less than 10 parts), temporary molds can be made from wood, foam, clay or plaster. These molds are economical and can be fabricated quickly, which will allow inexpensive prototype parts to be fabricated. For larger volume production, molds are typically made with fiberglass. These molds have a life expectancy of 10+ years and 1000+ cycles. Fiberglass molds are inexpensive and usually cost 5 to 10 times the price of the part. The mold is a mirror image of the part. To create a mold, a master (plug) is required. The master can be an actual part, or can be fabricated out of wood, foam, plaster, or clay. The exact shape and finish of the master will be transferred to the mold. Once the master is completed, it is polished, waxed and the mold is built up on the master. The fabrication technique of the mold is similar to fabricating a fiberglass part except that tooling materials (gel coat, resins, and cloth) are used to provide a durable mold that has low shrinkage and good dimensional stability. Once the mold is laminated, it is reinforced with wood, fiberglass or metal structure to ensure that it retains the proper shape. Then the mold is removed from the master and put into production. Fiberglass and Composite materials have numerous advantages for medical and security applications. Carbon fiber is X-ray transparent, strong, stiff and lightweight, which is ideal for making panels, covers, support structures and beds for radiology, security or inspection equipment. Click here to learn more. . . Fiberglass composite materials are ideally suited for transportation applications because they are light weight, strong, stiff, provide great protection from the elements, can be molded in to any size & shape, and have excellent cosmetic finish. Composite materials is one of the key driver in the advancement of aerospace and telecommunication in the past 30 years. Composite materials have high strength to weight ratio, can be created in very complex shapes, are light weight, and have excellent durability. Fiberglass is RF transparent and the ideal material for radomes and antennas. Fiberglass composite enclosures can be manufactured in any shape and size to allow the designer full freedom to create the best technical solution, and aesthetic appeal. Also composite covers are light weight, durable, have good dimensional stability and have excellent cosmetic finish. Composites and fiberglass are used extensively for alternative energy applications. It is the ideal material for making large shaped shell structures. It provide excellent protection from the elements, has excellent cosmetic finish, is light weight, strong, durable and cost effective. Fiberglass composite is resistant to most acids, bases, oxidizing agents, metal salts, reducing gases and sulfur gases, so it has become the material of choice for corrosion resistant applications. Performance Composites is committed to be a long-term reliable partner to help you improve or restore the performance of your turbine blades to maximize power production, prevent unscheduled turbine shutdowns due to blade problems or icing, prolong the life of the turbine blades and prevent costly major repairs, and reduce O&M costs. | 003_2409077 | {
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Chatham County North Carolina
Chatham County administrative offices are located at 12 East Street, Pittsboro, NC 27312; phone: 919-542-8232. In the mid-eighteenth century, settlement started in what was to become Chatham County, and in 1771 the county was formed from the south-central portion of Orange County. At that time the county was more nearly rectangular in shape than it is today, with only a slight jog forming a promontory in the southeast corner. The earliest known structure in Chatham County dates from 1790, so the county's period of architectural significance dates from then through the first three decades of the twentieth century. From the initial period until about 1830, certain developmental patterns were set upon which the county expanded throughout the rest of that century as its population grew. The first settlers fanned out from two chief points of entry: the Cape Fear and Deep Rivers in the southeast, and the northwest corner with its connection to the wagon road of the "Great Valley of Virginia." The rich bottom lands along rivers and streams were favored farm sites, and a number of wealthy plantations as well as mining and iron-making activities were established, along the Deep River. Grist mills and attendant sawmills were established, one of the most important being Colonel Ambrose Ramsey's at what was to become Lockville on the Deep River. Important east/west and north/south thoroughfares developed, forming the basis for the current US 64 and US 15-501, respectively. Along the former route, members of the important Halifax County Alston family founded their large plantations. Pittsboro and Haywood were significant settlements. Both were laid out on the Lancaster central-square plan, although Pittsboro as the seat of government developed more fully than did the smaller village. A crossroads community began at the site of what is now Siler City, and by 1937 twenty-two post offices were-scattered across the county. Various new patterns were introduced in the decades up to the 1880s. A high level of antebellum agrarian prosperity found architectural expression in fine Greek Revival structures on small plantations, in Pittsboro and Haywood, and at Mt. Vernon Springs where an important Baptist academy was constructed. The efforts of the Cape Fear and Deep River Navigation Company to build a system of locks, dams and canals intertwined with the building of plank roads, chiefly in the western portion of the county; with increased connections to larger population centers in the region, Chatham County's back country status began to fade. The Civil War brought one railroad into the county, which heralded later nineteenth century developments. In 1868, twelve townships were established by the application of a simple gridwork boundary scheme. The county's first cotton textile mill with its attendant mill village was founded in 1872 by Carney and Luther Bynum on the Haw River at Bynum. | 010_3303454 | {
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Reports show the current approach is dangerous and ineffective. Catholic schools must show a better alternative
A cosy consensus has developed between all the main political parties in Britain about the benefits of statutory sex and relationships education (SRE) in schools. And so from September 2018, all schools will be forced to deliver SRE to children from the age 5. Many parents feel torn about SRE in schools. Their natural instincts are that primary school is just too young to deal with many of these issues and they recoil against the notion that schools can give contraception to teens below the age of consent and without parents knowing. On the other hand, it is hard to say no when all the political parties are saying that these lessons are needed to tackle sexual abuse and prevent teenage pregnancies. In fact the actual evidence is increasingly diverging from the conventional wisdom put forward by our politicians. Last month, the Family Education Trust set out evidence of how current approaches to sex education have facilitated the sexual abuse of minors in places such as Rochdale, as shown recently in the BBC reality-based drama Three Girls.
The report made devastating reading. To take just one example, the abuse of a vulnerable 15-year old girl with special needs was facilitated by the school nurse giving her contraception. Her parents were not informed on the grounds that it was “consensual” sexual activity and as a result, the child continued to suffer for years. Our politicians should hang their head in shame but, astonishingly, the Government continues to endorse resources like the Brook Traffic Light aimed at helping schools to identify sexual abuse. Brook instructs schools to view sexual activity between minors aged 13 and over as reflecting “safe and healthy” development as long as it is consensual and that such behaviour should be given “positive feedback”. It is as if the abuse scandals in Rotherham, Rochdale and Oxfordshire abuse scandals had never happened. And now this week, research by myself and Liam Wright of Sheffield University has found that areas which have implemented the biggest cuts to teenage pregnancy projects such as new SRE programmes or birth control clinics for teens have actually seen bigger reductions in early pregnancy than areas which have kept these projects going. Perhaps the natural instincts of parents might be correct after all. Although some people have treated our findings with surprise, there is in fact a wealth of academic evidence that conventional approaches to SRE often have unintended side effects. For example, we know that access to the morning after pill not only does not reduce unwanted pregnancies but, by encouraging teens to take more risks, can increase rates of sexually transmitted infections. In 2009, the BMJ found that teenage participants in one of the most prominent programmes covering sex education and access to contraception were more likely than a control group to get pregnant. This does not mean that schools should not provide SRE. Done well and at the right age, schools can be very helpful in supporting parents to deliver sex education. The devil is in the detail of what information is delivered, by whom and at what age. Given that statutory SRE is coming whether we like it or not, the emphasis must now shift to ensuring that schools get these details right. Catholic schools, the Catholic Education Service and our Bishops all have vital roles to play over the next few years. Catholic schools need to bear in mind some important principles when deciding how to deliver SRE. For example:
