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What Are Cord Blood Stem Cells? Umbilical Cord blood (“UCB”) is the blood found in the umbilical cord and placenta following the birth of a baby after the umbilical cord is cut. It is a rich source of stem cells that are being used today to treat various serious diseases. Stem cells are the master cells of the body, the building blocks of tissues and organs. They have been described as young, undifferentiated, “magical” cells that can be developed into other types of cells. UCB, once regarded as biological waste, is now highly regarded as a very precious therapeutic resource and can be collected in a safe manner by obstetrician or midwife following the birth of the baby.

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It means "A Coherent Theory of the Electro-Magnetic Field" and is the title of a five-page paper of highest mathematical formulae which Relativist Albert Einstein worked on for ten years and last week handed to the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin for criticism. Soon it will be published. His report is a purely mathematical extension of the general theory of relativity to include gravitational and electromagnetic phenomena. His relativity theory, which he phrased within only three printed pages, made time & space the creator of matter. Newton believed space independent of time. Some 3-775 books have been written to explain Einstein relativity and its implications in cosmic mechanics. Albert Einstein now applies it himself to explain earthly physical activitiesthe pull of gravity, the pulsations of electromagnetic waves or quanta. Said he in Berlin last week: "There is no occasion for anybody to be excited about it. There will be only a few mathematicians who will be inclined to read it and. although I never did make that statement which was ascribed to me that only eleven people in the world could understand relativity, I really don't believe that there will be more than a handful of people who will take the trouble to follow its argument. "

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How Does Your Gut Bacteria Influence Your Health And Weight? Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms that exist in every environment – both inside and outside other organisms. These bacteria are prevalent, especially in the human body. As a matter of fact, there exist about ten times more bacteria than human cells in your body. However, do not let this information alarm you because most of these bacteria are actually good for your body. In fact, these micro-organisms can be found everywhere in your body. However, they are especially pervasive in your gut. Studies have even shown that the bacteria found in this specific part of your body plays a significant role in your overall health. Let us share more about the vital role these micro-organisms serve and how they affect your body. The functions of gut bacteria Your gut microbiome consists of trillions of bacteria, fungi, and other microbes. They play an essential role in your overall health by helping to control your digestion, which, in turn, benefits your immune system, among other body functions. In essence, the bacteria in your gut are fundamental to the proper functioning of your body. Below are some of the vital functions performed by your gut bacteria: - Break down food - Break down toxins - Synthesis of essential nutrients like vitamins K and B12 - Supply energy to the gut - Support the development of gastrointestinal health - Protect against pathogens - Regulate and develop the immune system The effects of gut bacteria on your body While the bacteria found in your gut are typically beneficial to your overall health, not every bacterium has a positive impact on your body, as some may contribute to the development of specific diseases. This is because the microbes in your gut are comprised of both good and bad bacteria. Let us share some of the commonly known effects of gut bacteria on your body: - Control your appetite Studies have shown that gut bacteria can cause specific chain reactions in your body that impact the production of various hormones, such as leptin, peptide YY, and ghrelin, which can affect your appetite. In particular, specific types of gut bacteria are reported to generate short-chain fatty acids, like propionate, when they digest fibre, which possibly affects the signals that suppress your appetite. - Affect weight management Gut bacteria help to regulate how your body digests food and the nutrients and calories you absorb. Therefore, it stands to reason that they impact your weight management as well. The food choices you make, and the combinations of specific gut flora in your body, will also impact your weight. Poor diet decisions may cause an imbalance of healthy and unhealthy gut flora, affecting your body’s ability to digest food, thereby leading to weight gain. - Contribute to certain diseases Several preliminary studies have also shown that some gut bacteria may contribute to the development of certain diseases. In particular, low levels of certain bacteria, specifically those responsible for minimising inflammation, are associated with inflammatory conditions, such as Crohn’s disease, arthritis, and ulcerative colitis. - Impact your brain processes The changes in your gut can affect your brain processes as well. This is because your gut has nerve endings that connect with your brain, which is termed the gut-brain axis. Studies have even shown a link between gut bacteria and disorders such as depression and anxiety. - Indicate colon cancer risk Patients diagnosed with colon cancer are found to have higher levels of disease-causing bacteria compared to healthy individuals. This could be linked to higher consumption of processed food and a lower intake of fruits and vegetables that influences the proportion of good and bad bacteria in the body. Therefore, it is advisable for you to minimise your consumption of processed food, such as instant noodles, and include a variety of fruits and vegetables in your diet to minimise the risk of colon cancer. Additionally, you should consider going for a colonoscopy check-up at a gastroenterology clinic to ensure your colon is perfectly healthy and there are no signs of cancerous cells developing within the colon. Ways to increase the good bacteria in your gut Taking probiotic supplements can effectively enhance your gut health since they are live bacteria that help replace or improve your system. Aside from supplements, the best way to increase the number of good bacteria in your gut is to incorporate food that contains good bacteria or support the growth of good bacteria in your gut. You may want to consider including the following items into your diet: - Fruits like bananas, apples, and raspberries - Vegetables like broccoli and green peas - Food high in prebiotic fibre like legumes and oats - Whole grains like brown rice, whole wheat, and quinoa - Cultured and fermented food and drinks, like fermented soybean cake, kimchi, and yoghurt - Green tea Not all bacteria found in your gut are harmful. Some of them are considered good bacteria that can improve your overall health. By maintaining a balanced diet and living an active lifestyle, you can easily maintain a healthy gut and avoid the complications caused by harmful gut bacteria.

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One illustration of how many and how much pharmaceuticals in water have infiltrated our water supplies came from testing of fish caught in water downstream from sewage plants in five U.S. cities. They all contained traces of many pharmaceuticals. In the fish from one location, Chicago’s North Shore Channel, the breakdown showed: • Dilitiazem, an antihypertensive – 0. 13 nanograms per gram of fish • Diphenhydramine, antihistamine – 1. 4 nanograms per gram • Carbamazepine, antiseizure – 2. 3 nanograms per gram • Norfluoxetine, an antidepressant by-product – 3. 2 nanograms per gram of fish Now a nano gram is a very tiny amount, and it is reported that you’d have to eat tons of such fish for such small concentrations to effect human health. However, what happens if you drink the water with all these drugs in it? What is in your water supply one day could vary a lot from what is there a month later. How the chemicals and drugs in your water supply combine is simply unknown. How can it be known exactly what a filter will remove when you don’t know what is in the water to begin with – and when it varies by variety and time and place and amount? The best thing you can do is get filters for your home and family that work on all of the categories of contaminants. Pharmaceuticals in water are all either chemically-based or organic-based. In all of our kitchen and whole house filters, there is kdf that works on the chemically-based contaminants, including drugs, and granulated activated carbon that works on organically-based contaminants, including drugs (legal and illegal. ) Kdf also increased the effectiveness of the carbon in a few ways: 1. Because of the patented-process used with kdf in these filters, the kdf takes up a lot less space to do a better job – allowing for more carbon. Filtration happens by contact time between water and filter materials. The patented process increases contact time so more chemical pharmaceuticals are removed. Having more carbon means more contact time so that organic pharmaceuticals are filtered. The net result is clean, healthy water. We have chosen those water filters because we believe them to be the best – and for very good reasons. While we have been offered the opportunity to sell several other lines, our preference is to offer only those that we consider the best and the best value. Please visit more pages within this Education section of our site to learn more about how people’s health has been enhanced by using these filters. What About Reverse Osmosis? We’ve don’t sell or recommend reverse osmosis for a number of reasons. Some say that reverse osmosis filters remove pharmaceuticals and other chemicals now found in our water supply. The truth is: only partially. Reverse osmosis works by separating water with contaminants from water without by passing it through membranes. If the molecules of a drug or chemical are smaller than the membrane filters out, then they will pass through. For example, synthetic pesticides and herbicides may not be filtered. How many, which drugs, and which chemicals are filtered out? How can one say when they are different all over? Click this link to another page on this topic, including a video: Pharmaceuticals.

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CHINA - Chinese agriculture has grown tremendously over the past thirty-five years and with the new leadership in 2012 and a flurry of new government policies, agriculture is expected to experience even faster growth in the coming decade. According to a recent report from Rabobank – New Chinese Agricultural Policy – new policy adjustments will address balancing the pace of urban and rural development, usher the adoption of mechanisation and new technology in the agricultural system, and facilitate the timely transfer of land use rights in order to create economies of scale. “Agriculture has been the backbone of the Chinese economy for thousands of years,” states Rabobank analyst, Chenjun Pan. “The pressures associated with feeding a population of 1. 3 billion has meant that the domestic agricultural industry is strategically important to national food security. The decisive and supportive role of the Government in agricultural development in China has facilitated new growth in food demand, and farmers’ incomes are expected to grow faster than ever before. ” Agricultural development has always been impacted by policy. Policy-backed growth in the industrial sector from the late 1970’s diverted many resources away from agriculture, widening the economic gap between urban and rural areas. In order to address this, the 2014 No. 1 Central Document emphasises agricultural development as a key priority. The directive advocates cooperation between the industrial and the agricultural sector so that industry promotes agriculture, urban areas support rural development, industry and agriculture reinforce each other, and urban and rural development is integrated. Personal incomes in urban China are three times as high as in rural areas and narrowing this gap has become top priority particularly as wealth disparities effect consumption patterns. In response the Government plans to increase agricultural subsidies thereby boosting farmers’ disposable incomes and subsequently demand for protein-based products in rural areas. From a land perspective, China’s current agricultural system is based on small-scale production. This fragmented and uncoordinated supply chain cannot meet urban requirements for food safety and quality, yet small farmers are responsible for the majority of agri output. This has driven the establishment of large commercial farms where both standardised operation and government monitoring is easier. Rabobank expects these farms to continue growing rapidly. Increasing the average scale of household farms to a level at which modern agricultural practices can be adopted will be therefore be key. Thanks to the Government’s framework for the regulation of land use rights transfer, la areas of land can now be planted collectively, greatly facilitating mechanisation and enhancing efficiency and productivity. New types of farming organisations, such as cooperatives, family farms and specialised large farms, have emerged since land use rights transfer has become possible. The coexistence of these new types of farms has quickly become a new, important source of agricultural production. TheMeatSite News Desk Top image via Shutterstock

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Affirmative: have / has + verb 3 (past participle) Negative: haven’t / hasn’t + verb 3 (past participle) - Present perfect is used to show that a finished action/event has a connection with the present or has a result in the present. - I can’t go out because I’ve lost my keys. - She’s had an accident and she’s in the hospital now. - I’ve had lunch so I’m not hungry. - Present perfect is used to give news or talk about recent events. - She’s had a baby girl. - There’s been a big fire at the factory. - The value of the dollar has risen in recent weeks. - Just is used to express a very recent action. - She’s just had a baby. - I’ve just had lunch. - Present perfect is used to talk about a period of time not finished at the time of speaking. - I‘ve had three cups of coffee today. (today is not finished) - I had three cups of coffee yesterday. (yesterday is finished) - Have you seen the news this week? (this week is not finished) - Did you see the news yesterday? (yesterday is finished) - I’ve been on holiday twice this year. (this year is not finished) - I went on holiday twice last year. (last year is finished) - Present perfect is used with for or since to talk about how long a present situation has lasted. - I’ve lived in Spain for 10 years. (for + period of time) - She hasn’t spoken to him since April last year. (since + specific date/time) - Present perfect is used to talk about experiences, or about an indefinite time in the past. We may not know when the action happened or it may not be important. - Have you ever eaten frogs’ legs? (at any time in your life until now) - I’ve never had a computer. (at any time in my life until now) - She has read all the Harry Potter books. (at some time in the past – it’s not important when) - I’ve seen Shrek. (at some time in the past – it’s not important when) - We often talk about repeated actions/events from the past until now. - We’ve visited China many times. - I’ve been to France twice. - The phone has rung five times since lunchtime. - Already is used to say something happened sooner than expected. - I’ve already seen Mission Impossible. - Yet is used to say that we expect something to happen. - I haven’t seen Mission Impossible yet. - Have you spoken to Dave yet? - Been and gone - They’ve gone to Greece for a holiday. (they are in Greece now) - They’ve been to Greece. (they went to Greece and they’ve come back) See the phonemic chart for IPA symbols used below. - Been is usuallly reduced to its weak form. - I’ve been to New York: /bɪn/

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Haor is considered one of Bangladesh’s most productive wetland ecosystems. The haor basin is crucial for fish production both commercially and ecologically and home to a diverse range of finfish, including 143 indigenous and 12 exotic species and various freshwater prawn species. The haor region is anticipated to have approximately 966,900 hectares of fish habitat, which serve as breeding, nursing, feeding, and overwintering habitats for residents and most freshwater migratory fish species. The total fish production of the Haor region was 108880 MT in the 2018-19 fiscal year, with a productivity of 433 Kg/Ha. Many haor dwellers exclusively depend on haor fisheries in Sylhet, Sungamganj, Habiganj, Moulvibazar, Kishoreganj, and Netrokona districts. According to the Bengali calendar, the Srabon month of the rainy season is ongoing. During the rainy season, the haor region fills to the brim with water and resembles a big inland sea. However, this year, the reality is entirely different: little rainfall has resulted in lower water levels in the haors. Bangladesh contains roughly 373 haors, all of which are in nearly identical condition. Despite the presence of a limited amount of water in the low depressions, which are referred to as bills, the great majority of haor is still parched or water-scarce. The Bangladesh Meteorological Department’s seasonal outlook and available climate model projections predicted below-normal rainfall for June to September in Bangladesh’s Sylhet and Mymensingh divisions, as well as India’s Meghalaya. Sylhet is located close to Cherrapunji of Meghalaya (India), which typically receives a high amount of rainfall. The haor region receives water from the Shillong Plateau’s catchment slopes in India to the north, and the Tripura Hills in India to the south-east. Fishermen have already reported low fish catch in the haor areas due to a shortage of water. Due to low water volume, fishermen from Hakaluki Haor, Dekhar Haor, Tanguar Haor, and other haors have reported catching low quantities of fish. They are not familiar with this scenario of haor during this time of year. Most native fish species regard the rainy season to be their breeding season. The haor region’s native fish stock is maintained by a natural recruitment process that takes place both within and outside the haor. Every year, a large number of fingerlings/juveniles scatter to haor habitats and adjacent water bodies after spawning. This boosts the region’s fish stock. Rainfall is always considered one of the most crucial variables for fish breeding. The migration of indigenous fish species between the bills, haors, and rivers, on the other hand, contributes significantly to fish breeding. The hydraulic linkage between perennial water sources cannot be assured due to insufficient rainfall. The present state of haor could have an impact on native fish breeding and result in low catch rates in capture fisheries. Due to climate variability and anthropogenic factors, indigenous fish species, particularly small ones, are on the verge of extinction in the haor region. Since this water persists for a certain period of time, a decrease in water volume in the haor region may considerably contribute to the extinction of these vulnerable indigenous fish species. This anomalous situation will also have adverse consequences on fishermen’s socioeconomic status, as the majority of those who rely on fishing for a living in the haor area have no prior employment experience. The question of whether this exceptionally low water volume in haor is attributable to climate variability or linked to climate change has arisen as a topic of research. However, not only natural factors but also human actions are to blame for the rapid extinction of native fish species in the haor region. There are no fish pass facilities in the newly constructed dams in the haor region, preventing fish species from migrating safely. Other factors include habitat loss, pesticide use, overexploitation, and water pollution. Between the 2018-19 and 2017-18 fiscal years, the haor region’s fish production increased by 12. 11 percent. The current unfavourable situation in the haor region may cause this rate of growth to slow. The government, research organizations, and development organizations should all take this seriously in order to determine the underlying cause of the problem and assess the impact on fish breeding and production. The writer is a postgraduate researcher, Dept of Aquatic Resource Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Sylhet Agricultural University Newspaper Link: https://www.observerbd.com/news.php?id=325342

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Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary See also: Cathedral City - a title awarded to a town in the United Kingdom which, before letters patent, held city status by virtue of having a cathedral within its bounds. - a city in a former British colony which resembles an English cathedral city in that it has a relatively small population, an Anglican cathedral, and also holds the title of city. a town in the United Kingdom which held city status by virtue of having a cathedral

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saw it differently. The critic Emile Cardon said sarcastically of the first Impressionist exhibition in 1874, ‘Soil three quarters of a canvas with black and white, rub the rest with yellow, distribute haphazardly some red and blue spots, and you’ll obtain an impression of spring in front of which the adepts will be carried away by ecstasy. ’ When the group staged a second exhibition two years later, it elicited similar complaints: ‘Try to make M. Pissarro understand that trees are not violet, that the sky is not the colour of divisive factor, it seemed, was colour. In the early 19th century, painting had become a discipline constrained by rigid conventions. The French Academy of Fine Arts had long decided that drawing -- the use of line to produce a noble contour -- was the artist’s most important skill, and that the use of colour was secondary. So students at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris were lucky if they ever got to hold a paint brush, rather than a pencil. They were expected ultimately to learn how to execute a painting in a manner that hid all visible signs of effort, so that the surface was smooth and glossy and devoid of all brush marks. This was the style championed by the haughty academician Jean-Auguste-Dominique as far as colour was concerned, the role models were painters like Poussin and Watteau, whose palettes were sombre. Artists were expected to convert the vibrant greens of nature into low-keyed browns. The British art collector and landscape painter Sir George Beaumont, patron of John Constable, summed up the colour sensibilities of the age: “A good picture, like a good fiddle, should be brown. ” stifling traditions were, however, challenged on both sides of the English Channel: in England by Turner, in France by Eugène Delacroix, whose energetic brush work and bright colours made him seem, to the academicians, a danger to art. Delacroix ridiculed the colour use of the school of Jacques Louis David, who taught Ingres. They imagined, he said, the Impressionists began to win the public’s attention (if not acclaim) in the 1870s, they had a new set of frank and vivid colours, brighter than any had seen before. And they looked to Delacroix for inspiration as to how to use them. Where had these colours come from? blue, discovered in 1704 or 1705, is generally regarded as the first of the modern colours. But in fact it is something of an anomaly, appearing well before the blossoming of chemistry as a science in the late 18th century. Like so many other innovations in colour, it was the result of a serendipitous accident. this time the manufacture of pigments for artists was barely industrialized. In the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, painters got their pigments from apothecaries and pharmacies, who made them by the methods of alchemy. This kind of small-scale operation was still being conducted in the 1700s, when indeed alchemy itself was by no means extinct. A Berlin-based colour maker named Heinrich Diesbach was working in the laboratory of the alchemist Johann Konrad Dippel, and in the course of preparing a red lake pigment Diesbach asked Dippel for some potash (a to economize, Diesbach requested a batch of potash contaminated with oils prepared from animal blood. It was a false economy, for his pigment turned out very pale. Attempting to concentrate it, he succeeded instead in turning it deep blue. He had no idea what had happened, but was astute enough to recognize the blue material as a potential pigment in its own right, and was soon manufacturing it according to a jealously guarded recipe. blue, which is iron ferricyanide, became popular throughout Europe by the mid-18th century, after an Englishman named John Woodward discovered and published an (unnecessarily elaborate) account of its synthesis in 1724. It was particularly valued for mixing light blues, and appears in skies by Watteau, Canaletto and Gainsborough (where it has tended to fade). was in the 1770s that the real era of pigment innovation began. In 1775 the Swedish apothecarist Carl Wilhelm Scheele, one of the finest experimental chemists of his age, discovered a bright green compound of arsenic: copper arsenite. This reached artists’ palettes as Scheele’s green -- until it was largely superseded by a new arsenic-based green devised in 1814 in Germany, which the English called emerald green. Both these new greens were relatively cheap and were used as household paints. Not until the mid-19th century were the health risks of these arsenic-laced colours recognized; it is speculatively claimed that Napoleon’s death in exile on St Helena was hastened by dust or fumes from his green wallpaper. manufacturing processes have long been a fertile hunting ground for new materials and methods for artists’ pigments. Zinc smelting grew in importance during the 19th century, and helped to secure the rise of zinc white as a replacement for the centuries-old lead white, the production of which led to illness and death of factory workers because of lead poisoning. And in 1817 the German chemist Friedrich Stromeyer identified a new element, cadmium, as a by-product of zinc refining. He found that cadmium combines with sulphur to make strong yellow and orange compounds, which were marketed to artists from the 1820s as cadmium yellow and cadmium orange. In the early twentieth century a deep red version was manufactured too, in which some of the sulphur was replaced with selenium. Cadmium red was a favourite pigment of Henri Matisse -- who knew a thing or two about red, as his Red Studio (1911) testifies. perhaps the most versatile metals for expanding the artist’s rainbow were cobalt and chromium. Cobalt minerals have been used in blue pottery glazes for millennia, and cobalt is also the colouring agent of the pigment called smalt, used since the Renaissance. But smalt is a rather crude blue, and difficult to work with as a material. When the French government set Louis-Jacques Thénard the task of devising a synthetic alternative to expensive and rare ultramarine at the beginning of the 19th century, he found inspiration in the cobalt blue glazes of the potters at Sèvres. trail led Thénard to the modern pigment known as cobalt blue: cobalt aluminate. It is a fine, pure blue, and was widely used by the Impressionists. The strong blue waters in Auguste Renoir’s Boating on the Seine (1879-80), for instance, are painted in this colour, used in some places straight from the tube. Cobalt also furnished a sky-blue pigment -- cerulean blue, which is cobalt stannate -- as well as a yellow, aureolin, and the first pure purple pigment ever known, cobalt violet. Previously, artists had always had to make purples by mixing blue and red. was the chameleon-like fruit of a Siberian mineral, called crocoite and discovered in the 18th century. The mineral is deep orange, a natural form of lead chromate. It was analyzed in the late 1790s by the eminent French chemist Nicolas Louis Jacquelyn, who identified the new element chromium as the source of the colour. Jacquelyn studied the compounds of chromium, and found that he could make bright yellow and rich orange versions of lead chromate, both of which he proposed as potential pigments. Chrome orange became the first pure orange pigment since the medieval use of railcar, a highly toxic compound of arsenic. The chromium colors did not become widespread, however, until the discovery of chromium-containing mineral deposits in France, USA and Britain. replacing the lead in chrome yellow with other metals, such as zinc and strontium, the colour could be tuned to paler or more acidic hues, such as lemon yellow. And Jacquelyn also commented on un vert extremement beau made by roasting crocoite to form chromium oxide. In 1838 this was modified (by incorporating water in the crystals) to make the vibrant green called viridian, a colour that became almost emblematic for Paul Cézanne. craft of dyeing has always been a rich source of artist’s colours. The blue dye indigo, an extract of a pea plant native to Asia, was used to colour the shields of the Roman army, and was a cheap alternative to expensive mineral blues for Renaissance painters. Red lake pigments are prepared by affixing the red colourants of the dyers, such as lac (a resin exuded by tree-dwelling insects), cochineal (squeezed from beetles native to Eastern Europe and the New World) and madder root, to the surface of a white mineral powder such as alumina. But in the mid-19th century, synthetic chemistry began to generate artificial dyes far more lurid than these natural ones. first of the synthetic dyes to have a commercial impact was aniline purple, or mauve, made from organic (carbon-based) compounds extracted from coal tar, the black sticky residue of gas-lamp burning. Mauve was made accidentally in 1856 by William Perkin, a young student at the Royal College of Chemistry in London, during experiments that were supposed instead to yield the anti-malarial aniline colours soon followed: magenta, blues, reds. Chemists figured out how to make synthetic alizarin, the red colourant of madder, and artificial indigo; and they created new classes of synthetic dyes, such as pinkish eosin and yellow azo dyes. Some of these found their way onto the artists’ palettes. But many of the new dyes faded rapidly in light, and in 1897 the French artist and academician Jean-Georges Vibert denounced them as a “catastrophe for painting. ” Vincent van Gogh was amongst those who experimented, to his cost, with the fugitive eosin-based pigments. BANISHMENT OF EARTH with this new battery of brilliant colours, the Impressionists set their canvases alight with fireworks, leading the conservative Vibert to denounce them as “dazzlers” (éclatistes) who painted “only with intense colours. ” Camille Pissarro claimed to have banished the old, dull earth colours from his palette, and Claude Monet constructed his ochres and khakis from complex mixtures of the new, bright pigments. Even the gloom of Monet’s La Gare Saint-Lazare (1877) is a concoction of rainbow hues: cobalt blue, cerulean blue, synthetic ultramarine (made since 1828), emerald green, viridian. Impressionists rejected both white and black: “White does not exist in nature,” said Renoir, and ‘Shadows are not black’. To him and especially to Monet, shadows were instead typically violet, the complementary colour to yellow sunshine. “I have finally discovered the true colour of the atmosphere,” said Monet. “It’s violet. Fresh air is violet. Three years from now everyone will work in violet. ” The Impressionist love of this shade led even the favourably disposed critic Joris-Karl Huysmans to accuse them of “indigomania,” as if it were some genuine the typical Impressionist palette shines with strong colours, most of them inventions of the 19th century. These were the colours that inspired van Gogh to abandon his earlier, dull hues when he came to Paris and to take up high-keyed colours that became indispensible tools for constructing his passionate visions. “Cobalt (blue) is a divine colour,” he declared to his brother Theo, “and there is nothing so beautiful for putting atmosphere around things . . . The same with emerald green. It is bad economy not to use these colours, the same with cadmium. ” Matisse, a pupil of Pissarro, took things further, bringing Post-Impressionist colour to a new pitch in the Fauvist movement of 1904-07 before embarking on a quest into the constructive possibilities of colour that prefigured the whole of twentieth-century painting. According to Pablo Picasso,

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Design Technology is a compulsory subject at Key Stage 3. Students are taught in mixed ability sets, and will study three modules of work on a rotational basis. Each module will deliver key skills and knowledge as well as focus on specific aspects of the design process. Students are taught in a very practical way, experimenting and working with a range of different materials, to produce high quality functional products. Food – a healthy pizza that meets the “Eat Well” plate Textiles – a storage wrap Resistant Materials – a chalk board and pencil holder Food – developing scones Textiles – a screen print & embroidered bag Resistant Materials – sweet dispenser Food – design and make cup cakes Textiles – an appliquéd cushion Resistant Materials – a bird feeder, skills exercise using a variety of different joints Years 10 & 11 In Year 10 Design Technology is an option subject. Students can choose from GCSE AQA Food Preparation & Nutrition (AQA), AQA Resistant Materials (AQA), OCR Child Development (OCR specification J818) or AS AQA Fashion & Textiles (AQA). Students have 5 one hour lessons a fortnight. Further DT revision materials can be found on the Learning Zone.

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The heatwave that scorched eastern Europe in 2010, killing thousands of people and devastating crops, was the worst since records began and led to the warmest summer on the continent for at least 500 years, a new scientific analysis has revealed. The research also suggests that "mega-heatwaves", such as the prolonged extreme temperatures that struck western Europe in 2003 will become five to 10 times more likely over the next 40 years, occurring at least once a decade. But the 2010 heatwave was so extreme – 10C above the average for the first week of August between 1970 and 2000 – that similar events are only expected to occur once every 30 years or so. Searing temperatures in July and August 2010 across Russia are estimated to have killed 50,000 people, say the researchers, who were led by David Barriopedro at the University of Lisbon in Portugal. Mortality rates in Moscow doubled compared with the previous year, filling morgues to capacity as people succumbed to heatstroke and respiratory problems. More heat-related deaths are expected to have occurred in the Baltic states Ukraine and Kazakhstan, though these figures have not yet been estimated. The team examined the temperature, duration and spatial extent of the 2010 heatwave and found it exceeded the previous record year of 2003, which had also caused tens of thousands of deaths. The analysis, published in the journal Science, revealed the unprecedented nature of the 2010 heatwave using temperature measurements dating back to 1871 and estimates from tree rings and other proxies going back to 1500. Record extremes were seen over an area of two million square kilometres. The heatwave was caused by high pressure weather systems lingering over the continent. The decade up to 2010 was also exceptional, the researchers found. Across the whole of Europe, records that had held for 500 years were broken over two-thirds of the land mass. Climate scientists expect increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere to raise both average temperatures and summer variability in Europe, leading to more heatwaves. The findings of the study are consistent with this, said Barriopedro: "Under global warming this kind of event will become more common. Mega-heatwaves are going to be more frequent and more intense in the future. " Previous research has shown that global warming made the 2003 heatwave at least twice as likely, but modelling studies have not yet been done that might demonstrate the link between climate change and the 2010 heatwave. Last month, scientists showed that climate change made the 2000 floods that swamped England two to three times as likely to happen. Barriopedro said his team's new work shows there are serious risks of major harm to people and crops in the future unless action is taken. Some countries took additional precautions after the 2003 heatwave, for example providing early warning systems, cool rooms in homes for the elderly and by creating green spaces in cities that help control temperatures.

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Even if you disable settings in Google Chrome to purge all website cookies and site data when you close the browser it still stores data for itself and YouTube, according to Mac programmer Jeff Johnson who elaborated on this in a blog. For nearly three decades, cookies placed by relatively unknown companies on nearly every website have fueled advertising on the internet. Cookies are a tool within browsers that allow website operators to save data about users so that for example, they can keep a particular user logged into a website over multiple days. "Perhaps this is just a Google Chrome bug, not intentional behavior, but the question is why it only affects Google sites, not non-Google sites," Johnson wrote. "I've tested using the latest Google Chrome version 86. 0.4240. 75 for macOS, but this behavior was also happening in the previous version of Chrome. I don't know when it started. " In order to get rid of all site cookies and data every time you quit the browser you can simply go to Settings, then "Privacy and security" and then "Cookies and other site data" and then turn on the "Clear cookies and site data when you quit Chrome." One would assume that when the settings have been changed, this should work on all sites however according to Johnson, it doesn't. "Chrome exempts Google's own sites, such as Search and YouTube, from this setting," he wrote. "After I quit and relaunch, the [YouTube] cookies are deleted, but the database storage, local storage, and service workers are still there! " Storing site data allows Google to track users who might have thought they were exempting themselves from such things. "Many users set Chrome to automatically delete cookies-and-site-data on exit . . . to prevent being stalked around the web even though it often requires them to log back into websites the next time they visit due to their per-session cookies being wiped," The Register's Kieren McCarthy noted. McCarthy reached out to Google for comment, and the search giant claimed it was an innocent mistake. "We are aware of a bug in Chrome that is impacting how cookies are cleared on some first-party Google websites," Google told The Register. "We are investigating the issue, and plan to roll out a fix in the coming days. " Google plans to block a common way businesses track online surfers in its Chrome browser within two yearsGoo, endorsing costly changes to how the Web operates as it tries to satisfy increased privacy demands from users.

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To be natural, in Shakespeare’s use of the word, has two meanings, which can help illuminate one of the basic confusions under which many people are labouring in the world of education. In his masterful analysis of the intellectual roots of our educational crisis, The Schools We Need, E D Hirsch defines one of the key foundational ideas of progressive education as ‘naturalism’: the belief that children will learn naturally if they are only left alone to do so. As with all of the key progressive ideas, the proximate philosophical cause of this delusion is Romanticism and its elevation of the child to something sacred and holy, which the artificial constraints of society only corrupt. But in Shakespeare, a ‘natural’ child is one who exists outside the usual codes of conduct governing civilised behaviour. When Edmund, the illegitimate child of the Duke of Gloucester in King Lear, declares ‘Nature, be thou my goddess’, he is placing himself outside all moral constraints, and declaring that he will act purely out of self-interest. The result is that he plots against his half brother, colludes in the torture and humiliation of his father, dallies with both of Lear’s treacherous older daughters, and orders the execution of Lear’s youngest daughter Cordelia, the embodiment of purity and innocence. In other words, following nature means abandoning civilised behaviour and looking after number one; it means following the lust for power and sex. Edmund certainly has ‘semen in the blood’, to use Nietzsche’s words. He is Shakespeare’s horrifying (but also fascinating) depiction of what happens when we reject all moral rules and follow our passions. At the same time, Edmund’s behaviour, particularly towards his father, is described as ‘unnatural’. This is the other primary meaning of ‘natural’ in Shakespeare, and it is a reference to natural law, a concept familiar to every generation since Socrates, until it was obscured by our modern relativism. Natural law refers to standards of human behaviour that can be rationally derived from observations of human nature. It dictates, for example, that children should honour and obey their parents, because they owe them life itself. Even in adulthood, once obedience is no longer required, respect always is. Rationally, it is clear that there is no way we can ever repay our parents for the gift of life. We can never be even with them. In the second sense of ‘natural’, I am very much in favour of my pupils acting naturally. It all depends on what we mean by it. Do we mean descending to the level of beasts and abandoning reason, or do we mean acting according to the full dignity of a rational human person?

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We all know that a stressful job can really suck, but new analysis shows it may up your risk of having a stroke. The research, published today in Neurology (the journal of the American Academy of Neurology) looked at six studies, involving a total of 138,782 people who were followed for three to 17 years. What it found was scarily sobering: People with high-stress jobs have a 22 percent higher risk of stroke than those with low-stress jobs. For women, the stats are even worse: Those of us with high-stress jobs have a 33 percent higher risk of stroke. When the researchers broke down the data into specific types of strokes, one type known as an ischemic stroke (caused by a blood clot blocking blood flow to the brain) was particularly common: People with super stressful jobs were 58 percent more likely to have an ischemic stroke than those with less intense jobs. Just what constitutes a high-stress job? According to the study, the most stressful jobs are those that have a high level of strain on employees yet offer little control over circumstances—such as a waitress or a nursing aide—since these types of jobs require long hours and lots of pressure yet very little flexibility in your schedule. Some other demanding jobs, like teaching and engineering, certainly have their fair share of stress, but researchers found that this is offset by the fact that people in these fields often have control over their work. The least stressful jobs were those with low strain and high control, which this study said includes natural scientists and architects. Now, this research did have its limitations. "Many have suggested that the demand-control model is too simplistic," wrote Jennifer J. Majersik, M.D., director of the University of Utah Stroke Center, in an editorial by the American Academy of Neurology about the study. Still, despite the issues, "This report and others have shown consistent negative health effects of high strain jobs regarding cardiovascular—and now stroke—risk," said Dr. Majersik. Unfortunately, researchers don't fully know how to explain the link between job stress and stroke just yet but believe it may have to do with the actions we take as a result of the stress. "Several mechanisms may be involved in the association between having a high strain job and the risk of stroke," said the study. "Work stress may foster unhealthy behavior such as smoking, reduced physical activity, lower help-seeking behavior, and poor eating habits, all of which are also important risk factors for stroke. " It's understandable: Who has the time or energy to hit the gym or cook a healthy meal if you tend to be called into work at the last minute and you need to stay there for hours on end? If your job is stressing you out, there are things you can do to help yourself. "There may be ways to reduce job strain, without losing the job," wrote Dr. Majersik in the editorial. "The issue is not necessarily the demands put on us, but rather it's the control we have over things. So increasing control may really be the key to reducing stress," she told Glamour. Talk with your boss about the possibility of telecommuting (even if it's just one day a week) or suggest ways you could have more say in your responsibilities or be more involved in decision-making to improve your sense of control at work. At the very least, try to take a few moments each day to do something for yourself, whether it's walking to get lunch outside, five minutes of deep breathing, or a quick call or text to a supportive friend. It could go a long way toward keeping you sane and healthy. More from Glamour:

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Part of putting the patient at the center of their medical care (aka the patient-centered medical home) is making sure patients understand how to stay or get well, or how to manage their condition so it doesn't get seriously worse in a short period of time. You'd think it'd be obvious to focus on the patient, the reason the medical-industrial complex exists. Plenty of money is being spent ($26 million in greater Rochester alone from a Medicare grant) to make sure health care providers remember why they exist. In order to get or keep a patient well or at the least maintain the current state, patients have to be educated about their health. To accomplish that, the material you get from a doctor shouldn't read like War and Peace, and your conversations shouldn't sound like the audiobook version. The Agency for Healthcare Quality and Research has put out a guide to help health care professionals get their message across to you, the patient. As someone who writes about the often-confusing world of health, I applaud the instructions to use words such as runny nose instead of excess mucus, pain killer instead of analgesic, make worse instead of exacerbate and feverish instead of febrile. I agree that you shouldn't use a medical term to define another medical term. Jargon should be avoided upon pain of a terminal outcome (death). I wish the authors had taken their own advice. The Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool is defined as "a systematic method to evaluate and compare the understandability and actionability (emphasis theirs, but why would anyone want to own those words? ) of patient education materials. The following are our definitions of understandability and actionability: - Understandability: Patient education materials are understandable when consumers of diverse backgrounds and varying levels of health literacy can process and explain key messages. - Actionability: Patient education materials are actionable when consumers of diverse backgrounds and varying levels of health literacy can identify what they can do based on the information presented. " Seriously, those people must have been paid by the syllable. How about this: The tool is a way to give people a clear message that leads to action.

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Alopecia Areata - Patients ask Dr. Ringpfeil answers Please feel free to use the blog below to share information about Alopecia Areata or to ask Dr. Franziska Ringpfeil a question that might be of interest to others. Alopecia areata is a disorder that affects hair follicles and is reflected in round patches of hair loss. Normally, the immune system functions to protect the body against infection and disease. In alopecia areata, the body's immune system mistakenly recognizes hair follicles as foreign and attacks them. The cause is not known, but the prevailing scientific hypothesis is that genetics plays a significant role in predisposition and a trigger initiates the attack on the hair follicles. Alopecia areata often begins in childhood. The risk is significantly increased if you have a close family member afflicted with the disease. Emotional or physical trauma typically precedes the hair loss by up to 3 months. Hair falls out in small, round patches leaving a smooth hairless scalp in affected areas. Degree of hair loss varies from one bare patch to considerable balding. In rare cases, the disease causes complete loss of hair on the scalp (alopecia totalis) or total body (alopecia universalis). Rarely, alopecia areata presents as diffuse hair loss. On occasion, a scalp biopsy may be performed. If additional signs or symptoms are present, blood tests may reveal other autoimmune conditions. In most instances, the hair regrows spontaneously; however, this process takes several months. When alopecia areata is located on the scalp and cannot easily be hidden by covering hair or clever hairstyles, the psychological impact of alopecia areata can be severe. There is no make up that imitates hair and a hat may be inappropriate in a school or working environment. A wig can temporarily become necessary. Alopecia areata is difficult to treat and only few treatments have been assessed in randomized controlled trials. The most common treatments seem to facilitate faster regrowth of hair rather than treat the underlying problem. Typical therapy includes topical corticosteroids, steroid injection under the skin surface, and ultraviolet light therapy, especially narrowband UVB. Irritating drugs may be applied to hairless areas to stimulate hair growth. Rarely, systemic immune suppressive treatments are indicated. Some people with alopecia areata try alternative treatments including acupuncture and Chinese herbs. There is no cure for alopecia areata. Many are profoundly upset by their hair loss and some may require psychological support. It might be difficult to cope with relapse following or during initially successful treatment. These considerations are particularly important in children, as social disruption and focusing of the child's attention on their hair loss may result from active treatment. Contact with other sufferers or a patient support group is strongly recommended. When emotional stress is the known trigger, efforts should be made to redirect or avoid these stressors. Some may do well with biofeedback training, mediation or Yoga; others will find their own way of coping with these stressors. General considerations to keep your hair healthy and minimize the appearance of hair loss include a nutritionally balanced diet; and gentle handling of your hair. Whenever possible, allow your hair to air-dry naturally; avoid tight hairstyles, such as braids, buns or ponytails; and avoid compulsively twisting, rubbing or pulling your hair.

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In a recent post, we shared a bit about the basics of data integration. Now, let’s dive deeper into one particular element: data transformation. Data transformation simply refers to the ways you improve raw data to make it useful for downstream applications and teams. Data often lives in different locations and diverse formats across the enterprise, so in addition to getting data out of its various silos, you need to transform at least some of it before you can glean any useful insights. Let’s say you have several data sources that include geographical and gender information about your customers. One source contains postal codes while another has geographical coordinates; one source uses numerical codes to identify genders, another uses M and F, and another uses “male” and “female. ” When you blend these sources together, you want to standardize the way the resulting dataset expresses location and gender. The example above is a simple one. Data transformation can get very complex. What’s more, there are different approaches, and a number of factors that determine which approach makes the most sense—what the data will be used for, the skills and needs of the users, budgetary constraints, etc. Depending on these factors and others, transformation can be part of a data integration solution, or an activity within a data wrangling project. What’s the difference? Data integration is a technology-driven process for tying different sources and systems together into a persistent solution to collect data and make it available to an organization. For example, say you need to send out regular reports that rely on data from a customer database, blended with data from Google Analytics and DoubleClick, plus some data from your financial system, and finally some data from monthly spreadsheets your agency manages. This calls for a data integration solution with data transformation built in. The term for this is ETL, which stands for Extract, Transform, Load. Data wrangling, on the other hand, is the set of human-driven activities involved in taking some raw data and processing it into a state that’s suitable for analysis. This could be a one-off job where someone blends data from a few sources, manually decides which columns or fields to use and which to discard, fixes typos and mismatches, and finds and removes outliers and anomalies, all in order to create a clean and blended dataset for analysis. In some cases, this kind of process is referred to as ELT, for Extract, Load, Transform. Notice that with ETL and ELT the steps are the same but they happen in a different order—specifically, the transformation step. Here’s another way to think about it: With ETL, the data is transformed before it’s loaded into a repository, which means the ultimate data structure (or schema) needs to be designed up front. A lot of projects stall or fail during this design phase. ELT requires less upfront design, because you just dump all kinds of data into a “data lake” without transforming it. However, you can end up with a mess that even skilled analysts have trouble navigating. Deciding which is right for you—whether you should transform data up front or at analysis time—requires a deeper understanding of the tradeoffs. That’s what we’ll over in our next post.

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Omega-3 fatty acids, the kind contained in salmon, anchovies, leafy vegetables and other foods, appear to be associated with a reduced risk of fatal heart attacks, according to new research. An examination of 19 previous studies from 16 countries found that people with biomarkers of plant- and seafood-based omega-3 fatty acids were about 10 percent less likely to suffer a fatal heart attack. “Consumption of ω-3–rich foods should be encouraged,” the authors said, referring to omega-3 acids. The association didn’t seem to hold for non-fatal heart attacks, suggesting a more specific link related to death, said officials from Tufts University, where senior author Dariush Mozaffarian, M.D., is dean of the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy. The study was recently published in JAMA Internal Medicine. What the study revealed Of the 45,637 people included in the 19 studies, 7,973 suffered their first attacks over time. Of those, 2,781 died. In the key finding, researchers found that people with higher concentrations of omega-3s in their bodies were about 10 percent less likely to suffer a lethal heart attack. “Our results lend support to the importance of fish and omega-3 consumption as part of a healthy diet," said Dr. Mozaffarian. The study, conducted under the umbrella of the Fatty acids and Outcomes Research Consortium, provided “the most comprehensive picture to date of how omega-3s may influence heart disease,” said coauthor Liana Del Gobbo, a postdoctoral research fellow at the Stanford University School of Medicine. Where to get omega-3 fatty acids A good source of omega-3 is darker, fattier cold-water fish, rather than light fish like tilapia or shrimp. Experts say high levels of omega-3 are found in the following fish: - Wild Atlantic and Pacific herring - Farmed Atlantic salmon - Wild king salmon - Wild Pacific and jack mackerel - Wild tuna (use caution with mercury content) And vegetable sources: - Fresh basil - Dried oregano - Cooked Chinese broccoli - Flaxseeds and flaxseed oil - Dry chia seeds Other sources of omega-3s include leafy vegetables and walnuts. Grass-fed meats, eggs and dairy are also better than their corn-fed counterparts. Many people also take omega-3 supplements such as fish oil pills. Omega-3 fatty acids can reduce arrhythmias, lower “bad” cholesterol and blood pressure as well as reduce the risk of fatal heart attacks. You can read a discussion of these benefits by Providence dietitian Haley Hughes, as well as her suggestions about which foods provide significant levels of omega-3s. To learn more, you can also read a discussion about how to get the correct balance of omega-3s and omega-6 fatty acids, which perform different functions in the body. Not everyone should necessarily take omega-3 supplements, experts say. Specifically, fish oil supplements may interact with blood thinners, diabetes medications, cyclosporine and other medications. Before taking any new supplement, it’s a good idea to discuss it with your health care provider. You can read the Tufts University press release about the study here. You can read a primer on omega-3 fatty acids published by the University of Maryland Medical Center here. And the National Institutes of Health published an in-depth examination on omega-3 supplements. Find a provider If you have questions about your diet or your risk for a heart attack, talk with your health care provider. Need a health care provider? You can find a Providence provider here.

