Split (1)

train · 138k rows

query stringlengths 18 1.2k	documents listlengths 32 32	scores listlengths 32 32
Which brothers' last film was called Love Happy?	[ "Working with producer Irving Thalberg, the Marx Brothers created one of their most popular movies: A Night at the Opera (1935). As the decade drew to a close, the Marx Brothers continued to make more films, but none matched the success of their earlier efforts. Their last film together was 1949’s Love Happy.", "Many comedies (and a few dramas) included their own musical numbers. The Marx Brothers' films included a musical number in nearly every film, allowing the Brothers to highlight their musical talents. Their final film, entitled Love Happy (1949), featured Vera-Ellen, considered to be the best dancer among her colleagues and professionals in the half century.", "When the Marx Brothers made their final film comedy, \"Love Happy\" in 1949, they found a new outlet for their outrageously funny shenanigans on the new medium of television.", "Love Happy (1950), sadly known in cinema history as the last Marx Brothers feature, actually began as an entirely different animal cracker. For those who participated in the production there would ultimately be little love and no happiness - all the more amazing as the movie contains a number of amusing and enjoyable vignettes, and, while it may be the least of the Brothers Marx, it is still preferable to the films of most other comedians.", "The film career of the Marx Brothers extended from 1929 to 1949. Marx Brothers Groucho, Chico and Harpo made their final film appearance as a team in Love Happy (1949), with a young 23 year-old Marilyn Monroe (in a walk-on bit role).", "'Love Happy' would be the last hurrah for the famed Marx Brothers, marking the final time the legendary comic trio would headline a feature film. Though it's far from their best work (Groucho actually termed it \"terrible\" in an early 1960's interview on NBC's 'Today'), this typically madcap romp makes up in spirit what it lacks in direction, and ends up a breezy, painless, but ultimately forgettable farce. Today, it's better known as one of Marilyn Monroe's early movies, even though the actress is on screen for less than a minute and speaks only two brief lines. The choppy, scattered nature of 'Love Happy' ultimately derails it and makes us pine for the kind of classic Marx Brothers fare that first lofted this fraternal troupe into the top echelon of comic performers.", "After the release of MGM's The Big Store in 1941 and the Marx Brothers' first retirement, Dad did a lot of solo work with USO shows and performing at Army bases and hospitals. And in the late 1940s, he toured around with a musical show called \"Harpo's Concert Bazaar.\" Dad and his good friend, writer Ben Hecht, plus director Frank Tashlin, sketched out a solo film project for Dad that eventually turned into the movie, Love Happy (1949), but by the time a shooting script was produced, Chico and Groucho were involved. (There's a myth that Chico and Groucho were added to this project at the last minute but it isn't true. Although Love Happy was originally conceived as Dad's solo project, both Brothers were involved in the project fairly early on.)", "Their film careers began with two movies based on their prior stage hits, \"The Coconuts\" in 1929 and \"Animal Crackers\" in 1930. For nearly twenty years, they continued to star in motion pictures, finally ending with \"Love Happy\" in 1949. It was in Hollywood that they acquired the nicknames that would become more familiar than their birth names. Milton (Gummo) dropped out of the act and was replaced by Herbert (Zeppo). Since the fourth brother was the straight man, the roles were largely interchangeable.", "Coen brothers, American filmmakers known for their stylish films that combine elements of comedy and drama and often centre around eccentric characters and convoluted plots. Though both brothers contributed to all phases of the filmmaking process, Joel Coen (b. November 29, 1955, St. Louis Park, Minnesota, U.S.) was usually solely credited as the director, and Ethan Coen (b. September 21, 1958, St. Louis Park) was nominally the producer, with the brothers sharing screenwriting credit and using the pseudonym “Roderick Jaynes” for editing.", "In August 2005, a 25th-anniversary celebration for The Blues Brothers was held at Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Los Angeles. Attendees included Landis, former Universal Studios executive Thom Mount, film editor George Folsey, Jr., and cast members James Brown, Henry Gibson, Charles Napier, Steve Cropper, and Stephen Bishop. It featured a press conference, a panel discussion where Dan Aykroyd joined by satellite, and a screening of the original theatrical version of the film. The panel discussion was broadcast direct to many other cinemas around the country.", "However, in the mid-eighties, Shaw Brothers moved into TV producing and many of its actors took small roles in other movies, eventually fading into obscurity. Lau Kar Leung stopped making movies and eventually, Hsaio Hou defected to Sammo Hung's Ban which was described as somewhat \"overbearing\".", "Award-winning Japanese director Mamoru Hosoda’s animated film follows the adventures of an orphan who finds an unlikely family and is put to a test requiring great strength and courage. Fiesta 5 The Brothers Grimsby (83 mins.; R) Sacha Baron Cohen is back at it with this new comedy/action film. MI-6’s top assassin Sebastian Butcher (Mark Strong) has a knucklehead brother Nobby (Baron Cohen) who has spent 28 years searching for him; the boys were adopted at birth by different families. Once they’re reunited, high jinks ensue. Camino Real (Opens Thu., Mar. 10)", "Biff's brother Happy (Kevin Chick), is determined to carry on his father's values, refusing to see them as dire moral errors. The casting of Biff and Happy is interesting; they look like boys, not like men, certainly not like \"Adonises,\" and this nicely underscores both their arrested development and Willy's unrealistic view of them. ", "James Farentino plays the playboy son, Happy Loman who is a disappointment to Willy's dreams and his mother's respect for him. Farentino is well matched as Biff's brother and at times the two brothers reflect upon their youthful years when they were still in high school and the pride of their father's eye.", "Rory then appeared in M Night Shyamalan's Signs in 2002, and also the excellent drama Igby Goes Down that same year, which starred his older brother, Kieran. Three years later, he appeared in The Zodiac (not to be confused with the David Fincher movie, Zodiac, also based on the 60s San Francisco serial killer).", "Jaden Smith is a movie actor, known for The Pursuit of Happyness (2006), The Karate Kid (2010) and After Earth (2013). In addition to being an actor he is also a dancer, songwriter and rapper who won an MTV award for his performance in The Pursuit of Happyness. He co-starred with his father Will Smith in both The Pursuit of Happyness and in the 2013 science fiction film After Earth. Smith and his siblings are youth ambassadors for Project Zambi, which provides assistance in conjunction with Hasbro for Zambian children orphaned by AIDS.", "The best scene in the film is when Charlie and Ray are in the bathroom at the Motel on their way to L.A. and Charlie is finding himself through his brother who cannot comprehend love.", "A comedy about men, women, sex, dating, divorce, mothers, single parenthood, sibling relations, surrogate families, money and, most importantly, love. More specifically, it`s about the lives of two brothers, one brother`s son, and the many women who surro", "Rain has his film debut with \"I'm A Cyborg, But That's OK\" in 2006. It was broadcasted in many other countries worldwide and was awarded with some awards. This includes winning an Alfred Bauer Award at the 57th Berlin International Film Festival (Germany) 2007 and being selected as the opening film for the Hong Kong International Film Festival. Also, at the 43rd Baeksang Award in Korea in 2007, Rain and Su-Jeong were nominated for New Best Actor and Best Actress. Rain won the award while Su-jeong lost to The Fox Family's Park Si-Yeon.", "Twins (1988, Universal, dir. Ivan Reitman). Today anti-stem-cell moralists can point to this comedy as to what goes wrong when man tries to control the creation of life, as an experiment creates a perfect man Jules (Arnold Schwarzenegger, of course, and when he became governor of California, he said \"no more movies\" -- right?) and ultimate comic Danny DeVito as Vincent, the low life. Blood loyalty comes into play.", "Phoenix made his third collaboration with director James Gray in the film Two Lovers (2008), where he played a bachelor torn between the family friend his parents wish he would marry and his beautiful but volatile new neighbor. Two Lovers premiered in competition at the 2008 Cannes Film Festival in May, receiving largely positive reviews, especially Phoenix who was praised by film critics David Edelstein who wrote \"He [Phoenix] is, once again, stupendous, and stupendous in a way he has never been before\" and Roger Ebert describing his performance as \"perfect pitch\". Two Lovers grossed $16 million worldwide. ", "Now Happy Loman, he’s kind of the forgotten son in Death of the Salesman. He’s the younger one and he’s the second best all the time. He’s very similar to his father. They have a lot of the same ideas, and are kind of in denial about realities of life. He’s definitely a womanizer. This is a way that he competes with his older brother, who usually beats him in everything. Happy is constantly with a parade of women, so that’s one way that he won ups his older brother.", "The closing credits to both films included a short list of deceased directors, writers and actors, under the title \"R.I.P.\": Charles Bronson, Chang Cheh, Kinji Fukasaku, Lo Lieh, Shintaro Katsu, William Witney, Sergio Corbucci, Lucio Fulci, Sergio Leone, and Lee Van Cleef.", "The last shot of the movie is in the place they kissed after the birthday party.", "Bernardo Bertolucci’s The Last Emperor surveys the story of a man who is shackled by his past. The Chinese Emperor Pu Yi (John Lone) inherits the throne as a little boy and is forced to exist incarcerated in the Forbidden City. This is a profound film about how politics can affect not only the masses, but an unusual person too. It won nine Academy Awards.", "Best - 'Chicken ... Cheah Chee-Kong's film adaptation of \"Romeo and Juliet\" explores the age-old feud between two chicken rice hawker families in Singapore. The movie shows the affect the family rivalry has on their children, Fenson Wong and Audrey Chan, who fall in love with each other.", "Sammo Hung, also known as Hung Kam-bo, is a Hong Kong actor, martial artist, film producer and director, known for his work in many martial arts films and Hong Kong action cinema.", "Directed by Ang Lee. A comedy about the relationship between a gay Asian American and his Taiwanese parents. In New York, the Taiwanese half of the gay couple hopes to end his parents' matchmaking by announcing that he's engaged. What he doesn't count on is that they'll fly in to meet the bride and plan the nuptials. 109 min. vhs 999:122", "The director was happy to reunite with “Amok” and “Posas” actors Spanky Manikan, Nico Antonio, Art AcuÃ±a and Garry Lim via his MMFF entry.", "Summary: I am so delighted to see this movie finally in DVD. Feel very proud as I played the role Xiao Foo 24 years ago. Few interesting things I would like to share with people who love this movie:", "Hong Kong film director Wong Kar-Wai's haunting and melancholy film Happy Together (1997, HK) (aka Cheun Gwong Tsa Sit) about a gay couple, was released. The film's cinematographer used multiple film speeds and color film stock. It was controversial for its graphic portrayal of Chinese male homosexuality and was banned in Singapore, among other places.", "Over the years, the Philippines's most popular genres in cinema have been romance, action, comedy, and horror. Icons of the screen include Fernando Poe Jr., dubbed \"Da King\" of Philippine movies (in the spirit of John \"The Duke\" Wayne ) and star of many action films, famed for his gunplay, sideburns and rapid-fire punches, and Dolphy (Rodolfo Quizon), dubbed the \"Comedy King\", who adroitly mixed Sad Clowning and Slapstick , his movies (and TV shows) developing a tendency for Dramedy ." ]	[ 5.85546875, 5.8125, 5.69921875, 5.09375, 4.9140625, 4.08984375, 2.0234375, 2, -3.52734375, -4.69921875, -5.10546875, -5.40625, -6.40625, -6.61328125, -7.34375, -7.3984375, -8.1953125, -8.2578125, -8.5, -8.5546875, -8.5625, -8.7734375, -8.859375, -8.9140625, -9.53125, -9.671875, -9.78125, -10.3828125, -10.3984375, -10.703125, -10.8828125, -10.953125 ]
Which film starring Bill Murray includes the line Roses are red, violets are blue, I'm a schizophrenic and so am I?	[ "William James \"Bill\" Murray (born September 21, 1950) is an American actor, comedian, and writer. He first gained exposure on Saturday Night Live, for which he earned his first Emmy Award and later went on to star in comedy films, including Meatballs (1979), Caddyshack (1980), Stripes (1981), Tootsie (1982), Ghostbusters (1984), Scrooged (1988), What About Bob? (1991), and Groundhog Day (1993). He also co-directed Quick Change (1990). Murray later starred in Lost in Translation (2003), which earned him a Golden Globe and a BAFTA Award for Best Actor, as well as an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor. He also received Golden Globe nominations for his roles in Ghostbusters, Rushmore (1998), Hyde Park on Hudson (2012), St. Vincent (2014), and the HBO miniseries Olive Kitteridge (2014), for which he later won his second Primetime Emmy Award.", "William James \"Bill\" Murray (born September 21, 1950) is an American actor, comedian, and writer. He first gained exposure on Saturday Night Live, a role which earned him his first Emmy Award and later went on to star in comedy films, including Meatballs (1979), Caddyshack (1980), Stripes (1981), Tootsie (1982), Ghostbusters (1984), Scrooged (1988), Ghostbusters II (1989), What About Bob? (1991), and Groundhog Day (1993). He also co-directed Quick Change (1990). ", "Ghostbusters II is a 1989 American supernatural comedy film directed and produced by Ivan Reitman, written by Dan Aykroyd and Harold Ramis, and starring Bill Murray, Aykroyd, Sigourney Weaver, Ramis, Ernie Hudson, and Rick Moranis. It is the sequel to the 1984 film Ghostbusters, and follows the further adventures of the four parapsychologists and their organization which combats paranormal activities.", "In Harold Ramis's film Groundhog Day, starring Bill Murray and Andie MacDowell, it is this song to which the main character awakes each repetitive morning on the clock radio. ", "The Murray persona has become familiar without becoming tiring: The world is too much with him, he is a little smarter than everyone else, he has a detached melancholy, he is deeply suspicious of joy, he sees sincerity as a weapon that can be used against him, and yet he conceals emotional needs. He is Hamlet in a sitcom world. \" Lost in Translation ,\" another film that works because Bill Murray is in it, captures these qualities. So does \" The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou ,\" which doesn't work because Murray's character has nothing to push against in a world that is as detached as he is.", "In this film directed by Harold Ramis, Bill Murray plays sourpuss weatherman Phil Connors, who goes to Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania with his crew on assignment to cover the annual Groundhog Day event. Phil immediately notices something very strange is going on when he wakes up the following morning only to realize that he’s reliving what should now be the previous day over and over.", "Ivan Reitman (known for the irreverent National Lampoon's Animal House (1978) and Meatballs (1979) with Bill Murray in his first lead role as a goof-off summer camp counselor) directed Stripes (1981). In the film, Murray starred as a reluctant enlistee in the US Army (along with overweight John Candy as Ox and Judge Reinhold as stoned Elmo) who suddenly ran afoul of Sgt. Hulka (Warren Oates) - in a male version of Private Benjamin (1980). (The storyline in Private Benjamin (1980), with TV regular Goldie Hawn from Laugh-in playing a spoiled, self-obsessed Jewish princess who was widowed on her wedding night and then joined the Army, was reminiscent of the \"This is the Army\" comedies in the 40s and 50s.)", "WHAT ABOUT BOB? (Frank Oz, US, 1991). THEMES: PSYCHOTHERAPY, TRANSFERENCE PROBLEMS; DEPENDENCY IN THERAPY; COMIC DEPICTION OF THERAPY PROBLEMS. Bill Murray is Bob Wiley, the psychiatric patient from Hell, who manipulates and ingratiates with everyone, even fakes suicide, in order to tag along on the family summer vacation of his new therapist, Dr. Leo Marvin (Richard Dreyfuss). The humor is in the escalating battle between Murray and Dreyfuss, as each struggles to outwit, if not damage, the other. This is in essence a reprise of Dreyfuss' role in Down and Out in Beverly Hills, where his nemesis was Nick Nolte, portraying a manipulative sociopath. In both films Dreyfuss does pompous indignant rage with great skill - it's perhaps his only persona as a comedic actor. One (professionally) unconvincing aspect of this film is that the patient (Murray) has had only one brief visit with the therapist before the vacation occurs. Ordinarily, patients with severe personality disorders - the ones most likely to use any means to violate boundaries between patient and therapist - conduct themselves in this manner only after forming strong attachments to their therapists as a function of repeated contacts over time. ", "\"Groundhog Day\" is a movie starring Bill Murray, Andie MacDowell and Chris Elliott. Released in 1993, the film was directed by Harold Ramis and written by both Ramis and Danny Rubin.", "In \"Groundhog Day,\" playing a formerly smug weatherman who finds himself condemned to relive one Feb. 2 over and over again in Punxsutawney, Pa., Bill Murray explains his feelings to two bleary-eyed, beer-drinking locals. \"What would you do if you were stuck in one place and everything was exactly the same and nothing that you did mattered?\" he asks despairingly. The two strangers listen very sympathetically. They didn't have to be trapped by a magic spell to know what he means.", "Live From New York, It's...Bill Murray Sketches include--\"Paraquat\", \"Cone Encounters of the Third Kind\", \"Sex Test\", \"Nick 'Springs'\", \"Annoying Lovers' Traits\", \"The David Susskind Show\", \"Father Guido Sarducci\",", "He was a caddy when he was younger, as were director Ramis (who starred with Bill Murray in Stripes) and Murray’s brothers. According Brian-Doyle, Bill Murray was a greenskeeper at a country club in Illinois when they were younger.", " Bill Murray performs \"More Than This\" in a memorable karaoke scene in the 2003 movie Lost in Translation.", "* In the 1988 movie Scrooged had a cameo as himself, acting in a movie directed by Bill Murray's character.", "* Stripes : A hilarious military parody. Directed by comedy king (Animal House, Ghostbusters, Stripes) Ivan Reitman . This military spoof puts Bill Murray and Harold Ramis in Army green. After loosing his, job, apartment, car and girlfriend, Murray decides there's nowhere left to turn but the Army. After convincing his best friend to enlist with him, the two of them are off to basic training where they engage in much hi-jinks before a slapstick graduation. Once again we see Bill Murray in his distinctive relaxed comic method. Here's another comic masterpiece for anyone's collection. 4 out of 5.", "In addition to Aykroyd's high-concept basic premise and Ramis' skill at grounding the fantasy elements with a realistic setting, the film benefits from Bill Murray's semi-improvisational performance as Peter Venkman , the character initially intended for Belushi. The extent of Murray's improvisation while delivering his lines varies wildly with every re-telling of the making of the film; some say he never even read the script, and improvised so much he deserves a writing credit, while others insist that he only improvised a few lines, and used his deadpan comic delivery to make scripted lines seem spontaneous.", "Color of Night (1994) Drama Bruce Willis plays a disillusioned psychologist who gives up his practice after a patient commits suicide. Willis discovers he is no longer able to perceive the color red. Much of the plot revolves around a patient with multiple personalities who is simultaneously a group therapy patient (as a male) and, unknown to Willis, his lover (in a core personality named Rose). Couch Trip, The (1988) Comedy Dan Aykroyd plays the role of a psychiatric patient who escapes from an institution and then passes himself off as a Beverly Hills psychiatrist. The film reinforces the notion that psychiatry is mainly pretentious language and social manipulation. Dark Past, The (1948) Crime A psychologist who is taken prisoner tries to use his training to help his captor. Remake of the film Blind Alley.", "Antonia's Line (1995) Comedy A film with unforgettable characters, including Loony Lips and Dede, two mentally challenged people who fall in love and get married. The film is a joyful celebration of life and family. Being There (1979) Comedy Peter Sellers plays the role of a gardener with mild mental retardation who finds himself caught up in a comedy of errors in which his simple platitudes are mistaken for wisdom. This film is a precursor to Forrest Gump. Best Boy (1979) Documentary Ira Wohl's moving tribute to his cousin (who has mental retardation) examines the options facing the young man when his father dies and his aging mother is no longer able to care for him. This film won an Academy Award as Best Documentary film. Best Man: "Best Boy" and All of Us Twenty Years Later (1997) Documentary A sequel to the 1979 film documenting that director Ira Wohl's cousin has a rich, full and meaningful life, despite his cognitive limitations. Bill (1981) Biography Mickey Rooney won an Emmy for playing a man with mental retardation who was forced to leave an institution after 46 years in this made-for-TV movie. Boy Who Could Fly, The (1986) Fantasy Love story about the affection that develops", "Williams' penetrative acting in the role of a therapist in Good Will Hunting (1997) deeply influenced some real therapists and won him an Academy Award. In Awakenings (1990), Williams played a doctor modeled on Oliver Sacks, who wrote the book on which the film was based. Sacks later said the way Williams's mind worked was a \"form of genius.\" In 1989 Williams played a private school teacher in Dead Poets Society, which included a final, emotional scene which some critics said \"inspired a generation\" and became a part of pop culture. Looking over most of Williams's films, one writer is \"struck by the breadth of Williams' roles,\" and how radically different most were. ", "Penny Marshall 's 1990 film Awakenings , which was nominated for several Oscars , is based on neurologist Oliver Sacks ' 1973 account of his psychiatric patients at Beth Abraham Hospital in the Bronx who were paralyzed by a form of encephalitis but briefly responded to the drug L-dopa . Robin Williams played the physician; Robert De Niro was one of the patients who emerged from a catatonic (frozen) state. The home of Williams' character was shot not far from Sacks' actual City Island residence. A 1973 Yorkshire Television documentary and \"A Kind of Alaska\", a 1985 play by Harold Pinter , [85] were also based on Sacks' book.", "Woody Allen’s romantic comedy of the Me Decade follows the up and down relationship of two mismatched New York neurotics. Jewish comedy writer Alvy Singer (Allen) ponders the modern quest for love and his past romance with tightly-wound WASP singer Annie Hall (Keaton, née Diane Hall). Originally entitled Anhedonia (the inability to enjoy oneself), Annie Hall blended the slapstick and fantasy from such earlier Allen films as Sleeper (1973) and Bananas (1971) with the more autobiographical musings of his stand-up and written comedy, using an array of such movie techniques as talking heads, splitscreens, and subtitles. Within these gleeful formal experiments and sight gags, Allen and co-writer Marshall Brickman skewered 1970s solipsism, reversing the happy marriage of opposites found in classic screwball comedies. Hailed as Allen’s most mature and personal film, Annie Hall beat out Star Wars for Best Picture. 93 minutes.", "The actual story of Nash's miraculous triumph over schizophrenia is much more convoluted than the screen version, but the film's depiction of his disease and re-emergence is substantially true. In many ways, Nash's illness was a classic case of paranoid schizophrenia. Some of his peers were convinced that the early stages of the illness manifested themselves in graduate school, but the full-blown symptoms did not erupt until he was 30, just as he was about to be promoted to full professor at MIT. He told the chairman of a rival department that he wouldn't be able to accept an offer because: \"I am scheduled to become the emperor of Antarctica.\"", "Directed by Anatole Litvak. Cast: Olivia de Havilland, Mark Stevens, Leo Genn, Celeste Holm, Glenn Langan. A woman finds herself in a state mental institution and must spend several months under the care of her compassionate doctor before she can face the troubling secrets of her past and be cured. Special DVD features: Documentary by film historian and author Aubrey Solomon; movietone news: \"N.Y. film critics honor Olivia de Havilland,\" \"National Magazines Make Film Awards,\" \"Showmen Honor\" \"The Snake Pit,\" Special film award is presented for \"The Snake Pit,\" \"Motion Picture Academy Awards film 'Oscars'\"; still gallery; theatrical trailer. 108 min. DVD 7223; vhs 999:922", "\"With an insane asylum standing in for everyday society, Milos Forman's 1975 film adaptation of Ken Kesey's novel is a comically sharp indictment of the Establishment urge to conform. Playing crazy to avoid prison work detail, manic free spirit Randle P. McMurphy (Jack Nicholson) is sent to the state mental hospital for evaluation. There he encounters a motley crew of mostly voluntary inmates, including cowed mama's boy Billy (Brad Dourif) and silent Native American Chief Bromden (Will Sampson), presided over by the icy Nurse Ratched (Louise Fletcher).", "58 he makes a subtle statement about the Vietnam War--My driving record is clean, like my conscience. Bickle is extremely disillusioned with the moral climate of New York City. He wishes for a real rain to wash the scum off the streets. Bickle falls for a high-class campaign volunteer (Cybil Sheppard). He thinks of her as a pure angel emerging from a filthy mass. When the presidential candidate that she supports asks Bickle what bothers him the most about America, Bickle answers that he would really like to see someone clean up New York. Bickles behavior gradually darkens as he becomes more and more obsessed with Sheppards character. He stalks the candidate. Bickle buys several guns and decides to assassinate the candidate. He is blocked from doing so, but he soon befriends a young prostitute, Iris (Jodie Foster), who provides him with a new target for his angst. Though he harshly, self-righteously assaults her morality, Bickle--now wearing a Mohawk--kills her pimp in order to set Iris free. In 1990s Jacobs Ladder the angst of reintegration manifests itself in a much more spiritual fashion. Jacob (Tim Robbins) plays a soldier killed in Vietnam. The film unfolds in three different time frames--before the war, during the war, and after the war. Even though he dies in", "This classic thriller-romance (starring James Stewart) follows a police detective who retires due to his acrophobia (fear of heights) and acute vertigo. He is asked to investigate a woman (Kim Novak) whose husband believes that she may be possessed, and falls madly in love with her in the process. It seems that the presumed “possession” is not the only mystery here, as he discovers a convoluted plot involving multiple identities and murder.", "In between is a touching story that is acted and filmed with rare integrity. Dolores Costello is a haunting presence. Agnes Moorhead, as the Neurotic aunt, gives a performance rarely equaled in movie history.", "Greetings again from the darkness. Most movies fit pretty easily into a genre: drama, comedy, action, etc. This latest from film festival favorite Lenny Abrahamson is tough to classify. It begins with silly and funny inner-dialogue from an aspiring musician/songwriter (Domhnall Gleeson), transitions into a dark dramady with complex characters and dialogue, and finishes as a bleak statement on mental illness and the music business.", "Along with 'Martin Sheen' (qv) and 'James Dean (I)' (qv), is mentioned in 'R.E.M. (I)' (qv)'s song \"Electrolite\".", "Silent Movie is a 1976 American satirical comedy film co-written, directed by, and starring Mel Brooks, and released by 20th Century Fox on June 17, 1976. The ensemble cast includes Dom DeLuise, Marty Feldman, Bernadette Peters, and Sid Caesar, with appearances by Anne Bancroft, Liza Minnelli, Burt Reynolds, James Caan, Marcel Marceau and Paul Newman playing themselves.", "Cher stars in this film about her character's son, Rocky Dennis, a spunky teenager whose life has been dramatically affected by craniodiaphyseal dysplasia, a disorder that distorts the shape of his skull and face. This is a feel good movie that succeeds. A thwarted love relationship between Rocky and a blind girlfriend underscores our tendency to judge people by their appearance.", "During the 1970s, Williams became depressed and went into a decline. He spent two months in a psychiatric hospital in St. Louis, dealing with personal and professional pressures. He later told interviewers that he would stick with off-Broadway, where tensions were less stressful for him. He published three collections of short plays, and Hollywood has made over fourteen films from his plays and short stories." ]	[ 4.35546875, 3.369140625, 1.6015625, -0.244384765625, -0.439208984375, -0.95458984375, -1.1533203125, -1.228515625, -1.599609375, -1.91015625, -2.380859375, -2.6875, -2.890625, -2.9296875, -3.26953125, -3.515625, -4.38671875, -4.85546875, -5.29296875, -5.43359375, -5.8125, -5.890625, -5.96484375, -6.23828125, -6.70703125, -7.453125, -7.7890625, -8.2578125, -8.4375, -8.5, -8.6640625, -10.1796875 ]