- Be completely open and transparent with parents about what you are doing and when: make it easy for parents to look at material and support those parents who prefer to opt their children out and take on the role themselves. - Have a clear and explicit policy that ensures no-one working at the school, including school nurses, will provide or help children access artificial contraception or abortion. - Make sure that children are provided with a positive view of Catholic teaching on sexuality, in all its fullness and without apology. Teaching that sex should be open to life and exclusively reserved to marriage between a man and woman may be counter-cultural but, presented in the right way, young people can find it a refreshing and attractive option. The CES needs to ensure that schools have access to solid programmes of work that are faithful to Church teaching and grounded in Pope John Paul II’s Theology of the Body. The obvious way to go is to adopt existing high-quality schemes from other countries such as the excellent Curriculum for Life in the US. Finally, the bishops need to remember that it is not enough to make sure Catholic Schools are doing the right thing. Many Catholic children attend non-Catholic schools and they rely on the Bishops to stand up in the public square to argue constantly in favour of parents’ inviolable right to be the first educator of their children most especially in the sensitive area of sexuality. | 005_7051288 | {
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1. Cognate words are faylasuf and its plural falasifa. Sa‘id al-Andalusi (d. 1070) gives the following account: “The language of the Greeks (Yunaniyun) is called Greek (ighriqiya). It is one of the richest and most important languages in the world. As to religion, the Greeks are Sabians, that is, worshippers of the stars and idolaters. Their scholars used to be called philosophers (falasifa). Philosopher (faylasuf) means in Greek ‘friend of wisdom’. The Greek philosophers belong to the highest class of human beings and to the greatest scholars, since they showed a genuine interest in all branches of wisdom, mathematics, logic, natural science and metaphyiscs, as well as economics and politics”: trans. Rosenthal (1975), 39. 2. So Nasr (1996a) and (1996b), protesting against those who conceive of Islamic philosophy as “simply an extension of Greek philosophy” (31) and coming to the conclusion that “Islamic philosophy is Islamic not only by virtue of the fact that it was cultivated in the Islamic world by Muslims but because it derives its principles, inspiration and many of the questions with which it has been concerned from the sources of Islamic revelation” (27). According to Nasr, it is “essentially a philosophical hermeneutics of the Sacred Text while making use of the rich philosophical heritage of antiquity” (37). In the same vein of Nasr, see now Jambet (2011). The standard work on the notions of science (‘ilm) and wisdom (hikma) in Islam is Rosenthal (1970). 3. This position is best exemplified by Walzer (1950) and (1970), 23: “Sa naissance a été le résultat de circonstances historiques très spéciales, à savoir la conquête musulmane des provinces intellectuellement plus avancées de l’Empire romain d’Orient d’une part, la situation politique et religieuse au premier siècle du califat abbasside d’autre part. Elle est, de ce fait, l’importation d’une tradition étrangère et elle a dû lutter pour être reconnue et intégrée. […] Cependant, la philosophie grecque n’a pas été imposée aux musulmans, et les traductions furent entreprises parce que les musulmans avaient spontanément décidé d’intégrer à la littérature arabe cet héritage étranger”. See also Rosenthal (1975). 4. This approach is often preferred in the scholarship: see Badawi (1968); an extremely useful monograph by Peters (1968), deals specifically with the translations of Aristotle, and the outstanding Dictionnaire des Philosophes Antiques directed by R. Goulet (CNRS, Paris) deals systematically with the Arabic tradition of the writings of the philosophers listed, often providing an up-to-date account of the new findings. 5. See Endress (2004), 227–28, describing Averroes' exhaltation of Aristotle within the context of the project “to vindicate the work of philosophy (…) as a rule of reason governing all of society. Relying on Aristotle to carry his point through all of the rational sciences, this meant to expound the truth on the basis of all the works of Aristotle which had been transmitted”. A survey of Aristotle's works available in Arabic, following the systematic order of the Aristotelian corpus, is provided by Geoffroy (2011). 6. Together with the grammatical tradition: for instance, the Τέχνη γραμματική by Dionysius Thrax was translated into Syriac within AD 580. See Contini (2001). 7. On the Aristotelian logical tradition in Syriac see Baumstark (1900) and (1905), Furlani (1916); (1922); (1921–22); (1922a); (1922b); (1923a); (1923b); (1928); (1933), and Georr (1948), to be corrected in the light of Brock (1993) and Hugonnard-Roche (2004), 60–62. In addition to Aristotle's logical corpus and to Porphyry's Isagoge, also other works by Porphyry have been translated into Syriac: at least a part of the Philosophical History (see below note 49), and according to Altheim and Stiehl (1962) also parts of the writing Against the Christians. There are Syriac translations also of a Pythagorean collection of sayings ascribed to Pythagoras' wife Theano (see Possekel ) as well as of the so-called ‘Sayings’ of the pseudo-Menander (see Bettiolo 2003); other translations of moral writings include some Plutarch and Themistius: see Brock (2003) and the overview by Hugonnard-Roche (2011), raising the question of the readership of these translations. 8. On the Syriac and Arabic tradition of the De Mundo see the survey by Raven (2003). 9. Endress (2002), 43, referring also to previous literature. 10. Up-to-date survey of Sergius' translations and personal works in Hugonnard-Roche (2004), 125–32. 11. On the Syriac translations of mathematical, astronomical and scientific works in general see Hugonnard-Roche (2001), 36–41; on the translations in the field of logic, see Hugonnard-Roche (2004); on the different stages of the translations from Greek into Syriac and the increasing importance of philosophy with respect to rhetoric, see Hugonnard-Roche (2011); for a survey, see Fiori (2011). In particular on the Syriac versions of Porphyry's Isagoge, see Brock (1993) and Hugonnard-Roche (2012). 12. According to Gutas (2006), 97 “These letters (…) derive primarily from Byzantine manuals of administration and warfare (the Tactica) with accretions from Greek material from the classical and Hellenistic periods, and from so-called Hermetic material deriving from sundry sources”. The pseudo-Aristotelian letters have been edited by Maróth (2006), review by Gutas (2009). 13. Ryan and Schmitt (1982). For an up-to-date status quaestionis see Zonta (2003), 648–51. 14. According to the 12th century historian Sa‘id al-Andalusi, Ibn al-Muqaffa‘ was the first to deal with logic: see Kraus (1934). 15. K. al-Fihrist, 248. 27 Flügel = 309. 9 Tajaddud and 249. 4 Flügel = 309. 14 Tajaddud. This work is extant and edited: Danish Pazuh (1978). The attribution either to Ibn al-Muqaffa‘ or to his son is categorically ruled out by Vallat (2011), 69. Be this as it may, Porphyry's Isagoge was known to some extent even before its translation from Syriac into Arabic by Abu ‘Uthman al-Dimashqi (see below, note 79), because it is echoed by the title of an Epistle by al-Kindi On the Five Predicables, now lost (256. 16 Flügel = 313. 22 Tajaddud). 16. Danish Pazuh (1978), cf. Elamrani Jamal (1989), 510. 17. Brock (1999); this translation might be hinted at in the K. al-Fihrist (249. 18 Flügel = 309. 28 Tajaddud); see Elamrani Jamal (1989), 525 and Gutas (1998), 61. Brock (1999) highlights the role of Aristotelian logic in the inter-faith controversy. The role of Greek philosophy and especially of Aristotelian logic in the formation of Muslim theology (Kalam) is matter of a prolonged debate in scholarship: see Wolfson (1976), van Ess (1976), Frank (1979) and (1992). On Kalam as such see the survey by Griffel (2011); the reference work on the formative period of Muslim theology is van Ess (1991–97). On the attitude of the Muslim theologians toward philosophy see the overview by Kukkonen (2011). 18. See below, note 63. 19. K. al-Fihrist, 244. 5–6 Flügel = 304. 27 Tajaddud (where however Sallam and al-Abrash appear as two people). 20. Gutas (1998), 78–79 outlines his education, which was “imbued with the Zoroastrian Sasanian imperial ideology first applied to the Islamic empire by al-Mansur”, his “reliance on astrology and hence his deep study of the ancient books”, both leading him to view “the ‘Abbasid dynasty as the inheritors of the past empires in the area”. Gutas points also to his way of understanding the leadership, after his return to Baghdad and the conquest of the power, to the cost of the murder of the caliph (and his brother) al-Amin: “al-Ma’mun's new policy was based on an absolutist interpretation of Islam, with the Caliph as the ultimate arbiter of dogma”. See also Cooperson (2005). 