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Miracles of Jesus The miracles of Jesus are the supernatural deeds attributed to Jesus in Christian and Islamic texts. The majority are faith healing, exorcisms, resurrection of the dead and control over nature. In the Synoptic Gospels (Mark, Matthew, and Luke), Jesus refuses to give a miraculous sign to prove his authority. In the Gospel of John, Jesus is said to have performed seven miraculous signs that characterize his ministry, from changing water into wine at the start of his ministry to raising Lazarus from the dead at the end. To many Christians and Muslims, the miracles are actual historical events. Others, including liberal Christians, consider these stories to be figurative. Since the Enlightenment, scholars have taken a highly skeptical approach to claims about miracles. Types and motivesEdit In most cases, Christian authors associate each miracle with specific teachings that reflect the message of Jesus. In The Miracles of Jesus, H. Van der Loos describes two main categories of miracles attributed to Jesus: those that affected people, e. g., the Blind Man of Bethsaida and are called "healings", and those that "controlled nature", e. g., Walking on Water. The three types of healings are cures where an ailment is cured, exorcisms where demons are cast away and the resurrection of the dead. Karl Barth said that, among these miracles, the Transfiguration of Jesus is unique in that the miracle happens to Jesus himself. According to Craig Blomberg, one characteristic shared among all miracles of Jesus in the Gospel accounts is that he delivered benefits freely and never requested or accepted any form of payment for his healing miracles, unlike some high priests of his time who charged those who were healed. In Matthew 10:8 he advised his disciples to heal the sick without payment and stated: "freely ye received, freely give. " It is not always clear when two reported miracles refer to the same event. For example, in the Healing the Centurion's servant, the Gospels of Matthew[8:5-13] and Luke[7:1-10] narrate how Jesus healed the servant of a Roman Centurion in Capernaum at a distance. The Gospel of John[4:46-54] has a similar but slightly different account at Capernaum, and states that it was the son of a royal official who was cured at a distance. The largest group of miracles mentioned in the New Testament involves cures. The Gospels give varying amounts of detail for each episode, sometimes Jesus cures simply by saying a few words, at other times employs material such as spit and mud. Generally they are referred to in the Synoptic Gospels but not in the Gospel of John. Mark's Gospel also has an account of the healing of a man named Bartimaeus, done as Jesus is leaving Jericho. The Gospel of Matthew has a simpler account loosely based on this, with two unnamed blind men instead of one (this 'doubling' is a characteristic of Matthew's treatment of the Mark text) and a slightly different version of the story, taking place in Galilee, earlier in the narrative. The Gospel of Luke tells the same story of Jesus healing an unnamed blind man, but moves the event in the narrative to when Jesus approaches Jericho. The Gospel of John describes an episode in which Jesus heals a man blind from birth, placed during the Festival of Tabernacles, about six months before his crucifixion. Jesus mixes spittle with dirt to make a mud mixture, which he then places on the man's eyes. He asks the man to wash his eyes in the Pool of Siloam. When the man does this, he is able to see. When asked by his disciples whether the cause of the blindness was the sins of the man's father or his mother, Jesus states that it was neither. [9:1-12] A story in which Jesus cures a leper appears in Mark 1:40-45, Matthew 8:1-4 and Luke 5:12-16. Having cured the man, he instructs him to offer the requisite ritual sacrifices as prescribed by the Deuteronomic Code and Priestly Code, and not to tell anyone who had healed him; but the man disobeyed, increasing Jesus' fame, and thereafter Jesus withdrew to deserted places, but was followed there. In an episode in the Gospel of Luke Luke 17:11-19, while on his way to Jerusalem, Jesus sends ten lepers who sought his assistance to the priests, and they were healed as they go, but the only one who comes back to thank Jesus is a Samaritan. Healing the paralytic at Capernaum appears in Matthew 9:1-8, Mark 2:1-12 and Luke 5:17-26. The Synoptics state that a paralytic was brought to Jesus on a mat; Jesus told him to get up and walk, and the man did so. Jesus also told the man that his sins were forgiven, which irritated the Pharisees. Jesus is described as responding to the anger by asking whether it is easier to say that someone's sins are forgiven, or to tell the man to get up and walk. Mark and Luke state that Jesus was in a house at the time, and that the man had to be lowered through the roof by his friends due to the crowds blocking the door. A similar cure is described in the Gospel of John as the Healing the paralytic at Bethesda[Jn 5:1-18] and occurs at the Pool of Bethesda. In this cure Jesus also tells the man to take his mat and walk. [Jn 5:1-18] [Mt 12:9-13] The Cure of a bleeding woman miracle appears in Mark 5:21-43, Matthew 9:18-26 and Luke 8:40-56, along with the miracle of the Daughter of Jairus. The Gospels state that while heading to Jairus' house Jesus was approached by a woman who had been bleeding for 12 years, and that she touched Jesus' cloak (fringes of his garment) and was instantly healed. Jesus turned about and, when the woman came forward, said "Daughter, your faith has healed you, go in peace". Healing the mother of Peter's wife. The Synoptics describe Jesus as healing the mother-in-law of Simon Peter when he visited Simon's house in Capernaum, around the time of Jesus recruiting Simon as an Apostle (Mark has it just after the calling of Simon, while Luke has it just before). The Synoptics imply that this led other people to seek out Jesus. Jesus healing an infirm woman appears in Luke 13:10-17. While teaching in a synagogue on a Sabbath, Jesus cured a woman who had been crippled by a spirit for eighteen years and could not stand straight at all. Healing a man with dropsy is described in Luke 14:1-6. In this miracle, Jesus cured a man with dropsy at the house of a prominent Pharisee on the Sabbath. Jesus justified the cure by asking: "If one of you has a child or an ox that falls into a well on the Sabbath day, will you not immediately pull it out? " In the Healing of the man with a withered hand miracle, the Synoptics state that Jesus entered a synagogue on Sabbath, and found a man with a withered hand there, whom Jesus healed, having first challenged the people present to decide what was lawful for Sabbath—to do good or to do evil, to save life or to kill. The Gospel of Mark adds that this angered the Pharisees so much that they started to contemplate killing Jesus. The Healing the deaf mute of Decapolis miracle only appears in the Gospel of Mark.[7:31-37] The Gospel states that Jesus went to the Decapolis and met a man there who was deaf and mute, and cured him. Specifically, Jesus first touched the man's ears, and touched his tongue after spitting, and then said Ephphatha! , an Aramaic word meaning Be opened. The Healing of Malchus was Christ's final miracle before his resurrection. Simon Peter had cut off the ear of the High Priest's servant, Malchus, during the scene in the Garden of Gethsemane. Jesus restored the ear by touching it with His hand. The Healing the Centurion's servant miracle is reported in Matthew 8:5-13 and Luke 7:1-10. These two Gospels narrate how Jesus healed the servant of a Roman Centurion in Capernaum. John 4:46-54 has a similar account at Capernaum, but states that it was the son of a royal official who was cured at a distance. Matthew 9:35-36 also reports that after the miracle of Jesus exorcising a mute, Jesus went through all the towns and villages, teaching in their synagogues, proclaiming the good news of the kingdom and healing every disease and sickness. According to the three Synoptic Gospels, Jesus performed many exorcisms of demoniacs. These incidents are not mentioned in the Gospel of John and appear to have been excluded due to theological considerations. The seven major exorcism accounts in the Synoptic Gospels which have details, and imply specific teachings, are: - Exorcism at the Synagogue in Capernaum, where Jesus exorcises an evil spirit who cries out, "What do you want with us, Jesus of Nazareth? Have you come to destroy us? I know who you are—the Holy One of God! ". - Exorcism of the Gerasene demoniac or "Miracle of the (Gadarene) Swine": Jesus exorcises a possessed man (changed in the Gospel of Matthew to two men). When Jesus asks the demon's name (finding the name of the possessing demon was an important traditional tool of exorcists), he is given the reply Legion, ". . . for we are many". When the demons asked to be expelled into a nearby group of pigs rather than be sent out of the area, Jesus obliges, but the pigs then run into the lake and are drowned. - Exorcism of the Syrophoenician woman's daughter, appears in Matthew 15:21-28 and Mark 7:24-30. A Gentile woman asks Jesus to heal her daughter, but Jesus refuses, saying that he has been sent only to "the lost sheep of the house of Israel". The woman persists, saying that "dogs eat of the crumbs which fall from their masters' table". In response Jesus relents and informs her that her daughter has been healed. - Exorcising the blind and mute man, appears in Matthew 12:22-32, Mark 3:20-30, and Luke 11:14-23. Jesus heals a demon-possessed man who was blind and mute. People are astonished and ask, "Could this be the Son of David? " - Exorcising a boy possessed by a demon, appears in Matthew 17:14-21, Mark 9:14-29, and Luke 9:37-49. A boy possessed by a demon is brought forward to Jesus. The boy is said to have foamed at the mouth, gnashed his teeth, become rigid and involuntarily fallen into both water and fire. Jesus' followers could not expel the demon, and Jesus condemns the people as unbelieving, but when the father of the boy questions if Jesus could heal the boy, he replies "everything is possible for those that believe". The father then says that he believes and the child is healed. - The miracle of Jesus exorcising at sunset appears in the Synoptic Gospels just after healing the mother of Peter's wife, in Matthew 8:16-17, Mark 1:32-34 and Luke 4:40-41. In this miracle Jesus heals people and cast out demons. - The miracle of Jesus exorcising a mute appears in Matthew 9:32-34 immediately following the account of the miracle of Jesus healing two blind men. A man who is demon-possessed and could not talk is brought to Jesus, who exorcises the demon, and the man is able to speak. There are also brief mentions of other exorcisms, e. g.: - Jesus had cast seven devils out of Mary Magdalene. (Mark 16:9, Luke 8:2) - Jesus continued to cast out devils even though Herod Antipas wanted to kill him. (Luke 13:31-32) Resurrection of the deadEdit - Daughter of Jairus.[Mk 5:21-43] Jairus, a major patron of a synagogue, asks Jesus to heal his daughter, but while Jesus is on the way, Jairus is told his daughter has died. Jesus tells him she was only sleeping, and wakes her with the words Talitha kum! - The Young Man from Nain.[Lk 7:11-17] A young man, the son of a widow, is brought out for burial in Nain. Jesus sees her, and his pity causes him to tell her not to cry. Jesus approaches the coffin and tells the man inside to get up, and he does so. - The Raising of Lazarus.[Jn 11:1-44] A close friend of Jesus who had been dead for four days is brought back to life when Jesus commands him to get up. Control over natureEdit The Gospels include eight pre-resurrection accounts concerning Jesus' power over nature: - Turning water into wine at a wedding, when the host runs out of wine, the host's servants fill vessels with water at Jesus' command, then a sample is drawn out and taken to the master of the banquet who pronounces the content of the vessels as the best wine of the banquet. - The miraculous catch of fish takes place early in Jesus's ministry and results in Saint Peter, James, son of Zebedee and John the Apostle joining Jesus as his apostles. [Lk 5:1-11] - Feeding the multitude—Jesus, praying to God and using only a few loaves of bread and several fish, feeds thousands of men, along with an unspecified number of women and children; there are even a number of baskets of leftovers afterward. - Walking on water - Transfiguration of Jesus—Jesus climbed a mountain and was changed so that his face glowed, and the prophets Moses and Elijah appeared next to him. - Calming the storm–during a storm, the disciples woke Jesus, and he rebuked the storm causing it to become calm. Jesus then rebukes the disciples for lack of faith. - Finding a coin in the fish's mouth is reported in Matthew 17:24-27. - Cursing the fig tree–Jesus cursed a fig tree, and it withered. Post-resurrection miracles attributed to Jesus are also recorded in the Gospels: List of miracles found outside the New TestamentEdit Accounts of Jesus performing miracles are also found outside the New Testament. Later, 2nd century texts, called Infancy Gospels, narrate Jesus performing miracles during his childhood. |Rich young man raised from the dead||Secret Gospel of Mark 1| |Water controlled and purified||Infancy Thomas 2. 2| |Made birds of clay and brought them to life||Infancy Thomas 2. 3| |Resurrected dead playmate Zeno||Infancy Thomas 9| |Healed a woodcutter's foot||Infancy Thomas 10| |Held water in his cloak||Infancy Thomas 11| |Harvested 100 bushels of wheat from a single seed||Infancy Thomas 12| |Stretched a board that was short for carpentry||Infancy Thomas 13| |Resurrected a teacher he earlier struck down||Infancy Thomas 14-15| |Healed James' viper bite||Infancy Thomas 16| |Resurrected a dead child||Infancy Thomas 17| |Resurrected a dead man||Infancy Thomas 18| |Miraculous Virgin Birth verified by midwife||Infancy James 19-20| Setting and InterpretationsEdit Miracles were widely believed in around the time of Jesus. Gods and demigods such as Heracles (better known by his Roman name, Hercules), Asclepius (a Greek physician who became a god) and Isis of Egypt all were thought to have healed the sick and overcome death (i. e. have raised people from the dead). Some thought that mortal men, if sufficiently famous and virtuous, could do likewise; there were myths about philosophers like Pythagoras and Empedocles calming storms at sea, chasing away pestilences, and being greeted as gods, and similarly some Jews believed that Elisha the Prophet had cured lepers and restored the dead. The achievements of the 1st century Apollonius of Tyana, though occurring after Jesus' life, were used by a 3rd-century opponent of the Christians to argue that Christ was neither original nor divine (Eusebius of Caesaria argued against the charge). The first Gospels were written against this background of Hellenistic and Jewish belief in miracles and other wondrous acts as signs - the term is explicitly used in the Gospel of John to describe Jesus' miracles - seen to be validating the credentials of divine wise men. Traditional Christian interpretationEdit Many Christians believe Jesus' miracles were historical events and that his miraculous works were an important part of his life, attesting to his divinity and the Hypostatic union, i. e., the dual natures of Jesus as God and Man. They see Jesus' experiences of hunger, weariness, and death as evidences of his humanity, and miracles as evidences of his divinity. Christian authors also view the miracles of Jesus not merely as acts of power and omnipotence, but as works of love and mercy, performed not with a view to awe by omnipotence, but to show compassion for sinful and suffering humanity. And each miracle involves specific teachings. Since according to the Gospel of John,[20:30] it was impossible to narrate all of the miracles performed by Jesus, the Catholic Encyclopedia states that the miracles presented in the Gospels were selected for a twofold reason: first for the manifestation of God's glory, and then for their evidential value. Jesus referred to his "works" as evidences of his mission and his divinity, and in John 5:36 he declared that his miracles have greater evidential value than the testimony of John the Baptist. John 10:37-38 quotes Jesus as follows: "Do not believe me unless I do what my Father does. But if I do it, even though you do not believe me, believe the miracles, that you may know and understand that the Father is in me, and I in the Father." In Christian teachings, the miracles were as much a vehicle for Jesus' message as his words. Many emphasize the importance of faith, for instance in Cleansing ten lepers,[Lk 17:19] Jesus did not say: "My power has saved you" but said: "Rise and go; your faith has saved you. " Christian authors have discussed the miracles of Jesus at length and assigned specific motives to each miracle, e. g., authors Pentecost and Danilson suggest that the Walking on Water miracle centered on the relationship of Jesus with his apostles, rather than their peril or the miracle itself. And that the miracle was specifically designed by Jesus to teach the apostles that when encountering obstacles, they need to rely on their faith in Christ, first and foremost. Authors Donahue and Harrington argue that the Daughter of Jairus miracle teaches that faith as embodied in the bleeding woman can exist in seemingly hopeless situations, and that through belief, healing can be achieved, in that when the woman is healed, Jesus tells her "Your faith has healed you". Liberal Christians place less emphasis on miraculous events associated with the life of Jesus than on his teachings. The effort to remove superstitious elements from Christian faith dates to intellectual reformist Christians such as Erasmus and the Deists in the 15th–17th centuries. In the 19th century, self-identified liberal Christians sought to elevate Jesus' humane teachings as a standard for a world civilization freed from cultic traditions and traces of pagan belief in the supernatural. The debate over whether a belief in miracles was mere superstition or essential to accepting the divinity of Christ constituted a crisis within the 19th-century church, for which theological compromises were sought. Attempts to account for miracles through scientific or rational explanation were mocked even at the turn of the 19th–20th century. A belief in the authenticity of miracles was one of five tests established in 1910 by the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America to distinguish true believers from what they saw as false professors of faith such as "educated, 'liberal' Christians." Contemporary liberal Christians may prefer to read Jesus' miracles as metaphorical narratives for understanding the power of God. Not all theologians with liberal inclinations reject the possibility of miracles, but may reject the polemicism that denial or affirmation entails. The Scottish philosopher David Hume published an influential essay on miracles in his An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (1748) in which he argued that any evidence for miracles was outweighed by the possibility that those who described them were deceiving themselves or others: - "As the violations of truth are more common in the testimony concerning religious miracles, than in that concerning any other matter of fact; this must diminish very much the authority of the former testimony, and make us form a general resolution, never to lend any attention to it, with whatever specious pretence it may be covered. " Bart Ehrman states that what makes science possible is the assumption of the uniformity of the laws of nature, but given that miracles are by definition events that go against the usual way nature works, historians are virtually unable to confirm or refute reports of Jesus' miracles. According to the Jesus Seminar Jesus probably cured some sick people, but described Jesus' healings in modern terms, relating them to "psychosomatic maladies. " They found six of the nineteen healings to be "probably reliable". Most participants in the Jesus Seminar believe Jesus practiced exorcisms, as Josephus, Philostratus, and others wrote about other contemporary exorcists, but do not believe the gospel accounts were accurate reports of specific events or that demons exist. They did not find any of the nature miracles to be historical events. Gallery of miraclesEdit The Blind man Bartimaeus in Jericho Power over demonic spiritsEdit At the Synagogue in Capernaum Resurrection of the deadEdit Control over natureEdit - Baker Theological Dictionary of the Bible defines a miracle as "an event in the external world brought about by the immediate agency or the simple volition of God." It goes on to add that a miracle occurs to show that the power behind it is not limited to the laws of matter or mind as it interrupts fixed natural laws. So the term supernatural applies quite accurately. Elwell, Walter A., ed. (2001). Baker Theological Dictionary of the Bible. Baker Academic. ISBN 978-0801022562. - Twelftree (1999) p. 263 - H. Van der Loos, 1965 The Miracles of Jesus, E.J. Brill Press, Netherlands. - Mark 8:11-12, Matthew 16:1-4, Matthew 12:38-40, Luke 11:29-30. Cited in Funk, Robert W., Roy W. Hoover, and the Jesus Seminar. The five gospels. HarperSanFrancisco. 1993. p. 72-73. - Harris, Stephen L., Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985. "John" p. 302-310 - "Islamic beliefs include many miracles of healing and of resurrection of the dead. " Heribert Busse, 1998 Islam, Judaism, and Christianity, ISBN 1-55876-144-6 page 114 - Twelftree (1999) p. 19 - Gary R. Habermas, 1996 The historical Jesus: ancient evidence for the life of Christ ISBN 0-89900-732-5 page 60 - See discussion under Liberal Christianity and miracles. - Mark Allan Powell, Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee (Westminster John Knox Press, 1998), page 22. - Craig A. Evans, 2001 Jesus and his contemporaries ISBN 0-391-04118-5 pages 6-7 - Karl Barth Church dogmatics ISBN 0-567-05089-0 page 478 - The Miracles of Jesus by Craig Blomberg, David Wenham 1986 ISBN 1-85075-009-2 page 197 - Daniel J. Harrington, The Gospel of Matthew (Liturgical Press, 1991) page 133. - "Luke 18:35-43". Bible.oremus. org. 2011-02-10. Retrieved 2018-04-19. - Brent Kinman, Jesus' Entry Into Jerusalem: In the Context of Lukan Theology and the Politics of His Days (BRILL, 1995) page 67. - Mark 5:21-43, Matthew 9:18-26 and Luke 8:40-56. - Mark 1:29-34, Luke 4:38-39 and Matthew 8:14-15 - Mt 12:10, Mk 3:1-3, Lk 6:6-8 - Twelftree (1999), p. 283. - Mark 1:21-28 Luke 4:31-37 - Craig S. Keener, A Commentary on the Gospel of Matthew (Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1999) page 282. - Matthew 8:28-34, Mark 5:1-20, Luke 8:26-39 - Matthew 15:21-28 Mark 7:24-30 - Matthew 17:14-21, Mark 9:14-29, Luke 9:37-49 - Henry Rutter, Evangelical harmony Keating and Brown, London 1803. page 450 - Matthew 17:24-27 - George W. Braswell, 2000 What you need to know about Islam & Muslims ISBN 0-8054-1829-6 page 112 - "Wendy Cotter, "Miracles in Greco-Roman antiquity: a sourcebook" (Routledge, 1999) pp. 11-12, ff". Books.google. com. Retrieved 2018-04-19. - "Wendy Cotter, "Miracles in Greco-Roman antiquity: a sourcebook" (Routledge, 1999) pp. 37-38". Books.google. com. Retrieved 2018-04-19. - "Wendy Cotter, "Miracles in Greco-Roman antiquity: a sourcebook" (Routledge, 1999) pp. 50-53". Books.google. com. Retrieved 2018-04-19. - "Everett Ferguson, Michael P. McHugh, Frederick W. Norris, "Encyclopedia of early Christianity, Volume 1", p. 804". Books.google. com. Retrieved 2018-04-19. - "Watson E. Mills, Roger Aubrey Bullard, "Mercer dictionary of the Bible" (Mercer University Press, 1991) p. 61". Books.google. com. Retrieved 2018-04-19. - "Catholic Encyclopedia on Miracles". Newadvent.org. 1911-10-01. Retrieved 2018-04-19. - Lockyer, Herbert, 1988 All the Miracles of the Bible ISBN 0-310-28101-6 page 25 - William Thomas Brande, George William Cox, A dictionary of science, literature, & art London, 1867, also Published by Old Classics on Kindle, 2009, page 655 - Bernard L. Ramm 1993 An Evangelical Christology ISBN 1-57383-008-9 page 45 - Author Ken Stocker states that "every single miracle was an act of love": Facts, Faith, and the FAQs by Ken Stocker, Jim Stocker 2006 ISBN page 139 - Warren W. Wiersbe 1995 Classic Sermons on the Miracles of Jesus ISBN 0-8254-3999-X page 132 - The emergence of Christian theology by Eric Francis Osborn 1993 ISBN 0-521-43078-X page 100 - Berard L. Marthaler 2007 The creed: the apostolic faith in contemporary theology ISBN 0-89622-537-2 page 220 - Lockyer, Herbert, 1988 All the Miracles of the Bible ISBN 0-310-28101-6 page 235 - Pheme Perkins 1988 Reading the New Testament ISBN 0-8091-2939-6 page 54 - Dwight Pentecost . The words and works of Jesus Christ. Zondervan, 1980. ISBN 0-310-30940-9, p. 234 - John R. Donahue, Daniel J. Harrington. The Gospel of Mark. Zondervan 1981. ISBN 0-8146-5965-9 p. 182 - Linda Woodhead, "Christianity," in Religions in the Modern World (Routledge, 2002), pp. 186 online and 193. - Burton L. Mack, The Lost Gospel: The Book of Q and Christian Origins (HarperCollins, 1993), p. 29 online. - The Making of American Liberal Theology: Imagining Progressive Religion 1805–1900, edited by Gary J. Dorrien (Westminster John Knox Press, 2001), passim, search miracles. - F.J. Ryan, Protestant Miracles: High Orthodox and Evangelical Authority for the Belief in Divine Interposition in Human Affairs (Stockton, California, 1899), p. 78 online. Full text downloadable. - Dan P. McAdams, The Redemptive Self: Stories Americans Live By (Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 164 online. - Ann-Marie Brandom, "The Role of Language in Religious Education," in Learning to Teach Religious Education in the Secondary School: A Companion to School Experience (Routledge, 2000), p. 76 online. - The Making of American Liberal Theology: Idealism, Realism, and Modernity, 1900-1950, edited by Gary J. Dorrien (Westminster John Knox Press, 2003), passim, search miracles, especially p. 413; on Ames, p. 233 online; on Niebuhr, p. 436 online. - "Modern History Sourcebook: David Hume: On Miracles". Fordham.edu. Retrieved 2018-04-19. - Ehrman, Bart D.. Jesus, Interrupted, HarperCollins, 2009. ISBN 0-06-117393-2 page 175: "We would call a miracle an event that violates the way nature always, or almost always, works . . . By now I hope you can see the unavoidable problem historians have with miracles. Historians can establish only what probably happened in the past, but miracles, by their very nature, are always the least probable explanation for what happened" - Funk, Robert W. and the Jesus Seminar. The acts of Jesus: the search for the authentic deeds of Jesus. HarperSanFrancisco. 1998. p. 566. - Funk 1998, p. 531 - Funk 1998, p. 530f - Funk, Robert W. and the Jesus Seminar, 1998 The Acts of Jesus: The Search for the Authentic Deeds of Jesus. Polebridge Press, San Francisco. ISBN 0-06-062978-9 - Kilgallen, John J., 1989 A Brief Commentary on the Gospel of Mark, Paulist Press, ISBN 0-8091-3059-9 - List of Jesus' Miracles and Biblical References - Lockyer, Herbert, 1988 All the Miracles of the Bible ISBN 0-310-28101-6 - Miller, Robert J. Editor, 1994 The Complete Gospels, Polebridge Press, ISBN 0-06-065587-9 - Murcia, Thierry, Jésus, les miracles en question, Paris, 1999 - Jésus, les miracles élucidés par la médecine, Paris, 2003 - Omaar, Rageh 2003 The Miracles of Jesus BBC documentary - Twelftree, Graham H. (1999). Jesus the Miracle Worker: A Historical and Theological Study. IVP Academic. ISBN 978-0830815968. - Van der Loos, H., 1965 The Miracles of Jesus, E.J. Brill Press, Netherlands

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Origin: Congolese or Himalayan Period: Mid/Late Nineteenth Century Provenance: Unknown Date: c. 1860-90 Height: 11. 5 inches Width: 7 inches The unusual nineteenth century painted mask with mouth and eye cavities, pierced holes to edges and applied dot decoration in buff and ochre survives from possibly from the Congo or the Himalayan area. The mask has expected wear to its paintwork, heavy in some places making it very decorative. The unusual alternate spots are all still quite clear. There are some losses to the teeth and some chipping to the edges and extremities whilst the whole has a beautiful patination. We have given the mask a light wax. Throughout the world masks are used for their expressive power as a feature of masked performance - both ritually and in various theatre traditions. A familiar and vivid element in many folk and traditional pageants, ceremonies, rituals and festivals, masks are often of an ancient origin. Masks are used almost universally and maintain their power and mystery both for their wearers and their audience. We are not certain of the origin of this mask and after a period of research we cannot find another like it though our most educated guess is that it is of Congolese or Himalayan origin. It is certainly nineteenth century. An unusual, intriguing, and possibly rare example of a tribal mask, and a very decorative one at that.

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IoT (Internet of Things) Gateways are industrial devices designed to provide device-to-device or device-to-cloud platform communication, linking sensors, controllers and machinery in a smart and effective network. These gateways normally provide specialist solutions to industrial applications, and are often used in complex automation systems. An IoT Gateway can provide an extra security layer to IoT networks and the data that the networks transport, IoT’s can usually be attached vertically or horizontally on a DIN rail or wall and are ideal for both industrial and commercial applications. IoT, or ‘internet of things’, is a constantly evolving revolution in machine connectivity and industrial internet, and gateways are a significant part of the process. They can perform a variety of IoT applications, such as data filtering and complex analysis, and even allowing visibility and monitoring of data. Industrial IoT gateways can be used with legacy devices or not internet-connected machines to transplant them into a localised network or on-cloud IoT ecosystem. Gateways are also essential in edge computing, or fog computing, which allows complex data functions to be performed at source and on premises, rather than over a cloud network. The RS Components range of IoT Gateway devices has excellent solutions for expanding your IoT ecosystem or levelling up your industrial environment. What is the main function of an IoT Gateway? Gateways are considered to be an essential component of an IoT solution. IoT gateways have various functions including translating protocols to encrypting, processing, managing, securing and filtering data and are located between devices and sensors to interact with the cloud. All IoT systems need a way to connect sensors and devices to the cloud so that the data can be sent back and forth between them. By using IoT gateways, these devices make this connection possible as they act as bridges between sensors and devices and the cloud. Need help to find products? Contact us now We'll get back to you shortly Bạn có cần sự giúp đỡ? Liên hê ngay Để nhận sự hỗ trợ bằng tiếng việt

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This article is the second in a four part series highlighting the evolution of digital pathology and its impact on the access to pathology services throughout the world. If you missed it, you can find Part 1 here. Many pathology practices associated with academic medical centers have begun using digital pathology to facilitate the sharing of cases through the use of internet services, private networks, and now, cloud technology. As the use of whole slide imaging (WSI) and digital pathology consultations becomes more widespread, hospitals can access experts in any pathology subspecialty from any location around the globe. Secure, web-based access to expert centers and remote subspecialist colleagues is now a reality. 1 One of the earliest clinical uses of telepathology occurred in 1968 between Massachusetts General Hospital and the Logan Airport Medical Station in Boston, Massachusetts. Black and white photos of macroscopic and microscopic images were sent via microwave transmission for expert consultation. 2 Since that time, telepathology has been used in many clinical, research and academic applications and encompasses three primary modes of communication: static “store and forward” systems, dynamic (robotic) systems and hybrid systems incorporating the use of virtual slides. 3, 4 With hybrid systems, the slide is typically scanned at a low magnification and forwarded to the pathologist. The pathologist then uses a live telecommunications link to review the regions of interest at a higher magnification. 5 With the technical evolution from digital cameras mounted on microscopes to whole slide scanners, the utility of digital images versus glass slides has dramatically increased. Pathologists use these images for publications, research collaborations, teaching and even consultations. As whole slide scanners improve their throughput, quality and affordability, remote access to these digital images is also evolving. Early communications took place by directly connecting to remote scanners or image platforms via standard telephone lines to view the images. As broadband telecommunication networks have improved and expanded, internet access has become more robust and can better support digital pathology applications. With today’s more sophisticated networks, use of WSI allows the viewing of images using shared servers via transmitting and uploading to a referral center’s server, and more recently, through the use of cloud services. 6 Applications include providing remote support for fine needle aspiration and frozen section services, consultative services and, where permitted, primary diagnoses. Some hospital laboratories are even making the commitment to move to a 100% digital workflow for their anatomic pathology labs. Digital pathology technology is advancing at a rapid pace offering solutions to the increasing need for pathology services. Moving to a digital platform allows for consolidation of lab resources, expansion for outreach consultations, and now, the development and application of artificial intelligence algorithms to streamline and assist the pathologist’s diagnostic process. In concert, initiatives utilizing this technology are becoming more and more common to improve accessibility to pathology services worldwide. As laboratories expand their consultation services across a region, the country or the world, digital pathology networks offer improved access to expert subspecialty pathologists whether within a network of community practices or with an “expert” center located anywhere in the world. This article is the second in a four part series highlighting the evolution of digital pathology and its impact on the access to pathology services throughout the world. Stay tuned for Part 3: A timeline of global pathology initiatives. 1, 2, 6. Farahani N, Riben M, Evans, AJ Pantanowitz, L. International Telepathology: Promises and Pitfalls. Pathobiology. 2016; 83(2-3): 121-6. Epub 2016 Apr 26. - Pantanowitz L, Wiley CA, Demetris A, et al. Experience with multimodality telepathology at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center.Journal of Pathology Informatics. 2012; 3: 45. - Park S, Parwani AV, Aller RD, Banach L, Becich MJ, Borkenfeld S, Carter AB, Friedman BA, Rojo MG, Georgiou A, Kayser G, Kayser K, Legg M, Naugler C, Sawai T, Weiner H, Winsten D, Pantanowitz L. The history of pathology informatics: A global perspective. Journal of Pathology Informatics. May 30, 2013; 4:7. - Kaplan K, Rao L. (2016) Digital Pathology: Historical Perspectives, Current Concepts & Future Applications. Springer International Publishing. Switzerland. ISBN In: 978-3-319-20378-2

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January 25, 2008: Special Announcement on sargramostim (Leukine): Patients and doctors need to be aware that there has been a voluntary market suspension of the current liquid formulation of this drug because of an upward trend in spontaneous reports of adverse reactions, including syncope (fainting). The lyophilized (freeze-dried) form of the drug is not affected. See the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) web site at www. fda. gov for more information. To help doctors give their patients the best possible care, the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) developed recommendations for the use of white blood cell growth factors. This guide for patients is based on ASCO's recommendations. - White blood cell growth factors, also called colony-stimulating factors, are medications that help prevent infection during cancer treatment. - White blood cell growth factors are only recommended for patients who have a high risk for low white blood cell counts and a fever. - Talk with your doctor about your risk for developing this condition and your need for a medication to prevent it. White blood cell growth factors, also known as hematopoietic (blood-forming) colony-stimulating factors (CSFs), are proteins that help the body produce white blood cells. White blood cells help fight infection and can be destroyed during some types of cancer treatment. Having low numbers of white blood cells is called neutropenia, and patients with neutropenia are more likely to develop infections. Neutropenia may occur with or without a fever. Febrile neutropenia (neutropenia with a fever) may be a sign that the patient has developed an infection and requires antibiotics and hospitalization. ASCO recommends that patients avoid febrile neutropenia because of the risk of serious complications. CSFs are supportive medications, which mean that they are not intended to treat cancer, but rather to prevent patients from developing side effects of cancer treatment, such as infections. CSFs are given as shots, usually 24 hours after a chemotherapy treatment, and include filgrastim (Neupogen), sargramostim (Leukine), and pegfilgrastim (Neulasta). These medications are made in the laboratory and are similar to those naturally produced by the body. Like other medications, CSFs have both risks and benefits. Treatment with CSFs can lower the risk that a patient will be hospitalized because of febrile neutropenia, but CSFs also cause aches in the bones, low-grade fever, malaise (feeling unwell), and involve multiple shots to deliver the medication. Your doctor can help determine your need for a CSF based on your risk of developing febrile neutropenia. This risk depends on the cancer diagnosis, cancer treatment you receive (such as dose and schedule of chemotherapy), and your medical history, age, and overall health. The general recommendations for the use of CSFs include the following: - The first option should be to find an effective chemotherapy schedule that doesn't require the use of CSFs, if possible. - Patients should receive CSFs when the risk of developing febrile neutropenia is about 20% or greater, based on the patient's cancer type, treatment plan, age, medical history, and other factors. Some of these situations include: - Patients receiving dose dense chemotherapy (treatment given more often, such as every two weeks instead of every three weeks) - Patients older than 65 with lymphoma who are being treated with curative chemotherapy - Patients with health conditions that place them at higher risk of developing complications from neutropenia There are circumstances where treatment with a CSF is not recommended. Please talk with your doctor for more information. Some of these situations include: - Patients receiving chemotherapy and radiation therapy at the same time - Patients with neutropenia and no fever - Patients receiving chemotherapy with a risk of febrile neutropenia that is less than 20%, which includes most chemotherapy regimens Patients are encouraged to ask their doctors the following questions about CSFs: - Do you recommend adding a CSF to my treatment plan? Why or why not? - Is there an effective chemotherapy regimen (schedule) for my type of cancer that might not require the use of CSFs? - Is my risk of developing febrile neutropenia with this treatment more than 20%? - What are the risks and benefits of CSF treatment? - Where can I learn more about CSFs and my cancer treatment? Patients receiving CSFs may want to ask the following questions: - What can be done to treat bony aches and joint pain? - How long does this pain last? - How can I tell if the bone pain is from CSF treatment and not from the spread of cancer? - What do I do if I have bone pain with a fever? Read the entire clinical practice guideline at www. asco. org/guidelines/wbcgf. About ASCO's Guidelines To help doctors give their patients the best possible care, ASCO asks its medical experts to develop evidence-based recommendations for specific areas of cancer care, called clinical practice guidelines. Due to the rapid flow of scientific information in oncology, new evidence may have emerged since the time a guideline or assessment was submitted for publication. As a result, guidelines and guideline summaries, like this one, may not reflect the most recent evidence. Because the treatment options for every patient are different, guidelines are voluntary and are not meant to replace your physician's independent judgment. The decisions you and your doctor make will be based on your individual circumstances. These recommendations may not apply in the context of clinical trials. The information in this guide is not intended as medical or legal advice, or as a substitute for consultation with a physician or other licensed health care provider. Patients with health care-related questions should call or see their physician or other health care provider promptly, and should not disregard professional medical advice, or delay seeking it, because of information encountered in this guide. The mention of any product, service, or treatment in this guide should not be construed as an ASCO endorsement. ASCO is not responsible for any injury or damage to persons or property arising out of or related to any use of this patient guide, or to any errors or omissions. Good cancer care starts with good cancer information. Well-informed patients are their own best advocates, and invaluable partners for physicians. ASCO's patient website, Cancer.Net, brings the expertise and resources of the world's cancer physicians to people living with cancer and those who care for and care about them. ASCO is composed of more than 28,000 oncologists globally who are the leaders in advancing cancer care. All the information and content on Cancer.Net was developed and approved by the cancer doctors who are members of ASCO, making Cancer.Net the most up-to-date and trusted resource for cancer information on the Internet. Cancer.Net is supported by The ASCO Cancer Foundation, which provides funding for cutting-edge cancer research, professional education, and patient and family support. People in search of cancer information can feel secure knowing that the programs supported by The ASCO Cancer Foundation provide the most thorough, accurate, and up-to-date cancer information found anywhere. Visit Cancer.Net to find guides on more than 120 types of cancer and cancer-related syndromes, clinical trials information, coping resources, information on managing side effects, medical illustrations, cancer information in Spanish, podcasts, videos, the latest cancer news, and much more. For more information about ASCO's patient information resources, call toll free 888-651-3038.

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Race and Class: What Is "Black Enough"? — Malik Miah BARACK OBAMA’S BID to be the first African American president of The United States has brought on an unusual discussion among many Blacks: “Is he Black enough? ” The junior U.S. Senator from Illinois is making history by the broad support he’s receiving from a broad spectrum of social and racial groups in the country. Yet it’s reopened an old debate within the community about what defines Blackness. The reason is simple: Discrimination is still alive and well in the country even as an elite layer in the Black population has integrated itself into the mainstream. Underlying this debate is recognition that all Americans are not fully equal because of the de facto formation of two distinct “nations” — one white, one Black — forged out of slavery and Jim Crow segregation. All the positive changes since the civil rights revolution of the 1960s have not yet led to the formation of a distinct American nationality. Citizenship — a legal status, something that native born African Americans have fought for since the U.S. Constitution was written— represents something different from nationality. It’s the racial/national heritage that has always shaped Black politics, and impacted how African Americans have run for public office — city, state and national. This has been especially true for every Black politician reaching out beyond the Black community. Obama’s Early Broad Support Initially Obama’s support from African Americans was modest — mainly because many did not know who he was or where he stood on issues of primary concern to the Black community. Obama was a new Black politician (not from the civil rights era) and not widely known across the country. That changed quickly as the debate about his “Blackness” hit center stage. His family origins became public knowledge — white mother and African father. For most Blacks his origins are not a concern, since Obama is obviously Black. But for Black intellectuals and nationalists it is an issue. And it has everything to do with the two nations’ history, not a social discourse about Black Americans being unique from Black Africans. Meanwhile, while a layer debates this issue of Blackness, Obama’s popularity among working-class and other Blacks continues to grow. Jesse Jackson, a prominent civil right figure and presidential hopeful in the 1980s, has endorsed his campaign. Other leading Black politicians are moving in the same direction, while knowing they will support the eventual Democratic Party nominee the same way they’ve done in past elections. Obama’s popularity among Democrats and self-described independents is also reflected in his financial supporters. Obama achieved twice the number of financial contributors to his campaign as front-runner Hillary Clinton —some 100,000 to Clinton’s 50,000 — by the end of March. It showed his appeal: Most of his donors were individuals from colleges, and working- and middle-class communities, who gave small donations of $100 or less, while Clinton got hers from large donations. Not just a flash in the pan, Obama’s campaign is seen by many as a grassroots challenge to the establishment. Obama labels his effort as a “social movement,” organizing much of his support by large public meetings and through the Internet. Nevertheless, this apparent Black “colorblind” candidacy continues to inspire a sidebar debate among many African Americans because of the historical roots discussion. Senator Obama is an African American. He was born in Hawaii to a white mother from small town Kansas and an African father from Kenya. Obama has visited his father’s village and has a large extended family there. He grew up in Hawaii but learned his politics in the working-class communities of Chicago. He holds a law degree and was a community organizer on the South Side of the city. Mixed “Racial Heritage” For nationalists the issue is this: since Obama did not originate from the ancestral loins of former African slaves, how can he be considered a true African American? While many in the mainly white-based media may find this a strange discussion — Obama is obviously Black — it is a long and important one in the Black community and African-American culture, going back to slave times when the color of one’s skin impacted your treatment by many whites. The “house slave” versus the “field slave” and the light skin versus the dark skin advantages/disadvantages debates are well known. White skin privilege is obvious. You don’t need to say it, it is understood. During the segregation era, it was not uncommon for light skin Blacks to even “pass” to get out of the urban ghettoes to avoid the blow of racism. A Social Construct In the post-civil rights era the issue hasn’t been as prominent, but still exists. In truth “race” is a social construct. Genetic science shows that Blacks and whites are more similar in genetic makeup than not. Bigots, of course, only see skin color and nothing else. A Black man or woman from the Caribbean or Africa, once living in the country, is seen and therefore treated the same as a native born Black man or woman. But within the Black community everyone is aware that a Caribbean Black has another country. The same is true of Blacks from Africa. The food and cultures are also different. The unity that has been forged is because racism makes no distinction of the origins of one’s Black skin origin. A Black man is a Black man — period — to a racist and everyone else. (Ask any dark skinned person from Pakistan who ever tried to visit the Jim Crow South.) In other words, when a Black man catches a cab, the driver only sees a Black man, not an American of African decent. The cabbie definitely doesn’t think, “Is he a mixture of white and Black parents? ” When a Black person walks into a store, the owner doesn’t stop and think, “Is he educated? Did he attend Columbia University? Is he from Africa? ” The criticism by some Blacks of Obama is not really about his origins or lack thereof. It flows from one concern: Obama’s Ivy League education and his views of what to do regarding the problems of the African-American community. In reality, Obama doesn’t seem to make them (Black issues) the central concern of his politics. Obama is articulate (in what some consider a white sort of way) and follows a community-based Saul Alinsky approach to solving America’s inner city problems. (Obama started off out of college working for Developing Communities Project, DCP, which focused on poor Black neighborhoods. ) According to David Moberg of The Nation, “Despite some meaningful victories, the work of Obama — and hundreds of other organizers — did not transform the South Side [of Chicago] or restore industries. But it did change the young man” of what Moberg called “community organizer turned politician. ” Politics Are Decisive Obama’s views on the war in Iraq, racism, abortion rights, and other hot button issues that neoconservatives thrive on, are the source of his support from liberals and a new generation of Democratic Party activists. The issue of “Blackness” is only raised to avoid the real debate over program and resolution of issues greatly concerning African Americans and other Americans. That’s why the real concern of those who say “Obama is not Black enough” is political. Does Obama’s origin of a mixed marriage between a white mother from the Midwest and a father from Africa give him the insight of Blacks from the urban communities of the South Side of Chicago or Harlem? Does the fact his father’s family did not suffer the unique racism of America or the slave trade that brought Blacks to America (although his father did live under the domination and colonialism of Europe) mean Obama cannot truly understand the racism that African Americans know from life, not from history? As someone also of “mixed race” — my father came from British ruled India and mother from the Black Bottom area of Detroit — I’ve heard this claim too about myself. How could a mixed bred fully understand racism like us? Now of course my mother was African American so I’m a little better off than Obama. But I remember discussions about “Blackness and Black enough” when I was doing political organizing during the busing desegregation fight in the 1970s in the Roxbury community of Boston. The issue then as now was not “Blackness,” but my political views. What I explained about the origins of the busing struggles, racism and what to do (as well as my socialist politics that were attacked with “red baiting”), was behind the attacks. I knew that my politics were at the root of the debate, and so did my critics. The “moderate” Martin Luther King, Jr. and “revolutionary nationalist” Malcolm X — at times on differing sides of the civil rights debate regarding tactics — both understood this issue of Blackness (even though it wasn’t called that then) very well. Then it was about integrationism versus militant Black Nationalism, including Pan Africanism. A Black man from the Caribbean, from Africa or even the Indian subcontinent faced the same racism in the Jim Crow South or in the urban centers of the North. Skin color determines if you are “Black enough” to be treated with dignity or with indignation and contempt by white Americans. No wonder today’s generation of Black youth tend to view the issue of Blackness as unreal, since the hope and desire is to see a Black man in the White House. An interesting column along that line appeared in the “Black College Wire” by Kai Beasley, where he points out, “Not to vote for Obama because he’s ‘not Black enough’ is to say that Hillary Clinton or John Edwards is going to hold the interests of Black America closer to heart than a Black man, with Black kids, who’s married to a Black woman. How does that make sense? ” Judge by Program Of course, to vote for anyone in the Democratic Party as a way to protect the interests of Black people is another discussion altogether. But the bottom line point is true: to accept that a white male or female Democrat is better able to protect Black interests than a Black Democrat because he is not considered “Black Enough” is absurd. All candidates (and of course, parties) need to be judged by their proposals to resolve issues of concern to African Americans and to all Americans. Today the number one issue is the war in Iraq. Other issues of special concern to African Americans are jobs, equal and quality education and affordable health care. I would add that whether or not someone was active in the civil rights movement — now four decades ago — is not a factor for effective leadership today. Many former civil leaders and activists have gone off the path to make their own personal wealth and glory. No, what is decisive are stands on how to take on the real discrimination that is institutionalized across American society. In that context Barack Obama’s activism in the Black community on the South Side of Chicago is positive. Barack Obama needs to be judged like any politicians in the two main parties. His program for change and to improve the lot of working people and to oppose U.S. aggression abroad — not his Blackness — is the acid test. The fact that so many Americans are willing to support a Black man for president is a sign that racist ideology is weaker than ever before. At the same time, it would be foolish to think that institutional racism, which keeps a disproportionate number of young Black men imprisoned and at double the unemployment rate, is not the reality for the working class Black men and women. Progress is a peculiar institution in America. Slavery is ancient history. Jim Crow is dead (even some southern states have passed legislation apologizing for their racist histories! ). But racist ideas still persist. A Black man hailing a taxi in most cites still may not get picked up. Stereotypes and assumptions — as Don Imus reminds us! ! — define overt and not-so-overt racist attitudes. Fundamental shifts in economic and political powers, where racism is not only illegal but rooted out, will have been achieved when questions like “Is he Black enough? ” will never be asked again. ATC 128, May-June 2007

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This guide to consensus algorithm takes a look at a common question on what is consensus mechanism and why it’s needed for blockchains. Introduction to Blockchain Blockchain technology is widely regarded as a disruptive innovation that could revolutionize the way we do things. In fact, many have compared blockchain to the introduction of the internet back in the 1990s, which was a ground-breaking advancement for humanity. A litmus test to assess the internet’s revolutionary impact is to ask ourselves: “Can we really survive without the internet? ” The creation of Bitcoin in 2008 spearheaded a technological revolution that threatened the very fabric of our society, in a good way. Bitcoin’s underlying technology, called blockchain, was a radically new system that facilitates trustless, transparent and secure transactions across an open, decentralized network that empowered the masses. Suddenly, intermediaries and entities that had a monopolistic control over our vital systems felt threatened. The advancement of cryptography and computer sciences has converged into a powerful new technology called blockchain, which is set to redefine traditional systems and network. In order for us to truly understand the potential of the technology, let us uncover a core component of blockchain that allows it to function without a central authority or entity: Consensus Mechanism. This guide will be dedicated to exploring all about consensus mechanisms. Before we move further, let’s take a look at the difference between blockchain and traditional systems to understand the need for consensus mechanisms. (Read more: Evolution of Cryptocurrency: What is Cryptocurrency? ) Centralized vs Decentralized System Centralized Systems: In a centralized system, only the central figure has the authority to maintain and update the database. All data flows are controlled and managed by the central authority; they decide what type of data is needed, relevant or is allowed in the database. In maintaining the database, the central entity has complete authority in adding, deleting or updating the data depending on the rules and policies it has set for itself. All other nodes (devices) connected in the network have minimal access to the data, subject to the permission granted by the central authority. An example of a centralized system is Facebook and Google, which collects a tremendous amount of user data every second in their centralized database. In simple words, all decisions are made by the central authority. Centralized vs Decentralized System Decentralized Systems: A public, decentralized system, on the other hand, does not rely on any single authority and is self-regulated. Blockchain technology uses a decentralized network architecture. Anyone can be a node, and every node is a server. Full nodes are equal in hierarchy, meaning there is no node or entity that has more access than another. Participants in the distributed network work collectively in verifying and validating a huge amount of transactions in real-time. The critical questions pertaining to a distributed network would then be; - How are decisions made in a distributed network? - How do all participants agree to the current status of the database if there is no central authority? - How can we confirm that there is only one version of the truth in everyone’s database? - How can we be sure that transactions in the network are real and authentic? - How do we ensure that everyone works together to secure the network and no one will act adversely? In the field of computer science, these issues relating to distributed systems have been widely explored and debated but there were no viable solutions. The advent of blockchain technology provided a solution to solve these critical questions, through the use of consensus mechanisms. Before we look at what a consensus mechanism is, let’s take a deeper look at the issue of distributed computing that didn’t have a solution until blockchain came along. The Byzantine Generals Problem: Classic Problem of Distributed Computing A classic problem of a distributed computing system is called the Byzantine Generals Problem. It can be understood through the analogy of several Byzantine army that is laying siege to an enemy castle. The Byzantine (Roman) army is divided into several battalions that are each controlled by a general. The generals communicate with each other through messengers. In order to achieve victory, ALL generals must attack the enemy castle in unison. Therefore, a consensus must be achieved by all generals in order for the Byzantine army to attack the enemy castle and win. However, there are a few risks that could prevent victory; - Not all generals are trustworthy; some may be traitors - Not all messengers are trustworthy; some may be traitors - A messenger could be caught by the enemy and replaced by a fake messenger to relay fake news Here is a visual representation of the problem: Faced with multiple risks that can compromise the victory, there need to be certain processes that can guarantee: - Authenticity of Message: The message must be easily verified to ensure it is authentic and hasn’t been altered with or changed - Unity: There needs to be a collective consensus by all generals to engage in the battle plan - Fault-Tolerant: A few traitors or bad actors cannot compromise the entire processes These are the risks and considerations that a distributed computing network must address. The participants in a decentralized network – called nodes – must all agree to a certain set of protocols and rules to achieve consensus, with each node agreeing with the validity of each transaction added to the database. It is not easy, but the advancements of cryptography and computer science – through blockchain technology – has enabled this possibility. The solution is achieved through blockchain’s consensus mechanisms. (See also: Guide on Identifying Scam Coins) What is A Consensus Mechanism? Let’s break down the two components: Consensus: A general agreement amongst all participants in a group, implying everyone accepts and support the decisions. Mechanism: Established process made up of defined rules to achieve specific goals Consensus mechanisms refer to the process of attaining a unified agreement (consensus) on the state (status) of the network in a decentralized way. Also known as consensus algorithm, it facilitates the verification and validation of information being added to the ledger. This ensures that only authentic transactions are recorded on the blockchain. Consensus mechanism is therefore responsible for securely updating the state of the data across a distributed network. Rules that have been hard-coded into the protocol ensure that the single source of truth will always be found and agreed upon amongst a global network of computers. These rules secure the entire network, enabling a trustless network without the need for central figures or intermediaries. Objectives of Consensus Mechanism Let’s take a look at the different objectives that consensus mechanisms set out to achieve: - Achieve Unified Agreement: Consensus mechanisms try to solve one of the most complex issues surrounding a distributed system; achieving a unified agreement on which data is true and accurate. Unlike centralized systems that require trust towards the central authority, users do not have to trust anyone in a decentralized system. The protocol rules embedded in the network ensures that the status of the public ledger is always updated with the consensus of the masses. - Prevent Double-Spending: Consensus mechanisms prevent any users from double-spending, which has been a long-standing problem of digital currencies prior to Bitcoin. Double-spending refers to the possibility of a digital currency being spent twice. The protocol rules embedded in a blockchain’s consensus mechanism ensures that only valid and authentic transactions are included in the public, transparent ledger. As miners expand huge amounts of computational resources to secure transactions (and therefore, the network), it becomes exponentially harder to double-spend or alter transactions. - Align Economic Incentives: Creating a trustless system that is self-regulating requires aligning the interest of participants in the network. A consensus mechanism does this by incentivizing good behavior and in some cases, punishing bad actors. The first consensus mechanism used by Bitcoin (called Proof-of-Work), incentivized miners by rewarding them Bitcoins for each block of transactions that were successfully secured and validated. Any effort to act against the network (through hacks or double-spending) requires a huge amount of computing and financial resources, which would be better utilized working for the system (as one would be rewarded for their efforts) rather than against the system. - Fair & Equitable: An important advantage of the decentralization of blockchain is distributive empowerment, where anyone can participate in the network and be on the same footing. The open source nature of public blockchains enables anyone to inspect and verify that the underlying source code is fair to all participants in the network. If you wanted to, you can easily set up a node to become a participant or even a miner. In short, the consensus mechanism ensures that blockchain doesn’t discriminate. - Fault-Tolerant: In the space of computing, fault-tolerance refers to the property of a distributed system in operating indefinitely even at the face of threats or failures. Consensus mechanisms ensure that blockchains are fault-tolerant and therefore, reliable and consistent. Comparison of Consensus Algorithms There are many consensus algorithm models in the cryptocurrency landscape that possess different features and properties to achieve consensus in a distributed manner. The first distributed consensus mechanism is Proof-of-Work (POW), pioneered by Sataoshi Nakamoto when he created Bitcoin in late 2018. POW requires miners to compete amongst each other to solve mathematical functions using advanced computing hardware. The winning miner must have ‘proof’ that he has done the (mining) ‘work’, which then gives them the rights to add new transactions on the public ledger (blockchain) and earn a reward for their efforts. The higher the computational power of a miner, the greater the probability that he will win the mining race. The collective computing power of participants secures the entire network. POW laid the foundations for other exciting consensus mechanisms to spring up. Although POW is super effective in generating distributed consensus and securing a decentralized network, the process is energy intensive and environmentally unfriendly. Not only that, scalability is also a huge concern for Bitcoin and blockchain technology. Due to this, there have been numerous attempts to conceive different variations of consensus models that address the weaknesses of Bitcoin’s POW. In fact, the infancy of this technology enables an exciting degree of innovation, with each consensus algorithm possessing different merits and tradeoffs. Let’s take a look at a comparison of the different consensus mechanisms that are widely used in the cryptocurrency industry: We’ve compared the features of the 5 most popular consensus mechanisms used in the blockchain space. It is interesting to note that almost all of the consensus models that came after Bitcoin were much more energy efficient, thereby proving that consensus can still be effectively reached without requiring a massive amount of computational and electrical resources in an environmentally-friendly way. There are many other consensus mechanisms out there that are variants of the major categories as shown above. Stay tuned, we’ll be explaining how these consensus mechanisms work in the future! (You might also be interested in Guide to Smart Contract: What are Smart Contracts? ) Beneficial Resources To Get You Started If you’re starting your journey into the complex world of cryptocurrencies, here’s a list of useful resources and guides that will get you on your way: Trading & Exchange - Crypto Guide 101: Choosing The Best Cryptocurrency Exchange - Guide to Bittrex Exchange: How to Trade on Bittrex - Guide to Binance Exchange: How to Open Binance Account and What You Should Know - Guide to Etherdelta Exchange: How to Trade on Etherdelta - Guide To Cryptocurrency Trading Basics: Introduction to Crypto Technical Analysis - Cryptocurrency Trading: Understanding Cryptocurrency Trading Pairs & How it Works - Crypto Trading Guide: 4 Common Pitfalls Every Crypto Trader Will Experience - Guide to Cryptocurrency Wallets: Why Do You Need Wallets? - Guide to Cryptocurrency Wallets: Opening a Bitcoin Wallet - Guide to Cryptocurrency Wallets: Opening a MyEtherWallet (MEW) Get our exclusive e-book which will guide you on the step-by-step process to get started with making money via Cryptocurrency investments! You can also join our Facebook group at Master The Crypto: Advanced Cryptocurrency Knowledge to ask any questions regarding cryptos! The post Guide to Consensus Algorithms: What is Consensus Mechanism? appeared first on Master The Crypto.