In which year did Charles, Duke of Orleans, send the first known Valentine's card?	[ "It’s been said that the first Valentine’s Day card originated in France when Charles, Duke of Orleans, sent love letters to his wife while imprisoned in the Tower of London in 1415. Today, Valentine’s Day cards remain a popular tradition in France and around the world.", "The French like to think of themselves as the most romantic people in the world, and it’s often claimed on Gallic shores that the first Valentine’s Day card originated in France when Charles, Duke of Orleans, sent love letters to his life while imprisoned in the Tower of London in 1415.", "Historians claim that the first valentine was a poem sent in 1415 by Charles, Duke of Orleans, to his wife. He was imprisoned in the Tower of London at the time. In the United States, Miss Esther Howland is given credit for sending the first valentine's cards. Commercial valentines were introduced in the 1800's and now the date is very commercialized. The town of Loveland, Colorado, does a large post office business around February 14.", "That's the largest seasonal card -sending occasion of the year, next to Christmas . The Duke of Orleans sent the oldest known Valentines in 1415 A.D. to his", "I thought as the Valentines Card was invented in England I would write about It's story. The oldest known valentine still in existence today was a poem written by Charles, Duke of Orleans to his wife while he was imprisoned in the Tower of London following his capture at the Battle of Agincourt. The greeting, which was written in 1415 AD is part of the manuscript collection of the British Library in London. England.", "The oldest known valentine still in existence today was a poem written by Charles, Duke of Orleans to his wife while he was imprisoned in the Tower of London following his capture at the Battle of Agincourt. The greeting, which was written in 1415, is part of the manuscript collection of the Brtish Library in London. England.", "The oldest known valentine still in existence today was a poem written by Charles, Duke of Orleans to his wife while he was imprisoned in the Tower of London following his capture at the Battle of Agincourt. The greeting, which was written in 1415, is part of the manuscript collection of the Brtish Library in London. England.", "The sending and receiving of greeting cards is an established tradition in the UK, with card sending or card display in the home being an important part of British culture. Sending Valentine's Day cards became hugely popular in Britain in the late 18th century, a practice that has since spread to other nations. Today in the UK just under half the population spend money on their Valentines. Invented by Sir Henry Cole in 1843, the Christmas card accounts for almost half of the volume of greeting card sales in the UK, with over 600 million cards sold annually. Other popular occasions for sending greeting cards in the UK are Birthdays, Mother’s Day, Easter and Father’s Day. ", "24 Nov 2007 I was wrong. The history of Valentine day is not years old but years-over-years old. I came across this 1790 valentine card ;", "1477: Margery Brews sent a letter to John Paston in Norfolk, addressed To my right welbelovyd Voluntyne, probably the worlds first known Valentine.", "Paper Valentines became so popular in England in the early 19th century that they were assembled in factories. Fancy Valentines were made with real lace and ribbons, with paper lace introduced in the mid-19th century. In 1835, 60,000 Valentine cards were sent by post in Britain, despite postage being expensive. The Laura Seddon Greeting Card Collection at Manchester Metropolitan University gathers 450 Valentine's Day cards dating from the early nineteenth century, printed by the major publishers of the day. The collection is cataloged in Laura Seddon's book Victorian Valentines (1996). ", "* 18th century: The Valentine's card first popularised.[http://www.emotionscards.com/museum/vals.html The History of Valentine's Day Cards ~ Valentine History ~ History of the Valentine ~ The Valentine Gallery Page One – Emotions Greeting Cards Museum]", "The earliest description of February 14 as an annual celebration of love appears in the Charter of the Court of Love. The charter, allegedly issued by Charles VI of France at Mantes-la-Jolie in 1400, describes lavish festivities to be attended by several members of the royal court, including a feast, amorous song and poetry competitions, jousting and dancing. Amid these festivities, the attending ladies would hear and rule on disputes from lovers. No other record of the court exists, and none of those named in the charter were present at Mantes except Charles's queen, Isabeau of Bavaria, who may well have imagined it all while waiting out a plague. ", "In the United States, the first mass-produced valentines of embossed paper lace were produced and sold shortly after 1847 by Esther Howland (1828–1904) of Worcester, Massachusetts.[60][61] Her father operated a large book and stationery store, but Howland took her inspiration from an English Valentine she had received from a business associate of her father.[62][63] Intrigued with the idea of making similar Valentines, Howland began her business by importing paper lace and floral decorations from England.[63][64] A writer in Graham's American Monthly observed in 1849, \"Saint Valentine's Day ... is becoming, nay it has become, a national holyday.\"[65] The English practice of sending Valentine's cards was established enough to feature as a plot device in Elizabeth Gaskell's Mr. Harrison's Confessions (1851): \"I burst in with my explanations: 'The valentine I know nothing about.' 'It is in your handwriting', said he coldly.\"[66] Since 2001, the Greeting Card Association has been giving an annual \"Esther Howland Award for a Greeting Card Visionary\".[61]", "Margery Brews (England) wrote the oldest known valentine in letter form dated 1477, sent to John Paston. For Valentine once meant \"sweetheart\" it grew to represent \"message of love.\"", "St. Valentine's Day was declared an official holiday in 1537 when England's King Henry VIII More than 190 Valentine's Day cards are bought every year ,", "It wasn't until 1537 that St. Valentine's Day was declared an official holiday . England's King Henry VIII declared February 14th a holiday in 1537 for the", "A vintage St. Valentine’s Day card. This is a scan of a card dated 1909 from Wiki ( Source )", "Jack B. Oruch writes that the first recorded association of Valentine's Day with romantic love is in Parlement of Foules (1382) by Geoffrey Chaucer. Chaucer wrote:", "A 1369 Paris ordinance does not mention cards, but its 1377 update does. In the account books of Johanna, Duchess of Brabant and Wenceslaus I, Duke of Luxemburg, an entry dated May 14, 1379 reads: \"Given to Monsieur and Madame four peters, two forms, value eight and a half moutons, wherewith to buy a pack of cards\". In his book of accounts for 1392 or 1393, Charles or Charbot Poupart, treasurer of the household of Charles VI of France, records payment for the painting of three sets of cards. ", "In addition to the United States, Valentine’s Day is celebrated in Canada, Mexico , the United Kingdom, France and Australia. In Great Britain, Valentine’s Day began to be popularly celebrated around the 17th century. By the middle of the 18th, it was common for friends and lovers of all social classes to exchange small tokens of affection or handwritten notes, and by 1900 printed cards began to replace written letters due to improvements in printing technology. Ready-made cards were an easy way for people to express their emotions in a time when direct expression of one’s feelings was discouraged. Cheaper postage rates also contributed to an increase in the popularity of sending Valentine’s Day greetings.", "The day first became associated with romantic love in the 14th century, when the tradition of courtly love flourished. In 18th-century England, it evolved into an occasion in which lovers expressed their love for each other by presenting flowers, offering confectionery, and sending greeting cards (known as \"valentines\"). Today, Valentine's Day 2017 is recognized as a significant cultural and commercial celebration in many regions around the world, although it is not a public holiday in any country.", "*Gaston of France, Duke of Orléans (1608–1660), younger brother of Louis XIII (1601–1643), was known as Monsieur during the reign of Louis XIII and was the first fils de France to assume the use of altesse royale abroad;", "There are a number of Saints called Valentine who are honored on February 14. The day became associated with romantic love in the Middle Ages in England. This may have followed on from the Pagan fertility festivals that were held all over Europe as the winter came to an end. Traditionally, lovers exchanged hand written notes. Commercial cards became available in the mid nineteenth century.", "It is also believed that Valentine sent his first 'valentine' greeting himself. While in prison it is believed that he fell in love with a young girl, daughter of a prison jailor. Before his death, it was suggested that he wrote her a letter, which he signed 'from your Valentine'; a saying that is used in cards today.", "Valentine's Day is celebrated in the USA, Canada, Mexico, France, Australia and the United Kingdom. The oldest known Valentine's card can be viewed in the", "According to the Greeting Card Association, more than one billion Valentine's Day cards are What is the oldest known Valentine still in existence today?", "The Queen and her Prime Minister, Mr. Disraeli (now Lord Beaconsfield), exchange Valentine's Day greetings. Her Majesty's message is by way of cheering her embattled first Minister whose six-year Government is on the verge of collapse. Her card features a \"young Valentine\" reposing on a sunny bank.", "Horsley designed the first ever Christmas card, commissioned by Henry Cole. It caused some controversy because it depicted a small child drinking wine. He also designed the Horsley envelope, a pre-paid envelope that was the precursor to the postage stamp.", "Sir Henry Cole, director of London's Victoria and Albert Museum, would write letters to family and acquaintances at Christmastime. He and others could buy decorative paper on which to pen greetings and good wishes, but he found it to be a cumbersome task. So Cole commissioned an artist friend, John Calcott Horsley to create a card with a simple message that could be duplicated and sent to all his acquaintances. Horsley lithographed and hand-colored 1,000 copies of this first commercial card. It was a three-panel card – the center panel showed a family celebrating and the two wing panels depicted people feeding the hungry and clothing the naked. The card bore the simple greeting, “A Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year to You,” which would become the standard sentiment of the mass-produced Christmas cards.", "A postage stamp designed by Loustal was issued by France (on my birthday!) in 2013, portraying 36 Quai des Orfèvres, the site of Maigret's office...", "The Duke of York was an authority on hunting, translating the work Gaston Phebus, Count of Foix, Livre du Chasse” into English and adding several chapters himself. He dedicated the work, Master of Game to the Prince of Wales, the future Henry V. The book gives us a glimpse of the Duke of York’s personality and shows us why his men and peers thought so much of him:" ]	[ 6.0625, 5.98046875, 5.57421875, 3.8828125, 2.783203125, 2.75, 2.75, -0.7001953125, -1.0634765625, -1.0888671875, -1.2119140625, -1.3232421875, -1.501953125, -1.775390625, -1.84765625, -1.99609375, -2.56640625, -2.58984375, -2.607421875, -2.7265625, -2.79296875, -3.775390625, -4.07421875, -5.0546875, -5.1171875, -6.01171875, -6.32421875, -7.8125, -8.6015625, -8.671875, -9.0703125, -10.1484375 ]
What was Alfred Hitchcock's first colour movie?	[ "No collection of movie classics would be complete without at least a couple of films directed by Alfred Hitchcock. \"Rope\" was his first colour film. It is derived from the play by Patrick Hamilton, based on the notorious murder case involving Chicago University students Nathan Leopold & Richard Loeb, and looks rather like a play being set entirely in a New York apartment and seemingly shot in a continuous take in apparent real time (actually there were 10 takes but they are cleverly stitched together).", "Hitchcock formed his own production company, Transatlantic Pictures, which would make films in America and England. Its first film was also his first colour film, Rope (1948), which was based on the sensational 1924 Leopold-Loeb murder case. Jimmy Stewart starred as the vainglorious protagonist, a former professor whose dangerously amoral philosophizing has inspired two students (John Dall and Farley Granger ) to strangle a friend just to experience the thrill of the kill; they then throw a cocktail party to gloat over his corpse, which has been stuffed into a trunk standing in plain view of the guests. Rope is best known for Hitchcock’s audacious attempt to make the picture look as if it had been shot in one continuous take. (A movie camera could only hold 10 minutes of film, so Rope’s 80 minutes is actually eight 10-minute takes, with the breaks cleverly disguised.)", "After completing his final film for Selznick, The Paradine Case (a promising courtroom drama that critics found lost momentum because it apparently ran too long and exhausted its resource of ideas), Hitchcock filmed his first colour film, Rope, which appeared in 1948. Here Hitchcock experimented with marshalling suspense in a confined environment, as he had done earlier with Lifeboat (1943). He also experimented with exceptionally long takes — up to ten minutes long (see Themes and devices). Featuring James Stewart in the leading role, Rope was the first of four films Stewart would make for Hitchcock. It was based on the Leopold and Loeb case of the 1920s. Somehow Hitchcock's cameraman managed to move the bulky, heavy Technicolor camera quickly around the set as it followed the continuous action of the long takes.", "Rope (1948) (***1/2, suspense) (9-6-99) (D.-Alfred Hitchcock; James Stewart, John Dall, Farley Granger, Cedric Hardwicke, Joan Chandler, Constance Collier, Douglas Dick) Only Hitchcock would have the audacity to conceive such a film. Only Hitchcock would have the studio clout to make such a film. And only Hitchcock could pull it off. This is Hitchcock's first color film and it is an experiment. Hitchcock wanted to make the film in 10 minute, unbroken segments--the running time of one film cassette. NO post-film editing! NO cuts!", "Hitchcock formed an independent production company with his friend Sidney Bernstein called Transatlantic Pictures, through which he made two films, his first in colour and making use of long takes. With Rope (1948), Hitchcock experimented with marshaling suspense in a confined environment, as he had done earlier with Lifeboat (1944). The film appears to have been shot in a single take, but it was actually shot in 10 takes ranging from 4-½ to 10 minutes each, a 10-minute length of film being the maximum that a camera's film magazine could hold at the time. Some transitions between reels were hidden by having a dark object fill the entire screen for a moment. Hitchcock used those points to hide the cut, and began the next take with the camera in the same place. It features James Stewart in the leading role, and was the first of four films that Stewart made with Hitchcock. It was inspired by the Leopold and Loeb case of the 1920s.", "Rope (his first color film) came next in 1948. Here Hitchcock experimented with marshalling suspense in a confined environment, as he had done earlier with Lifeboat . He also experimented with exceptionally long takes - up to ten minutes (see Themes and devices ). Featuring James Stewart in the leading role, Rope was the first of an eventual four films Stewart would make for Hitchcock. Based on the Leopold and Loeb case of the 1920s, Rope is also among the earliest openly gay-themed films to emerge from the Hays Office controlled Hollywood studio era.", "{1948}: Director Alfred Hitchcock's first Technicolored feature film was this experimental thriller. The film was notable for it's seamless intercutting of long 10-minute takes. This was also the first of four Hitchcock directed films to feature James Stewart. <br/>(See below:)", "From his innovative silent visuals, pioneering experiments with dialogue and sound effects, and brilliant narrative use of models and optical effects, Hitchcock’s constant formal experimentation became intrinsic to his work. For his first color picture, he produced an audacious technical high-wire act: a film story told in real time with no evident cuts, shot on a series of 10-minute reels which were seamlessly edited together to create an illusion of one 80-minute-long take. Adapted from a play by Patrick Hamilton and loosely based on the real-life Leopold and Loeb case, Rope features a sadistic detective game as two young homosexuals commit a murder and then dare their Nietszche-spouting headmaster who inspired their experiment in amorality to discover their crime.", "Hitchcock's first film, The Lodger (1925), an exciting treatment of the Jack the Ripper story, was followed by Blackmail (1930), the first British talking picture. Some think that Hitchcock's next films, The Man Who Knew Too Much (1934), and The Thirty-Nine Steps (1935), were responsible for the renaissance in British movie making during the early 1930s.", "Alfred Hitchcock's first American film, Rebecca (1940) , won Best Picture at the awards ceremony in 1941. It competed against another Hitchcock film, his second American film - Foreign Correspondent .", "The 15 films from 1942-1976 gathered here — Saboteur (1942), Shadow of a Doubt (1943), Rope (1948), Rear Window (1954), The Trouble with Harry (1955), The Man Who Knew Too Much (1956), Vertigo (1958), North by Northwest (1959), Psycho (1960), The Birds (1963), Marnie (1964), Torn Curtain (1966), Topaz (1969), Frenzy (1972), and Family Plot (1976) — show the huge range of Alfred Hitchcock’s macabre talents and interests, with the master taking on suspense, thriller, action, comedy, psychological drama, psychological investigation, sci-fi, and horror, all laced with dark humor and romance.", "Alfred Hitchcock was a British film director and producer, best known for his suspense thrillers 'Psycho' and 'The Birds'.", "Hitchcock's luck changed with his first thriller, The Lodger: A Story of the London Fog (1927), a suspense film about the hunt for a Jack the Ripper type of serial killer in London. Released in January 1927, it was a major commercial and critical success in the United Kingdom. As with many of his earlier works, this film was influenced by Expressionist techniques Hitchcock had witnessed first-hand in Germany. Some commentators regard this piece as the first truly \"Hitchcockian\" film, incorporating such themes as the \"wrong man\".", "The first Hitchcock film to be shown publicly was The Pleasure Garden, which opened in London on January 24, 1927. However, it was The Lodger, premiering just three weeks later on February 14, that audiences, aroused by the early rave reviews and commentaries, really wanted to see. Attracting huge crowds during its initial run, The Lodger marked \"the first time in British film history,\" says Hitchcock biographer Donald Spoto, \"that the director received an even greater press than his stars\" (Spoto 1983). The Lodger was the first film in which Hitchcock made a cameo appearance, something that became a trademark of his films over the next fifty years.", "Hitchcockï¿½s first American film is about an Englishman who kills his first wife and marries a young girl. Essentially, itï¿½s a variation on the theme of Blackmail.", "Sir Alfred Hitchcock was an English movie director, famously dubbed as the âThe Master of Suspenseâ. He was an extraordinary director who entertained his audience with his engaging and captivating suspense thrillers. His fascination with crime and its consequences began at an early age, when he was punished by his father and he spent several minutes inside a prison for his mischief. Hence his movies are symbolic of the guilt and innocence of a victim. He possessed a knack for creating stories that consisted of deceit, fraud, murder, blackmail and other criminal offences with incredible plot twists in the storyline. The protagonists in his movies were the common people most of the time, caught in unwanted and unavoidable critical situations. He had the sense of spellbinding the people and engaging them as a part of his suspense thrillers. He was a prolific story-teller with a fine sense of judgment about his body of work which is considered to be engrossing and enthralling by the critics. Most of his movies have stood the test of time and are considered to be masterpieces. He is remembered by other filmmakers for he inspired them to be passionate about their work, and by the people around the world for his entertaining and thrilling stories.", "Psycho is a 1960 American psychological horror thriller directed and produced by Alfred Hitchcock, and written by Joseph Stefano, starring Anthony Perkins, Janet Leigh, John Gavin, Vera Miles and Martin Balsam, and was based on the 1959 novel of the same name by Robert Bloch. The film centers on the encounter between a secretary, Marion Crane (Leigh), who ends up at a secluded motel after stealing money from her employer, and the motel's disturbed owner-manager, Norman Bates (Perkins), and its aftermath. ", "Under Capricorn (1949), set in nineteenth-century Australia, also used this short-lived technique, but to a more limited extent. He again used Technicolor in this production, then returned to black and white films for several years. For these two films Hitchcock formed a production company with Sidney Bernstein, called Transatlantic Pictures, which folded after these two unsuccessful pictures.", "This film must have caused quite a stir when it was released in London. Alfred Hitchcock became the first British director to produce a complete talking picture in \"our mother tongue as it should be -- spoken.\"", "Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. Cast: Anny Ondra, Sara Allgood, John Londgen, Cyril Ritchard. The first sound film for Hitchcock and Britain, although it was begun as a silent film and bears many visual touches of that art form. A girl kills a rapist in self-defense and her fiance is the detective investigating the case. 78 min. DVD 159; VHS 999:74", "Urban pioneered the first successful process for shooting and projecting actual colour film, which he called the Kinemacolor process. In the Kinemacolor process, film ran through both the camera and projector at 32 frames a second, double the normal rate for black and white film. A spinning wheel with two coloured filters meant that alternate frames shot and projected the red to yellow and the green to blue parts of the spectrum. Urban's first Kinemacolor film was shown in public on the 26th February 1909.", "Hitchcock’s final assignment for tiny British International Pictures came freighted with mystery clichés of stolen necklaces, creaky houses, and disappearing corpses. Palpably impatient with his source material, Hitchcock takes every opportunity to color outside the lines, often to rather surreal effect. The film opens with the camera insistently pushing into the titular London address, immediately establishing the rule of style over explication. Expressionist shadows lengthen to the point of self-parody, though listless tracking shots suggest a characteristic undercurrent of disorientation. An intricately edited race to the finish complete with model ships and trains epitomizes the innocent phase of Hitchcockian illusion – velocity without the vertigo. Print courtesy British Film Institute.", "skier, who is secretly an anti-terrorist agent.. When he is shot, before dying he tells Jill of the planned assassination of a foreign diplomat in London. They are slipped a note to keep quiet. Then their teenage daughter is kidnapped. Unable to go to the police the start their own search to find their daughter. You take it from there! Its thrills, humor and rapid mood-switches make for great entertainment. It was the first of six British films that by 1939 made Hitchcock one of the best known filmmakers in the world. Hitchcock himself remade the film in 1956. This Hitchcock classic in the Public Domain. ", "Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. Cast: Leon M. Lion, Anne Grey, John Stuart, Donald Calthrop, Barry Jones, Ann Casson, Henry Caine, Garry Marsh. A comedy-thriller about an unsuspecting, innocent hobo who accidentally stumbles across the hideout of a gang of jewel thieves. 63 min. DVD 153", "Upon waking up from a nap though, Iris finds that not only has Miss Froy disappeared, her fellow passengers and eye witnesses are denying that she even existed. Meeting up with Gilbert Redman (Michael Redgrave), a musician she had a fall out with in the hotel, they try to get to the bottom of this mystery disappearance. Like most Hitchcock, the film tells the viewer more then its characters creating suspense and intrigue at the same time; making us question why this is happening rather than how. It’s clear that something is a foot simply by looking at Iris’ fellow passengers who appear to be the most suspicious group of people imaginable. Gilbert’s comment that the train is “very cosmopolitan” perhaps speaks of the worry born of foreign national spies, which were ever present during the Second World War. This also adds to its role as a propaganda film with the only English character not wanting to help the situation in the end being the pacifist lawyer.", "Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. Starring Farley Granger, Robert Walker, Ruth Roman, Leo G. Carroll, Laura Elliot, Jonathan Hale.", "We can get a clearer picture of these moving forces by attending carefully to the changes Hitchcock made to the Patricia Highsmith novel of the same name. Hitchcock’s film is a thoroughgoing re-creation that transforms the novel. It is different in almost every way from the original: the key point of connection is the astonishing, even overpowering, plot device of the criss-cross murder, whereby two strangers agree to murder someone for the other, allowing each to get what he wants as well as a perfect alibi. This is a plot device so attention absorbing that it overpowers every other aspect of the action.", "Directed by Alfred Hitchcock . Written by Robert E. Sherwood and Joan Harrison , based on the novel by Daphne du Maurier .", " \"The Films of Alfred Hitchcock attempts to cover the more than fifty years he has spent as a film director. In a showcase of stills from his many films and in a text which examines the background of each production, how it was critically received and what it was about, we have tried to illustrate the genius of the artist and the humaneness of the man.\"", "Description above from the Wikipedia article Alfred Hitchcock, licensed under CC-BY-SA, full list of contributors on Wikipedia.", "The first horror film to be shot in two-strip Technicolor was director Michael Curtiz' mad scientist who-dun-it film Doctor X (1932), with Lionel Atwill starring as Doctor Xavier. The very similar Mystery of the Wax Museum (1933) also with Atwill as deranged wax museum exhibitor Igor, was also shot in an early Technicolor process, and distributed on a wider scale.", "Directed by Alfred Hitchcock . Written by John Michael Hayes , based on the novel by David Dodge ." ]	[ 7.3359375, 6.82421875, 6.00390625, 2.998046875, 2.794921875, 2.55859375, 2.2421875, 1.216796875, -0.1376953125, -0.9365234375, -1.09375, -1.259765625, -1.982421875, -2.5234375, -2.98046875, -3.013671875, -3.7734375, -4.41015625, -4.78125, -4.97265625, -5.17578125, -5.23046875, -5.71484375, -6.3828125, -6.6875, -6.89453125, -6.91015625, -7.1171875, -7.19921875, -7.41796875, -7.51171875, -7.66015625 ]
What colour is the cross on the flag of Switzerland?	[ "The flag of Switzerland is square and features a white cross on a red background. It symbolizes honor, freedom and fidelity. It's been the national flag since 1889 and was modeled after a flag of Schwyz, one of the country's oldest cantons.", "The flag of Switzerland consists of a white cross in the center of a red squared background.", "The Swiss flag is square and red in color with a white cross. At sea, however, the Swiss Naval Ensign is used; it has 2:3 rectangular proportions instead of the 1:1 square proportions. The flag is kept in standard square proportions when it is flown outside of the U.N. headquarters in both New York and Geneva.", "The flag of Switzerland consists of a red square with a bold, equilateral white cross in the center. It is one of only two square sovereign-state flags, the other being the flag of the Vatican City. (The civil and state ensign, used by Swiss ships and boats, has more traditional proportions of 2:3.)", "The white cross on the red base represents faith in Christianity. The Swiss flag traditionally stands for freedom, honor and fidelity. In modern times the Swiss flag has also come to represent neutrality, democracy, peace and refuge.", "In this context, the solid-red war flag of Schwyz with the addition of the white cross appears much like the later flag of Switzerland.", "The Swiss cross on a red field ultimately derives from a similar banner of the Holy Roman Empire, and thus has strong Christian connotations. The Swiss flag traditionally stands for freedom, honour and fidelity. (The motto \"Honor et Fidelitas\" was inscribed on the cross of several Swiss mercenary flags of the 18th century.) In modern times, through association with consistent Swiss policy, the flag has also come to denote neutrality, democracy, peace and refuge.", "The national symbol of Switzerland is a Swiss cross (white cross on red field; arms equal length)", "The current Swiss flag was adopted on December 12, 1889, making it one of the world's oldest flags. Under the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, European countries recognized Switzerland's independence from the Holy Roman Empire, where the flag has its roots, and its status as a neutral country. In the late 14th century Swiss soldiers going into battle started wearing emblems that featured a white cross on a red base as a sign of their Christian faith and to distinguish themselves from their enemies. In 1814, a white cross on a red base appeared on the seal of the country and in 1848 the flag was adopted as the nation's military flag. It was then adopted as the national flag in 1889.", "While Swiss independence and democracy traditionally dates from 1291, people are often surprised to learn that the national flag in its current form dates only from 1889. Modern variations of the flag can be said to go back to 1815, and the original Confederate white cross on a red field dates from the 15th century. Its inspiration perhaps goes back to the 4th century.", "In many ways Switzerland entered the modern era when the French overthrew the flag-less Swiss Confederation in 1798. Switzerland had recalled its French regiments in 1792 when the Swiss Guard was massacred in Paris, but they were disarray six years later, and only Bern resisted the invasion. When France imposed the Helvetic Republic on the Swiss in 1798, they also recruited a Helvetic Legion of four regiments to fight France's wars. While the regiments carried flags with an image of William Tell -- the seal of the Republic -- these flags bore no resemblance to previous Swiss iconography. When the regiments returned home after the fall of Napoleon they became border troops, and the restored Swiss Confederation in 1815 presented each of them with an honorary flag (see image ). These flags were an important development in that they represented the first prototype of a modern federal flag. They consisted of a long narrow white cross, couped near the edges of the flag, on a red field. This cross was essentially the centuries-old \"confederate\" cross, but in its slightly truncated form it prefigured the forthcoming federal cross. Spanning the vertical arms of the cross was a sword wrapped in a laurel vine. The obverse of the horizontal arms featured the motto \"Fu\"r Vaterland und Ehre\" (For Fatherland and Honour) while the reverse contained the text \"Schweizerische Eidgenosschenschaft\" (Swiss Confederation).", "While it took several decades to adopt the now familiar federal flag, it took a few more to refine it. It was widely criticized as being ugly, and beginning in 1880 a sometimes vehement debate broke out in the press. Finally in 1889 the Federal Assembly ruled that Switzerland was keeping its white cross, but that it would be changed from the five equal squares to one in which the arms were one sixth longer than they were wide. This last change in the flag actually brought it into conformity with the cross on the state seal of 1815.", "The symbol of the confederation as it developed during 1450-1520 was thus the white cross itself, not necessarily in a red field, but attached to existing flags, so that it appeared before a red background in those cantonal flags that contained red, notably the solid-red flag of Schwyz.", "The oldest surviving specimen of a flag of Schwyz dates to the Burgundian Wars (1474ï¿½77). The illustrated chronicles show an asymmetrical white cross, drawn in greater detail, including the body of Christ, and the equilateral cross became predominant only in the later 17th century.", "[A]ccording to the American Red Cross website, it was [i]n honor of the Swiss ... [that] the symbol of a red cross on a white background (the reverse of the Swiss flag) was identified as a protective emblem in conflict areas. While the cross on the Swiss flag originated in the 1200s from a symbol of the Christian faith, according to the Swiss Embassy in the United States, the Red Cross makes no mention of Christianity as a reason for adopting the symbol. ...", "The shade of red used in the flag is not defined by law. Swiss government bodies have used various shades throughout history.", "FLAG: The national flag, introduced in 1916, consists of a red cross (with an extended right horizontal), bordered in white, on a blue field.", "The difference with the photo, as far as I can tell, is in the Coat of Arms on the center of the cross and the size of the achievements in the first and fourth quarters. The Coat of Arms in the fourth quarter is not visible in the photo at the link, except for the tiara and keys, and is therefore not inconsistent with the image. As to the gray area on the center, note what Phil Nelson wrote above: \"This flag changes with every pope and with the commander of the Swiss Guard ... centered on the cross the arms of the current commander withing a green wreath\" and my note: \"The gray area on the center inside the wreath is where the commander's arms are shown, placed on a background of the colors of his native canton.