21. On this development, see the all-embracing analysis by Endress (1987) and (1992), summarized as follows in Endress (1997a), 44–45: “An element of personal competition and resulting animosity between the intellectual circles of rationalist theologians (…), of traditionists (…) and of the rising community of scientists—the vanguard of intellectual innovation—was the obvious result of the official and semi-official encouragement of the Hellenistic movement. The leaders of the administration furthered and financed translations of scientific (mainly astronomical and mathematical) and medical works on a large scale. Foremost was the ‘Abbasid caliph: the court library founded by Harun al-Rashid was expanded by his son al-Ma’mun and devoted exclusively to the rational sciences with a continuing predominance of astronomy: the Bayt al-hikma. (…) The medium of most of this activity was Arabic: a language in the course of being standardized by normative grammar, and being instrumentalized as the code of communication in a centralized theocratic state”. 22. The scientific nature of the works studied and translated within the context of the Bayt al-hikma is accounted for in detail by Endress (1987), 423–9. See also Di Branco (2012). 23. See, with different emphasis on the scope and nature of the Bayt al-hikma, Balty-Guesdon (1992), Micheau (1997), Gutas (1998), 58–60, and Di Branco (2012). 24. See Endress (1997a) and, on al-Kindi, Adamson (2006) and (2011). 25. Ed. by Abu Rida (1950) and Rashed-Jolivet (1999); English trans. Ivry (1974). 26. K. al-Fihrist, 251. 27–28 Flügel = 312. 14 Tajaddud. On Kindi's role in the creation of the pseudo-Aristotelian texts out of Neoplatonic materials, see D'Ancona (2001), (2011b). 27. The K. al-Fihrist, 246. 15–16 Flügel = 306. 29–307. 1 Tajaddud, claims that the Timaeus had been translated by Ibn al-Bitriq (“the son of the Patrikios”, a Byzantine title: see Endress 1997a, 55), one of the translators whose works bear the typical features of the “circle of al-Kindi”. See on him Dunlop (1959). On the knowledge of the Timaeus in the Arabic-speaking world see the outstanding study by Arnzen (2012). 28. Either the dialogue itself or a doxographical report concerning the speeches about love lies in the background of Kindi's own Epistle The Agreement of the Philosophers regarding the signs of passionate love, which is lost to us, but is quoted by the 9th century physician Ibn Bakhtishu: see Klein-Franke (1973) and Gutas (1988a). 29. The Myth of Er of Republic X, 614 A - 621 D is known to al-Kindi. Various explanations have been advanced for this: see Furlani (1922c), Walzer (1937), Genequand (1987–88) and Endress (1994). The Myth of Gyges of Republic II, 359 D - 360 B features in the Epistles of the Brethren of Purity: see Baffioni (2001); another passage from the Republic has been discovered by Reisman (2004), and paraphrases of selected passages have been found by Arberry (1955). For a general survey on the Arabic Plato see Arnzen (2009), (2011), (2012), and Gutas (2012). 30. It has been copied in the margins of a manuscript housed in Leiden, which is at one and the same time also the only testimony of Averroes' Great Commentary on the Metaphysics and of the other versions of the Arabic Metaphysics. This unique document is available in the outstanding edition and study by Bouyges (1938–48, available also online at http://www.greekintoarabic.eu). For a survey on the translations of Aristotle's Metaphysics see Martin (1989) and Martini Bonadeo (2003), with reference to previous literature. The importance of the Metaphysics in the circle of al-Kindi is apparent not only from Kindi's own works like the First Philosophy (see above, note 25), but also from the Concise Exposition of Aristotle's Metaphysics by the astronomer and mathematician Thabit ibn Qurra (d. 901). A prominent figure of the circle of al-Kindi, Thabit ibn Qurra was deeply involved also in Aristotelian logic and metaphysics, which he interpreted in Neoplatonic vein: see Reisman (2011) and the edition and translation of the Concise Exposition of Aristotle's Metaphysics by Reisman - Bertolacci (2009). 31. Eustathius, in all likelihood of Byzantine origin; he is also credited with the translation of Olympiodorus' commentary on the De Gen. corr. , see below, note 47. 32. Translated by Ibn al-Bitriq: see Endress (1997a), 58. 33. The translation of the Soph. El. into Syriac is attributed to ‘Abd al-Masih ibn Na‘ima al-Himsi: K. al-Fihrist 249. 26–28 Flügel = 310. 9–10 Tajaddud, mentioning also the subsequent translation into Arabic by Ibn Bakus al-‘Ushari; the manuscript of the so-called “Organon of Baghdad” attributes one of the three Arabic translations of the Soph. El. to Ibn Na‘ima: see Hugonnard-Roche (1989), 526–8. 34. As mentioned in the K. al-Fihrist, 250. 28 Flügel = 311. 12 Tajaddud, the De Caelo has been translated by Ibn al-Bitriq. The translation is extant and edited: Badawi (1961); however, the text as it has come down to us is not Ibn al-Bitriq's translation itself, but a revision of it: see Endress (1966) and (1995a), 47–8; Hugonnard-Roche (2003a). 35. Ibn al-Bitriq translated also the Meteorologica. This translation is extant and edited: Schoonheim (2000); see also Schoonheim (2003). 36. The Arabic translation of De Gen. an. (mentioned under the general heading of K. al-Hayawan) is attributed to Ibn al-Bitriq in the K. al-Fihrist, 251. 26 Flügel = 312. 8 Tajaddud; the translation is extant and edited: Brugman - Drossaart Lulofs (1971); see Kruk (2003), 329, who challenges Ibn al-Bitriq's authorship. The translation of the De Part. an. also is attributed to Ibn al-Bitriq under the same heading (K. al-Fihrist, see above in this note); the translation is extant: Kruk (1979); see also Kruk (2003). 37. Daiber (1997), 36–41 and R. E. Hansberger, The Transmission of Aristotle's Parva Naturalia in Arabic (forthcoming). 38. Editio princeps: Dieterici (1882); another edition has been provided by Badawi (1955a). 40. Editio princeps: Bardenhewer (1888); another edition has been provided by Badawi (1955b); for the status quaestionis see D’Ancona-Taylor (2003). 41. K. al-Fihrist, 251. 4 Flügel = 311. 18 Tajaddud; this translation is not extant; for the extant fragments of the later translation by Abu Bishr Matta ibn Yunus see below, note 111. 42. Daiber (1980), 4. On the life and works of Qusta ibn Luqa see Gabrieli (1912). 43. The translator was the Christian ‘Abd al-Masih ibn Na‘ima al-Himsi, allegedly also the translator of the Soph. El. (see above, note 33); he is credited also with the translation of part of the commentary on the Physics by John Philoponus (see below, note 45). 44. See above, note 39. 45. K. al-Fihrist, 250. 18 Flügel = 311. 1 Tajaddud; see Endress (1977), 36–37; Lettinck (1994), 5–6 and Giannakis (2002–3), (2011); see also Hasnaoui (1994). Extracts from the commentary on the Physics are found in the so-called "Physics of Baghdad", a manuscript housed in Leiden which contains the Arabic version of Aristotle's Physics accompanied by notes taken from various commentaries, among which Philoponus'. On the doctrines held in it and witnessed in the "Physics of Baghdad" see Davidson (1979), Zimmermann (1987) and Giannakis (1992). Up-to-date analysis of the primary data and of the bibliography by Gannagé (2012), 518–31, containing also an in-depth account of the influence of Philoponus' physical theories on Muslim thought. 46. On the influence of Philoponus' arguments against eternalism see Davidson (1987), Gannagé (2012), 546–9. 47. K. al-Fihrist, 251. 5 Flügel = 311. 18 Tajaddud; see Rashed (2003), 312. 48. Translated by Qusta ibn Luqa. See Daiber (1980), (1994) and Gutas (1994). For an up-to-date survey on this literature and its circulation see Strohmaier (2011). The link between the atomistic views held by Mu‘tazilite theology and Greek atomism was in all likelihood the doxographical literature on the ancient physical doctrines; however, the details of this transmission are matter of debate: see Pines (1936), Baffioni (1982), Dhanani (1994) and Sabra (2006); see also the overview by Baffioni (2011). 49. Rudolph (1989). On the doxographical and gnomological literature see Rosenthal (1937) and (1941), Gutas (1975) and (1981), Daiber (1994), De Smet (1998), Cottrell (2008) and, for an overview of the problems, D'Ancona (2011c), 1059. On the Siwan al-hikma (Repository of Wisdom), one of the most important pieces of the doxographical literature in Arabic, see Al-Qadi (1981). In recent scholarship Ammonius son of Hermeias, the Neoplatonic commentator of Aristotle active in 6th century Alexandria, has been credited with decisive influence on Arabic philosophy (especially al-Farabi and Avicenna) on two counts: the doctrine of the harmony between Plato and Aristotle, and the understanding of the scope of Aristotle's Metaphysics: see Wisnowsly (2003), 21–141 and Bertolacci (2006), 65–95. In the entry on Aristotle, the K. al-Fihrist mentions Ammonius' commentaries on the Categories (248. 21 Flügel = 309. 5 Tajaddud) and on the Topics (249. 24–25 Flügel = 310. 7 Tajaddud); in the entry on Ammonius, three writings by him are mentioned, which lie in the background of the influence attributed to him in the studies mentioned above. For a note of caution, one may see D'Ancona (2008). 50. Bergsträsser (1925) and (1932). Up-to-date account of Galen's works in the Arabic-speaking world by Boudon (2000), 458–60. For an overview of the Arabic circulation of the textbooks of medical instruction in Greek (mostly based on Galen), see Biesterfeldt (2011a); for a survey on medicine and philosophy in the Arabic-speaking world, see Biesterfeldt (2011b). 51. K. al-Fihrist, 246. 15–16 Flügel = 306. 29–307. 1 Tajaddud. On the knowledge of Plato in the Arabic-speaking world see Rosenthal (1940), Walzer (1960), Klein-Franke (1973), Gutas (2012), Arnzen (2012). 52. K. al-Fihrist, 246. 5–6 Flügel = 306. 20 Tajaddud.