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The UK will back a total ban on insect-harming pesticides in fields across Europe, the environment secretary, Michael Gove, has revealed(1). The decision reverses the government’s previous position and is justified by recent new evidence showing neonicotinoids have contaminated the whole landscape and cause damage to colonies of bees. It also follows the revelation that 75% of all flying insects have disappeared in Germany and probably much further afield, a discovery Gove said had shocked him. Gove said a post-Brexit farming subsidy system would channel more money into environmentally sustainable ways of farming. He also said: “The most recent studies into neonicotinoids have taken the investigation out of a laboratory into the field to gather more meaningful results. These show a number of worrying indicators. First, when neonicotinoids are used on one crop, their residues can be found across the landscape. This contaminates pollinators’ food sources far and wide, not only on the crops where the pesticide was used. Second, wider investigation has shown that neonicotinoids can persist in soils for many years and have been detected in areas where there has been no known recent use. Neonicotinoids are also taken up by flowering weeds or subsequent flowering crops on those soils, causing further exposure to pollinators. Although the effects are subtle, the most recent studies point to a discernible effect on food sources and the productivity of bee colonies, which could have a worrying long-term impact on their populations” (2). This is good news, and reflects earlier indications of the UK government’s new position, however, I’d like them to go further, to ensure the next generation neonicotinoids are not introduced in the UK - these have already been approved in the EU and not covered by the restrictions. However, astonishingly, the Scottish Government has refused to back a ban of neonicotinoid pesticides, despite the position of the UK government. The Scottish Government’s Cabinet Secretary for the Rural Economy Fergus Ewing of the SNP (Scottish Nationalist Party) is apparently calling for further evidence before any decision is made (3). Excuse me, Mr Ewing what planet have you been living on for the last 5 years? Since the SNP are generally supporters of the EU and its position, I can only assume that this is an act of political childishness of 'sticking it to the Tories'. We’ve seen this disgusting political manoeuvring before – that’s how Sulfoxaflor managed to get through the net! It’s NOT good enough! Bees are NOT poltical pawns Mr Ewing! ! COPYRIGHT 2010 - 2019: WWW. BUZZABOUTBEES. NET ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

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Boil or furuncle is a skin sore or abscess caused by the Bacterium Staphylococus aureus. The bacteria infect the hair follicle or oil gland resulting in inflammation and redness of skin in that particular area. Plugged sweat glands or any external or foreign material getting in to the deeper layers of skin through cuts or abrasions may also take the form of boil. The appearance of boil is like a red, hard and swollen mound with a yellowish or pale white centre filled with pus. This pus is composed of white blood cells that collect to fight the infection, bacteria, dead tissues and proteins. Finally the whitish centre of the mound forms a head which could be removed through surgery, or may burst open by itself to drain out the pus. Boils are quite painful, and may be associated with fever, fatigue, chills and swollen lymph nodes. When a person suffers from recurring boils, the condition is termed as chronic furunculosis. Under severe conditions, the infection from the boil may enter in to the blood stream. The process is called sepsis, and it may pose a threat to life as well. Stress, illness, toxicity, hormonal imbalance, allergy, decreased immunity are factors accelerating the risk of boils. Boils can be contagious. 1. Furuncle or carbuncle - Furuncles are the common type consisting in pus filled lumps with a single head or opening. When a group of furuncles occur in clustered form with several heads, it is called carbuncle. 2. Cystic acne - This type is caused by the clogging and infection of oil ducts. It is common among teenagers. 3. Hidradenitis suppurativa - This type is caused by the inflammation and infection of sweat glands. Groins and armpits are the areas that are more prone to the attack of this type of boil. 4. Pilonidal cyst - This type usually occurs on the crease of buttocks. Initially it appears as a tiny dot caused by the inflammation of hair follicle. But later on, it takes the shape of large, painful nodules under the impact of pressure due to prolonged sitting. 1. Garlic is an excellent detoxifying agent. It helps the body to eliminate toxins. 2. Constipation worsens the problem of boils. Drinking lots of water and fiber based food can improve bowel movement habits. 3. Refined and processed food, sugar, flour are to be avoided. 4. Green leafy vegetables, fresh fruit juices should be included in diet to cleanse the system and increase the immunity power. 5. Herbal tea made out of herbs like Goldenseal, Burdock root, Echinacea can also detoxify the system. 6. A mixture of bitter gourd and lime juice can be taken daily to get relief from blood filled boils. 7. Another useful home remedies for boils are onion and garlic. A mixture of onion and garlic juice may be applied on boils to easily drain out the pus. 8. Betel leaf juice and castor oil can function as anti inflammatory agents. 9. A paste made out of milk cream, vinegar and turmeric is good for treating septic boils. 10. Turmeric powder is a good healing agent. It is a useful home remedy for boils. 11. Parsley leaf boiled in water and then placed on the boil can serve as a good poultice. 12. Cumin seed paste is a good natural remedy for boils. 13. Sauces, pickles, starchy and oily food should be avoided strictly. 14. Consumption of sweets, chocolates, caffeine should be cut down. 15. Tomato paste can effectively heal boils.

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In a ghoulishly Halloween appropriate post, MSNBC reports that approximately 40% of Medieval graves were disturbed after burial. This is not the standard ‘grave-robbing’ report, rather, mortuary analysts argue that traditional looting was not the objective of these individuals. Rather, they may have had a myriad of objectives: relieving the dead of suffering, retrieving heirlooms, political propaganda, and more. “Some researchers say in early medieval periods the cemetery may have been a place to play power games, to display the dead with very rich grave goods. It may have been an important factor when families or clans are competing with each other,” Aspock said. To read more about this theory, see the article in MSNBC.

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This new edition of the Oxford Bible Atlas, now with full-colour maps and illustrations, has been thoroughly revised to bring it up to date with regard both to biblical scholarship and to archaeology and topography. The Atlas will help readers of the Bible understand the contexts in which its stories are set and to appreciate the world from which it emerged and which formed its background. Maps show the geographical setting of the Bible's stories and reflect the successive stages of the Bible's accounts, while specially chosen full-colour illustrations bring the countries and their peoples to life. The accompanying text describes the land of Palestine, and its wider ancient Near Eastern and east Mediterranean settings. It outlines clearly the successive historical periods, and describes the major civilizations with which Israelites, Jews, and early Christians came into contact. There is also an illustrated survey of the relevance of archaeology for the study of the Bible. The Atlas provides a superb guide to the geography of the Holy Land throughout biblical history, from the Exodus period through to New Testament times. Adrian Curtis is Senior Lecturer in Hebrew Bible at the University of Manchester. THE SETTING ; The Text in Context ; The Lands of the Bible ; Climate, Flora, and Fauna ; Israel and the Nations ; THE HEBREW BIBLE ; The Setting of the Genesis Stories ; The Patriarchs in Canaan ; The Exodus and Wilderness Traditions ; The Stories of Joshua and the Judges, Samuel and Saul ; The Stories of David and Solomon ; Ancient Trade Routes ; The Kingdoms of Israel and Judah ; The Assyrian Empire ; The Kingdom of Judah ; The Babylonian Empire ; The Persian Empire ; Judah, Yehud, and Judea ; Alexander's Empire and its Aftermath: The Hellenistic Period ; Jerusalem in the 1st Millennium BCE ; THE NEW TESTAMENT ; The Kingdom of Herod and his Successors ; The Ministry of Jesus and the Beginnings of the Church ; The Roman Empire: The Background of the New Testament ; Jerusalem in New Testament Times ; Paul's Journeys ; The Cradle of Christianity ; ARCHAEOLOGY IN BIBLE LANDS ; Archaeology in the Ancient Near East ; Archaeology and the Bible

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We Need to Save the Internet from the Internet of Things Brian Krebs is a popular reporter on the cybersecurity beat. He regularly exposes cybercriminals and their tactics, and consequently is regularly a target of their ire. Last month, he wrote about an online attack-for-hire service that resulted in the arrest of the two proprietors. In the aftermath, his site was taken down by a massive DDoS attack. In many ways, this is nothing new. Distributed denial-of-service attacks are a family of attacks that cause websites and other internet-connected systems to crash by overloading them with traffic. The "distributed" part means that other insecure computers on the internet—sometimes in the millions—are recruited to a botnet to unwittingly participate in the attack. The tactics are decades old; DDoS attacks are perpetrated by lone hackers trying to be annoying, criminals trying to extort money, and governments testing their tactics. There are defenses, and there are companies that offer DDoS mitigation services for hire. Basically, it's a size vs. size game. If the attackers can cobble together a fire hose of data bigger than the defender's capability to cope with, they win. If the defenders can increase their capability in the face of attack, they win. What was new about the Krebs attack was both the massive scale and the particular devices the attackers recruited. Instead of using traditional computers for their botnet, they used CCTV cameras, digital video recorders, home routers, and other embedded computers attached to the internet as part of the Internet of Things. Much has been written about how the IoT is wildly insecure. In fact, the software used to attack Krebs was simple and amateurish. What this attack demonstrates is that the economics of the IoT mean that it will remain insecure unless government steps in to fix the problem. This is a market failure that can't get fixed on its own. Our computers and smartphones are as secure as they are because there are teams of security engineers working on the problem. Companies like Microsoft, Apple, and Google spend a lot of time testing their code before it's released, and quickly patch vulnerabilities when they're discovered. Those companies can support such teams because those companies make a huge amount of money, either directly or indirectly, from their software—and, in part, compete on its security. This isn't true of embedded systems like digital video recorders or home routers. Those systems are sold at a much lower margin, and are often built by offshore third parties. The companies involved simply don't have the expertise to make them secure. Even worse, most of these devices don't have any way to be patched. Even though the source code to the botnet that attacked Krebs has been made public, we can't update the affected devices. Microsoft delivers security patches to your computer once a month. Apple does it just as regularly, but not on a fixed schedule. But the only way for you to update the firmware in your home router is to throw it away and buy a new one. The security of our computers and phones also comes from the fact that we replace them regularly. We buy new laptops every few years. We get new phones even more frequently. This isn't true for all of the embedded IoT systems. They last for years, even decades. We might buy a new DVR every five or ten years. We replace our refrigerator every 25 years. We replace our thermostat approximately never. Already the banking industry is dealing with the security problems of Windows 95 embedded in ATMs. This same problem is going to occur all over the Internet of Things. The market can't fix this because neither the buyer nor the seller cares. Think of all the CCTV cameras and DVRs used in the attack against Brian Krebs. The owners of those devices don't care. Their devices were cheap to buy, they still work, and they don't even know Brian. The sellers of those devices don't care: they're now selling newer and better models, and the original buyers only cared about price and features. There is no market solution because the insecurity is what economists call an externality: it's an effect of the purchasing decision that affects other people. Think of it kind of like invisible pollution. What this all means is that the IoT will remain insecure unless government steps in and fixes the problem. When we have market failures, government is the only solution. The government could impose security regulations on IoT manufacturers, forcing them to make their devices secure even though their customers don't care. They could impose liabilities on manufacturers, allowing people like Brian Krebs to sue them. Any of these would raise the cost of insecurity and give companies incentives to spend money making their devices secure. Of course, this would only be a domestic solution to an international problem. The internet is global, and attackers can just as easily build a botnet out of IoT devices from Asia as from the United States. Long term, we need to build an internet that is resilient against attacks like this. But that's a long time coming. In the meantime, you can expect more attacks that leverage insecure IoT devices. Categories: Computer and Information Security

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Evening Primrose family (Onagraceae) Description: This perennial wildflower is 8-24" long, unbranched or sparingly branched, and erect to ascending. The stems are light green to pale red and terete; they are often pubescent above, becoming glabrous below. The alternate leaves are up to 2½" long and ¾" across; they are medium green, glabrous to slightly pubescent, and narrowly ovate or elliptic. The base of each leaf is sessile, while its tip is blunt. In addition to the alternate leaves, the basal leaves are often present at the bottom of each plant. The central stem (and any lateral stems) terminates in a leafy spike of several flowers; it is usually several inches long. Individual flowers usually alternate along the spike, although sometimes they occur in pairs. At the base of each flower, there is a leafy bract about ½–1" long that is linear-oblong. The central stalk of the spike is often pubescent. Each flower is about ½–¾" across, consisting of 4 yellow petals, 4 green or reddish green calyx lobes, a slender calyx tube that is often reddish, and an ovary that is located below the calyx tube. There are also several yellow stamens and a central style with a cross-shaped stigma. The well-rounded petals are often slightly notched at their tips. Each petal has a central vein, from which several lateral veins radiate from both sides; these veins are pale-colored and rather inconspicuous. The calyx lobes are lanceolate in the shape and pubescent on their outer surfaces; they eventually hang downward from the petals and turn yellow. The calyx tube is about the same length or a little shorter than the ovary. The blooming period occurs from early to mid-summer and lasts about a month; the flowers are diurnal. After the blooming period, each fertile flower is replaced by a pubescent seed capsule about ½" long; it is ovoid-obovoid with 4 strongly winged margins along its sides that are reddish green. Each capsule contains numerous seeds. Cultivation: The preference is full or partial sun, moist to dry-mesic conditions, and sandy or gravelly soil. Range & Habitat: Small Sundrops is a boreal species that is restricted to NE Illinois, where it is native. This plant is rare in Illinois and state-listed as 'endangered. ' Habitats include sand prairies, gravel prairies, sandy savannas and open woodlands, and abandoned sandy fields. In some parts of its range, this wildflower is found in damp depressions of various kinds. Occasional wildfires and brush-removal are beneficial because they reduce competition from woody vegetation. Faunal Associations: The flowers are cross-pollinated by bees, skippers, and butterflies; a Halictid bee, Lasioglossum oenotherae, is an oligolege (specialist pollinator) of Oenothera spp. These insects suck nectar from the flowers, and some bees also collect pollen for their larvae. There are several insects that feed on Oenothera spp. They include the caterpillars of Eudryas unio (Pearly Wood Nymph), Schinia florida (Primrose Moth), and some Mompha spp. (Momphid Moths). Other insect feeders include the weevils Tyloderma foveolatum and Chalcodermus collaris, and the aphid Anoecia oenotherae. The seeds of Oenothera spp. are eaten to a minor extent by the Eastern Goldfinch and Mourning Dove, while the foliage is sometimes eaten by White-Tailed Deer. Photographic Location: A nature preserve in Cook County, Illinois. The photograph was taken by Lisa Culp (Copyright © 2009). Comments: Small Sundrops is a pretty little plant that blooms during the day. It resembles the often cultivated Oenothera fruticosa (Common Sundrops), but this latter plant has larger flowers (1" across or more) that bloom together in rather flat-topped clusters. In contrast, the flowers of Small Sundrops bloom along a more elongated floral spike. Other Oenothera spp. have seed capsules that lack the strongly winged margins that are characteristic of Small Sundrops' seed capsules. Some Oenothera spp. have night-blooming flowers that are pollinated by Sphinx moths; they are commonly referred to as 'Evening Primroses' rather than Sundrops.

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Skip to 0 minutes and 14 secondsThis is an interesting course. You'll be taking six lessons within this course now I know that many pharmacy students and medical students have found clinical pharmacokinetics to be somewhat challenging. Perhaps confusing, it's not one of their favorite courses historically. But I think when we go through this course you'll realize that if we zero in on some very basic concepts and principles. It's not too challenging and I think you'll find it to be somewhat easy to master. We're going to focus on how we can determine the best drug, the best dose of a drug for any patient, using very basic principles and applications of those principles. Assumptions and ground rules for this course are very simple. Skip to 1 minute and 0 secondsFirst we will use abbreviations and symbols from the Rowland and Tozier textbook that the TMU pharmacy students use the G for pharmacokinetics course here We also utilize exponential functions using natural logs not logs and the reason for this is again to keep things as simple as possible by using natural log with the base e rather than base ten. We don't have to use the 2. 303 factor in all of our calculations. We're going to approach perspectives from a patient care setting not a laboratory So we're not going to be functioning in clinical pharmacokinetics from a research perspective. It would be practical patient care applications which actually makes clinical pharmacokinetics much simpler to apply. Skip to 1 minute and 48 secondsOur doses and intervals will be changed in quantum leaps and that's one of the things that simplifies the process. We're not going to worry about whether a dosing interval should be seven point four hours or seven point seven hours. In either case we would round it off to every eight hours. The same thing applies to doses. We're not going to worry about whether dose is a hundred milligrams or 103 milligrams and would round off to a hundred. So by rounding off in quantum leaps it makes it a lot easier to determine the best dose and the best dosing interval for a patient. Unless otherwise indicated we will always assume that by over ability is a hundred percent. Skip to 2 minutes and 29 secondsNow we work, we will explore bioavailability and where it applies but for our routine coverage of calculations, we're going to assume that it's 100 percent just to simplify the concepts that we're going to be covering. Unless otherwise indicated, we'll we will also assume that absorption and distribution occur instantaneously. and I'll explain more about that when we get into that section of the lesson. We will be focusing on mathematical relationships more so than the manipulation of equations. I'm not as concerned that you know how to plug numbers into an equation to derive a correct answer. What's much more important is that you understand the relationships between the variables in the various equations. Skip to 3 minutes and 15 secondsAnd lastly our primary frame of reference , for all drugs in the body will be blood. Let me explain that in a little more detail. Clinical pharmacokinetics focuses on serum concentrations. We're going to focus on what a serum level is in the patient's blood, or their serum or plasma. We will use these terms interchangeably. Drug is absorbed into the serum or plasma. It distributes away from the serum or plasma. It's eliminated from the serum or plasma. The efficacy and toxicity as we evaluate it will be based on the concentration in the serum or plasma. So even though a drug probably acts elsewhere from the serum or plasma it's the serum or plasma that will be our primary frame of reference. Skip to 4 minutes and 4 secondsFor all the pharmacokinetic monitoring that we'll be doing. So let's begin session 1, the fishtank a simplified model of first order elimination. the question that we're going to try to answer in this video is how can we describe what happens to drugs in the body, in the simplest most straightforward way. When you finish this first lesson, you'll be able to explain how the fishtank relates to drug elimination. You'll be able to define volume clearance elimination rate constant and half-life and identify their practical applications. You'll be able to describe the applications of e to the minus KT and how its applied in various ways. You'll be able to define area under the curve and describe factors that affect it. Skip to 4 minutes and 52 secondsYou'll also be able to define mean residence time. You'll be able to identify how protein binding affects drug action drug distribution and drug elimination. and you'll be able to explain how protein binding affects clearance. Now one of the things that I'd like you to keep in mind as we go through this, this early exploration and the clinical pharmacokinetics is that we get we can actually approach clinical pharmacokinetics in one of three levels the most basic fundamental level is population pharmacokinetics. This is the dosing that we find in manufacturers literature that applies to all patients across the board. We can take that to a higher level what I would call second level. Skip to 5 minutes and 33 secondsPharmacokinetics by zeroing in on subpopulations perhaps populations of patients that have varying levels of renal function, or hepatic function, or patients in different age groups, but the highest level of clinical pharmacokinetics is patients specific where we actually measure serum concentrations of a drug in an individual patient and then apply those kinds of concentrations to optimize the drug dosing regimen. My hope is that you will become proficient in all three levels of clinical pharmacokinetics. And you'll be able to mix and match those levels based on the information that you have available to you on a given patient. So let's begin, first over elimination using the fishtank. Skip to 6 minutes and 20 secondsNow as you know first over elimination is a very simple process that involves the rate of elimination of the drug being proportionate to the drug concentration. Now that seems a little unusual at first and it's not a it's not a concept that's easy to visualize. You can see in the graph at the top of this slide that early on when the serum concentration is highest the rate of elimination or the slope of the line is steepest and then it gradually declines in rate as the serum concentration declines . This relationship is shown in the graph where we see that the rate of elimination is directly proportional to the serum concentration. Skip to 7 minutes and 1 secondFor many pharmacy students, this is a difficult concept to grasp why does the concentration affect the rate of elimination? And why is it that if we give a dose of drugs such as the concentration subtly increases that the rate of elimination would increase simply because we gave more drug? I have found that the best way to understand and apply. First order pharmacokinetics is a simple model called the fishtank. I discovered this model back in the late 70s in an old pharmacokinetics textbook. I photocopied a graphic from that textbook what you can see of a man fishing scooping fish out of a tank with a net. Now, the concept of this is really very brilliant. Skip to 7 minutes and 48 secondsWhen you consider what's involved is first order elimination, if we have a net and we're going to scoop fish out of a tank, that's it's full of fish, as we bring the net through the tank. That net is going to scoop up all the fish in the path of the net. Now as we begin to remove fish from the net and we eliminate the fish from the tank, the concentration of fish in that tank is going to gradually decline. Such that every time, we pull the net through the tank, we're going to catch fewer and fewer and fewer fish. That's the beauty of first order elimination is illustrated by the fish tank. Skip to 8 minutes and 31 secondsSo let's take a look at this in greater detail. If we consider the volume serum concentration the clearance and the rate of elimination, using our fish tank model. Let's assume that a human being is a big tank just like a fish tank except it's shaped like a human. It's filled with nothing but blood. Now for granted we know that's not the case, but it will apply to our model and we can explain where it deviates from the actual drug distribution within a human being. So a patient is a tank shaped like a human filled with nothing but blood. Now let's shift gears and think of the tank as a fish tank filled with fish rather than blood. Skip to 9 minutes and 16 secondsWe can illustrate what happens when we add drug to the tank with a schematic that I've shown on this slide. Now each dot represents a fish. So you can see that we've added we have a tank that consists of 20 liters each square of this tank is one liter. We've added 200 fish to the tank so within each liter we have 10 fish represented by 10 dots. The concentration therefore is 10 fish per liter. Now the net that we pull through is going to clear fish out of the tank and I've indicated that the yellow squares are the ones that our net passes through. Skip to 9 minutes and 57 secondsSo all the fish within those 5 liters at the top of the tank are going to be removed from the tank every time we pull the net through. So, what's going to happen over time as we observe the concentration of fish in this tank? We start with 200 fish, concentration of 10 fish per liter. During the first hour, we will remove enough fish such that the concentration declines to 44. We removed 44 fish from the tank. Giving us a concentration of 7. 8 fish per liter. Now intuitively you might say why didn't we remove 50 fish? Initially, there are 50 fish in those 5 liters that we clear out in the yellow squares up at the top of the tank. Skip to 10 minutes and 42 secondsWhy didn't we remove 50 fish during their first hour? And that relates to the concept of first order elimination. The concentration is constantly declining as we're scooping fish out of the tank. So we won't remove 50. We'd remove somewhat less because as we're pulling that net through the tank, the concentration of fish is constantly declining. It's not the average concentration during that hour was 44 fish rather than 50. During the second hour the fish we would remove down to 121 fish have a concentration of only 6 fish. We would have removed only 35 . Skip to 11 minutes and 24 secondsSo every hour we remove fewer and fewer fish because the concentration is declining but the volume of water that our that our net passes through is constant. The third hour we have 94 fish remaining. A concentration of four point seven and we've removed only 27 fish. That's the fish tank model and how it relates to the fact that as the concentration of fish in the tank declines, the rate of elimination of fish declines proportionally. What is the "Fish Tank Model" ? In this video, Prof. Daniel Brown first introduces the assumptions and ground rules for this course. He illustrates the importance of focusing on practical patient care rather than a laboratory setting. He also elaborates on the primary frame of clinical pharmacokinetics. Entering Session 1, The Fish Tank Model, he clarifies the goals for students, and demonstrates the model with an interesting example using simple calculations. Prof. Daniel Brown is the Professor and Chair of the Department of Pharmacy Practice at Loma Linda University. He is the Visiting Professor at Taipei Medical University as well. Please check the related file for week 1 course slides for your reference. Prof. Daniel L. Brown

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Mission: Provide support to PAHO Member States to further their efforts in the areas of surveillance, prevention and control of emerging and reemergings infectious diseases (EIDs) and in the area of epidemic alert and response. Areas of Work - Disseminating Technical Information: Produce, select, and distribute technical and scientific information to strengthen activities of surveillance, prevention, and control of emerging infectious diseases, outbreak management, and especially West Nile Virus (WNV), Influenza (avian, pandemic, seasonal), and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). - Preparing to Face and Deal with Epidemics: Collaborating so that the countries might be prepared to face WNV, influenza, and SARS, as well as other emerging and reemerging diseases. - Regional and Subregional Networks: Promoting and maintaining the regional and subregional networks for the surveillance, prevention, and control of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases (EIDs) (the reports of their annual meetings are accessible via this link). - Promoting Activities for Alert and Response: Developing, maintaining, and promoting activities for alert and rapid response for the surveillance, prevention, and control of infectious diseases of epidemic potential, as a result of the national capacity assessment of the country's health services. - Prevention and Control Programs: Implementing programs to prevent and control EIDs. - Resource Mobilization: Promoting and supporting the mobilization of resources, especially from the national level, as well as technical cooperation to the countries for the implementation of the revised version of the International Health Regulations (IHR ) and other prevention and control activities related to potentially epidemic diseases.

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The National Eye Institute and NASA together have developed a simple safe eye device to use to measure a protein related to cataract formation. If subtle protein changes can be detected before a cataract develops, people may be able to reduce their cataract risk by making simple lifestyle changes. NEI and NASA developed the eye device to detect the earliest damage to lens proteins that can be used to find early warning signs for cataract formation and blindness. The new device is based on a laser light technique called Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). In a recent NEI-NASA clinical trial reported in the December 2008 “Archives of Ophthalmology”, researchers examined 380 eyes and had the DLS device shine a low power laser light through the lenses. They found that age related pre-cataract changes would have remained undetected by currently available imaging tools. The device was initially developed to analyze the growth of protein crystals in zero-gravity space environment. NASA’s Rafat R. Ansari, Ph.D., Senior Scientist at the John H. Glenn Research Center brought the possible clinical applications for using the technology to the attention of NEI vision researchers. “We have shown that this non-invasive technology device can not only find the early signs of protein damage due to oxidative stress in the case of age-related cataracts, but the device might also be used to determine diabetes as well as neurodegenerative diseases. “By understanding the role of protein changes in cataract formation, we can use the lens not just to look at eye disease, but also as a window into the whole body” said Dr. Ansari. The device will not only help people on earth, but NASA is very interested in the device because on a three year mission to Mars, astronauts will experience increased exposure to space radiation that could cause cataracts and other problems. This new technology will help NASA understand the mechanism for cataract formation so that researchers can work to develop effective countermeasures to mitigate the risk and prevent cataracts in astronauts.

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Xerxes i of persia also known as xerxes the great he was the fourth zoroastrian king of kings of the achamenid empire immediately after seizing the kingship, darius i of persia (son of hystaspes) married atossa (daughter of cyrus the great. Xerxes i (known also as xerxes the great) was the fourth ruler of the the dead king pointed out that xerxes' excessive pride caused him to believe that he could argued in this way because he wanted to stir things up and also because he wanted to become the governor of. Why didn't leonidas kill xerxes when they met the first time update cancel how did he become king 300 (2006 movie): in talking to xerxes' messengers, at one point leonidas pauses for a leonidas just wanted to demonstrate that even a god king (xerxes) can bleed 720 views view. Xerxes i of persia is a legendary king of persia he is the main antagonist of 300 spartans film series he is big bad/main antagonist of the film 300 spartans and bigger bad/secondary antagonist of the sequel 300 spartans:rise of imperia he is based on the real king xerxes he wants to rule. Artaxerxes i: artaxerxes i, achaemenid king of persia (reigned 465-425 bc) he was surnamed in greek macrocheir (longhand) and in latin longimanus a younger son of xerxes i and amestris, he was raised to the throne by the commander of the guard, artabanus, who had murdered xerxes a few. Start studying clst 2101 learn vocabulary, terms, and more with and athenians became the first to use a running attack in hoplite warfare at the battle of thermopylae: leonidas and the 300 fought until they were overwhelmed and killed, and king xerxes watched the battle himself according. How many husbands did queen esther have secrets from the scroll of esther by aliza shenhar march 3, 2014 11:01 3 minute read her servant dressed up like her and slept with ahaseurus, and the king did not know the difference. Xerxes lived from 520 - 465 bc he was the grandson of cyrus and the son of darius like them an achaemenid, xerxes i or xerxes the great was king of the persian empire. How did xerxes die did he die in battle he then became afraid that xerxes would seek revenge and proceeded to assassinate the the spartans who defended the hot gates with king leonidas from the persians and xerxes at the battle of thermopylae all died when leonidas. Artaxerxes' queen was damaspia (ctesias f 15), who bore his legal heir and successor, xerxes the king had 17 other sons by his concubines, who included the babylonians alogune, mother of secudianus/sogdianus, qv) cosmartidene, mother of arsites and andria [not andia], mother of bagapaeus. Xerxes' past posted by estherslegacy on september 27 he had prime ministers), and that after returning from the war he became involved in the intrigues of the harem when xerxes becomes king in 486 bc at the age of 35 he is already married to vashti and a father. Xerxes (reigned 486- 465 bc) persian king (486-465 bc) the care lavished on this enterprise shows that the king did not regard it as a minor the tripylon, a palace, and a treasury when xerxes became king, he had laid the enameled-brick facing on the exterior of the apadana and. Xerxes i xerxes (486-465 bc), darius' eldest son by queen atossa the king himself became involved in intrigues of the harem and was much dependent upon courtiers and eunuchs he left inscriptions at persepolis. Xerxes, king of armenia answerscom wikianswers categories history, politics & society history history of asia how did xerxes die what would you like to do flag how did xerxes die the book of esther tells us that esther married king xerxes (ahasuerus) of persia and became. Additional traditions maintain that not only did esther become pregnant by ahasuerus but she was also the so that he would not rebel against ahasuerus the king (and thereby become even more meir, tamar esther: midrash and aggadah jewish women: a comprehensive historical. Xerxes became king of persia at the death of his father darius the great in 485 xerxes died in 465, assassinated probably upon order by one of his sons, artaxerxes, who succeeded him in the laws. Esther becomes queen main point: god is sovereign he is in control of all things so the king became very angry in fact, he burned with anger - esther the wise men told king xerxes that he should decree that queen vashti must be. Secular history knows him better by his greek name, king xerxes i who ruled persia from 486 to 465 bc his powerful empire spread from india to so it was that this simple jewish girl became the queen of the persian empire why do you think god put the book of esther in the bible 2. Did david replace saul because of his personal ambitions to become king 1 samuel 16:1 how did xerxes respond to esther appearing before him without his request return to bible stories for adults home page. Xerxes i: xerxes i, persian king (486-465 bce) when xerxes became king, he had laid the enameled-brick facing on the exterior of the apadana and finished his father's palace then he erected other monuments: his own palace, southeast of darius' and similar to it in plan. Did xerxes from 300 really think himself a god and that farmer guy did betray the greeks by telling xerxes the way around it's highly exaggerated, but still a pretty good movie :3 well he was king of an unrighteous place but remember he was husband of queen esther. Although artobarzanes was the first born of darius, xerxes became heir and next king through the influence of atossa was the fourth king of the achaemenid empire immediately after and according to old iranian traditions should not have succeeded the king xerxes was however the.

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While reading a bunch of online articles the other day, I stumbled across an article of how humans perceive colour. It is found that colour is sort of an illusion, where light reflects off a particular object, where the arrangement of atoms contained within that object cause only some light to reflect, and for some of it to be absorbed. However after giving this some thought for a period of time, an idea occurred to me which changed my whole perspective on how I see light. As already outlined light is just a wave, containing photons, which travels from a light source like the sun, continues to reflect off an object, and lands in our retina, which is how the objects around us seem illuminated. However, we only think of this wave as a light wave because it is necessary for our vision, and without it the universe would be a much darker place to say the least. It is the wave which lights up the darkness, or so we perceive. Now let me enlighten you with a story about a young boy named Ben Underwood. The significance of this story will be outlined further down, trust me. Anyway, Ben Underwood was born with a specific type of cancer, which attacks the retina, which in turn costed him both of his eyes, which had to be surgically removed at just three years old. Most would therefore assume that Ben would not be capable of navigating around space by himself on a day to day basis for the rest of his life, and would be strictly disabled. However, Ben’s brain made an amazing adaptation, which basically allowed him to be able to see the objects around him, and eventually by the age of four, Ben could differentiate a parked car from a parked truck. Ben developed the ability to navigate his way around life through clicking continuously with his tongue, and judging the whereabouts of objects through ricocheting sound. Ben’s brain had made an amazing adaptation, basically through trial and error, and listening to the elapsed time it took for his clicking to rebound off objects, and therefore judge the location of that object. You might be saying ‘this is all very fascinating Jordan, but what does this have to do with whatever the hell you were talking about before, colour and light? ’ Well this is where all of the ends meet. This theory is the possibility that in the same way Ben used sound to decide the whereabouts of an object around his vicinity, our brain (specifically our eyes) has evolved to sense the whereabouts of objects through rebounding lightwaves, and what you are seeing right now is basically a picture painted by our brain to give the illusion of visual reality and light. Therefore, our eyes are like little radar detectors for light waves, and lightwaves themselves don’t actually contain light, just a type of wave that travels through space. Our eyes have evolved to take those light waves, send that information through our brain to process and package up into a nice image so its easy for us to understand whats around us. How convenient. Therefore the conclusion is that the universe in reality is pitch black outside the walls of our perception, the light we are seeing around us is only an illusion, which is a truely terrifying thought. Obviously I am no scientists, and this theory is backed up by absolutely nothing, just a couple of blogs i read online. Let me know if you guys find any floors in this theory, and if you found this theory interesting.

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The central stellar populations of brightest cluster galaxies Viljoen, Danièl Natasha. MetadataShow full item record The majority of galaxy clusters contain a massive galaxy in the centre of the clusters that are far more luminous and massive than the other galaxies in the cluster. These galaxies are called the brightest galaxy clusters (BCGs) and the formation and evolution of these BCGs are intimately related to the formation of the host clusters. In this project, the star formation histories (SFHs) of 51 galaxies (49 BCGs and two ellipticals) were determined by using high signal–to–noise ratio, long–slit spectra. The spectra of the galaxies were fitted against the software package ULySS which is a stellar population synthesis code. Two stellar population models, the Pegase.HR (P.HR) and the Vazdekis/MILES were used to determine the SFHs of the galaxies, more specifically determine whether a single stellar population (SSP) or composite stellar population (CSP) provided the most probable representation of the SFHs. Additional parameters, such as the velocity dispersions of the galaxies, the redshifts, the error spectra and the wavelength range were defined to extend these models. The observed spectra were then respectively fitted against a SSP and CSP. A series of 500 Monte–Carlo simulations were then preformed to asses the relevance of the solutions and aided in the selection of the most probable SFHs of the BCGs. The c2 maps were then drawn to assist in the understanding of the structure of the parameter space. The SFHs of the galaxies were given in the form of stellar components characterised by the derived ages and metallicities ([Fe/H]). The derived parameters were then compared against those derived with the LICK Indices to determine whether these approaches produced consistent results. Lastly, the derived parameters were tested against the internal galaxy properties (the velocity dispersions and absolute K–band magnitudes) and the properties of the host cluster environment (the X–ray temperatures, luminosities, offsets and the presence of cooling flows (CFs)) to determine whether any correlations could be derived to shed light on the formation and evolution of the BCGs. The results indicate that the P.HR model gave the most probable representation of the SFHs of the sample. Although 55% of the sample could be represented by a single star formation epoch, the remaining 45% had a more complex SFH. The ages, derived by the P.HR and LICK Indices showed significant consistency when compared but the [Fe/H] did not because the current P.HR model does not include a enhancements. 14 galaxies contained CFs. No correlations could be found between the internal properties (velocity dispersion and the absolute K–band magnitudes) and the ages/[Fe/H] but it was found that clusters containing CFs were located at higher luminosities than those without CFs. No correlations could be found between the ages/[Fe/H] and the X–ray temperatures. The intermediate aged galaxies with CFs were located closer to the centre than the old aged galaxies with CFs. These results indicated that at least some of the galaxies in the sample had a more complex SFH than first assumed and the presence of the CFs could account for some, but not all of the star formation activities in the clusters. Showing items related by title, author, creator and subject. Loubser, S.I. (Oxford Univ Press, 2014)We present detailed, high spatial and spectral resolution, long-slit observations of four central cluster galaxies (CCGs; Abell 0085, 0133, 0644 and Ophiuchus) recently obtained on the Southern African Large Telescope. . . . Loubser, S.I.; Soechting, I.K. (Oxford Univ Press, 2013)We present detailed integral field unit observations of the central few kiloparsecs of the ionized nebulae surrounding four active central cluster galaxies (CCGs) in cooling flow clusters (Abell 0496, 0780, 1644 and . . . Groenewald, D.N.; Loubser, S.I. (Oxford Univ Press, 2014)This article is devoted to the study of the central stellar populations of the brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs). High signal-to-noise ratio, long-slit spectra for a sample of 39 galaxies were fitted against two stellar . . .

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The center provides a valuable unit that produce transmission of power impulses which bring on rhythmical pleasure and contraction on the cardiac muscle groups. The cardiac body fabric are arrested for a performance to master the circulation of an center. These fibers are enthusiastic by a good, sympathetic nervous system by which it get activated by condtions like: work out, panic and anxiety and anticipation and a couple, parasympathetic central nervous system. They contract and rest in the form of component. The comfort point is named diastole while the contraction state is termed as systole. The contraction and so the peacefulness. Process consist of a few advanced things for example mobile areas and chemical elements. The contraction is as a result of actin and myosin movement with the cellular. The interplay involving the actin and myosin is because of the variances around the calcium supplements concentration all around the myofibrils. Most suitable dissertation for the most effective rate – you should have it! Go for a high quality dissertation at dissertation authoring regulations dissertation help zero-cost legislation sources Depolarization of a cells surface membrane layer begin the communication involving contractile necessary protein which end in tension development that cause shortening of the wall membrane from the soul consequently contraction. The motion of sodium and calcium mineral ions is key to undertaking cardiac dietary fibre routines. Continue reading

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Age of Discovery Jigsaw Puzzle Grades: Middle Level 6-8 Includes: 513-piece jigsaw puzzle (15" x 21. 25"), 11" x 22" full-color poster and a 3 to 4 day station lesson download. Your social studies students will enjoy working together to complete the Age of Discovery standards-based jigsaw puzzle. Aligned with standards for the middle grades (6 – 8), this beautifully detailed puzzle provides a visual construct of world exploration in the 15th and 16th centuries. The Age of Discovery puzzle includes a free 30-page lesson download with 6 station activities featuring primary source documents, critical thinking questions, and academic vocabulary.

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By far the most common use of NMR spectroscopy, studies of liquids, including samples dissolved in solvent, can achieve well-defined, high resolution data. NMR of solids, in contrast, must account for signal variations due to the orientation of molecules with respect to the baseline NMR magnetic field. In liquids, the rapid tumbling of molecules averages these anisotropic (direction-dependent) components to zero. As a result, solution-state NMR spectroscopy provides narrow spectral lines with clearly defined multiplets, revealing the fine detail of interactions among nuclei and electrons. (This effect is sometimes imitated in solid-state NMR by spinning the sample rapidly at a specific angle, called the magic angle. ) The Pulse Sequence See NMR 101 for a general outline of a simple, one-dimensional liquid NMR experiment. The timing, frequencies, and intensities of the RF pulses in an NMR experiment determine which nuclei are affected, and what aspects of their environment can be observed. Important components revealed in liquid NMR experiments include: As moving charged particles, nearby electrons affect the local magnetic field experienced by atomic nuelci. This appears in an NMR spectrum as a shift in resonance frequency, relative to a standard for that nucleus. Called chemical shift, these are small effects, expressed in parts per million. Smaller molecules, including many organics, can be identified by their pattern of chemical shifts in a 1H NMR spectrum. Magnetic nuclei influence each other in a phenomenon called dipole coupling or spin–spin coupling. On an NMR spectrum, spin coupling splits single peaks into two or more sub-peaks. Direct coupling, through the interaction of the magnetic fields these nuclei generate, provides information about the distance between nuclei, and therefore molecular geometry. Indirect coupling, called J-coupling, happens through the effects of each magnetic nucleus on electrons in the molecule, which in turn influence the magnetic environment of other nuclei. J-coupling occurs strictly between nuclei linked through a small number of bonds, including hydrogen bonds. J-coupling between groups of protons in 1H NMR generate sets of multiple, close-spaced peaks called multiplets, that are observable only in liquid NMR thanks to its high resolution. Each type of NMR experiment uses one or more characteristic pulse sequences to probe specific information about its target nuclei. Providing high sensitivity and sharp signals, Proton (1H) NMR is the most common type of NMR experiment. Samples for 1H NMR must usually be dissolved in deuterated solvent to reduce background signal. Carbon 13 and Other Elements 13C NMR is much less sensitive than 1H NMR, but it has a larger range of chemical shifts, making it more flexible for larger molecules where 1H peaks may overlap. A typical 13C experiment compares chemical shifts to those of expected moieties. In principal, NMR can capture signals from any magnetic nucleus, including isotopes of almost every atomic element. Responses from heavier elements take longer – around eight seconds for the free-induction decay of 13C – so data acquisition with enough repetitions for good signal-to-noise can take minutes to hours. For large molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids, single-acquisition spectra become crowded with overlapping signals from the many nuclei. Multidimensional NMR experiments deal with this issue by examining correlations in the results from two or more pulse sequences, each targeting either the same type of nucleus (homonuclear) – often 1H – or different ones (heteronuclear) – for example, 1H and 13C. There are many variations on multi-dimensional NMR, taking advantage of different interactions among magnetic nuclei and their electronic environments. A typical 2D NMR experiment will run two, 1D pulse sequences in series with a suitable delay period between them, then analyze correlations between the two. Experiments with three and more dimensions may examine relationships among several species in order to place specific nuclei within a molecular structure. Multi-dimensional NMR experiments make it possible to determine 3D structures for large biomolecules, and to study structure-activity relationships. For example, triple-resonance NMR might be used to compare protein conformation before and after exposure to a drug candidate. In this scenario, pulse sequences targeting 1H, 13C, and 15N identify and establish relationships among specific atoms in the protein to reveal structure and conformation. Similarly, a suite of 1D, 2D and 3D NMR experiments can be run to determine the structure of a carbohydrate or nucleic acid. Generally biomolecules are labeled with 13C and 15N for NMR study. Though naturally more abundant, 12C is not NMR-active, while the 14N nucleus presents a complex NMR response due to its quadrupole magnetic moment. NMR techniques to study chemical reactions over time vary with timescale. For slow reactions, on the order of seconds to minutes, NMR can be used to monitor changing concentrations of reaction products over time. Submillisecond processes average out over seconds-long NMR acquisition times, and chemical events happening over milliseconds to seconds will cause NMR line broadening. In these cases, reaction equilibria and rate constants can often be teased out by comparing NMR spectra as a function of temperature.

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As we pass overhead the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, we follow the Cottonwood Canyon southward toward Glen Canyon and the Grand Canyon at the horizon. Each canyon in its turn provides a boundary that limits or guides our perspective. To the observer on the ground, these great canyons are obstacles that must be circumnavigated. From our aerial perspective, while we may imagine the plight of the pioneer at meeting these obstacles, we see these canyons as something greater…they define boundaries of flowing pathways across the surface of the continent and act as guides to interpret the movement of water through the landscape created by flowing molten earth. Meandering through once mild ripples in the earth’s crust, the water’s movement grows more erratic and dramatic as it cuts deeper into the crust to reveal the soul of the landscape.

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. Inventing the Modern Artist: Art and Culture in Gilded Age America. New Haven Conn.: Yale University Press, 1996. Auchincloss, Louis. The Vanderbilt Era: Profiles of a Gilded Age. 1st ed. New York: Collier Books, 1990. Bailey, Colin B. Building the Frick Collection: An Introduction to the House and Its Collections. New York: Frick Collection in association with Scala, 2006. Beard, Patricia. After the Ball: Gilded Age Secrets, Boardroom Betrayals,and the Party That Ignited the Great Wall Street Scandal of 1905. 1st ed. New York: HarperCollins, 2003. Blanchard, Mary Warner. Oscar Wilde’s America: Counterculture in the Gilded Age. New Haven [Conn.]: Yale University Press, 1998. Brignano, Mary. A Museum of the Gilded Age: Frick Art & Historical Center. 2nd ed. Pittsburgh: Frick Art & Historical Center, 2009. Brown, Joshua. Beyond the Lines: Pictorial Reporting, Everyday Life, and the Crisis of Gilded Age America. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002. Burns, Sarah. American Art to 1900: A Documentary History. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009. Cheek, Richard. Newport Mansions: The Gilded Age. Little Compton, R.I: Foremost Publishers, 1982. Craven, Wayne. Gilded Mansions: Grand Architecture and High Society. 1st ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Co, 2009. Doell, M. Christine Klim. Gardens of the Gilded Age: Nineteenth-Century Gardens and Homegrounds of New York State. 1st ed. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1986. Dwight, Eleanor. The Gilded Age: Edith Wharton and Her Contemporaries. New York, NY: Universe, 1995. Glubok, Shirley. The Art of America in the Gilded Age. New York: Macmillan, 1974. Gregory, Alexis. Families of Fortune: Life in the Gilded Age. New York: Rizzoli International Publications, 1993. Griffin, Randall C. Homer, Eakins, and Anshutz: The Search for American Identity in the Gilded Age. University Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State University, 2004. Kaplan, Justin. When the Astors Owned New York: Blue Bloods and Grand Hotels in a Gilded Age. New York: Viking, 2006. King, Greg. A Season of Splendor: The Court of Mrs. Astor in Gilded Age New York. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley & Sons, 2009. Kotynek, Roy. American Cultural Rebels: Avant-Garde and Bohemian Artists, Writers and Musicians from the 1850s Through the 1960s. Jefferson, N.C: McFarland & Co, 2008. Lewis, Arnold, James Turner, and Steven McQuillin. The Opulent Interiors of the Gilded Age: All 203 Photographs from “Artistic Houses”: With New Text. New York: Dover, 1987. New York State Historical Association. The Empire State: A History of New York. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2001. Patterson, Jerry E. The First Four Hundred: Mrs. Astor’s New York in the Gilded Age. New York: Rizzoli, 2000. Patterson, Jerry E, and Museum of the City of New York. The City of New York: A History Illustrated from the Collections of the Museum of the City of New York. New York: H. N. Abrams, 1978. Platt, Frederick. America’s Gilded Age: Its Architecture and Decoration. South Brunswick: A. S. Barnes, 1976. Saltzman, Cynthia. Old Masters, New World : America's Raid on Europe's Great Pictures, 1880-World War I. New York: Viking, 2008. Schwain, Kristin. Signs of Grace: Religion and American Art in the Gilded Age. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2008. Stansell, Christine. American Moderns: Bohemian New York and the Creation of a New Century. 1st ed. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2000. Stern, Robert A. M. New York 1880: Architecture and Urbanism in the Gilded Age. New York, N.Y: Monacelli Press, 1999. Weisberg, Gabriel P, Frick Art & Historical Center, and Frick Art Museum (Pittsburgh, Pa.). Collecting in the Gilded Age: Art Patronage in Pittsburgh, 1890-1910. Pittsburgh: Frick Art & Historical Center, 1997.

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Arabic for Beginners All the following courses in one subscription! Level A1 – Complete Beginner - The Arabic Alphabet – Learn to read and write the letters of the Arabic alphabet - Essential Arabic – Practise Arabic words with flashcards - Easy Arabic – Learn how to meet and greet people, introduce yourself and others - The Root and Pattern System – Learn about this very important feature of the Arabic language - First Steps Arabic – A short transition course to form a bridge to the A2 programme Level A2 – Beginner to Intermediate - Hayya Bina! – A fully interactive course of Arabic leading to A2 - Arabic Grammar Explorer – Learn about important topics in Arabic grammar - Arabic Conversation Practice – Practise speaking with interactive role plays - Word Trainer Arabic – Practise and consolidate vocabulary for a wide range of topics - A Guide to Writing Arabic – A downloadable workbook to practice handwriting - Audio downloads – Listen to and practise the dialogues from the main course - Worksheets – Practise handwriting - Glossary of important words and phrases - Study Plans – Use these to organise and structure your learning time On completion of the programme you will have achieved Level A2 of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (Level 4 of the European Qualifications Framework). This corresponds to the US State Department Levels 1 and 2. £89 | US$ 99 | €99 12 month subscription, includes VAT. The subscription does not renew automatically. Any questions contact email@example. com or call 0044 (0)20 323 94 101 Smartphone, tablet or PC? Subscribers to Arabic Online have access to a number of programmes that work well on a smartphone, tablet or mobile device and enable users to use their time productively even when they are ‘on the go’. However, we strongly recommend that the main Arabic course, Hayya Bina, and the bonus courses should be done on a laptop or PC to get the best experience of the content on the screen. For more information read this article here about using a smartphone. Winner of the European Language Label Award Level A1 Complete Beginners Practise Arabic useful phrases and useful Arabic words with these flash cards. - Listen to each word. - Look at the Arabic word. - Practise speaking the word. - Turn the card and learn the translation. This series of short learning modules builds on the Essential Arabic Flashcards. Easy Arabic is a perfect way to get started. - Practise how to introduce yourself, - Introduce others (formally and informally), - Greet someone and ask what someone’s name is, - Ask where they come from and say goodbye. Practise with mini-dialogues and interactive exercises. Listen and record your own voice. Test yourself at the end of each module. The root and Pattern System The Root and Pattern System is a key element of the Arabic language. This Arabic grammar course will introduce you to and guide you through the fundamentals of this system and show you how words such Islam, Muslim, salaam are all related. By learning about this system, you will have a better understanding of the way the language works. . First Steps Arabic This short course (20 hours) forms a bridge between Level A1 and the main A2 programme. The course builds on Easy Arabic and is an ideal preparation for the main Arabic course, Hayya Bina. - Visiting an Arab home and meeting an Arab host - Vocabulary related to family and home - An introduction to Arabic script - Introduction to Arabic sounds and pronunciation Level A2 Beginners to Intermediate Hayya bina! – Let’s Go This is the core programme. With over 100 hours of study, the course contains - 15 interactive units with audio dialogues covering typical everyday situations - Options to study with Arabic script or with Western script (transliteration) - Extensive vocabulary practice - An introduction to reading Arabic script and understanding the Arabic alphabet - A wide variety of language activities with role plays with voice recording - Language and grammar notes - Cultural notes including advice on what to do and what not to do Click here to see the table of contents and the complete syllabus, opens in a new window. Arabic Grammar Explorer Study some of the basic topics of Arabic grammar in this interactive, online grammar. Topics include: - how to express ‘be’ in the present, past and future - how to express ‘have’ in the present, past and future - how to say that you can or you are able to do something - how to say that you must, want to or would like to do something Arabic Conversation Practice Improve your conversational skills with these interactive role plays. Implementing a new and innovative concept, which is simple but effective, the program has been designed to help you practise and improve conversational skills in typical everyday situations which you would expect to encounter in the Arab world, such as ordering food, asking for the bill, shopping and inviting a guest to dinner, etc. It complements and consolidates what you learn in the core Arabic program. - 17 modules, each with over sixteen steps of content - Model dialogues for a whole range of everyday situations - Activities and exercises to consolidate and master key words and phrases - Role play activities with voice recording to practise new words and phrases in different situations Word Trainer Arabic More than just a list of words, Word Trainer Arabic will help you to improve your vocabulary and master some of the most common everyday words which you would typically expect to encounter in everyday situations in the Arab world. It counteracts traditional ‘rote learning’ by carefully guiding you through a comprehensive and thorough learning process to ensure that you learn and practise the sounds, pronunciation, meaning and spelling of each word correctly. Includes: - 26 modules, each with over sixteen steps of content - 156 words from a whole range of everyday situations - Clear audio with native speakers - Engaging exercises and activities to practise and consolidate key words - Voice recording function to practise pronunciation Downloads and support material A Guide to Writing Arabic This handy and comprehensive workbook is the perfect partner to the ArabicOnline course. It carefully guides you through each letter of the Arabic alphabet with plenty of opportunities for practice the letters – in isolation AND in words. If you are learning Arabic writing for the first time, then this is for you! Ideal for beginners. “A Guide to Writing Arabic” is available as an eBook as part of the subscription for instant download and self-printing. Download and print out a wide range of worksheets to practise writing key vocabulary from the ArabicOnline course. - First trace over the words in Arabic - Then write the words without any help on the lines. Download and listen to all the dialogues from the Arabic course as mp3 files with relaxing background music and spoken English translations. They are ideal for consolidating what you have learnt in the online course. The relaxing background music has been especially composed by “Avicenna” with the aim of relaxing the brain whilst listening to the dialogues. Spoken English translations have been added after each Arabic sentence. The glossary contains the key words and phrases frok the complete Arabic course. It can be used to practise and consolidate your knowledge of Arabic vocabulary. The glossary is organised in such a way that key words and phrases from each unit of the Arabic course are listed in Arabic script and in transliteration (western script) with their English translations. Manage your learning Before you start the Arabic lessons, download and read the Learning Guide. The Learning Guide will help you to organise your learning experience and plan the necessary time. Before you start each unit, download the Study Plan for that unit. The Study Plan gives a detailed breakdown how much time to spend in each learning session, which tasks to do in which order. The Study Plans and the tasks in the interface guide you through a well-organised and completely integrated learning experience. We recommend that you study unit 1 exactly as described. You can then follow the same process for each of the following units. The Learning Diary allows you to keep track of your progress. - Full one-year subscription offers great value for money - A wide range of eLearning programmes to suit all abilities - Online grammar of Basic Arabic - Extensive support materials and downloads - Additional benefits such as Study Plans, Guide to Writing Arabic, worksheets The ArabicOnline subscription recognises that as a language learner you can achieve a lot from a self-guided programme, but to reach full potential you also need support and guidance. By providing attractive and motivating courses and dedicated support materials, we can prove that learning Arabic is an attainable goal for everyone. “I highly recommend ArabicOnline as it is the most comprehensive and the most accessible web resource for Arabic language learning that I have come across. ” Samah Naga, Head of Arabic at Oundle School Why choose ArabicOnline? By providing attractive and motivating courses and dedicated support materials we can prove that learning Arabic is an attainable goal for everyone. Carl Taylor, Director of ArabicOnline - ArabicOnline is one of the most comprehensive courses of Modern Standard Arabic on the web and in the app stores. - A user-friendly, learner-oriented and clearly organised interface. - Implements ‘discovery techniques’. Learners are encouraged to explore the language and be active participants in the learning process. - It dispels the myth that Arabic is a difficult language to learn. - Users choice is important. Users can study with Western script (transliteration), with Arabic script, or with both. - ArabicOnline is suitable for all types of learners, regardless of their educational background. Developed with the support of the Lifelong Learning programme of the European Union. This publication ArabicOnline. eu reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

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Joliot-Curie (zhôlyōˈ-kürēˈ) [key], French scientists who were husband and wife. Frédéric Joliot-Curie frādārēkˈ, 1900–1958, formerly Frédéric Joliot, and Irène Joliot-Curie ērĕnˈ, 1897–1956, daughter of Pierre and Marie Curie, were married in 1926. Both were assistants at the Radium Institute in Paris, of which Irène, succeeding her mother, was director in 1932. Together the Joliot-Curies continued the work of the Curies on radioactivity. For their artificial production of radioactive substances, in which they bombarded certain elements with alpha particles, they shared the 1935 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. In 1940 they collaborated on research on the chain reaction in nuclear fission. In 1946 they helped to organize the French atomic energy commission, and in the same year Frédéric was appointed chairman of the commission. He was forced to resign in 1950, however, because of his Communist activities, and in 1951 Irène was also dropped from the commission because of her Communist affiliations. In 1947, Irène became a professor and the director of the radium laboratory at the Sorbonne. In 1956, Frédéric was a member of the French Communist party's Central Committee, and in the same year he was appointed to the chair of nuclear physics at the Univ. of Paris. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.