\" ", "The flag for the members of the Senate (government) is actually their car flag, used by the Regierender Bürgermeister (prime minister/mayor) and the Senatoren (ministers). It is a white square with a red border as wide as 2/15ths of the flag height, and in the white field the arms. The drawings attached to the law shows the arms in this case in silver [metallic shade], not in white, so I made the image accordingly. As this is a car flag, it is not improbable that actual flags would have the arms embroidered, so that the silver would actually be silver and perhaps the gold would actually be gold", "The cantons remained all-powerful and raised their own armies, but since they had their own varied flags and uniforms, a federal armband consisting of a short white cross on a red field was introduced for all troops. This 1815 armband was in effect the precursor of the stocky white cross which would soon appear on the federal flag. Also in 1815 the government of the restored Confederation designed a state seal consisting of the short white cross on a red shield and surrounded by the arms of the twenty-two cantons. (Thus the seal also necessarily \"finalised\" the form of the cantonal arms.) The cross on the pre-1798 seal had extended to the edges of the shield.", "The Flag of England is the St George's Cross. The red cross appeared as an emblem of England during the Middle Ages and the Crusades and is one of the earliest known emblems representing England. It achieved status as the national flag of England during the 16th century.", "Civilian use of the white cross as a symbol of the confederacy is attested from the 16th century. From the 17th century, the white cross was carried on the banners of all cantonal troops, on the background of the cantonal colours.", "Jacques-Simon Eggly, History teacher and National Councilor [MP elected for 4 years] (Liberals, canton of Geneva): \"The Swiss flag inspires me an identity feeling, and, during certain official events, some emotion. I like it because it recalls for me - even if the relations of cause and effect are not evident - my Christian roots and the Red Cross, as well as the country's history[...]\"", "The Red Cross flag is often confused with the Flag of Switzerland which is the opposite of it. In 1906, to put an end to the argument of Turkey that the flag took its roots from Christianity, it was decided to promote officially the idea that the Red Cross flag had been formed by reversing the federal colours of Switzerland, although no clear evidence of this origin had ever been found.", "Following the heraldic tradition, Swiss flags on land are square in proportion. Switzerland Flag is one of only two square sovereign-state flags in the world (the other being the flag of Vatican City) When used on water (at sea or on the vessels plying in Swiss lakes), the ratio of the size of the cross to the height is 5:8, and to the length is 5:12 and the flag can be of rectangular proportion with 2:3 or 7:10 dimensions", "Unlike most flags of the world, the Swiss flag is square. This was an issue when Switzerland joined the UN in 2002, as all the flags displayed on UN Plaza should have the same size. The UN first had a rectangular flag, but the Swiss mission protested. Eventually the UN accepted a Swiss square flag. But, in order to have a flag that is not too small, the flag displayed on UN Plaza has the same area of a rectangular flag.", "Here is an actual photo of this first version of the current Swiss Guard flag, from the pontificate of Pius X. It was published in: \"Die neue Fahne der Schweizergarde,\" Archives H�raldiques Suisses / Schweizerisches Archiv f�r Heraldik, vol. 28, no. 4 (Z�rich: Imprim�rie Schulthess & Co., 1914), p. 205-206 & Plate 5.", "The flag was finally introduced as the national flag on December 12, 1889, when the Federal Council defined the 1/6 proportion of the cross's members, while the ratio of the cross to the square field, or the shield in the case of the coat of arms, remained unspecified.", "The canton of Aargau introduced the flag for its troops in 1833, and general Guillaume-Henri Dufour proposed use of the flag for all federal forces in 1840. The Tagsatzung passed a resolution to introduce the flag design with the suspended cross on 21 July 1840, and a final design was fixed in 1841.", "When Switzerland joined the UNO in 2002 an agreement was reached that the flag would indeed be square. Only the Swiss and Nepali flags are not \"UN standard\" dimensions.", "Destruction, removal or desecration of national emblems installed by a public authority (i.e., the Swiss flag, the Swiss coat of arms, the cantonal or municipal flags and coats of arms) is punishable by a monetary penalty or imprisonment of up to three years according to the Swiss federal penal code. The destruction or desecration of privately owned flags or coats of arms is legal.", "Recently I ran across a website with some excellent photos of Swiss Guard flags, including the most recent, at www.schweizergarde.info . A PDF of the definitive Swiss Guard history, which contains information on the history of the Guards' flags, is also available there through a link: Paul Krieg, \"Die Schweizergarde in Rom,\" p. 446-449. He states that the current Guards' flag design dates from the tenure of commander Jules Repond (1910- 1921)." ]	[ 6.84375, 6.52734375, 5.70703125, 5.40234375, 4, 3.82421875, 2.916015625, 2.822265625, 2.248046875, 2.046875, 2.03125, 1.9912109375, 1.9775390625, 1.548828125, 1.529296875, 1.0576171875, -0.2164306640625, -0.78662109375, -1.1005859375, -1.1611328125, -1.49609375, -1.7138671875, -1.71875, -1.8740234375, -4.49609375, -5.875, -6.7421875, -6.83984375, -7.10546875, -7.1328125, -7.20703125, -7.34765625 ]
In which children's TV show could you have seen the character of Windy Miller?	[ "The character Windy Miller and his famous windmill appeared in September 2005 along with some other Camberwick Green characters in commercials for Quaker Oats on UK television. The puppets and setting are all re-creations because Murray destroyed the originals in the 1970s. The original narrator, Brian Cant, auditioned to do the voiceover for the commercials, before the job was instead given to Charlie Higson. ", "12 of the most popular characters from children’s television are included in the set. The full line-up features Andy Pandy, Ivor the Engine, Dougal - from The Magic Roundabout, Windy Miller - from Camberwick Green, Mr Benn, Great Uncle Bulgaria - from The Wombles, Bagpuss, Paddington Bear, Postman Pat, Bob the Builder, Peppa Pig and Shaun the Sheep.", "Created by Gordon Murray and narrated by Brian Cant, this was a series of BBC animations about the ordinary folk of a rural village. A different character was central to each episode, one of the most popular being the windmill owner Windy Miller. Thirteen 15-minute episodes were filmed in colour in 1966, and sequels were spawned in the form of Trumpton and Chigley.", "First broadcast in 1966, each episode began with a rhyme: “Here is a box, a musical box, wound up and ready to play. But this box can hide a secret inside. Can you guess what is in it today?” The featured character – perhaps Windy Miller, Dr Mopp or Mrs Honeyman – would then be revealed. Accompanying songs were composed by classical guitarist Freddie Phillips.", "Few characters from the village of Camberwick Green are as iconic as Windy Miller, but it’s a miracle he survived beyond the opening episode. Here he is, playing chicken with the windmill sails.", "MLA style: \"100 children's TV stars .. where are they now? Remember it's Friday, it's five o'clock...? Or Basil Brush's boom-boom? A new BBC4 show takes a nostalgic look at kids' favourite TV shows through the years from the innocent Muffin The Mule to the gritty Grange Hill. Here we find out what 100 famous children's presenters from the 50s, 60s, 70s, 80s and 90s are up to now....\" The Free Library. 2007 MGN LTD 10 Jan. 2017 https://www.thefreelibrary.com/100+children%27s+TV+stars+..+where+are+they+now%3f+Remember+it%27s+Friday%2c...-a0164089259", "YTV has a long history of using the Harewood Estate, as the classic 1971 children's TV series Follyfoot (complete with \"Lightning Tree, down in the meadow\") had been filmed there. The programme - hugely popular in Australia and Germany as well as the UK - was based on the early 1960s novel Cobbler's Dream by Monica Dickens, a direct descendant of Charles Dickens.", "APA style: 100 children's TV stars .. where are they now? Remember it's Friday, it's five o'clock...? Or Basil Brush's boom-boom? A new BBC4 show takes a nostalgic look at kids' favourite TV shows through the years from the innocent Muffin The Mule to the gritty Grange Hill. Here we find out what 100 famous children's presenters from the 50s, 60s, 70s, 80s and 90s are up to now.... (n.d.) >The Free Library. (2014). Retrieved Jan 10 2017 from https://www.thefreelibrary.com/100+children%27s+TV+stars+..+where+are+they+now%3f+Remember+it%27s+Friday%2c...-a0164089259", "2. Has reached young audiences through appearances on television shows “Arthur”, “Mister Rogers’ Neighborhood” and “Sesame Street”.", "Narrated the 1995 TV show Wolves, Witches and Giants. A cartoon based on the book of the same name, it retold classic tales such as Little Red Riding Hood and Cinderella, but with a twist. The programme won the 1995 Royal Television Society award for Best Children's Entertainment, and was nominated for the same award again in 1997.", "The Whistling Wizard (US television series, 1951-1952), with voices of Bil Baird, Cora Baird. Children’s puppet show whose title character protects his young charges from the Spider Lady, a sorceress who uses the magic words “Elia Kazan” to cast her spells.", "Woof! is a Children's ITV television series produced by Central Independent Television about the adventures of a boy who turns into a dog. It was based on the ...", "Curious George is an American animated television series based on the children's book series of the same name which features Jeff Bennett as the voice of The Man with the Yellow Hat. Frank Welker, who voiced George in the 2006 feature film, returns here as the voice of Curious George. The show is currently broadcast on PBS Kids. It debuted in 2006, and began its ninth season on October 28, 2014 which ended on April 1, 2015. On March 17, 2016 it was announced that PBS Kids & Hulu renewed the series for a tenth season. ", "The Richie Rich/Scooby-Doo Show was produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions, and aired on ABC in 1980. The show features the voices of Don Messick (Boo Boo from Yogi Bear) as Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo, Casey Kasem (Robin from the Superfriends, and original host of the long-running radio show American Top 40) as Shaggy, Sparky Marcus as Richie Rich, Stanley Jones (Lex Luthor from Challenge of the Superfriends) as Cadbury, Joan Gerber (Mrs. Beakley from DuckTales) as Irona, Bill Callaway (Aquaman from the Superfriends, and Square Bear from Help! It's the Hair Bear Bunch) as Professor Keenbean, Frank Welker (Dr. Claw from Inspector Gadget) as Dollar, Dick Beals (Birdboy from Birdman & the Galaxy Trio) as Reggie Van Dough, and Nancy Cartwright (Bart Simpson from The Simpsons) as Gloria Glad.", "On a 1976 episode of the American television program, Sesame Street, the Witch, once again played by Hamilton herself, drops her broom and falls onto the street. In order to get the broom back, she must prove that she can be nice. Everyone is scared of her, except for Oscar the Grouch and Big Bird. After she proves that she is nice, Big Bird is upset when the time comes for her to leave. She reassures him that one day she'll return. The episode was poorly received by parents of frightened young children, and was never aired again. The fate of the footage is unknown.", "Some of the most famous characters in the history of children’s television, including Noggin the Nog, the Pogles, Ivor the Engine, The Clangers and Bagpuss, were created by Oliver Postgate and Peter Firmin, working together in the backyard of Firmin’s farmhouse home.", "and in at number 9 we have that lovely machine bertha....yep that animated childrens series first shown in 1986. the programme is set in spottiswood factory - an engineering plant. the factory makes everything and anything from cuckoo clocks to inflateable bears! of course the star of the show is bertha an old factory machine who sprung to life as soon as she was computerised. she is very tempromental and luckily for the program (there wouldn't be one otherwise!) a different crisis happens each episode. bertha would make anything mr sprott told her, usually with disaterous results!", "Scooby-Doo! and the Mystery Gang is a live-action American Fantasy Mystery-Adventure Television Series, based off of the popular long running franchise of the same name , created by Hannah Barbera. The series premiered on the CW Television Network on September 13, 2015 and stars Ross Lynch, Arin Logan, Hailee Steinfield, and Jonny Gray as a group of teenagers, along with their talking dog, Scooby-Doo (Voiced by Frank Welker), that solve mysteries involving supernatural entities that appear real, but usually learn that there's more to the phenomenon then it looks, and they'll get to the bottom of things.", "A television series based on the film premiered on Cartoon Network in Autumn 2012. Jay Baruchel, America Ferrera, Christopher Mintz-Plasse, and T. J. Miller reprise their roles as Hiccup, Astrid, Fishlegs, and Tuffnut. The series follows Hiccup and his friends as they learn more about dragons, discover new ones, teach others to feel comfortable around them, adapt traditions within the village to fit their new friends, and battle against enemies as they explore new worlds. Hiccup has been made head of Berk Dragon Academy .", "Muffin the Mule is a puppet character in British television programmes for children. The original programmes featuring the character were presented by Annette Mills , sister of John Mills and aunt of Hayley , and broadcast live by the BBC from their studios at Alexandra Palace from 1946 to 1952. Mills and the puppet continued with programmes that were broadcast until 1955, when Mills died. The shows were then shown on ITV in 1956 and 1957. A modern animated version of Muffin appeared on the BBC in 2005.", "This was deepened still further by Williams's involvement with Willo the Wisp, a cartoon character he'd first voiced back in 1974 for a North Sea gas training film and which starred in its own teatime series in 1981. Animator Nick Spargo modelled the acerbic animated apparition on Williams's own face, making each episode feel even more like Williams himself was relating the sublime escapades of Mavis, Arthur and co in Doyley Woods. The show's popularity was beyond question; even workmen in the street started hailing a startled Williams with the cry, \"Here's old Willo the Wisp!\"", "This TV series (which, by the way, was not made by the BBC and was instead shown on the British commercial channel ITV -- something that most North American video guides get wrong) was the brainchild of Richard Carpenter, a creator of many notable British children's series. Carpenter wrote all the episodes in the first two series and half of the third series. His writing is one of the show's many strengths.", "H.R Pufnstuf was an odd, but addictive TV show from 1969-1970. It was famous for its catchy tunes, strange costumes and memorable characters. A wicked witch, named Witchiepoo kidnaps a boy named Jimmy to steal his magic flute. But before she succeeds at her evil plan, H.R Pufnstuf (an odd-looking dragon) saves the day. ", "In 1996, they made a cartoon animated The Oz Kids. He has a son named Scarecrow, Jr. His son is smart and knows everything just like him. Scarescrow, Sr. is voiced by Andy Milder.", "The television version starred Kirby Grant as Sky King and Gloria Winters as his teen-aged niece Penny. Other regular characters included his nephew Clipper, played by Ron Hagerthy, and Mitch the sheriff, played by Ewing Mitchell . Mitch was always coming to Sky for help.", "[show] The character Willo the Wisp, as voiced by Kenneth Williams, originally appeared in 1975 in a short animation called \"Super Natural Gas\" for British Gas. This animation is included in the 2005 DVD release of the series. The character first appeared in the Doyley Woods setting for the 1981 TV series.", "The series was written and directed by Nick Spargo and produced by Nicholas Cartoon Films in association with the BBC and Tellytales Enterprises. The character of Willo the Wisp originated in an educational animation created by Nick Spargo for British Gas plc in 1975 and the stories were set in Doyley Woods, a small beech wood in Oxfordshire, near the director's home.", "Willo the Wisp is the name of a British 1980s cartoon series. Kenneth Williams provided voices for all of the characters. These included:", "A series of 5 minute cartoons about a group of inhabitants of a forest. Willo the Wisp is a sprite formed from gas who narrates each story. Other characters included Evil Edna (a witch shaped like a TV), Mavis (a rather overweight fairy), The Moog, The Argonauts (strange alien things that flew around in a mushroom), etc.", "A series of 5 minute cartoons about a group of inhabitants of a forest. Willo the Wisp is a sprite formed from gas who narrates each story. Other characters included Evil Edna (a witch shaped like a TV), Mavis (a rather overweight fairy), The Moog, The Argonauts (strange alien things that flew around in a mushroom), etc. Written by Richard Marsden <redbaron@cix.co.uk>", "Helen Keller is portrayed in Animated Hero Classics , an animated series on interactive DVD of 20 world and US heroes of history. The series is distributed by Nest Learning Helen Keller at the Internet Movie Database", "A series was produced comprising 26 5-minute episodes, with all characters voiced by Kenneth Williams as before. Willo the Wisp was the narrator in the programmes, with the main character being a fairy named Mavis Cruet." ]	[ 3.337890625, 3.29296875, 1.4326171875, -0.35107421875, -0.437744140625, -2.75, -2.814453125, -3.03515625, -4.1171875, -4.43359375, -4.859375, -4.95703125, -5.0625, -5.22265625, -5.6796875, -5.68359375, -5.890625, -6.49609375, -6.58203125, -6.5859375, -6.8515625, -6.95703125, -7.4140625, -7.52734375, -8.71875, -8.8359375, -8.8984375, -8.9453125, -9.1640625, -9.265625, -9.53125, -9.6484375 ]
In which 1996 film does Eddie Murphy play characters including Sherman Klump and Buddy Love?	[ "Professor Sherman Klump (known as Julius Kelp in the original film and by his alter ego Buddy Love) is a fictional character portrayed by Jerry Lewis in The Nutty Professor, and by Eddie Murphy in the 1996 version and its 2000 sequel Nutty Professor II: The Klumps. Sherman is a jolly, kind hearted science teacher at Welman College. Although this was the main character Eddie played he also played the part of the rest of Sherman's family (excluding his youngest nephew, Ernie Jr, for obvious reasons).", "Professor Sherman Klump is the main character in 1996 remake The Nutty Professor and its sequel. He is a morbidly obese but good-hearted college professor who transforms into the skinny but obnoxious Buddy Love . He and his family are portrayed by Eddie Murphy (leaving out his nephew Ernie Jr for obvious reasons). As himself, Sherman is the only Klump never to swear.", "During my high school years I think my sister and I saw practically every Jerry Lewis film that came out, including The Bellboy and Cinderfella (1960), The Errand Boy and The Ladies Man (1961), The Nutty Professor (1963), The Patsy (1964), and Boeing, Boeing (1965). In every film Lewis played the same homely, bumbling, and ineffectual type. At the same time he was a basically gentle and caring soul--but one who never got the girl. When I saw Eddie Murphys The Nutty Professor (1996), I was delighted to see that Murphy had captured the essence of the split between the gentle soul of the overweight professor and the cruel and self-absorbed Buddy Love character--just as Lewis had done so more than thirty years earlier. Murphys �imitation� was a sincere form of �flattering� Lewis comic genius.", "The Nutty Professor is a 1996 American comic science fiction film starring Eddie Murphy. It is a remake of the 1963 film of the same name, which starred Jerry Lewis, and was itself based on Robert Louis Stevenson's Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. The film co-stars Jada Pinkett, James Coburn, Larry Miller, Dave Chappelle and John Ales. Montell Jordan has a cameo role as himself. The original music score was composed by David Newman. The film won Best Makeup at the 69th Academy Awards.", "The Nutty Professor is a 1996 American science fiction comedy film starring Eddie Murphy. It is a remake of the 1963 film of the same name, which starred Jerry Lewis, and was itself based on Robert Louis Stevenson's Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. The film co-stars Jada Pinkett, James Coburn, Larry Miller, Dave Chappelle, and John Ales. Montell Jordan has a cameo role as himself. The original music score was composed by David Newman. The film won Best Makeup ...", "Murphy's big comeback movie -- and his only really huge hit of the 1990s -- was a remake of the 1963 Jerry Lewis film in which Murphy plays a hugely obese (working once again with Rick Baker) college professor who invents a special formula that transforms him into thin, handsome, arrogant Buddy Love. Though far from being one of Murphy's best movies (it's not as good as, say, Beverly Hills Cop ), it is, joke for joke, one of his funniest, thanks to his work as an entire brash, crude, overweight family. The movie's \"dinner scene,\" essentially a symphony of fart jokes, became one of the best known comic setpieces of the decade. Though totally base, it's impossible to argue Murphy's virtuoso performance(s). Check Amazon rating »", "Murphy portrays a university professor, Sherman Klump, a kind-hearted professor who is morbidly obese. A research scientist, academic, and lecturer, Klump develops a miraculous, but experimental, weight-loss pharmaceutical, and, hoping to win the affection of the girl of his dreams, tests it upon himself. Like the original film's Julius Kelp, Klump's vigorous, charismatic, but evil alter ego takes the name \"Buddy Love\". Murphy plays a total of seven characters in the film, including Sherman, most of Sherman's family (except for his nephew, Ernie Klump Jr. played by actor Jamal Mixon), and an over-the-top parody of Richard Simmons.", "The film received positive reviews, with critics particularly praising the makeup and Murphy's performance. The film's success spawned a sequel, Nutty Professor II: The Klumps, which was released in 2000. The film was re-released on Blu-ray combo pack on March 6, 2012, to celebrate the 100th anniversary of Universal Studios.", "The sequel of the Eddie Murphy version was actually called The Klumps, making Eddie Murphy's scenes with one actress and several of his own characters into the core of the film.", "This is the movie that broke Eddie Murphy as a movie star. He was just 20 years old at the time and had already become a huge TV star thanks to his work on Saturday Night Live, but the small screen could no longer contain him. Pairing him up with a typically grizzled Nick Nolte in a Walter Hill-directed buddy cop comedy , 48 Hrs. finds Murphy playing a fast-talking ex-con who's busted out for 48 hours to help bring down a group of criminals. In a single scene, Murphy intimidates an entire bar of racist rednecks and puts them all in line, and it was that moment in which Murphy became a full-blown movie star. The movie isn't an outright comedy (seeing it now is a reminder of just how rough-edged it is, particularly as it pertains to race), but Murphy's moments are good and so funny that it absolutely belongs on the list. Check Amazon rating »", "Following the Harlem Nights debacle, he agreed to reunite in 1990 with Nick Nolte in Another 48 Hrs. When it too bombed, Murphy's career bottomed out; neither of his 1992 efforts, Boomerang and The Distinguished Gentleman, performed as well as his earlier hits, the 1993 LP Love's Alright failed to chart, and even 1994's seeming sure thing Beverly Hills Cop III tanked. After 1995's Vampire in Brooklyn, an ill-advised horror comedy, he starred in a hit remake of Jerry Lewis' The Nutty Professor in 1996, but in the early weeks of the following year the action-adventure fiasco Metro took a nosedive. ~ Jason Ankeny, Rovi", "The film was remade in 1996, starring Eddie Murphy , Jada Pinkett Smith , and Eddie Murphy, and co-starring Eddie Murphy, Eddie Murphy, and Eddie Murphy. The success of the remake led to a sequel, with Janet Jackson amid the various Eddie Murphys.", "From 1989 and through most of the early 1990s, box office results and reviews for Murphy's films were strong, but by 1992 results for both dropped, hitting a low point with the critically panned Beverly Hills Cop III (1994), a movie Murphy would ultimately denounce during an appearance on Inside the Actors Studio, although he did find box office success with Boomerang and Another 48 Hrs. Harlem Nights featured Murphy, who had previously been known only as a performer, as director, producer, star, and co-writer, with his brother, Charlie Murphy, as well as supporting roles for Murphy's comic idols Redd Foxx and Richard Pryor.", "The movie is inspired by a 1963 Jerry Lewis comedy, said by some to be Lewis' best, in which Jerry played a mild-mannered chemistry professor whose secret formula allowed him to transform himself into an obnoxious lounge lizard named Buddy Love. Some said Buddy Love was modeled on Lewis' former partner Dean Martin , allowing him to play both sides of their double act. Others said the Buddy Love character was an uncanny foreshadowing of Lewis' own personality in the years to come. Maybe it was a little of both.", "Why It Made for an Epic Fourth of July: The Eddie Murphy rom-com Boomerang might not have been epic in the way that, say, Independence Day was epic, but it will certainly be burned into my brain until the day I die. When it hit theaters in 1992 I was a kid at a summer camp, where the counselors—who undoubtedly were trying to be “cool” counselors—took all the campers to the movies and bought us tickets to R-rated movies. We had two choices: Universal Soldier, a story about genetically-enhanced soldiers beating each other to death, or Boomerang, a story about Eddie Murphy having explicit sex with lots and lots of women.", "Directed by Martin Brest. Starring Eddie Murphy, Judge Reinhold, Lisa Eilbacher, John Ashton, Ronny Cox, Steven Berkoff, Ronny Cox, James Russo, Jonathan Banks, Bronson Pinchot, Paul Reiser, Gilbert R. Hill.", "48 hrs / Paramount Pictures ; written by Roger Spottiswoode [and others] ; produced by Lawrence Gordon and Joel Silver ; directed by Walter Hill. Hollywood, Calif. : Paramount Home Entertainment, [2011] 1 Blu-ray videodisc (96 min.) : sound, color ; 4 3/4 in. ROVI Movie Collection CW6 D0130409 Blu-ray Video : Nolte is a rough-edged cop after two vicious cop-killers. He can't do it without the help of smooth and dapper Murphy, who is serving time for a half-million dollar robbery. Both pursue their separate goals--Nolte wants the villains and Murphy wants his money and some much-needed female companionship. Features Eddie Murphy. Want more info? Try Movie Review Query Engine .", "Directed by John Landis. Cast: Eddie Murphy, Judge Reinhold, Hector Elizondo, Theresa Randle. Axle Foley, while investigating a car theft ring, comes across something much bigger than that: the same men who shot his boss are running a counterfeit money ring out of LA's popular theme park, WonderWorld. 104 min. DVD X1034", "Big winner: Eddie Murphy received three Golden Raspberry awards for Norbit, which he co-starred in with Thandie Newton", "Laugh your way through Eddie Murphy’s 1996 Academy Award-winning (see, you’re learning things already!) comedy with these 15 little-known facts.", "The fish-out-of-water action comedy Beverly Hills Cop (1984) was the biggest box-office (domestic) hit of the year with box-office gross receipts of $234.7 million (domestic), barely edging out Ghostbusters (1984) at $229 million (domestic). Unknown Brooklyn comic, initially on TV's Saturday Night Live, found his greatest stardom with this series (ultimately with two sequels), after appearing in two earlier movies: 48 HRS. (1982) and then Trading Places (1983), although neither of them broke the $100 million level. Murphy became one of the first black movie stars to be widely accepted by white America, with his character of displaced, rule-breaking Detroit cop Axel Foley, investigating a murder in Beverly Hills. The soundtrack (Harold Faltermeyer's synthesizer) won a Grammy Award for Best Album of Original Score Written for a Motion Picture. The very recognizable \"Axel F\" theme song played throughout the film.", "What's that wisecracking young black guy (Eddie Murphy) in that beat-up Chevy Nova doing in lily-white Beverly Hills? He's Axel Foley, a Detroit detective who's been sent on involuntary vacation because he refuses to drop his intention of avenging his friend's murder. Warned by Beverly Hills police chief Ronny Cox to stay out of trouble, Foley nonetheless dogs the trail of above-the-law Steven Berkoff, the British crime czar who was responsible for the murder of Foley's friend. With the help of sympathetic local cops Judge Reinhold and John Ashton and lady friend Lisa Eilbacher, Foley attempts to corner Berkoff in his mansion, which leads to a wild slapsticky shootout", "He returned in 1992 as a smooth, impeccably dressed bachelor in the film Boomerang, co-starring Halle Berry. The film met mixed reviews, but many critics found Murphy's performance as a romantic lead a step in the right direction. He followed the success of the film with Beverly Hills Cop III (1994) and Vampire in Brooklyn (1995), both low performers at the box office.", "Good Will Hunting is a 1997 American drama film, directed by Gus Van Sant and starring Robin Williams, Matt Damon, Ben Affleck, Minnie Driver and Stellan Skarsgård. Written by Affleck and Damon (and with Damon in the title role), the film follows 20-year-old South Boston laborer Will Hunting, an unrecognized genius who, as part of a deferred prosecution agreement after assaulting a police officer, becomes a client of a therapist and studies advanced mathematics with a renowned professor. Through his therapy sessions, Will re-evaluates his relationships with his best friend, his girlfriend and himself, facing the significant task of confronting his past and thinking about his future.", "It's hard to believe Sylvester Stallone was once considered for the title role. One of moviedom's most classic comedy characters arrived in 1984 by the name of Axel Foley (\"Acquel? Ackmel?\" asks Bronson's Pinchot's hilarious, near-undecipherable art gallery assistant...\"No, that's Ax-el Foley\"). The movie is one of the greatest action comedies, and Murphy was forever immortalized as the silly, endearing police officer who turns Beverly Hills and the world on its head, sticking bananas in tail pipes, ruining buffets at the country club, and doing whatever he can to solve the crime, have a good time and make sure everyone in shouting distance has as much fun as he does. Mission accomplished. Cue theme music.", "The second of three films he made with director John Landis, this exuberant comic-fantasy showcased the actor at his most confident. An uncanny mimic with a genius for impersonation, Murphy portrayed a variety of characters throughout the movie, thanks once again to Rick Baker’s Oscar-nominated makeup. But it’s his performance as the lovestruck Prince Akeem that audiences truly embraced. In the warmest role of his career, Murphy’s star rarely shined brighter.", "Little Shop of Horrors is director Frank Oz’s 1986 screen adaptation of the dark-humored hit 1982 off-Broadway rock horror musical comedy by composer Alan Menken and writer Howard Ashman. It tells of a nerdy skid-row florist’s clerk, Seymour (Rick Moranis), who holds a torch for his co-worker, Audrey (Ellen Greene), but doesn’t have the courage to explain to her how he feels. Nonetheless, through following the advise of a talking, man-eating plant which he names Audrey II (voiced by baritone lead singer for the Four Tops, Levi Stubbs), he gradually gains the confidence to approach her. Only problem is that in the mean time the plant craves human flesh and blood in order to survive and soon vocalizes (through song) its demands, which threaten Seymour’s humanity and could eventually threaten the human race itself.", "Comedian Eddie Murphy recorded a parody version of the song as it might be performed by exercise guru Richard Simmons and Our Gang actor Billie \"Buckwheat\" Thomas. The song appears on Murphy's 1982 self-titled comedy album.", "They’re not alone, either. Giamatti’s Landy is a slimy devil in pastels, a character performance that recalls his breakthrough role as Pig Vomit in Howard Stern’s own biopic, Private Parts. In each scene, he either smiles with cheese or snarls with vitriol at anyone who crosses his path, especially Wilson’s love interest, Melinda. Speaking of which, Banks finally gets an opportunity to sneak away from her comedic talents, unlocking a dramatic side that indicates she’s due for more work in this area. Behind these principals are the faces any fan might recognize: Carl Wilson (Brett Davern), Dennis Wilson (Kenny Wormald), Mike Love (Jake Abel), Van Dyke Parks (Max Schneider), and the incorrigible Murry Wilson (Bill Camp). It’s a collection of stellar no-names that not only look as if they stepped out of dusty ol’ band photos, but also act as if they’ve known one another for just as long.", "Murphy's role as smart talking Axel Foley made him a household name and the success of the original 1984 film spawned two sequels.", "Zooey Deschanel singing was not in the original script and Favreau added it when he learned she was a singer. Buddy belches for twelve seconds, after drinking a 2-liter bottle of Coca-Cola. The belch was real, as dubbed by voice actor Maurice LaMarche. Buddy starts singing in the middle of Santa-land at Gimbel's. The lyrics were not in the script and Will Ferrell made up the entire song on the spot. Even though Buddy is an excellent gift wrapper, Will Ferrell is not and needed someone else to wrap all the gifts in the movie. ", "Bob Hoskins was particularly praised for his performance as Mario. Dennis Hopper's performance was praised as well, causing him to land villainous roles for more successful films. John Leguizamo's and Samantha Mathis's performances helped kick them off into more successful productions. The film was also nominated for two Saturn Awards, one being for Best Costume and the other for Best Make-up." ]	[ 8.328125, 7.12890625, 5.1171875, 2.91796875, 2.236328125, 0.2144775390625, -0.1744384765625, -0.68310546875, -1.373046875, -1.7021484375, -2.01953125, -2.1328125, -2.5625, -2.6484375, -2.873046875, -3.630859375, -3.876953125, -3.880859375, -4.1015625, -4.421875, -4.4296875, -4.58203125, -5.140625, -5.63671875, -5.75, -6.16015625, -6.77734375, -6.796875, -6.8046875, -7.3203125, -7.5859375, -8.2109375 ]