53. K. al-Fihrist, 246. 5 Flügel = 306. 20 Tajaddud.
54. K. al-Fihrist, 246. 11–12 Flügel = 306. 25–26 Tajaddud.
55. K. al-Fihrist, 248. 20 Flügel = 309. 4 Tajaddud. However, the manuscript which contains the translation attributes it to Ishaq; see Hugonnard-Roche (1993). The translation is extant and edited: Badawi (1980); see Elamrani-Jamal (1989), 510–12. 56. K. al-Fihrist, 249. 1 Flügel = 309. 12 Tajaddud. The translation is extant and edited: Badawi (1980); see Hugonnard-Roche (1989), 513–15. 57. K. al-Fihrist, 249. 6 Flügel = 309. 17 Tajaddud; this Tayadurus has been identified with Tadhari ibn Basil Akhi Istifan, a translator of the circle of Hunayn: see Lameer (1994), 4. The Arabic translation is extant: Badawi (1980); see Hugonnard-Roche (1989), 516–20. 58. K. al-Fihrist, 249. 11–12 Flügel = 309. 23 Tajaddud; see Hugonnard-Roche (1989), 520–1 and Elamrani-Jamal (1989), 521–4. This translation, lost to us, provided the basis for the Arabic version by Abu Bishr Matta ibn Yunus (see below, note 94). 59. K. al-Fihrist, 249. 15 Flügel = 309. 27 Tajaddud. Later on (249. 24–25 Flügel = 310. 7 Tajaddud) we are told that Ishaq translated "what Ammonius and Alexander have commented upon": see Hugonnard-Roche (1989), 524 and Elamrani Jamal (1989), 525. A translation into Arabic of the Syriac version was made by Yahya ibn ‘Adi (see below, note 102). 60. On this physician and translator see Endress (1995b). 61. K. al-Fihrist, 249. 16 Flügel = 309. 27–28 Tajaddud. The translation is extant: Badawi (1980); see Hugonnard-Roche (1989), 524 and Elamrani Jamal (1989), 525. 62. K. al-Fihrist, 250. 1 Flügel = 310. 13 Tajaddud; a translation by Ibrahim ibn ‘Abd Allah is also recorded (250. 2 Flügel = 310. 13 Tajaddud). 63. Lyons (1982); see Aouad (1989c), 455–9 and Watt-Aouad (2003), 219–23; see also above, note 18 and below, note 105. 64. As witnessed in the manuscript Leiden, Bibl. der Rijksuniversiteit, or. 583, which contains the translation (edited: Badawi 1984); a translation, perhaps only of books IV–V, is attributed to Abu ‘Uthman al-Dimashqi in the K. al-Fihrist, 250. 14 Flügel = 310. 25 Tajaddud. See Lettinck (1994), 3–6 and (2002); Giannakis (2003). 65. K. al-Fihrist, 250. 28–29 Flügel = 311. 12 Tajaddud); see Hugonnard-Roche (2003), 284–86. 66. K. al-Fihrist, 251. 3 Flügel = 311. 17 Tajaddud.
67. There are hints that it was Ishaq's translation which was translated into Latin by Gerard of Cremona in the 12th century: see Serra (1973) and (1997); Rashed (2003), 304–5. 68. K. al-Fihrist, 251. 11–18 Flügel = 311. 24–312. 3 Tajaddud. An Arabic translation of the De Anima is edited: Badawi (1954) and Al-Ahwani (1962); see Ivry (2001) and Elamrani Jamal (2003), 346–58. 69. K. al-Fihrist, 251. 26 Flügel = 312. 12 Tajaddud. Books Alpha Meizon, Gamma, Theta and Iota of this translation have come down to us thanks to Averroes' Great Commentary; for this translation and the other translations of separate books of the Metaphysics (especially Lambda), see Martin (1989), 531–32 and Martini Bonadeo (2003), 262. 70. K. al-Fihrist, 252. 2 Flügel = 312. 19 Tajaddud; the translation is edited: Badawi (1978); see Zonta (2003), 192–3. 71. Partly available to us through an ethical treatise by Miskawayh (d. 1030): see Cacouros (2003), 511–13 and 537–42. 72. K. al-Fihrist, 252. 5–11 Flügel = 312. 21–26 Tajaddud. For the discussion of the authorship of the translation see Alon (1985) and Gutas (2010), 84–9. The De Causis plantarum and in part the De Sensu et sensato were translated by Ibn Bakkus, one of the translators associated with Hunayn's circle. On the Arabic tradition of Theophrastus' works see Daiber (1985), Gutas (1985), (1992), (2010), Crubellier (1992); on the indirect knowledge of Theophrastus through Themistius' paraphrases, see Gutas (1999). 73. Drossaart-Lulofs (1965). See below, note 109, for the testimony about the Arabic version from this Syriac translation. 74. Kraus-Walzer (1951); on the authorship of the translation, which is attributed to Hunayn ibn Ishaq in the manuscript sources, see ibid. , 18–21. 75. K. al-Fihrist, 251. 28 Flügel = 312. 14–15 Tajaddud (it is not clear if this information refers to Book Lambda itself or to Alexander's commentary on it); this version is lost to us. 76. The Arabic version is lost, but the Hebrew version, which has come down to us, mentions Ishaq ibn Hunayn as the translator into Arabic. See Gätje (1971), 69–70. 77. Edited by Genequand (2001); see above, note 9. 78. Or to Ibrahim ibn ‘Abdallah al-Nasrani al-Katib (see Genequand 2001, 31–39), mentioned in the sources as one of the translators of the Topics.
79. The translation is extant: see Al-Ahwani (1952), Badawi (1952, 2nd ed. 1980), 1021–68 (edition 1952), 1055–104 (edition 1980). It has been made out of the Syriac version of Athanasius of Balad (d. 687): see Gyekye (1979), 16. On the Syriac versions of the Isagoge, as well as on its circulation in Kindi's times, see above, note 15; for a survey on the Arabic Porphyry, one may see D'Ancona (2011c); much more detailed is the all-embracing entry by Hugonnard-Roche (2012); on the Isagoge, both Syriac and Arabic, 1450–60. 80. K. al-Fihrist, 252. 15 Flügel = 313. 23 Tajaddud. This work is lost in Greek, but was known to Boethius.