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Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a versatile plant that can be grown for its fiber, seed or cannabinoids. Hemp fields were once a common sight in Kentucky during the state’s prominence as the leading hemp producer in the U.S. Although commercial hemp production ceased throughout North America in the late 1950s, there is currently renewed interest in growing this crop. While for many years hemp has faced significant legal obstacles due to its close relationship to the marijuana plant, there are a number of states, including Kentucky, working toward reviving the hemp industry. Section 7606 of the Agricultural Act of 2014 (the federal farm bill) authorized state departments of agriculture in states that have legalized hemp, including Kentucky, to develop pilot programs for industrial hemp research. The Kentucky Department of Agriculture has been working with universities, farmers and processors around the state since 2014 to implement pilot programs. The 2018 federal farm bill removes industrial hemp and its extracts, including cannabinoids, with not more than 0. 3 percent delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) concentration on a dry-weight basis from the list of controlled substances. However, it is still illegal to grow or process hemp without a license. Hemp fibers have been used to manufacture hundreds of products that include fiber for injected/molded composite materials, twine, paper, construction materials, carpeting, clothing, and animal bedding. Seeds have been used in making industrial oils, cosmetics and other personal care products, and medicines. Hemp seed or oil can be found in cooking oil, salad dressings, pasta, and snack products. Hemp has also generated tremendous interest among pharmaceutical and medical researchers due to the cannabinoid cannabidiol or CBD. Agriculture as a whole has changed considerably since hemp’s heyday, so past production information cannot be relied upon to determine how the crop should be grown and harvested today. The University of Kentucky began basic agronomic research in 2015 with varieties grown for each purpose - fiber, grain and cannabinoids. For details about UK research on industrial hemp, visit the UK Industrial Hemp Agronomic Research website at https://hemp.ca.uky.edu. Bob Pearce, professor of agronomy, and Tom Keene, agronomy specialist, both with the UK Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, are participants in the Kentucky Department of Agriculture’s Industrial Hemp Program. Click here for information from the Kentucky Department of Agriculture (KDA) about how the 2018 farm bill impacts Kentucky’s hemp industry. Please note that individuals or businesses must hold a license from the KDA to grow or process hemp. For details about the KDA’s Industrial Hemp Research Pilot Program, including applications and regulations, visit http://www.kyagr.com/marketing/hemp-pilot.html. See hemp resources below:

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Norio Harada, Kana Nakatani, Yoshifumi Satofuka, Takahisa Mizuyama Monday 29 june 2015 17:30 - 17:33h at Mississippi (level 1) Themes: (T) Sediment management and morphodynamics, (ST) Sediment transport mechanisms and modelling, Poster pitches Parallel session: Poster pitch: 3A. Sediment - Erosion Prediction of sediment runoff in a mountain watershed is an important factor in assessing the potential environmental impacts of a river system, such as deposits at a dam or a sediment disaster. Numerical models of sediment runoff have been investigated by many researchers, and previous research developed numerical models that describe the system of rainfall runoff (flood and sediment runoff). Predicting sediment runoff correctly using these models requires consideration of geological data for upper-stream channels. However, these channels are often narrow and steep. To compile information for a model of these mountainous channels, interpretation of aerial photographs was used. Unfortunately, forest obscures many mountainous channels, resulting in loss of data, including information on the width of the channel. Previous research discussed river widths in Japan and abroad, considering the discharge flow and environmental factors, and proposed a method for designing a river structure model that considers the surrounding environment. The method was well suited to the large rivers in Japan and Canada. However, the study considered alluvial rivers only and did not address differences in geological type that may affect variation in the riverbed. There is a need for a new method of predicting channel widths in mountainous watersheds that accounts for geology type. This paper shows the relationship between channel width and other factors using a statistical analysis technique, termed “mathematical quantification theory class _,” for data from over 800 mountain streams. It was shown that channel width was strongly related to the area of the upper basin, the geological type, and the river cline. Additionally, relationships between channel width and the basin area and river incline based on the results of a statistical analysis of existing stream data were employed to compile geographical feature data in a mountainous watershed for a numerical model to predict sediment runoff. The average correlation coefficient of the proposed relationship R was 0. 82 (range, 0. 69–0. 96); the proposed method was confirmed to be valid for a channel in a mountainous watershed.

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Eating 7 Servings a Day Linked With Best Well-Being, Researchers Find By Kathleen Doheny WebMD Health News Latest Nutrition, Food & Recipes News Reviewed by Louise Chang, MD Oct. 11, 2012 -- Grumpy and out of sorts? Grab an apple. Or a carrot. Or a banana. Eating plenty of fruits and vegetables seems to boost life satisfaction, mental well-being, and happiness, according to a new study. Researchers analyzed the diet habits of 80,000 men and women in Britain. The more fruits and vegetables they ate, the happier they were. Those who ate seven servings daily were happiest. "I think it's splendid to know that fruits and vegetables are likely to be good for your mental health as well as your physical health," says researcher Sarah Stewart-Brown, MD, professor of public health at Warwick Medical School in the U.K. "It's not surprising, as the two are related to each other. " The research is to be published in Social Indicators Research. Fruit, Vegetables, and Well-Being: Study Details Numerous studies have linked eating lots of fruits and vegetables with health benefits. Among them: a lowered risk for heart disease and cancer, and help with weight management and blood pressure control. Less attention has focused on fruits, vegetables, and psychological well-being. Stewart-Brown's team looked at three different sets of data: the Welsh Health Survey of 2007-10, the Scottish Health Survey of 2008-09, and the Health Survey of England in 2008. Each is a random sample of the population of the countries. The 80,000 men and women answered questions about their daily intake of fruits and vegetables. They reported on exercise habits, employment, and whether they smoked. They reported on their levels of life satisfaction, mental well-being, any mental disorders, happiness, nervousness, and feeling low. The Magic Number: 7 Well-being linked to fruits and vegetables peaked at about seven portions a day, the researchers found. It appears that ''the more you go from zero to seven or eight, the happier you will be," says Andrew Oswald, PhD, professor of economics at the University of Warwick and a study researcher. For the surveys, a portion was defined as about 3 ounces. A small apple, for instance, is about 5 ounces. The study didn't distinguish between types of fruits and vegetables, Oswald says. (No, French fries did not count as a vegetable. ) Quantifying the effect more precisely is difficult, Stewart-Brown says. For example, she says, the effect on the life-satisfaction score for those who ate less than one serving a day is equal to about one-third the effect on life satisfaction reported by those who lose their jobs. That's a substantial effect, she says. The study was not funded by any produce organizations. Only about 1 of 10 British people eat seven or more servings of fruits and vegetables daily, the researchers say. In the U.S., the USDA recommends adults eat at least 1. 5-2 cups a day of fruits and 2-3 cups of vegetables, depending on sex and age. But fewer than 1 in 10 people eat the recommended amount, according to the CDC. Fruits, Vegetables, Happiness: Explaining the Link The researchers found a link, not cause and effect, Stewart-Brown says. And it's possible that the link goes in the opposite direction -- happy people may just eat more fruits and vegetables, she says. How the fruits and vegetables may help well-being is not known, the researchers say. "Initially, we thought it might give people more energy and they exercise more," Oswald says. But the link held even when they took exercise habits into account. Fruits, Vegetables, Happiness: Perspectives The study validates changes that some dietitians see when clients begin eating more fruits and vegetables, says Andrea Giancoli, RD, a spokeswoman for the American Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. She reviewed the findings for WebMD. "I can tell you that anecdotally, when they improve their diet, clients tell me, 'I feel good,'" she says. Even those who say they hate fruits and vegetables can find ones they like, she says. "Usually it's just certain ones they don't like. Once we go through [the list] we find ones they do like. " "When they start to cook them in ways tasty to them, or add them to a meal, they start to like them more. " When eating plenty of fruits and vegetables becomes a habit, people don't feel as well when they skip them, Giancoli finds. Oswald hopes researchers from the biochemistry field will take up the question of how fruits and vegetables may boost well-being. Meanwhile, he says he is trying to eat more fruits and vegetables. "I am keen to stay cheery," he says. SOURCES: Sarah Stewart-Brown, MD, professor of public health, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, U.K. Andrew Oswald, PhD, professor of economics, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. Andrea Giancoli, RD, MPH, Los Angeles area dietitian; spokesperson, American Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Blanchflower, D. Social Indicators Research, October 2012. USDA: ChooseMyPlate. gov. ©2012 WebMD, LLC. All Rights Reserved.

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There are ways to cope with chronic illness. It might be devastating and life-changing and depending on the severity of the diagnosis, a chronic illness can lead to many changes, including having to leave school or work. At times, a chronic illness can even put people in the hospital. Despite the difficulties, there are ways to cope with chronic illness. Meditation is one of the best ways to cope with chronic illness. Often people who have chronic diseases experience a great deal of stress and possibly pain. Meditation allows you to be in the moment, and it is a great stress reliever. Also, meditation can decrease pain levels, which is very helpful if pain is one of the symptoms. Meditation can even help decrease other symptoms of a chronic illness. 2. Focus on the Good When you are dealing with a chronic illness, it can be very easy to become focused on the negative aspects of the illness. However, there is a lot of good in the world, and it helps to remember what is still good in your life. For example, having a loving supportive family is something positive that could be focused on. Even little things like a sunny day should make it onto your positive list. Every good thing is something to appreciate. 3. Do What You Can Chronic illnesses are often debilitating, but it is still important to do what you can. Even if you can only go on a short walk up the street, you should make the effort to go on the walk. Doing what you are able to do will help you maintain your confidence, and it will help you stay a little active. 4. Make Use of the Computer If a chronic illness has left you homebound, you should make use of the computer. Using social media sites like Facebook can help you stay connected to the rest of the world. You can also use the computer to entertain yourself when you are bored. Playing games or reading articles will help you pass the time. 5. Don’t Isolate Yourself While computers are great for connecting with the rest of the world it is still important to have contact with people. If you are unable to go out, you can invite a friend over to your house. Also, you should try and make an effort to go to family functions, because it will help you feel like you are still part of the group. 6. Get Involved Another way to cope with a chronic illness is to get involve with group activities. If you are able to, you can take a class at your local library or get involved in a church group. Additionally, you could get involved in advocacy groups or support groups for your illness. Talking to other people who have your illness can help you not feel alone. 7. Become Your Own Advocate When you have a chronic illness it can be very easy to lose your voice regarding your medical care, which can leave you feeling helpless. However, you should be involved in your medical care. Research your illness and ask questions. Having knowledge about your illness and being involved in your treatment can help you feel empowered. While receiving a diagnosis of a chronic illness can be devastating, it is possible to cope. By implementing these suggestions into your life, you can find a way to maintain your identity so your life doesn’t revolve around your illness. Do you know anyone who has to cope with a chronic illness?

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New York’s Rikers Island Jail: built on a toxic waste landfill site. The State Correctional Institute-Fayette in Pennsylvania: built next to a fly ash dump from an abandoned coal mine. Thirteen state and federal prisons in Colorado: built near water wells laced with radioactive material left over from the mining of uranium. The Northwest Detention Center in Washington: sits within a volcanic hazard zone. These and other environmental hazards are what inspired the the Human Rights Defense Center to launch the Prison Ecology Project (the HRDC has also published Prison Legal News for 25 years and running). The project’s coordinator, Panagioti Tsolkas, says he and his colleagues began looking at the environmental impact of prisons on the communities where they were built—but realized that that was only one half of the equation. There was the human environment to consider, as well. The group is now fighting to bring attention to the ways in which prison inmates are threatened by the environmental problems in the areas where—whether they like it or not—they are housed. After determining that the EPA’s Interagency Working Group on Environmental Justice was the right group to direct their concerns, the HRDC’s executive director Paul Wright wrote to the “EJ2020 Action Agenda,” an environmental justice initiative by the EPA that was inviting public comment. “If we can recognize the problem with forcing people to live in close proximity to toxic and hazardous environmental conditions, then why are we ignoring prisoners who are forced to live in detention facilities impacted by such conditions? ” he wrote in a July 14 letter. For instance, the Bureau of Prisons is planning a new federal prison in Letcher County, Kentucky. The HRDC has previously opposed the project, not only because of the environmental impact of bringing in over 1,000 prison inmates and staff into a concentrated area, but also because of the pollution that already exists there that will harm its population. While legislative and school districts often include prison populations in their totals, the EPA does not take prison populations into account when it is assessing the environmental impact of a new prison construction project. “That one was ripe for this conversation,” says Tsolkas of the proposed Kentucky prison. “[I]t’s a maximum security prison, built on top of a former mining site, and the area is renowned for having contaminated water, likely related to the mining and gas drilling there. It's a real hard-hit post-coal economy, so they've kind of got people in a pinch. ” He is referring to the ways in which new prison construction projects can be appealing to struggling small towns and rural areas—not just for the promise of jobs, but for the potential for increased representation or funding that can come from padding population numbers with incarcerated people. According to the non-profit Prison Policy Initiative’s “Prison Gerrymandering Project,” the Census bureau counts prison inmates toward the population totals of the towns where their prisons are, even though (in almost all states) the inmates themselves cannot actually vote. This weird accounting can skew how a town is represented in government, and where the lines of a legislative district get drawn. Curiously, though, while legislative and school districts often include prison populations in their totals, the EPA does not take prison populations into account when it is assessing the environmental impact of a new prison construction project during the permitting process. Different government organizations seem to account for prison populations in different ways. But why? Tsolkas and Wright do not know. “We're hoping that by putting it out there, the answers will start coming in, but we haven't gotten an explanation yet,” Tsolkas says. When contacted for a reaction to the Prison Ecology Project’s concerns for this article, the EPA responded with a statement: “EPA appreciates receiving this important comment and we are considering it carefully as we review all the public comments submitted regarding the EJ 2020 draft framework. ” The period for public comment for the EPA’s EJ2020 project is now closed. So is the Bureau of Prison’s period for public comment for the proposed prison in Kentucky. Still, Tsolkas acknowledges that his group’s goals stretch farther than an admission from the government about the potential harm involved in the construction of this one particular prison. “I would like to think it could be really powerful, in stopping that prison from moving forward,” Tsolkas says, “and maybe even call into question some of the policies that are driving mass incarceration. ” To help underscore their points, his group is citing Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, which forbids a government agency to use federal funds for anything that would result in racial or ethnic discrimination—along with statistics that demonstrate how minority groups in the United States disproportionately come into contact with every aspect of the criminal justice system. “You can't construct something specifically using federal dollars if constructing that would be an act of discrimination against a certain population,” says Tsolkas. “Which I think would apply to every prison in the country. ” True Crime is Lauren Kirchner's weekly column about crime and criminal justice issues.

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What is XYZ Analysis? Classification of articles according to consumption The XYZ analysis is a procedure in business administration or materials management in which articles – i. e. goods, services, etc. – are classified according to their regularity of turnover. Classification is based on past consumption values in three stages: - X stands for constant consumption, i. e. products that are sold, used or consumed constantly. - Y stands for strongly fluctuating consumption, e. g. for products that are sold, used or consumed most frequently due to seasonal factors, a trend or boom, or an event. - Z stands for irregular consumption. The findings of a XYZ Analysis The findings of the XYZ analysis – also known as RSU analysis for regular, seasonal, unsteady – are important for stock planning, the timely production of articles or the procurement of goods. The classes are calculated using a coefficient of variation, which results from the mean value of the consumption and a standard deviation: - For X usually a coefficient of variation is used from 0 to 25%, - for Y between 25% and up to and including 50%, - and for Z over 50%. In addition, XYZ analysis makes it possible to combine withdrawal behavior over time (how often items are sold, used, or consumed within a specified time frame) and quantity fidelity – how high was the consumption per item call-off. This can result in statements such as X-X (the goods are regularly consumed in constant quantities) or X-Y (the goods are regularly consumed with strongly fluctuating quantities). The combination of XYZ and ABC Analysis The XYZ analysis is also performed in combination with the ABC analysis. The result is: - The combinations A-X, B-X, C-X, A-Y and B-Y are suitable for just-in-time procurement. B-Y could also be procured via stock procurement. - The combinations A-Z and B-Z are difficult to forecast, so that organisations have to find a compromise between expensive warehousing, costly ordering and the risk of delivery bottlenecks. - The effort for C-Z should be minimised. Here, too, a compromise must be found between stock levels and procurement costs. Here you will find additional information from our Smartpedia section:

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Einstein claimed that the greatest scientists are always artists as well; he himself played the violin, and claimed he often thought in music. Not everyone has a brain like Einstein’s, but I do believe that in order to promote imaginative thinking in any field, you need an education that encourages creativity. As Einstein also said: “Creativity is intelligence having fun. ” This week, my advisor, Dr. Nina Kraus, went to Washington D.C. to meet with educational policy-makers about how playing music changes the brain. When I first started doing research in this field, I struggled with the idea that somehow we need science to validate the benefits of music, that playing music needs to make you better at something else. Isn’t music valuable in its own right? As every music teacher can tell you, playing music isn’t just about the recital at the end of the term. Playing music trains the whole person, from physical coordination to emotional expression, from the quiet discipline of daily practice to the confidence boost of a great performance, from finding your own voice, to collaborating and creating harmony with others. But one day it struck me that people who have never played music may not know this, and that some of those people make decisions about education policy. I began to see science as a useful translation device: If a policy-maker isn’t swayed by music teachers telling them that the kids who play music seem to do better in school, perhaps they will listen to researchers saying that music training strengthens attention and memory skills, or improves the ability to hear a teacher in a noisy classroom, or the precision of neural responses to speech. Music isn’t a panacea. The fact that playing music improves performance on a memory test isn’t why we play music – nor is it why music should be included in the curriculum. But, it's important to understand that playing music changes how our brains perform certain functions – how we remember, how we pay attention, how we process speech. Playing music isn’t just about that end of term recital. The brain we use to play music is the same brain we use to read, do math, and in one notable case, to dream up relativity. We know that playing music activates more regions of the brain at once than almost any other human activity: it involves sound, movement, visual coordination, emotional expression, social bonding…it is fair to say that playing music is a good workout for the brain. Whether or not it improves reading scores, we enjoy it, we care about it, and this makes it a powerful teacher. Science says; music told it so.

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The importance of breaking away from fossil-fuel has never been understated by Toyota. The big name car manufacturer has long held that alternative energy is the way of the future. They have thrown significant support behind the research and development of hydrogen fuel cells, lauding the technology as a viable successor to oil. With the completion of their first hydrogen refueling station in Torrance, California, Toyota has made a bold stride toward the establishment of a hydrogen fuel infrastructure. Hydrogen infrastructure, commonly referred to as a hydrogen highway, is one of the few remaining obstacles keeping fuel cells out of consumer’s possession. Researchers have toiled for years to lower the cost of fuel cells, only recently producing viable solutions to the problem. As they become less expensive, fuel cells are seeing more commercial acceptance. In the transportation industry, however, there can be no future for hydrogen powered vehicles without a way to refuel them. “Building an extensive hydrogen-refuiling infrastructure is the critical next step in bringing these products to the market,” says Chris Hostetter, vice president of strategic resources for Toyota Motor Sales in the U.S. Toyota, as well as several other prestigious car manufacturers, believes that 2015 is the time when hydrogen fuel will really take off. Many companies are planning to release fuel cell vehicles to the commercial market at that time. As the market becomes saturated with these vehicles, the price of fuel cells is expected to plummet. Several refueling stations are also scheduled to be completed by that time, promising to make the concept of a hydrogen highway a reality.

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The Buffalo Canyon Flora -- The Locality The modern flora of Buffalo Canyon is typical of the Great Basin, comprising scattered Pinyon Pine, Utah Juniper, and shrubs such as Sagebrush and Rabbitbrush. In the Miocene, however, the climate allowed growth of for example Oak, Birch, Zelkova, Poplar, Willow, and Maple. Below are images that illustrate today's ecosystem and landscape at Buffalo Canyon, as well as the actual outcrop. The pictures were taken at 1998 year's field trip by undergraduate Sati Shah.

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The one-day course Decolonising The Mind (DTM) available on either 24 or 25 February explores the concepts and tools from the theoretical framework Decolonising The Mind. Two narratives of liberation had dominated knowledge, culture and activism the past 150 years: Liberalism and Marxism. They are rooted in the European Enlightenment. Decolonial thinking is a collection of contributions to a third narrative of liberation with different labels (postcolonialism, orientalism, subaltern studies, Islamic liberation theology). DTM aims to develop a coherent theoretical framework as an alternative to Liberalism and Marxism. This course is aimed at activists and academics who want to know about and make a contribution to the development of this coherent framework. The course deals wit the following questions: 1. What are the differences in theoretical framework between Liberalism, Marxism and DTM? 2. What are the differences in producing knowledge from the three frameworks: theories of knowledge including logic, methods of research and analysis for academics and activists? 3. What is the DTM framework: concepts, methods of arguments, attitudes of a (de)colonized mind, skills of a (de)colonized mind. 4. How do we apply the DTM framework in different areas of knowledge production and activism? We will deal with the following examples: a. Decolonising mathematics (you don’t need expert knowledge on mathematics). b. Decolonising world history: three views on world history c. Decolonising economic theory: Islamic economic theory, liberal and Marxist economic theory. d. Decolonising social theories: three views on race, class, gender en sexuality. e. Decolonising political theory: three political theories on democracy, political systems and activism f. Decolonising cultural theory: three theories about authority of knowledge production, identity formation, religion and ethics. Course material and preparations: The course is an intensive interactive engagement that starts with a preparation, the course itself and engagement after the course. On February 17th before the course the participants will receive PowerPoint presentations on the different topics of the course. Participants are supposed to go through these presentations before attending the course. They are also asked to prepare a presentation of maximum 10 minutes on a topic by using or criticizing the DTM framework as explained in the PowerPoints. - Theorizing visibility and vulnerability in Black Europe and the African diaspora - The importance of Black dialogues in the European academic sphere Each session starts with a summary of a PowerPoint presentation. Then we spent the course with debates, presentations by participants and analysis of arguments in propositions that develops the topics in the Powerpoint. Special attention is given to possible critiques of the DTM theoretical framework, apart from the critique on Liberalism and Marxism. After the course: An important aim of the course is to enable participants to use the DTM framework to intervene in political discussions from a decolonial perspective. Participants are invited to use the course to prepare such intervention (writing an article, making a review, submitting discussion pieces, organizing a debate etc). After the course a Facebook page will be set up where participants can provide feedback to each others on how to use the DTM framework in activism and academia. Date and time: The course is held twice from 9 am to 5 pm; one on Saturday 24th and one Sunday 25th of February with the following time schedule: 09. 15-11. 00: Session 1 11. 00-11. 15: tea break 11. 15-12. 30: Session 2 13. 30-15. 00: Session 3 15. 00-15. 15: tea break 15. 15-17. 00: Session 4 London IHRC, 202 Preston Road, Wembley HA9 8PA Nearest stations: Preston Road (Metropolitan Line), 1 minute walk and South Kenton (Bakerloo Line and London Overground) 12 – 15 minutes walk. Fees and registration: The cost of the course is £25 (full rate) and £20 (concessions). In the fees are included course material, lunch and refreshments. The concessionary rate is available to OAP’s, students, the unwaged and regular IHRC supporters. You will be automatically registered once you pay for your ticket. You can contact the DTM coordinator by emailing email@example. com or calling 020 8904 4222. Sandew Hira is coordinator of the Decolonial International Network. He is finishing an in-depth study on a theoretical framework of DTM that will be published around June 2018.

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Ohio River Valley in the 18th century When Teddy Roosevelt first saw the ivory- Native Americans believed in numerous spirits and subordinate deities. Almost all animals and the elements were looked upon as spirits. Most of the Indians believed that they had been chosen by one or more of these spirits to assist them and make them prosper. This, they claimed, had been made known to them in a dream. One of these Native Americans sees his spirit guide soaring overhead. Along the banks of the Ohio River, starting at Henderson Kentucky and continuing south, massive bald cypress trees thrived for centuries. Indians made dugout canoes from the wood. Traveling, sometimes with their families, Native Americans traded with European settlers and explorers for clothing and other goods. 24 x 48 Oil

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New material will help make thermal solar power plants more efficient. Spanish solar thermal power station Gemasolar. Its capacity allows to provide electricity to 25,000 households. The sun, wind, water - free and renewable energy sources. The main thing is the technology for generating electricity from these sources. It should be effective and relatively inexpensive. The efficiency and cost of technologies that form the basis of green energy are characteristics that can be improved. If we recall the solar cells used to produce electricity from solar energy, then their cost gradually falls, and therefore, the cost of "solar electricity" decreases. But “not photovoltaic cells are the same” - there is another technology for obtaining energy from the sun's rays. These are thermal solar power stations. They work thanks to parabolic mirrors that focus the energy of the Sun into a beam, which is then sent to a tank of salt. The latter turns into a melt, starting to play the role of a coolant. Coolant transfers heat energy to water, which turns into superheated steam. Well, steam rotates the turbine, generating an electric current. So, the cost of electricity produced at thermal solar power plants is higher than the cost of energy, which is obtained using photovoltaic cells. In addition, the number of regions where you can use this method of obtaining energy is not too large. All this leads to the fact that thermal solar power plants are not too common. By the way, under certain conditions, instead of water and steam, you can use "supercritical gas" - carbon dioxide. True, working with it requires temperatures of about 1000K, which is not always practically achievable. The fact is that many metals melt at such a high temperature. Others that do not melt will willingly react with carbon dioxide. But the goal is attractive - the fact is that when using carbon dioxide, the efficiency of such stations increases by 20%. Relatively recently, information appeared about the possible use of two materials in “thermal solar energy” that do not melt at the temperature indicated above and do not react with carbon dioxide. These are tungsten and zirconium carbide (a chemical compound of zirconium metal and carbon with the formula ZrC). Both materials have a very high melting point and excellent thermal conductivity. Moreover, at high temperatures, these two materials practically do not expand, retaining their hardness. In general, both candidates are good, but their production process and cost are quite high. Initially, scientists who study the problem of thermal solar energy began to work with tungsten carbide. It can be sintered, giving the sintered powder almost any shape. Next, the material is placed in a bath with a melt of copper and zirconium. The molten mixture fills the pores of the original material, zirconium reacts with tungsten carbide, replacing the metal. Copper forms a thin film on the surface of the newly formed material. Tungsten, when released, fills the pores. Thus, the material retains its original shape, but its composition changes. All this withstands very high temperatures without changing the strength characteristics. In many ways - thanks to the pores filled with tungsten. Scientists have concluded that copper, the film of which covers the resulting material, can react with carbon dioxide to form copper oxide and release carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide). But, as it turned out, if small amounts of carbon monoxide are added to supercritical carbon dioxide, the resulting mixture will suppress the dangerous reaction. This is confirmed experimentally. It is clear that in order for a super-efficient thermal solar power station to work normally, there should be a lot of material discussed above. Unfortunately, scientists do not speak about the cost price of a zirconium carbide heat exchanger, but insist that it will not be too expensive. As a result, new power plants can become so efficient that they will easily compete with both photoelectric power stations and conventional ones that run on combustible minerals. It is worth noting that now thermal power plants operating on solar energy are still being built. They are located in regions with a very high level of insolation, for example, the United Arab Emirates and Israel. As for the latter, one of the largest power stations of this kind with a capacity of 110 MW operates on its territory. Nature , 2018. DOI: 10. 1038 / s41586-018-0593-1

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FA Mitchell supplies some of the finest European slate roof tiles and clay roof tiles to Sydney and Australian building projects. What is slate roof tile? Slate is a fine grained metamorphic rock that can be split into layers. The mineralogical composition of slate includes chlorite, quartz, mica, feldspar, and deceasing quantities of calcite, pyrites and carbonates. International Standards for Slate Roof Tiles Rocks are slates but until they are made to pass through thorough tests and treatments, they do not become suitable for roofing applications. Slates can be unsuitable for various reasons. In terms of appearance, these defects may include, but are not limited to, non-squareness, delamination, flaking, transverse grains, cracks, and irregular thickness. There can be defects beyond appearance, too. Percentage of pyrite, moisture retention, non-resistance to acid attack and high percentage of calcium carbonate are a few of these defects. Many countries use a standard for slates in order to ensure that they are of a certain quality and do not break down or turn defective over time. UK, France, Belgium, the USA and Germany all have their own set standards, with some more stringent than the others. For the record, the French Standard P32/302 Norm is considered to be the toughest standard. For comparison, the British Standard BS 680 takes slate through a Water Absorption test, Acid test, Wet and Dry test and Grain test. With the exception of the Grain test, the French Standard uses all of these, and also requires slate to pass through a Resistance to Flexion test, Calcium Carbonate test, Density test, Frost test, Pyrite Inclusion test, Variation in Thickness test, and many others. Our slate roof tiles range includes HEBRA Roofing Slate The Hebra slate is a dark grey slate with a smooth fine texture and longitudinal grain. It is quarried in La Bana in the Leon region of Spain and has a proven history of non weathering and non fading. The slate has a proud history of use throughout Europe meeting the premium quality of the CE standard EN12326-1:2014 Through our French trading partner we are able to procure this premier grade slate. Eternit slates are the result of more than 100 years meticulous research, development and testing by one of the largest international producers of rigid compressed fibre cement roofing slates. Highly versatile with improved coatings and UV resistance. Clay Roof Tiles Our terracotta roof tiles include Acme Clay Roof Tile and Hawkins Clay Tile. Acme Clay Roof Tile Acme clay tile is a machine made clay plain tile which comes with a sand faced as well as smooth finish. It is available in both single and double camber formats and this implies quicker discharge of surface water. The camber beautifully breaks up the visual aspect of the roofline, revealing a more aesthetic texture for each course. Produced with the help of modern techniques, this versatile product is laced with environmental credentials and relevant certifications. Hawkins Clay Roof Tile Hawkins clay tile is a machine made clay plain tile which comes with only the sand faced finish, unlike ‘Acme’ which offers both sand faced and smooth finish. It has straight edges and the tile provides single camber longitudinally. Valley, ridge and hip tiles are available for suiting a host of applications. The range is also available in weathered effect finish and is laced with environmental credentials and relevant certifications. Your Sydney and NSW Slate Roof Tile Supplier We supply slate roof tiles throughout Australia from our Sydney warehouse. Use the details below to get in touch with the slate roof tile experts at FA Mitchell to ensure you get the right product at the right price. Get a Quote For personalised advice and a quote for your project, please call (02) 9646 2777 or fill out the form below, and we will respond to you as soon as possible.

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Planting Rue Herbs In The Garden The rue herbs (Ruta graveolens) are considered to be old fashioned herbs. While little known, growing rue herbs in the garden can be helpful to a gardener in a number of ways. Its strong smell is a repellent to many creatures, including dogs, cats and Japanese beetles. Because of this, it makes an excellent companion plant. Rue herbs have bluish-green, fernlike leaves that are bushy and compact. The flowers on the rue herbs are yellow with petals that are frilly on the edges and the center of the flower is normally green. Rue normally grows to a height of 2 to 3 feet tall. Rue herbs does well in a variety of soil but does best in well drained soil. In fact, it will do well in the rocky, dry soil that many other plants have a difficult time surviving. It needs full sun to grow well. It is drought tolerant and rarely, if ever needs to be watered. Care should be taken when handling rue herbs. The sap of the rue plant is often irritating and can burn or leave rashes on people’s skin. Rue can be harvested and used in the house as an insect repellent. Simply cut some of the leaves and dry them, then put the dried leaves in cloth bags. These sachets can be placed where ever you need to repel bugs. herbs pictures, herbs plants, rue plants, herbs images, rue herbs, .

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Presentation on theme: "An Introduction to Mesopotamia"— Presentation transcript: 1 An Introduction to Mesopotamia History of Western CivilizationFirst Civilizations:Africa and Asia(3200 B.C.–500 B.C.)An Introduction to Mesopotamia 2 Archeologists estimate that, in ordinary circumstances, the activity of gathering in temperate and tropic areas provides 75 to 80% of the total calories consumed, with hunting providing the balance. In existing hunting and gathering cultures, women usually do most of the gathering, while the men specialize in hunting. 3 Domestication can be defined as a “…primitive form of genetic engineering in which certain plants and animals are brought under human control, their objectionable characteristics eliminated, their favorable ones enhanced and in the case of animals, can be induced to reproduce in captivity. ” 5 In the Near East, many varieties of the wild cereal grasses, wheat and barley, shown below were exploited as major food sources. The act of harvesting the wild grains changed them genetically. For example, a small percentage of wild grass plants has seed that clings to the stalk even when ripe, rather than separating easily. Humans collecting wheat or barley seed would succeed in gathering a disproportionate amount of the mutant seeds-that-cling in each harvest. Thus, the seed they sowed the next year would gradually increase the amount of seeds-that-cling in the next crop. Over time, the percentage of wheat and barley seed that falls off the stalk when ripe declined--which made harvesting much easier. In this way, these crops were "domesticated" to the point where they cannot reproduce themselves without human intervention. Other qualities, such as the size and number of the kernals, also changed over time, due to human activities. 6 In contrast to hunting and gathering as a mode of life, agriculture means modifying the environment in order to exploit it more effectively. Agriculture alters both the animals and plants it domesticates. Ultimately, it changes the very landscape itself. 16 The State and Urban Revolution: In the city-state (or state), kin and tribal loyalties are, by definition, subordinated and replaced by political ties…. What makes a city-state different from an agricultural town is the synergy created by its people interacting with each other on the basis of political relationships rather than traditional blood ties. 17 City-States of Ancient Sumer How did geographic features influence the civilizations of the Fertile Crescent? What were the main features of Sumerian civilization? What advances in learning did the Sumerians make? 18 The Fertile CrescentThe Fertile Crescent is the fertile land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The first civilization in the Fertile Crescent was discovered in Mesopotamia, which means land between the riversThe first Sumerian cities emerged in southern Mesopotamia around 3200 B.C. 25 Sumerian Civilization SOCIAL STRUCTUREGOVERNMENTRELIGIONWorshiped many gods. Believed gods controlled every aspect of life. Saw afterlife as a grimplace. Everybody would go into darkness and eat dust. To keep the gods happy, each city built aziggurat, or pyramidtemple. City-states with hereditary rulers. Ruler led army in war and enforced laws. Complex government with scribes to collect taxes and keep records. Each state had distinct social hierarchy, orsystem of ranks. Most people were peasant farmers. Women had legal rights; some engaged in trade and owned property. 28 Sumerian Advances in Learning Developed cuneiform, believed to be the earliest form of writing. Developed basic algebra and geometry. Made accurate calendars, essential to a farming society. Made the first wheeled vehicles. 29 Invaders, Traders, and Empire Builders A series of strong rulers united the lands of the Fertile Crescent into well organized empires. Again and again, nomadic warriors invaded the rich cities of the Fertile Crescent. Some looted and burned the cities. Others stayed to rule them. 2300 B.C. –Sargon, the ruler of Akkad, conquered Sumer and built the first known empire. 1790 B.C.–Hammurabi, King of Babylon, united the Babylonian empire. 30 Tiglath-Pileser I King of Assyria during Middle Assyrian period (1114 – 1076 BCE). Cultivated fearAscended the throne at the time when a people known as the Mushki or Mushku (Meshech of the Old Testament), probably Phrygians, were thrusting into Asia Minor (now Turkey). Their invasion constituted a serious threat to Middle Eastern civilization because Asia Minor was the principal source of iron, which was then coming into general use. Tiglath-pileser defeated 20,000 Mushki in the Assyrian province of Kummukh (Commagene). He also defeated the Nairi, who lived west of Lake Van, extending Assyrian control farther into Asia Minor than any of his predecessors had done. 31 Tiglath-Pileser IFirst campaign: occupied Assyrian districts-Upper Euphrates2nd campaign: Assyrian forces penetrated into the mountains south of Lake Van and then turned westward to receive the submission of Malatia.5th year: Tiglath-Pileser attacked Comanan Cappadoci placed record of victories engraved on copper plates in fortress built to secure his Cilician conquests. Next: Aramaeans of northern Syria.Made way as far as the sources of the Tigris. 32 Tiglath-Pileser IThe control of the high road to the Mediterranean was secured by the possession of the Hittite town of Pethor at the junction between the Euphrates and Sajur.Then proceeded to Gubal (Byblos), Sidon, and finally to Arvad where he embarked onto a ship to sail the Mediterranean, on which he killed a nahiru or "sea-horse" (which translates as a narwhal) in the sea. Passion for the “chase. ”Great builder: Initiated restoration of temple of gods Ashur & Assyrian capital of Assur. 33 Tiglath-Pileser IHe subdued various seminomadic Aramaean tribes living along the routes to the Mediterranean and reached the Syrian coast, where the Phoenician trading cities paid him tribute. Egypt, closely linked by trade with the Syrian coast, made overtures of friendship. After 1100 Tiglath-pileser conquered northern Babylonia.The latter part of his reign a period of retrenchment, as Aramaean tribesmen put pressure on his realm. Died in 1076 BCSucceeded by son Asharid-apal-Ekur.Later kings Ashur-bel-kala and Shamshi-Adad IV were also his sons. 34 The Code of HammurabiHammurabi’s code was the first attempt by a ruler to codify, or arrange and set down in writing, all of the laws that would govern a state. One section codified criminal law, the branch of law that deals with offenses against others, such as robbery and murder. Another section codified civil law, the branch that deals with private rights and matters, such as business contracts, taxes, and property inheritance. 35 Warfare and the Spread of Ideas Conquerors brought ideas and technologies to the conquered region. For example, when the Hittites conquered Mesopotamia, they brought the skill of ironworking to that region. When the conquerors were in turn conquered, they moved elsewhere, spreading their ideas and technologies. For example, when the Hittite empire was itself conquered, Hittite ironworkers migrated to other regions and spread the secret of iron making across Asia, Africa, and Europe. 36 The Beginnings of Writing Farmers needed to keep records. The Sumerians were very good farmers. They raised animals such as goats and cows (called livestock). Because they needed to keep records of their livestock, food, and other things, officials began using tokens. 37 The Beginnings of Writing Tokens were used for trade. Clay tokens came in different shapes and sizes Represented different objects For example, a cone shape could have represented a bag of wheat Tokens were placed inside clay balls that were sealed *If you were sending five goats to someone, then you would put five tokens in the clay ball *When the goat arrived, the person would open the clay ball and count the tokens to make sure the correct number of goats had arrived The number of tokens began to be pressed on the outside of the clay balls Many experts believe that this is how writing on clay tablets began. 38 The Beginnings of Writing A system of writing develops. The earliest form of writing dates back to 3300 B.C. People back then would draw "word-pictures" on clay tablets using a pointed instrument called a stylus. These "word-pictures" then developed into wedge-shaped signs. This type of script was called cuneiform (from the Latin word cuneus which means wedge). 39 The Beginnings of Writing Who used cuneiform? *Not everyone learned to read and write. *The ones that were picked by the gods were called scribes. *Boys chosen to become scribes (professional writers) began study at age of 8. They finished when they were 20 years old. *Scribes wrote on clay tablets and used a triangular shaped reed called a stylus to make marks in the clay. *Marks represented the tens of thousands of words in their language. 40 THE ORIGINS OF WRITING: Tokens are small geometric clay objects (cylinders, cones, spheres, etc. ) found all over the Near East from about 8000 B.C. until the development of writing. The earliest tokens were simple shapes and were comparatively unadorned; they stood for basic agricultural commodities such as grain and sheep. 41 THE ORIGINS OF WRITING: A specific shape of token always represented a specific quantity of a particular item. For example, "the cone . . . stood for a small measure of grain, the sphere represented a large measure of grain, the ovoid stood for a jar of oil. " (Before Writing 161). Two jars of oil would be represented by two ovoids, three jars by three ovoids, and so on. Thus, the tokens presented an abstraction of the things being counted, but also a system of great specificity and precision. 43 With the development of cities came a more complex economy and more complex social structures. This cultural evolution is reflected in the tokens, which begin to appear in a much greater diversity of shapes and are given more complicated designs of incisions and holes. 44 THE DEVELOPMENT OF CUNEIFORM: The Sumerian writing system during the early periods was constantly in flux. The original direction of writing was from top to bottom, but for reasons unknown, it changed to left-to-right very early on (perhaps around 3000 BCE). This also affected the orientation of the signs by rotating all of them 90° counterclockwise. Another change in this early system involved the "style" of the signs. The early signs were more "linear" in that the strokes making up the signs were lines and curves. But starting after 3000 BC, these strokes started to evolve into wedges, thus changing the visual style of the signs from linear to "cuneiform". 50 CODE OF HAMMURABICollection of the laws and edicts of the Babylonian King Hammurabi, and the earliest legal code known in its entirety. A copy of the code, engraved on a block of black diorite nearly 2. 4 m (8 ft) high, was unearthed by a team of French archaeologists at Susa, Iraq, formerly ancient Elam, during the winter of 1901–2. The block, broken in three pieces, has been restored and is now in the Louvre in Paris. 51 Composition of the Code CODE OF HAMMURABIComposition of the CodeThe divine origin of the written law is emphasized by a bas-relief in which the king is depicted receiving the code from the sun god, Shamash.The quality most usually associated with this god is justice. The code is set down in horizontal columns of cuneiform writing: 16 columns of text on the obverse side and 28 on the reverse. The text begins with a prologue that explains the extensive restoration of the temples and religious cults of Babylonia and Assyria. 52 Composition of the Code CODE OF HAMMURABIComposition of the CodeThe code itself, composed of 28 paragraphs, seems to be a series of amendments to the common law of Babylonia, rather than a strict legal code. It begins with direction for legal procedure and the statement of penalties for unjust accusations, false testimony, and injustice done by judges; then follow laws concerning property rights, loans, deposits, debts, domestic property, and family rights. 53 Composition of the Code CODE OF HAMMURABIComposition of the CodeThe sections covering personal injury indicate that penalties were imposed for injuries sustained through unsuccessful operations by physicians and for damages caused by neglect in various trades. Rates are fixed in the code for various forms of service in most branches of trade and commerce. 54 CODE OF HAMMURABIA Humane Civil LawThe Code of Hammurabi contains no laws having to do with religion. The basis of criminal law is that of equal retaliation, comparable to the Semitic law of “an eye for an eye. ”The law offers protection to all classes of Babylonian society; it seeks to protect the weak and the poor, including women, children, and slaves, against injustice at the hands of the rich and powerful. 55 CODE OF HAMMURABIA Humane Civil LawThe code is particularly humane for the time in which it was promulgated; it attests to the law and justice of Hammurabi's rule. It ends with an epilogue glorifying the mighty works of peace executed by Hammurabi and explicitly states that he had been called by the gods “to cause justice to prevail in the land, to destroy the wicked and the evil. ” 56 CODE OF HAMMURABIA Humane Civil LawHe describes the laws in his compilation as enabling “the land to enjoy stable government and good rule…”…And, he states that he had inscribed his words on a pillar in order “that the strong may not oppress the weak, that justice may be dealt the orphan and the widow. ” 57 CODE OF HAMMURABIA Humane Civil LawHammurabi counsels the downtrodden in these ringing words:“Let any oppressed man who has a cause come into the presence of my statue as king of justice, and have the inscription on my stele read out, and hear my precious words, that my stele may make the case clear to him; may he understand his cause, and may his heart be set at ease! ” 58 Drew up single code of laws for empire. The Persian EmpireCyrus the Great and his successors conquered the largest empire yet seen, from Asia Minor to India.Emperor Darius unified the Persian empire. Drew up single code of laws for empire. Had hundreds of miles of roads built or repaired to aid communication and encourage unity. Introduced a uniform system of coinage and encouraged a money economy. Before it was a Barter economy-exchanging one set of goods or services for another. 59 The PhoeniciansOccupied string of cities along the eastern Mediterranean coast. Made glass from sand and purple dye from a tiny sea snail. Called “carriers of civilization” because they spread Middle Eastern civilization around the Mediterranean.Most important contribution:Invented the alphabet. An alphabet contains letters that represent spoken sounds. 61 Based on PowerPoint & Online Readings UNIT EXAMBased on PowerPoint & Online Readings<1> Readings GilgameshTiglathpiliser I<2> PPTAgricultural Fertile Crescent Sumerians Development Of Writing Hammurabi Code Persians Phoenicians<3> Map Segments Your consent to our cookies if you continue to use this website.

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This report presents an overview of the landscape of gangs and gang culture in Britain. It attempts to analyse the nature and scale of gang culture in Britain; who is involved and what they are involved in; how Britain has reached this point; and what society can do to tackle it. The report also aims to formulate a clear unifying definition of a gang, distinguishing it from the everyday activity of young people on the street. This progress map summary includes key research findings from a C4EO knowledge review about how to improve disabled children's access to play, sport, leisure and cultural activities. The summary includes challenge questions which can be used as tools for strategic leaders in assessing, delivering and monitoring disabled children's access to services. Key findings discussed include what are inclusive services, what disabled children want from play and leisure services and barriers to access and participation. Report using quantitative and qualitative evidence to describe the extent of institutional discrimination against disabled people in the post-millennium UK, most noticeably in the health and rehabilitation services, the education system, the labour market, welfare and benefit agencies, the built environment and the media.

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Layers of clouds over the mountains in Smoky Mountains National Park A rustic setting on a cold, rainy day in Smoky Mountains National Park Fall colors enhance the dark tree trunks in Smoky Mountains National Park The branch of a tree creates a natural frame for Fall colors at Smoky Mountain National Park A river flows through Smoky Mountains National Park in the midst of Fall colors Fall colors decorate the mountains in Smoky Mountains National Park The “smoke” from the Smoky Mountains is actually fog that comes from the area’s vegetation. Plants take in carbon dioxide and give off oxygen. Plants also exhale something called “volatile organic compounds”, or VOCs. VOCs may sound scary, but when they are released from plants, they are completely natural. In addition to causing various scents and odors, a high concentration of VOCs can also cause fog. VOCs are chemicals that have a high vapor pressure, which means that they can easily form vapors at room temperature. The millions of trees, bushes, and other plants in the Great Smoky Mountains all give off vapor, which comes together to create the fog that gives the mountains their signature smoky look. The colors of Fall contrast nicely against the “smoke. ”

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SEEDs of Power Belly dancing program helps girls build self-esteem and learn life skills. By Casey Casias In Generation Next Belly dancing is the victim of a lot of stereotypes. It is often wrongly thought of as sexually driven. However, to the participants in Pomegranate Dance Studio’s SEEDs® program, the dance form is a creative means of expression. SEEDs (which stands for Self-Esteem, Empowerment, and Education through Dance) is a program put on for girls between the ages of 14-20 that both teaches them belly dancing and helps to build self-esteem. It is a yearlong program in which a group of 15-20 girls learn tribal-dance movements. But that is only a part of the course. Each class includes a talking circle in which students discuss issues that face women. Guest speakers are invited to speak with the group, particularly to help with money issues. They advise the girls on things ranging from understanding the stock market to saving for retirement. In addition, Myra Krien, who is one of the owners of the dance studio, helps each girl achieve one personal goal that she sets for herself at the beginning of the program. There is no limitation on what this goal can be; the goals range from getting into college to finishing a novel. Krien helps the girls make a plan to achieve their goal, whatever it may be. Lita Ovalle, who teaches the class, also helps the girls strive toward accomplishing their goal. She oversees the talking circles as well. Girls in the SEED program learn the smooth and controlled movements of tribal dance. Tribal is composed of many dance forms put together, ranging from flamenco to ballet, but is mainly derived from the dances of the indigenous tribes of Northern Africa, which is where it gets its name. Many of the tribal movements are elaborations on things the people perform every day, such as picking fruit or balancing a basket on one’s head. There are even movements that are based on walking. Both the physical and emotional aspects of the program have had a positive influence on many girls who participate in it. “Everybody gets along with each other; there is no drama. I also find it to be very relaxing after a day of stress at school. I come in feeling completely exhausted, and then I leave feeling really energetic,” said Costanza Fusco, a junior at Capital High School. Fusco says the program has influenced her greatly, “but on such a level that it is difficult to put into words. ” Serrana Gai, a sophomore at Monte del Sol Charter School, said now that she’s in the program, she dances nonstop. “I feel much healthier and stronger and more comfortable with my body. ” For Heather Marts, a junior at Santa Fe Preparatory School, who said she feel secure and graceful with her dance classes, the talking circles have also been an unexpected benefit. “I didn’t really expect to get so much into the talking part of it. It is actually really great to talk about things that affect us – things that I don’t usually talk about with a group of teenage girls. ” Kyrie Von Erffa, who is a senior at Santa Fe Academy, was unsure about the influence the program would have on her life. “When people told me how amazing it was, I thought, ‘Yeah uh huh, it’s dance. ’ I wasn’t that thrilled about it. I didn’t really understand the community part of the program. Besides learning a lot about yourself and the other girls, and you are prompted to think about things that you don’t usually think about. ” SEEDs is not the only program that Pomegranate Studios supports. After completing the yearlong course, graduates can become a part of the apprentice dance company called Ahatti, which offers the dancers an opportunity to focus on performance rather than learning. Other classes are offered on a come-when-you-can basis, costing $5 a session and focusing on basic movement instruction. Belly-dancing history is rich and complex, and so is the SEEDs program. It is an extraordinary experience and opens many doors for its participants. It destroys all of the typecasts of belly dancing and shows it for what it is; a beautiful and difficult art form.