Yperite, first used by the German army in September 1917, is better known as what type of gas?	[ "Mustard Gas (Yperite) was first used by the German Army in September 1917. The most lethal of all the poisonous chemicals used during the war, it was almost odourless and took twelve hours to take effect. Yperite was so powerful that only small amounts had to be added to high explosive shells to be effective. Once in the soil, mustard gas remained active for several weeks. The Germans also used bromine and chloropicrin.", "Types of Gas Used in WW1 Mustard Gas (Yperite) was first used by the German Army in September 1917. The most lethal of all the poisonous chemicals used during the war, it was almost odourless and took twelve hours to take effect. Yperite was so powerful that only small amounts had to be added to high explosive shells to be effective. Once in the soil, mustard gas remained active for several weeks. The skin of victims of mustard gas blistered, the eyes became very sore and they began to vomit. Mustard gas caused internal and external bleeding and attacked the bronchial tubes, stripping off the mucous membrane. This was extremely painful and most soldiers had to be strapped to their beds. It usually took a person four or five weeks to die of mustard gas poisoning. One nurse, Vera Brittain wrote: \"I wish those people who talk about going on with this war whatever it costs could see the soldiers suffering from mustard gas poisoning. ...read more.", " Mustard Gas (Yperite) was first used by the German Army in September 1917. The most lethal of all the poisonous chemicals used during World War I, it was almost odorless and took twelve hours to take effect. Mustard Gas was so powerful that only small amounts had to be added to explosive shells to be effective. Once in the soil, mustard gas remained active for several weeks. The Mustard Gas caused the skin of the victims to blister, the eyes became very sore, and they began to vomit. Mustard gas caused internal and external bleeding and attacked the bronchial tubes, stripping off the mucous membrane.", "Remaining consistently ahead in terms of gas warfare development, Germany unveiled an enhanced form of gas weaponry against the Russians at Riga in September 1917: mustard gas (or Yperite) contained in artillery shells.", "Mustard gas was first used effectively in World War I by the German army against British soldiers near Ypres in July 1917 and later also against the French — Second Army. The name Yperite comes from its usage by the German army near the city of Ypres. The Allies did not use mustard until November 1917 at Cambrai, and this was only because they captured a large stock of German mustard-filled shells. It took the British over a year to develop their own mustard gas weapon (their only option was the Despretz–Niemann–Guthrie process), first using it in September 1918 during the breaking of the Hindenburg Line.", "Sulfur mustards are variations of \"mustard gas\" (bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide). Mustard gas is referred to by numerous other names, including HD, senfgas, sulfur mustard, blister gas , s-lost, lost, Kampfstoff LOST, yellow cross liquid , and Yperite. The abbreviation LOST comes from the names Lommel and Steinkopf, who developed a process for mass producing the gas for war use at the German company Bayer AG . This involved reacting thiodiglycol with hydrochloric acid .", "(22 April - 25 May 1915) In the spring of 1915 the Germans made a new attempt to break through at Ypres. They captured Hill 60 and on 22 April 1915, between Steenstrate and Langemark, they used chlorine gas for the first time in modern warfare. 150 tons of gas were released from 6,000 cylinders directed against the French lines.The result was death, panic... and total surprise. The Allies were forced to withdraw for several kilometres, but there was no breakthrough. In September it was the turn of the Germans to be surprised, when the British used gas in their attack at Loos. Until the end of the war in November 1918, both sides bombarded each other with millions of gas shells. However, as a proportion of the total number of casualties, gas claimed relatively ’few’ victims.", "Both sides tried to break the stalemate using scientific and technological advances. On 22 April 1915, at the Second Battle of Ypres, the Germans (violating the Hague Convention) used chlorine gas for the first time on the Western Front. Several types of gas soon became widely used by both sides, and though it never proved a decisive, battle-winning weapon, poison gas became one of the most-feared and best-remembered horrors of the war. Tanks were developed by Britain and France, and were first used in combat by the British during the Battle of Flers–Courcelette (part of the Battle of the Somme) on 15 September 1916, with only partial success. However, their effectiveness would grow as the war progressed; the Allies built tanks in large numbers, whilst the Germans employed only a few of their own design, supplemented by captured Allied tanks.", "At Ypres the Germans used the first lethal gas of the war, chlorine. The gas was to be released from 6,000 cylinders and would rely on the wind to blow it over the allied trenches. This method of delivery controlled the timing of the attack – the prevailing winds on the western front came from the west, so the Germans had to wait for a suitable wind from the east to launch their attack.", "In the first combined chlorine/phosgene attack by Germany, against British troops at Nieltje near Ypres, Belgium on 19 December 1915, 88 tons of the gas were released from cylinders causing 1069 casualties and 69 deaths. [15] The British P gas helmet, issued at the time, was impregnated with phenate hexamine and partially effective against phosgene. The modified PH Gas Helmet , which was additionally impregnated with hexamethylenetetramine to improve the protection against phosgene, was issued in January 1916. [15]", "US GAS MASK Poison gas was one of the special horrors of World War I. Both the French and the German armies used irritant gases (i.e., tear gas) early in the war, but gas warfare entered a more deadly phase during the Battle of Ypres in April 1915, when the Germans wafted chlorine gas toward British trenches. Soon both sides used gases, mainly delivered by artillery shells. Some gases (like mustard gas) disabled victims; others (like phosgene) were often immediately fatal. Early countermeasures were crude— such as holding urine-soaked cotton wadding over the nose and mouth—but as the war went on, increasingly effective gas masks, or “respirators,” were developed. The one shown here was issued to U.S. troops.", "1915 - At the Second Battle Ypres the Germans became the first country to use poison gas.", "Chlorine (1st poisonous gas used in warfare by Germany, Ypres, 1915; used in bleaching powder, disinfectants & germicide for water)", "Poison gas Langemark-Poelkapelle On 22 April 1915, the German Army opened some 6,000 bottles filled with chlorine gas over a 6-kilometre stretch of the front line between Stampkot Farm and Halfway House. On that day more than 5,000 soldiers and civilians were killed by the gas and many thousands of others suffered from its effects for the rest of their lives. The use of this weapon of mass destruction is regarded as the start of modern chemical warfare. The 41-kilometre-long route takes visitors to all the most important sites associated with this tragic event.", "On April 22, 1915, the Germans launched their first and only offensive of the year. Now referred to as the Second Battle of Ypres, the offensive began with the usual artillery bombardment of the enemy’s line. When the shelling died down, the Allied defenders waited for the first wave of German attack troops but instead were thrown into panic when chlorine gas wafted across no-man’s land and down into their trenches. The Germans targeted four miles of the front with the wind-blown poison gas, decimating two divisions of French and Algerian colonial troops. The Germans, perhaps as shocked as the Allies by the devastating effects of the poison gas, failed to take full advantage, and the Allies managed to hold most of their positions.", "A German Gas Bottle which contained toxic gas to be used in the chemical Warfare during 1917. This green glass bottle contained a fluid with a colour varying from eggwhite to brown/yellow and a smell similar to shoe polish, it was known to the Germans under the code name 'Clark' which stood for DA-gas, a Vomiting agent. The product was meant specifically to penetrate through safety measures such as gasmasks, especially treated cloths and even the anti gas ointment Item A0819. It was only loaded into projectiles of the 7.7cm model 1896 and the model 1915. These could be identified by a blue cross on the body. When the shell exploded, the glass was shattered and the fluid vaporised. Tens of these formed a vast cloud of toxic gas. This was a very rare item as it was only to be removed when opening a gas shell, something that no reasonable human being dared to do. In 2002 during earthworks in the village of Houthulst (Belgium) near to the site of the Bomb Disposal Base of the Belgium Army, a dump of inner parts of all sorts of German Shells and grenades was discovered. Research has shown that in 1919 German prisoners of war had been put to work emptying these dangerous beasts to salvage steel. The parts not wanted were simply thrown into shell holes. Only around 300 are known to have survived from that source.", "The British government commissioned Special Gas Companies to create poisons for wartime uses. On September 24, 1915, Allied forces retaliated the initial German gas attacks. Setting some 400 chlorine gas canisters along the German lines at Loos, British forces began the gas attack at dawn. A few minutes after sunrise, the prevailing winds suddenly shifted, driving the cloud of gas back over British lines. The operation was disastrous, Britain suffered more causalities on the day than did Germany.", "By the end of the battle the Ypres salient was compressed, with Ypres closer to the line. The city, bombarded by artillery fire, was demolished. Although poison gas had been used on the Eastern Front, it surprised the Allies and about 7,000 gas casualties were transported in field ambulances and treated in casualty clearing stations. In May and June, 350 British deaths were recorded from gas poisoning. Both sides developed gas weapons and counter-measures, which changed the nature of gas warfare; the French and British used gas at the Battle of Loos in late September. Gas protection was somewhat improved with the issue of improvised respirators made from cotton waste pads impregnated with sodium hyposulphite, sodium bicarbonate and glycerin. The respirators made little difference, however, due to lack of training and the use of local contraptions and poorly-made items imported from Britain. The \"P helmet\" (or \"Tube Helmet\") soaked in sodium phenate was issued by December 1915, and the PH helmet (effective against phosgene) was issued in early 1916.", "Mice were widely used by the British to ascertain the presence of toxic gas and poisonous fumes in enclosed spaces such as dugouts and mine tunnels. Approximately 30 different poisonous gases were used during WWI. In the early days of war before effective gas masks were available the soldiers were told to hold a urine-soaked cloth over their face in an emergency. Tear gas was first used by the Germans in 1915 against the Russian Armies but was found to be ineffective. This was due to the gas quickly turning to liquid in the cold air.", "The Second Battle of Ypres is a series of battles in April and May 1915. It was the first time Germany used poison gas on a large scale on the Western Front in World War I and the first time a former colonial force (Canadians) pushed back a major European power (Germans) on European soil, which occurred in the battle of St. Julien-Kitcheners' Wood.", "1918 - Germans launch the first projectile attack against US troops with phosgene and chloropicrin shells. The first major use of gas against American forces.", "The deficiencies of chlorine were overcome with the introduction of phosgene, first used by France under the direction of French chemist Victor Grignard in 1915. Colourless and having an odour likened to \"mouldy hay,\" phosgene was difficult to detect, making it a more effective weapon. Later, the Germans , under the direction of German chemist Fritz Haber added small quantities to chlorine to increase the latter's toxicity. Although phosgene was sometimes used on its own, it was more often used mixed with an equal volume of chlorine, the chlorine helping to spread the denser phosgene. The Allies called this combination White Star after the marking painted on shells containing the mixture).", "The U.S. Chemical Corps - After the early German Employment of gas warfare for the duration of WWI at Ypres in Belgium on 22 April 1915, technological and physiological research in gas warfare was conducted in Britain by exceptional scientists called Fritz Haber, who was the reponsable for the development of poison gases for Germany during World War I, also hee was the responsabible for developing the crucial process for extractingnitrates from the atmosphere. In the United States the war department by the fall of 1915 began to show an interest in providing troops with protection against gas and assigned responsibility for the design and development of respirators to the Medical department which resulted in the rapid... [tags: World War I, German Employment, Gas Warfare]", "The French first developed strong tear gas agents for battlefield use in June 1914. French forces first employed the gas in the form of tear-gas grenades, in August 1914. German scientists created a similar agent, and were the first to research various types of poison gas for extensive battle use. In October 1914, the Germans fired the first gasfilled shells. A few months later, experiments with filled shells were unsuccessful. Gasses failed to properly vaporize on the Eastern Front during the freezing winter. Variable winds on the Western Front made dispersal of gasses difficult.", "The deficiencies of chlorine were overcome with the introduction of phosgene, which was prepared by a group of French chemists led by Victor Grignard and first used by France in 1915. Colourless and having an odor likened to \"mouldy hay,\" phosgene was difficult to detect, making it a more effective weapon. Although phosgene was sometimes used on its own, it was more often used mixed with an equal volume of chlorine, with the chlorine helping to spread the denser phosgene. The Allies called this combination White Star after the marking painted on shells containing the mixture. ", "From 1903 until the World War I era, potassium nitrate for black powder and fertilizer was produced on an industrial scale from nitric acid produced via the Birkeland–Eyde process, which used an electric arc to oxidize nitrogen from the air. During World War I the newly industrialized Haber process (1913) was combined with the Ostwald process after 1915, allowing Germany to produce nitric acid for the war after being cut off from its supplies of mineral sodium nitrates from Chile (see nitratite).", "The second battle of Ypres, 22 April-25 May 1915, was a rare German offensive on the Western Front during 1915. It was launched with two aims in mind. The first was to distract attention from the movement of German troops to the eastern front in preparation for the campaign that would lead to the victory of Gorlice-Tarnow. The second was to assess the impact of poisoned gas on the western front. Gas had already been used on the eastern front, at Bolimov (3 January 1915), but the tear gas used there had frozen in the extreme cold.", "1916, May. Germans start using Trichloromethyl chloroformate (diphosgene), while the French tried Hydrogen cyanide 2 months later and Cyanogen chloride the same year.", "Around 5:00 PM on April 22, 1915, troops from the German 4th Army began releasing the gas towards the French troops at Gravenstafel. This was done by opening the gas cylinders by hand and relying on the prevailing winds to carry the gas towards the enemy. A dangerous method of dispersal, it resulted in numerous casualties among the German forces. Drifting across the lines, the grey-green cloud struck the French 45th and 87th Divisions.", "Until the summer of 1916 Britain’s defences struggled to offer an effective response. Then, following the introduction of new explosive and incendiary ammunition, the advantage swung in favour of the British pilots: they now had an effective means of igniting the Zeppelin’s hydrogen.", " The offensive chemical unit for the AEF was the First Gas Regiment, formerly the 30th Engineers. This unit was organized at American University under the command of Colonel E. J. Atkisson in 1917, and was sent to France in early 1918.", "Werner Mï¿½ller: Die leichte und mittlere Flak 1906 - 1945, eingesetzt bei den Waffengattungen an allen Fronten." ]	[ 6.15234375, 5.859375, 5.58203125, 3.70703125, 3.48046875, 1.8583984375, -1.66796875, -1.79296875, -2.115234375, -2.345703125, -2.498046875, -3.05859375, -3.078125, -3.107421875, -3.173828125, -3.33203125, -3.701171875, -3.798828125, -4.015625, -4.62890625, -4.9375, -5.171875, -5.22265625, -5.63671875, -6.390625, -6.56640625, -6.5703125, -7.0546875, -7.4609375, -7.97265625, -9.2890625, -10.9609375 ]
In 2000, who bared all at the Gielgud Theatre replacing Kathleen Turner in the role of Mrs Robinson in the play The Graduate?	[ "Selected by producer Sascha Brooks to succeed Kathleen Turner in the role of 'Mrs. Robinson' in the London stage production of \"The Graduate\" (June 2000).", "The West End production opened at the Gielgud Theatre on April 5, 2000, after previews from March 24, with Kathleen Turner starring as Mrs. Robinson. The production closed in January 2002. Jerry Hall replaced Turner on July 31, 2000, followed by Amanda Donohoe from February 2001, Anne Archer from June 2001, and Linda Gray from October 2001. The 2003 UK touring production starred Glynis Barber as Mrs. Robinson. ", "Miss Hall attracted global attention when she took over from Kathleen Turner in Sam Mendes stage adaptation of The Graduate in 2000.", "Famous in recent times for appointing American actor Kevin Spacey as its new artistic director, the theatre has always been respected internationally. It is synonymous with the greatest British acting talent, from Laurence Olivier, Peggy Ashcroft, and John Gielgud to Maggie Smith, Judi Dench, Albert Finney, and Peter O'Toole.", "There is also the Sir John Gielgud Award for \"Excellence in the Dramatic Arts\" presented by the US-based Shakespeare Guild. Past winners include Ian McKellen , Kenneth Branagh , Glen Joseph, Kevin Kline and Judi Dench", "There is also the Sir John Gielgud Award for \"Excellence in the Dramatic Arts\" presented by the US-based Shakespeare Guild. Past winners include Ian McKellen, Kenneth Branagh, Glen Joseph, Kevin Kline and Judi Dench", "John Gielgud assembled an all-star cast for his season at the Queen's Theatre. Peggy Ashcroft, Carol Goodner and Gwen Ffrangcon-Davies played Irina, Masha and Olga, with Alec Guinness as Fedotik, Michael Redgrave as Tuzenbach and Gielgud as Vershinin. “A restatement of an exquisite play made not only with exquisite sensibility but also with technical power,” said 'The Observer'.", "As he aged, Gielgud sought out distinctive new voices in the theatre, appearing in plays by Edward Albee (Tiny Alice), Alan Bennett (Forty Years On), Charles Wood (Veterans),Edward Bond (Bingo, in which Gielgud played William Shakespeare), David Storey (Home), and Harold Pinter (No Man's Land), the latter two in partnership with his old friend Ralph Richardson, but he drew the line at being offered the role of Hamm in Beckett's Endgame, saying that the play offered \"nothing but loneliness and despair\". It looked as though Gielgud would retire from the stage after appearing in Half Life at the Duke of York's Theatre in 1978, but he made a successful comeback in 1988 in Hugh Whitemore's play The Best of Friends as museum curator Sydney Cockerell.", "Television also developed as one of the focal points of his career, with Gielgud giving a particularly notable performance in Brideshead Revisited (1981). He won an Emmy Award for Summer’s Lease (1989) and televised his stage performances of A Day by the Sea (1957), Home (1970), No Man’s Land (1976) and his final theatre role in The Best of Friends as Sydney Cockerell in the 1991 Masterpiece Theatre Production, along with Patrick McGoohan and Dame Wendy Hiller. In 1983, he made his second onscreen appearance with fellow theatrical knights Laurence Olivier and Ralph Richardson (following Olivier’s own Richard III) in a television miniseries about composer Richard Wagner. In 1996 he played a wizard in the TV adaptation of Gulliver’s Travels. Gielgud and Ralph Richardson were the first guest stars on Second City Television. Playing themselves, they were in Toronto during their tour of Harold Pinter’s No Man’s Land. According to Dave Thomas, in his book, SCTV: Behind the Scenes, their sketch was very poor and the actors gave bad performances.", "Stardom came in 1934 when she played Juliet in a legendary production of Romeo and Juliet , at the New Theatre , in which Laurence Olivier and John Gielgud alternated in the roles of Romeo and Mercutio. She and Gielgud would later be acclaimed as Beatrice and Benedick in Much Ado About Nothing which they played together a number of times, including a London engagement and European tour for the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre in 1955 (she also played Cordelia to his King Lear during that tour). When she first played Beatrice with him in 1950, Gielgud found her performance \"a revelation - an impish, rather tactless girl with a curious resemblance to Bea Lillie ,\" while a teenage Peter Hall observed in her \"English containment and decency, contrasted with a wild passion.\" She stayed at the top of the British theatrical profession throughout her career, with some of the highlights Three Sisters (1937) in which she played Irina, The Heiress (1949), Antony and Cleopatra (1953), As You Like It and Cymbeline (as Imogen ) (1957), The Taming of the Shrew (1960), and The War of the Roses , the Royal Shakespeare Company 's massive landmark compendium of the three Henry VI plays and Richard III , directed by Peter Hall for the RSC in 1963.", "Much of Gielgud's theatre work in the later 1960s was as a director: Chekhov's Ivanov at the Phoenix in London and the Shubert in New York, Peter Ustinov's Half Way Up the Tree at the Queen's and Mozart's Don Giovanni at the Coliseum. One potentially outstanding acting role, Ibsen's Bishop Nicholas, fell through in 1967 when Olivier, with whom he was to co-star at the National Theatre in The Pretenders, was ill. Gielgud played Orgon in Tartuffe and the title role in Seneca's Oedipus during the National's 1967–68 season, but according to Croall neither production was satisfactory. After this, Gielgud at last found a modern role that suited him and which he played to acclaim: the Headmaster in Alan Bennett's first play, Forty Years On (1968). The notices for both play and star were excellent. In The Daily Telegraph John Barber wrote, \"Gielgud dominates all with an unexpected caricature of a mincing pedant, his noble features blurred so as to mimic a fussed and fatuous egghead. From the great mandarin of the theatre, a delicious comic creation.\" ", "Gielgud's crowning achievement, many believe, was Ages of Man , his one-man recital of Shakespearean excerpts which he performed throughout the 1950s and 1960s, winning a Tony Award for the Broadway production, a Grammy Award for his recording of the piece, and an Emmy Award for producer David Susskind for the 1966 telecast on CBS . Gielgud made his final Shakespearean appearance on stage in 1977 in the title role of John Schlesinger 's production of Julius Caesar at the Royal National Theatre . He also made a recording of many of Shakespeare's sonnets in 1963. Among his non-Shakespearean Renaissance roles, his Ferdinand in John Webster 's The Duchess of Malfi was well-known.", "Bakersfield Mist marks the return to the London stage of multi award-winner Kathleen Turner for the first time since her tour-de-force performance in Edward Albee’s Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?. Inspired by true events, this new play by Stephen Sachs asks vital questions about what makes art and people truly authentic.", "A heavily revised Royal Shakespeare Company production ran at Stratford (UK) from November 13, 2000 until January 27, 2001, with Philip Quast and Meredith Braun and directed by Adrian Noble, staged and choreographed by Gillian Lynne. The RSC production transferred to the West End Aldwych Theatre, running from February 2001 until June 2001. ", "The New York City Center Encores! semi-staged concert version starring Tyne Daly , Walter Charles, and Melissa Errico was presented in February 1995.[3] A regional production ran at the Paper Mill Playhouse, Millburn, New Jersey, in April–May 1996 and starred Leslie Uggams.[4] Other major productions have starred Constance Bennett, Joanne Worley and Karen Morrow.", "In the second half of the 1950s Gielgud's career was in the doldrums as far as new plays were concerned. British theatre was moving away from the West End glamour of Beaumont's productions to more ' works. Olivier had a great success in John Osborne's The Entertainer in 1957, but Gielgud was not in tune with the new wave of writers. He remained in demand as a Shakespearean, but there were few new plays suitable for him. He directed and played the lead in Coward's Nude with Violin in 1956, which was dismissed by the critics as old fashioned, though it ran for more than a year. He made two film appearances, playing a cameo comedy scene with Coward in Michael Anderson's Around the World in 80 Days (1956) and Mr Barrett, in Sidney Franklin's 1957 remake of The Barretts of Wimpole Street. He did not consider his performance as the tyrannical father convincing, and confessed that he undertook it only for the large fee (\"it will set me up for a couple of years\") and to keep him before the public in America, where he had not performed for over four years. ", "This cast list of who was in The Graduate includes both lead and minor roles. (15 items)", "Richard recently graduated from the London School of Musical Theatre. Roles at LSMT include John Jasper in 'The Mystery of Edwin Drood', Alfie in 'What's New Pussycat' and Buddy in 'Brenda Bly: Teen Detective'. His first professional engagement was in 'An Evening With Peggy Spencer' (King's Lynn, Corn Exchange). Other theatre includes Eddie in 'Greek' and Raymond in 'Nil By Mouth' (both Russell Hall, King's Lynn), 'Eternal Dance (King's Lynn, Corn Exchange), Mikado in 'Hot Mikado (Gatehouse, London), 'Give My Regards to Broadway' (UK tour) and most recently the role of Prince Claude in 'Sleeping Beauty' (Linchfield Garrick). Judah in 'Joseph'. Richard took over the lead from", "Trivia: Oh, Em! Now you’ve gone and put me on the spot! I really don’t know this one. I think you’re on to something with Larry Olivier, but just for novelty’s sake I say Sir John Gielgud.", "roadway: The Light in the Piazza (Tony Award); Edward Albee's Seascape; Awake and Sing!; A Naked Girl On The Appian Way; In My Life; Doubt; Little Women; Dracula; Frozen; Dinner at Eight (Tony, Outer Critics Circle and Drama Desk nomination); Twelfth Night (Tony and Drama Desk nomination); Ivanov; Triumph of Love (Drama Desk nomination); London Assurance; The Rose Tattoo; Philadelphia, Here I Come!; The Sound of Music; and The Red Shoes. Off-Broadway: Julius Caesar, The Harlequin Studies, Intimate Apparel (Lucille Lortel Award, Ovation Award, Drama Desk and Outer Critics Circle nominations), Engaged, Beckett/Albee, The Beard of Avon (Lucille Lortel Award), Far Away, many others. Recipient: 2003 and 2004 Henry Hewes Award for Outstanding Costume Design, 2004 Lucille Lortel Award, 2004 Ovation Award, 1997 and 2005 Obie Award for Sustained Achievement. Regional: Center Stage, Goodman Theatre, Shakespeare Theatre, Kennedy Center, Guthrie Theater, Hartford Stage Company, Seattle Rep., La Jolla Playhouse, Mark Taper Forum. Opera and dance: ABT, Tribute to George Harrison; Canadian Opera Company; New York City Opera; Glimmerglass Opera; Houston Grand Opera; L.A. Opera. Other: Fête des Vignerons, 1999 Vevey, Switzerland. Graduate of the Yale School of Drama.", "She has won three Olivier Awards: Best Actress for Duet for One (written by her ex-husband Tom Kempinski, by whom she has two grown-up children) in 1980; Best Actress in O'Neill's A Moon for the Misbegotten in 1983; Best Supporting Actress for When She Danced in 1992. But the stage role for which she's been most celebrated is Mrs Lintott, the wry, caustic, funny, close-to-retirement schoolmistress in The History Boys, Alan Bennett's comic-poignant play about a class of teenagers being prepared for Oxbridge by teachers with contrasting attitudes to education.", "For television Gielgud played nineteen roles during the 1980s; they included Edward Ryder in an eleven-part adaptation of Waugh's Brideshead Revisited (1982); The Times said that he gave the role \"a desolate and calculated malice which carries almost singlehandedly [the] first two episodes\". At the end of the decade he played a rakish journalist, Haverford Downs, in John Mortimer's Summer's Lease, for which he won an Emmy Award. ", "She played the lead in a workshop production of Tom Stoppard's \"Fifteen-minute Hamlet.\" In Provincetown, MA, Hyder has also appeared as a guest actor in \"the Vagina Monologues.\" She played Sophia Peabody Hawthorne in the premiere reading of \"Hawthorne and Melville.\" She performed in the workshop production of the musical \"Sybil,\" with Liz Calloway and Melissa Van Der Schyff, and the Widow Corney in \"Oliver!\" at the Provincetown Theater, where she regularly participates as both performer and director.", "Gershon is versatile, too, as at home on stage as she is in front of the camera. After appearing in off-Broadway and regional theater productions, she made her Broadway debut as a replacement in Sam Mendes ' revival of Cabaret in January 2001. For six months, she played the key role of \"Sally Bowles\", returning that October to reprise the role for another month. In 2008, she once again appeared on Broadway in the revival of the farce \"Boeing Boeing\" on Broadway, which won the Tony award for Best Revival.", "The best actress prize went to Kathleen Turner for her performance in West End hit Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?", "Harris began appearing in Broadway productions in 2000, including a concert production of “Sweeney Todd” and a revival of “Assassins.”", "In 1992 she played the name role of \"Trelawny of the Wells\" at the Comedy Theatre, before going to star in Noel Coward's \"Relative Values at the 1993 Chichester Festival, which subsequently transferred to the Savoy Theatre in the West End. At the end of 1994, she played Sally Driscoll in in Dangerous Obsession\" followed by an appearance as Miss Giddens in \"The-Innocents\"\" at Hay market Theatre.", "First experience of Los Angeles occurred in 1973 when, at age 14, she accompanied her father Eric Thompson who was scheduled to direct a theatrical production of Alan Ayckbourn 's \"The Norman Conquests\" at the Ahmanson Theatre. Coincidentally, the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion (adjacent to the Ahmanson) would be where, 20 years on, Thompson was awarded her first Best Actress Oscar for Howards End (1992) in 1993.", "Chris graduated from University of Leeds, Bretton Hall in 2006. While at Bretton Chris played Les in an anniversary production of Bouncers at Leeds City Art Gallery and Robbie Turner in an adaptation of Atonement for the grand opening of the Carriageworks Theatre.", "The same can be said of Ms. Best, a much-lauded London stage actress who made her Broadway debut this year opposite Kevin Spacey in “A Moon for the Misbegotten.” This fine-boned actress did wonders then in expanding to fill a part that calls for a “giantess.” Here she’s an absolute knockout.", "Burned out at age 14, he quit acting in 1995 and only recently made a 'comeback' on stage in 2001, appearing in a London production of \"Madame Melville,\" playing a 15-year-old who is seduced by his French teacher. It later moved Off-Broadway for a 4-month stint.", "Legendary Cats and Les Misérables director, Nunn’s recent credits include the Olivier Award-winning Flare Path and Kiss Me, Kate at the Chichester Festival Theatre." ]	[ 6.01953125, 5.02734375, 2.9765625, -0.7392578125, -1.83203125, -1.8798828125, -1.9921875, -2.66015625, -3.302734375, -4.2890625, -4.53515625, -4.578125, -4.625, -4.95703125, -5.6640625, -5.90625, -6.12109375, -6.2734375, -6.40625, -6.44921875, -6.6640625, -6.88671875, -7.6796875, -8.0078125, -8.1015625, -8.3984375, -8.5234375, -8.953125, -8.96875, -9.1640625, -9.4609375, -9.71875 ]