81. K. al-Fihrist, 248. 20 Flügel = 309. 4 Tajaddud.
82. On this scholar (a pupil of Yahya ibn ‘Adi: see below, notes 109, 110) as well as on his “edition”, see Hugonnard-Roche (1993) and Martini Bonadeo (2011c). 83. K. al-Fihrist, 250. 21–22 Flügel = 311. 6–7 Tajaddud. This translation has not come down to us, but Porphyry's commentary was known to some extent (and in all likelihood indirectly) to the Arab readers: an opinion held by Porphyry "in the second treatise of the Physics" is recorded by Abu Bakr al-Razi (the Rhazes of the Latin Middle Ages): see Brown (1972), Genequand (1984), Adamson (2007). 84. K. al-Fihrist, 252. 2 Flügel = 312. 18 Tajaddud; see Zonta (2003), 192–94. This commentary was known to some extent: al-Farabi and al-‘Amiri refer to it (see Martini Bonadeo 2008, 56. 13, 170, and Ghorab 1972)
85. Edited by Daiber (1995). On the span of time of the translation see Daiber (1995), 15. 86. K. al-Fihrist, 251. 12 Flügel = 311. 25 Tajaddud. Edition: Lyons (1973); see Elamrani Jamal (2003), 352–3 and Coda (2011), 1262. On the Syriac, Arabic, and Hebrew versions of Themistius' works see Coda (2011), with up-to-date bibliography also on the works lost in Greek, like the Treatise in Response to Maxim on the reduction of the second and third figures of the syllogism to the first figure. 87. Incomplete (only nine arguments), but containing the first argument, which is lost in Greek: see Anawati (1956), Endress (1973), 15–16 and (2012), 1657–61. This translation is extant and edited: Badawi (1955), 32–42. 88. Lost in Greek, albeit doxographically preserved by Simplicius: see Wildberg (1987). 89. It seems to be unknown to al-Kindi, whereas al-Farabi (d. 950) has written a treatise against it: see Kraemer (1965); Mahdi (1967) and (1972). Up-to-date bibliography in Gannagé (2012), 537–50. Another writing by Philoponus on the createdness of the universe is extant in Arabic: see Pines (1972) and Troupeau (1984). An analysis of the intricacies of this textual tradition has been provided by Gannagé (2012), 550–2. According to the bio-bibliographical sources, Philoponus' commentaries on the Categories, De Interpretatione, An. Pr., An. Po., Topics, and Porphyry's Isagoge were translated into Arabic; since they are lost (although attested in various ways), and since there is no mention of the translators, it is not easy to determine when they became available to the Arab readership; also from this viewpoint Gannagé (2012), 511–18 is an accurate and clear source of information. 90. See Endress (1997b). On the reception of this model in al-Farabi and in Avicenna see Reisman (2005), Gutas (2005), Bertolacci (2006). It has been advanced by Gutas (1998b), 242–52, followed by Bertolacci (2006), 149–211, that al-Farabi counts as a turning point in the Arab reception of Greek metaphysics, in so far as the latter, at variance with al-Kindi, realized that metaphysics does not collapse with rational theology. For another account of the divide between al-Kindi and al-Farabi see Puig Montada (2011), pointing he too to the attitudes of these two philosophers towards Mu‘tazilite Kalam, but with a different emphasis. While Gutas and Bertolacci see the divide between al-Kindi and al-Farabi in that the latter was aware of the distinction between ontology and theology, Puig Montada highlights the difference between the two cosmological models: al-Kindi sides with creation in time, a basic issue of Mu‘tazilite Kalam, and al-Farabi decides in favor of emanationism. 91. On the cosmopolitan atmosphere of the circle animated by Yahya ibn ‘Adi and his successor Abu Sulayman al-Sijistani see Kraemer (1992), outlining as follows the membership and main features of this group: “The chief architects of this philosophic humanism in our period were the Christian philosophers Yahya b. ‘Adi and his immediate disciples. They divide into two groups. The first—Ibn ‘Adi's Christian pupils—continued the (predominantly Christian) tradition of meticulous textual editing, translating and commenting, which goes back to Hunayn b. Ishaq and his school (…). The second group of disciples were Muslim scholars (…) in the circles of Yahya b. ‘Adi and of his pupil Abu Sulayman al-Sijistani, and in the general ambiance of the time, Muslims, Christians, Jews, Sabians, and Mazdaeans communed in the study of the ancients—united by what Werner Jaeger once called ‘the ecumenical power of antiquity’. ” (Kraemer , 6–7). On Yahya ibn ‘Adi see below note 101. 92. The ancient sources record an argument he had in the year 938, about the possibility to translate the Greek sources into Arabic, with the grammarian Abu Sa‘id al-Sirafi: the latter was arguing against the reasonableness of such an enterprise, and did not refrain from remarking that Matta, in addition, was translating from Syriac instead of from Greek. See Endress (1986). 93. K. al-Fihrist, 246. 5 Flügel = 306. 20 Tajaddud. For more details see Gutas (2012), 852–3. 94. K. al-Fihrist, 249. 12 Flügel = 309. 23 Tajaddud; see Elamrani Jamal (1989), 522. Another Arabic version of an unknowk author lies in the background of Averroes' Middle Commentary on the An. Po., as shown by Minio Paluello (1951); Hugonnard-Roche (1999) has convincingly argued that this version is later than Abu Bishr Matta's one and counts as a reworking of it, possibly influenced by Themistius' paraphrase of the An. Po.. 95. K. al-Fihrist, 250. 4 Flügel = 310. 16 Tajaddud. The translation is extant: Tkatsch (1928–32); see Schrier (1997) and Hugonnard-Roche (2003c), 208–10. 96. K. al-Fihrist, 249. 21 Flügel = 312. 9 Tajaddud; see Hugonnard-Roche (1989), 527. For a survey on Aristotle's logical works and their circulation in the Arabic-speaking world see El-Rouayheb (2011). 97. K. al-Fihrist, 250. 29 Flügel = 311. 12 Tajaddud; see Hugonnard-Roche (2003 a), 284. 98. K. al-Fihrist, 251. 4 Flügel = 311. 18 Tajaddud; see Rashed (2003), 305. 99. K. al-Fihrist, 251. 20 Flügel = 312. 2 Tajaddud; see Hasnaoui (1996) and Di Martino (2003), 375–78. 100. K. al-Fihrist, 251. 28 Flügel = 312. 14–15 Tajaddud: see above, note 75, for the (lost) translation into Syriac attributed to Hunayn ibn Ishaq; the Arabic translation is lost too, but some quotations appear in Averroes' Great Commentary, as mentioned in the main text by note 75; for further details see Martin (1989), 532 and Martini Bonadeo (2003), 263. 101. On Yahya ibn ‘Adi's biography and work see Endress (1977), Platti (1983), and Martini Bonadeo (2011e); for an overview of his translations, see also Kraemer (1992), 108–10. 102. K. al-Fihrist, 251. 15–16 Flügel = 309. 27 Tajaddud; see Hugonnard-Roche (1989), 524 and Elamrani Jamal (1989), 225. 103. K. al-Fihrist, 249. 27 Flügel = 310. 9 Tajaddud); see Hugonnard-Roche (1989), 527. 104. K. al-Fihrist, 250. 4–5 Flügel = 310. 16 Tajaddud; see Hugonnard-Roche (2003c), 211. 105. Lyons (1982), xxiii-xxiv; see Stern (1956), Aouad (1989c), 457, and Martini Bonadeo (2011b). On the influence of the Rhetoric on Arabic philosophical thought see Black (1990). 106. On this physician, theologian and commentator of Aristotle's corpus see Ferrari (2006). 107. K. al-Fihrist, 252. 11 Flügel = 312. 26 Tajaddud; see Gutas (2010), 84–5. 108. See above, note 73. 109. K. al-Fihrist, 264. 26 Flügel = 323. 7–8 Tajaddud: see Drossaart Lulofs (1965), 10 and 39. The Arabic translation survives only in the fragments quoted by Averroes' in his Great Commentary on the Metaphysics: see Freudenthal (1885), 126–27. On Ibn Zur‘a see Martini Bonadeo (2011d). 110. K. al-Fihrist, 254. 1–4 Flügel = 314. 9–12 Tajaddud: see Drossaart Lulofs (1965), 13 and 39. 111. K. al-Fihrist, 251. 4 Flügel = 311. 18 Tajaddud. See the English translation of the remnants of the Arabic version by Gannagé (2005); cf. also Fazzo (2003), 63 and Rashed (2003), 312–14. 112. Mentioned in the K. al-Fihrist, 251. 9 Flügel = 311. 22 Tajaddud; see Endress (1977), 25–26. 113. The translation by Abu Bishr Matta was corrected by Yahya ibn ‘Adi: see Goulet-Aouad (1989), 130 and Hugonnard-Roche (2003), 287. 114. Translated into French by Thillet (2003). 115. K. al-Fihrist, 250. 22–23 Flügel = 311. 7 Tajaddud; see Coda (2011), 1262. 116. Lettinck (1994), 4: “The Leiden MS which contains Ishaq's translation is the outcome of the study of the Physics in the Baghdad school of Yahya ibn ‘Adi (d. 973) and his pupil Abu ‘Ali ibn as-Samh (d. 1027). Besides the Arabic text of the Physics it contains commentaries by Ibn as-Samh, Yahya ibn ‘Adi, Yahya's teacher Abu Bishr Matta ibn Yunus (d. 940), and Abu l-Faraj ibn at-Tayyib (d. 1044). In addition a few comments of Alexander and Themistius are quoted, as well as some phrases from the translations of Qusta and ad-Dimashqi. Many comments in Books III–VII are preceded by the name ‘Yahya’; they appear to be a summary or paraphrase of Philoponus' commentary. (…) The editor of the text in the Leiden MS was Abu l-Husayn al-Basri (d. 1044), a pupil of Ibn as-Samh”. See also Giannakis (1993) and (1995–96); up-to-date survey by Gannagé (2012), 518–21. 117. This paraphrasis is mentioned in the K. al-Fihrist, 250. 30 Flügel = 311. 13 Tajaddud: it has been translated by Abu Bishr Matta and corrected by Yahya ibn ‘Adi. The Arabic version is lost; its Hebrew translation is extant and has been edited, together with the Latin version: Landauer (1902); see Hugonnard-Roche (2003a), 287; Coda (2011), 1263, and Coda (2012). An Arabic version was made also of Themistius' paraphrasis of the An. Post.: it is lost, but the Latin translation made from Arabic is extant: see Hugonnard-Roche (1989), 52, Coda (2011), 1261–2. 118. Paraphrasis of the An. Po.: K. al-Fihrist, 249. 13 Flügel = 309. 24 Tajaddud: this text is lost, but was known to Averroes: see Hugonnard-Roche (1999). Paraphrasis of Metaphysics Lambda: K. al-Fihrist, 251. 29–30 Flügel = 312. 15–16 Tajaddud. The text is extant and translated into French: see Brague (1999). On its importance in shaping the subsequent interpretations of Aristotle's philosophical theology see Pines (1987). A more complicated issue is that of Themistius' work on the Topics, whose Arabic translation is lost, but has been widely quoted (chiefly by Averroes). It is mentioned in the K. al-Fihrist twice, namely in the entry on Aristotle apropos the Topics (24923 Flügel = 310. 6 Tajaddud) and in thet on Abu Bishr Matta (246. 1 Flügel = 322. 15 Tajaddud). It has been advanced by Hasnawi (2007) that the two passages may point to different works; on Averroes' quotations, see Gutas (1999); for an overview with up-to-date bibliography, see Coda (2011), 1261–3. 119. K. al-Fihrist, 248. 21 Flügel = 309. 5 Tajaddud; see Zimmermann (1981), cii n. 1. 120. K. al-Fihrist, 251. 8 Flügel = 311. 22 Tajaddud. The commentary was translated by Abu Bishr Matta and annotated by Abu ‘Amr al-Tabari: see Hasnaoui (1996), 41–2. It is lost to us; for an epitome of the Meteorologica attributed to Olympiodorus see above, note 90 and Badawi (1971), 95–190. 121. K. al-Fihrist, 251. 5 Flügel = 311. 18 Tajaddud: see Rashed (2003), 312. 122. K. al-Fihrist, 251. 13–14 Flügel = 311. 26 Tajaddud: see Elamrani Jamal (2003), 354. 123. K. al-Fihrist, 248. 21 Flügel = 309. 4 Tajaddud.