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The recent upward spiral of prices for corn tortillas, the basic staple of the Mexican population, has garnered a lot of international media attention (“Thousands in Mexico City Protest Rising Food Prices,” NY Times, February 1, 2007). Sadly, most stories have missed the point. The current crisis is the result of two basic forces: almost 25 years of misguided policies, and a short-term coincidence of interests between neoliberal officials, grain companies like Cargill, and the biotech seed industry. Since 1982 — and especially in preparation for the 1994 signing of NAFTA — successive Mexican presidents have implemented policies that, combined with the opening of the Mexican market to imports of cheap corn, have savagely undercut national corn production by peasant farmers. The result is that Mexico, where corn was domesticated 9,000 years ago by indigenous farmers, now imports one third of its needs, despite having the land to produce nearly double what it consumes. Taking advantage of this loss of food self-sufficiently, free traders in the government have conspired with grain import-export companies and the biotech industry to create an artificial crisis. The pretext is rising corn prices in the US due to growing demand for bio-ethanol plants, but Mexican tortilla prices have risen far, far more than US prices. In fact, the grain industry was allowed to hoard the last harvest, driving prices way up, serving as the perfect pretext for the free traders to further open the country to greater tariff-free imports, which will further undercut national productive capacity. It has also allowed the biotech industry to demand permission for commercial planting of until-now banned genetically modified corn. In fact, what Mexico needs is a “food sovereignty” policy — one that combines diverse policy measures with a halt to tariff-free imports in order to rebuild national corn growing capacity. This is what Mexican farmer organizations are correctly calling for. If Mexico produces it’s own corn, which it can easily do, then it won’t matter when international prices fluctuate up or down, and peasant farmers will once again be able to make a living instead of being forced to migrate North. Peter Rosset, Ph.D. Center for the Study of Rural Change in Mexico (CECCAM)

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System that distributes television signals by means of coaxial or fibre-optic cables. Cable television systems originated in the U.S. in the late 1940s to improve reception in remote and hilly areas, where broadcast signals were weak. In the 1960s they were introduced in large metropolitan areas where reception is sometimes degraded by reflection of signals from tall buildings. Since the mid-1970s there has been a proliferation of cable systems that offer special services and which generally charge a monthly fee. Besides providing high-quality signals, some systems can deliver hundreds of channels. Another feature increasingly offered by cable operators is two-way, interactive communication by which viewers can, for example, participate in public-opinion polls as well as connect to the Internet. Cable operators are also involved in the development of video compression, digital transmission, and high-definition television. Learn more about cable television with a free trial on Britannica.com. Cable television is a system of providing television to consumers via radio frequency signals transmitted to televisions through fixed optical fibers or coaxial cables as opposed to the over-the-air method used in traditional television broadcasting (via radio waves) in which a television antenna is required. FM radio programming, high-speed Internet, telephony and similar non television services may also be provided. The abbreviation CATV is often used to mean "Cable TV". It originally stood for Community Antenna Television, from cable television's origins in 1948: in areas where over-the-air reception was limited by mountainous terrain, large "community antennas" were constructed, and cable was run from them to individual homes. It is most commonplace in North America, Europe, Australia and East Asia, though it is present in many other countries, mainly in South America and the Middle East. Cable TV has had little success in Africa, as it is not cost-effective to lay cables in sparsely populated areas, and although so-called "wireless cable" or microwave-based systems are used. Mainland China had more than 25 million digital cable television users in 2007. Unlike many cable television operators in other countries that support two-way modes, China's cable television runs in a one-way mode (download only, no upload) Sun TV (India) was launched in 1992 as the first private channel in South India. Today it has 20 television channels in the four South Indian languages - Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil and Telugu. Channels of the Sun TV network are also available outside of India. Recently Sun TV launched a DTH channel. The Raj Television Network was started in 1994 and continues to be an important player in the South Indian cable TV provider space. Besides cable, direct-to-home satellite is offered through Dream Television and has pre-paid variants as well. According the European Audiovisual Observatory, there were 58 million cable households in the European Union as of 31 December 2004, i. e. a rate of penetration of 32 % of the television households. 5. 7 millions were connected to digital networks. The reasons for this appeal started in the early '90s. After the fall of the communist regime, in 1989, there was only one state owned TV channel available (see TVR), a second channel being closed in 1985 (see TVR2). Private TV channels were slow to appear, because of lack of experience and high start-up costs (most startups were radio stations or newspapers). Thus, for the first three years, over the air, one would get one or two state channels and one or two local, amateurish private channels, broadcasting only a few hours a day. In this environment, cable TV companies appeared and thrived, providing 15-20 foreign channels for a very low price (at the time 2 USD or less), some with Romanian translation, offering high quality news, entertainment and especially movies or cartoons (one of the ways cable companies advertised was the availability of a cartoon channel, Cartoon Network, appealing to children, which in turn would appeal to their parents). The first two companies to provide CATV were Multicanal in Bucharest and Timiş Cablu in Timişoara, both out of business today. Many small, startup firms gradually grew, and coverage increased (coverage wars were frequent in the early period, with many cable boxes smashed, and new cable networks offering "half off for twice the channels" and immediately wiring the building for any willing persons). However, this period soon ended, with consolidation around 1995-1996. Some large companies emerged: Kappa and RCS in Bucharest, Astral in Cluj, UPC in Timişoara, TourImex in Râmnicu Vâlcea. This consolidation came with gentlemen agreements over areas of control and pricing, with claims of monopoly abounding. This process of consolidation was completed around 2005-2006, when only two big suppliers of cable remained: UPC-Astral and RDS. Internet over coaxial cable has been available since around 2000, and IP telephony (over the CATV infrastructure) since the deregulation of the market in 2003. Currently, cable TV is available in most of the country, including most rural areas (where roughly 50% of the population live). Satellite digital TV appeared in 2004, providing coverage for the rest of the country, with both RCS&RDS and UPC-Astral having a stake in these companies. IPTV (over DSL) is also planned by Romtelecom through its TV service (Dolce), after offering Satellite digital DTH TV. However, IPTV will not be much of a competition, since the other two big ISPs are also the two biggest CATV providers. Cable TV is very cheap for all standards, the standard/basic service, offering about 50 channels, is around 20-30 RON/month including VAT (about 7-10 €), with the most expensive service, offering 10-15 channels more, including some pay-per-view such as HBO or Cinemax, costing no more than 60-70 RON/month (around 20-23 €). By law, these cable systems were restricted to the relay of the public broadcast channels, which meant that as the transmitter network became more comprehensive the incentive to subscribe to cable was reduced and they began to lose customers. In 1982, a radical liberalisation of the law on cable was proposed by the Information Technology Advisory Panel, for the sake of promoting a new generation of broadband cable systems leading to the wired society. After setting up and receiving the conclusions of the Hunt Inquiry into Cable Expansion and Broadcasting Policy, the Government decided to proceed with liberalisation and two pieces of legislation. the Cable and Broadcasting Act and the Telecommunications Act, were enacted in 1984. The result was that cable systems were permitted to carry as many new television channels as they liked, as well as providing a telephone service and interactive services of many kinds (as since made familiar by the Internet). To maintain the momentum of the perceived commercial interest in this new investment opportunity, in 1983 the Government itself granted eleven interim franchises for new broadband systems each covering a community of up to around 100,000 homes, but the competitive franchising process was otherwise left to the new regulatory body, the Cable Authority, which took on its powers from 1 January 1985. The franchising process proceeded steadily, but the actual construction of new systems was slow, as doubts about an adequate payback from the substantial investment persisted. By the end of 1990 almost 15 million homes had been included in franchised areas, but only 828,000 of these had been passed by broadband cable and only 149,000 were actually subscribing. Thereafter, however, construction accelerated and take-up steadily improved. The first new television channels launched for carriage on cable systems (going live in March 1984) were Sky Channel, Screensport, Music Box and TEN - the Movie Channel. Others followed, some were merged or closed down, but the range expanded. A similar flux was seen among the operators of cable systems: franchises were granted to a host of different companies, but a process of consolidation saw the growth of large multiple system operators, until by early in the 2000s virtually the whole industry was in the hands of two companies, NTL and Telewest. In 2005 it was announced that NTL and Telewest would merge, after a period of co-operation in the preceding few years. This merger was completed on 3 March 2006 with the company being named ntl Incorporated. For the time being the two brand names and services were marketed separately. However, following NTL's acquisition of Virgin Mobile, the NTL and Telewest services were rebranded Virgin Media on 2007-02-08 creating a single cable operator covering more than 95% of the UK cable market. Cable TV faces intense competition from British Sky Broadcasting's Sky Digital satellite television service. Most channels are carried on both platforms. However, cable often lacks "interactive" features (e. g. text services, and extra video-screens), especially on BSkyB owned channels, and the satellite platform lacks services requiring high degrees of two-way communication, such as true video on demand. However, subscription-funded digital terrestrial television proved less of a competitive threat. The first system, ITV Digital, went into liquidation in 2002. Top Up TV later replaced it, however this service is shrinking as the DVB-T multiplex owners are finding FTA broadcasting more profitable. Another potential source of competition in the future will be TV over broadband internet connections; this is known as IPTV. Some IPTV services are currently available in London, while services operated in Hull ceased in April 2006. As the speed and availability of broadband connections increase, more TV content can be delivered using protocols such as IPTV. However, its impact on the market is yet to be measured, as is consumer attitude toward watching TV programmes on computers instead of television sets. At the end of 2006, BT (the UK's former state owned monopoly phone company) started offering BT Vision, which combines the digital free-to-air standard Freeview through an aerial, and on-demand IPTV, delivered over a BT Broadband connection through the Vision set-top box (BT have chosen to deploy Microsofts Mediaroom platform for this. ) The Caribbean region has a variety of single island cable television companies. The largest multi-island provider in the region however is Columbus Communications, which currently has operations in Jamaica, The Bahamas, and Trinidad and Tobago. The company also owns the ARCOS undersea fiber optics network spanning 20 countries in the Caribbean, Central America, and South America. Over the past few years, many US networks have started to develop content for the Latin American market, such as CNN en Español, MTV, Cartoon Network, Disney Channel, Nickelodeon, and others. The country also has a DTH service called SKY (Televisa & News Corp. owned). Recently DirecTV merged with Sky. The dominant company nowadays is Megacable and Grupo HEVI. Inside the capital cities, cable is the more predominant form of pay television distribution. In regional areas or in new or outskirted areas of cities, satellite is far more common. Due to its history, financial backing and market dominance, most local versions of channels are either owned directly by Foxtel and Austar or through related companies. In terms of coverage, Foxtel's cable network covers parts of Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide, and Perth. Optus's network covers small parts of Sydney, Melbourne, and Brisbane, though its restrictive subscription rules means that many people living in apartments or confined living areas may be unable to be connected. Austar is available by satellite in most of regional and rural Australia, but does have a small cable network in the city of Darwin. TransACT is only available in the city of Canberra, where a custom cable network was developed. A similar situation used to exist in Perth where a small area was covered by Bright Telecommunications (however they closed down after lack of funding) as well in parts of Geelong, Ballarat and Mildura that are reached by Neighbourhood Cable. In the 1980s cable operators started operations in the absence of local regulations. Those earlier operators started a merged process which evolved toward the merge of Cablevision and Multicanal, the two biggest cable companies. The resultant company, named Cablevision, is owned by Grupo Clarin, the biggest newspaper in Argentina, who is also the owner of LS85-TV (the highest-rated TV station in Buenos Aires) TyC the owner of the monopoly of the soccer TV broadcast right, thus turning into the dominant player. Some small TV cable companies are operating, but the tendency now is that Cablevision will dominate this market in the future. Telecom Operator, Telefonica and Telecom, the monopoly in the fixed-cellular market is lobbying for opening the market towards the triple play. The Government is opening a window to allow the cable operators to enter in the telephony and extend internet coverage, before fully deregulating this market. In order to operate as a cable company in Argentina, a license from Comfer is required. This license is very difficult to get. Broadband internet is achieved over coaxial cable by using cable modems to convert the network data into a type of digital signal that can be transferred over coaxial cable. One problem with some cable systems is the older amplifiers placed along the cable routes are unidirectional thus in order to allow for uploading of data the customer would need to use an analog telephone modem to provide for the upstream connection. This limited the upstream speed to 31. 2k and prevented the always-on convenience broadband internet typically provides. Many large cable systems have upgraded or are upgrading their equipment to allow for bi-directional signals, thus allowing for greater upload speed and always-on convenience, though these upgrades are expensive. In North America, Australia and Europe many cable operators have already introduced cable telephone service, which operates just like existing fixed line operators. This service involves installing a special telephone interface at the customer's premises that converts the analog signals from the customer's in-home wiring into a digital signal, which is then sent on the local loop (replacing the analog last mile, or POTS) to the company's switching center, where it is connected to the PSTN. The biggest obstacle to cable telephone service is the need for nearly 100% reliable service for emergency calls. One of the standards available for digital cable telephony, PacketCable, seems to be the most promising and able to work with the Quality of Service demands of traditional analog POTS service. The biggest advantage to digital cable telephone service is similar to the advantage of digital cable TV, namely that data can be compressed, resulting in much less bandwidth used than a dedicated analog circuit-switched service. Other advantages include better voice quality and integration to a VoIP network providing cheap or unlimited nationwide and international calling. Note that in many cases, digital cable telephone service is separate from cable modem service being offered by many cable companies and does not rely on IP traffic or the Internet. [Pakistan] Cable Modem Beginning in 2004 in the United States, the traditional cable television providers and traditional telecommunication companies increasingly compete in providing voice, video and data services to residences. The combination of TV, telephone and Internet access is commonly called triple play regardless of whether CATV or telcos offer it. The monopoly on cable television has historically been enforced by local governments. Cable maintains thousands of such de facto monopolies. In order to provide service to individual homes, a cable provider must place its cable wiring along and across local streets or other rights-of-way. To do so, the provider must get permission from the local government(s) that own those streets via rights-of-way permits. Operational permission comes in the form of a document called a local franchise agreement. Most of local government(s) chose to grant permission to only one company, however, recently states have developed broader franchising laws to drive more investment and competition. Changes in the federal law in 1992 had forced local governments to grant permission to other companies to provide service, however the U.S. Government found in 2006 that only 2% of U.S. households had a competitive choice. In some cases Comcast, with municipal government approval, had entered into market allocation schemes. By agreeing to not compete head to head, consumers thus are perpetually locked into a single monopoly cable provider with annual price escalations reaching 93% in the past decade. A recent third party survey of citizens found approximately 62% of the respondents were very dissatisfied (along with another 25% who were dissatisfied) with the cost of cable television service. A majority of the respondents were satisfied with the friendliness and courtesy of customer service personnel, however, approximately 30% of the respondents rated the cable company's performance as poor. With regard to open-ended comments, respondents felt that the cost of the cable service was too high, a need for cable competition existed and the desire for a basic cable package offering was desired. Although respondents cited these critical issues, the local monopoly structure preserves the status quo of poor customer service, limited product choices, no direct competition and uncontrollable annual cable TV price increases. Relief for consumers is being created by state level a multi jurisdictional franchise and service process that will spur investment and competition; thus driving economic development sought by state and local government leaders. The industry strongly lobbies against federal "family tier" and "a la carte cable television" bills that would give consumers the option to purchase individual channels rather than a broad tier of programming. These anti-consumer issues continue to garner attention from state governments, Congress and FCC Chairman Martin.

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This curated list of websites is a great place to start exploring careers in STEM and the steps you can take to prepare for what’s after high school and beyond. This site for high school students offers information about biotechnology as a career, downloadable lab activities and resource guides. Provides career information, profiles, video clips and advice on educational pathways to specific STEM careers. Learn what engineering is, explore careers within the field and check out informational videos and games. Designed for middle school girls, Engineer Girl helps explore opportunities in engineering through profiles of women in the field and offers advice about classes to take in high school. Targeting high school girls, this site showcases dream jobs and inspiring women in engineering and includes sections for parents and counselors. FabFems profiles women from a broad range of STEM professions. A section of a broader career-planning site, the content includes lists of STEM occupations, career paths and related degrees. An explanation of career opportunities in data science. Find career options, scholarships, interviews with women working in STEM careers and more. A list of licenses, education and industry certificates and post-secondary degree options in science, technology, engineering and mathematics. A list of licenses, education and industry certificates and postsecondary degree options in health sciences. Learn what it takes to become a licensed professional engineer and find resources for students. Some careers in STEM require ABET accreditation. This site will help you locate qualifying programs. This multimedia project highlights technology degree programs at community colleges. This site includes degree guides, a career center and directory of accredited campus and online medical assistant programs. An online investigation in science, engineering and other technical fields for students to understand the innovation process. Time Warner Cable’s award-winning TV digest introduces parents and kids to some of the coolest opportunities, events and careers in STEM. An inspiring introduction to the power of coding. Tips for volunteers and parents to help girls make the connection between STEM and their own interests and passions. Avila University’s Advancing Cohorts of Excellence in STEM Scholarship Missouri Society of Professional Engineers, Western Chapter National Action Council for Minorities in Engineering Society of Manufacturing Engineers Project Lead the Way Thermo Fisher Scientific Antibody Scholarship Program ASCO Industrial Automation Engineering College Scholarships ASHRAE Undergraduate Engineering Scholarships American Welding Society’s John C. Lincoln Memorial Scholarship Columbia Crew Memorial Undergraduate Scholarships National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program ASM Materials Education Foundation Scholarships Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers’ Charles LeGeyt Fortescue Scholarship Science, Mathematics and Research for Transformation Scholarship Society of Manufacturing Engineers Scholarships Institute of Industrial Engineers Scholarships American Society of Mechanical Engineers Foundation Scholarships Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers Scholarships Society of Plastics Engineers Scholarship Program Society of Women Engineers Scholarships Minerals, Metals & Materials Society Scholarships ACIL Academic Scholarships National Space Club Keynote Scholarship Lists of STEM Scholarships Scholarships for Computer Science Majors Resume and cover letter tips from the Oregon Institute of Technology

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Dozens of workers around the country have developed the debilitating lung disease bronchiolitis obliterans, also known as “popcorn workers lung,” and other respiratory illnesses from exposure to vapors from diacetyl, a component of artificial butter flavor used in microwave popcorn and many other food products. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conducted several studies that confirmed the link between occupational exposure to artificial butter flavoring and lung diseases. In 2000 they issued recommendations to a Missouri microwave popcorn plant about protecting workers from this hazard, and in 2003 they sent an alert recommending safeguards to 4,000 businesses that might use or make butter flavoring. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), which has the authority to regulate workplace hazards, has failed to turn these findings and recommendations into regulation that would protect workers in facilities using diacetyl. On July 26th, 2006, the United Food and Commercial Workers Union (UFCW) and the International Brotherhood of Teamsters petitioned OSHA to issue an emergency temporary standard to protect workers from diacetyl and to begin the process of protecting workers from other hazardous flavoring chemicals. Unions also petitioned Cal-OSHA (the state equivalent of the federal agency) to take these steps. SKAPP also asked the Environmental Protection Agency to release the results of its study on consumer exposure to diacetyl vapors released from microwave popcorn bags, and petitioned the Food and Drug Administration to revoke diacetyl’s “generally regarded as safe” (GRAS) status. FDA responded that that the agency had not reached a decision on the petition “because of the limited availability of resources and other agency priorities. ” In August of 2006, UFCW, Western States Council, and the California Labor Federation petitioned Cal/OSHA to adopt an emergency temporary standard for diacetyl in California. SKAPP Director David Michaels wrote a letter about the toxicity of diacetyl for inclusion in Cal/OSHA’s record. If you or a family member has been personally injured because of the fault of someone else: by the use of dangerous drugs, bad products, or toxic injury etc then please contact the Fort Worth Texas Defective Drugs Product Liability Attorney Dr. Shezad Malik. For a no obligation, free case analysis, please call 817-255-4001 or Contact Me Online. The Dr. Shezad Malik Law is currently evaluating and accepting Diacetyl Induced Popcorn Workers Lung cases.

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“There is more than one way to burn a book. And the world is full of people running about with lit matches. ” ― Ray Bradbury BETWEEN THE LINES: About 18 months ago, a debate took place at a Canarsie elementary school over a book of poems, when parents objected to some content, such as an anti-war poem with a line that President Bush “loves war so much he gets an erection,” and another about a crack-addicted hooker performing lewd acts. City Councilman Charles Barron, who wrote the forward to the 2006 collection — which was authored by his goddaughter, Tylibah Washington — defended the book, noting it “speaks to the experiences and struggles of inner city youth,” though he subsequently acknowledged portions of it might be inappropriate for pre-teens. Nevertheless, in a follow-up, Barron — who is currently seeking the Democratic nomination for the newly-created 8th Congressional District seat — objected to editing the poetry book, yet he called for removing Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn from classrooms because the “despicable N” word is used numerous times. This argument subsequently resurfaced when a publisher issued a revised edition of Huck Finn and changed more than 200 mentions of the “N” word, plus a smaller number from The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, and replaced them with the word “slaves. ” Other alterations included “Injun Joe” changed to “Indian Joe” and “half-breed” to “half-blood,” presumably to avoid an added chorus of disapproval from Native Americans in search of equal treatment. When political correctness is used to alter celebrated works, which contain conventional language and attitudes at the time they were published, it’s deceptive and disgraceful, no matter how repugnant some might perceive them. When Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer were published, in 1885 and 1876 respectively, the “N” word was not necessarily uttered with malice, but rather out of habit. As a result, censoring the word today dilutes and misrepresents the original narratives. Rather than revise the books, perhaps it would be more practical — and educational — to explain to students the context of the period when the words were written, so they could have a better understanding of slurs or other offensive content. A Twain scholar opposed to the edits said: “The word is terrible and hurtful,” but noted that it “conveys the language and attitudes of Missouri in the 1840s” when laws were being passed in the South to deprive blacks of their civil rights. Regardless, one of the basic lessons Huck Finn learns — and the novel teaches us — is that Jim, the runaway slave he befriends, is a man more than an object of servitude. Alan Gribben, an eminent Twain scholar and Auburn University professor, edited the NewSouth Books edition of Huck Finn, which includes a 3,300-word foreword that explains his decision to censor the novel because teaching it made him uncomfortable. If an extended essay was necessary to clarify and defend editorial choices, maybe it wasn’t such a good idea in the first place. Who could possibly think the word “slave” is more suitable to African-Americans than the “N” word? The word “slave” was not even included in the U.S. Constitution, as blacks are merely referred to as “all other persons. ” Use of the racist slur has tapered off in some circles, except for those inherently racist or ignorant, as political correctness slowly demanded its exclusion. Regrettably — depending on your point of view — the “N” word is more commonly used in black youths’ street jargon. When they refer to each other with that word, it tends to demonstrate a kinship and perhaps removes the sting compared to when a white person utters it. Even so, most adult African-Americans do not like the word, regardless of who utters it, and refrain from speaking it. Though Barron wanted the “N” word removed from the Twain classics, he never made a similar request for the slur to be edited out of vintage rap records in which artists made what they felt was a valid social statement. Should the defunct group NWA (N—– With Attitude) change its name to Slaves With Attitude? What’s more, let’s hope the revisions in the Twain books don’t start a trend to tinker with film, theater and music classics. Should movies like Gone with the Wind, In the Heat of the Night and others, also be censored? Can you imagine how substituting a specific word, which some genteel people tend to dislike, would alter the passion of Rhett Butler’s final comment to Scarlett O’Hara: “Frankly, my dear, I don’t give a darn”? Should the Bible be edited to remove the word “God” to appease atheists? Then again, why would an atheist be reading the Bible? The only constructive fallout from the Twain book edits would be if it spurred inquisitive children. A child’s inquiring mind can make a cat’s curiosity look blasé by comparison. Often, when kids are cautioned to avoid something that’s not for their eyes or ears, their interest is aroused. Consequently, some would possibly seek the uncensored Huck Finn just to see what the fuss is all about, and then ask why the changes were made. Teachers and parents should be prepared to handle such questions from curious pupils. Although Gribben may have intended to promote public amity, most scholars consider it sinful to alter a work of art that has become a classic — albeit periodically criticized — for well over a century, even to appease modern readers. Censoring or revising classic literature to accommodate contemporary sensitivities makes as much sense as covering up works of art to conceal nudity that may offend some viewers. Worst of all, politically correct edits interfere with the indispensable right of free speech and, as Ray Bradbury noted, it’s just another method of book burning. This column is dedicated to the memory of Ray Bradbury, who died on June 5. Conformity, ignorance and censorship were key themes in his classic sci-fi novel, Fahrenheit 451. Neil S. Friedman is a veteran reporter and photographer, and spent 15 years as an editor for a Brooklyn weekly newspaper. He also did public relations work for Showtime, The Rolling Stones and Michael Jackson. Friedman contributes a weekly column called “Between the Lines” on life, culture and politics in Sheepshead Bay. Disclaimer: The above is an opinion column and may not represent the thoughts or position of Sheepshead Bites. Based upon their expertise in their respective fields, our columnists are responsible for fact-checking their own work, and their submissions are edited only for length, grammar and clarity. If you would like to submit an opinion piece or become a regularly featured contributor, please e-mail nberke [at]sheepsheadbites [dot]com.

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New forms of imaging in science have nearly always led to major advances, especially at the nanoscale, and the pace of these developments has increased dramatically in recent decades. Many new types of microscopes have joined the traditional light microscope and the transmission and scanning electron microscopes during the past two decades. In the present volumes, a group of experts present comprehensive reviews of these new instruments and new versions of the older ones as well as associated techniques and draw attention to their principal areas of application. Numerous subjects are benefiting from these new tools, including semiconductor physics, medicine, molecular biology, the nanoworld in general, magnetism, and ferroelectricity. Science of Microscopy will be an indispensable guide to a wide range of scientists in university laboratories as well as to engineers and scientists in industrial R&D departments.

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Has foreign aid been helpful for development? What helps and hinders it? What does the evidence say? The key challenge facing foreign aid globally is its effectiveness. Research on aid effectiveness has focused on outcomes such as a country’s economic growth or quality of institutions. These studies came to mixed conclusions over whether aid can effectively promote economic development. Microeconomic evidence paints a reasonably positive picture. The World Bank’s Independent Evaluation Group (IEG) finds that the average rates of return to aid are generally above 20%. Evidence based on randomized program evaluation techniques is also largely positive, indicating that aid-financed interventions can generate substantial benefits for individuals. The most common approach to evaluating the macroeconomic impact of aid examines the relationship between total aid flows and the economic growth rate. Normally, this has been done with the expectation that, other things equal, countries receiving more assistance would grow more rapidly. Early prima facie evidence suggested the opposite: countries that received the most aid also grew relatively poorly—a paradox often referred to as the micro-macro paradox. A large number of studies attempted to demystify this paradox. When countries do well for a while, average incomes increase. Donors then tend to transfer less aid. This implies that, over time, the best performing countries receive less aid and the worst performers receive more. A leading study of the World Bank argued that although aid has no impact on growth on average, it can work as long as recipients pursue ‘good’ policies. This result suggested how donors and aid recipients can learn from mistakes in the past to improve aid effectiveness in the future. However, the upshot of the studies that followed suggested aid “is probably not a fundamentally decisive factor for development”. Recent theoretical exercises give further weight to the need for modest expectations regarding the magnitude of the possible impact of foreign aid on growth. Overall increase in the growth rate accruing from aid inflows of 10 percent of GDP may only be 1- 2. 5% depending on the share of aid that is invested and productivity impacts. These effects are very difficult to distinguish from business cycle fluctuations and external shocks at the levels of aid seen by most countries. The discussion about whether foreign aid works takes place in two platforms. One is the research platform, in papers full of technical language and numbers. Outside, the arguments are plainer and the audience broader. It is far easier to evaluate a school-building project, say, on whether the school was built and children filled its seats than to determine whether all aid improved national school enrollment or made the economy grow faster. The biggest challenge is to show not just that aid went hand-in-hand with economic growth, but caused it. The one challenge on which views appears to converge is the importance of strong government leadership as well as effective and efficient public institutions as critical ingredients to ensure aid effectiveness. The international development community has been grappling with this problem for decades. Most aid effectiveness reforms over the years have been focused on improvements at an operational level-- improving management, coordination, evaluation, and project design for technical or capacity-building. These solutions usually miss the underlying political dynamics that block real change. The more fundamental problem undermining aid effectiveness is the assumption that poor governance, weak institutions, and fragile conditions can be fixed through technical assistance. The roles of powerful actors who use their influence to prevent change are typically treated as external to assistance programs, if not ignored altogether. Development assistance models tend to focus on limiting the power of elite actors through institutional means like anti-corruption bodies or formal legal and judicial institutions. Unfortunately, in too many cases, powerful elites are able to ignore or capture these institutions. Aid effectiveness can be enhanced by shifting the focus to the interests of elite actors, identifying where the interests of certain elites might be served by advancing selected reform, and working to draw those elites into alliance and collective action with others. This is easier said than done. Advancing reforms will still involve a struggle against powerful actors defending the status quo. But the chances of success are brighter when other powerful elites are on the reform side. In this context, it is important to understand the interests of powerful elite groups, and identify scenarios where they have a shared interest in advancing a set of particular reforms. Many international development organizations are not adequately equipped to work effectively on these issues. It requires the capacity to acquire a thorough understanding of the range of local actors and institutions, and the history of power struggles in the country, as a foundation for gauging the current environment. It also requires drawing on other disciplines such as social anthropology and political science. The distribution of aid benefits can be heavily influenced by the political interests of those in power inside and outside the government. By overlooking these issues, aid may be slowing down the process of change by contributing to corruption and impunity.

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Millions of years of wind, water and erosion have created the chiselled spires, deep canyons and jagged buttes of Badlands National Park. On-going rains, freezes and thaws have revealed millions of years of sediment that paint a colourful landscape on the prairies of south-western South Dakota. When the Lakota first encountered the striking, moon-like landscape, they aptly called the area “Mako Sica” or “bad land. ” Early French trappers also described the area as “bad land” after difficult travels over the rugged terrain. Today, visitors to Badlands National Park can explore this natural wonder on foot, on horseback or by car as they travel the scenic loop or roam the many trails. Covering 244,000 acres, Badlands National Park is one of the largest protected mixed-grass prairies in the United States . The park, located south of Interstate 90 between Exits 110 and 131, is home to many species of wildlife including bighorn sheep, bison, the swift fox and the endangered black-footed ferret. Antelope and deer are commonly seen roaming near roadways and picnic areas. More than 64,000 acres of the park are designated as wilderness. Paleontology in the Park Badlands National Park contains the world’s richest deposits of fossils from the Oligocene epoch. Paleontologists have uncovered the remains of ancient three-toed horses, tiny deer-like creatures, turtles, a saber-toothed cat and other prehistoric animals. Hiking and Camping Those seeking extreme adventure can wander through the wilderness or backcountry of Badlands National Park. Camping is available at two campgrounds in the park: Cedar Pass Campground and Sage Creek Campground. The jagged spires and buttes provide moderate to hard hikes along the miles of designated trails. Sturdy hiking shoes are strongly recommended to avoid injury. The South Unit Approximately half of Badlands National Park lie within the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation and contain several sites that are considered sacred to the Oglala Lakota. The National Park Service and the tribe work closely together to co-manage and protect this part of the park, commonly known as the South Unit. This land, south of Highway 44, is mostly undeveloped and has only minimal access by road. During World War II, the South Unit area of Badlands National Park was used by the United States Military as a practice aerial bombing range. Despite cleanup efforts, the South Unit still contains some unexploded munitions. Visitors can also explore evidence of the Cold War at the Minuteman Missile National Historic Site located nearby. For more information visit www. TravelSouthDakota. com

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Compare and contrast essay on hurricanes and tornadoes Tornadoes and hurricanes if you feel like you need to know more about writing your compare and contrast essay, or for sample compare and contrast essays, you. Compare and contrast hurricanes and tornadoes describe what each one is, how they form, and how they are sim. What's the difference between hurricane and tornado hurricanes and tornadoes are both stormy atmospheric systems that have the potential to cause destruction. Tornadoes and hurricanes compare and contrast essays 05 nov tornadoes and hurricanes compare and contrast essays by book reviews 0 comments ocr history b. Hurricane and tornado compare and contrast essay argumentative essay in mla format list texas common app essay 2015 edition critical analysis of romeo and juliet. In this paper i will compare and contrast a hurricane to a tornado a hurricane and a tornado’s wind http://wwwantiessayscom/free-essays/hurricanes-and. Major differences between hurricanes and tornadoes are their what are the differences and similarities between hurricanes and tornadoes move more. Write a compare and contrast essay comparing hurricanes and tornadoes, write essay on jawaharlal nehru, online book stores, explain your commitment to public service. Essay on hercules greek mythology zeus romeo and juliet act 3 scene 5 conflict essay zero comparison and contrast essay comparison and essay tornadoes hurricanes. Hurricanes and tornados are both devastating forces of nature both weather phenomenon cause great amounts of damage and destruction one of the most. May 07 2017 compare and contrast hurricanes and tornadoes essay compare and contrast hurricanes and tornadoes essay leave a comment essay on bharat hurricanes. What's the difference between hurricane and tornado hurricanes and tornadoes are both stormy atmospheric systems that have the potential to cause destruction they. Tornadoes and hurricanes compare and contrast essays tornadoes and hurricanes compare and contrast essays eskimo skin color research paper. Major differences between hurricanes and tornadoes are their what are the differences and similarities between hurricanes tornadoes move more. A comparison between a comparison between hurricanes and tornados hurricane vs tornado essay hurricanes and tornados are both devastating forces of nature. Compare and contrast essay hurricanes and tornados are both devastating forces of the similarities between a tornado and a hurricane are easily observed. As you can see this table is showing two things which are hurricanes and tornadoes now in this essay i’m going to explain and to write about the. - Below is an essay on hurricanes and tornados from anti essays in this paper i will compare and contrast a hurricane to a tornado. - Tornadoes vs hurricanes essay comparison essay to compare and to contrast hurricanes and tornadoes the main areas of interest are the creation of both. - Hc faq hurricanes and tornadoes hurricanes and tornadoes in contrast, tropical cyclones how does the damage from hurricanes compare to tornadoes. Ocr history b coursework mark scheme non-calculator essay contests for money online jack: november 7, 2017 saving a 500 letter essay then the power goes out. Hurricanes and tornadoes comparison essay college essay outline template objective contrast essay high school vs college teachers. A comparison between hurricanes and tornados throughout history, people have been amazed and intrigued by the various forces of nature, particularly those associated. Essays related to tornadoes vs hurricanes 1 advances have no use are in the occurrences of natural disasters such as hurricanes, tornadoes and droughts.