What is the most common name for a pub in Britain?	[ "Bonus Brit-bit: Some establishments are less creative than these and share their names with hundreds of other public houses. Five of the most common pub names in the UK are the Crown, Red Lion, Royal Oak, Swan, and White Hart. King’s Head and Rose & Crown are pretty high up there too.", "The most common pub names, according to the British Beer and Pub Association, are The Red Lion, of which there are 759, followed closely by 626 Royal Oaks and 427 White Harts.", "Because of the famous event, the term Royal Oak was adopted, and still used, by a host of companies and institutions. The Royal Oak is one of the most common pub names throughout England. The Royal Oak in Oxford was a favorite haunt for my pals in my undergraduate days, and remains so for those who still live there. Royal Oak lunches were classics of traditional English pub food (more later).", "The inn-significance of the Red Lion \| ZythophileDec 5, 2007 ... Here's what the ISS says about the Red Lion, often claimed to be the commonest pub name in Britain (though at around 650 examples it is ...", "Many of the old tavern names are in danger of disappearing as large conglomerations buy up pubs and change their names to \"modern\" equivalents. Throughout Britain \"Harvester\" pubs, \"Slug and Lettuce\" and \"Beefeater\" pubs can be found, owned by these big groups.", "The traditional drinking establishment is the \"pub\" (short for \"public house\"). These are normally named after local landmarks or events, and most will have a heraldic (or pseudo-heraldic) symbol on the sign outside; more recent establishments may poke fun of this tradition (e.g. \"The Queen's Head\" featuring a portrait of Freddie Mercury, lead singer for the rock band Queen). England seems to have an incredible number of pubs. While in a city you are usually not more than a 5 min walk from any pub.", "Recent statistics from the The British Beer and Pub Association, CAMRA and Pubs Galore have given us an insight into the most common names for taverns in the UK.", "Many pubs are very old and have traditional names, such as the \"Red Lion\" or \"King's Arms\"; before widespread literacy, pubs would be identified by most customers solely by their signs. Recently there has been a trend, strongly resisted in some quarters, towards chain-pubs such as the Hogshead, Slug and Lettuce and those owned by the JD Wetherspoon company. Another recent trend is the gastro pub, a smartened-up traditional pub with a selection of high-quality food (nearly at restaurant prices).", "The most popular term in English-speaking Canada used for a drinking establishment was \"tavern\", until the 1970s when the term \"bar\" became widespread as in the United States. In the 1800s the term used was \"public house\" as in England but \"pub culture\" did not spread to Canada. A fake \"English looking\" pub trend started in the 1990s, built into existing storefronts, like regular bars. Most universities in Canada have campus pubs which are central to student life, as it would be bad form just to serve alcohol to students without providing some type of basic food. Often these pubs are run by the student's union. The gastropub concept has caught on, as traditional British influences are to be found in many Canadian dishes. There are now pubs in the large cities of Canada that cater to anyone interested in a \"pub\" type drinking environment.", "Richard II made it compulsory for alehouses to display signs, with forfeiture of their beer for defaulters! In a primarily illiterate society, simple symbols were initially chosen, which later the name of the pub itself became. The most ancient of these names was the bush. In Roman times, a bough of greenery signified a tavern, and the English continued this tradition to mark taverns. The name of the Bush Inn, in Wolverhampton Street, was an echo of this custom, as was that of the Vine, from the custom of growing these plants over the doorway to indicate a hostelry. Another organic pub sign was the growing of hops, hence the two Hop Pole pubs in Bilston.", "A vey common pub name – the heraldic symbol of King Richard II. The name has since become a generic term for a tavern and the familiar inn sign was a valuable indicator to the many illiterate folk of bygone years.", "The English pub is a national institution. At one time certain pubs, known as alehouses, were allowed to sell only beer. Now most pubs are licensed to sell a range of drinks, with beer making up a significant proportion. The range of beer available in a given establishment can vary from a few mass-market products to a wide selection of cask ales and bottled beers, in a free house. The latter are sometimes called \"chalkies\" because the current selection of cask ales is often written on a blackboard.", "The Hen and Chickensis thought by many not to refer not to the farm yard animals, but possibly to a game popular in Taverns, played with large and small pewter pots dubbed hens and chickens. Even the rural sounding Beehive was actually a clever allusion to the many trades around the town, Bees being a symbol of industry. Many of Bilston’s pub names related to important figures or events. The Himley Armsis a direct reference to the family seat of Earl of Dudley, the most powerful aristocrat in the Black Country, and the reasoning behind other names is just as plain, such as the Shakespeare Inn, Duke of Cambridge, Nelson Inn, General Sir John Moore, Waterloo, and the Wellington Inn. The last four were named in honour of hero’s of the Napoleonic wars, with the Wellington becoming an especially popular name when the Duke past his beer house pact of 1830.", "The names of many Bilston pubs do indicate loyalties to particular figures and dynasties often through the language of heraldry. The White Rosein Church Street, refers to the badge of the House of York, rulers of England until they were ousted by the Tudors of Bosworth. \"Similarly, many of Bilston’s pubs depicted heraldic symbols on their signs in the form of an animal. Hence the Leopardis a reference to the Worshipful Company of weavers, the oldest livery company in the land, who featured three leopards on their arms. The Talbot a spotted hunting hound, was the heraldic symbol of the powerful family of the same name, who became the earls of Shrewsbury. The Swan Inn and the Swanbank Tavern locally known as the Stump, (that’s another story) feature a bird favoured by Edward III, and later by Henry VIII, for their own coat of arms. The swan was exclusively the property of the crown until Elizabeth I granted the Worshipful Company of Vintners the privilege of ownership, and with many tavern- keepers being a member of the company, it soon became a traditional name for inns. The White Lionwas associated with Edward IV, the Blue Boar, with Richard, Duke of York, and the Spread Eaglewas an important heraldic device throughout Europe.", "*Hole in the Wall. The official name or nickname of a number of very small pubs. One such at Waterloo, London, is spacious but built into a railway viaduct.", "The ubiquity of the naming element arms shows how important heraldry has been in the naming of pubs. The simpler symbols of the heraldic badges of royalty or local nobility give rise to many of the most common pub names.", "Pubs and beer are an important part of social life in all parts of the British Isles.", "The History Hunters research (8) showed the earliest documentary evidence for the use of the current building as an Inn to date back to 1725, when fire insurance records show that a Samuel Hudson was the landlord. On the same website (8) “The Salutation's own version of it's history” section states that the building was a pub during the English Civil War (1642-1649) and had to change it's name to 'The Soldier and Citizen' to placate the puritan victors, but no evidence is given for this claim. This same source suggests that the earlier building on this site in 1414 was “a hostel for weary travellers and journeymen” - or in other words, a pub or Inn. Again, no evidence is given, but this gives some support to use of the site (but perhaps not the current building) as a pub in antiquity.", "Every now and then I come across a really wonderful, clever, or funny name for a bar or restaurant, but that is a rarity. Most names are fairly predictable, the same on every corner, as if the owners were trying to give their patrons a comforting sense of the ordinary. British pubs, on the other hand, break all of the rules. Named for objects, people, puns, body parts, food, fantasies, and natural phenomena, these places force themselves onto the imagination, and have the added bonus of being extremely memorable—even through a lager-induced haze. ", "In the United Kingdom, there are two types of pub chain, reflecting the ownership of the pub and the style of operations. Pubs are either tenanted or managed.", ") FOOD 1 A-BAR 11–12 Marine Parade, 01273 696691 www.abarbrighton.co.uk 7 CAMELFORD ARMS 30-31 Camelford St, 01273 622386 www.camelford-arms.co.uk 8 CHARLES STREET BAR 8-9 Marine Parade, 01273 624091 www.charles-street.com 36 CUP OF JOE 28 St George’s Rd, 01273 698873 www.cupofjoebrighton.co.uk 11 LEGENDS BAR 31-34 Marine Parade, 01273 624462 www.legendsbrighton.com 12 MARINE TAVERN 13 Broad St, 01273 681284 www.marinetavern.co.uk 27 NEW STEINE BISTRO 12a New Steine, 01273 681546 www.newsteinehotel.com 13 PARIS HOUSE 21 Western Road, 01273 724195 www.parishouse.com 14 PLOTTING PARLOUR 6 Steine Street, 01273 621238 twitter.com/PlottingParlour 16 REGENCY TAVERN 32-34 Russell Sq, 01273 325652 www.regencytavern.co.uk 17 SETTING SUN 1 Windmill St, 01273 626192 www.settingsunbrighton.com 19 THREE JOLLY BUTCHERS 59 North Rd, 01273 608571 www.three-jolly-butchers.co.uk", "There you have the classic version of a classic form of humor, the British pub joke. Every publican I've ever met has at least one variation on the basic story, \"So this xxxxx walks into a pub ... \" It's a good bet that every pub in Britain nourishes its own local variant, which means there are at least 70,000 different versions.", "Now owned by the National trust, this is one of the most justly famous pubs to be found anywhere in Britain or Ireland, with its mixture of oak panelling, leather chairs and its exquisite, ornate Victorian tiling. And, just as you’d expect, they’ve a wonderful selection of real ales and home made food.", "Pub - a hotel, short for public house. Usually taken to mean the bar or drinking area in a hotel.", "Traditional pubs in the area include the Betjeman Arms , The Fellow , and The Driver .", "The Bridge House (J.D. Wetherspoon), 35-43 Bedford Street. Ubiquitous chain pub found in almost every UK town. Serves undeniably good value food, though quality is sometimes sacrificed for price. Many meals served with free pint. edit", "While some pub names are notable for having remained the same for centuries, others are fascinating because of the reasons why they were changed.", "Funny Pub Names \| A collection of good names for bars \| Pictures of Funny Pub Signs", "Originally, public house names reflected the history of the country or the area in which they were sited. Names from the past tended to be patriotic or royal. Common names in the UK include:", "So if pubs have been around for centuries, what were the earliest pubs called? And how did they get their names? Jack explains:", "Below are some examples of some typical expressions which you might hear or want to say when you go to a pub.", "The street name may derive from a combination of the church dedicated to the Virgin Mary and a neighbouring tavern which prominently displayed a sign with an image of an axe, or simply from the church name itself, which may have come from the axes used by the Worshipful Company of Skinners, who were patrons. The sign of an axe is reported to have been present over the east end of the church. " ]	[ 7.69140625, 7, 4.96875, 3.0859375, 2.00390625, 0.7822265625, 0.6943359375, 0.30859375, -0.2021484375, -0.76611328125, -0.908203125, -1.0185546875, -1.2783203125, -1.498046875, -2.048828125, -2.123046875, -2.248046875, -2.36328125, -2.40625, -2.447265625, -2.482421875, -2.56640625, -2.677734375, -2.873046875, -2.919921875, -3.224609375, -4.765625, -5.8046875, -6.078125, -6.578125, -7.94921875, -8.484375 ]
In Star Trek, what colour is Mr. Spock's blood?	[ "According to the science fantasy television series Star Trek, Mr Spock had green blood because the oxygen-carrying agent in Vulcan blood includes copper, rather than iron, as is the case in humans.", "According to the science fantasy television series Star Trek, Mr Spock had green blood because the oxygen-carrying agent in Vulcan blood includes copper, rather than iron, as is the case in humans.", "Spock - On the sci-fi adventure STAR TREK/NBC/1966-69 Vulcan Science Officer Spock (Leonard Nimoy) had a different blood color that the rest of his human crew on the starship Enterprise. What color is Spock's blood? It is green because the oxidizing agent in Vulcan blood is copper, not iron, as it is in humans. Copper oxide (verdigris) gave Spock's blood its blue-green hue.", "Mr Spock had a human mother, and Vulcan father, from whom he inherited his inability to make sense of human emotion, as well as his green blood.", "If Spock's blood is green, it's probably vanadium-based rather than copper-based, though there is some controversy as to whether vanadium is a viable oxygen carrier and those few creatures (on Earth) that have vanadium in their blood also tend to have a larger proportion of haemocyanin (copper based) blood.", "Fantastic Racism : Everywhere with Bones insulting Spock's \"green blood\", \"computer\" mind and other Vulcan traits. Kirk and Spock often comment on the differences between Vulcans and Humans, but in a Gentleman Snarker way without malice.", "When Spock left Starfleet circa 2270 , the uniforms changed again, but to a similar variation. When reactivated as science officer and first officer in TOS movie : The Motion Picture , Spock's commander insignia was unchanged but worn on uniforms with color-coded patches. Spock's patches were orange to show his specialty in the sciences division, but as an executive officer he also could have worn white command division patches. When Spock was promoted to captain, he did wear the appropriate command division colors as of TOS movie : The Wrath of Khan , but he also ended up serving double duty as a science officer on occasions, meaning he very well could have opted for science services gray uniform patches, just as Scotty sometimes opted to wear a flight engineer's yellow uniform accoutrements after being promoted to captain.", "For the remaining costumes, Fletcher's biggest concern was to create a sense of contrast with the major outfits. Carol Marcus and her team were given white smocks that suggested futuristic lab coats and, in the scene where Kirk and McCoy are dressed in civilian clothes, Fletcher tried his best to make sure the outfits looked practical and comfortable. Amusingly, Fletcher said the one costume that he got asked about most made only a fleeting appearance in the film. When Kirk visits Spock in his quarters, the Vulcan is wearing the same robes he wore in the previous movie. \"People always ask me what the writing on front of Spock's black velvet, at-home costume symbolize. I have to explain the language that I invented to decorate those things, and I can't! All I can say is that it's very akin to Chinese; it's non-syllabic, and the various shapes contain an entire thought and you don't use them to make words.\" Whether these robes became Spock's burial robes was never made clear in the final film, but the various younger actors who appeared as the younger Spock in Star Trek III: The Search for Spock wore robes that looked very similar to those Nimoy himself had worn.", "The Doctor varied the colour scheme of his costume, such as wearing a dark blue frockcoat, a purple waistcoat, an indigo cravat, mauve trousers, ( COMIC : Dreadnought ) a dark purple cravat, ( COMIC : Descendance ) a yellow cravat, ( COMIC : Ophidius ) a bright green frockcoat, ( AUDIO : Storm Warning ) a blue cravat, a yellow waistcoat, ( AUDIO : The Stones of Venice ) a bottle-green cravat, a green waistcoat, ( AUDIO : Caerdroia ) blue trousers, ( AUDIO : Time Works ) and green trousers. ( AUDIO : Absolution )", "\"The First Lieutenant. The Captain's right-hand man, the working-level commander of all the ship's functions – ranging from manning the bridge to supervising the lowliest scrub detail. His name is Mr. Spock. And the first view of him can be almost frightening – a face so heavy-lidded and satanic you might almost expect him to have a forked tail. Probably half Martian , he has a slightly reddish complexion and semi-pointed ears. But strangely – Mr. Spock's quiet temperament is in dramatic contrast to his satanic look. Of all the crew aboard, he is the nearest to Captain April's equal, physically, emotionally, and as a commander of men. His primary weakness is an almost catlike curiosity over anything the slightest 'alien.'\"", "In the episode \"Bread and Circuses\" Spock gives a death toll for World War III of 37 million. The episode \"The Savage Curtain\" features a Colonel Green, who led a genocidal war in the 21st century. The TNG episode \"Encounter at Farpoint\" further establishes a \"post-atomic horror\" on Earth in 2079. However, the movie Star Trek: First Contact put the contact between Vulcans and Humans at April 5th 2063.", "In one episode, Kirk reports to his superior officer, who turns out to be a black man. Dr. Daystrom, the creator of the M-5 computer and one of the Federation's greatest geniuses, is also black, and eventually revealed to have created the computers used on the Enterprise. In addition, Dr. McCoy's medical staff includes the eminently qualified Dr. M'Benga, who is African himself (and the staff expert on Vulcan physiology). With them, their race is a total non-issue, as you would expect with an interstellar and multi-species federation .", "Spock's decision to attend Starfleet Academy was influenced by his interactions with B6 Blue , a Nasat scientist on Vulcan during Spock's youth. Through her, Spock learned of Starfleet's more open and adventurous approach to science. ( TOS - Constellations short story : \" Devices and Desires \")", "Just as in human beings and the different races, when two people of different races have a child one of the parents will end up being the more dominent in the appearence and blood. For example will their blood be A+, B+, O- and so on. Then the same with appearance. Color of hair, skin, physical traits. Spock has the appearance of being a vulcan which more or less indicates Vulcan is the dominant trait and therefore his blood looks more like a vulcan's blood.", "Later in Season 2, we meet Spock's human mother, Amanda Grayson (Jane Wyatt), in the episode \"Journey to Babel.\" She pleads with him to donate his own blood to save the life of his father, Sarek.", "His Human characteristics were obvious when Sarek was in need of a blood transfusion and concern over donating his hybridized blood would be a danger to Sarek's full Vulcan physiology. ( TOS : \" Journey to Babel \") The other instance where his Human side was evident happened during the final stages of his Kolinahr ritual acceptance. While on Vulcan performing the ritual, the V'Ger probe approached proximity and its own emotional instability affected Spock's Human emotional side which he worked so hard to repress. ( Star Trek: The Motion Picture ) Spock's Human side was also present when spores affected him on Omicron Ceti III . ( TOS : \" This Side of Paradise \")", "Initially, Spock refuses to donate blood because a knife attack had put Captain Kirk (William Shatner) out of action and put Spock in command of the ship. Logic dictated his responsibility to command the Enterprise outweighed taking time out from a crisis to give his father blood.", "When Spock's coffin landed on the surface of the Genesis Planet , the radiation emanating from the planet caused his cells to regenerate. Meanwhile, Kirk and the rest of the Enterprise's senior staff disobeyed Starfleet orders so that they could retrieve Spock's body, and discovered that he had been reborn as a child (and was quickly aging to adulthood), but whose mind was a complete blank. On Vulcan, Spock's living body (now at the age it had been when he died) was reunited with his katra (the Vulcan soul), which Spock himself had placed in Dr. Leonard McCoy prior to his death. ( Star Trek III: The Search for Spock )", "Spock was born on January 6th , 2230 in the city of Shi'Kahr on the planet Vulcan . His mother was Amanda Grayson , a Human school teacher , and his father, Sarek , was a Vulcan scientist and diplomat . ( TOS : \" The Corbomite Maneuver \", \" This Side of Paradise \", \" The Squire of Gothos \", \" Amok Time \"; TAS : \" Yesteryear \"; Star Trek V: The Final Frontier ; Star Trek Beyond )", "The film also features Jacob Kogan in several scenes depicting Spock's childhood, including his abuse at the hands of other Vulcan children due to his half-Human heritage, and his relationship with his parents (Ben Cross and Winona Ryder). The film also depicts Kirk and Spock's initial clashes at Starfleet Academy, and the gradual development of their friendship based on shared mutual respect, what the elder Spock calls \"... a friendship that will define them both in ways they cannot yet realize.\" A major change in characterization from the primary timeline is alternate Spock's involvement with alternate Uhura (Zoe Saldana), his former student. At the end of the film, the young Spock opts to remain in Starfleet while his older self stays in the altered universe to aid the few surviving Vulcan refugees, as Nero had destroyed Vulcan, Spock's home planet.", "Spock joined a landing party that beamed down to inspect the second planet of the Taurean system . There, he became affected by the glandular secretion of the Taurean females, known for controlling the male mind. This drained Spock of his \"life force,\" causing him to age at a rate of ten years per day. Spock escaped the females of the planet and contact the Enterprise. An all-female security detachment led by Lieutenant Uhura eventually recovered him and the landing party. By using their molecular pattern stored in the transporter system, Spock and the others were returned to their previous ages. ( TAS : \" The Lorelei Signal \")", "Caution was still in place during the writing of \" Sarek \" about dealing with characters from The Original Series , thus it is only implied that the son in question is Spock. ( Star Trek: The Next Generation Companion ) Picard's line in \" Unification I \" only states that he has met Spock before but does not explicitly state when that meeting occurred, though likely it would have been at the wedding. This wedding was portrayed in the early chapters of Josepha Sherman and Susan Shwartz's novel Vulcan's Heart .", "In 2253 , when Spock was still a cadet , Captain Christopher Pike of the USS Enterprise met with him with an offer; the Enterprise was about to begin a long term mission to chart the Pathiad Nebulatae , but the ship's chief science officer had been diagnosed with Virillian toxic fever . To fill the vacant position Pike offered the promising cadet Spock an internship on the Enterprise, with the rank of acting ensign . Spock accepted. ( TOS comic : \" Flesh of My Flesh \")", "With the Enterprise-A en route to a rendezvous with the hospital ship Nightingale (for medical relief supplies earmarked for New Brinden ), Captain Kirk attempts to impress his new protocol officer via strenuous physical activities. Afterward, the starship makes its scheduled meeting with the Nightingale, obtaining the cure for the leprosy-like sickness currently devastating the New Brinden population. Heading for the planet at warp six , protocol officer Blaise attempts to elicit insight into Captain Kirk's behaviors from members of the senior command staff, but is rebuffed by many, including Spock . On Earth, the Federation President is visited by Vice Admiral Tomlinson , who suggests that Captain Kirk may eventually have to stand trial at the hands of the Klingons, despite whatever services he has rendered to the Federation , in the interests of furthering a potential future detente with the Klingon Empire . On New Brinden, the planetary prefect publicly demonstrates the ruling class's repression of the infected of the lower castes — however, Dr. McCoy injects the victim with the cure, leading to a visit to a concentration camp full of victims. Over one hundred are injected with the cure, and McCoy attempts to monitor the cure's progress from the orbiting starship. However, the prefect contacts the Enterprise with the news — all of the injected victims have suddenly died, and now the only recourse is to exterminate all of the infected on the entire planet. ( TOS comic : \" Fast Friends \")", "In 2258 of the alternate reality , Spock encountered the alternate reality version of Kirk on Delta Vega after saving his life. Spock was surprised to see Kirk who he referred to several times as \"old friend\" which confused the alternate Kirk as he and the alternate Spock hated each other. Spock was further stunned to learn that this Kirk did not command the USS Enterprise , rather it was commanded by his own alternate self.", "On his Human side, Spock once implied he had an ancestral relationship to British author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle . ( Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country )", "In the 2270s , two Enterprise crewmen, including Science Officer and Commander Sonak as well as a female officer , were killed in a transporter malfunction while beaming to the Enterprise, which had recently been re-fitted. Sonak was coming aboard to initiate his duties as the ship's senior science officer. During the transport sequence, a malfunction caused a corruption of the buffer pattern for the commander and the crewperson. As they began to re-materialize, the transporter systems couldn't cope with the data loss and their physical form became \"deformed\"; the female crewperson screamed out in agony. The transportation failed, returning the deformed bodies back to Earth. The transport chief planet-side reported back, shaken, \"Enterprise. What we got back didn't live long... fortunately.\" ( Star Trek: The Motion Picture )", "Spock and Sarek publicly disagreed over issues involving the Cardassians , leading to a rift in their relationship. ( TNG : \" Unification I \")", "Mr. Spock : Was the cause of his death the same as that which killed the transporter officer?", "He envisaged a multi-racial, multi-species crew, based on the assumption that racial prejudice would not exist in the 23rd century -- a decidedly challenging approach at a time when racial segregation was still firmly entrenched in many areas of the United States. He also included recurring characters from other alien races, including Spock, who was half human and half alien.", "May 17, 1993 When Worf fails to report for duty, Riker goes to his quarters to investigate, finding the Klingon entranced in a ceremonial ritual, oblivious to everything and everyone until Riker's interruption. Concerned because of Worf's developing pattern of sub-par performance, Picard visits him in his quarters. Worf explains that his recent experience in the Carraya sector — from which he brought back some Klingon children — has left him empty inside. He has been trying to summon a vision of Kahless — the greatest of Klingon warriors, who united his people many centuries ago, and promised to one day return and lead them again. Picard grants him leave to visit the planet Boreth, where the Followers of Kahless wait for their leader's return. Worf attempts his ritual again in the ceremonial lava caves. This time, however, a sudden swirl of smoke and light reveals Kahless. Kahless is real — and he has returned!", "Picard served as Riker's best man during his wedding to Deanna Troi in 2379 . He gave a toast to Riker, calling him his \"trusted right arm\" and lamenting his loss of a fine first officer. ( Star Trek Nemesis )" ]	[ 6.77734375, 6.77734375, 6.23046875, 2.98046875, 2.55078125, 2.2109375, -0.841796875, -1.6796875, -1.8603515625, -2.318359375, -2.498046875, -2.54296875, -3.345703125, -4.26171875, -5.61328125, -5.93359375, -6, -6, -6.13671875, -6.2421875, -6.5390625, -6.63671875, -6.65625, -7.43359375, -7.4609375, -7.80078125, -8.7578125, -8.9375, -8.9609375, -8.96875, -9.3984375, -9.796875 ]