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This book is licensed under a Creative Commons by-nc-sa 3. 0 license. See the license for more details, but that basically means you can share this book as long as you credit the author (but see below), don't make money from it, and do make it available to everyone else under the same terms. This content was accessible as of December 29, 2012, and it was downloaded then by Andy Schmitz in an effort to preserve the availability of this book. Normally, the author and publisher would be credited here. However, the publisher has asked for the customary Creative Commons attribution to the original publisher, authors, title, and book URI to be removed. Additionally, per the publisher's request, their name has been removed in some passages. More information is available on this project's attribution page. For more information on the source of this book, or why it is available for free, please see the project's home page. You can browse or download additional books there. To download a . zip file containing this book to use offline, simply click here. In this chapter we examined the role of net exports in the economy. We found that export and import demand are influenced by many different factors, the most important being domestic and foreign income levels, changes in relative prices, the exchange rate, and preferences and technology. An increase in net exports shifts the aggregate demand curve to the right; a reduction shifts it to the left. In the foreign exchange market, the equilibrium exchange rate is determined by the intersection of the demand and supply curves for a currency. Given the ease with which most currencies can be traded, we can assume this equilibrium is achieved, so that the quantity of a currency demanded equals the quantity supplied. An economy can experience current account surpluses or deficits. The balance on current account equals the negative of the balance on capital account. We saw that one reason for the current account deficit in the United States is the U.S. capital account surplus; the United States has attracted a great deal of foreign financial investment. The chapter closed with an examination of floating and fixed exchange rate systems. Fixed exchange rate systems include commodity-based systems and fixed rates that are maintained through intervention. Exchange rate systems have moved from a gold standard, to a system of fixed rates with intervention, to a mixed set of arrangements of floating and fixed exchange rates. The following analysis appeared in a newspaper editorial:
“If foreigners own our businesses and land, that’s one thing, but when they own billions in U.S. bonds, that’s another. We don’t care who owns the businesses, but our grandchildren will have to put up with a lower standard of living because of the interest payments sent overseas. Therefore, we must reduce our trade deficit. ”
Critically analyze this editorial view. Are the basic premises correct? The conclusion? For each of the following scenarios, determine whether the aggregate demand curve will shift. If so, in which direction will it shift and by how much? Fill in the missing items in the table below. All figures are in U.S. billions of dollars. |U.S. exports||U.S. imports||Domestic purchases of foreign assets||Rest-of-world purchases of U.S. assets|
Suppose the market for a country’s currency is in equilibrium and that its exports equal $700 billion, its purchases of rest-of-world assets equal $1,000 billion, and foreign purchases of its assets equal $1,200 billion. Assuming it has no international transfer payments and that output is measured as GNP:
Suppose that the market for a country’s currency is in equilibrium and that its exports equal $400, its imports equal $500 billion, and rest-of-world purchases of the country’s assets equal $100. Assuming it has no international transfer payments and that output is measured as GNP:
The information below describes the trade-weighted exchange rate for the dollar (standardized at a value of 100) and net exports (in billions of dollars) for an eight-month period. |Month||Trade-weighted exchange rate||Net exports|
The graph below shows the foreign exchange market between the United States and Japan before and after an increase in the demand for Japanese goods by U.S. consumers. | 012_6526930 | {
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news has timeliness and preciseness. if you understand the precautions of news translation, you can do a better job in news translation. what should we pay attention to when we share news translation? 1、 literal or basic literal translation of news headlines. literal translation and free translation, which is right or wrong, have been debated in the field of translation in china. however, whether literal translation or free translation, faithfulness to the original content should be given priority. 2、 add explanatory words to the translation. english newspaper headlines often cater to the reading habits of their own readers, and because of their different thinking habits and chinese people, english news headlines have different ways of expression. therefore, in the process of translation, it is necessary to fully consider the principles of internal and external differences and the reading psychology of chinese readers, and make necessary modifications to the relevant information, cultural background knowledge that chinese people may not be familiar with and the expressions that do not conform to the reading habits of domestic readers. the deletion will be deleted while the addition will be added. 3、 try to reproduce the rhetorical features of the original text. many news headlines not only attract people's attention for their conciseness and conciseness, but also effectively convey some subtle implicit information by using various rhetorical skills, which makes readers enjoy the beauty of meaning, sound and form. therefore, in translation, the rhetorical features of the original should be embodied as much as possible, such as pun, metaphor, rhyme, etc. , so as to make the translation and the original basically coincide in rhetoric, so that the target readers can get almost the same feelings as the original readers. 4、 translation trade-offs are used. sometimes, when some english titles are difficult to express their subtle meanings in chinese due to rhetoric, cultural and linguistic differences, it is advisable to translate appropriate chinese titles according to the literal meaning of english titles and news content. according to the characteristics of chinese and chinese news headlines, different grammatical and rhetorical means can be used to achieve the best results. | 012_6785438 | {
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As a 3D printing writer, I frequently remind people of the importance of filament development. Why? Because many of us are in agreement that while advances in flexibility or strength are great, for example, we want 3D printing to move in the direction of being ecologically sustainable too. Filament is the stuff that stuff is made of, so it is one very important area for 3D printing to show its commitment to putting more of this stuff back in the ground, ultimately, and less in the overflowing landfills. If you are with me on sustainable 3D printing development, you’ll probably be as excited as I am about this new Kickstarter project: BioInspiration’s flexible, compostable, resilient 3D printer filament. We took a look at WillowFlex back in July, but now that the Kickstarter campaign is picking up steam, we’re happy to be taking a closer look at this product. The name of this new organic filament is WillowFlex, and Berlin-based BioInspiration describes it as “a step into the Organic Material Evolution – access to materials and process that follow nature’s lead – compostable, upcyclable, harmless, innovative, resilient. ” The base component is an odor-free, non-GMO corn starch that is made into a “compostable elastometric bioplastic. ”
It reportedly has a biodegradation level of 90% over 6 months, but certain conditions must be met regarding moisture, microbes, heat and oxygen. What this means is that your 3D printed WillowFlex camping dishware won’t just disintegrate over time; but if you want to “throw” it back to earth — you have that option. BioInspiration takes its commitment to WillowFlex’s compostability seriously, and it is certified in the EU and the US at Industrial Level Composting. This means that WillowFlex prints won’t decompose as quickly as your own garden compost, but it will eventually. The company has also made the compostability standards and testing of its product available on its website here. Another feature of the filament is that it is heat resistant, and maintains integrity above 100 C. So you can print a tea cup made from WillowFlex to drink hot tea. It’s also cold resistant, so you can make ice cube trays with it. It’s also very flexible. Flexibility is one of the qualities that BioInspiration describes as the wave of filament future for so many 3D printed items: clothes, shoes, adult toys,dishware, eye glass frames, etc. Why not? Obviously this makes sense for so many 3D printed everyday items. I personally want shoes made from this material! Imagine the possibilities with this kind of filament! Brian Crotty, CEO and Thorsten Perl, CVO of BioInspiration sure have. The company’s Kickstarter campaign has 15 more days and is just shy of its €8,450 (about $9,152 USD) goal. $28 USD will get you a 300g spool and $44 a 500g spool of the filament, due to be delivered in October of this year. Also, if you back the project you will have voting rights to choose the last 5 of WillowFlex’s colors — making this filament available in 10 colors overall! You can support this great idea by going to the Kickstarter page and watching the video to help spread the word. Let us know if you’ve backed this product and your thoughts on the company in the WillowFlex forum thread on 3DPB. com. | 006_4459783 | {
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1. Antarctic ice melt studies
A recent study by Abram et al showed that the ice on the Antarctic peninsula was melting about 10 times faster than it was 600 years ago, concluding that further melting was particularly sensitive to temperature increases. The headline and the text of this story perhaps gave the impression that the whole continent was ready to go. A more sober assessment was found at The Carbon Brief where the study was linked with another study by Steig et al that finds recent changes in the West Antarctica ice sheet “cannot be distinguished from decadal variability that originates in the tropics. ”
Nevertheless Antarctica overall is losing mass (see also here). Antarctica contributed strongly to sea level rise during the Eemian and the Andrill study showed that “the West Antarctic ice sheet has collapsed and regrown over 60 times in the past few million years”. Any complacency would be misplaced. 2. New review of ice sheet studies
The Carbon Brief has also posted on a new major review of the latest research on ice sheets. The last IPCC report (AR4) relied on about 10 years worth of reliable sea level data, from 1993 and 2003. Greenland and Antarctica together were found to be raising sea levels by about 0. 42 mm per year. That has now doubled to about 0. 82mm per year. So while we are still dealing with short time periods, a clear acceleration is in evidence. 3. Skeptical bloopers
The Carbon Brief reckons that once about every six months David Rose runs an article saying global warming has stopped. Here’s their post of October 2012. Then they lined up six top rebuttals of the week, and a reader contributed a seventh by Tamino.