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Before it was Scotland, everything north of River Tweed was held by tribes speaking Brythonic languages or variations thereof. As much as the south of the island of Great Britain, the shape of northern society developed largely in reaction to the Roman invasions, though none of the lands north of Hadrian’s Wall were held for long. Two of the major factors influencing what shape those societies took were the defensive works known as Hadrian’s Wall and the Antonine Wall. This essay covers mostly Scotland south of the Firths and all of the kingdoms including those much farther south that collectively were known to the Welsh as Hen Ogledd, the “Old North”. After visiting Britannia during the final year of Legatus Falco as governor in 122, Imperator Publius Aelius Hadrianus Augustus ordered the construction of an elaborate defensive works on the line between Pons Aelius (Newcastle-upon-Tyne) in the east and Luguvalium (Carlisle) in the west. This limites, or defensive wall, the largest in the Imperium Romanum, included a massive stone wall built on a stone base. Every mile between the two ends was marked by a gate with a milecastle (small fort with two towers) garrisoned by twenty to thirty limitanei (border soldiers), eighty of these in all). There was also a large fort every five miles for a total of twenty-five. A deep ditch guarded the Wall to the north, and to the south, beyond the military road stretching coast-to-coast was the Vallum, unique in the empire, a ditch half as deep as the northern one with embankments on either side. This massive fortification, ten feet wide and twenty feet tall, was known as Hadrian’s Wall, but for most of its existence in use was simply called The Wall. It was also supported by a line of forts running to the north. Later it ends were extended to the fort of Segedunum (Wallsend) in the east and the fort of Mais (Bowness-on-Solway) in the west. Antonine Wall, 141-164 In 141, Legatus Augusti Quintus Lollius Urbicus subdued the south of Scotland once again. The next year the Romans began constructing the Antonine Wall (named for Imperator Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus Pius) across the narrow neck of land between the Firth of Forth and the Firth of Clyde. The wall was anchored in the west by the fort at Old Kirkpatrick in the west and the fort at Carriden in the east, with fourteen forts between them and smaller forlets in support. In addition, a fort at Bishopton on the right bank of River Clyde and a fort at Camelon (Camlann in Gaelic) north of the wall two miles east of Falkirk provided additional support. This construction of the wall, much of it still existing, was of earth, ten feet tall and sixteen feet wide, and almost certainly topped with a wooden palisade. Like its senior to the south, it had forts along its length, sixteen in all, with smaller fortlets between them. It was abandoned in 164 when the Romans again withdrew to Hadrian’s Wall. Construction of this wall affected the Damnonii more than any other people as it cut off their northern regions from easy intercourse with their southern cousins. Claudius Ptolemaeus c. 150 The Romans, at least in the first two centuries, referred to all the people beyond Hadrian’s Wall as Brittunculi, or “Little Britons”, leaving little doubt about their ethnicity. South of the Firths and north of Hadrian’s Wall, i. e., “between the Walls” (Hadrian’s and Antonine), in the later province of Valentia, there were six tribes: Damnoni, Votadini, Novantae, Selgovae, Anavionenses, and Gadeni (the first four known from Ptolemy, the last two from other sources). The Maeatae may be another (see below). The territories of the Damnoni and the Votadini spread across the Antonine Wall, as did the Votadini with Hadrian’s Wall. South of Hadrian’s Wall, in the region that later became the province of Britannia Secunda and amounted to the dominion of the Brigantes in their prime, lived Brigantes, Carvetii (in English Cumbria), Textoverdi, Lopocares, Setantii, Parisii (in East Riding of York), and Gabrantovices. Identity of the Maeatae Most authorities place the Maeatae just north of the Antonine Wall and the Caledoni to the north of them, but some place the Maeatae between the Walls. In later centuries Irish chroniclers refer to the kingdom of Manaw as Miathi, probably an Irish cognate for the same group. This leads to the conclusion that the group so named either alone or at the head of a broader coalition lived in what became known as Manaw, or Manaw Goddodin. At the time Dio first mentions them, he refers to the Maeatae as living “next to the Wall which splits the island”, which usually refers to Hadrian’s Wall, which supports that last contention, though the other evidence suggests that the individual tribe of Maeatae were none other than those former Damnonii living north of the Antonine Wall cut off from easy commerce with their cousins and left to their own devices. Especially since the Damnonii are known to have spread north to include Stirling, Menteith, Strathearn, and Fothriff, precisely the territory of Manaw. Dio’s reference dates from the 2nd century and likely refers to the confederation, while the Irish references are from the early 7th century and probably refer to its chief tribe, the former Damnonii north of the Antonine Wall who had formed into a separate people. Revolt of Carausius, 286-274 From 259 to 274, the Britanniae belonged to the Imperium Galliarum along with Galliae (the Gauls), Hispaniae (the Spains) and Germaniae (the Germanies), but the center of that secession lay on the Continent, specifically the Germaniae. In 286, Marcus Aurelius Mausaeus Valerius Carausius, praefectus of the Classis Britannica (the imperial fleet in the British Channel) based at Dubris (Dover), revolted and set himself up as emperor of Britanniae and northern Gaul. After ruling for eight years, he was murdered and usurped by his treasurer, Allectus, following a serious military setback in 294 at the hands of the western Caesar (the empire was then under the Tertrarchy), Caesar Marcus Flavius Valerius Constantius Herculius. After finally defeating Allectus once and for all, Constantius Chlorus, as he is commonly known, then set about reorganizing the Britanniae once again, attempting to dilute any more power bases for revolt. Such as the one his son, Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus, used to make himself Augustus and Imperator in 306. He divided the two Britanniae into four: Maxima Caesariensis, based in Londinium (London); Britannia Prima, based in Corinium (Circenchester); Flavia Caesariensis, based in Lindum (Lincoln); and Britannia Secunda, based in Eboracum (York). Thus the Britanniae became a diocese, with the governor of the first province ranked as a consularis while the other three ranked as praefecti, with a vicarius over them all. The death of Constantine the Great, 337 At the death of Constantinus Augustus, the Imperium Romanum divided into three praetorian praefectures (a fourth was added later). The Diocese of Britanniae fell under the Praetorian Prefecture of Galliae, which also included Galliae, Septem provincae, Hispaniae, Germaniae, and Tingitana (more or less Morocco). In the Diocese of Britanniae, there were three commands, who officially reported to the Magister Militum per Galliae: Comes Maritimi Tractus per Britanniae, later known as Comes Litoris Saxonici, whose command included the limitanei of the coastal forts (3000 foot, 600 horse), as well as Legio II Augusta. Dux Limitum Britanniarum, whose command included the limitanei of the North (14,000 foot, 900 horse), as well as Legio VI Victrix. Comes Militum Britanniarum whose command included mobile comitatenses of 2200 foot and 200 horse. Legio XX Valeria probably remained stationed at Deva Victrix (Chester) on what later became the Welsh border. Though one is never specifically listed, the overall commander of Roman forces in Britanniae would have been called Magister Militum per Britanniae. That such a position existed is evident from the history of later usurper Maxen Wledig, as he was and is known to the Welsh. The naval forces of the British Channel, the Classis Britannica under a praefectus, were based at Dubris (Dover, England) in Britanniae and Bononia Gesoriacum (Boulogne, France) in Galliae. Two commands in Galliae fell under the overall command of the Comes Litoris Saxonici: Dux Belgicae Segundae (limitanei in coastal Belgica and Germania) and Dux Tractus Armoricani et Nervicani (limitanei in coastal Armorica and Nervica). In January 350, the general who would go on to become Flavius Magnus Magnentius Augustus rose against the rule, or rather misrule, of Imperator Flavius Iulius Constans Augustus, son of Constantine the Great. He quickly won support throughout the Prefecture of Galliae. However, the popularity and strength of support for the dynasty descended from Constantine proved too great, and Magnentius committed suicide after his defeat in the Battle of Mons Seleucis in 353. One of the reasons for his popular support was his toleration of pagans, Jews, and Christian religious dissidents such as Arians. The Great Conspiracy, 360-369 Historian Ammianus Marcellinus refers to the “Scoti” and the “Picti” raiding Britanniae (the Britains, south of the Wall) in 360, then again in 364, this time in conjunction with the “Attacotti” and the “Saxonici”. In 367, the Great Conspiracy breaks out, with the Roman garrisons along Hadrian’s Wall rebeling in conjunction with native frontier troops known as areani; northern and western Britanniae are overwhelmed. In the midst of the chaos, Valentinus, an exile from Pannonia, and others begin planning a revolt. The Great Conspiracy is finally defeated by a force under Flavius Theodosius, Comes Britanniarum. Afterwards, he disbands the areani and organizes a new civil administration. While these internal struggles ensued, the Picti, Attacotti, and Scoti were attacking Britannia and the Saxonici and the Franci attacking northern Gaul. In 369, Comes Flavius Theodosius created the province of Valentia, which is usually held to have lain within the territory “between the Walls”. The province is noted in the Notitia Dignitatum of circa 420, and was considered important enough to have a consularis rather than a praefectus as governor. Identity of the Attacotti The identity of the Attacotti has been a subject of much dispute. From the 18th century, the prevailing view was that Attacotti is a Latin corruption of the Irish aithechthuatha, or daortuatha, the subject or slave tribes. This view declined at the end of the 19th century, though it has again become popular. Others in the 19th century hypothesized that it referred to those from the extreme north of the island, what are now Caithness, Sutherland, and Ross, as its inhabitants were then known as the Catti. The Notitia Dignitatum of the early 5th century lists four units of Attacotti in the ranks of the imperial army, indicating residence within or at least geographic closeness to the Imperium Romanum. That being the case makes more likely the third, and minority, opinion that Attacotti refers to a confederation of the tribes between the Walls, being a later name for the Maeatae or a succeeding or even rival confederation. In 381, there was a fourth wave of raiding by Scoti, Picti, and Saxonici. After their defeat in 382, Flavius Magnus Maximus, Magister Militum per Britanniae, brought over Aed Brosc of the Deisi and a contingent of his people as foederati, settling them among the Demetae in what is now southwest Wales, to help repel further raids. Maximus also assigned praefecti gentium to commands in the north among the peoples “between the Walls”: Quintilius son of Clemens at Dinas y Brython (Alt Clut/Dunbarton); Paternus son of Tacitus at Din Paladur (Traprain Law); Catellius Decianus at Din Gefron (Yeavering Bell); and Antonius Donatus Gregorius (son of Magnus Maximus) in Novant; he later transfers to Demetia in Wales. Ruling dynasties later traced their descent back to these praefecti. Revolt of Maximus, 383-388 In 383, the general’s troops proclaimed him Imperator Flavius Magnus Maximus Augustus against the then current emperor of the West, Imperator Flavius Valentinianus Augustus, who at the time was 12 years old. Intervention by the emperor of the East, Imperator Flavius Theodosius Augustus, stopped Maximus for gaining the entire West but won agreement for him to rule what amounted to the Prefecture of Galliae. Unlike Magnentius, Maximus was quite harsh towards religious dissenters of all stripes, and is responsible to the first executions of Christians on grounds of heresy, Priscillian and six of his companions, over the strenuous objections of St. Martin of Tours. On the other hands, he issued an edict censuring Christians of Rome for burning down a synagogue in 387, for which he was rebuked by Aurelius Ambrosius, bishop of Rome, known to history as St. Ambrose. That same year, Maximus, known to the Welsh as Macsen Wledig, had violated his treaty with Theodosius I by pushing out Valentinus II from Milan, then the imperial capital of the West which provoked a response that led to his ouster. In 406, responding to the invasion of Galliae by the Suebi, Alani, Vandali, and Burgundi, the legions of Britain revolt and nominate a usurper named Marcus as emperor. Marcus was killed by his troops the next year because of hesitation and replaced with Gratian. Gratian was killed because he also would not cross over to Galliae by troops who then proclaimed Flavius Claudius Constantinus as Constantine III. This general then crossed over with the three legions, each of leaving behind a skeleton crew along with the nonlegionary limitanei. In 409, the Saxonici began raiding the shores of Britanniae and Armorica in large numbers, and there were Irish incursions into Venedotia, Cornovia, Siluria, Demetia, and the Gower Peninsula. Cut off by the chaos, the people of those regions appealed to Ravenna (then the capital) for assistance, but Imperator Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus, who had his hands full with the Huns and Constantine III, told them to attend their own affairs. Therefore, they expelled their remaining imperial officials and declared independence. In 411, Imperator Caesar Flavius Claudius Constantinus Augustus, last emperor from Britanniae, was captured at Arles and executed at Ravenna soon afterward. By 417, the revolts in Armorica and Britanniae were suppressed, and some level of imperial presence returned to both regions. A few medieval sources list 448 as the last year in which there is any Roman presence in Britanniae, but to what that might be referring is hazy. However, since other sources report for this year that, “Civil war and plague ravage Britain”, it is plausible some degree of imperial government still existed up to that time. Also, it’s hard to imagine Romanized Britons not maintaining some sort of contact with the Kingdom of Soissons (457-486) in northern Gaul, as we know they were doing with Armorica, which considered itself an exclave of the empire. Birth of the Old North The beginning of the collection of kingdoms known to the Welsh as “Hen Ogledd” (literally, “the Old North”) was in 410, when Coelistius, last Dux Limitum Britanniarum, assumed political as well as military control of Britannia Secunda, possibly with some influence in Valentia, effectively becoming King of the North, if you will. Coelistius is the person upon whom the medieval Welsh legends of Coel Hen, “Old King Cole”, are based. According to histories compiled by Rhodri Mawr ap Merfyn of Gwynedd (820-878), Coel Hen died in battle against the Dal Riata and the Picts near the Water of Coyl in the later Ayrshire in the year 420. This demonstrates both the reach of Coel’s authority to the territory “between the Walls” and the colonization by the later Argyll by the Dal Riata early in the 5th century. In the meantime, the Council of Britanniae continued to govern in the south. This was the likely point at which the fortunes of the north and the south of Roman Britain parted ways. Previously the thought had been that The Wall was abandoned with the withdrawal of the legions, but archaeology has since proven this was not the case, though at this writing no one knows how long it was able to be maintained. The Wall was the border between the two provinces over which the “king of the North” asserted his authority. Tribes of Valentia Damnonii were the biggest in the north after the Brigantes, taking up the later Ayrshire, Renfrewshire, Lanarkshire, Dunbartonshire, and Stirlingshire, and the districts of Menteith, Strathearn, Fothriff. Novantae occupied the later Wigtonshire. Anavionenses lived in the district of Annandale. Selgovae took up the later Kirkcudbrightshire and western Dumfriesshire. Gadeni lived in the later Roxburghshire. Votadini occupied the Lothians, Peeblesshire, and Berwickshire. Tribes of Britannia Secunda Carvetii held Cumbria, or at least Cumberland. Textoverdi lived in the upper South Tyne Valley and may have been at one time a subtribe of the Brigantes. Lopocares lived along the River Tyne and may have been at one time a subtribe of the Brigantes. Brigantes, by far the largest group in Britannia, held the Yorkshires, County Durham, Tyne and Wear, Greater Manchester, Merseyside, Westmoreland, and south Northumberland. Setantii took up Lancashire and may have been at one time a subtribe of the Brigantes. Parisii occupied the East Riding of Yorkshire. Gabrantovices lived on the Yorkshire coast of the Oceanus Germanicus. Kingdoms of the Old North In 420, Coelistius, first (and last) “King of the North” died, and the lands of his office, were divided between his “descendants”, probably subordinate officers, but they may have included actual sons as well. Three of those below preexisted Coelisitius’ death, one of them by centuries. The two German lands (Beornicia and Deira) included in the list were not part of “the Old North”, but they did exist at the time. Manaw – Identification in Irish annals of this kingdom with the Miathi, almost certainly an Irish corruption of Maeatae, leads to the conclusion that it was the same group or the lead group within a broader coalition that outsiders dubbed with its name, as in the case of the Caledones dubbed for the Caledonii. This kingdom lay about the head of the Firth of Forth, at least from the parish of Clackmannan in the north to the parish of Slamannan in the south. If it did not fall in 638 along with Eidyn and Goddodin, it certainly fell in 663 when Oswiu conquered southern Alba. In the records, it is often called Manaw Goddodin to distinguish it from Yns Manaw, the Isle of Mann. Alt Clut/Ystrad Clud/Cumbria - Around 410, the Damnonii or their descendents established the kingdom that became known as Alt Clut, with the capital at Dinas y Brython (Dunbarton). It was under serious pressure after the fall of Rheged then Caer Gwenddoleu from the advance of Northumbria, with Eadberht conquering Kyle in 752. Generally known as Alt Clut until Vikings destroyed its seat in 870, when the capital moved to Govan and the land became known as Ystrad Clud, or Srath Cluid (Strathclyde) to its neighbors (restricted as it was to the later county of Lanarkshire, which was known as Clydesdale before the county was erected). Just a few years later, however, conquest of Northumbria by the Danes in 867 enabled Ystrad Clud to expand southward to include the later English countries of Cumberland and Westmoreland, hence the change of annalists and chroniclers to the term Cumbria. It became a dependency of Alba in the latter 11th century. Cumbria was incorporated into Alba in 1124. Novant/Wyr Enouant – Called Novant in the poems of the Old North and Wyr Enouant in later Welsh, this kingdom arose in 418 among the Novantae, ruled by descendents of Antonius Donatus Gregorius. In 683, Wyr Enouant fell to Beornicia. That was the end of Novant, but the region later gained quasi-independence in another guise as Galloway. The country is not heard of again until the appearance of “Jacob of Galwegia” at the Chester council in 973. Caer Ebrauc – Also seen as just Ebrauc, from Eboracum, this kingdom based in what became York was by far the dominant among the states of the Old North, at least in its early decades. Strictly speaking, its direct power was limited to the region south of the Wall and only became a distinct entity after Bryneich and Deifr broke away in 420 after the death of Coelistius. It fell to the armies of Deira in 580 in the aftermath of a disastrous expedition against Beornicia. Goddodin - Founded about the time Coelistius’ death (420), this kingdom of the Votadini lay between the eastern border of Manaw and the northern border of Bryneich, taking in everything east of Slamannan south to Hadrian’s Wall, later restricted to the north of River Tweed. It was conquered by Northumbria in 638. In 671, Northumbria established a sub-kingdom called Din Baer north of River Tweed and east of River Avon which may have lasted until the fall of Northumbria to the Danes in 867, at which time the north of that kingdom became the province of Beornicia (its rulers being first called earldormen, then high reeves, and finally eorls). Bryneich - Straddling the eastern end of Hadrian’s Wall, it began as the kingdom of the southern Votadini just after the death of Coelistius (420). Its north border was River Tweed, its south border equidistant from the Wall. Its king was expelled from Din Guardi (Bamburgh) in 547 by Ida of Bernicia, who subsequently occupied it, but Bryneich itself continued at least to the end of the 6th century, the period of its last known king, Morcant Bulc. Gwynedd – Became associated with the Old North when the governor or ruler of Goddodin, Cunedda ap Aeternus, was transferred to what is now northwest Wales to deal with the influx of Irish immigrants who left their name as Venedotia (from Feni) in 452. Gwynedd was cut off from the rest of the Old North when Argoed fell to Mercia in 613. It eventually became the dominant region of the Kingdom of Wales. Rheged – Running from the Solway Firth south to border Powys and Gwynedd, this kingdom rose to become powerfull enough to rival, then eclipse Ebrauc. It broke away from the greater northern kingdom around 450 with its capital as Caer Ligualid, the former Luguvalium and later Carlisle. In 535, its southern region broke away as Argoed. The decline of its fortunes began to decline when its king, Urien ap Cynfarch (whose son was Owen), was assassinated at the behest of Morcant Bulc in 590. It finally assimilated into Beornicia by peaceful means about 643, due to the marriage in 638 to Rieinmellt, heiress of Rheged, to Oswiu, the future king. Elmet – Occupying South Yorkshire, Nottinghamshire, and eastern Derbyshire, this little known kingdom lay south of Ebrauc, east of the Pennines, and west of Deifr. It was carved out of the Northern Kingdom about 470 and conquered by Edwin of Deira in 617. Pennines – This is the name given to the kingdom known to have occupied the entire chain of the Pennine Mountain beginning about 470. It divided into three around 525. Calchfynydd – Mentioned in one single poem in the Book of Taliesen, its name also survives in the name of one of its rulers, Cadrawd Calchfynydd, to whom Welsh sources refer as one of the Men of the North (Gwyr y Ogledd). It was probably founded under the name Cynwidion by Cynfelyn ap Arthwys, youngest son of the king of the Pennines, in Northamptionshire and the vicinity around 480. That’s outside the geographic area of Hen Ogledd but is included here, like Gwynedd, because of the family connection. Cuthwulf of the Gewissae conquered the kingdom in 571 and absorbed it into his own. Arfderydd – Better known by the name of its capital, Caer Gwenddoleu (Carwinley), it occupied what is now the parish of Arthuret in the former county of Cumberland. It was carved out of Rheged around 505 and conquered by the joint forces of Ebrauc, Dent, and Alt Clut in 573 over possession of Caerlaverock. Afterwards, it was dependent on Rheged, though it remained separate until Dent – Was the northern of the three kingdoms into which the Pennines divided in 525. It was overrun by Beornicia in 591. Craven – Only recently recognized to have existed and given this name by historians, this was the central of the three kingdoms into which the Pennines divided in 525. Bernicia conquered it along with its southern sister in 590. Peak – With a named based on conjecture from the Anglian people who later occupied it (the Pecaestan), this third of the three kingdoms into which the Pennines divided in 525 was conquered by Bernicia in 590, like its sister to the immediate north. Argoed – More often called South Rheged, this kingdom split from Rheged in 535 and remained independent until 613, when it was conquered by Mercia. Even then, Mercia allowed its king, Llywarch Hen, to remain on the throne as a subordinate until 620, when they expelled him to Powys, where he becames a bard of the rank of Aneirin, Taleisin, and Myrddin. Eidyn – This kingdom, a division from Goddodin, arose in about the year 545. It spread at least from Din Eidyn (Edinburgh) to Caer Eidyn (Carriden) but may have included all of Mid Lothian. It fell in 638 along with Goddodin. Bernicia – Beginning as a coastal settlement on the island of Medcaut in the late 530s or early 540s, this kingdom may have been built on a foundation of a laeti colony under Ochta and Ebissa in 452, expanding into a kingdom that eventually swallowed its host by the end of the century. Deira – In the late 550s, an Anglish leader named Aelle landed with his followers on the coast of Deifr and rapidly spead inland. Aeron – Was not part of the Hen Ogledd, though it is known from many of the same sources as Manaw and plays a cameo role in several places in Northern British literature, and was not in the vicinity of Ayr. See below for its location and identity. Timeline of the Old North 297 – Caesar Marcus Flavius Valerius Constantius Herculius (Constantius Chlorus) divides Britannia Superior and Britannia Inferior into four new provinces: Maxima Caesariensis (Londinium); Britannia Prima (Corinium); Britannia Secunda (Eboracum); and Flavia Caesariensis (Lindum). 369 – An additional province, Valentia, is added in the north, probably in southern Scotland between the Walls, with its seat at Luguvalium. Its governor is a consularis. 382 – Fourth wave of raiding by Scotti, Pictii, and Saxonici. After their defeat, Flavius Magnus Maximus, Magister Militum per Britanniae, assigns praefecti gentium to commands in the north: Quintilius son of Clemens at Alt Clut (Dinas y Brython/Dunbarton); Paternus son of Tacitus at Din Paladur (Traprain Law); Catellius Decianus at Din Gefron (Yeavering Bell); Antonius Donatus Gregorius (son of Magnus Maximus) in Novant. Ruling dynasties later trace their descent back to these praefecti. 405 – Fourth wave of raiding by Scotti, Pictii, and Saxonici. 409 – The people of Britanniae and of Armorica appeal to Rome for assistance with marauders. emperor Honorius tells them to attend their own affairs; therefore, they expel their imperial officials and declare independence. 410-650 - Sub-Roman Britain’s Heroic Age. 410 - Coelistius, the Coel Hen of Welsh legend, assumes control of the North, the area known to the Cymry as Hen Ogledd, its people as the Gwyr y Gogledd, most likely as the last official Dux Limitum Britanniarum. His authority covers the provinces of Britannia Secunda and Valentia. 411-429 – Raiding of Britanniae by Pictii, Scotti, and Saxonici. 417 – The revolts in Armorica and Britanniae are suppressed, followed by the return of some level of imperial presence in both regions. 418 – Descendants of Antonius Donatus establish a Sub-Roman kingdom in Wyr Enouant (Novant), the area that eventually becomes Galloway. 420 - Death of Coel Hen in battle against the Picts and Dal Riata invading Alt Clut near the Water of Coyl in the later county of Ayrshire. The lands of his office are divided between his descendants, known as the Coelingas, becoming Ebrauc, Bryneich (Din Guardi/Bamburgh), Deifr, Rheged, Argoed, Peak, Elmet, and Calchfynydd. 446 – The Britonici appeal to Patricius Aetius for military assistance against the Pictii and the Scotti, but he has his hands full with Attila the Hun. 448 – According to some chronicles and annals, the end of Roman presence in Britanniae was in this year, plausible given that others note for this year that “civil war and plague ravage Britain”, implying a serious disruption. 450 - Rheged is formed out of Northern Britain. The new domain reaches from the southern border of Alt Clud to the northern border of Gwynedd. 452 - According to the Historia Brittonum, Cunedda Wledig ap Aeternus and his retinue are transferred from Manaw to Gwynedd, called Venedotia in Latin (from Feni, the Irish); Germanius ap Coelistius is transferred from Gododdin to Manaw; and the Frisian foederati Ochta and Ebissa are sent to replace Germanius. 470 – Establishment of the kingdom of Peak in the southern Pennines. 471 - Ceretic of Alt Clut raids the Irish Coast and carries off some of St. Patrick’s new flock and sells them into slavery, receiving a written reprimand from the Irish evangelist. 520 - Pabo Post Prydain of Peak abdicates his throne and retires, as a hermit, to Ynys Mon. 525 - The kingdom of Dent is established in the Pennines. Gabran mac Domangairt of Dal Riata, marries Lleian, daughter of Brychan of Manaw and niece of Cedric of Alt Clut, and settles with his men and their families in the region. 535 - Sawyl Penuchel of Peak is expelled from his kingdom by Bernicia and flees to Powys. Death of Meirchion Gul of Rheged; the southern part of the kingdom breaks away as Argoed. 537 – According to the Annales Cambriae, the Battle of Camlann where “Arthur and Medraut fell” was fought this year. Camlann is Scottish Gaelic for Camelon, the Roman fort north of the Antonine Wall two miles west of Falkirk. 547 - The king of Bryneich is expelled from his fortress of Din Guardi (Bamburgh) by the Angles and Frisians, whose leader, Ida, becomes king of Beornicia. 550 - War between Alt Clut and Gwynedd. 558 – Bridei mac Maelchon (ap Maelgwn) of Fortrenn defeats Gabran mac Domangairt. 559 – Deifr falls to the Angles and Frisians under Aelle of the Angeln dynasty Icelingas, who renames it Deira. 560 – Elidyr of Alt Clut invades Gwynedd in right of his wife, trying to expel brother-in-law, Rhun Hir ap Maelgwn, but dies at the Battle of the Cadnant. 565 – Riderch Hael of Alt Clut mounts a revenge attack on Rhun Hir of Gwynedd. Rhun marches on Alt Clut and reinforces the armies of his half-brother, Bridei, in Pictavia. 569 - Aedan mac Gabrain of the Dal Riata establishes himself as king of Manaw by right through his mother; he is married to Demlech, daughter of Maelgwn Wledig of Gwynedd. 570 - The kingdom of Elmet founded. 570-575 - The Northern British Alliance is forged between kingdoms of Rheged, Alt Clut, Bryneich, and Elmet. They fight the Beornicians at the Battles of Gwen Ystrad and the Cells of Berwyn. 573 - Peredur and Gwrgi of Ebrauc ally themselves with Dunod Fawr of Dent and Riderch Hael of Alt Clut. They march north to claim the fort at Caerlaverock from Gwendoleu of Caer Gwendoleu. The latter is killed in the Battle of Arthuret and his bard, Myrddin Wyllt, flees into the Coed Celyddon, where he goes mad and becomes a prophet. 575 - Owein of Rheged kills Theodoric of Bernicia at the Battle of Leeming Lane. 580 - The army of Peredur and Gwrgi of Ebrauc marches north to fight Bernicia. Both are killed by Adda’s forces at Caer Greu. The Deirans rise up under Aelle, and move on the city of Ebrauc. Peredur’s son Gwrgant Gwron is forced to flee; Ebrauc falls, with Catraeth going to Rheged. 586 – Battle of Circinn and death of Bridei ap Maelgwn; accession of Garnait mac Dornelch (or mac Aedan). He is succeeded by Garnait son of Damelach. 588 - Aedan mac Gabhrain wins the Battle of Leithri. 590 - Siege of Lindisfarne. The Northern British Alliance (Rheged, Alt Clut, Bryneich, Elmet) lays siege to Hussa of Beornicia and almost exterminates the Beornicians. Urien Rheged is assassinated at the behest of his jealous ally Morcant Bulc of Bryneich. Beornicians recover while internal squabbles tear the British Alliance apart. Peak falls to Beornicia. 591 - Dunod Mawr of Dent mounts an invasion of Rheged, but is repulsed by its king, Owein, and his brother, Pasgen. Elffin of Rheged is simultaneously attacked by Gwallawc Marchawc Trin of Elmet. 593 - Morcant Bulc of Bryneich invades Rheged and kills Owein in battle. Pasgen of Rheged flees to the Gower Peninsula. A greatly diminished Rheged continues under the rule of their brother, Rhun. 594 - Battle of Manaw, which Adomnan calls the Battle of Miathi, in which Aedan mac Gabhrain of the Dal Riata is victorious, but with the loss of his sons Eochaid Finn and Artur. 595 - The aging Donud Mawr of Dent dies fighting off a Bernician invasion. His kingdom is overrun and his family flees to join his grandson in Gwynedd. 598 - Mynyddog Mwynfawr of Din Eidyn and Cynan of Gododdin ride south to fight Beornicia against enormous odds at the Battle of Catterick, seat of Rheged. The British are victorious, though Geraint of Dyfneint (Dumnonia) is killed in the fighting. 599 - Death of Taliesin, poet for Urien map Cynfarch of Rheged, great-great-great-grandson of Coel Hen, and for Owain map Urien. His works are collected in the Llyfr Taliesin. 600 - Aneirin of Dent writes the poem Y Gododdin recording the events of the Battle of Catterick. 603 - Battle of Degastan between Aethelfrith of Bernicia and Aedan of the Dal Riata, with support from Mael Umai mac Baetain of Cenel nEogain and Fiachnae mac Baetain of Dal nAraidi, king of Ulster, resulting in a devasting defeat for the Scotti in which Domangart mac Aedan dies, along with Aethelfrith’s brothers Theodbald and Eanfirth. 604 – Aethelfrith of Bernicia conquers Deira and unites the two kingdoms as Northumbria. 605 – Beornicia conquers Rheged and penetrates of Galloway. 608 - Death of Aedan mac Gabhrain of the Dal Riata. Argoed falls to Mercia. 616 – Rheged falls to Mercia. Aethelfrith of Bernicia is killed by Edwin of Deira at the Battle of the River Idle and his children escape north; his heir, Eanfrith, flees to Fortrenn and the rest to Eochaid Buide of Dal Riata. 617 - Edwin of Deira conquers Elmet. Ceretic of Elmet is killed in the fighting. 620 - Llywarch Hen is expelled from Argoed, probably by Edwin of Deira, and flees to Powys to become a famous bard. 623 - Edwin of Deira is baptised by Rhun of Rheged. 630 – Calchwynedd falls to the Middle Angles and the Chiltern Saxons. 633 - Death of the great bard, Llywarch Hen of Argoed, supposedly aged one hundred. His works include Canu Hedledd and Geraint son of Erbin. 635 – St. Aidan is sent out from Iona to the Angles of Northhumbria, where he founds a monastery on the island of Medcaut (Lindisfarena). 638 – Din Eidyn and and Gododdin fall to Northumbria, their aristocracy escaping to Alt Clut. Rhianfelt, heiress of Rheged, marries Oswiu of Northumbria. Northumbria embraces Rheged in a peaceful takeover, and also becomes overlord of Circinn. 642 - Owen ap Beli of Alt Clut kills Domnall Brecc at the Battle of Strathcarron. 653 – Talorgan ap Eanfrith becomes king of Fortrenn. 654 – Oswiu is the first to assume the title king of Northumbria as supreme ruler of the united realms of Beornicia and Deira. 663 – Oswiu of Northumbria invades the southern Picts and establishes overlordship over Fibh, Circinn, and Strath Eireann. 664 - The Synod of Whitby. 671 – Northumbria establishes the sub-kingdom of Din Baer in the former territory of the Gododdin, also called Lleuddiniawn (Lothian). 672 –Ecgfrith of Northumbria conquers Cumberland (English Cumbria) and Dumfries. 683 – The kingdom of Wyr Enouant ruled by the line of Antonius Donatus falls to invasion from Beornicia. 685 - Ecgfrith of Northumbria marches his army north to engage the Picts at the Battle of Nechtansmere. The Dal Riata and Alt Clut Britons join the Picts in a thorough defeat of the Anglish forces. The latter lose much land south of the Forth to Dumnagual II of Alt Clut in the process. 697 – Bridei mac Der-Ilei subjugates Caitt. 706 – Death of Bridei mac Dargart of Fortrenn; Nechtan mac Dargart of the Cenel Comgaill ascends the throne. 711 – Northumbria invades Pictavia and is defeated in Manaw. 722 - Death of Beli of Alt Clut; Teudebur ap Beli succeeds to the throne. 729 – The Picts invade Manaw and are defeated. 750 – The Alt Clut Britons under Teudebur defeat Talorcan mac Oengusa at the Battle of Mugdock. Decline of the power of Oengus I of Fortrenn. Elidyr ap Sandde moves the exiled royal house of Argoed from Powys to the Isle of Man. Eadbert of Northumbria conquers the plain of Kyle 756 - Oengus I of Fortrenn and Eadberht of Northumbria successfully attack Dumnagual of Alt Clut at Dinas y Brython; however, Alt Clut subsequently wipes out Eadberht's entire force at the Battle of Newburgh-on-Tyne. 793 - Lindisfarne is destroyed by the Norse. 844 – The Battle of the Plains of Manaw is fought between River Avon and River Carron. 871 – Dinas y Brython, seat of Alt Clut and its king, Artgal, is destroyed by Olaf of the Norse kingdom of Dublin and his Viking warriors. The capital of Alt Clut is moved to Govan and the kingdom becomes known as Ystrad Clud. 872 - Artgal of Ystrad Clud is slain through the connivance of Causantin mac Cinaeda, Ri Cruithintuath, and his Viking allies. Artgal's son, Rhun, succeeds to the throne. 878 – Death of Rhun of Ystrad Clud. Succession of his son, Eochaid, who also attempts to assert his claims to the throne of all Picts through his mother. 889 - Eochaid of Ystrad Clud and Giric Mac Rath of the Picts are deposed by Viking invaders. Domnall mac Caustantin becomes Ri Cruithintuath, the last to be so called. 890 - Domnall Ri Cruithintuath expels the Briton aristocracy of Ystrad Clud. They flee south to North Cymru (Gwenydd). 927 – Ystrad Clud extends its southern border to River Eamont, close to Penrith, upon which it becomes known as Cumbria. 945 – Edmund I cedes Cumberland to Malcolm I. 960 – Alba captures Edinburgh/Dunedin, the former Din Eidyn. 973 – Maccus mac Arailt of the Isles, Kenneth III of Alba, and Malcolm of Strathclyde form a defensive alliance. John, Lord of Galwegia (Galloway), Malcolm of the Cumbrians, Dyfnwal, Kenneth of Alba, Maccus mac Arailt of the Isles, Iago of Gwynedd, and others meet with Edgar I the Peaceful at Chesterfield, where he recognizes Alba’s possession of Lothian. 1014 – Battle of Clontarf 1018 – Mael Coluim mac Cinaeda brings Bernicia north of the Tweed under his control. 1054 – Siward of Northumbria defeats Macbeth in battle, places Malcolm ap Owain Foel (“Malcolm, son of the king of the Cumbrians”) on the throne of Cumbria. 1072 – Gospatric, formerly Earl of Northumbria, is expelled to the north, where he recieves vast lands as Earl of Lothian, essentially the lands of the former Dinbaer. 1092 – William Rufus conquers Cumberland and incorporates it into England as the Earldom of Carlisle 1124 – David I mac Malcolm, Prince of the Cumbrians, usurps the throne of his nephew Malcolm mac Alexander (I) and assumes the throne, uniting Alba with Cumbria and Lothian into the Kingdom of the Brets and the Scots. Scotland in the Middle Ages Beginning with Malcolm III Ceannmor mac Duncan, monarchs in the north began using the Latin title “rex Scottorum” along with “ri Albann”. In 1124, David I united Alba (the north), Cumbria, and Lothian as one nation under a single set of laws called the Law of the Brets and Scots. From his reign through that of Alexander III, that royal title was also written as “rex Brettorum et Scottorum”, as in the seal of the latter. With the accession of John I Balliol, the sole official title became “rex Scottorum”. Moray frequently reasserted its claims to leadership or independence in the next few centuries, most notably during the reign of Macbethad mac Findlaeich, noted as both king of Moray and king of Fortrenn, who defeated Duncan I to become king of Alba. The Fortrenn-Caledon rivalry continued on in the struggles of the MacHeths and MacWilliams, whose strength lay in Moray and Ross, against the main line of the Cenel Connaill (or Kindred of St. Columba) in Scotland that lasted until 1215 and 1230 respectively. Both families, frequently allied in “rebellion”, are disinherited branches of the main royal line but had intermarried with the local dynasty of Moray and Ross that traced back to both Cenel Loairn and the Pictish kings of Fortrenn.

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May 27, 2020 — One thing has been bothering Kimberly Prather, PhD: Every thing she reads about COVID-19 factors to a pathogen that travels by way of the air. There’s how shortly it has unfold world wide, research displaying the way it spreads by way of eating places (perhaps by the air conditioning system? ), the way it attacked a church choir regardless that they had been unfold aside whereas they had been singing, the way it appears to unfold like wildfire on planes and on cruise ships; all of this, she says, Prather ought to know. She research aerosols — particles so tiny they float freely by way of the air, touring toes and even miles. She runs a big, government-funded analysis middle on the College of California San Diego to check how viruses and different issues that come out of the ocean float by way of the air. “Loads of the proof has been pointing to aerosol transmission of respiratory viruses,” she says. Influenza might be handed by way of the air, as can the virus that causes SARS. “This explicit virus, numerous proof is mounting. ” Prather says she’s been alarmed to not see the CDC or WHO come out with a robust assertion that folks may catch COVID-19 by respiratory it in. “It’s simply stunning to me, fairly actually, that this has not been factored in. ” And he or she believes masks can play a serious function in stopping that transmission. In an interview with America journal on May 26, Anthony Fauci, MD, who leads the Nationwide Institute of Allergy and Infectious Ailments, referenced aerosol transmission in churches. “Whenever you sing, the quantity of droplets and aerosol that come out is admittedly, in some respects, scary,” Fauci mentioned. In a perspective article for the journal Science, Prather clearly lays out the proof for aerosol transmission and explains what individuals must do to guard themselves. It was shortly picked up on social media. When an individual coughs or sneezes, they generate giant droplets laden with viral particles. These droplets are heavy and fall to the bottom or a close-by floor fairly shortly, inside seconds. They’re nonetheless considerably moist and sticky once they land. That’s the place the 6-foot rule is available in, she says. It’s based mostly on research of respiratory droplets carried out within the 1930s. Science has develop into way more superior since then. Prather and others have developed devices that may “see” very tiny particles — the aerosols. Aerosols are measured in microns, or one one-millionth of a meter. A human pink blood cell is about 5 microns in dimension. These particles are so small that the moisture from a cough or sneeze evaporates whereas they’re nonetheless within the air. They float on air currents. It takes them hours to settle. Aerosols, she writes, “can accumulate, stay infectious in indoor air for hours, and be simply inhaled deeply into the lungs. ” Prather realizes this can be a scary factor to be telling individuals. “I hesitate. I don’t wish to freak individuals out. ” She additionally believes data is energy. “I’ve to say one thing as a result of this might truly defend individuals,” she says. What airborne transmission means, she says, is that 6 toes just isn’t far sufficient to face aside. It additionally means we must always most likely be carrying masks much more typically. “It’s very fixable. Masks aren’t that huge of a deal,” she says. “To me, I take a look at this as an answer. ” She factors to the success Taiwan has had stopping the unfold of the an infection. Taiwan has solely had a number of hundred circumstances and solely seven deaths, regardless that the nation by no means applied a nationwide lockdown. As an alternative, they aggressively examined their residents, quarantined individuals who examined optimistic for two weeks, and had everybody put on face masks. “In case you take a look at international locations that simply naturally put on masks when individuals really feel sick … these international locations did loads higher than people who didn’t,” Prather says. She wears hers inside and outdoors, particularly if she’s strolling outside in a spot the place she will see different individuals. She tells individuals to think about how far they’ll odor cigarette smoke or a barbecue. That’s how far aerosols can journey between you and one other individual. The excellent news, she says, is that latest studies have proven that home made fabric masks can be as effective at blocking the virus as surgical masks. There’s one huge caveat, although. They’ve to suit to your face. “In case you take a look at all these people who find themselves carrying bandanas, they’re simply hanging down. That’s not good as a result of aerosols will simply circulate proper round,” she says. “Aerosols are actually gentle. In case you can really feel a breeze, they are going to be in that breeze. ” That’s one purpose why face shields — the plastic protecting persons are carrying over their faces — don’t work with no masks. Face shields block droplets, however aerosols can nonetheless discover a means in. Lastly, even when your masks isn’t good, or completely worn, it might nonetheless do you a world of fine. Prather says that’s as a result of the dose of the virus you’re uncovered to determines how sick you’ll get. “Even for those who solely lower it again by 70%, the severity of the illness can be a lot much less. ”

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(Printer-friendly PDF version | 264 KB) (Large Print PDF version | 273 KB) Experience of Discrimination and the ADA An ADA Knowledge Translation Center Research Brief Sarah Parker Harris Department of Disability and Human Development University of Illinois at Chicago What is the ADA? The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is a civil rights law that creates a legal framework for people with disabilities to address discrimination. Passed in 1990, the ADA represents bipartisan support for disability inclusion in all aspects of public life. Through the ADA, disability is a recognized source of discrimination, similar to “race, color, religion, sex, or national origin” within the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The ADA allows individuals with disabilities to challenge discrimination in the realms of employment, public services, and places of public use. The overarching goal of the ADA is to promote equal opportunity, full participation, independent living, and economic self-sufficiency for all people with disabilities. ADA and Experiences of Discrimination Developing a law that prohibits discrimination and creates regulations around access was, and continues to be, an important step in addressing barriers to inclusion. Disability-based discrimination is often related to both prejudices as well as broader social barriers that deny people with disabilities equal opportunities. Some researchers describe the goal of the ADA “…to integrate persons with disabilities into the social mainstream,” (p. 13). 1 The ADA has regulations to address structural barriers (i. e. physical and programmatic issues) and discriminatory practices, in order to impact attitudes towards disability. Much of the research on discrimination is about causes and frequency of negative attitudes held by people without disabilities. This research brief looks at the experiences of discrimination from the perspective of people with disabilities as a way to better understand the influence of the ADA. HIGHLIGHTS OF FINDINGS What the Research Says Discrimination comes in many different forms. Research throughout the last three decades highlights how people with disabilities experience discrimination and negative attitudes. This research brief organizes these ideas as well as how people with disabilities respond to discriminatory experiences. The following section is divided into three areas where there is information from people with disabilities reporting and describing their experiences with discrimination. While people with disabilities experience discrimination in various domains of their public and private lives, these are some topics for which researchers have begun to document the perceptions and experiences of people with disabilities. Differences in Experiences The experiences of discrimination amongst people with different disabilities are diverse. Demographic factors have been shown to affect both prevalence and type of discrimination. For example, people whose need for accommodations change at different times, such as people with mental health conditions, are more likely to report workplace discrimination than people with other types of impairments. 2 Another study found that people with physical disabilities experience different attitudes and misperceptions in the workplace when compared to other groups, such as people with learning disabilities. 1 Furthermore, race, gender, and socioeconomic class have also been shown to impact and compound experiences of disability-based discrimination. 3 African Americans, women, and people with low incomes are all more likely to report disability-based discrimination in health care. 3 Social factors such as family, social class, race, and religion also influence how people understand their rights and types of resources available to address inequalities . 1 Timing of a disability onset or diagnosis is also a critical factor, as people have varying kinds of resources at different times in their lives. One study furthers this idea by exploring the relationship between age and disability discrimination through data from the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), the agency in charge of enforcing the ADA in employment. 4 There is evidence that older workers are more likely to perceive and file complaints regarding employment discrimination. These variances highlight the diversity within the disability community and how people with disabilities experience discrimination in different ways. Recognizing differences in experience is noteworthy as is acknowledging the widespread prevalence of disability-based discrimination. Employment is one of the most documented and researched areas regarding the ADA and disability-based discrimination. Though prohibited in the ADA, discrimination in the workplace has been a longstanding issue for people with disabilities. Nearly one in ten working adults with disabilities reported experiencing some kind of workplace discrimination within the five years after the passage of the ADA, and almost a third of these respondents permanently exited the workforce. 5 Workplace discrimination is often subtle, however people with disabilities have expressed that negative attitudes towards disability influence their success in employment. 6 One study, which involved sending mock job applications, found that those who disclosed disability (either spinal cord injury or Autism) received 26% fewer expressions of employer interest than applicants that did not include a disability disclosure. 7 Stigmatizing attitudes have been perceived by people with disabilities to negatively impact progress in their careers through not getting hired, being denied promotions, having extended probationary periods, or being treated differently than coworkers without disabilities. 6,7,8,9,10 In a study conducted by the Center for Talent Innovation as described in an article published by the Harvard Business Review, a third of survey respondents with disabilities indicate that they had experienced negative bias in the workplace such as feeling underestimated, insulted, excluded, or had coworkers appear uncomfortable because of their disability. 9 Almost half of these respondents (47%) also report that they would never achieve a leadership role in their company, regardless of their performance or qualifications. 9 Disclosing a disability, or sharing a disability status, is clearly influenced by experiences of discrimination. In one study, less than half of respondents with disabilities (39%) report that they had disclosed to a manager and even fewer had told other colleagues (24%); only 4% of respondents told clients about their disabilities. 11 Reasons for employees with disabilities to hide their disability status include fear of teasing, harassment, potential changes in coworker relationships, being perceived as less capable, and reduced progress in their careers. Not disclosing a disability status has been described as “allowing people with disabilities to be employed ‘without fear of prejudice or discrimination’” (p. 487). 12 Another study found that people with disabilities who do not disclose on a job application, but later disclose their disability status at work, are also met with discriminatory behaviors such as coworker unease, inappropriate questions, and assumptions about their capability. 8 Choosing to disclose a disability status is a delicate situation due to the prevalence of disability discrimination, however there are noted benefits of disclosure for some. For example, one study estimates that employees with disabilities who disclose are more content (65% versus 27%) and less isolated (8% versus 37%) at work than employees who do not disclose. 11 Experiences of employment discrimination are not limited to attitudes, as people with disabilities may face other types of structural barriers. Examples include lack of physical accessibility in the workplace, such as absence of accessible restrooms, inaccessible equipment to perform job tasks, and lack of access to reasonable accommodations. 1 This physical inaccessibility can also impact feelings of isolation. Another study identifies barriers to inclusion in the workplace by interviewing employees with disabilities in large, public-sector organizations. 13 The study reveals that people with disabilities experience both physical and social segregation at work. One of the participants of this study describe how their office places employees with disabilities in “a little corner spot where nobody can see them” (p. 145). 13 The segregated desk location not only physically isolates the participant but also prevents social interactions with colleagues. Access discrimination such as this translates into business concerns as feelings of disability-based discrimination have been shown to significantly reduce job satisfaction. 14 Home and the Community In addition to work, people with disabilities also experience discrimination in access to housing and the community. Institutionalization is a longstanding issue in the disability community, and often refers to the physical segregation of people with disabilities living and/or spending time in areas that are designated solely for people with disabilities. In a landmark decision as part of Olmstead vs L.C., the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that unjustified segregation violates the ADA. However, there are still many people with disabilities who live and spend time in institutional settings. Researchers explored this topic and found that people with intellectual disabilities who live in institutions report experiences of exclusion and discrimination. 15 These reports include notes of overly restrictive environments, lack of privacy, and difficulty getting involved in the community because of the physical and social segregation as a result living in an institutional setting. Institutionalization is not the only issue related to community living and experiences of discrimination for people with disabilities. Though not regulated by the ADA, housing is a major issue and source of discrimination for people with disabilities. A study sponsored by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development found that people who are deaf or hard of hearing face significant barriers during the home seeking process, including communicating with housing providers and learning about available units. 16 Additionally, people who use wheelchairs face barriers at several points in the home finding process, including locating accessible units, setting up appointments with providers to be shown units, and getting responses to reasonable modification requests. 16 These issues are made worse by the fact that 14-29% of federally funded housing facilities are estimated to violate federal regulations regarding access. 17 Social and Public Spaces People with disabilities may experience discrimination when trying to access public spaces. For example, social stigma is another issue faced by people with disabilities. Researchers describe disability stigma, or negative attitudes or misconceptions towards disability, as a relationship between knowledge (ignorance), attitudes (prejudice), and behavior (discrimination). 18 These aspects are well documented in disability-based discrimination. In fact, people with mental health conditions report concerns about being viewed unfavorably based on their disability status, and over half of the respondents said that they have heard offensive statements about mental illness. 19 These factors shape public awareness about the capability of people with disabilities. 20 Many of the mentioned access barriers are rooted in negative attitudes that surround disability. Another noteworthy example of disability discrimination is access to voting. A research team reviewed information from the U.S. 2012 elections and found that almost a third (30. 1%) of voters with disabilities experienced some kind of difficulty in the voting process, which differs greatly from those without disabilities (8. 4%). 21 The most common barrier was being able to see the ballot and understanding how to use the voting machines. Voting is a foundational right, and access barriers prohibit the participation of people with disabilities. This exemplifies a sentiment in other literature, that feelings of discrimination faced by people with disabilities can influence identifying as a citizen. 22 Responding to Discrimination People with disabilities deal with discrimination and stigma in a variety of ways. Some people with disabilities choose to ignore negative attitudes, in order to not perpetually feel upset or the need to consistently react to negative interactions. 1 People with disabilities may not identify negative interactions as discriminatory if they do not have language or words to describe their experiences. 1 In fact, people with disabilities are hesitant to use the ADA or seek litigation due to social factors and describe a “threshold,” or feelings of a “minimum” level, of discrimination that must be reached prior to taking action through the ADA. While choosing to take legal action is a complex decision, it is a powerful way for people with disabilities to respond to discrimination. Trends in legal filings change over time and are influenced by contextual factors. A review of EEOC case data shows a decrease in allegations from 2001- 2008, prior to the passage of the ADA Amendments Act (ADAAA), which greatly broadened the definition of disability and redefined the intent of the ADA. 23 Since the ADAAA was enacted, there has been a steady increase in allegations regarding disability discrimination. However, many cases are not closed in favor of claimants (i. e. people with disabilities). In fact, a review of EEOC claims from 1992-2011 found only 23. 4% of cases are closed with merit, meaning that they affirmed disability discrimination, while 76. 6% of cases are closed without merit, meaning in favor of the employer. 23 Additionally, claimants who are perceived as disabled rather than claimants with documented disabilities, are more likely to file charges related to disability discrimination and have cases ruled in their favor. 24 Most discrimination cases are related to job retention or quality of work; the most common allegations of workplace discrimination are discharge and failure to receive reasonable accommodations. 23 Though discrimination in hiring is less common, it is also notable as legal cases regarding hiring are closed in favor of people with disabilities at higher rates than other allegations. 25 The goal of this brief is to present a 'state of the state' of how people with disabilities perceive discrimination in relation to the ADA, the types of issues experienced, and outcomes of these events. People with disabilities face significant discrimination in many areas, including employment and in public and private aspects of life- some of which are covered in this research brief. To date, the majority of research is related to employment and there is limited information related to other areas of private and public life. While disability-based discrimination is a major facet of life for people with disabilities, these experiences are not universal and are influenced by many factors. Responding to discrimination also varies, and people with disabilities must make complex decisions when choosing to invoke legal action such as through the ADA. There is growing public interest in experiences of disability discrimination, and there is a need for more research on experiences of discrimination particularly from the perspective of people with disabilities. Examples from the ADA National Network Below are a few examples of how the ADA national network are addressing the issues raised in this brief. For further information on how the ADA Centers can help with issues related to the ADA, please contact the ADA National Network here. - Giving advocacy tools: A person with vision and hearing disabilities contacted ADA center staff regarding his rights to travel by taxi or public transportation with his service dog. He was very pleased with the explanation he received. After some discussion, the staff person provided the caller with a laminated copy of the explanation, so he could show it to cab drivers where he lives. Having information on hand is helpful to share when traveling with his service dog and helping to advocate for his rights. - Ensuring parking access: A person reached out to the ADA center to ask a question about accessible street parking regulations, as two spots were added outside of her office that she did not think looked accessible. The technical assistant shared the guidance regarding street accessible parking design and the caller forwarded the information to the city administration. Within 24 hours, the city began to properly mark the spots and the owner of the building moved a bench to align with accessible parking regulations. - Newsworthy information: Another ADA Center was contacted by a local news station after a wheelchair user reached out to discuss blocking the access aisles in accessible parking spaces. Technical assistants provided information to the news reporter about the purpose of access aisles. A few days later, the reporter followed up with the ADA Center and shared they had received positive comments about the story and how it changed peoples’ attitudes and future actions to help keep access aisles unblocked. - Engel, D. M., & Munger, F. W. (2003). Rights of inclusion: Law and identity in the life stories of Americans with disabilities. University of Chicago Press. - Chan, F., McMahon, B. T., Cheing, G., Rosenthal, D. A., & Bezyak, J. (2005). Drivers of workplace discrimination against people with disabilities: The utility of attribution theory. Work, 25(1), 77-88. - LaVeist, T. A., Rolley, N. C., & Diala, C. (2003). Prevalence and patterns of discrimination among US health care consumers. International Journal of Health Services, 33(2), 331-344. - Bjelland, M. J., Bruyere, S. M., Von Schrader, S., Houtenville, A. J., Ruiz-Quintanilla, A., & Webber, D. A. (2010). Age and disability employment discrimination: Occupational rehabilitation implications. Journal of occupational rehabilitation, 20(4), 456-471. - Kennedy, J., & Olney, M. (2001). Job discrimination in the post-ADA era: Estimates from the 1994 and 1995 National Health Interview Surveys. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 45(1), 24-30. - Beatty, J. E. (2012). Career barriers experienced by people with chronic illness: A US study. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 24(2), 91-110. - Ameri, M., Schur, L., Adya, M., Bentley, F. S., McKay, P., & Kruse, D. (2018). The disability employment puzzle: A field experiment on employer hiring behavior. ILR Review, 71(2), 329-364. - McKinney, E. L., & Swartz, L. (2019). Employment integration barriers: experiences of people with disabilities. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 1-23. - Sherbin, L. & Taylor Kennedy, J. (2017, December) The Case for Improving Work for People with Disabilities Goes Way Beyond Compliance. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2017/12/the-case-for-improving-work-for-people-with-disabilities-goes-way-beyond-compliance. - Vickers, M. H. (2009). Bullying, disability and work: A case study of workplace bullying. Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management: An International Journal, 4(3), 255-272. - Jain-Link, P. & Taylor Kennedy, J. (2019, June). Why people hide their disabilities at work. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2019/06/why-people-hide-their-disabilities-at-work. - Goldberg, S. G., Killeen, M. B., & O'Day, B. (2005). The disclosure conundrum: How people with psychiatric disabilities navigate employment. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 11(3), 463. - Robert, P. (2003). Disability oppression in the contemporary U.S. capitalist workplace. Science & Society, 67(2), 136-159. - Perry, E. L., Hendricks, W., & Broadbent, E. (2000). An exploration of access and treatment discrimination and job satisfaction among college graduates with and without physical disabilities. Human Relations, 53(7), 923-955. - Jahoda, A., & Markova, I. (2004). Coping with social stigma: People with intellectual disabilities moving from institutions and family home. Journal of intellectual disability research, 48(8), 719-729 - Aranda, C. L. (2015). Targeting Disability Discrimination: Findings and reflections from the national study on housing discrimination against people who are deaf and people who use wheelchairs. Cityscape, 17(3), 103-122. - Froehlich-Grobe, K., Regan, G., Reese-Smith, J. Y., Heinrich, K. M., & Lee, R. E. (2008). Physical access in urban public housing facilities. Disability and Health Journal, 1(1), 25-29. - Thornicroft, G., Brohan, E., Kassam, A., & Lewis-Holmes, E. (2008). Reducing stigma and discrimination: Candidate interventions. International journal of mental health systems, 2(1), 3. - Dickerson, F. B., Sommerville, J., Origoni, A. E., Ringel, N. B., & Parente, F. (2002). Experiences of stigma among outpatients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia bulletin, 28(1), 143-155. - Hampson, M., Hicks, R., & Watt, B. (2016). Understanding the employment barriers and support needs of people living with psychosis. The Qualitative Report, 21(5), 870-886. - Schur, L., Adya, M., & Kruse, D. (2013). Disability, voter turnout, and voting difficulties in the 2012 elections. Report to US EAC and RAAV. - Barton, L. (1993). The struggle for citizenship: the case of disabled people. Disability, Handicap & Society, 8(3), 235-248. - McMahon, M. C., & McMahon, B. T. (2016). The National EEOC ADA research project: History, available data, and basic findings. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 44(3), 333-342 - Draper, W. R., Reid, C. A., & McMahon, B. T. (2011). Workplace discrimination and the perception of disability. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 55(1), 29-37. - McMahon, B. T., Hurley, J. E., West, S. L., Chan, F., Roessler, R., & Rumrill, P. D. (2008). A comparison of EEOC closures involving hiring versus other prevalent discrimination issues under the Americans with Disabilities Act. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 18(2), 106-111. For More Information, Please Contact: Sarah Parker Harris (email@example. com) and Rob Gould (firstname. lastname@example. org) Department of Disability and Human Development University of Illinois at Chicago 1640 W. Roosevelt Road (MC 626) Chicago, IL 60608 Phone: (312) 413-1647 Fax: (312) 413-1630 TTY: (312) 413-0453 SUGGESTED CITATION: Parker Harris, S., Gould, R., and Mullin, C. (2019). ADA research brief: Experiences of discrimination and the ADA (pp. 1-6). Chicago, IL: ADA National Network Knowledge Translation Center. Content was developed by the Department of Disability and Human Development of the University of Illinois at Chicago and the ADA Knowledge Translation Center. ADA Knowledge Translation Center This information product was developed under a grant from the Department of Education, NIDRR grant number 90DP0086. However, the contents do not necessarily represent the policy of the Department of Education, and you should not assume endorsement by the Federal Government. © Copyright 2019 ADA National Network. All Rights Reserved.

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25 educational resources to help kids with the war on waste - Posted by Ara Sarafian | - Tuesday 17 July 2018, 03:38 PM (EST) Every year, Australians generate millions of tonnes of waste in food, fashion, packaging and more. In the last 20 years our population has grown by 28 per cent, but the amount of waste we produce has increased 170 per cent. In the 1960s, Australians were considered among the best in the world when it came to dealing with waste. Many recycling programs – especially those involving paper and newspaper – were pioneered in Australia. And the launch of the Keep Australia Beautiful campaign in the late-1960s and 1970s put the issue of waste at the forefront of the national consciousness. What has changed? Here are 25 educational resources to help students take a critical look at household, retail and farming waste, helping them have an active role in the issue! 1. What happens to the rubbish we throw away? In this game, students meet four students who use or dispose of their plastic lunch bags in different ways. Predict where the bags might end up, find out how they could affect the environment and come up with solutions. (Years 3, 4) 2. How does recycling work? Discover why plastic is harmful to the environment and how recycling helps to reduce its impact. Watch as Jon Dee, co-founder of Planet Ark, discusses the problem with plastic and sorts a bag of household waste to identify what can be recycled. (Year 4) 3. Recycling Topic This Topic has more than thirty resources to help kids learn about recycling. There are both primary and secondary resources for geography, science and even the arts. (Years K-10) 4. Reducing landfill waste In 1994 South Australia introduced a waste levy to manage landfill waste. Find out how it affected waste disposal and a local landfill site. (Years 7, 10) 5. What happens when a landfill site is full? 6. Avoiding landfill This game teaches kids about options for dealing with waste by getting them to reduce an average pile of rubbish. It helps students think about the consequences of sending large volumes of rubbish to landfill sites. (Years 5, 10) 7. Solving the problem of e-waste The rapid rate of technological change has meant that Australia is one of the world's largest producers of e-waste (electronic waste). Watch how various community groups are working together to find a solution to this growing problem. (Years 9, 10) 8. E-waste, recycling, and sustainability What happens when you try to recycle e-waste? Learn about the physics of recycling. Find out where e-waste comes from, and the recycling and sustainability challenge it poses. (Years 9, 10) 9. Turning rubbish into animals Recycling can take many forms. Watch this video to discover how one artist in tropical north Queensland uses rubbish found on beaches to create beautiful and thought-provoking artworks. (Years 4, 7, 9) 10. Trash to treasure with Joost the waste-buster Joost Bakker is committed to eliminating waste. Find out about his recyclable house, pop-up cafes and some of his other projects, and hear his big plans for safeguarding our future. (Years 5, 9) 11. Using the food we don't eat In Australia there has been a trend of throwing out food. Find out what can be done to connect those who need food support with organisations that commonly dispose of food that’s still edible? (Year 9) 12. Food wastage Global population is set to reach over nine billion by 2050, which will increase demand for food by 70 per cent. Find out what you can do to consume food more responsibly and sustainably, and how we might rescue food that would otherwise go to waste. (Years 4, 9) 13. Food for thought This animated clip explains the problems facing food security (sufficient access to safe and nutritious food). It also suggests some solutions, such as waste management practices and emerging technologies. (Years 7, 8, 9) 14. Preparing compost for pumpkins Dirtgirl prepares some compost for her pumpkins. Find out her secret compost ingredient for growing big healthy pumpkins. (Years F, 2) 15. The life in dirt Learn how to make compost! Soil is a "life-support system" for plants. Find out what it’s made of and what lives within it. (Years 4, 6) 16. Reducing your impact See the changes the Barrie family made to their house after an energy audit revealed their carbon emissions were four times the national average. Learn how composting can help reduce the impact on climate change. (Year 10) 17. Sustainable school gardens Pull on your gumboots and prepare to get muddy! Together with Costa Georgiadis and Gardening Australia, we're digging sustainable school gardens and finding the best ways to grow your own food! (Years 4, 5, 6) 18. What on earth is vermicast? Learn about vermicast (worm manure)! Worms gobble up our organic waste material, which would otherwise go to landfill, and turn it into good healthy soil. Find out the environmental benefits of this. (Year 4) 19. Going green at school What does your school do to be environmentally friendly? In this article, read about ten examples from schools around Australia with gardening, recycling and sustainable-transport programs. 20. Sustainable gardens Find out about gardens and how to grow your own food with the many great resources in this Topic. Learn how to set up a school garden and find out some great tips to get a successful harvest. (Primary and Secondary) 21. Sustainable resource use This Topic contains a bunch of resources that explores how different people, communities, companies and cities are using resources sustainably. (Primary and Secondary) REUSING HOUSEHOLD WASTE 22. Where does wastewater go? Visit a wastewater treatment plant with comedian Peter Rowsthorn to find out where your wastewater goes after it’s flushed down the drain. See how it’s cleaned before it is released back into the environment. (Year 7) 23. Cash for cans In this video, hear from Western Australians who would like the state government to introduce a 10-cent refund on cans and bottles – to encourage people to recycle. And find out why not everyone is happy with this proposal. (Year 4) 24. Putting a cap on bottled water In the past, nearly all the water we drank came straight out of a tap, but not anymore. Some environmental groups have been pushing for plastic bottles to be banned. Learn about the battle between conservation and convenience. (Years 9, 10) 25. Reducing plastic bag use Boomerang Bags came about when a group of people in a small community decided to do something to reduce plastic bag usage. Find out how they’re making something useful from unwanted and discarded items. (Years 4, 7) JOIN THE WAR ON WASTE The new season of War on Waste starts on 24 July. Get ready with our brilliant War on Waste digibook, which inspires students to solve one of the waste problems in Australia, such as disposable coffee cups, fast fashion, single-use plastic bags or supermarket demands. (Primary and Secondary) Take a look at many more resources about waste on ABC Education. 26 April 2017, 05:12 PM (EST) This looks perfect for our upcoming unit. Thank you! 01 August 2017, 08:24 PM (EST) Add some more games for the kids! 14 September 2017, 09:43 PM (EST) 16 October 2017, 01:05 AM (EST) This is a fascinating and informative point. Thanks for sharing. 15 November 2017, 07:16 PM (EST) Hi do you have any handouts that we can provide students to take home for each of their bins (waste, plastics, recycling and compost)? Thanks! 15 November 2017, 07:25 PM (EST) Hi Lori, unfortunately we don't have any handouts, but that's a wonderful idea!