How many different ways are there to make change of a dollar? 111, 293 or 487?	[ "Old Challenge (Joe Shipman). Larry King said in his USA Today column that there are 293 ways to make change for a dollar. Is this correct? (Assume only currently minted denominations.)", "Frank Morgan's Math Chat - 293 Ways to Make Change for a Dollar \| Mathematical Association of America", "Answer. Yes, if you count a one-dollar coin in change. Raymond Hettinger listed all 293 possibilities, appended at end of column. Michael Caulfield counted up the 292 possibilities other than a one-dollar coin as follows:", "Today, the base currency of the United States is the U.S. dollar, and is printed on bills in denominations of $1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $50, and $100. At one time, however, it also included five larger denominations. High-denomination currency was prevalent from the very beginning of U.S. Government issue (1861). $500, $1,000, $5,000, and $10,000 interest bearing notes were issued in 1861, and $5,000 and $10,000 United States Notes were released in 1878 There are many different designs and types of high-denomination notes.", "This system is certainly more complicated than dollars and cents, but it has its own logic. Because a pound was worth 12×20 pennies, it could be divided evenly by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, and 20. (By contrast, you can’t evenly divide a U.S. dollar three ways — let alone 6, 12, or 15.) In a time when few people used formal accounting and most arithmetic was mental, it was convenient to have currency that could be evenly divided in many ways.", "The first number can be all the numbers except 0, reducing the possible amount to 9. The second number can be 0 this time, so the possible amount returns to 10. However, it cannot be a repeat of the previous number, so there are 9 possible choices again. After that, the numbers will reduce by one each time, due to the fact that there cannot be repeats, so the problem would look like this", "Page 61 ~o a ~oIt INTELLECTUAL ARItHMETIC,.] SECTION FIF TH. LESSON I. UNITED STATES MONEY. 10 mills malke.,. cent. ct. 10 cents..... c dille.. d. 10 dimes... 1 dollar.. 10 dollars.... 1 eagle. E. 1. How many minlls are there in 2 cents? In 8 cents? In half a cent? In five cents? 2. I-ow many cents aie there in 10 mills? In 15 mills? In 65 mills? 3. How many cents are there in 5 dimes? IIn 6 <imes? In 8 dimes? In 10 dimes? 4. How manay dimes are there in 10 cents? In 12 cents? In 16 cents? In 20 cents? 5. IHow many dimes in 1 dollar? In 2 dollars;? In 3 doitarss? In 4 dollars'? In 5 dollars? 6. How many dollars in 1 e.agle? In 2 eagles? In 5 eagles In eagles? In 9 eagles 7. How many eagles in 20 dollars? In 30 dollars. In 50 dollar-is? in 60 do(llars 8. If 3 yards of cloth cost 24 dimes, what will 7 yards cost? 9. If 7 pounds of tea cost 42 di-nies, what x ill 9 pounds cost? 10. If 6 cows cost eighteen eagles, how much will they cost apiece? What will 9 cost? ENGLISI1 STERLING MONEY, 4 fittthings make.. 1 pelny.. d. 2 pence.... 1 sbilling. s. 20 shiiiinig... 1 pould.. 21 shillings.... 1 guinea", "Megan must use either zero or one $8-coupon. That is 2 possibilities. Similarly, there are 2 possible amounts using the $13-coupon ($0 or $13), 2 possible amounts using the $17-coupon ($0 or $17), and 2 possible amounts using the $22-coupon ($0 or $22). Together, there are 2 ï¿½ 2 ï¿½ 2 ï¿½ 2 = 16 different sums that can be made. However, this includes both $0 and the two ways to make $30. Thus, there are 14 different sums that can be made using at least one coupon.", "ACROSS 1. .. 696 - 5 Exchange 4. .. 118 - 7 7. .. 613 - 12 10. .. 347 × 2 12. .. 333 + 147 14. .. 5 × 3 15. .. 357 + 135 17. .. 13 × 7 18. .. 54 + 659", "The principle lies in fixing a unit, such as a dol p. 145 lar, or a pound, or a foot, and then making all divisions, or addition, in multiples of ten. Thus, we have one mill; ten mills to make a dime; ten dimes to make a dollar, and so on.", "Coins are in denominations of 1, 5, 10, , 25, 50 céntimos, and 1 bolívar. However, only the coins of 50 céntimos and 1 bolívar are widely used as most prices are rounded up to the next 50 céntimos. It will be noticed that there is a coin of céntimos and a coin of 1 céntimo; but no coin of céntimo. It is therefore inconvenient to give correct change for a purchase of (for example) céntimos; this is however a largely academic \"problem\" as goods are priced (if they use the at all) in -céntimo increments. This nevertheless still presents theoretical mathematical problems, as there is also no -céntimo coin. ", "Coins such as nickels, pennies, dimes, and quarters are easy to tell apart. They all are different sizes, and quarters and dimes have ridges around them, while pennies and nickels are smooth. There are many ways that paper money'like one, five, ten, or twenty dollar bills'can be identified. Some blind people like to keep different bills in separate places in their wallets, especially if it is a larger bill that they perhaps do not often carry with them. The most common way to tell paper money apart is to fold the bills in different ways. Each person will have his or her own way of folding them; there is no standard for everyone. Maybe a five dollar bill is folded in half the long way, and a ten dollar bill is folded in half the short way. Or maybe the ten is folded twice. A one dollar bill might be folded one way or not folded at all. Or maybe a twenty dollar bill is folded in fourths or not at all. Everyone uses his or her own methods. When we get money back from someone else, we ask which bill is which and then fold it.", "An individual dollar bill is also less formally known as a one, a single, a buck, a bone, and a bill. [2]", "Counting sometimes involves numbers other than one; for example, when counting money, counting out change, \"counting by twos\" (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, ...), or \"counting by fives\" (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, ...).", "The won was revalued in November 2009 for the first time in 50 years. North Koreans were given seven days to exchange a maximum of ₩100,000 (worth approximately US$40 on the black market) in ₩1,000 notes for ₩10 notes, but after protests by some of the populace, the limit was raised to ₩150,000 in cash and ₩300,000 in bank savings.Harden, Blaine (December 2, 2009). [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/12/01/AR2009120101841.html?hpid", " even money for 3, 4, 9, 10, and 11, and usually pays 2:1 for 2 or 12. Some", "If you are given change for £1 in 5p and 10p pieces, and you get 1 more 10p than 5p, how many of each are there ?", "This trick is very similar to Criss Cross I. The starting number has to be between 50 and 100, thereby ensuring that the result will be between 100 and 200. Crossing out the leftmost digit and adding one is the same as subtracting 99. When the remaining part is subtracted from the original sum it has to leave 99 as the answer.", "If you have three quarters, four dimes, and four pennies, you have $1.19. You also have the largest amount of money in coins without being able to make change for a dollar", "If you have three quarters, four dimes, and four pennies, you have$1.19. You also have the largest amount of money in coins without beingable tomake change for a dollar.", "This is known as carrying. When the result of an addition exceeds the value of a digit, the procedure is to \"carry\" the excess amount divided by the radix (that is, 10/10) to the left, adding it to the next positional value. This is correct since the next position has a weight that is higher by a factor equal to the radix. Carrying works the same way in binary:", "An example is 1687. You break the number into thousands, hundreds, tens and units. In a second step you also consider the numbers 5, 50 and 500 (if possible) in the reduction.", "B can put out a quarter or a dime; if he does the former, he loses at least 35 cents, and it might be 50; if he plays the dime, he limits his losses to a maximum of 35 cents, and it might be only 20.", "At one point, when I was in college, I acquired about forty-five dollars in loose change. That’s a lot of coins, guys. Seriously, that’s like five flipping pounds of money, stuffed haphazardly into a sagging resealable bag.", "If we add one 1 at the beginning and at the end of a number, this number is increased by 14789. What is the sum of the digits of the number?", "Ask a student to divide five coins between both hands (obviously there will be an odd number of coins in one hand and an even number in the other hand).", "How \\\"fair\\\" are the coins in your pocket? Try flipping a coin 50 times and counting the number of heads. Try this several times. Do you always get the same?", "Question: If I have 63 dollar coins, and ten people to give them to, how many coins does each person get if they are to each have the same number of coins? How many are left over?", "If you run short on change in the United States, Panamanian coins work in parking meters, payphones, vending machines, etc.", "When you are buying tomething in the shop try to give money by your right hand and take the change by left.", "I have 5 coins: a penny, a nickel, a dime, a quarter, and a loonie. How many different amounts of money could I pay using any combination of these coins?", "What is the minimum number of each coin I need if it is to be possible for me to give any amount of money from 1p to 50p?" ]	[ 3.12890625, 1.77734375, 1.2109375, -3.78515625, -3.9609375, -4.12109375, -4.13671875, -4.37890625, -4.6328125, -5.1640625, -5.19921875, -5.578125, -5.93359375, -5.9765625, -6.00390625, -6.13671875, -6.37890625, -6.56640625, -6.62890625, -6.7578125, -7.19921875, -7.25390625, -7.79296875, -8.1875, -8.1953125, -8.28125, -9.1640625, -9.6796875, -9.703125, -9.7265625, -9.9375, -10.1171875 ]
Which 1997 film starring Jack Nicholson is known in China as Mr. Cat Poop?	[ "The 1997 Jack Nicholson film - \"As Good As It Gets\", is known in China as \"Mr. Cat Poop\".", "The 1997 Jack Nicholson film As Good As It Gets is known in China as \"Mr. Cat Poop.\"", "This translation is better than the original title! Jack Nicholson's \"As Good As It Gets\" got the catchier title \"Mr. Cat Poop\" in China.", "Nicholson has been nominated for an Academy Award 12 times, and has won three: two for Best Actor and one for Best Supporting Actor. He is tied with Walter Brennan for most acting wins by a male actor (three), and second to Katharine Hepburn for most acting wins overall (four). He is also one of only two actors nominated for an Academy Award for acting (either lead or supporting) in every decade since the 1960s; the other is Michael Caine. He has won seven Golden Globe Awards, and received a Kennedy Center Honor in 2001. In 1994, he became one of the youngest actors to be awarded the American Film Institute's Life Achievement Award. Notable films that he starred in include, in chronological order, Easy Rider , Five Easy Pieces , Chinatown , One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest , The Passenger , The Shining , Terms of Endearment , Batman , A Few Good Men , As Good as It Gets , About Schmidt , Something's Gotta Give , and The Departed .", "Nicholson was one of only two actors to be nominated for an Academy Award for acting in every decade from the 1960s to 2000s; the other being Michael Caine. He has won seven Golden Globe Awards, and received a Kennedy Center Honor in 2001. In 1994, he became one of the youngest actors to be awarded the American Film Institute's Life Achievement Award. Notable films in which he has starred include Easy Rider, Five Easy Pieces, Chinatown, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, The Passenger, The Shining, Reds, Terms of Endearment, Batman, A Few Good Men, As Good as It Gets, About Schmidt, and The Departed.", "Frequently appears in films with Jack Nicholson, including \"Goin' South\", \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\", \"Terms of Endearment\", \"Hoffa\", and \"Mars Attacks!\". They have also both played Batman villains: The Joker in \"Batman\" and The Penguin in \"Batman Returns\".", "Adam Sandler is Dave Buznik, a mild-mannered junior businessman in New York, who, through a series of \"accidents,\" is sentenced by a court to go into an \"Anger Management\" group led by eccentric, but famous, Doctor Buddy Rydell, played Jack Nicholson. As it turns out, the group is stranger than he could imagine, and the harder Dave tries to leave, the more entangled he becomes with Dr. Rydell. After several more mishaps, Dr. Rydell is in complete control of Dave's life, and the life of Dave's girlfriend, Linda, played by Marisa Tomei. It quickly becomes apparent that \"Buddy\" is suffering from anger problems of his own.", "Directed by Roman Polanski. Cast: Jack Nicholson, Faye Dunaway, John Hillerman, Perry Lopez, Burt Young, Bruce Glover, Joe Mantell, Roy Jenson, Diane Ladd, Dick Bakalyan, John Huston. The plot is a labyrinth of successive revelations having to do with Los Angeles water reserves, land rights, fraud and intra-family hanky-panky, climaxing in Los Angeles's Chinatown. DVD 162; VHS 999:381", "Jack Nicholson's directorial debut film The Two Jakes (1990), a convoluted sequel to the legendary Chinatown (1974) , with Nicholson reprising his role as LA detective Jake Gittes", "Jack Nicholson is the third nominee from this year that gives a flawless performance. Nicholson is perfect as Jake Gittes in Chinatown. This is a performance where Nicholson is in his top dramatic and charismatic form. Nicholson creates a unique and interesting private detective even though that type of character has been played millions of times before. Nicholson carries himself with the proper energy and strength throughout the film. He carries the audience through the complicated plot perfectly.", "\"Five Easy Pieces\" was a film that showcased the enormously talented Jack Nicholson doing some interesting work. The measure of his acting ability is seen about half way in the movie as Bobby, Rayette, and the two lesbian hitchhikers have stopped at a diner. Bobby's meal order request creates a match of words in which Mr. Nicholson shows what he is capable of doing.", "The film begins as a police story and then becomes a story of one man and his personal issues. Jack Nicholson, Detective Jerry Black, is a good policeman who on the eve of his retirement is brought into a grisly crime of a young girl who is murdered. It is thought that the killer is found and that answers this crime. However, Jack Nicholson's character does not believe this man was the murderer and goes on to find clues to solve this mystery. At the beginning of the film, he 'pledges' to the mother of the first murdered child that he will finds the killer. Jerry goes to such extremes as to buy an isolated gas station in the midst of the wilds of Nevada. He has found that the killer has a pattern, and he thinks that this town is near the area where the killer may next strike. A telling scene, is when Jerry visits a psychiatrist, played by Helen Mirren. He wants assitance in drawing out clues from a drawing the murdered child drew. What happens is that the psychiatrist is able too draw out Jerry, and the first signs appear that something is not right.", "After being named Best Supporting Actor by the National Board of Review for 1981's Reds, Nicholson's next big win was the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for his portrayal of an aging astronaut in 1983's Terms of Endearment. He won awards for his work in 1985's Prizzi's Honor (co-starring then-girlfriend Anjelica Huston) and 1987's Ironweed; played the devil in 1987's The Witches of Eastwick; and took an uncredited role in Broadcast News that same year. For his turn as the Joker in Tim Burton's Batman, Nicholson demanded top billing and a cut of the merchandising profits, then made millions when Batman became the top movie of 1989.", "Jack Nicholson received his fourth Oscar nomination for playing private detective Jake Gittes who is in way over his head in Chinatown.", "Hong has a long and prolific career in both film and television, appearing in series such as I Spy, The Bill Cosby Show, I Dream of Jeannie, The Man from U.N.C.L.E., The Streets of San Francisco, Dynasty, MacGyver, Miami Vice, TJ Hooker (starring William Shatner , James Darren and Richard Herd ) and later in J.J. Abrams ' Alias, Seinfeld, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit , Bones, The Big Bang Theory, and Chuck. He also appeared in films like Robert Wise 's The Sand Pebbles, Blade Runner, and the remake of The Day the Earth Stood Still. He played the villainous sorcerer Lo Pan in Big Trouble in Little China, co-starring Kim Cattrall . He is also an established voice actor and can be heard in films such as Mulan, Kung Fu Panda, and its sequel.", "Jackie Brown is a 1997 crime film written and directed by Quentin Tarantino. The film stars Pam Grier, Robert Forster, Robert De Niro, Samuel L. Jackson, Bridget Fonda and Michael Keaton. This movie follows Tarantino's success directing Reservoir Dogs (1992) and Pulp Fiction (1994) which also stars Jackson in a lead role.", "Chan has played many roles whose character names have the 'Jackie'. Examples include Cannonball Run II (1984), Dragons Forever (1988), Armour of God 2: Operation Condor (1991), Mr. Nice Guy (1997) and Vampire Effect (2003).", "The Cat's Meow (2001) - Peter Bogdanovich \| Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related \| AllMovie", "Chan finally succeeded in establishing a foothold in the North American market in 1995 with a worldwide release of Rumble in the Bronx, attaining a cult following in the United States that was rare for Hong Kong movie stars. The success of Rumble in the Bronx led to a 1996 release of Police Story 3: Super Cop in the United States under the title Supercop, which grossed a total of US$16,270,600. Chan's first huge blockbuster success came when he co-starred with Chris Tucker in the 1998 buddy cop action comedy Rush Hour, grossing US$130 million in the United States alone. This film made him a Hollywood star, after which he wrote his autobiography in collaboration with Jeff Yang entitled I Am Jackie Chan.", "Both directors Alessandro Carloni and Jennifer Yuh v.o. Li: Bryan Cranston. At the Jade Palace an announcement is made by voice of (v.o.) the Kung Fu Master Chifu: Dustin Hoffman that he’s retiring and from now on the master will be v.o. Po: Jack Black. Po has just found his long lost father. Collecting all the chi in the Spirit Realm, the villainous yak (v.o.) Kai: J.K. Simmons v.o. Tigress: Anjelica Huston, v.o. Monkey: Jackie Chan, v.o. Mantis: Seth Rogan, and v.o. Viper: Lucy Liu meet for lunch at v.o. Mr. Ping’s: James Hong noodle shop. Po’s eating record is broken by a much larger panda, Li Shan: v.o. Bryan Cranston searching for his long lost son. All of Po’s friends comment on how much Po and Li look alike. They realize they are family and rejoice. A baby panda v.o. Mei Mei: Kate Hudson plays with Tigress’s action figure. Po must train all the villagers to fight off Kai and the warriors who form from amulets Kai tosses to the ground. The music by Hans Zimmer adds to the enjoyment of the animated comedy. PG: Some martial arts action and mild rude humor.", "Wrecked and ready to succumb to death in China's shrouded, jagged hills, the curtain cascades around them. A gentle Catholic nun (Diana Rigg) mothers the shamed Kitty while a pleasure-seeking Toby Jones ( Infamous ) and his strange-looking Manchu lover (Yu Lin) offer escape from inner turmoil. As the good Western doctor rightly tries to rehabilitate the ignorant villagersï¿½whose irrational thoughts threaten to wipe out everyone's existenceï¿½he is rewarded with loyalty by a young apprentice and aided by a colonel who understands what moves mountains in China. The bodies pile up and the natives grow restless, but man and woman embrace and lift the veil.", "Living large and loving life, Po (Jack Black) realizes that he has a lot to learn if he’s going to fulfill the next challenge from his beloved instructor (Dustin Hoffman). After reuniting with his long-lost father (Bryan Cranston), Po must transition from student to teacher and train a group of fun-loving, clumsy pandas to become martial-arts fighters. Together, the kung-fu brethren unite to take on the evil Kai (J.K. Simmons), a supernatural warrior who becomes stronger with each battle.", "Prepare for awesomeness with this delightful Academy Award®-nominated DreamWorks Animation film. Jack Black is the voice of PO, a noodle slurping dreamer who must embrace his true self-fuzzy flaws and all–in order to become the real Dragon Warrior. Filled with high-kicking humor, groundbreaking animation, and an all-star cast including Angelina Jolie, Seth Rogen, Jackie Chan and Dustin Hoffman.", "This martial-arts grindhouse film with a non-Asian lead title character (actor-writer-producer-director Tom Laughlin), a half-Indian, kung-fu-fighting, ex-Green Beret named Billy Jack, was a commercial success as a low-budget independent film. The character of peace-loving Billy Jack sought to protect the mistreatment of the students in a Freedom School, by combating rednecks, law enforcement and \"the man.\".", "*What's New Pussycat?, directed by Clive Donner, starring Peter Sellers, Peter O'Toole, Woody Allen, Romy Schneider, Paula Prentiss, Capucine", "Directed by Ralph Bakshi. With Skip Hinnant, Rosetta LeNoire, John McCurry, Judy Engles. A hypocritical swinging college student cat raises hell in a satiric vision of various elements on the 1960's.", "What's New Pussycat? is a 1965 American comedy film directed by Clive Donner, and stars Peter Sellers, Peter O'Toole, Romy Schneider, Capucine, Paula Prentiss and Ursula Andress. It is Woody Allen's film debut in his first produced script. The Academy Award-nominated title song by Burt Bacharach (music) and Hal David (lyrics) was sung by Tom Jones. The movie poster was painted by Frank Frazetta, and the animated title sequence was directed by Richard Williams.", "This 1985 film featuring Jackie Chan was Chan's second American movie. It is similar to the Dirty Harry series and the director, James Glickenhaus, had tried to make Chan's character as similar to Dirty Harry as possible. It ended up being a commercial failure, and Chan largely regretted ever making this film.", "This 1985 film featuring Jackie Chan , was Chan's second American movie. It is similar to the Dirty Harry series and the director, James Glickenhaus had tried to make Chan's character as similar to Dirty Harry as possible. It ended up being a commercial failure, and Chan largely regretted ever making this film.", "Directed by Wayne Wang. Set in San Francisco, this sleeper concerns a Chinese-American cab driver and his nephew, who discover their friend Chan Hung has disappeared with $4000 of their savings. 80 min. Video DVD 4972; vhs 999:56", "The series started in 1984, with the Martin Brest-directed original, which featured Eddie Murphy as Foley, a fast-talking Detroit cop who relocates to Beverly Hills to solve a crime. There, he's paired with Judge Reinhold's ultra-square cop and generally pisses everyone off. The character returned for a stylish blockbuster sequel, directed by Tony Scott, in 1987, and officially went off the rails with the goofy third installment, directed by John Landis and released in 1994.", "Jack Black lends his voice to Po, a panda who wishes to become a kung fu master . That's all very well and noble, except for the fact that Po is really not good at kung fu. At all. And he's really, really lazy." ]	[ 10.421875, 9.90625, 5.9296875, 0.087158203125, -0.13623046875, -1.4560546875, -2.62890625, -2.68359375, -3.427734375, -3.5234375, -3.88671875, -4.18359375, -4.62109375, -4.921875, -5.08984375, -5.734375, -6.29296875, -6.7109375, -6.75390625, -6.79296875, -6.98828125, -7.09765625, -7.66796875, -7.87890625, -8.0625, -8.0625, -8.5390625, -8.9921875, -9.109375, -9.109375, -9.3671875, -9.9453125 ]
As at March 2003, who were the last football team to win the FA Cup final wearing stripes?	[ "The 2003 FA Cup Final was the 122nd final of the FA Cup, the world's oldest domestic football cup competition. The final took place on Saturday 17 May 2003 at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff, in front of a crowd of 73,726. It was the third consecutive year the final was played at the stadium, due to the ongoing reconstruction of Wembley Stadium, the final's usual venue. The 2003 final was the first to be played indoors; the roof was closed because of bad weather. The clubs contesting the final were Arsenal, the holders of the competition and Southampton. This was Arsenal's sixteenth appearance in a final to Southampton's fourth.", "31 March 2003 - March draws to a close with Manchester United now leading the Premier League just a month after Arsenal looked to have won it, though Arsène Wenger's team are only a point behind with a game in hand. Three points now separate Portsmouth and Leicester City at the top of Division One. Sheffield United, Reading, Nottingham Forest and Wolverhampton Wanderers remain in the playoff zone. Ipswich Town's resurgence has seen them creep to the fringe of the top six, but Rotherham United's playoff hopes are evaporating. ", "In 2012, in the Third round FA Cup tie versus Southampton, the team wore a commemorative blue and white striped kit, marking the 25th anniversary of the club winning the FA Cup in 1987 . [13] The strip was worn again in January 2013 for Coventry's 3rd round FA Cup fixture with Tottenham Hotspur, whom they beat in the 1987 final. [14]", "Since its founding the club has played their home games in blue and white shirts, traditionally in vertical stripes. However, this has not always been the case and there have been variations upon the theme. A monochrome photograph from 1874–75 shows the Wednesday team in plain dark shirts, while the 1871 \"Rules of the Sheffield Football Association\" listed the Wednesday club colours as blue and white hoops. A quartered blue and white design was used in 1887 and a blue shirt with white sleeves between 1965 and 1973. This design would have received greater notoriety had Wednesday not worn their away kit for all of their games in the 1966 FA Cup run, when all of their ties were drawn away. Given the option in the final of wearing their first strip, they chose the away strip for luck; but Everton managed to claw back a 2–0 deficit after 54 minutes and eventually won the game 3–2.", "Robert Pires peels away after scoring the only goal in a 1-0 victory for Arsenal over Southampton in the 2003 FA Cup final at the Millennium Stadium on May 17, 2003", "They hold the highest number of FA Cup trophies, 12. The club is one of only six clubs to have won the FA Cup twice in succession, in 2002 and 2003, and 2014 and 2015. Arsenal have achieved three League and FA Cup \"Doubles\" (in 1971, 1998 and 2002), a feat only previously achieved by Manchester United (in 1994, 1996 and 1999). They were the first side in English football to complete the FA Cup and League Cup double, in 1993. Arsenal were also the first London club to reach the final of the UEFA Champions League, in 2006, losing the final 2–1 to Barcelona. ", "It was later that season that Arsenal also wore that at OT, but as it was the FA Cup Man Utd were wearing white socks anyway.", "4/ Who were the last team from outside the top division to win the FA Cup?", "They couldn't quite retain the Championship in 2003, finishing second after a promising start. They did retain the FA Cup beating Southampton 1 - 0 in their third successive final.", "In 2015, Arsenal became the team with the most FA Cup trophies won, in the history of the competition, claiming their 12th FA Cup, by winning the 2015 FA Cup Final against Aston Villa, with 4–0, on Wembley. ", "In 1974, United were relegated to Division Two. Ironically, in their final match against Manchester City, Denis Law, given a free transfer by United, scored against his old side. They bounced back immediately and in 1977 United beat Liverpool to win the FA Cup, wrecking their rivals hopes of a treble. Since 1975 United have often worn black shorts with their red shirts when playing away", "In October 2007, Arsenal equalled the UEFA Champions League record victory with a 7–0 win over Slavia Prague at the Emirates Stadium. The record was broken the following month when Liverpool defeated Beşiktaş 8–0 at Anfield. All four English clubs competing in the Champions League reached the quarter-finals, resulting in three all-English ties during the competition's latter stages. Liverpool eliminated Arsenal in the quarter-finals, but lost the semi-final to Chelsea, who went on to meet Manchester United in the final in Moscow. United completed the European Double, winning the Premier League two points ahead of Chelsea and winning the UEFA Champions League, again against Chelsea 6–5 on penalties (1–1 after extra time) to lift the European Cup for the third time. This was a unique occurrence – the first time two English clubs had met in the final of the European Cup/Champions League. It was also a repeat of the opening game of the season, the FA Community Shield, which also finished 1–1 and saw a United win on penalties, 3–0.", " 22 May – FA Cup holders Tottenham Hotspur draw 1-1 with Queen's Park Rangers in the Wembley final, forcing a replay. Tottenham are without their Argentine players Ossie Ardiles and Ricardo Villa, who have been temporarily removed from the team following barracking from rival countries over their home country's involvement in the war with Britain.", "West Ham United Football Club are an English professional football club based in Upton Park , Newham , London . They will play in the Barclays Premier League in 2012–13. The club was founded in 1895 as Thames Ironworks FC and reformed in 1900 as West Ham United. In 1904 the club relocated to their current Boleyn Ground stadium. They initially competed in the Southern League and Western League before eventually joining the full Football League in 1919 and subsequently enjoyed promotion to the top flight for the 1923 season. 1923 also saw the club feature in the first FA Cup Final to be held at Wembley against Bolton Wanderers .", "In the above picture, fans seem to be in a hurry on FA Cup final day in 1971, where two giants of the English game met, Arsenal and Liverpool. The Gunners were 2-1 winners that day, with Charlie George scoring the decisive goal to seal a famous Double", "* 27 May – Tottenham Hotspur win the FA Cup beating Queens Park Rangers 1-0 in a replay. A sixth-minute penalty from Glenn Hoddle is the only goal of the game.", "*1975 – Defeat Manchester United and Newcastle United in the FA Cup on the way to the fifth round. The winning goal against Newcastle is scored by striker George Andrews.", "In 1961 Don Revie introduced a plain white strip throughout, in the hope of emulating Spanish side Real Madrid . A perching owl was added the strip in 1964 as the clubs emblem. The design was a surprise, given Revie's superstition about the symbolism of birds. The owl came from the city crest, which itself was based on the crest of Sir John Saville, the first alderman of Leeds. In the late 1960s and early 1970s Leeds used the LUFC script found running down the centre of the current badge, however this was presented in a diagonal fashion rather than the current vertical. In 1973 came the embodiment of seventies imagery with the iconic LU smiley badge. Revie's predilection for gimmicks was years ahead of its time, and done with the explicit intention of gaining acceptance from a public outside West Yorkshire. [32]", "West Ham United 1975 FA Cup Final No4 shirt \| West Ham United Retro Jersey \| Score Draw", "Chelsea Chelsea Football Club is an English football club based in West London. Founded in 1905, they play in the Premier League and have spent most of their history in the top tier of English football. Chelsea have been English champions four times, FA Cup winners six times and League Cup winners four times. They have also been successful in Europe, winning the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup twice. The club had their first major success in 1955, when they won the league championship. Chelsea won several cup competitions during the 1960s and 1970s, but after that did not win another major title until 1997. The past decade has been the most successful period in Chelsea’s history, capped by winning Premier League titles in 2005, 2006 and 2010, the latter as part of their first league and FA Cup \"Double\". Despite their name, the club are not based in Chelsea, but in neighbouring Fulham. The club's home is the 41,841 capacity Stamford Bridge football stadium in Fulham,where they have played since their establishment. Since 2003 they have been owned by Russian billionaire Roman Abramovich .", "Framed colourised photo montage print celebrating the West Ham 1975 FA Cup Final win. Hand signed in black marker pen by captain Billy Bonds and scorer of both goals Alan Taylor.", "In the following season, United returned to the top flight as Second Division champions. In 1975–76 they finished in third place in the First Division and also reached the 1976 FA Cup Final. United surprisingly lost 1–0 to Southampton, who were then in the Second Division. Docherty led United to the FA Cup final again in 1977, this time as underdogs against Liverpool. United won 2–1, denying Liverpool the second trophy of a possible treble of League, FA Cup and European Cup.", "AKA \"The Gunners\". Play in red and white. Based in North London at the Emirates Stadium, replacing their historic home of Highbury. Was British-owned until late in 2010 when American Stan Kroenke launched a takeover of the club. Have not won the Premiership since 2004 and since them have come 4th three times and 3rd twice. However last time they won it they went unbeaten.", "They also won the FA Cup in 1975 by defeating Fulham 2–0. The Fulham team had former England captains Alan Mullery and West Ham legend Bobby Moore. ", "1952 Newcastle United became the first team since 1891 to win two FA Cups in succession by beating Arsenal 1-0. This was the last time the Toon won anything of note, probably. Even their trophy room is in black and white.", "They won the first division title in 1903 and 1904 and the FA Cup again in 1907 when they beat Everton 2-1. First divison titles came again in 1929 and 1930 and their last FA Cup win in 1935 when they beat West Bromwich Albion by 4-2.", "Football League Champions 1972-73, 1975-76, 1976-77, runners-up 1973-74, 1974-75; UEFA Cup winners 1972-73, 1975-76; FA Cup winners 1973-74, runners-up 1976-77; FA Charity Shield winners 1974, 1976; European Cup winners 1976-77, runners-up 1979-80; European Super Cup runners-up 1977; Bundesliga Champions 1978-79, runners-up 1979-80;", "12. In 2003, which team did Arsenal lose 2-1 to, resulting in their exit from the European Champions League?", "The club's Latin motto is Audere est Facere (lit: \"To Dare Is to Do\"), and its emblem is a cockerel standing upon a football. The club has a long-standing rivalry with nearby neighbours Arsenal, with head-to-head fixtures known as the North London derby", "The club were relatively late in establishing a crest. Although the initials were embroidered onto the shirt from the 1935–36 season, a crest featuring the façade of the Crystal Palace did not appear until 1955. This crest disappeared from the shirt in 1964, and the team's name appeared embroidered on shirts in 1967–72. 1972 saw a round badge adopted with the club's initials and nickname \"the Glaziers\" before Allison changed this too. The nickname became \"the Eagles\", inspired by Portuguese club Benfica, and the badge adopted an eagle holding a ball. This emblem remained until 1987 when the club married the eagle with the Crystal Palace façade, and although updated in 1996 and again in 2013 the crest retains these features. Since mid-2010, the club has made use of an American bald eagle, called Kayla, as the club mascot, with the bird flying from one end of the stadium to the other at every home game. ", "After the second world war, a new design was adopted showing a robin sitting on a football, in the centre of a quartered shield. A number of variations of this crest emerged, but the most famous included the letters 'CAFC' in the shield's four quarters and was used on the team shirts worn in the 1946 (but old photos reveal not the 1947) FA Cup Final. This design has recently been reused on some historic merchandise, but oddly with the robin facing the other way around (the original robin looked to the left).", "Which is the only club ever to play FA Cup matches in all four home countries?" ]	[ 0.9111328125, 0.77294921875, 0.3896484375, -0.79150390625, -1.4296875, -1.4580078125, -1.6181640625, -1.95703125, -2.470703125, -2.703125, -2.80859375, -2.859375, -3.001953125, -3.291015625, -3.455078125, -3.5234375, -3.986328125, -4.03125, -4.03125, -4.078125, -4.0859375, -4.140625, -4.40234375, -4.640625, -4.66015625, -5.21875, -5.58984375, -6.0859375, -6.265625, -6.49609375, -6.6640625, -7.20703125 ]