Elsewhere in case you missed it Andrew Glikson debunks the notion that CFCs are responsible for global warming. 4. Garnaut recommends 17% target
Dr Jenny Riesz of the University of NSW reports on Garnaut’s recommendation to the Climate Change Authority which is currently deliberating on the Caps and Targets Review. He favours a 17% target by 2020 to put us in line with the US, Canada and other major economies. At the Cancun United Nations negotiations in 2010, President Obama committed the USA to an emissions reduction target of -17% by 2020 (below 2005 levels). This has been somewhat ignored in Australia’s carbon targets debate, because policy to implement a national carbon pricing scheme to achieve this target was filibustered by the US Senate.
However, the USA remains committed to this target, both in spirit, and in writing with the UNFCCC. Canada has promised to match the USA. He suggests that the EU has found it much easier to meet their targets than originally anticipated, which is a typical experience. This, he says, is in part why their carbon price has collapsed. Garnaut points out that:
the biggest change of all is coming from China, in terms of quantity of emissions reduction from business as usual. They have set truly ambitious targets, and are meeting them through a wide range of activities, including substantial structural change in the Chinese economy. These actions are driven by a wide range of objectives, including environmental drivers, desire for expansion of the role of services in the economy, and desire for more equitable income distribution. 5. Carbon trading schemes
In the last CC thread Jumpy linked to a Parliamentary Library paper Countries trading greenhouse gas emissions. Over the last three years, the global carbon market has more than doubled in volume but almost halved in value. In that time a further eight countries, states or cities have adopted a carbon market as their primary means for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Yet the price for one tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent has dropped by as much as 100 per cent in some markets. That last sentence looks like an oops! A 100% drop gives you nothing! 6. Floods in Central Europe
Dramatic floods have spread over central Europe.
The New Scientist reports caution about a link with climate change:
While it is premature to pin the heavy rainfall on climate change, it could be partly to blame, says Stéphane Isoard of the European Environment Agency in Copenhagen, Denmark. But he says bad land management is just as important. Nevertheless wetter weather is predicted by climate change, making more floods inevitable. Deutsche Welle goes into more detail, saying that while individual events can’t necessarily be linked to climate change, they’ve had once in a century floods now in the 1990s, in 2002 and now in 2013. We’ll have to expect more and prepare accordingly. They make reference to Stefan Rahmstorf’s blog (which is auf Deutsch), but this paper is in English. On a quick look I think he’s saying they have found a mechanism linking floods, droughts and heat waves to climate change and if they are right expect more. And, yes they need money for research of the kind expended on the Higgs boson. 7. Interest grows in the Arctic
Now that the Arctic is increasingly becoming trafficable during the summer many countries are becoming interested. The politics of who sits where at the Arctic Council is complex, but China, Japan, South Korea, Singapore, India and Italy have now been admitted as permanent observers. According to the New Scientist China is the one to watch. They’re interested in the Arctic as a shipping route, but also in fish and oil. “It’s fair to say China will drive development of Arctic resources,” says Malte Humpert of the Arctic Institute in Washington DC. The Arctic is fragile so we hope they take care. 8. US and China agree to cooperate on phasing out HFCs
From the White House brief:
For the first time, the United States and China will work together and with other countries to use the expertise and institutions of the Montreal Protocol to phase down the consumption and production of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), among other forms of multilateral cooperation. A global phase down of HFCs could potentially reduce some 90 gigatons of CO2 equivalent by 2050, equal to roughly two years worth of current global greenhouse gas emissions. William S. Becker explains that China had always wanted to consider the issue in the context of the current round of climate talks, which would delay action, whereas the Montreal Protocol already exists. HFCs were introduced as an alternative to chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) which were destroying the ozone layer. Unfortunately HFCs have a greenhouse effect like CO2. To provide further context HFCs amount to about 2% of GHG emissions, as shown on this wondrous flowchart. | 005_7006754 | {
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Pull out grandma’s spoons or take engineering trip to matlab local flea marketplace for engineering sample. Label paper with matlab baby’s name. If you do not mind engineering mess, let matlab kids take one another’s prints. But in case you have nice fabric within sight, let engineering figure help. Starting with matlab pinky finger engineering matlab left hand, press hands into ink then contact to matlab paper. Experts roll each finger from left to correct to get engineering more thorough print. Learning initiatives can also be labeled alongside different dimensions. One important dimension is matlab distinction between supervised and unsupervised studying. In supervised learning engineering category label for every pattern in matlab schooling set is supplied. The trained device will then generalize to new data samples. In unsupervised learning , on matlab different hand, education data has not been labeled, and matlab device paperwork clusters or natural grouping of enter patterns in accordance with some kind of degree of similarity and matlab can then be used to examine matlab accurate output significance for brand new data instances. The first category is known as sample classification and matlab second one as clustering. | 009_1149810 | {
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The students will not be required to do one for every text that they read initially (I may assign one response for each text type per week). The children are asked to name the characters and traits as well as the setting, problem, and solution (eventually, I would like to add another response log for poetry) there is also a task where they will describe a connection, prediction, visualization, question, or inference that they made. I will be conferencing and tracking the strategies that they used. This will help me keep track of what technique that they may not be as familiar with and conference with him or her to attempt other strategies. On the informational text portion students will describe the main idea and details, summarize, list new words learned as well as any new information that they gained from reading the text. Finally, there is a teacher conference line for dates, suggestion, and notes. I hope that you find this log helpful. Please feel free to download and comment. | 010_5081225 | {
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Unformatted text preview: AP Biology: Cellular AP Biology: Cellular Respiration & Fermentation
Chapter 9 Energy Flows Sun to heat Chemicals Cycle How can cells “unlock” the energy How can cells “unlock” the energy stored in glucose? All breakdown of glucose starts with a universal process: GLYCOLYSIS
No O2 required
2 phases (10 steps) Energy investment (use 2 ATP) Energy payoff 4 ATP made by substratelevel phosphorylation 2 NADH made GLYCOLYSIS
GLYCOLYSIS Glycolysis animation Energy
Investment Phase EnergyPayoff Phase
EnergyPayoff Phase End of energy payoff phase
End of energy payoff phase Cellular Respiration & Cellular Respiration & Fermentation are Catabolic Processes – Both start with glycolysis Purpose: to regenerate ATP from ADP + P
Energy rich molec > simpler molec + stored energy+ heat
Fermentation: anaerobic Cellular respiration: Aerobic Complex org cpd + O2 > CO2 + H2O + ATP + heat What is used in cellular respiration? What is used in cellular respiration? Carbs, fats, proteins can be used
Start by considering the oxidation of glucose Exergonic ΔG = 686 kcal/mol
oxidation C6H12O6 + 6O2 > 6CO2 + 6H2O
Reduction How do electrons “fall” from glucose How do electrons “fall” from glucose to oxygen? Glucose to NAD+ using dehydrogenase H – C – OH + NAD+ > C=O + NADH + H+ NAD+ to an ETC
ETC to oxygen HW Challenge problem
HW Challenge problem Based on the basic chemistry of food, explain how the energy content of food compares in the major classes of organic molecules. Carbs, Lipids, Proteins. Steps of Cellular Respiration