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“Terracotta Biennal” of La Bisbal In the renowned context of ceramic crafts of Northern Catalonia, IAAC joined forces with the ceramists of La Bisbal to develop a unique solution for 3D printing with Clay. The project was oriented to designing and building a structure that acts as its own oven in order to be actively fired on site, from adobe, into a ceramic architectural element. In order to transform earth into ceramics – which has higher structural resistance, is waterproof and has the potential of more performative climatic properties – it needs to be progressively heated at 1200ºC enabling its vitrification. This process is often used in construction for elements such as bricks or tiles. In order to reach these temperatures, parts need to be placed in a kiln where they are fired. Industrial kilns vary in size, but the largest ones don’t exceed the size of a small room, dictating and limiting the scale of the construction fired elements, as well as forcing the process to be completed off-site, rather than actively on site. How can we design and construct a building that enables it to be its own kiln? Fenix is a research project of on-site firing of architectural elements that appropriates the capacity of 3D printing to work with cavities: the design of these narrow spaces is used in order to channel fluxes of heat throughout the inside of a wall in order to fire it, converting it into ceramic and strongly enhancing its structural property. To avoid cracking, the firing temperature inside and outside of any object needs to be equal, hence the most common technique to facilitate this control being to place them in a kiln. This project takes advantage of 3D printing and its possibility to construct cavities that can take on the role of the kiln in order to print a column surrounded by an additional layer that only serves the temporary role of maintaining the heat inside. After the firing at 1200ºC during 15 hours, this temporary layer is removed, revealing the column that had partially vitrified. For this first large scale experiment in firing earth prints, the typology of the column was used, with the intention to bring this technique to other architectural elements, such as walls, and finally all the way to the scale of buildings. Its key advantage is on-site firing: being able to print an earthen building and fire all, or some of its parts, without having the necessity to use off-site processes such as a kiln.

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THE ORIGINS OF SOCIOLOGY IN ANCIENT GREECE This work relocates the origins of nineteenth-century sociology in classical Greece. From the early to the later writings of Karl Marx, Max Weber, and Emile Durkheim, Greek philosophy, art, and politics inspired their ideas, stirred their imagination, and defined their intellectual horizons. McCarthy shows how the world of classical antiquity was crucial in forming the discipline of sociology and the contours of modern social science. The Europeans looked upon modernity from the heights of the Acropolis as they judged industrial society by the dreams and ideals of the ancients. Moving beyond the Enlightenment, they integrated Science and Justice in a new form of critical social theory. The modern social theorists wrote dissertations that focused on the culture and structure of ancient society: Marx dealt with the post-Aristotelian philosophy of nature of Epicurus and Democritus, Weber's two dissertations were on commercial law and trading organizations in ancient Rome and medieval cities and Roman agrarian history, and Durkheim's two theses examined the division of labor and conscience collective in ancient and modern societies and the foundations of sociology in the writings of Montesquieu and Aristotle. This longing for classical Greece (Griechensehnsucht) was inspired by the writings of Winckelmann and Hölderlin, Goethe and Schiller, and Hegel and Nietzsche. The general interest of Marx, Weber, and Durkheim in the ancients continued throughout their careers and well into their major sociological writings affecting every aspect of their thought. Discussions in sociology about science, methods, and theory developed out of interest in classical antiquity, especially Aristotle's theories of science, social justice, and political wisdom in the Nicomachean Ethics and Politics. Following the approach of Greek political science, the modern theorists combined ethics, economics, and politics (law) into a new and exciting discipline. Behind their theories of alienation, rationalization, and the social pathologies of anomie, abnormal division of labor, and suicide lay the ideals of freedom, happiness, and democracy found in classical Greece. As a result of their integration of the ancients and moderns, the classical sociologists produced new forms of cultural and historical science -- dialectical, interpretive, and moral -- that rejected the Enlightenment view of science and positivism, liberal individualism, classical and utilitarian political economy, and the social and economic institutions of modernity. The development of sociology occurred at a time when the other social sciences were moving in the opposite direction toward an acceptance of the values of modernity and the research techniques and method of the natural sciences. Later, in its rush to positivism, American sociology lost its classical memory and critical identity. The goal of this book is to rediscover the forgotten dreams and lost classical horizons of these turn-of-the-century European social theorists. The classical horizons of ancient Greece and Aristotle's theory of social justice pervade every aspect of modern social thought. The foundations for Marx's early theory of universal social and economic rights, human emancipation, and species-being, as well as his later critique of political economy and capital, lie in Aristotle's philosophy of intellectual virtue, economic and political justice, polis economics, and his critique of chrematistics and a market economy. Marx's analysis of the structural contradictions and economic crises of capitalism in Capital has its justification and methodology in Aristotle's theory of substance, causality, and movement in his Physics and Metaphysics. Weber's analysis of the rationalization of social institutions, the disenchantment of modern science, and the formal rationality of the utilitarian sensualist and bureaucratic specialist in the iron cage is grounded in his historical understanding of the political capitalism of ancient Greece and Rome, in Nietzsche's existential philosophy of Greek tragedy, Dionysian wisdom, and the nihilistic decadence of Western rationality, and in the Aristotelian ideal of humanity (Menschentum) and self-realization (Persönlichkeit). And the source for Durkheim's theory of social solidarity and the conscience collective, education and public virtue, and guild democracy and social justice rests in Aristotle's theory of universal and particular justice, and in the Greek ideals of moral virtue, political culture, and civic friendship. Classical Horizons contributes to contemporary social theory because of its critical and provocative theses about the origins of the sociology and science of Marx, Weber, and Durkheim in classical humanism. The seven main theses are: (1) The origins of German and French sociology rest in ancient Greece in general and in Aristotle's epistemological, ethical philosophy in particular. That is, the key to unlocking the ideas and the ideals of classical sociology lies in Aristotle's theory of science and justice. (2) Classical sociology is arguably the only social science that rejected the philosophical tenets of positivism and modern scientific rationality. By transforming and radicalizing the Kantian and Aristotelian theories of knowledge, it rejected epistemological realism or the copy theory of truth which argues that science reflects objective reality, as well as naturalism which maintains that science must apply the method of the natural sciences. (3) Nineteenth-century sociology is distinctive among the social sciences because it was not justified by or grounded in the Enlightenment view of science and reason, the Cartesian dualism of subject and object, or the false neutrality and reified objectivity of positivism. (4) Sociology's new views on methods, science, and theory were based upon Aristotle's philosophy of science and his theory of episteme (universal or contemplative knowledge), techne (technical or utilitarian knowledge), and phronesis (political or practical knowledge through public discourse) found in his Nicomachean Ethics (5) Classical sociology is the direct modern heir of Greek political science. Ancient and modern science were integrated, as were nineteenth-century historical/cultural science and classical social justice. Ancient political philosophy blended uniquely and creatively with modern science. Aristotle and Kant merged into a new science of society in the writings of Marx, Weber, and Durkheim. (6) Modern sociology married its views of society, personality, humanity, and education to Aristotle's theory of economic and political particular and universal justice. Its theorists rejected the values and institutions of liberal individualism, the capitalist economy, and the modern state and sought alternative social formations. (7) And as a result of all the above, sociology became a phronesic science or science of phronesis. The classical sociology of Marx, Weber, and Durkheim developed a view of science that was interpretive, moral, and historical, rather than positivistic, predictive, and technological. The sociologists sought self-realization and the development of humanity through social justice. They created a social science that integrated empirical and historical research with the values of classical and modern ethics and politics. Their horizons were broader, their visions deeper, and their science more comprehensive than their contemporaries and followers as they attempted to move beyond the structural and cultural limits of modernity. From the dazzling heights of ancient Athens they dreamed of a better world. The task of contemporary social theorists now is to rediscover these dreams and build upon them for a better future. CRITIQUE OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND RETURN TO CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY Much has been written about the classical social theory of Karl Marx, Max Weber, and Emile Durkheim. This short work will be another addition to the already extensive literature on the subject. Its goal is different, however, in that it attempts to trace some of the basic ideas of these three authors to their origins in classical Greek philosophy, politics, art, and literature, revealing a continuity of over two thousand years between the classics and the classical, between the ancient Greeks and the theorists of modernity. Their views on alienation, rationalization, and anomie, which have attracted so much attention in the past, have their foundations in classical antiquity and in its view of social justice. Marx's doctoral dissertation was written on the subject of the post-Aristotelian philosophy of nature and science of Epicurus and Democritus; Weber's first dissertation was on commercial law and trading organizations in ancient Rome and medieval German and Italian cities, while his second examined the economy in Roman agrarian society and its meaning for constitutional and civil law; and Durkheim's two theses dealt with ancient and modem social organnizations and the division of labor and the foundations of sociology in the neo-Aristotelian political theory of Montesquieu. This book traces the impact of these ancient origins and their effects on the development of the discipline of sociology and its various methods and theories. Unlike the other social sciences grounded in the Enlightenment view of rationality, science, and political economy, classical sociology was reared in a radically different and critical environment. This accounts for its distinctiveness, as well as for its continued theoretical potential today. The dissertations of the three social theorists were not the exuberant and adventurous works of youth that were later abandoned with age and maturity. Rather, they were the wellspring from which Marx, Weber, and Durkheim drew their insights about a critique of political economy and Enlightenment science, the origins of capitalism and historical sociology, and the formation of the collective consciousness and social solidarity, respectively. Even their different views of science and method, from Marx's critical science and dialectical method to Weber's historical science and interpretive method and Durkheim's moral science and comparative method, were influenced by the tradition of classical humanism. All three believed in different ways that the role of social science was moral-to aid in the development of human dignity, self-enlightenment, rational discourse, and citizenship within a free and democratic community. The ideals of classical Greek ethics and politics were civic virtue and practical wisdom (phronesis) within a democratic polity. When incorporated into the logic and method of sociology they represented a rejection of a discipline based on a technical and utilitarian science (techne) of explanation and formal causality. In its most succinct form it may be said that the origins of classical sociology lie within the overall framework of the ancient ideal of social justice as expressed in Aristotle's theory of universal, distributive, corrective, and reciprocal justice found in his Nicomachean Ethics and Politics. From this perspective, sociology is distinctive among the social sciences since its intellectual foundations rest in the remembered landscape of Attica. Modern social theory, science, and critique were formed by a synthesis of empirical and historical research methods with classical Greek assumptions about the nature of knowledge, community, virtue, political freedom, and social justice. By blending together the ancients and moderns, nineteenth-century sociology became the most unusual of the social sciences because it self-consciously attempted to integrate empirical research and philosophy, science and the humanities, as no other discipline before or since. However, this distinctive element has been all but lost and forgotten today. Their training in the classics affected the way in which Marx, Weber, and Durkheim viewed the major issues of industrialization and modernization. It was the American tradition, and especially the writings of Talcott Parsons, which later repressed these origins in order to transform sociology into a utilitarian and positivist science of explanation, prediction, and social control. Epistemology was replaced by a one-dimensional philosophy of science, methodological self-reflection by a narrow self-assuredness about the nature of knowledge and truth. In the end, both philosophy and history were lost in a sociology geared to measure what is, but unable to understand what was or what could be-that is, unable to understand the historical past or society's future possibilities. It became mired in a measurement of the status quo without the ability to conceptualize alternatives. American sociologists embraced the Enlightenment with its Cartesian dualisms and scientific rationality; its method of causal determinism and explanatory laws; its political philosophy of possessive individualism and liberal rights; and its economic theory of utilitarian values, market freedoms, and consumer choices. Scholars within the European tradition took a much more critical and romantic view of the unfolding of the logic and structures of modernity. For them, Enlightenment reason in the form of scientific and technological rationality was implicated in the maintenance and legitimation of oppressive economic power and authoritarian political domination. Reason obfuscated and ideologically distorted social issues, as well as technically manipulated the decision-making process in corporate and state bureaucracies. Critical self-consciousness was never able to penetrate below the surface of sociological phenomena to the structures of class power and privilege in society. The purpose of this book is to recover the lost traditions of classical antiquity with the hope that it will lead to a renewed inquiry into the nature and function of sociology and expand the range of questions and methods of social analysis. By returning to antiquity the present homogeneity of approaches is transformed into a surprising display of diversity so as to excite even the most passing student of the discipline. The book that follows represents an archaeological investigation into the lost world of the cathartic tragedies of Argos and Thebes, the exhilarating travels and daring adventures of the Achaeans on the fields of Ilium and before the battlements of Priam's palace, and the collective hopes and political aspirations of the public Assembly in Athens. Accompanying the fleet of Odysseus, Menelaus, and Agamemnon to Troy, reflecting on the democratic reforms of Solon and Cleisthenes, watching the performances of the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles, attending the public debates under the shadow of the Acropolis with Themistocles and Pericles, or listening in the agora to the philosophical discourses of Protagoras and Plato-all this became part of the classical sociologist's desire to walk in the footsteps of the ancients. Recovering the Hellenic ideals of the classical tradition, we see a new richness and subtlety hidden by years of conformity to a narrow form of science and rationality. By going back to the Greeks, Marx, Weber, and Durkheim come alive in new and unexpected ways. Their theories of science and truth, capitalism and industrialization, as well as their criticisms of modern society, take on a more refined and penetrating look. New approaches emerge that inquire into the meaning, method, and logic of science; into new ways in which concepts are formed and theories developed; and into new techniques that are presented for verification and validation of truth claims. Their views of humanity and philosophies of human nature and their underlying humanistic values and social criticisms form the foundation for their sociological categories of alienation, rationalization, and anomie. If we appreciate that the origins of Marx's criticism of the market and class society rest in Aristotle's political treatises; Weber's theories of the iron cage and rationalization lie in Friedrich Nietzsche's view of Greek culture and Dionysian tragedy; and Durkheim's examination of the representations and political forms of the conscience collective evolves out of his understanding of the Greek polis and democratic polity, we need to rethink not only the groundings of modern sociology but also their implications and relevance as well. Marx was enraptured by the beauty and simplicity of Greek art and was inspired by the ideals of Athenian democracy and freedom, Weber was awed by the power of Greek tragedy and numbed by Nietzsche's existential nihilism and critique of scientific rationality, and Durkheim wondered aloud at the balanced integration and organic harmony of the Greek communal experience. These social theorists longed for the dreams of the ancients (Griechensehnsucht) in art, philosophy, literature, and politics. Whether it involved a recalling of the ancient communitarian ideals of the polity; the classical views of knowledge and science (episteme, phronesis, and techne); the power of the collective spirit over individual consciousness and perception; or the cultural ideals and aesthetic solace before the terrors of human existence, the Greeks added a key dimension to the study of industrial society. Without the ancients, modern social theory makes little sense; without the inspiration of the Hellenes, the halls of modern government and the acquisitive market produce a reified and oppressive society unrestrained by transcendent ethical principles. It was the Greek perspective that provided the classical German and French sociologists with the critical framework by which to explore the deeper structures and power relationships of modern industrial society, as well as to imagine the future possibilities of humanity. Sociology today is undergoing profound scrutiny and criticisms, and just when its decline and death are being announced as the "decomposition of sociology:' a rethinking of its origins has the power to ignite a new understanding and a renewed hope in the sociological perspective. Chapter 1 of this work, "Karl Marx: Athenian Democracy and the Critique of Political Economy:' begins with Marx and his turn toward the Greeks. Marx was trained in the classical tradition at the Gymnasium of Trier and at the Universities of Bonn and Berlin. At these universities he studied Roman law, Homer, and Greek and Roman mythology; while writing his dissertation he took courses on Isaiah and the Hebrew prophets and Euripides and Greek tragedy. Enamored by the poetry and tragedy of Homer, Aeschylus, and Sophocles; the classical history of Herodotus and Thucydides; and the philosophical debates of Plato and Aristotle; steeped in the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century neoclassical humanism of Johann Joachim Winckelmann, Friedrich Schiller, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Friedrich Hölderlin, Heinrich Heine, and G. W. F. Hegel; and widely read in the classical anthropology and historiography of Henry Lewis Morgan, George Grote, Georg Schömann, August Böckh, and Theodor Mommsen, Marx, too, had a strong romantic and aesthetic yearning for simplicity, wholeness, beauty, justice, and happiness. Marx sought a world more conducive to self-expression and self-determination, a world based on different political and moral ideals than those found in utilitarian capitalism. He sought a moral community justified by worker self-government "of the people and by the people:' He used the accumulated experience of the Greeks to question the institutions and values of the Enlightenment and liberalism. He found in them the basis for his rejection of scientific positivism, classical political economy, and liberal individualism. Standing on the Acropolis, looking out upon the enticing blue sky and blinding white marble of the Parthenon, and surveying the serene and sublime world of the Greeks, he rejected the barbarism of the London market and the alienation of the Manchester factories. Immersed in the spirit and dreams of the Greeks, he renounced the reality of modernity. He sought the satisfaction of human and social needs, not base material wants; the realization of human rationality and self-enlightenment, not technical science and administrative control; public happiness in political and economic participation, not the maximization of self-interest and utilitarian pleasures; and, finally, he sought a reintegration of human life and activity (praxis) beyond the monotonous and grinding repetition of the logic and machinery of capital. Aesthetic and spiritual freedom and participatory democracy replaced the authoritarian and repressive liberty of the market; economic freedom from class oppression replaced individualistic free choice and the search for personal gain. Marx also sought a renewal and broadening of the public arena that transcended the narrow self-interest of the private sphere. Citizenship, participation, moral dignity, and public virtue became the defining cultural values of society in place of greed. aggression, and competition. The Greeks aroused in Marx new hopes and dreams for a free and rational society based on the values of human emancipation, the general welfare, and public good. His basic epistemological, political, and economic categories radically transformed traditional economic theory and methodology: Positivism was rejected by his application of a critical and dialectical science, utilitarianism by his emphasis on public responsibility and economic democracy, liberal morality by social ethics, and materialism by his belief in spiritual growth and aesthetic praxis. The vision of the ancients inspired him to move beyond the limits of liberal capitalism to a new society based upon their classical ideals and romantic principles. After working on his initial research for his dissertation, he finished in 1839 his preliminary outline and dissertation notes on Greek philosophy, entitled Notebooks on Epicurean Philosophy, and in 1841 he completed his doctoral dissertation, Difference between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature, which examined the post-Aristotelian discussions about physics, science, and materialist philosophies of nature. The dissertation outlined Epicurus' theory of atomic motion, astronomical physics, and theory of meteors, while comparing the mechanistic and deterministic worldview of Democritus to the indeterminism and natural freedom of Epicurus. Marx's sympathies lay with Epicurus, whom he characterized as "the greatest figure of the Greek Enlightenment." Although he focused on the works of Epicurus and Democritus, he also examined an extensive list of other Greek and Roman authors including Aristotle, Diogenes Laertius, Plutarch, Lucretius, Seneca, Eusebius, Cicero, Stobaeus, and Sextus Empiricus. Traditionally these authors have gone unnoticed because they have been relegated to Marx's earliest and less mature writings. But they represent an important key to unlocking the mysteries and complexities of his later works. especially the Grundrisse (1857-58), A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (1859), and Capital (1867). The dissertation contains a discussion about the purpose of human knowledge and the nature of science that will be carried through in his later methodology and philosophy of social science. Marx approached modernity from a set of values inimical to modern liberal society. He borrowed from Epicurus' critique of natural science and Greek materialism and his integration of science and ethics. He drew upon Aristotle's view of happiness (eudaimonia) as political discourse, his defense of the household economy (oikonomike) and moral community (zoon politikon) against the ravages of commodity exchange and a market economy (chrematistike); his articulation of the democratic polity against oligarchy and mass democracy; his analysis of use value and exchange value; his views on the forms of universal and particular justice; and his distinction between political wisdom (phronesis) and technical knowledge (techne). Ancient Greek and later neoclassical German authors provided Marx with many of the political and social values that appeared in his early and later writings. The influence of the ancient Greeks on every aspect of the development of his thinking is evident throughout his life and is contained in his major writings on political theory and economics. It is present in his ideas about the state, economic justice, and democracy, as well as in his epistemological and methodological discussions about the dialectical method, social critique, and critical science. Some have even argued that Marx's later political writings were attempts by him to rewrite Aristotle's Politics for the modern age. In Capital he developed a variety of methodological forms for the critique of political economy. Two of these approaches relied on Aristotle's treatises on politics, ethics. physics. and metaphysics. The first is an internal and dialectical critique of the commercial and industrial contradictions (logic) and crises of capitalism based on Aristotle's and Hegel's theories of substance (sensible matter and universal form), change (actuality and potentiality), and causality. The second is an ethical critique of the moral and political limits of an exchange economy based on Aristotle's theory of political economy, friendship, and social justice. In its unquenchable search for profits and property, capitalism undermines the possibility of building a society based on the values of community, civic virtue, social responsibility, and the public good. The capitalist social setting makes it impossible for workers to realize their potential, express their individuality, or fulfill their social needs. Marx referred directly to Aristotle's critique of commodity exchange. an extended market, and the unnatural accumulation of property and wealth in order to make his case. Social justice requires moving beyond natural rights, parliamentary democracy. and political liberalism to new forms of economic democracy, human emancipation, and an expanded view of freedom and self-determination that have their origins in Aristotle's philosophy. Marx's earliest writings on political democracy in law and the state in Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Law (1843) and his rethinking of the relationship between the state and civil society in "On the Jewish Question" (1843) are compared in chapter 1 to his later writings on workers' control and socialist democracy in the Paris Commune in The Civil War in France (1871) and in "Critique of the Gotha Program" (1875). Marx moved beyond the classical political economy of Adam Smith and David Ricardo and the utilitarianism of Jeremy Bentham and James Mill by returning to the political ideals of ancient Greece for inspiration and insight. Chapter 2, "Max Weber: Greek Tragedy and the Rationalization of Society:' examines the writings of Weber and his relation to the ancient Greeks and Romans. Like Marx, he, too, was trained in the classical tradition in the Gymnasium and in the university. As a teenager he was reading Greek and Hebrew and the historical works of Mommsen, Heinrich von Treitschke, and Leopold von Ranke. By the age of sixteen he had read many of the Greek and Latin classics, including Homer, Herodotus, Virgil, Cicero, Livy, and Sallust. He entered the University of Heidelberg in 1882 to continue his interests in the classics and took courses with some of the most prominent legal theorists, historians, and economists of the time. Two years later he enrolled in the University of Berlin where he focused on jurisprudence and German law. It is here that he attended the lectures of Mommsen, von Treitschke, Levin Goldschmidt, August Meitzen, and Gustav Schmoller. These lectures ranged from issues in ancient history, economic theory, and Christianity to questions about the relationship between the church and state. Weber wrote his doctoral dissertation, On the History of Medieval Trading Companies (1889), and completed his habilitation, Roman Agrarian History (1891), under the strong influence of the writings of the classical economic historian Karl Rodbertus. These two early writings together with his essay "The Social Causes of the Decline of Ancient Civilization" (1896), The Agrarian Sociology of Ancient Civilizations (1897), and his later analyses of ancient cities and civilizations in General Economic History (1923) and Economy and Society (1922) constitute an impressive historical and economic analysis of ancient cultures and societies. His knowledge of ancient history was encyclopedic, and he was able to place his economic history in the context of the major debates within the economic theory of his time. Even in his early writings, Weber was concerned with the relationship between the ancients and moderns and the extent of capitalism and rationalization found in early agrarian civilizations. He was interested in uncovering the earliest forms of ancient capitalism through an analysis of slavery, private property, capitalist ventures, and the commercialization of agriculture. Weber traced the evolution of the Greek city-state from the hoplite cities of the seventh century B.C. to the creation of Athenian democracy with the political and legal reforms of Solon, Cleisthenes, Ephialtes, and Pericles. Detailing the Athenian response to the rise of a market economy and increased class antagonisms and debt slavery, he outlined the formation of a new political constitution, which rested on the institutions of popular sovereignty-the general Assembly (Ekklesia), executive Council (Boule), and the jury courts (Dikasteria). He also historically chronicled the decline of classical democracy, the rise of medieval cities, and the structural origins of modern commercial and industrial capitalism. Finally, he was attentive to the issue that ultimately held all his writings together, that is, an examination of the economic and social factors that inhibited or encouraged capitalist enterprises-the rationalization of antiquity and modernity. In Weber's lifetime three prominent sociologists-philosophers, Alois Riehl, Ferdinand Tönnies, and Georg Simmel, wrote important works on the existentialism and Lebensphilosophie of Nietzsche and on the pessimism of Arthur Schopenhauer that deeply influenced the development of his thought. It is through Nietzsche that Weber's classical background was broadened to include issues of the celebration and joy of human life in Greek tragedy and the destructive potential of scientific rationalism. And it was through Nietzsche that Greek drama, art, and philosophy had such a profound effect upon his social theory. The long shadow of influence of Nietzsche and the Greeks extends to a wide range of issues: (1) Weber's sociology of religion, theory of ressentiment, and ethics of economics (Wirtschaftsethik); (2) his theories of knowledge, objectivity, causality, ideal types, and critique of positivism (Wissenschaftslehre); (3) his view of scientific rationalism, disenchantment, the death of God, nihilism, and the rationalization of the iron cage (Wissenschaftskritik); (4) his theory of moral relativism and historicism; (5) his moral philosophy with its theory of practical reason, moral autonomy, individual self-realization, and critique of Enlightenment utilitarianism and the "last man"; and (6) his cultural pessimism, sociology of political legitimation, critique of liberalism and natural rights tradition, theory of technocratic decision ism, political bureaucracy, and plebiscitary democracy. Much of Weber's interpretation and critique of modernity came from Nietzsche's insights into Greek tragedy, physics, and mythology. The Apollonian and Dionysian drives found in Greek tragedy-the dialectic between reason and instincts-pervade the whole of Weber's work. His attack on the limits of Western rationality and his critique of the search for transcendent universals and objective knowledge, loss of substantive reason and the disenchantment of science, reification and truncation of functional rationality, and existential crisis of the meaninglessness of life in Western society are all traceable to Nietzsche and the Greeks. It was the ancient and modern historians, neo-Kantian philosophers, and early German sociologists who provided Weber with the sociological methods that emphasized an interpretive sociology of culture and a historical sociology of institutions in opposition to the approach of the neoclassical economists and positivists. Chapter 3, "Emile Durkheim: Greek Polis and the Solidarity of the Conscience Collective," outlines the importance of classical Greece in the works of Durkheim, especially regarding his social epistemology, theory of civic morality and education, and forms of collective consciousness in law, religion, and public virtue. The notion of conscience collective represents the collective consciousness and shared common values, ideas, and beliefs within society. Entering the Parisian university, the École Normale Supérieure, in 1879, Durkheim continued his work in classical philology and literature. While there he was influenced by two neo-Kantian scholars, Charles Renouvier and Émile Boutroux, from whom he developed a concern for issues of Kantian epistemology, moral philosophy, and social solidarity. Two historians at the university, Gabriel Monod and Fustel de Coulanges, author of The Ancient City and History of Political Institutions in Ancient France, helped Durkheim with his methodology and broad historical interests. Monod had studied ancient France, while de Coulanges had examined the ancient Greek and Roman city, patriarchal family, and cultic religion. Durkheim studied philosophy and social science in Germany during the academic year 1885-86. Visiting the universities in Marburg, Leipzig, and Berlin, he, like Weber, came under the influence of the social economists Schmoller, Adolph Wagner, and Albert Schäffle. He was particularly attracted to their criticisms of classical economics, deductive scientific methodology and its abstract reasoning, and theory of liberal individualism. Their attempted integration of science and ethics in their neo-Aristotelian thought, as well as their views on the nature of society and moral relativism, also made an impact on the development of his ideas, especially on the development of his sociology of morals and ethical theory. During this time, he was also influenced by the ethical philosophy of the neo-Kantians and the theory of social customs, group pluralism, and experimental science of Wilhelm Wundt. These would all playa part in the evolution of Durkheim's own view of scientific rationaJism, which tied theoretical to practical reason. Science was to be a moral or practical discipline, which would govern both social practice and ethical ends and would examine the nature of the community, ethical solidarity, and the collective representations of society in its various forms: morality, politics, religion, law, and deviant and abnormal behavior. These objective and external social forms were constructed by means of a dialectic between consciousness and the community. Durkheim transformed Immanuel Kant's epistemology and moral philosophy into sociological questions that occupied much of his academic career. That is, he translated and integrated Kant's critiques of pure and practical reason into an empirical study of social institutions and cultural values – collective ideas and moral imperatives – with the practical goal of building a moral community based upon republican civic virtues. He also borrowed his theories of collective representations, the unrestrained and aimless will, and the cultural pessimism of infinite suffering and perpetual unhappiness, as well as important aspects of his methodology of critical rationalism, from the Kantian existentialism of Schopenhauer. By methodologically viewing social facts as both objective things and collective representations and by refusing to accept the Cartesian dualism of subject and object and the metaphysics of social realism, he set the stage for a rejection of the Enlightenment view of naturalism and science in his famous works, The Division of Labor in Society (l893), The Rules of Sociological Method (l895), and Suicide (l897). In 1887 Durkheim accepted a position at the Faculty of Letters at the University of Bordeaux, where he taught for fifteen years. He offered courses in social science and pedagogy, on Aristotle's Politics and Nicomachean Ethics, as well as on Auguste Comte, Thomas Hobbes, and Kant. He thought that Plato and Aristotle made the first attempts at sociology. Influenced by the writings of the classical Greeks, he would develop his political philosophy from a conservative emphasis on liberal republicanism and the social order to a critical socialism with its dreams of social justice and economic democracy. Durkheim offered lecture courses on the history of educational theories, sociology, and socialism from antiquity to the nineteenth century. His primary doctoral dissertation, The Division of Labor in Society (l893), was preceded by a subsidiary doctoral thesis, entitled Montesquieu's Contribution to the Rise of Social Science (l892). Written in Latin, it examined the importance of Baron de Montesquieu's writings, especially The Spirit of Laws, to the foundations of social science and sociology. The work was dedicated to his teacher and mentor, Fustel de Coulanges. Comparing the two early writings, we see a close connection between his sociological analysis of the pathological division of labor and anomie in industrial society, with the breakdown of communal integration and organic solidarity, and his reading of Montesquieu and classical Greece. In the academic year 1901-2, Durkheim offered a course on the history of sociological thought, which featured Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Social Contract. He viewed Montesquieu and Rousseau as forerunners of sociology and as having laid the principles and foundations for social science. Both were heavily indebted to Aristotle and Greek political philosophy for their key ideas about the primacy of a dynamic and organic community, which Durkheim integrated into his epistemological and social theory. Durkheim borrowed from Montesquieu's view of society and social change, division of labor, and theory of social solidarity and law, along with the methodologically important social typology of the classical republic, monarchy, despotism, and democracy and his use of the comparative method. He relied on Rousseau's ideas of human nature, the general will, freedom, and the collective well-being of the political community, concepts that were attractive to Durkheim in the formation of his theory of collective consciousness. He also took notice of Rousseau's views on democracy as a moral institution based on citizenship, equality, political obligation, and public reflection and deliberation. Through Montesquieu and Rousseau, Durkheim transformed classical ethics and the ancient political philosophies of Plato and Aristotle into the central principles of his sociological study of social solidarity, system differentiation and integration, and dysfunctional social pathologies. Their search for social justice, human happiness, and social order became the basis for his own historical and empirical research into the origins, organization, and functions of social institutions and norms. Durkheim's concern with the moral and psychological anomie and dérèglement (madness and suffering) of industrial society and its resulting social disequilibrium was expressed in his analysis of the division of labor, suicide, family, law, public morality, and the ethical foundation of work in occupational groups, guilds, and the modern state. It has been remarked that Durkheim's social theory is but a modern reformulation of ancient natural law. Steven Lukes writes, "The novelty of Durkheim's approach lay in his recasting of the old, seemingly timeless and a priori problems of ethics, political theory, and jurisprudence . . . . His arguments incorporate the central features characterizing much of traditional social and political theory, from Aristotle and Plato to his fellow nineteenth-century liberals, J. S. Mill and T. H. Green." Durkheim's later writings and lectures focused more and more on Aristotelian themes of pedagogy, moral education, civic virtue, and social justice, especially in Professional Ethics and Civic Morals (1950). Reacting to the destructive effects of modernization and to the disintegration of public values and social solidarity, Durkheim turned to a moral sociology whose goals were the healing and education of a new humanity concerned with political participation, craft organizations, and the common good. In 1902 he left Bordeaux to accept a position at the Sorbonne, where he eventually received a chair in the Science of Education and Sociology and continued to develop his social theories until his death in 1917. In chapter 4, "Awakening Classical Dreams: Synthesis of Ancient Justice and Modern Social Science," we examine the implications of the research findings of chapters 1-3. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries the romantic longing for the ancient Greeks was manifested in the poetry and aesthetics of Winckelmann, Schiller, and Goethe; later it was incorporated into the social philosophy and critical theory of Hegel and Nietzsche; and, finally, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in the sociology of Marx, Weber, and Durkheim. Though very different from each other, these sociologists shared a common ground, a critical reaction to modernity, in their political, economic, anthropological, epistemological, and methodological works. All were trained in classical Greek political science. Although expressed in various ways and to differing degrees, by returning to the dreams of the ancients, they developed a critique of the Enlightenment and classical liberalism; held nostalgic views of the moral community and its cultural values and social goals; were critical of the reification and social pathologies of industrial society in their theories of alienation and exploitation, rationalization and the iron cage, and organic solidarity and anomie; rejected the precepts of laissez-faire economics and utilitarianism; based their ideas on a structural and functional analysis of political economy; sought new theories of knowledge to take the place of naive empiricism and rationalism; and, finally, articulated complex sociological and historical methods as alternatives to positivism that had their foundation in the German idealism of Kant and Hegel or in the existentialism of Schopenhauer and Nietzsche. For them, sharing many of the common ideas of the Kantian revolution, reality (thing-in-itself) is never immediately observed; it is not accessible to empirical facts but is instead filtered by political (Marx), historical (Weber), and collective (Durkheim) consciousness. Observation and experience are always theory-laden and mediated by praxis and ideology, intentional values and cultural meanings, or collective representations and social classifications. Reality is socially constructed within history. Thus the epistemological and methodological foundations of nineteenth-century sociology are at odds with the Enlightenment view of rationality and science. Classical sociology builds upon its Kantian and Hegelian foundations in modern phenomenology and hermeneutics with the development of critical theory, historical science, and moral social science. These forms of science examine an objectivity and cultural rationality that is interpretative and meaningful. There is no objective reality reflected in consciousness as empirical evidence or social facts that can serve the purpose of sociological predictions and instrumental explanations. Rather, it is itself a product of social interaction and the determinations of human consciousness and activity. That is, objectivity has meaning in terms of history, intentions, hidden structures, and repressed values and concepts, and it is only in this context that the objective world can have any sense whatsoever. Interpretation is an understanding of already existing prior cultural interpretations by means of sociological theories, ideal types, value relevance, and normative assumptions. There is never a pure, isolated, and value-free realm within which scientists examine an independent and autonomous reality in itself. Just the opposite: Access to reality requires the use of values, perspectives, and political orientations. The orthodox interpretation in America of classical social theory has generally emphasized sociology as a positivistic science. Marx is viewed as developing a research method of historical predictions of universal natural laws, economic crises, and inevitable capitalist breakdown; Weber as presenting a value-free sociology of cultural explanations, natural causality, and nomological laws; and Durkheim as providing a theory of statistical methods, functionalist analysis, and systems predictions. What is forgotten are their criticisms of positivism, their alternative epistemologies and methods, their different definitions of science and rationality, and their return to classical Greece. Marx's dialectical method and immanent critique, Weber's sociology of understanding and historical structuralism, and Durkheim's Kantian epistemology and moral science of collective representations and social solidarity offer exciting alternative methods to the American view of social science. Grounded in neo-Hegelian or neo-Kantian thought, nineteenth-century sociology defined science as critical, interpretive, and moral. With the loss of the ancients in orthodox American sociology, with the increased separation between philosophy and social science, and the replacement of history by quantitative and statistical methods, the intellectual and spiritual core of the discipline-its humanistic soul-was also lost. In an ironic twist of intellectual fate, when the political and economic sciences were becoming more naturalistic and positivistic, sociology was viewed by Marx, Weber, and Durkheim as a form of ancient political science whose purpose was to examine modern social institutions and values in order to cultivate social justice, happiness, and a virtuous life. These are the Greek ideals of phronesis and praxis. Values are to develop out of the community and are not to be engineered by a philosophical or technocratic elite. Just at a time when modern social science was displacing its own classical heritage of political philosophy, sociology was incorporating it into the very sinews of its theoretical perspective. The result was the formation of a new phronesic science, which was holistic, integrative, and classical, and based on the Aristotelian synthesis of economics, politics (law), and ethics. No longer can the term classical in the idea of classical social theory refer only to the founding fathers in the nineteenth century; it must also refer to its more remote origins in classical Greece. The goal of this work is to search for the classics in the classical, the traditions that are enduring and can be reclaimed to liberate our thoughts from the narrowly immediate and the status quo at hand. In that search it is possible to rediscover and reanimate the missing Hellenic traditions in nineteenth-century social theory and to radically rethink the origins of modern thought as part of a more general rethinking of sociology and its continuing importance for the twenty- first century. Toward this end sociology will be reintegrated with the areas of history, philosophy, and political economy, and its epistemologies and methods will be broadened to include historical, interpretive, and critical research. The ultimate purpose is to join empirical and historical research with critical social theory. Unlike the other social sciences of the nineteenth century, sociology evolved in a philosophical and intellectual environment that questioned the culture and institutions of the Enlightenment. By grounding itself in classical antiquity and in its premodern and pre-Enlightenment views about human nature and society, that is, the ethics and politics of social justice, sociology was involved from its inception in a critical dialogue with liberal capitalism. Consequently, it is in a privileged position today to move beyond the limits of modernity – advanced capitalism, political liberalism, and methodological positivism – to an in-depth analysis of the social possibilities that are our present heritage and future legacy. By unearthing the forgotten dreams and lost horizons of the ancients, we examine some of the unexplored possibilities of the moderns. As Hans-Georg Gadamer has written in Truth and Method (1960), The task of historical understanding also involves acquiring an appropriate historical horizon, so that what we are trying to understand can be seen in its true dimensions . . . . To acquire a horizon means that one learns to look beyond what is close at hand -- not in order to look away from it but to see it better, within a larger whole and in truer Only then can we listen to tradition in a way that permits it to make its own meaning heard.

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Inquiring socio-economic issues of food and agriculture and lives in rural communities For creating a comfortable society and sustainable development Creative research deeply rooted in the food, agriculture and rural communities The Department of Agricultural Economics provides education and research on food, agricultural production, and rural communities in Japan and overseas from a social science perspective, and develop human resources who contribute to society by providing practical solutions. The important topic in agricultural economics is "how to ensure people around the world, including us, enjoy the stable supply of food. " A wide range of knowledge and understanding of economic theories such as the flow of agricultural products including trade, processing, and distribution, consumer needs, agricultural policies, the functions of rural communities, the role of related industries, environmental issues, and historical perspectives are required to address these challenges. At present, the share of agriculture in the industry has become much smaller. Has the food issue become insignificant? Judging from the decline in Japan's food self-sufficiency ratio, one can understand the importance of learning about the agricultural economy for our daily lives. Although these are familiar topics in our lives, they are the research subjects not only in Japan but also on a global scale. The course curriculum (excerpt) |Lectures||Experiment and practices|

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Throughout its long history, Earth has warmed and cooled time and again. Climate has changed when the planet received more or less sunlight due to subtle shifts in its orbit, as the atmosphere or surface changed, or when the Sun’s energy varied. But in the past century, another force has started to influence Earth’s climate: humanity How does this warming compare to previous changes in Earth’s climate? How can we be certain that human-released greenhouse gases are causing the warming? How much more will the Earth warm? How will Earth respond? Answering these questions is perhaps the most significant scientific challenge of our time. What is Global Warming? Global warming is the unusually rapid increase in Earth’s average surface temperature over the past century primarily due to the greenhouse gases released as people burn fossil fuels. The global average surface temperature rose 0. 6 to 0. 9 degrees Celsius (1. 1 to 1. 6° F) between 1906 and 2005, and the rate of temperature increase has nearly doubled in the last 50 years. Temperatures are certain to go up further. Earth’s natural greenhouse effect Earth’s temperature begins with the Sun. Roughly 30 percent of incoming sunlight is reflected back into space by bright surfaces like clouds and ice. Of the remaining 70 percent, most is absorbed by the land and ocean, and the rest is absorbed by the atmosphere. The absorbed solar energy heats our planet. As the rocks, the air, and the seas warm, they radiate “heat” energy (thermal infrared radiation). From the surface, this energy travels into the atmosphere where much of it is absorbed by water vapor and long-lived greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane. When they absorb the energy radiating from Earth’s surface, microscopic water or greenhouse gas molecules turn into tiny heaters— like the bricks in a fireplace, they radiate heat even after the fire goes out. They radiate in all directions. The energy that radiates back toward Earth heats both the lower atmosphere and the surface, enhancing the heating they get from direct sunlight. This absorption and radiation of heat by the atmosphere—the natural greenhouse effect—is beneficial for life on Earth. If there were no greenhouse effect, the Earth’s average surface temperature would be a very chilly -18°C (0°F) instead of the comfortable 15°C (59°F) that it is today. See Climate and Earth’s Energy Budget to read more about how sunlight fuels Earth’s climate. The enhanced greenhouse effect What has scientists concerned now is that over the past 250 years, humans have been artificially raising the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere at an ever-increasing rate, mostly by burning fossil fuels, but also from cutting down carbon-absorbing forests. Since the Industrial Revolution began in about 1750, carbon dioxide levels have increased nearly 38 percent as of 2009 and methane levels have increased 148 percent. The atmosphere today contains more greenhouse gas molecules, so more of the infrared energy emitted by the surface ends up being absorbed by the atmosphere. Since some of the extra energy from a warmer atmosphere radiates back down to the surface, Earth’s surface temperature rises. By increasing the concentration of greenhouse gases, we are making Earth’s atmosphere a more efficient greenhouse.

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A whole-school approach where schools, communities and parents work together, is likely to be most effective in increasing active travel for school journeys and reducing road-related harms for children and young people. This whole school approach has led to the development of a set of evidence-based Principles for School Road Safety Education that are supported by education systems and school road safety educators across Australia. The three identified components are: A focus on student learning that is age appropriate, models leading practice and integrates into teachers’ work Ethos and Environment Walking the walk – demonstrating that the school values active travel and safe traffic behaviours Includes examination of the impact that school policies and traditions have on children’s active travel Parents and Community Acknowledges parents role as the child’s first teachers, and the decision makers about children's independent mobility Explores the impact of parent mode choice on local school traffic congestion and children’s safety Schools make a commitment to

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Just like the spring flowers that are appearing this time of year, your kid’s brains will be growing during this fun ABC letter matching flower activity. We practiced uppercase and lowercase letters but you could always adapt this activity to suit your needs (numbers, spelling, and more). The activity requires very little prep work and when you are done you can reuse the supplies for a different activity of craft. I thought about making a free printable for this activity but after thinking about cutting out tons of flowers with all those petals I decided that using foam flowers was so much easier and worth the extra bucks I spent on buying them. We found ours at a garage sale but you could always stop by your local craft store and grab whatever they have handy. ABC Letter Matching Flowers Activity Place a sticker in the center of each flower and stem. Write an uppercase letter on the set of stems and a lowercase letter on the set of flowers. Line up a row of stems and have the child place the matching flower with each stem. I added some of our Sensory Play Mud to the activity table just to give the kids a place to line up their flower stems on. You may want to give them a small pile of matching flowers and stems to start with because 26 letters at one time can feel overwhelming for beginners. Little Dragon doesn’t know all his letters but I was there to help him. I would give him 5 letters at a time and after I said the name of each letter he was able to match them (auditory learning) eventually he will be able to match them by symbol. After Little Dragon went through his ABCs so I had him spell his name next. I placed the stems first, and then he placed the matching flowers. Little Tiger has been working on sight words so I had her practice spelling words she has been learning to read like the word the, you, and, has… Once kids are done with the activity you can pull off the circle stickers and reuse the flowers for a craft or different activity! See More: Language Activities See More: Spring Activities Thanks for learning with us today. If you enjoyed this free activity please pin & share it with others! Love, Katie & the Kiddos

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网址：www. dzyangguang. com. cn 2022-03-10 作者：admin 阅读： There are two commonly used classification systems of Angiospermae: Hutchinson system and Engler system. Generally speaking, the Engeler system is arranged neatly, while the Hutchinson system is more in line with the view of evolution. What is the classification of garden trees? The classification method of garden trees is an artificial classification method, which is adopted according to the convenient application of people. The main classification basis includes: classification according to growth type, classification according to the adaptability to environmental factors, classification according to the ornamental characteristics of trees, classification according to the use of trees in landscaping, classification according to the main economic use of trees, classification according to the needs of construction and reproduction management, etc.

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[en] Mounted on the sides of two widely separated spacecraft, the two Heliospheric Imager (HI) instruments onboard NASA's STEREO mission view, for the first time, the space between the Sun and Earth. These instruments are wide-angle visible-light imagers that incorporate sufficient baffling to eliminate scattered light to the extent that the passage of solar coronal mass ejections (CMEs) through the heliosphere can be detected. Each HI instrument comprises two cameras, HI-1 and HI-2, which have 20° and 70° fields of view and are off-pointed from the Sun direction by 14. 0° and 53. 7°, respectively, with their optical axes aligned in the ecliptic plane. This arrangement provides coverage over solar elongation angles from 4. 0° to 88. 7° at the viewpoints of the two spacecraft, thereby allowing the observation of Earth-directed CMEs along the Sun -- Earth line to the vicinity of the Earth and beyond. Given the two separated platforms, this also presents the first opportunity to view the structure and evolution of CMEs in three dimensions. The STEREO spacecraft were launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Base in late October 2006, and the HI instruments have been performing scientific observations since early 2007. The design, development, manufacture, and calibration of these unique instruments are reviewed in this paper. Mission operations, including the initial commissioning phase and the science operations phase, are described. Data processing and analysis procedures are briefly discussed, and ground-test results and in-orbit observations are used to demonstrate that the performance of the instruments meets the original scientific requirements.

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To complicate matters, today’s mobile devices are not islands—they are connected to an entire ecosystem of supporting cloud and PC-based services. The typical smart phone synchronizes with at least one public cloud based service that is outside of the administrator’s control. Many users also directly synchronize their mobile device with their home computer to back up key device settings and data. In both scenarios, key corporate assets may be stored in any number of insecure locations outside the direct governance of the enterprise. In this abridged paper, we will summarize the security models of Google’s Android and Apple’s iOS, the two most popular mobile platforms in use today, to evaluate the security impact these devices will have as their adoption grows within enterprises. Mobile Security Goals When it comes to security, the two major mobile platforms share little in common with their traditional desktop and server operating system cousins. While both platforms were built upon existing operating systems (iOS is based on Apple’s OSX operating system and Android is based on Linux), they each use far more elaborate security models which are designed into their core implementation. The goal was likely to make the mobile platforms inherently secure rather than to rely upon third-party security software. So have Apple and Google been successful in their quest to create secure platforms? To answer this question, we will provide an analysis of each platform’s security model and then analyze each implementation to determine its effectiveness against today’s major threats, including: Web-based and network-based attacks : These attacks are typically launched by malicious websites or compromised legitimate websites. Malware : Malware can be broken up into three high-level categories: traditional computer viruses, computer worms, and Trojan horse programs. Social engineering attacks : These attacks, such as phishing, leverage social engineering to trick the user into disclosing sensitive information or installing malware on a computer. Resource and service availability abuse : The goal of many attacks is to misuse the network, computing or identity resources of a device for unsanctioned purposes. Malicious and unintentional data loss. : Data loss occurs when an employee or hacker exfiltrates sensitive information from a protected device or network. Attacks on the integrity of the device’s data : In a data integrity attack, the attacker attempts to corrupt or modify data without the permission of the data’s owner.

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Next to mosquitoes, ticks are the second biggest cause of insect-borne diseases in humans, including Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, which has been increasing. The main reason for this is that ticks have the uncanny ability to wait two to three years between meals until an appropriate human or animal host comes along that they can bite, said Glen Needham, an Ohio State University entomologist. While waiting patiently for their next meal, ticks survive by drawing moisture from the air. By studying how tick saliva is able to wring tiny amounts of moisture from the air, Needham hopes to discover ways to block the cycle, thereby leading to methods of controlling the pest. VOLUNTEERS SOUGHT FOR HEART STUDY Based on preliminary studies indicating that fish oil reduces cholesterol levels, medical researchers at Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke`s Medical Center have launched a pilot study to determine if concentrated fish oil capsules can prevent heart attacks. The study, headed by Dr. Michael H. Davidson, is seeking volunteers with heart disease. Subjects may have already had a heart attack, coronary bypass surgery, angina or a cholesterol level of 220 or greater. Those interested can call 942-6016 for further information. PLASTIC PUTS BITE ON METAL FILLINGS Plastic, tooth-colored dental fillings appear to be just as good as the metal amalgam fillings for baby teeth, according to researchers at the National Institute of Dental Research. A two-year study in 37 children showed that 80 percent of the plastic fillings, called composite resins, showed no signs of discoloration, the investigators reported in the Journal of the American Dental Association. Improved plastic fillings, which have the advantage of looking like natural tooth enamel, may soon be available for use in permanent teeth in children as well as adults. HE`S BUSY AS A BEE CATALOGUING SPECIES It is estimated that there are more than 21,000 species of bees in the world, and Terry Griswold wants all of them to be included in his new bee catalog. Griswold, an entomologist at the U.S. Department of Agriculture`s bee laboratory at Utah State University, said no one really knows how many varieties of bees there are in the world. WATER PURE TORTURE FOR AN UNLUCKY FEW Some people who avoid taking baths have a good reason. Water, for these unlucky people, can cause an allergic skin reaction that provokes intense itching, prickling, tingling or a burning sensation, said Dr. Howard Steinman, chief of dermatology at the Veteran`s Medical Center in San Diego. A study of 36 victims of this condition, known as aquagenic pruritus, revealed that symptoms occur within 15 minutes after exposure to water and that the sufferers frequently become irritable, depressed and angry for up to two hours, he reported in the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. COMBINED VACCINE SAVES $1 BILLION A cost-benefit study of the combined measles, mumps and rubella vaccine showed that in 1983 the vaccine prevented nearly 6 million cases of disease and saved more than $1 billion. For every $1 spent on the vaccine program, $14 was saved, Dr. Craig White of the federal Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta reported in the American Journal of Public Health. Without an immunization program, an estimated 3. 3 million cases of measles would have occurred, compared to the 2,872 cases actually recorded, he said.