How many teaspoons are there in a cup?	[ "There are a total of forty eight teaspoons in one cup. There are seven hundred sixty eight teaspoons in a gallon and one hundred ninety two teaspoons in a quart.", "Each tablespoon contains three teaspoons. This makes it easy for cooks and bakers to substitute measurements if their tablespoon measure is broken or missing. Each teaspoon should be leveled off, making sure that whatever being measured reaches the top of the spoon but doesn't exceed the amount of a single tablespoon. In general, there are two tablespoons to the ounce. Similarly, there are 16 tablespoons in one cup, which equates to 48 teaspoons, and two cups to the pint.", "When you are going to calculate the number of teaspoons in some cups, just multiply the cups by 48. For converting teaspoons to cups, divide their number by 48.", "As it is stated above, teaspoons, tablespoons and cups are mostly used in the USA, so we will talk about US units of volume to give the right answer to the question, “How many teaspoons are there in a cup?” And this answer is simple:", "There are 6 teaspoons in one ounce. You can also get one ounce from 2 tablespoons. One teaspoon is 0.16666666 of a ounce.", "There are three teaspoons in a tablespoon. That means that there are 1.5 teaspoons in a 1/2 tablespoon, and 1/3 of a tablespoon is a single teaspoon.", "cooking USEFUL CONVERSIONS 3ml = ½ t 80ml = 1/3 cup 5ml = 1t 125ml = ½ cup 8ml = 1½ t or ½ T 160ml = 2/3 cup 10ml = 2t 180ml = ¾ cup 15ml = 1T 250ml = 1 cup 45ml = 3T 310ml = 1¼ cups 60ml = 4T (¼ cup) 375ml = 1½ cups t = teaspoon T = tablespoon", "Teaspoon is a commonly used volume unit in cooking recipes and prescriptions. 1 US teaspoon is about 5 milliliters or 1/6 of fluid ounces. The abbreviations are \"tsp\", \"ts\".", "Teaspoon (abbr. tspn, tsp, ts, t) is a unit which is used to measure volume. It is common for cookbooks and pharmaceutical prescriptions. One teaspoon equals to approximately 5 metric milliliters.", "Within the UK, the Imperial \"tablespoon\" is officially defined as 5/8 of a fluid ounce and a teaspoon is 1/24 of a gill. However, in other Imperial countries the tablespoon is often defined as half an ounce and the teaspoon as one third of a tablespoon. For the metric calculators above, the official UK definitions (tablespoon = 5/8 fluid ounce, teaspoon = 1/24 gill) are used. However, for ease of use, the simpler measures (tablespoon = 1/2 ounce, teaspoon = 1/3 tablespoon) are used in the following tables.", "Teaspoon is a volume unit used mostly in cooking recipes and prescriptions. 1 US tsp is about 5 milliliters and 1/6 of fluid ounces. The abbreviations are \"tsp\", \"ts\", t\", \"tspn\". The abbreviations are always in small letters since when in used in capital letters, usually mistaken with larger volume unit, tablespoon.", "a traditional unit of volume used in recipes in the United States. One cup equals 1/2 (liquid) pint , or 8 fluid ounces . Technically, one cup equals exactly 14.4375 cubic inches or approximately 236.6 milliliters, not that anyone measures quite so precisely in the kitchen. American cooks use the same size cup for measuring both liquid and dry substances. In Canada, a cup is equal to 8 Imperial fluid ounces (13.8710 cubic inches or 227.3 milliliters). In Britain, cooks sometimes used a similar but larger unit called the breakfast cup , equal to 10 Imperial fluid ounces. The British cup equals 1/2 Imperial pint, but the Canadian cup is only 0.4 Imperial pint.", "a unit of volume formerly used in U.S. food recipes. A coffeespoon is 1/2 teaspoon , 1/12 fluid ounce , or about 2.5 milliliters.", "One tablespoon equals which of the following? a. 15 cc b. 3 teaspoons c, one-half ounce d. All of the above", "a very small quantity of material. Until recently, no one thought a smidgen was an actual unit of measure, but recently kitchen supply stores in the U.S. and other countries have begun selling sets of \"minispoons\" in which the smallest spoon, labeled \"smidgen,\" is designed to hold exactly 1/2 pinch or 1/32 teaspoon , which is roughly 0.005 fluid ounce or 0.15 milliliter. The word is a diminutive of \"smutch\" or \"smudge\"; it originally meant a small spot.", "What’s the Word Answers: Level 505 – TEASPOON – Pouring (medicine) into a measuring cup, a jar of cherry jam, a cup of tea, a bowl of sugar cubes", "16 The equivalent \"1 teaspoon = 1-1/3 fluid drams\" has been found by the Bureau to correspond more closely with the actual capacities of \"measuring\" and silver teaspoons than the equivalent \"1 teaspoon = 1 fluid dram\", which is given by a number of dictionaries.", "Tablespoons to teaspoons volume units conversion factor is 3 except Australia. To find out how many teaspoons in tablespoons, please use the converter below. Please note that not all the table and teaspoons are the same. Although the conversion result is the same for imperial, US and metric conversions, the volume capacities might be all different for each of these measurement systems.", "Enter a US teaspoon value that you want to convert into US cups and click on the \"convert\" button.", "Using salt to check the spoons, flour in the dry cups and water in the liquid cups, I found all kinds of variations. Two of my tablespoons held 2 ounces of salt, one held 1.6 ounces and one held 2.1 ounces. Measuring flour was dicey and varied a great deal. Neither set held the 8 ounces that is supposed to be 1 cup.", "custard cup – These are 6 ounce cups for baking custards. Their small size are also good for holding cooked puddings or other desserts, and are also useful for holding pre-measured ingredients when prepping ingredients for cookies or cakes. Shop for custard cups .", "Do You Know How Many Teaspoons Are in a Tablespoon? — Kitchen Facts \| The Kitchn", "In most regions, where they are used for measuring solids, the tablespoon equals to half a fluid ounce, which is about 15 metric milliliters. This variant of the tablespoon is accepted in the USA, South Africa, Canada, New Zealand, and Japan. Their teaspoon has 1/6 fluid ounce and about 5 metric milliliters.", "The following table will give you a tip about how to convert US teaspoons, US tablespoons and US cups.", "Now that we know how many fluid ounces and milliliters there are in a teaspoon and a tablespoon, we can count easily how many teaspoons in a tablespoon:", "The term \"cup\", although officially defined as half a pint, is also variously interpreted (breakfast cup, coffee cup, metric cup, etc.) so it is also not always an exact measure.", "You can do the reverse unit conversion from tablespoon to teaspoons , or enter any two units below:", "Steam some milk or heat it on the stovetop or in the microwave. How much? Well, how big is your mug? 1/3 to 1/2 cup (3 to 4 ounces) is usually plenty.", ">>SS> If there's not room for a horseshoe in the cup, get a bigger cup ?", "Chashaku or Bamboo Tea Scoop (you can use a regular teaspoon, but it is NOT the same size; I’ll let you know in the instructions how much powder to use in tsp)", "These small cups can be found in many kitchen stores, but you can also use espresso cups if you don’t have demitasse cups.", "I eat gluten free, could I use a gluten free flour, such as Cup for Cup? Would I. Use the same amount?" ]	[ 6.84765625, 4.6875, 3.869140625, 0.007904052734375, -1.2861328125, -1.478515625, -1.875, -2.27734375, -2.466796875, -2.490234375, -2.556640625, -2.685546875, -2.7734375, -2.826171875, -2.998046875, -3.064453125, -3.1484375, -3.279296875, -3.46875, -3.53125, -3.966796875, -3.9921875, -4.14453125, -4.65625, -5.1875, -5.55859375, -5.66015625, -6.74609375, -7.16015625, -7.33203125, -8.578125, -10.8125 ]
What are the main four blood groups?	[ "There are four main blood groups (types of blood): A, B, AB and O. Your blood group is determined by the genes you inherit from your parents.", "The four blood groups are A, B, AB and O. Each of these will be either Rh-positive or Rh-negative.", "There are 4 main blood groups A, B, AB and O, of which group O is the most common (47% of population). The blood type is determined by proteins called antigens found on the surface of red blood cells . If you have the antigen A on the red blood cells then you have got type A blood. When B antigen is present, you have type B blood, when both A and B are present, you have type AB blood. When neither are present you have type O blood.", "Did you know that there are four different blood groups?: A, B, AB, and O. A person's blood group is distinguished by tiny markers known as antigens which cover the blood cell surface. Below is a simple breakdown of blood groups and antigens.", "There are 8 main blood types. Blood types A, B, AB, & O are the 4 main blood types. We get 8 in total because of the Rh- Factor and the blood types it produces including A-, B-, AB- and O-. Approximately 85% of the US Population have the Rh+ Blood Types of A, B, AB or O. Thus, resulting in a very small population of the more rare Rh Negative Blood Types. ", "According to the ABO blood group system, various blood types are divided into 4 groups: A, B, AB, and O. At times, blood is also classified by its rhesus factor (Rh)―a term used to refer to the presence or absence of a specific antigen in the blood. A universal blood donor, O− is also a component of this blood grouping system.", "The most commonly known blood antigens make up the major human blood groups: A, B, AB and O. However, many less-common blood groups also exist, such as Vel, which can potentially make transfusions dangerous for patients.", "Historically, universal donors are determined on the basis of the ABO blood typing system. Under this system, people can be divided into four blood types: A, B, AB, and O. Blood type is determined by the antigens present on the blood cells. In the case of people with A blood, A antigens are present. B blood types have B antigens, AB blood types have both, and O types have no antigens. Some people refer to the O group as the \"null\" or 0 group, referencing the fact that no antigens are present.", "Jan Janský also discovered the human blood groups in 1907 which he classified blood into four groups I, II, III, IV. Titled in Czech \"Hematologická studie u psychotiků\". His nomenclature is still used in Russia and states of the former USSR, in which blood types O, A, B, and AB are respectively designated I, II, III, and IV.", "There are four major blood groups determined by the presence or absence of two antigens – A and B – on the surface of red blood cells:", "The two main ways to classify blood groups are the ABO system and the Rh system. Together, they make up the eight main blood groups. Other blood group systems exist and, to date, researchers have identified around 300 minor blood groups. ", "The ABO blood groups are made up of 4 types of blood – A, B, AB and O. An individual’s ABO blood type is determined by the hereditary presence or absence of the antigens A and B on the surfaces of RBCs. Antibodies of the ABO group appear in the plasma 2-8 months after birth mainly in response to the bacteria that inhabit the intestines. However, antibodies cross-react with RBC antigens that are different to those present on the individual’s own RBCs. This cross-reaction can be fatal and therefore has great significance in blood transfusions.", "The ABO blood group system was discovered in the year 1900 by Karl Landsteiner. Jan Janský is credited with the first classification of blood into the four types (A, B, AB, and O) in 1907, which remains in use today. In 1907 the first blood transfusion was performed that used the ABO system to predict compatibility. The first non-direct transfusion was performed on March 27, 1914. The Rhesus factor was discovered in 1937.", "Blood types are inherited and represent contributions from both parents. A total of 35 human blood group systems are now recognized by the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT). The two most important ones are ABO and the RhD antigen; they determine someone's blood type (A, B, AB and O, with +, − or Null denoting RhD status).", "The table above summarizes the various blood groups that children may inherit from their parents. Genotypes are shown in the second column and in small print for the offspring: AO and AA both test as type A; BO and BB test as type B. The four possibilities represent the combinations obtained when one allele is taken from each parent; each has a 25% chance, but some occur more than once.", "6) A family has four offspring belonging respectively to ABO blood groups A, B, O, and AB. Give", "Therefore, according to the (simple version of) the Rh blood group system, there are the following eight (8) blood groups:", "According to above blood grouping systems, you can belong to either of following 8 blood groups:", "A blood type (also called a blood group) is defined as the classification of blood based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). A series of related blood types constitutes a blood group system, such as the Rh or ABO system. The frequencies of the ABO and Rh blood types vary from population to population.", "IV (Group I according to the Moss classification) contains neither iso-agglutinin A nor B and therefore agglutinates none of the cells of the other three groups. Group IV bloods, on the other hand, contain both iso-agglutinogens a and b. Group IV has therefore received the term \"universal recipient,\" implying that in emergencies such individuals may with relative safety receive blood from donors belonging to any of the groups. It is assumed that the dilution of the donor's blood incidental to the transfusion so reduces the strength of his iso-agglutinins as to render them ineffective. But if, as sometimes occurs, the donor's isoagglutinins should possess an unusually high titer, they will remain effective even after this dilution and massive", "The discovery of human blood groups was made in 1901 by the Austrian physician Karl Landsteiner (18681943). He developed the ABO blood group system, the most important (but by no means the only) blood type system in use today. Other early pioneers in the field include the American Alexander S. Wiener (1907-1976) and the Czech serologist Jan Janský (18731921).", "The International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT) has instituted a numerical system of nomenclature to help standardize red cell Blood group terminology. This convention mandates that each system and collection has been given a number and letter designation, and each antigen within the system is numbered sequentially in order of discovery. As of this writing, over 20 Blood group systems and seven antigen collections have been defined. High-prevalence or \"public\" antigens and low-prevalence or \"private\" antigens that are not associated with known systems or collections also are delineated in numbered series.", "The ABO blood group is represented by substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). These substances are important because they contain specific sequences of amino acid and carbohydrates which are antigenic. As well as being on the surface of RBCs, some of these antigens are also present on the cells of other tissues. A complete blood type describes the set of 29 substances on the surface of RBCs, and an individual's blood type is one of the many possible combinations of blood group antigens. Usually only the ABO blood group system and the presence or absence of the Rhesus D antigen (also known as the Rhesus factor or RH factor) are determined and used to describe the blood type. Over 400 different blood group antigens have been found, many of these being very rare. If an individual is exposed to a blood group antigen that is not recognized as self, the individual can become sensitized to that antigen; the immune system makes specific antibodies which binds specifically to a particular blood group antigen and an immunological memory against that particular antigen is formed. These antibodies can bind to antigens on the surface of transfused red blood cells (or other tissue cells) often leading to destruction of the cells by recruitment of other components of the immune system. Knowledge of a individual's blood type is important to identify appropriate blood for transfusion or tissue for organ transplantation.", "The purpose of this web page is to explain some basic facts about human ABO blood group system and to summarize the research and hypotheses regarding its evolution.", "Group AB – has both A and B antigens on red cells (but neither A nor B antibody in the plasma)", "They are: factor I (fibrinogen), factor II (prothrombin), factor III (tissue thromboplastin), factor IV (calcium), factor V (proaccelerin), factor VI (no longer considered active in hemostasis), factor VII (proconvertin), factor VIII (antihemophilic factor), factor IX (plasma thromboplastin component; Christmas factor), factor X (stuart factor), factor XI (plasma thromboplastin antecedent), factor XII (hageman factor), factor XIII (fibrin stabilizing factor).", "Group O – has neither A nor B antigens on red cells (but both A and B antibody are in the plasma)", "From a consideration of their content of iso-agglutinins and iso-agglutinogens, it becomes apparent that the following interactions will be observed between bloods of the respective groups: :INTERACTIONS BETWEEN BLOODS OF DIFFERENT GROUPS (JANSKY CLASSIFICATION)", "Here is a list of the blood types and their frequency in the UK population :", "Blood that contains red blood cells of a particular type e.g. group A blood contains red blood cells with antigen A attached, also has (or does not have) particular antibodies present in the blood plasma .", "Not all ethnic groups have the same percentage of blood type combinations. The mix of blood types varies by ethnic group.", "If you know which antigens are in the person's blood, it's easy to figure out which blood group he or she belongs to! Application:" ]	[ 7.30859375, 5.73828125, 5.515625, 4.921875, 4.5390625, 4.23046875, 3.4765625, 3.28515625, 3.078125, 2.9375, 2.875, 2.138671875, 1.98046875, 1.0458984375, 0.32080078125, 0.2374267578125, -1.1279296875, -1.2958984375, -1.4052734375, -1.9375, -2.392578125, -2.767578125, -2.955078125, -3.53515625, -3.689453125, -3.912109375, -4.2265625, -4.3828125, -4.48828125, -4.81640625, -4.9453125, -5.328125 ]
The average person grows how many inches of hair each year? 6, 10 or 15?	[ "The most oft-quoted average rate of human hair growth is 6 inches (15 centimeters) per year.", "A: The speed of hair growth is roughly 1.25 centimeters or 0.5 inches per month, being about 15 centimeters or 6 inches per year. With age the speed of hairgrowth might slow down to as little as 0.25 cm or 0.1 inch a month.", "– On average we grow ½ inch of hair each month. This translates to 6 inches a year.", "15 – 20 10 – 15 9 – 9.9 8 – 8.9 7 – 7.9 6 – 6.9 5 – 5.9 4 – 4.9 3 – 3.9 2 – 2.9", "Each hair grows about ¼ inch (about 6 millimeters) every month and keeps on growing for up to 6 years. The hair then falls out and another grows in its place. The length of a person's hair depends on the length of the growing phase of the follicle. Follicles are active for 2 to 6 years; they rest for about 3 months after that. A person becomes bald if the scalp follicles become inactive and no longer produce new hair. Thick hair grows out of large follicles; narrow follicles produce thin hair.", "The adolescent growth spurt is a rapid increase in the individual's height and weight during puberty resulting from the simultaneous release of growth hormones, thyroid hormones, and androgens. Males experience their growth spurt about two years later, on average, than females. During their peak height velocity (the time of most rapid growth), adolescents grow at a growth rate nearly identical to that of a toddler—about 4 inches (10.3 cm) a year for males and 3.5 inches (9 cm) for females. In addition to changes in height, adolescents also experience a significant increase in weight (Marshall, 1978). The weight gained during adolescence constitutes nearly half of one's adult body weight. Teenage and early adult males may continue to gain natural muscle growth even after puberty.", "For me 12 inches per year is not possible for most it’s not unless you grow 1 inch per month don’t trim every month have fast hair growth and take care of it . I’m happy because I grew average on some parts of my hair and above average on other parts . My Front is about 7 Inches WHEN Stretched MY SIDE IS OVER 7 IN HIS AND THE BACK Is ABOUT 5 TO 6 inches WHEN Stretched .", "The growth gap continues to widen until about age 25, and then it stabilizes. At that age, males average less than 36 inches in length and females average 38 inches.", "Okay, so now that I’ve been somewhat of a Debbie Downer, here’s some encouraging news: It may be quite rare to retain 12 inches in the course of one year BUT you can maximize your growth. Here are a few key reminders of practices you can incorporate into your hair regimen to reduce unnecessary breakage and retain healthier hair faster.", "Hair grows at different rates in different people; the average rate is around one-half inch per month. Hair color is created by pigment cells producing melanin in the hair follicle. With aging, pigment cells die, and hair turns gray.", "Tally those body hair categories on the average person, and it adds up to around 5 million individual hairs. Wouldn't life be simpler if you were just bare everywhere?", "Cell division is responsible for the hair growth cycle. The new cells push the hair forward to make it longer, so the new hair is added at the root. There are about 100.000 hairs on a healthy scalp of hair. Each of these hairs will, in normal healthy conditions, last for one up to six years. People loose about 100 hairs per day, in normal conditions. The fallen hairs are replaced by new hair. Baldness occurs when new hairs are not being produced anymore.", "If the numbers represent years, they cover 21 years. If you add 2 and 1, you get the number 3. If you examine the gaps between the years, you get the numbers 11, 4 and 6. If you add these numbers, you get 21, which when added together, comes to 3. If you add 1, 1, 4 and 6, you get 12, which when added, comes to 3.", "On a healthy head, 80 to 90 percent of the hair follicles are in the anagen phase, 2 percent are in the catagen phase, and 10 to 18 percent are in the telogen phase. Once the hair reaches the telogen phase, the follicles have achieved a mature, stable stage of quiescence. During the telogen phase, the hair is anchored in the follicle only by the root, which is club-shaped. The germ cells below the club-shaped root will give rise to the next generation of an anagen hair. The replacement of human scalp hair occurs in a scattered mosaic fashion with no apparent wave-like or seasonal pattern. The average period of growth for scalp hair is approximately 1,000 days; the resting phase lasts about 100 days. Approximately 10 percent of the hairs on a human head (100/1000), therefore, are in the quiescent telogen phase, and a minimal amount of force—such as that from combing—is required to dislodge the hairs from the dormant follicle.", " 16 & 11 & 10 & 16 & 24 & 40 & 51 & 61 \\\\", "Is It Possible to Retain 12 inches of Hair Growth in 1 Year? \| Black Girl with Long Hair", "The activity of the hair follicles in the scalp is not synchronized, so that there is a small but steady molt of about 50 to 100 hairs a day from a total of around 150,000 follicles. There is, nevertheless, evidence of seasonal fluctuation, with the greatest hair loss in late summer and fall. A follicle may continue its activity for a long time, and hairs sometimes grow for several years and attain considerable lengths. Even in the human scalp—where the hair follicles are dense and vigorously productive—baldness occurs in a large number of individuals. Baldness is not a disease but is a systematic involution of hair follicles, culminating in organs similar to the primitive embryonic follicles; the numbers of follicles do not necessarily diminish.", "Understanding the process of normal hair growth will help you understand hirsutism. Each hair grows from a follicle deep in your skin. As long as these follicles are not completely destroyed, hair will continue to grow even if the shaft, which is the part of the hair that appears above the skin, is plucked or removed. Hair follicles cover every surface of your body except the soles of your feet and the palms of your hands. Of the approximately 50 million hair follicles covering your body, one fifth are located on your scalp. The number of hair follicles you have does not increase after birth but slowly begins to decrease at around age 40.", "Hair growth occurs in cycles. While some hair follicles grow, others rest, and still others are shed. Hormonal changes, such as those associated with oral contraceptives (birth control pills) or pregnancy, may synchronize hair growth and make it appear to grow and shed more than usual. However, hair growth patterns usually return to normal within 6 to 12 months.", "-Growth stage-(anagen stage) cells divide pushing new cells up and old keratinized cells out-hair grows longer (2-6 years)", "Character and Style: 6 points (Equivalent to one inch per month or more, uniform over entire body).", "Personal growth Who knows where men develop the features that make up their character? In Marc’s case, they can perhaps be traced back to a period during his teenage years. At the age of 14, he grew a total of 17 centimetres in 12 months. To avoid wearing a spinal support, he had to work on his dorsal muscles every day for six months in order to straighten", "But human body hair doesn't grow indefinitely -- if that were the case, you'd probably look a lot more like Cousin Itt from \"The Addams Family.\" Instead, individual hairs go through active and resting phases. The process of cellular division that increases the length of the hair shaft is the active, or anagen, phase. The anagen phase continues for a period depending on the type of body hair, then slows down for the resting, or telogen, phase. Since your hair is made up of dead matter, it falls off during the telogen phase. These varying durations of growth explain why the hair on your head grows longer than your arm hair. Your body hair's anagen phase usually lasts only a few months, while your scalp's phase lasts a few years.", "Can you retain 12 inches of hair in 12 months? First, let’s review a few facts common among most women.", "Some people groom their locks into relatively uniform size and shape. If not groomed to do so, the hair can grow into locks which are unique in size. If they begin to grow together they may be pulled apart.", "This layer is where you'll find the start of hair, too. Each hair on your body grows out of a tiny tube in the skin called a follicle (say: FAHL-ih-kul). Every follicle has its roots way down in the subcutaneous layer and continues up through the dermis.", "Many subcultures have hairstyles which may indicate an unofficial membership. Many hippies, metalheads and Indian sadhus have long hair, as well many older indie kids. Many punks wear a hairstyle known as a mohawk or other spiked and dyed hairstyles; skinheads have short-cropped or completely shaved heads. Long stylized bangs were very common for emos, scene kids and younger indie kids in the 2000s and early 2010s, among people of both genders.", "Percentage of people 15 years and older in 2010 who had been married at some point in their lives - either currently or formerly.", "Over the past few decades a multitude of hair replacement methods have been performed by physicians and non-physicians. They range from simply weaving someone else's hair in with the remains of one's own to surgically transplanting thousands of hair follicles one at a time.", "Amy Farrah Fowler : Well, this isn't a crisis. Why don't you just let your hair grow out a little?", "Braids were popular throughout the decade and could be either someone’s own long hair or added hair pieces.", "A study of such numbers as those denoting the year of one's birth, to determine their supposed influence on one's character and life." ]	[ 5.40625, 3.2890625, 2.693359375, -0.76806640625, -2.091796875, -2.373046875, -2.380859375, -2.697265625, -2.8359375, -2.8671875, -3.4296875, -3.736328125, -3.908203125, -4.02734375, -4.44140625, -4.53515625, -4.71484375, -4.79296875, -4.98046875, -5.16796875, -5.22265625, -5.36328125, -6.0078125, -6.43359375, -7.65234375, -7.75390625, -8.2421875, -8.28125, -8.9375, -9.2890625, -9.6328125, -10.5234375 ]