Steps of Cellular Respiration
STEP LOCATION 1. Glycolysis Cytoplasm
2. Krebs Cycle
3. ETC MAIN EVENTS Glucose (6C) split to pyruvate (3C)
On the way into Pyruvate (3C) to CO2 mitochondria
and acetyl CoA (2C)
Matrix of Acetyl CoA (2C) to mitochondria
Inner Electrons collected membrane of from past steps used to mitochondria
make ATP via Highlight on the Highlight on the start of glycolysis
Occurs shortly after glucose enters cell; charge traps glucose inside
Important in regulating pace of respiration – inhibited by high ATP levels or citrate levels (citrate is made later in Krebs cycle) Transition phase
Junction between glycolysis & Kreb’s Online tutorial on pyruvate dehydrogenase complex Kreb’s Cycle
Kreb’s Cycle Animation for transition phase & Kreb’s
Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria
No O2 needed
Big picture: Acetyl CoA binds to oxaloacetate to form citrate For each Acetyl CoA that enters, the cycle forms 2CO2 , 3NADH , 1FADH2 , and 1 ATP (substrate level phosphorylation) Oxaloacetate is regenerated (hence: Kreb’s cycle) Animation #2
Step 6: FAD reduced to FADH2 Steps 3 & 4:
RELEASE CO 2 Step 5: ATP made by substrate level phosphorylatio
n (GTP acts as a P shuttle) Steps 3, 4, 8: Reduce NAD+ to NADH Where is our energy stored so Where is our energy stored so far? ATP (sublevel NADH
phosphor. ) FADH Glycolysis 2 2 0 Transition 0 1x2 = 2 0 Krebs 1x2=2 3x2=6 1x2=2 What will happen to all those e What will happen to all those e carried by NADH & FADH2? They carry most of the energy originally in glucose Electron transport chain on the inner membrane harnesses energy Pumps H+ into intermembrane space Proton motive force Terminal electron acceptor is oxygen Oxidative phosphorylation using ATP synthase Second animation of ETC / ATP Synthase Summary
Most of the energy in this process moves from
Glucose > NADH > ETC > H+ gradient > ATP How much ATP have we built AFTER the ETC + oxidative phosphorylation? Each NADH = about 3 ATP Each FADH = about 2 ATP
2 Total possible ATP = 4 (by SLP) + 10 NADH*3 + 2 FADH2*2 = 38 ATP Process has efficiency around 40% Click to view
animation. animation What does a cell do if no oxygen or What does a cell do if no oxygen or no mitochondria are present? Can’t stop glycolysis – need ATP
Can’t continue forever – Why? What can be done? Fermentation
Fermentation Occurs in cytosol when NO Oxygen is present (anaerobic). Remember: glycolysis is part of fermentation. 1. Alcohol Fermentation 2. Lactic Acid Fermentation WHY BOTHER MAKING THESE? ? ? Alcohol Fermentation
Alcohol Fermentation Reduces acetaldehyde to regenerate NAD+
Generates 2 Ethanol+2CO2
Used in bacteria, yeast
Useful for beer, wine, bread Lactic Acid Fermentation
Lactic Acid Fermentation Pyruvate is reduced directly to regenerate NAD+
Generates 2 Lactate
Used by bacteria, muscle cells
Helps make yogurt, cheese, sauerkraut, sore muscles! What else can be used by the body What else can be used by the body for fuel? Proteins Hydrolysis, deamination
Compounds can enter as pyruvate, acetyl CoA, others Fats These can also be removed as needed Hydrolysis
Fatty acids beta oxidation forms 2C fragments (used to make acetyl CoA) Evolutionary Implications
Evolutionary Implications Glycolysis Anaerobic, Cytosolic, Present in nearly every cell Chloroplasts & Mitochondria Endosymbiotic hypothesis: Eukaryotes arose from a symbiotic relationship between various prokaryotes. Heterotrophic bacteria became mitochondria. Cyanobacteria became chloroplasts. Host cell was a large eukaryotic cell. Evolution of the eukaryotic cell . . . View Full Document | 004_2985318 | {
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Pride 2018 is well underway, and as we celebrate the achievements and strides made by LGBTQ people, we must recognize that many gay men, lesbians, and transgender individuals continue to face the negative impact of societal bigotry and discrimination. This places lesbians, gay men and transgender individuals at a higher risk for mental health conditions and Substance Use Disorders (SUDs) than non-LGBTQ people. Some LGBTQ individuals experience additional discrimination and prejudice based on their race. Given the existing social stigmas around mental health conditions and SUD, LGBTQ people who seek mental health or SUD treatment may need extra support in navigating these stigmas. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) extended protections to ensure access to mental health and SUD treatment by amending the 2008 Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act (MHPAEA) to include individual as well as group insurance coverage. Behavioral health parity requires that most health insurers, including many Medicaid and CHIP plans, cover behavioral health treatment (the term “behavioral health” generally includes both mental health and SUD treatment) at equal levels to physical health treatment. Previously, health insurance companies covered behavioral health services at lower rates (or not at all) compared to physical health coverage. Now, all plans subject to the federal parity law must cover inpatient and outpatient in-network and out-of-network services, emergency care, prescription drugs and other behavioral health services, equally to physical health services. Behavioral health parity is vital for LGBTQ individuals. Studies show that they face disproportionately higher rates of behavioral health conditions. For example:
- An estimated 20 – 30 percent of LGBTQ people have a substance use disorder and 25 percent have an alcohol use disorder, compared to approximately 10 percent of the general population;
- The risk of depression and anxiety is 1. 5 times higherfor lesbian, gay men, and bisexual individuals than their non-LGB peers;
- The risk of experiencing any mental health condition is 3 times higher for LGBTQ individuals than their non-LGBTQ peers;
- Lesbian, gay men, and bisexual individuals of all ages are more than 2 times more likely to have attempted suicide than their non-LGB peers; and
- Transgender individuals are more than 2. 5 times more likely to have attempted suicide than their non-transgender peers. For many LGBTQ individuals, the damaging effects of discrimination and rejection start young. Family rejection of adolescents’ sexual orientation and gender expression, including punitive and traumatic reactions from parents and caregivers, is closely correlated with youth being more likely to attempt suicide, report high levels of depression, and higher incidence of illicit drug use, compared to peers from families with no or low levels of family rejection. Other risk factors, including victimization and harassment in and out of the home, such as feeling unsafe at school, further contribute to the high rates of mental health conditions among LGBTQ youth. It is therefore critical that insurers provide behavioral health parity for all ages, gender identities, and sexual orientations. Inequities in the behavioral health of the LGBTQ people are exacerbated by disparities in, and limited access to, health care that remain despite advances made by the ACA. Lingering trauma from anti-LGBTQ discrimination, including misdiagnoses by providers who thought that being LGBTQ was a mental illness, has continued to influence hesitancies among LGBTQ community members who fear facing ignorance, discrimination, and hostility (including abuse) from providers. Consequently, LGBTQ individuals, and especially transgender people, are more likely to avoid or postpone necessary medical care out of fear of discrimination. Even though LGBTQ people continue to face bigotry and discrimination that puts them at risk of developing mental health conditions and substance use disorders, community members continue to self-advocate and build partnerships to improve their health and the health of their community members. As the movement for LGBTQ behavioral and overall health equity continues, our society as a whole will grow stronger if our health care and political systems, at the local, state, and federal levels, advance policies supporting the specific health needs of the LGBTQ community. National Health Law Program and others are working to help create inclusive health care environments and health coverage, including our work defending transgender patients’ health rights in Wisconsin and people living with HIV/AIDS’ rights to medication in Florida, but further work on the enforcement of behavioral health parity is needed. Only when our health care and health insurance systems are affirming of everyone’s sexual orientation and gender identity, responsive to the wide variety of behavioral health needs, and sensitive to the intersectionality of people’s identities and health needs will we provide the high quality care that all people deserve. | 008_2443408 | {
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