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It was a Twitter hashtag campaign for only the most die-hard of romantics: An effort to find a mate for a rare snail found in compost heap in southwest London. The snail, dubbed "Jeremy" after garden-loving British politician Jeremy Corbyn, has a rare genetic mutation that causes its shell to spiral counter-clockwise. Most snails have right-spiraling shells, and Jeremy's asymmetry means its genitals are on the wrong side of its body for successful mating with these righties. Since left-spiraling snails are so rare, Jeremy was unlikely to meet a mate the old-fashioned way. So evolutionary geneticist Angus Davison of the University of Nottingham took to Twitter to ask people to be on the lookout for leftie snails that Jeremy might mate with. It took only weeks for a promising candidate from Ipswich to turn up, PhysOrg reported in November. River runs through it An unforgettable visualization is revealing the winding path of every single river in the U.S. Much of the Midwest is fed by the mighty Missouri and Mississippi Rivers, while the arid Southwest may look dry on the surface, but is actually part of the Upper and Lower Colorado River basins. In November, NASA's Mars rover Curiosity came upon a curious site: A grey, oval-shaped object that looks nothing like the normal rocks on the Red Planet. A closer chemical analysis revealed the mysterious rock, dubbed an "Egg Rock" by the Curiosity team, was actual an iron-nickel meteorite that fell to the Martian surface. The odd meteorite was found by Curiosity's laser-shooting instrument, called ChemCam, which zaps nearby rocks with laser beams, then measures the light that bounces back to identify the chemical composition. The rock came from a region of Mars known as Mount Sharp, and likely came from the molten core of an asteroid, researchers say. And you thought sharing a sixth-floor walkup with roommates was crowded. It turns out a whole ecosystem of gross bugs also shares people's homes, including a new species of cockroach that originally hails from Turkestan, a study from November reveals. Some houses had as many as 40 different species of arthropods, which includes insects and spiders. When wild animals aren't being terrifying, they can be downright hilarious. Animals in this year's Comedy Wildlife Photography Awards included these headless penguins, photographed by wildlife photographer Charles Kinsey on South Georgia Island, as well as squirrels pigging out on corn, a fox burying his head in the snow and a frog with a contagious smile. Baby cave lions In October, scientists reported the discovery of the bodies of two, 30,000-year-old cave lion cubs that had been perfectly preserved in the permafrost in Russia. The mummified cubs, named Uyan and Dina, were so well preserved that scientists could tell one of the cubs had fed from its mothers' milk just hours earlier. The adorable, doomed pups were so young when they died that they likely couldn't see, researchers speculated. The finding could help scientists learn how cave lions grew in comparison to their modern-day cousins. Now people can hold not just the world in their hands, but the entire Universe. A group of scientists have created the blueprints for 3D printing the Universe. The wrinkly microcosm is meant to mimic the cosmic background radiation permeating the entire universe. Google maps for the brain A stunning new visualization is allowing researchers to navigate inside the mouse's brain much as they do on Google Maps. The map a richly detailed view of the cortex structure in the mouse brain, a structure that is the size of a pebble. The map was created by the Allen Institute for Brain Science by painstakingly mapping connections and structures in the brain, then creating a common framework for scientists to use for their own research insights. Dave the earthworm The world's heaviest earthworm was discovered in November in a United Kingdom garden. The giant earthworm, named Dave by the stepson of the man who stumbled upon the creature, is almost as long as the average house cat. However, Dave's enormous size (shown here in comparison to a London metro card) didn't protect him in the end. He was anesthetized and preserved for display at the Natural History Museum. The record for the world's largest swarm of drones was broken in November when Intel launched a fleet of 500 "firework" drones into the sky. The flying firework show was made by quadcopter drones fitted with LED lights. These simple drones, made of foam and plastic, weigh about 0. 5 pounds (280 grams). According to Intel, the LED can also light up in 4 billion different combinations, creating luminous shows of nearly infinite variety.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE At present, a few new terminologies are also being used for economies such as ‘sustainable development’ and ‘green GDP’. ‘Sustainable development’ is a global terminology which is being used to address the global issues of global warming, environmental aspects increased global pollution and ecological imbalances, which are critical for survival of planet earth and is thus a broader concept not relating to any one country but for the world as a whole. It is neither the problem of one country nor can it be solved by one country. It is more macro in nature, which requires to be addressed by countries collectively through a dialogue and a consensus building at a global platform. This is about the present generation’s ability to meet ‘its’ own needs but without compromising on the ability of the future generation to meet ‘its’ needs. It is about a better environment for the future generation rather than. what the present generation has inherited, to say the least not a worse than that inherited Even though there has been a consciousness on the issue of sustainable development, the real thrust was provided with the Earth Summit during 1992 and then through various international conventions. All the conventions mentioned so far have flagged the underlying issues especially that of reduction in greenhouse gases emission, which is critical for sustainable development. It also addresses areas of cleaner energy, reduction in biodiversity losses, tree plantation, solar/wind energy and other such global issues in sustainable development. India has announced its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) With respect of climate change inclusive of following aspects: • To put forth and further propagate a healthy and sustainable way of living, based on traditions and values of conservation and moderation. • To adopt a climate-friendly and cleaner path than the one hitherto followed by others at a corresponding level of economic development. • To achieve about 40 per cent cumulative electric power installed capacity from non- fossil fuel based energy resources by 2030 with the help of transfer of technology and low cost international finance including from the Green Climate Fund (GCF). • To create an additional carbon sink of 2. 5 to 3 billion tonnes of CO, equivalent (CO. eq. ) through additional forest and tree cover by 2030. • To better adapt to climate change by enhancing investments in development programmes in sectors vulnerable to climate change , particularly agriculture , water resources, the Himalayan region, coastal regions, health and disaster management. • To mobilize domestic , new and additional funds from developed countries for implementing these mitigation and adaptation actions in view of the resources required and the resource gap. • To build capacities, create domestic framework and an international architecture for the quick diffusion of cutting-edge climate technology in India and joint collaborative R&D for such future technologies. Climate finance means local, national or international financing through public, private and alternative sources of financing. It is critical to addressing climate change as large-scale investments are required to reduce climate change induced adversities. Climate finance is equally important for adaptation strategies as there are requirements for significant financial resources to allow countries to adapt to the adverse effects and reduce the impacts of climate change.

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Question: What is a rescue medicine and when is it used for asthma? Answer: A rescue medicine is a medicine used in asthma to acutely reverse exacerbation of symptoms. Therefore, a rescue medicine is one that needs to act quickly. Most rescue medicines are beta-adrenergic agonists, that is they are bronchodilator drugs that cause the smooth muscles of the airway to relax. These drugs would be used whenever an individual, regardless of any other treatment they're using, on top of that when their asthma kicks up. Such drugs might be needed when somebody gets a cold, when they're exercising vigorously, when it's very cold outdoors, all things that are known to aggravate asthma. We worry, we as physicians worry when individuals are using too much of their acute rescue medicine and that helps us decide whether or not somebody needs to start a controller medicine or increase the amount of controller medicine that they're taking. Previous: What Is A Nebulizer, And Why Are Inhaled Medications Preferred To Treat Asthma?

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In the 1960s the image of Scarlett O’Hara standing before a Technicolor-drenched panorama from Gone With the Wind (1939) was still firmly planted within the imagination of the American public as a symbol of women on the Civil War home front. More than half a century later, O’Hara retains her crown as an iconic afterimage of the Lost Cause, but there is a new cast of female characters crowding into revised portraits—with black women as likely as white to take center stage. The fictional rebel starlet O’Hara has had her close-up long enough, and must make room for more realistic, less romanticized visions of Civil War–era women. As Drew Faust points out in Republic of Suffering: Death and the American Civil War, women held a central role in mourning losses that befell both armies—demonstrating both the insurmountable gulf and the tight connections between home front and battlefield. Novelists in the past half-century have given us Civil War survivors like Sethe (in Toni Morrison’s Beloved), as well as Ada Monroe and Ruby Thewes (in Charles Frazier’s Cold Mountain). Louisa May Alcott imparted valuable lessons in her Little Women, which like her Hospital Sketches, bears rereading. Equally compelling, the voices of women newly discovered in dusty archives present collective experiences that broaden and deepen our appreciation of women’s indelible influence on all society, but especially countries at war. Historians have generated a diverse and splendid range of wartime women to contemplate. When Mary Elizabeth Massey published her commissioned study for the Civil War centennial, Bonnet Brigades: American Women and the Civil War (1966), she had few monographs to draw upon. But American women’s history has since created a tidal wave of work, alongside revised interpretations of slavery, emancipation, and the African American experience. This wave of new scholarship has coincided with a digital revolution that gives us unprecedented access to documents and images from across the globe. Much of this “bottom up” analysis of “beamed up” resources highlights opportunities to include women, particularly black women, neglected in previous commemorative eras. Today, on the cusp of the Civil War’s sesquicentennial, we can recover with a few clicks on our computers the voices of girls like Carrie Berry, whose written account of her tenth birthday in August 1864 reveals much about white families during federal invasion (http://www.americancivilwar.com/women/carrie_berry.html). In addition to Berry’s account, we can locate the story and the newly erected statue of Elizabeth Thorne, the pregnant wife of a soldier gone to war who buried Union soldiers during the summer of 1863, following the Battle of Gettysburg in her hometown, when the dead and wounded left behind outnumbered the living ten to one. We might find out about the lives of those like the African American woman standing in the doorway of Winslow Homer’s 1866 painting, Near Andersonville, from the Library of Congress online archive, Born in Slavery: http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/snhtml/snhome.html. Since the beginning of this century, educators have been inundated with newly published Civil War manuscripts, letters, and diaries making readily available resources addressing previously neglected aspects of war. All of this alongside new interpretations and perspectives renews our appreciation of women’s multiple roles in the conflict. One of the most famous women to emerge from Ken Burns’s The Civil War (1990) was Mrs. Sullivan Ballou, the “very dear Sarah” who lost her husband, who died at the Battle of Bull Run at the age of thirty-two. Burns uses the motif of Ballou’s letter to highlight men’s sacrifice (and unfortunately left too much of the story of women’s sacrifices on the cutting room floor). But the image of loyal women at the Yankee hearthside—cue Marmee March and her daughters from Little Women—remains imprinted before, during, and after “the Burns effect. ” Thanks to recent studies by Judith Giesberg (Army at Home) and Nina Silber (Gender and the Sectional Conflict), Northern women who struggled for Union victory are emerging from the shadows. We know now of nurses Katharine Wormeley and Cornelia Hancock—not just Clara Barton. Where once we only heard about Harriet Beecher Stowe we know writers and reformers like Josephine Shaw Lowell and America’s “Joan of Arc,” Anna Dickinson. There are now studies of several of the women who served as spies—Rose Greenhow and Elizabeth Van Lew—as well as women who served as soldiers, Sarah Emma Edmonds and Sarah Rosetta Wakeman (who died as Pvt. Lyon Wakeman). And beyond these “impermissible patriots,” the ordinary and everyday experiences of wartime women are also in the limelight. Over the past two decades, I have co-edited two works that capture some of the women previously left in the background: Divided Houses: Gender and the Civil War and Battle Scars: Gender, Sexuality and the American Civil War. Historians are bringing to the fore a wide range of Civil War women including authors, agitators, nuns, prostitutes, divorcing wives, grieving widows, and plantation mistresses. The grit, muscle, and spark of this avalanche of new work make me even more hopeful about the next crop of scholarship scheduled for the upcoming sesquicentennial. Most significantly, there are exponential gains in information about the lives of those most dramatically changed by wartime: ex-slaves. Women like Sojourner Truth and Harriet Tubman have been accorded new biographies in the past few years, which afford new insights into their Civil War contributions: Truth giving stump speeches to re-elect Lincoln and Tubman as a heroic leader of the Combahee River raid. In just one night in July 1863, Tubman smuggled more than 700 runaway slaves to safety and freedom in wartime Carolina. In addition, recent biographies of African American pathbreakers like Harriet Jacobs and Elizabeth Keckly deepen our understanding of the war’s layered meanings for “freed” black women. Jacobs was the first self-emancipated woman to publish a slave narrative. Along with her daughter, she undertook war work to raise funds for her fellow ex-slaves. Elizabeth Keckly, a former slave who had saved to buy her own freedom and that of her child before migrating to Washington, was a valued employee of the Lincoln White House. She began as a dressmaker but became a confidante for the First Lady, Mary Lincoln, especially following the death of the Lincolns’ son Willie. Keckly lost her only son in the Battle of Wilson’s Creek in August 1861, and this loss drew the women together. Also in time for the sesquicentennial, a new version of Mary Chesnut’s diary—one of the most cited Civil War memoirs—will be published by Penguin Classics. She wrote early in the war: “We try our soldiers to see if they are hot enough before we enlist them. If, when water is thrown on them, they do not sizz, they won’t do. Their patriotism is too cool. ” (Penguin edition, p. 68. ) Her tart observations have provided keen insight for readers over the past century, and fodder for conflicting interpretations for each rising generation of Civil War scholars. The reminiscences of Susie King Taylor, the only black woman to leave a record of her time with the Union Army, and Jean Fagan Yellin’s two-volume set of Harriet Jacobs’s family papers broaden our appreciation of war’s impact on individual black women, while Thavolia Glymph’s study, Out of the House of Bondage, attempts the larger story of enslaved women’s struggles for freedom. While hundreds of black and poor white women are finally gaining recognition as powerful actors in the drama of war through monographs and websites, Civil War women provide a thriving biographical industry, including recent studies of first ladies such as Joan Cashin’s look at Varina Davis (First Lady of the Confederacy) and my own take on Mary Lincoln (Mrs. Lincoln: A Life). Each of these occupants of their respective White Houses suffered barbs from the press and were subjected to severe criticisms during their husbands’ White House tenures. The persecution of Mary Lincoln outlasted Mrs. Davis’s ordeal, and her controversial reputation continues into contemporary times. Along with these prominent female figures, ethnic and immigrant women, and the working class and poor have made it into the chronicle of war, alongside vivandieres with the troops, women employed by the Treasury department, girls blown up in munitions’ factories, matrons in hospitals, teachers in the sea islands, and laundresses in the camps—not to mention the obligatory camp followers. Most significantly, it is Confederate women—the stepdaughters of that tired image of Scarlett O’Hara—who have gotten the lion’s share of attention, with studies by Stephanie McCurry, Laura Edwards, George Rable, Edward Campbell and Suzanne Lebsock, and LeeAnn Whites, to name just a few writers and scholars shedding light on the subject. My study Tara Revisited: Women, War and the Plantation Legend includes more than a hundred images, including daguerreotypes and stereoscopic views as counterpoint to the myth of the Confederate woman perpetuated in “remembrance of things imagined. ” In reality, commemoration preoccupied many women in post–Civil War America, and it was raised into an art form by white Southern women. The United Daughters of the Confederacy and other white Southern memorial groups launched cults of memory that dominated popular cultural assessments of the war’s impact for nearly a century. Some scholars have suggested Confederate women’s loss of will may have contributed to the defeat of Southern secessionists. The study of women in historical motivation shifts our perceptions of the past and our templates for the future. As more scholarship emerges on the Civil War home front, a variety of dissenting perspectives accompanies it, especially in terms of Southern Unionists. These portraits have become more sharply sketched in recent years. From Phillip Paludan’s magisterial Victims (a study of the January 1863 murder of thirteen boys and men in western North Carolina), to my own Southern Families at War (Confederate Jews and Texan Germans, to name but two groups covered), to Alecia Long and LeeAnn Whites’s study of women in the occupied South (Occupied Women)—all provide an even more diverse appreciation of home front politics and culture. Thankfully, creativity and complexity are the hallmarks of a new age of Civil War scholarship as we approach 2011. Catherine Clinton is a professor of history at Queen’s University Belfast. She specializes in American history, with an emphasis on the history of the South. Her recent books include Harriet Tubman: The Road to Freedom (2004) and Mrs. Lincoln: A Life (2009). Make Gilder Lehrman your Home for History Already have an account? Please click here to login and access this page. How to subscribe Otherwise, click here for information on a paid subscription for those who are not K-12 educators or students. Make Gilder Lehrman your Home for History Become an Affiliate School to have free access to the Gilder Lehrman site and all its features. Click here to start your Affiliate School application today! You will have free access while your application is being processed. Individual K-12 educators and students can also get a free subscription to the site by making a site account with a school-affiliated email address. Click here to do so now! Make Gilder Lehrman your Home for History Why Gilder Lehrman? Your subscription grants you access to archives of rare historical documents, lectures by top historians, and a wealth of original historical material, while also helping to support history education in schools nationwide. 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Related Site Content - Video Series: Lifetimes - Teaching Resource: Essential Questions in Teaching American History - Video Series: Inside the Vault - Video Series: Women’s World - Video Series: African American History - Teaching Resource: Birth of a Nation - Video Series: Essential Questions in American History - Video Series: Slavery and America - Interactive: Excerpts from American Antislavery Writings: Colonial Beginnings to Emancipation - Multimedia: Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory

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John George Walker |John George Walker| July 22, 1821| Jefferson City, Missouri |Died||July 20, 1893 |Place of burial||Stonewall Jackson Cemetery, Winchester, Virginia| |Allegiance|| United States of America Confederate States of America |Service/branch|| United States Army Confederate States Army |Years of service||1846–61 (USA) |Rank|| Captain (USA) Major General (CSA) - Battle of San Juan de los Llanos - Battle of Molino del Rey - Battle of the Diablo Mountains American Civil War - Peninsula Campaign - Battle of Malvern Hill - Battle of South Mountain - Battle of Antietam - Siege of Vicksburg - Battle of Milliken's Bend - Red River Campaign - Battle of Mansfield - Battle of Pleasant Hill - Battle of Jenkins' Ferry John George Walker (July 22, 1821 – July 20, 1893) was a Confederate general in the American Civil War. He served as a brigadier under Jackson and Longstreet, before commanding a Texan division in the Trans-Mississippi Department, known as Walker’s Greyhounds for their speed and agility. He was ordered to disrupt Grant’s supply-line opposite Vicksburg, but Grant had managed to cross to the East bank, and Walker was reduced to minor operations, one of them against some of the first Afro-American troops to serve in battle. He was able to make a bigger contribution to the Red River campaign, in support of General Richard Taylor. Early life and military career Walker joined the United States Army as a first lieutenant of the Regiment of Mounted Rifles in 1846, and served with distinction in the Mexican-American War, where he was breveted to captain for San Juan de los Llanos and was wounded at Molino del Rey. He was promoted to the full rank of captain June 1851. He remained in the Army until July 1861, when he joined the Confederate States Army as a major in the cavalry. Service in the East In January 1862, he was promoted to brigadier general and served in the Peninsula Campaign in the division of Brig. Gen. Theophilus H. Holmes, where he was wounded at Malvern Hill. His division occupied Loudoun Heights, overlooking Harpers Ferry, West Virginia before its garrison surrendered to Stonewall Jackson on September 15, 1862. He served under Maj. Gen. James Longstreet at South Mountain and Antietam. In November 1862, Walker was promoted to major general and transferred to the Trans-Mississippi Department, where he was given command of 12 Texas regiments, numbering 12,000 men, training at Camp Nelson in Arkansas. Walker formed the regiments into a Division, which earned the nickname "Walker's Greyhounds" for their ability to move quickly over many miles on foot. From November 1862 until the end of the war, the Greyhounds were formed exclusively of soldiers from Texas, and did not leave the Trans-Mississippi Department. In March 1863, the new commander of the Trans-Mississippi Department, Lt. Gen. Edmund Kirby-Smith, assigned the Greyhounds to Maj. Gen. Richard Taylor's Western Louisiana command, and they were given the task of attacking Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant's supply line that ran on the western bank of the Mississippi River on the Louisiana side opposite the besieged Vicksburg, Mississippi. Grant, having recently moved his supply lines to the eastern banks of the Mississippi, was not harmed by the attack of Walker's Greyhounds. Hawes's Brigade was engaged in combat against the Federals at the Battle of Young's Point, and McCullough's Brigade fought African-American Union troops at the Battle of Milliken's Bend on June 6, 1863. This was one of the first times African-American troops engaged in combat. The troops fought bravely, but poorly trained, suffered heavy casualties at the hands of Walker's men. The battle became a Union victory when Federal gunboats supported the Union troops, driving McCullough's Brigade back. Taylor, who commanded Walker in this campaign, had argued against the venture to his superior Smith. He argued that Walker's troops would be better used helping his Army of 4,000 attack New Orleans, whose defense had been severely weakened by the movement of Banks' Army of the Gulf upriver to Port Hudson. After Milliken's Bend, Taylor again requested Walker's troops to aid in his attack on New Orleans, but Smith again denied the request. Walker spent the balance of the summer fruitlessly patrolling the northeastern area of Louisiana, unable to cross the Mississippi and support the besieged Vicksburg. Walker headed back to Arkansas in late 1863, but in March 1864, joined Taylor once again in Alexandria to help Taylor defend against the advances of Nathaniel P. Banks and his Army of the Gulf in the Red River Campaign. Walker's troops played a critical role in the Confederate victory at the Battle of Mansfield on April 8, 1864. Rather than leave Walker's Greyhounds with Taylor as he sought to capture the retreating Banks, Smith sent Walker north to fight Union General Frederick Steele. Walker engaged Steele at the Battle of Jenkins' Ferry on April 30, 1864, about 30 miles south of Little Rock, Arkansas. As Steele fled northward after the battle, clearly not intending to join Banks in his attempt to capture Shreveport, Louisiana, Walker reversed course and headed back south to join Taylor's pursuit of Banks. He arrived in Alexandria on May 23, 1864, the same day that Banks's retreating Army was being picked up by Federal troop transports at Simmesport. District of Western Louisiana When Taylor was given command of the Department of Alabama, Mississippi, and Eastern Louisiana in August 1864, Walker was given command of his former superior's District of Western Louisiana. By the end of the war, he had been transferred further west, and commanded the District of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. At the close of the Civil War, Walker fled to Mexico, where he remained for several years. Returning to the United States, he later served as the United States Consul in Bogotá, Colombia, and as a Special Commissioner to the Pan-American Convention. - Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8047-3641-3. - Lowe, Richard G.,Walker's Texas Division, C.S.A: Greyhounds of the Trans-Mississippi, Louisiana State University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-8071-2933-X. - Eicher, p. 549. Birth and death dates are taken from Walker's tombstone. Alternative dates for birth and death are July 22, 1822, and July 21, 1893. - Eicher, p. 549. - John D. Winters, The Civil War in Louisiana, Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press, 1963, ISBN 0-8071-0834-0, pp. 340-347

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From The Free Forex Encyclopedia A summary of economic conditions around the United States compiled for the Federal Reserve Board. Each Federal Reserve Bank gathers anecdotal information on current economic condition in its District through reports from Bank and Branch directors and interviews with key businessmen, economists, market experts, and other sources. The Beige Book summarizes this information by District and sector. This report allows outsiders to know what the Fed governors are looking at as they prepare for their upcoming FOMC meeting. The Fed uses this report, along with other indicators, to determine interest rate policy at FOMC meetings. The Beige Book is considered a valuable tool, acting in essence as a general gauge on the overall strength of the economy, it is even considered that occasionally it can have the power to shift market reactions if the findings represent a significant enough deviation from current analyst expectations. It must be remembered, however, that the report does not actually provide a clear view of what the FOMC members think about the economy, but instead presents a series of economic facts concerning the various districts. It is also worth bearing in mind that while these facts may be accurate, they appear in the form of descriptive information, not as a break down of the actual data itself. If the Beige Book portrays inflationary pressure, the Fed may raise interest rates, which is dollar bullish. If the Beige Book portrays recessionary conditions, the Fed may lower interest rates, which is dollar bearish. Two weeks before each FOMC meeting, the Fed releases the Beige Book so called due to its tan cover. It provides current information on eocnomic conditions around the United States. This book is given to each FOMC member. The Beige Book is not a collection of statistical data. It is compliation of anecdotal information from each of the 12 Federal Reserve Districts and is based on interviews with local businesspeople and academics who are surveyed about the econcomic health in their region. Federal Reserve Board It is released at 2:00pm EST two Wednesdays before each FOMC meeting. Eight times a year. The 'Beige Book' is the informal name given to the report issued by the Federal Reserve, the full name for the Beige Book report is actually "Summary of Commentary on Current Economic Conditions by Federal Reserve District". The Beige Book is released eight times a year, two Wednesdays prior to each FOMC (Federal Open Market Committee) meeting and is a key tool in advising the members on changes that have occurred within the economy since the last meeting. Essentially, the Beige Book is a compilation of data gathered from each District within the Federal Reserve and is a mixture of anecdotal evidence on current economic conditions in the district gained through reports from various bank directors and also interviews with economists and market experts, along with other sources. The Beige Book report presents this information in the form of summaries by both district and sector.

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Pulse Tube Cryocoolers vs. Gifford-McMahon Cryocoolers Three main differences exist between Pulse Tube (PT) cryocoolers and Gifford-McMahon (GM) cryocoolers. In general, GM cryocoolers are less expensive than PT cryocoolers of similar cooling power. Both GM and PT cryocoolers are mechanical refrigerators that do have some level of vibration. Two locations exist on the cold head where vibration is important: The room temperature mounting flange and the 2nd stage (see photo). The performance of PT cryocoolers is orientation-dependent. PT cryocoolers only function properly when they are operated in a purely vertical orientation with the 2nd stage pointing down. GM cryocoolers will lose some cooling power when the cold head is not operated vertically, but the base temperature will not be affected. GM cryocoolers can operate in any orientation. 0. 2 W @ 4. 2K GM cold head 0. 5 W @ 4. 2K Pulse Tube cold head The room temperature mounting flange provides the interface for a vacuum shroud or vacuum chamber. Vibrations at the room temperature mounting flange will be transmitted to the vacuum shroud and anything else the shroud is physically contacting. This is important if the cryocooler is rigidly mounted on other instruments that are sensitive to vibrations. An example would be a cryocooler installed in the evacuated sample compartment of an FTIR spectrometer. Any vibrations from this room temperature mounting flange would be transmitted through the vacuum shroud to the spectrometer. These vibrations may cause damage or misalignment to the delicate optics inside the spectrometer. When a cryocooler is mounted on a delicate instrument such as the FTIR spectrometer, a PT system would be a better choice than a GM system because the vibration level at the room temperature mounting flange of a PT system is significantly lower than in a GM system. The sample being cooled is usually mounted onto the 2nd stage. Any vibrations from the 2nd stage will be transmitted directly to the sample. GM cold heads have vibrations at the 2nd stage on the order of 20 microns along the axis of the cold head. GM cold heads have vibrations on the order of ~5 microns perpendicular to the axis of the cold head. Pulse tube cold heads have vibrations on the order of 4-7 microns along the axis of the cold head and ~2 microns perpendicular to the axis of the cold head. Unlike GM cold heads, PT cold heads do not have any internal moving parts to add to vibration levels of the cold head. However, expansion of the compressed Helium gas inside each stage of the cold head does contribute to the vibration level at the 2nd stage. This is true for PT and GM cold heads. The valve motor on GM cold heads is always bolted to this room temperature mounting flange. As the motor turns, the valve is opened and closed. This same motor also drives the pistons (displacers) inside the 1st and 2nd stage cylinders. The vibrations from this valve motor will contribute to the overall level of vibrations of the cold head. The movement of the displacers may also contribute to the vibrations at this flange on a GM cold head. The valve motor on some PT cold heads does have moving parts to open and close the rotary valve, although a “remote valve option” is available for the SHI RP-062B and all Cryomech PT systems allowing the valve motor to be mounted externally from the cold head, reducing vibrations from the motor. A PT system would be a better choice if: a) Vibrations at the sample must be less than 20 microns. b) Vibrations from the cold head need to be isolated from other equipment that is interfaced with the cryostat. A GM system may be a better choice if: a) Vibrations on the order of 20 microns at the sample are acceptable. b) The cryostat will not be rigidly mounted to any equipment that is sensitive to mechanical vibrations. c) A base temperature of 4K or below is necessary but a PT system is beyond the budget limitations. d) The cold head will not be oriented vertically with the 2nd stage pointing down. If vibrations at the sample must be less than 5 microns, Janis has a special design for a vibration isolated exchange gas cooled system. This system includes a 4K, 7K, or 10K GM cold head with a special exchange gas vibration isolation system that reduces the vibration at the sample mount to less than 50nm. The cryocooler does not make physical contact with the sample area so vibrations from the cold head are essentially isolated from the sample. Because there is no physical contact between the cold head and the sample mount in this system, there is no incentive to use a more expensive PT cryocooler when a GM cryocooler will offer the same vibrational performance at a lower price. 4K Pulse Tube Cryocoolers offered by Janis Research |Model ||Cooling Power @ 4. 2K ||Compressor Cooling ||Remote valve available | |SHI RP-062B ||0. 5 watts ||Water ||Yes | |Cryomech PT405 ||0. 5 watts ||Water or Air ||Yes | |Cryomech PT407 ||0. 7 watts ||Water or air ||Yes | |Cryomech PT410 ||1. 0 watts ||Water ||Yes | |Cryomech PT415 ||1. 5 watts ||Water ||Yes | 4K Gifford-McMahon Cold Heads offered by Janis Research |Model ||Cooling Power @ 4. 2K ||Compressor Cooling | |RDK-101D ||0. 2 watts ||Water or Air | |RDK-305D ||0. 4 watts ||Air | |RDK-205D ||0. 5 watts ||Water* | |RDK-408D2 ||1. 0 watts ||Water or Air | |RDK-415D ||1. 5 watts ||Water or Air | |*Note: The compressor for the RDK-205D cold head operates only at 200 VAC, 3-phase, 50/60 Hz. | 10 K Cryocoolers are also available. Click here to view our 10 K Cryocoolers overview page.

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These days, it’s not just people who suffer from physical injury that turn to physical therapy. A lot of people, especially those in the working world, are striving for better physical health. This is especially true for people who suffer from injuries or health conditions related to their job. What are the Differences Between Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy? - Physical therapy (PT) is concerned with assisting patients in recovering from injuries. Occupational therapy (OT) is concerned with assisting people in recovering from occupational-related health problems. Physical therapy may help individuals with injuries like broken bones or torn muscles, but occupational therapy can help people with problems like back discomfort from working in an office or carpal tunnel syndrome from using a computer all day. In all circumstances, the objective is to assist the individual in returning to their normal activities and living a healthy life. - PT is a type of therapy that is focused on restoring function to the body. OT, on the other hand, is a type of therapy that focuses on improving quality of life for people who have difficulty performing everyday tasks because of their conditions or injuries. Some key differences between physical and occupational therapy include the types of treatments they use and the target populations they are designed for. PT is typically more expensive than OT, and most physical therapists specialize in treating a certain type of injury or condition. - PT is a rehabilitative medical speciality that involves physical treatments and exercises to help individuals recover function, mobility, and independence after an injury or disease. PT is frequently used in combination with other forms of rehabilitation, such as speech and occupational therapy. OT support people with impairments in continuing to work and live freely in their communities by assisting them with skills such as walking, using tools, handling money, cooking meals, and caring for children. - OT is a type of therapy that is used to help people with disabilities improve their abilities to perform tasks that they are used to doing. Physical therapists often work with occupational therapists to help individuals who have physical disabilities regain their independence and improve their quality of life. How to Find Quality Clinics in Singapore? When it comes to finding quality physical therapy clinics in Singapore, it can be difficult to know where to start. However, with a little research, you should be able to find a clinic that meets your specific needs, and we’d recommend looking for one at bmjtherapy. com, which has several clinics around Tampines, Marine Parade, Hougang and Ang Mo Kio. To help make the process easier, here are some tips on how to find quality physical therapy clinics in Singapore: First and foremost, make sure that you are looking for a clinic that is accredited. This will ensure that the clinic is up to date with all of the latest medical standards and is providing quality care. Additionally, make sure that the clinic has a good reputation within the community. If there are any negative reviews or complaints about the clinic online or from other patients, be sure to avoid them. Another important factor to consider when searching for a physical therapy clinic is whether or not it offers sliding scale fees. This means that those who can’t afford full fee rates can still benefit from receiving physical therapy services at the clinic. In addition, many clinics offer flexible hours so that patients can attend during off hours if necessary. Finally, it is important to ask plenty of questions when visiting a prospective physical therapist clinic in Singapore. From our experience, a good clinic like BMJ Physiotherapy would always answer these questions. Ask the therapist about their experience and credentials, as well as what types of treatments they offer. In addition, ask about how much time the therapist will need to assess your injury and develop a treatment plan. It is also helpful to ask about any potential travel costs associated with receiving physical therapy services at the clinic. Requesting For Male or Female Therapists There is no definitive answer when it comes to whether one should request male or female therapists. While there are some benefits to requesting a therapist of the opposite gender, such as increased comfort and mutual understanding, there are just as many reasons why someone might prefer to work with someone of the same gender. Ultimately, what is most important is that the patient feels comfortable and confident in his or her therapist. These two services are generally distinguished, with physical therapy concentrating on restoring function to a person’s body and occupational therapy focused on restoring function to people’s everyday life. Both therapies attempt to help patients recover from accidents or diseases, but the technique will differ based on the individual’s requirements. We hope this has helped you grasp the differences between the two methods!

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|[ << ]||[ < ]||[ Up ]||[ > ]||[ >> ]||[Top]||[Contents]||[Index]||[ ? ]| The rgbalpha plotting style assumes that each pixel of input data contains an alpha value in the range [0:255]. A pixel with alpha = 0 is purely transparent and does not alter the underlying contents of the plot. A pixel with alpha = 255 is purely opaque. All terminal types can handle these two extreme cases. A pixel with 0 < alpha < 255 is partially transparent. Only a few terminal types can handle this correctly; other terminals will approximate this by treating alpha as being either 0 or 255. This document was generated on November 19, 2011 using texi2html 5. 0.

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duction and contraceptive methods, and the practice of family planning. Against the background of the demographic argument, presented in the preceding section, we must inquire into the social factors, broadly defined, that are involved in population growth and its control. Here we deal with many of the basic elements affecting human behavior: cultural institutions, religious beliefs, economic arrangements, family organization, sexual practices. All these and more are involved in the determination of attitudes and practices related to human fertility and in any effort to change such attitudes and practices. It is encouraging to note that the norm of the small family and the practice of family limitation have been established across a wide range of societies: across religious affiliations (Catholic Southern Europe and Protestant Northern Europe); political ideologies (the United States and the Soviet bloc); industrial and agricultural economies, rich and poor nations, better-educated and poorer-educated societies (all European); the West and the East (as in Japan); and, just beginning, the tropical countries as well as the temperate ones. Almost every survey on attitudes toward family planning, from urban areas in the United States to villages in India, shows that a large proportion of people say they are favorable to the idea of limiting family size, and especially after the third or fourth child—roughly 60 to 80 per cent over all, both men and women. The figures vary somewhat from one locality to another and, of course, the interview questions are varied, but there is an impressive body of favorable interview responses from Mysore and Singur in India; from low-income women in Pakistan; from Mexican factory workers; from Ceylon and Japan; from Jamaica and Puerto Rico; from the United States and Great Britain. Many persons of the world are now persuaded, at least in principle, of the desirability of limiting family size—limiting the birth of children to the number wanted, when they are wanted. The major single reason for this attitude toward family planning, in all areas where it exists, is concern for the economic welfare of the family—a better standard of living and a better chance in life for all children. Information about family planning is unevenly disseminated in all countries, especially in the less-developed areas; it is usually sparse

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“The world is full of magic things, patiently waiting for our senses to grow sharper. ” – W.B. Yeats A little over a week ago, we were enjoying one of our beloved day trips through beautiful Kentucky when we spied the icicles above. We were on our way to London, Kentucky – driving through the gorgeous Daniel Boone National Forest on Highway 80. This picture was taken near Rockcastle River, right as you head into Laurel County. It’s a gorgeous drive, no matter what time of year it is. Below are a few facts about this beautiful National Forest. Facts About the Daniel Boone National Forest - Daniel Boone National Forest is the only National Forest completely in the boundaries of Kentucky. - The forest lies in the Cumberland Plateau. The Cumberland Plateau is a beautiful region with lush, thick, forested hills, sandstone cliffs and ravines. - One of the world’s largest concentrations of caves lies in the Daniel Boone National Forest. - According to The Daniel Boone National Forest’s Official Page, the forest spreads across 21 counties. According to Wikipedia, the forest spreads across 17 counties. - The forest contains three large lakes: Cave Run Lake, Laurel River Lake and Lake Cumberland. - People flock to this area for fishing, picnicking, rock-climbing, hiking, horseback riding, photography, and relaxation. - Over 708,000 acres make up the Daniel Boone National Forest. - The forest was officially established in 1937 under a proclamation signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. It was originally named the Cumberland National Forest but was renamed in 1966 in honor of Daniel Boone. - The Daniel Boone National Forest has one photo opportunity after then next, including beautiful natural arches. Did you know that Kentucky has more natural stone arches than any state in the eastern United States? - Rivers in the area include the Red River, Rockcastle River and Cumberland River. Visit the Daniel Boone National Forest Website for more information, events, things to do, and pictures.

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- How does the human resources compliance role of HR add value to an organization? Human resources compliance is an area that traces back to the very origin of the human resources function—to administrative and regulatory functions. Compliance continues to be a very important area that HR manages, and there are numerous regulations and laws that govern the employment relationship. HR professionals must be able to understand and navigate these laws to help their organizations remain compliant and avoid having to pay fines or penalties. The additional threat of reputational harm to the organization is another reason that HR needs to be aware and alert to any potential gaps in compliance. Some of the most common examples of laws and regulations that govern the employer-employee relationship include the following (SHRM. org): - Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) - Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) - Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) - Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) - National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) - Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act (WARN) The Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) of 1967 protects individuals who are 40 years of age or older from employment discrimination based on age. These protections apply to both employees and job applicants. It also makes it unlawful to discriminate based on age with respect to any terms of employment, such as hiring, firing, promotion, layoff, compensation, benefits, job assignments, and training. The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990 prohibits private employers, state and local governments, employment agencies, and labor unions from discriminating against qualified individuals with disabilities. The ADA defines an individual with a disability as a person who: 1) has a mental or physical impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities, 2) has a record of such impairment, or 3) is regarded as having such impairment. An employer is required to make a reasonable accommodation to the known disability of a qualified applicant or employee if it would not impose an “undue hardship” on the operation of the employer’s business. The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) of 1938 establishes the minimum wage, overtime pay, recordkeeping, and youth employment standards affecting full-time and part-time workers in the private sector and in federal, state, and local governments. Special rules apply to state and local government employment involving fire protection and law enforcement activities, volunteer services, and compensatory time off instead of cash overtime pay. The Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) of 1993 entitles eligible employees to take up to 12 weeks of unpaid, job-protected leave in a 12-month period for specified family and medical reasons. FMLA applies to all public agencies, including state, local, and federal employers, local education agencies (schools), and private-sector employers who employed 50 or more employees in 20 or more workweeks in the current or preceding calendar year, including joint employers and successors of covered employers. The National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) of 1947 extends rights to many private-sector employees, including the right to organize and bargain with their employer collectively. Employees covered by the act are protected from certain types of employer and union misconduct and have the right to attempt to form a union where none exists. The Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act (WARN) of 1988 generally covers employers with 100 or more employees, not counting those who have worked less than six months in the last 12 months and those who work an average of less than 20 hours a week. Regular federal, state, and local government entities that provide public services are not covered. WARN protects workers, their families, and communities by requiring employers to provide notification 60 calendar days in advance of plant closings and mass layoffs. These are just a few of the key regulatory federal statutes, regulations, and guidance that human resources professionals need to understand to confirm organizational compliance. For additional information on HR compliance resources, the Society of Human Resource Management (SHRM) at SHRM. org maintains a plethora of resources for the HR professional and the businesses that they support. To ensure the successful management and oversight of the many compliance rules and regulations, the human resources team must utilize best practices to inform and hold employees accountable to HR compliance practices. Some of these best practices include education and training, documentation, and audit. Each of these is described in greater detail, and will help HR achieve its important goal of maintaining HR compliance for the organization. Education and training in the areas of compliance and labor law is critical to ensure that all applicable laws and regulations are being followed. These laws can change from year to year, so the HR professionals in the organization need to ensure that they are engaged in ongoing education and training. It is not just imperative for the HR professional to receive training. In many organizations, managers receive training on key rules and regulations (such as FMLA or ADA, to name a few) so that they have a foundation of knowledge when dealing with employee situations and potential risk areas. Human resources and management need to partner to ensure alignment on compliance issues—especially when there is a risk that an employee situation treads into compliance regulation territory. See Table 11. 1 for a partial list of federal labor laws by number of employees, as displayed on the Society for Human Resource Management website. Refer to Table 11. 1: Federal Labor Laws by Number of Employees. |Federal Labor Laws by Number of Employees| |American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012| |Consumer Credit Protection Act of 1968| |Employee Polygraph Protection Act of 1988| |Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA)| |Equal Pay Act of 1963| |Fair and Accurate Credit Transaction Act of 2003 (FACT)| |Fair Credit Reporting Act of 1969| |Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938| |Federal Insurance Contributions Act of 1935 (Social Security) (FICA)| |Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (if a company offers benefits) (HIPPA)| |Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986| |These federal laws cover all employees of all organizations. Several other factors may apply in determining employer coverage, such as whether the employer is public or private, whether the employer offers health insurance, and whether the employer uses a third party to conduct background checks. Source: SHRM website, https://www.shrm.org/, accessed October 20, 2018. | Documentation of the rules and regulations—in the form of an employee handbook—can be one of the most important resources that HR can provide to the organization to mitigate compliance risk. The handbook should be updated regularly and should detail the organization’s policies and procedures and how business is to be conducted. Legal counsel should review any such documentation before it is distributed to ensure that it is up-to-date and appropriate for the audience. Scheduling HR compliance audits should be part of the company’s overall strategy to avoid legal risk. Noncompliance can cause enormous financial and reputational risk to a company, so it is important to have audits that test the organization’s controls and preparedness. When the human resources function takes the lead in implementing audits and other best practices, they create real value for the organization. - What are some of the key regulations that guide the compliance work of human resource management? - What does an employee handbook provide to an organization?

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But if many doctors conceded the efficacy of hard liquor, the case of beer was rather more controversial. Beer's champions often pointed to its relaxing qualities, and to its nutritional value. In a lengthy ode to British ale, for instance, one writer suggested that beer was so chock-full of vitamins that it had saved the "British race" from extinction during food-scarce plague years. Other healers questioned such claims. Dr. Harvey Wiley, a prominent physician and an architect of the nation's first food and drug laws, could barely contain his contempt for those who subscribed to such folk remedies. "There are no medical properties in beer, whatever may be said of it as a beverage," he pronounced in March 1921. "I never saw a prescription which contained beer as a remedial agent. " By 1921, Wiley could point to a great deal of recent scientific evidence to support his contention. In 1916, with Prohibition not yet enacted, the American Medical Association had declared alcohol's supposed medicinal properties entirely unsupported by research. "Its use in therapeutics, as a tonic or a stimulant or as a food has no scientific basis," read the AMA's resolution. The medical profession's official pharmacopoeia no longer listed alcohol as a medicine; to many doctors, and particularly to temperance advocates, this was as good as the final word. (Today, studies suggest that moderate drinking, particularly of red wine, may be beneficial to heart health. ) the man to whom fate and presidential politics bequeathed the duty of deciding the medical beer question was Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer. By the time the beer problem crossed his desk in early 1921, Palmer was under attack from civil libertarians for his harsh deportation campaign against foreign-born Communists and anarchists, best known as the "Palmer Raids." He was also on his way out of office. The previous November, voters had elected Republican Warren Harding to the presidency—a development that meant that Palmer, along with other Wilson appointees, was out of a job. Before leaving office, however, Palmer, under pressure from brewers, determined to make it possible, once and for all, for sick men to get their beer. On March 3, 1921, shortly before his last day as attorney general, Palmer issued an opinion declaring that the "beverage" clause of the 18th Amendment entitled doctors to prescribe beer at any time, under any circumstances and in any amount they saw fit. Wholesale druggists could take charge of selling beer. He also suggested that commercial drugstores could sell it from their soda fountains—though "never again beer over the saloon bar or in the hotel dining room. " But rather than settling the debate, Palmer's opinion set off a new round of court challenges, squabbles and questions. "Will the druggists become bartenders and the drug store a saloon? " the New York Times asked that November. "Will the doctors become beer dictators and be overwhelmed by those who are thirsty because they are sick, or merely sick with thirst? " Beer-makers, unsurprisingly, were sure that Palmer had hit upon a perfect fusion of virtue and science. "Brewers Jubilant over 'Medical' Beer," the New York Times reported on March 11. Doctors as a group were perhaps less so—"I don't think doctors are vitally interested one way or another in permission to prescribe medical beer," the counsel of the New York Medical Society explained—but as a group seemed to take satisfaction from Palmer's affirmation of their authority, seeing in it a victory of science over superstition. Temperance reformers, by contrast, were furious at Palmer's betrayal—a first step, as they saw it, in undermining America's newfound self-control. "Many of the Anti-Saloon League sympathizers fear that the Palmer decision, if accepted, will lead to a loosening of the enforcement laws," read one news report. The Anti-Saloon League (ASL), one of the country's leading temperance groups, was particularly incensed at the suggestion that small children, seated cheerily at the neighborhood soda fountain, would be forced to witness beer's sale and consumption—a prospect which, according to ASL general counsel Wayne Wheeler, "makes clearer than ever the vice in this opinion. " (He was joined in his lament by bootleggers, snake-oil salesmen and religious fakes who were loath to see pharmacists hone in on their trade. ) Had Palmer seen fit to restrict the consumption of medical beer in any way—by limiting the number of prescriptions, the amount that could be prescribed or the diseases for which it was sanctioned—organizations like the ASL might well have concluded that the handful of resulting prescriptions were not worth the fight. But the vision of giddy brewers reopening factories to produce millions of gallons of beer seemed too great an assault on their recent victory. "If beer is to be prescribed in any quantity for everybody who is ailing," predicted the New York Times, summarizing congressional opinion, "there will be no beer. "

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Learn What’s Wrong With Your Credit Report A credit report contains information about your credit history and the status of your credit accounts. This information includes how often you make your payments on time, how much credit you have, how much credit you have available, how much credit you are using, and whether a debt collector is collecting on any debt you owe. Credit reports also can contain public records such as liens, judgments, and bankruptcies that provide insight into your financial status and obligations. Lenders use these reports to help them decide if they will loan you money, what interest rates they will offer you, or to check the status of an existing loan. Companies can purchase these consumer credit reports to help inform them while making a wide range of business decisions such as providing or pricing insurance; renting you an apartment; and (if you agree to let them look at your consumer report) making employment decisions about you. Credit reporting companies (also known as credit bureaus or consumer reporting agencies) compile these reports. Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) amongst other things gives consumers the ability to dispute information on a credit report that may be incorrect. In fact the information contained on your credit report must be correct and verifiable. The FCRA requires lenders to: - Tell you they denied your application(or took other adverse actions); - Provide you the numerical credit score it used in taking adverse action; - Give you the name, address, and telephone number of the credit reporting company that provided the report; - Tell you about your right to get a free copy of your credit report from the credit reporting company that furnished it within 60 days of your adverse action notice; and - Explain the process for fixing mistakes or adding missing items to your report If a lender rejects your loan application, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA), requires it to tell you the specific reasons your application was rejected or tell you that you have the right to learn the reasons if you ask within 60 days. Indefinite and vague reasons for denial are illegal. Acceptable reasons might include “too many recently opened accounts with balances” or “delinquent past or present credit obligations. ” Unacceptable reasons include “you didn’t meet our minimum standards” or “you didn’t receive enough points on our credit scoring system. ” Learn more about your rights under ECOA. Credit discrimination is illegal. Under the Equal Credit Opportunity Act a creditor cannot discriminate in any credit transaction, including mortgages, against any applicant because of these factors: - National origin - Sex (gender) - Marital status - Age, unless the applicant is not legally able to enter into a contract - Receipt of income from any public assistance program - Exercising in good faith a right under the Consumer Credit Protection Act This means that a creditor may not use any of the above grounds as a reason to: - Refuse you credit if you qualify for it - Discourage you from applying for credit - Provide you credit on terms that are different from the terms given to someone else who is similarly situated to - you, such as having similar creditworthiness - Close your existing account Credit Report (According to the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau)

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A University of Florida researcher exploring different techniques for 3-D printing has invented a method for manufacturing materials as soft as a cloud in a way never before possible. The discovery by assistant professor Tommy Angelini turns traditional engineering on its head and opens the door to a brand-new discipline in mechanical engineering, said David Hahn, chair of UF’s department of mechanical and aerospace engineering. For more than 100 years, mechanical engineers have studied how hard materials – concrete and metal, for instance – respond to stress and strain. In recent years, mechanical engineers have turned their attention to soft materials but were stumped because soft materials are too fragile to be manufactured in the same way as hard materials. Angelini came up with the idea to use microscopic hydrogel particles as a medium for 3-D printing of soft matter. These particles are 99. 8 percent water and 20 times smaller than the diameter of a human hair. He found that he could manufacture soft materials into shapes more fragile than anything found in nature, all with structural integrity. The discovery is reported today in a paper in the journal Science Advances. Professor Greg Sawyer, a co-author with Angelini, said the discovery will require new tools, theory and modeling techniques in mechanical engineering. Hahn said much of that work will take place in the College of Engineering’s new Soft Matter Engineering Research Group, which already has attracted collaborators across several disciplines. The group’s work also has attracted financial support from two international companies intrigued by the prospects for soft matter manufacturing. “In simple terms, a hundred-plus years that we’ve built a foundation on in traditional mechanics is largely off the table with soft matter,” Hahn said. “It really is a whole new frontier of engineering. ” Angelini said the printing medium is the key. Printing a soft object in three dimensions had been out of the question because, by its nature, 3-D printing requires an object to solidify layer by layer, with the printing tip depositing a material such as a plastic or metal, which hardens to provide its own support. A top-heavy object like a jellyfish, for instance, would be too soft to print using traditional 3-D methods because the thin tentacles on the bottom would not support the bulk at the top. Even if you printed the jellyfish upside down the thin, flexible legs could never stay still in a fluid or stand upright. Angelini, however, decided to try 3-D printing in a medium of densely packed, microscopic hydrogel particles, or granular gel for short. The granular gel provides a stable, water-based environment that provides support for soft objects. As the printing tip injects a fluid into the granular gel, the gel traps the fluid in place, allowing for deposition of subsequent layers of fluid, without regard for support. Angelini has used the new method to create numerous objects, including a jellyfish and a hollow, tubular knot, which could not be printed outside the granular gel environment. “What if I could print you a structure that never solidified but it still held into place? That’s a new idea. It’s no longer about solidification, it’s more about placing things in space and leaving them where you put them. They aren’t going to move,” said Angelini, who conducted the work using his National Science Foundation Early Career Development Award, NSF’s most prestigious award for promising junior faculty. “This level of control is the foundation of all manufacturing. ” Sawyer, pointing to one of the laboratory jellyfish, adds, “Nobody in the world can make that jellyfish. We make them everyday. When we have soft matter manufacturing, we can make things, and then it is the realm of the engineer. It’s kind of like an industrial revolution. ” It’s a revolution that has attracted attention outside engineering. Neurosurgery professor Frank Bova said he is excited about using the technology for education, perhaps creating artificial brains and other phantom organs that medical students can use for hands-on experience. “For years, we have made models of bone and cartilage, but we’ve never been able to print soft tissue models,” Bova said. “With this process, we can take a brain scan with a tumor and make tissue that looks like that of a real patient, and that will help us better train surgeons,” Bova said. “One problem with teaching medical students and residents is having the right case at the right time. Complicated cases come in when you’d rather be teaching simple things, so this process allows us to create a library of appropriate cases that can provide practice at the appropriate time in a student’s medical education. ” Bova said he has faith in the process in part because he has seen it work. He sent Angelini a scan of his brain and got back a soft matter model. The objects printed in the lab so far are orders of magnitude softer than any man-made object. Angelini says he doesn’t know of a lower limit to the mechanical integrity of the objects the lab can make, and Sawyer adds, “We can make a cloud. ” A tantalizing question, Sawyer says, is what will be the smartest thing to do with this technology. For their part, Sawyer and Angelini are developing ways to print living cells using the granular gel technique. “In science, you’re either leading or you’re following, and you hope that if you do things right, every 10 years or so, you get a chance to lead for a while,” Hahn said. “With this new discipline we will be in the lead, and we are seizing the opportunity to make it a big strategic thrust for UF. ”

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