In degrees centigrade, what is the normal body temperature?	[ "There are two temperature unit measurements that are used globally. The body temperature may therefore be presented in Celsius or Fahrenheit. According to the body temperature scale in Celsius, the temperature is normal when it is 37 degrees Celsius. Temperatures up to 37.3 and down to 36.7 are considered to be within the normal body temperature scale in Celsius. Hyperthermia occurs when the temperature rises above 37.3 degrees. Dangerously high temperatures on the body temperature scale refer to any temperature above 40 degrees Celsius. Hypothermia, on the other end of the scale, is any temperature that is below 36.2 degrees Celsius.", "The normal core body temperature of a healthy, resting adult human being is stated to be at 98.6 degrees fahrenheit or 37.0 degrees celsius. Though the body temperature measured on an individual can vary, a healthy human body can maintain a fairly consistent body temperature that is around the mark of 37.0 degrees celsius.", "37 °C is a value that one encounters probably more often than any other temperature reading. If you are used to the Celsius scale, you recognize it immediately. Indeed, a normal body temperature of a healthy person is in the vicinity of 37 degrees Celsius, which makes this value so special and important. For the Fahrenheit folks, you may know it as 98.6 °F (as you can easily verify using our online converter ).", "Normally the rectal temperature or vaginal temperature is considered as the core temperature. The ideal core temperature is considered to be around 98.6° Degree Fahrenheit or 37° degree Celsius. This temperature is however, the average body temperature and the overall normal temperature varies from a minimum of 97.7° Fahrenheit (36.5° Celsius) to a maximum of almost 99.5° Fahrenheit (37.5° Celsius). Any temperature above or below this range is abnormal. At the ideal temperature, all human body systems function with maximum efficiency with oxygen being supplied in ample amounts because CO2 levels are optimized.", "The normal body temperature of a person varies depending on gender, recent activity, food and fluid consumption, time of day, and, in women, the stage of the menstrual cycle. Normal body temperature can range from 97.8° F (36.5°C) to 99°F (37.2°C) for a healthy adult. A person's body temperature can be taken in any of the following ways:", "\"… the normal range for body temperature is 97 to 100 degrees fahrenheit or 36.1 to 37.8 degrees celsius\"", "Most people think a normal body temperature is an oral temperature (by mouth ) of 98.6°F (37°C). This is an average of normal body temperatures. Your normal temperature may actually be 1°F (0.6°C) or more above or below this. Also, your normal temperature changes by as much as 1°F (0.6°C) during the day, depending on how active you are and the time of day. Body temperature is very sensitive to hormone levels. So a woman's temperature may be higher or lower when she is ovulating or having her menstrual period.", "\"One population mean that students all 'know' is the mean normal body temperature of 98.6 degrees F. What is surprising is that recent medical research has posited that the mean normal temperature is really 98.2 degrees F!\"", "Body temperature is usually about 37.4°C, but does vary during the day by about 0.8°C. The lowest daily temperature is when the person is asleep. Temperature receptors are found in the skin, the great veins, the abdominal organs and the hypothalamus. While the ones in the skin provide the sensation of coldness, the hypothalamic (central core) temperature receptors are the most important. The core body temperature is usually about 0.7-1.0°C higher than axillary or oral temperature.", "The degree of heat in the body of a living organism, usually about 37.0°C (98.6°F) in humans.", "Fahrenheit observed that water boils at about 212 degrees using this scale. Later, other scientists decided to redefine the scale slightly to make the freezing point exactly 32 °F, and the boiling point exactly 212 °F or 180 degrees higher. It is for this reason that normal human body temperature is approximately 98° (oral temperature) on the revised scale (whereas it was 90° on Fahrenheit's multiplication of Rømer, and 96° on his original scale). ", "\"What is your normal body temperature? It's probably not 98.6 °F, the oft-quoted average that was determined in the nineteenth century. A recent study has reported an average temperature of 98.2 °F.\"", "As the temperature of the body drops at a fairly consistent rate after death, if affecting conditions are known, it may be possible to establish an estimated time of death. The average core living body temperature is 37⁰C or 98.6⁰F. At room temperature, the temperature of the body will drop about 1.5⁰C in the first hour after death, and between 1.5 and 1⁰C each hour after that. The core body temperature of the deceased will often be taken as soon as possible at the scene, either using a rectal thermometer or a reading from the liver. The study of body temperature is typically only relevant within a certain time frame, generally until the body temperature matches that of the environment.", "After Fahrenheit died in 1736, his thermometer was recalibrated using 212 degrees, the temperature at which water boils, as the upper fixed point. Normal human body temperature registered 98.6 rather than 96.", "One hundred degrees Celsius is equal to 212 degrees Fahrenheit. Convert Celsius temperatures to Fahrenheit by using an online conversion tool or by manual calculation.", "In most adults, a fever is an oral temperature above 38°C (100.4°F) or a rectal or ear temperature above 38.5°C (101.3°F). A child has a fever when his or her rectal temperature is 38°C (100.4°F) or higher or armpit (axillary) temperature is 37.6°C (99.7°F) or higher.", "The Celsius temperature scale is also referred to as the \"centigrade\" scale. Centigrade means \"consisting of or divided into 100 degrees\". The Celsius scale, invented by Swedish Astronomer Anders Celsius (1701-1744), has 100 degrees between the freezing point (0 C) and boiling point (100 C) of pure water at sea level air pressure. The term \"Celsius\" was adopted in 1948 by an international conference on weights and measures.", "The normal human body temperature is often stated as . Hyperthermia and fever, are defined as a temperature of greater than .", "In the centigrade or Celsius temperature scale, the freezing point of pure water at one atmosphere is assigned the value zero; the boiling point is +100 C. One-degree increments in the centigrade scale are the same size as those in the kelvin scale. At standard Earth-atmospheric sea-level pressure, water freezes at 0 C or +273.15 K, and boils at +100 C or +373.15 K. A temperature of 0 K thus corresponds to -273.15 C. To convert a kelvin temperature figure to Celsius, subtract 273.15. To convert a Celsius temperature figure to kelvin, add 273.15.", "Centigrade is essentially the same temperature scale as Celsius but with slight differences. Originally concerning itself mainly in the temperature range associated with the freezing point of pure water (0ï¿½C) and the boiling point (100ï¿½C). Hence the 'centi' component in the word (meaning 'one hundred' or parts thereof).", "The mean body temperature of a normal person as recorded by a clinical thermometer placed in the mouth.", "The scale for temperature in the SI system of units. The Kelvin units are the same size of the centigrade units, but the scale starts at absolute zero (-273o�Centigrade) making 273 K equal to 0o�Centigrade.", "The Celsius, or centigrade, scale is used by the World Meteorological Organization and most countries in the world. On this scale, 0° is freezing, 100° is boiling.", "The normal range of human body temperature varies due to an individuals metabolism rate, the higher (faster) it is the higher the normal body temperature or the slower the metabolic rate the lower the normal body temperature. Other factors that might affect the body temperature of an individual may be the time of day or the part of the body in which the temperature is measured at. The body temperature is lower in the morning, due to the rest the body received, and higher at night after a day of muscular activity and after food intake.", "Celsius, or centigrade, is a scale and unit of measurement for temperature. It is one of the most commonly used temperature units.", "dQ = – k (T2 – T1 ) dt Where T1 is the temperature of the surrounding medium and T2 is the temperature of the body.", "Definition: The degree Celsius (previously known as centigrade) is the scale and unit of the measurement used for temperature. It refers to a particular temperate on the Celsius scale, and also indicates the difference between two temperatures.", "– The triple point of mercury, -38.8344 Â°C, is a fixed point used as a temperature standard for the International Temperature Scale (ITS-90).", "Your body temperature can be measured in many locations on your body. The mouth, ear, armpit, and rectum are the most commonly used places. Temperature can also be measured on your forehead.", "Body temperature elevates because of surrounding environment temperature and body does not perspire to reduce temperature", "Significance: Historically, centigrade was used as the unit for measuring temperature. In the year 1948, it was renamed to degree Celsius in honor of Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius, who had developed a similar temperature scale.", "By skin. A special thermometer can quickly measure the temperature of the skin on the forehead." ]	[ 5.1796875, 4.14453125, 4.12109375, 3.75390625, 3.2421875, 3.18359375, 3.130859375, 2.54296875, 2.3046875, 1.3544921875, 1.1142578125, 1.0595703125, 1.0263671875, 0.90185546875, -0.29931640625, -0.5224609375, -0.89892578125, -1.0634765625, -1.2705078125, -1.4150390625, -1.5634765625, -1.80859375, -2.041015625, -2.1953125, -2.990234375, -3.259765625, -3.375, -4.68359375, -4.7109375, -4.84375, -5.39453125, -6.55859375 ]
The condition of seasonal allergic rhinitis is better known by what name?	[ "Seasonal allergic rhinitis is more commonly known as hay fever . About 8 percent of Americans experience it, reports the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology.", "Allergic rhinitis, the most common symptom, occurs in two forms, the seasonal type and the non-seasonal type. Seasonal allergic rhinitis is better known as hay fever. Symptoms of allergic rhinitis include sneezing, watery or irritated eyes, a blocked or runny nose and flu-like feeling. The symptoms occur during the flowering season of trees, grasses or shrubs, when they release pollen into the air, hence the term 'seasonal'. When the season is over, the symptoms disappear as well. Non-seasonal allergic rhinitis may occur all year round, its symptoms are comparable to the seasonal type but the allergens are different. Examples of this type of allergy are house dust mite and pet allergy.", "Seasonal allergic rhinitis, commonly known as hay fever, is triggered by outdoor allergens such as pollen and mold spores. Some people have symptoms year-round due to indoor allergens from pets, mold, dust mites and cockroach residue. This is called perennial allergic rhinitis. You can suffer from either seasonal or perennial allergic rhinitis, or a combination of both.", "There are two types of allergic rhinitis: seasonal allergic rhinitis and perennial allergic rhinitis. Seasonal allergic rhinitis is also known as hay fever, which is often caused by pollen and mould, and is most common in spring and summer when it is warm and humid. Perennial allergic rhinitis is triggered by allergens like dust mites, animal dander, and medicines.", "Allergic rhinitis: Medical term for ”hay fever,“ a condition due to allergy that mimics a chronic cold. ”Hay fever“ is a misnomer since hay is not a usual cause of this problem and there is no fever. Many substances can cause the allergic symptoms in hay fever, most commonly pollen and most commonly in the Springtime. (Rhinitis means \"irritation of the nose\" and is derivatived from Rhino, referring to the nose). Symptoms include nasal congestion, a clear runny nose, sneezing, nose and eye itching, and tearing eyes. Post-nasal dripping of clear mucus frequently provokes coughing. Eye itching, redness, and tearing frequently accompany the nasal symptoms. If this condition persists throughout the year it is termed perennial allergic rhinitis. If not it is called seasonal allergic rhinitis.", "Allergic rhinitis, also known as hay fever, is a type of inflammation in the nose which occurs when the immune system overreacts to allergens in the air. Signs and symptoms include a runny or stuffy nose, sneezing, red, itchy, and watery eyes, and swelling around the eyes. The fluid from the nose is usually clear. Symptoms onset is often within minutes following exposure and they can affect sleep, the ability to work, and the ability to concentrate at school. Those whose symptoms are due to pollen typically develop symptoms during specific times of the year. Many people with allergic rhinitis also have asthma, allergic conjunctivitis, or atopic dermatitis.", "The most common allergy is allergic rhinitis (ry-NITE-is), which is commonly known as hay fever. It affects about 35 million people in the United States , many of whom are allergic to pollen and mold spores from plants and trees. Allergic rhinitis causes a runny nose, sneezing, and itchy nose and throat.", "hay fever A seasonal type of allergic rhinitis caused by pollen; it is characterized by itching and tearing of the eyes, swelling of the nasal mucosa, attacks of sneezing, and often by asthma.", "Nonallergic rhinitis refers to rhinitis that is not due to an allergy. It was formerly known as vasomotor rhinitis as the cause was thought to be vasodilation caused by an overactive parasympathetic nerve response. It is now encompassed under the more general classification of nonallergic rhinitis. The diagnosis is made upon excluding allergic causes. It is an umbrella term of rhinitis of multiple causes, such as occupational (chemical), smoking, gustatory, hormonal, senile (rhinitis of the elderly), atrophic, medication-induced (including rhinitis medicamentosa), local allergic rhinitis, non-allergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome (NARES) and idiopathic (vasomotor or non-allergic, non-infectious perennial allergic rhinitis (NANIPER), or non-infectious non-allergic rhinitis (NINAR). ", "Hay fever affects up to 30% of all people worldwide, including up to 10% of U.S. children under 17 years of age and 7.8% of U.S. adults. The medical cost of allergic rhinitis is approximately $3.4 billion, mostly due to the cost of prescription medications. These figures are probably an underestimate because many of those affected may attribute their discomfort to a chronic cold . Although childhood hay fever tends to be more common, this condition can occur at any age and usually occurs after years of repeated inhalation of allergic substances. The incidence of allergic disease has dramatically increased in the U.S. and other developed countries over recent decades.", "Allergic rhinitis— Inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose and eyes in response to an allergen.", "Allergic rhinitis —Swelling and inflammation of the nasal membranes caused by sensitivity to airborne matter like pollen or cat hair.", "Even if a person has negative skin-prick, intradermal and blood tests for allergies, they may still have allergic rhinitis, from a local allergy in the nose. This is called local allergic rhinitis. Many people who were previously diagnosed with nonallergic rhinitis may actually have local allergic rhinitis. ", "Even if a person has negative skin-prick, intradermal and blood tests for allergies, he/she may still have allergic rhinitis, from a local allergy in the nose. This is called local allergic rhinitis. Specialized testing is necessary to diagnose local allergic rhinitis. ", "Seasonal allergies are less common during the winter, but it’s possible to experience allergic rhinitis year-round. Different plants emit their respective pollens at different times of year. Depending on your allergy triggers and where you live, you may experience hay fever in more than one season. You may also react to indoor allergens, such as mold or pet dander.", "Hay Fever allergy to pollen, some 20 million Americans are sufferers of this, called the most common allergy in the U.S., rhinitis caused by allergy to pollen", "People with allergic rhinitis are also prone to itchy, watery eyes (from allergic conjunctivitis or eye allergies), and they may be more sensitive to irritants such as smoke, perfume or cold, dry air. Rhinitis can contribute to other problems such as asthma, sinus or ear conditions, or trouble sleeping.", "an acute inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose, marked by sneezing, lacrimation, and a profuse secretion of watery mucus; usually associated with infection by one of the common cold viruses of acute allergic rhinitis.", "Perennial allergic rhinitis is caused by allergens that are present all year long. The primary causes of this type of rhinitis are allergies to dust mites, mold, animal dander and cockroach debris.", "An allergic condition affecting the eye may sometimes be difficult to differentiate from infection with Chlamydia Trachomatis. This condition is called vernal catarrh (also known as spring catarrh or allergic conjunctivitis). Vernal catarrh usually presents in children and is a chronic condition, particularly common in the spring and summer. It is characterised by itching, the eyes are red and irritable and there may be strands of mucus. In its florid state, typical papillae appear on the tarsal conjunctiva which often separate slightly from each other when the upper eyelid is everted. This appearance has been described as ‘cobblestones’, similar to the old street and road surfaces in many countries before tarmac surfaces were used.", "membranous rhinitis chronic rhinitis with the formation of a false membrane, as in nasal diphtheria ; called also fibrinous rhinitis .", "Allergic conjunctivitis occurs more commonly among people who already have seasonal allergies. They develop it when they come into contact with a substance that triggers an allergic reaction in their eyes.", "Acute rhinitis is the medical term for the common cold . Chronic rhinitis may result in permanent thickening of the nasal mucosa. Treatment of rhinitis is aimed at eliminating the primary cause and administration of decongestants to relieve nasal congestion.", "As part of a seasonal allergy (such as hay fever), caused by exposure to such substances as tree, grass, or ragweed pollens", "Occurs more frequently among people with other allergic conditions, such as hay fever, asthma, and eczema", "Nasal allergy to pollen is called pollinosis, and allergy specifically to grass pollen is called hay fever. Generally, pollens that cause allergies are those of anemophilous plants (pollen is dispersed by air currents.) Such plants produce large quantities of lightweight pollen (because wind dispersal is random and the likelihood of one pollen grain landing on another flower is small), which can be carried for great distances and are easily inhaled, bringing it into contact with the sensitive nasal passages.", "vernal conjunctivitis Chronic, bilateral conjunctivitis which recurs in the spring and summer and is more often seen in boys than girls. Its origin is probably due to an allergy. It is characterized by hard flattened papillae of a bluish-white colour separated by furrows and having the appearance of 'cobblestones' located in the upper palpebral portion of the conjunctiva with mucus deposition between the papillae. A second type of vernal conjunctivitis exists which affects the limbal region of the bulbar conjunctiva, characterized by the formation of small, gelatinous white dots called Trantas' dots or Horner-Trantas' dots. The chief symptom of the disease is intense itching. Treatment consists mainly of cold compresses and limited (because of side effects) use of topical corticosteroids (e.g. dexamethasone, prednisolone). Sodium cromoglicate or lodoxamide have also been found to be very successful in treating this condition and with fewer side effects than corticosteroids. Syn. vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) (although this is not strictly speaking a synonym since the condition often involves the cornea; spring catarrh; vernal catarrh (Fig. C14). See antihistamine ; atopic keratoconjunctivitis ; mast cell stabilizers .", " A sort of continuous hay fever, runs all the year and ripens up in the Fall. Catarrhal state of eyes and nose. Nose dries up part of the time and runs part of the time: must continually use handkerchief. \"Hay fever a difficult condition to fit a remedy to; constitution must be built up before hay fever will cease\" - KENT. Must wrap up in hottest summer. Wants head covered. Skin greasy, oily, looks unwashed.", "The most efficient way to handle a pollen allergy is by preventing contact with the material. Individuals carrying the ailment may at first believe that they have a simple summer cold, but hay fever becomes more evident when the apparent cold does not disappear. The confirmation of hay fever can be obtained after examination by a general physician. ", "Chronic stress can aggravate allergic conditions. This has been attributed to a T helper 2 (TH2)-predominant response driven by suppression of interleukin 12 by both the autonomic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. Stress management in highly susceptible individuals may improve symptoms. ", "The turbinates comprise most of the mucosal tissue of the nose and are required for functional respiration. The turbinates are enriched with airflow pressure and temperature-sensing nerve receptors (linked to the “trigeminal” nerve route, the fifth cranial nerve), allowing for tremendous erectile capabilities of nasal congestion and decongestion, in response to the weather conditions and changing needs of the body. The flow of blood to the nasal mucosa, in particular the venous plexus of the conchae is regulated by the pterygopalatine ganglion and heats or cools the air in the nose.", "It is not unusual to develop hay fever during adulthood. It can take as few as two to three seasons to become sensitised to pollen, but it depends on the individual." ]	[ 6.61328125, 5.53515625, 5.31640625, 4.4453125, 3.37109375, 1.283203125, 1.2041015625, 0.50927734375, -1.1474609375, -1.1689453125, -1.2548828125, -1.43359375, -1.4580078125, -1.6845703125, -2, -2.41796875, -2.423828125, -2.828125, -3.3046875, -3.69921875, -4.25390625, -4.50390625, -4.5859375, -4.67578125, -4.97265625, -5.21875, -5.27734375, -6.0703125, -7.16796875, -7.44921875, -8.296875, -10.0859375 ]
By what name is the trachea more commonly known?	[ "The trachea is more commonly known as the windpipe, the airway that begins at the larynx (the \"voice box\") and goes to the left and right bronchi, taking the air down to the bronchial tubes in the lungs. The word \"trachea\" (pronounced \"tray-kee-ah\") comes from the Greek word tracheia, which means \"rough.\" The inside of the trachea is indeed rather rough, or corrugated.", "The trachea, commonly known as the windpipe, is a tube about 4 inches long and less than an inch in diameter in most people. The trachea begins just under the larynx (voice box) and runs down behind the breastbone (sternum). The trachea then divides into two smaller tubes called bronchi: one bronchus for each lung.", "The trachea, commonly called the windpipe, is the main airway to the lungs. It divides into the right and left bronchi at the level of the fifth thoracic vertebra, channeling air to the right or left lung.", "Trachea — Commonly called the windpipe, it is the air pathway that connects the nose and mouth to the lungs.", "The air then enters the trachea, which is the main airway that runs from the larynx down to the lungs. The trachea is known to most people as the windpipe. Just as the air reaches the lungs, the trachea splits into two smaller tubes called bronchi.", "Trachea: Tube through which air passes from the nose to the lungs (also known as the windpipe).", "TRACHEA is the scientific word for the windpipe, the tube that connects the nose and pharynx to the lungs.", "Trachea - A thin-walled tube of cartilaginous and membranous tissue descending from the larynx to the bronchi and carrying air to the lungs. Also called windpipe.", "The trachea is the large tube that carries air from the nose and throat to the small airways (bronchi) that go to the lungs. Collapse of the trachea occurs when there is a narrowing of the tracheal cavity (lumen) during breathing. This condition may affect the part of the trachea that is located in the neck (cervical trachea), or the lower part of the trachea, located in the chest (intrathoracic trachea).", "The trachea, or windpipe (figs. 21-1 and 21-2 ), which has cervical and thoracic parts, extends from the inferior end of the larynx (C6 vertebra) to its point of bifurcation (between T5 and 7 vertebral level). It is about 9 to 15 cm in length. The trachea descends anterior to the esophagus, enters the superior mediastinum, and divides into right and left main bronchi. The trachea is a median structure but, near its lower end, deviates slightly to the right, resulting in the left main bronchus crossing anterior to the esophagus. Owing to the translucency of the air within it, the trachea is usually visible above the arch of the aorta in radiographs.", "Trachea. Scientific term for the windpipe. A tube that extends from the larynx to the bronchi, serving as the principle passageway of air to and from the lungs.", "The trachea is an open tube which extends downward from the base of the larynx. Like the rest of the airway, it is lined by mucosa and is kept open by a series of cartilage arches. The trachea separates at the bottom into two branches (mainstem bronchi), leading to the left and right lungs.", "Trachea: Trachea is a straight tube extending up to the mid-thoracic cavity, which divides at the level of 5th thoracic vertebra into a right and left primary bronchi.", " The esophagus is commonly known as the throat, and it is the tube where food and air are obtained. The larynx is the part of the esophagus where air is taken in. You are able to see the larynx at the front of your throat. The larynx, or voicebox, connects the trachea to the mouth. The larynx, also known as the \"Adam's Apple\", is made of several plates of cartilage. The epiglottis is a hinged flap that decides which pipe something goes down. The epiglottis closes for the pharynx (food) and opens for the larynx (air). Without the epiglottis things would always be going down the wrong pipe.", "The trachea (windpipe) divides at the carina into two main or primary bronchi, the left bronchus and the right bronchus. The carina of the trachea is located at the level of the sternal angle and the fifth thoracic vertebra (at rest). ", "In man the trachea is about 15 centimetres (6 inches) long and 2 to 3 centimetres in diameter. The trachea serves as passage for air, moistens and warms it while it passes into the lungs, and protects the respiratory surface from an accumulation of foreign particles. The trachea is lined with a moist mucous-membrane layer composed of cells containing small hairlike projections called cilia . The cilia project into the channel (lumen) of the trachea to trap particles. There are also cells and ducts in the mucous membrane that secrete mucus droplets and water molecules. At the base of the mucous membrane there is a complex network of tissue composed of elastic and collagen fibres that aid in the expansion, contraction, and stability of the tracheal walls. Also in this layer there are numerous blood and lymphatic vessels; the blood vessels control cellular maintenance and heat exchange, while the lymphatic vessels remove the foreign particles collected by the wall’s surface. Around the tracheal wall there is a series of 16 to 20 horseshoe-shaped cartilage rings. They encircle the front part of the trachea but are open where the trachea lies next to the esophagus. Here the free ends of the cartilage are connected by muscle bands. Since the cartilage is in individual rings, rather than one continuous sheath, the trachea can stretch and descend with the breathing movements. The cartilage bands are replaced with fibrous scar tissue in advanced age.", "trachea c.1400, from M.L. trachea (c.1255), as in trachea arteria, from L.L. trachia (c.400), from Gk. trakheia, in trakheia arteria \"windpipe,\" lit. \"rough artery\" (so called from the rings of cartilage that form the trachea), from fem. of trakhys \"rough.\" See artery for connection with windpipe in Gk. science. Tracheotomy (1726) coined 1718 by Ger. surgeon Lorenz Heister (1683-1758) from Gk. -tomia \"a cutting of,\" from tome \"a cutting.\"", "e. Trachea. The trachea, a cylindrical tube about 15 cm in length and from 2 to 2.5 cm in diameter, begins in the neck and extends from the lower part of the larynx, on a level with the sixth cervical vertebra, to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. The tube descends in front of the esophagus, enters the superior mediastinum, and divides into right and left main bronchi. The trachea is composed of a series of incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage. The carina is a ridge on the inside at the bifurcation of the trachea. It is a landmark during bronchoscopy and separates the upper end of the right main branches from the upper end of the left main branches of the bronchi. Branches given off from the arch of the aorta--the brachiocephalic (innominate) and left common carotid arteries--are in close relation to the trachea. The cervical portion of the trachea is related anteriorly to the sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles and to the isthmus of the thyroid gland.", "A tracheotomy is an incision (hole) made through the skin in the front of the neck and into the trachea (windpipe). It is done to help a person breathe. It may be used in different circumstances.", "The trachea, ta, is of much smaller caliber than the oesophagus, especially in its dorso-ventral diameter.", "The trachea also has specialized hair like structures called cilia that move rhythmically to sweep mucus and particles back up to the throat. The trachea also has many defensive cells that kill organisms that enter the trachea", " If a transverse section be made across the trachea a short distance above its point of bifurcation, and a birds-eye view taken of its interior (Fig. 963), the septum placed at the bottom of the trachea and separating the two bronchi will be seen to occupy the left of the median line, and the right bronchus appears to be a more direct continuation of the trachea than the left, so that any solid body dropping into the trachea would naturally be directed toward the right bronchus. This tendency is aided by the larger diameter of the right tube as compared with its fellow. This fact serves to explain why a foreign body in the trachea more frequently falls into the right bronchus. (* 157", "A medical procedure in which a tube is placed into the windpipe (trachea) through the mouth or nose.", "Plural of tracheostomy, an opening created at the front of the neck so a tube can be inserted into the windpipe (trachea) to help you breathe.", "Two or three efferent (outward-leading) vessels travel up the trachea (windpipe) to the base of the neck, where they cross the trachea and esophagus (tube that passes from the mouth to the stomach). These vessels end at either the thoracic duct (passage that empties a large amount of lymph and lymph-related compounds into the blood) on the left side or the lymphatic duct on the right.", "/tra·chea/ (tra´ke-ah) pl. tra´cheae [L.] windpipe; the cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the left and right main bronchi.tra´cheal", "The windpipe. A cylindrical tube of mucous membrane and muscle reinforced by rings of CARTILAGE , that extends downwards into the chest from the bottom of the LARYNX for about 10 cm. The trachea terminates when it branches into two main bronchi.", "principal tube that carries air to and from the lungs. It is about 4 1-2 in. (11.4 cm) long and about 3-4 in. (1.9 cm) in diameter in the adult. It extends from the larynx larynx", ": the main trunk of the system of tubes by which air passes to and from the lungs that is about four inches (10 centimeters) long and somewhat less than an inch (2.5 centimeters) in diameter, extends down the front of the neck from the larynx, divides in two to form the bronchi, has walls of fibrous and muscular tissue stiffened by incomplete cartilaginous rings which keep it from collapsing, and is lined with mucous membrane whose epithelium is composed of columnar ciliated mucus-secreting cells—called also windpipe", "an organ of the respiratory tract in vertebrates, including man, that is situated between the larynx and bronchi.", "Bronchiæ, brongk′i-ē, n.pl. a name given to the ramifications of the windpipe which carry air into the lungs.—adjs. Bronch′ic, Bronch′ial.—n. Bronchī′tis, inflammation of the bronchiæ. [L.—Gr. bronchia, the bronchial tubes.]", "air sac; Crth, cranial thoracic air sac; Cv, cervical air sac; Fu, furcula; Hu, humerus; Lu, lung; Lvd, lateral vertebral diverticula;" ]	[ 5.9921875, 4.9140625, 4.25390625, 3.162109375, 2.359375, 1.8271484375, 1.0634765625, 0.76806640625, 0.619140625, 0.52734375, 0.267822265625, -0.0027713775634765625, -0.1634521484375, -0.356689453125, -0.58056640625, -0.62255859375, -0.6728515625, -0.853515625, -1.17578125, -1.2744140625, -1.3173828125, -1.33984375, -1.513671875, -1.7607421875, -1.8408203125, -1.8525390625, -2.234375, -4.76953125, -4.94140625, -5.35546875, -5.73828125, -6.43359375 ]
What are the names given to the pits in the skin from which hairs grow out of?	[ "Human hair consists of the hair shaft, which projects from the skin's surface, and the root, a soft thickened bulb at the base of the hair embedded in the skin. The root ends in the hair bulb, which sits in a sac-like pit in the skin called the follicle, from which the hair grows.", "Human hair consists of the hair shaft, which projects from the skin's surface, and the root, a soft thickened bulb at the base of the hair embedded in the skin. The root ends in the hair bulb. The hair bulb sits in a sac-like pit in the skin called the follicle, from which the hair grows.", "The structure of hair is different from that of scales and feathers. A hair is basically a cone of keratin that is derived from keratinized cells in the dermis, or middle layers of skin. The hair is generated and formed in a pit in the skin called the follicle. The hair has an inner and outer sheath. Near the base of each hair attached to the follicle is a small muscle, called an erector pilli. When stimulated, this muscle contracts and pulls the hair straight up. In humans this condition is called goose bumps. They come as result of the tightening of the skin which helps prevent heat loss. It serves as a warning gesture in cats and dogs and other mammals.", "Hairs (or pili; pilus in the singular) are characteristic of mammals. The functions of hair include protection, regulation of body temperature, and facilitation of evaporation of perspiration; hairs also act as sense organs. Hairs develop in the fetus as epidermal downgrowths that invade the underlying dermis. Each downgrowth terminates in an expanded end that becomes invaginated by a mesodermal papilla. The central cells of the downgrowth become keratinized to form a hair, which then grows outward to reach the surface. The hairs first developed constitute the lanugo, or down, which is shed shortly before birth. The fine hairs that develop later constitute the vellus. Although hairs on many portions of the human body are inconspicuous, their actual number per unit area is large. In a few places (such as the palms and the soles and the dorsal aspect of the distal phalanges) the skin is glabrous, that is, devoid of hair.", "* Sideburns: hair grown from the temples down the cheeks toward the jawline. Worn by Isaac Asimov, Carlos Menem and Ambrose Burnside (he also wore a moustache), who inspired the name \"sideburns\".", "Furuncles and carbuncles are the medical names for what you would call a boil . Both are skin infections caused by germs (bacteria) - usually S. aureus. A furuncle is a skin infection that involves the hair follicle and surrounding skin. Clusters of furuncles can join together under the surface of the skin, forming a carbuncle. A carbuncle means the infection has spread more deeply in the skin and scarring is more likely. Carbuncles and furuncles are generally much bigger and more painful than the tiny pustules you get in folliculitis. They may need to be cut into (incised) and drained (lanced) to let the pus out.", "hair follicle (fol´lu1-k'l) A tubular depression in the dermis of the skin in which a hair develops.", "A comedo is a clogged hair follicle (pore) in the skin. Keratin (skin debris) combines with oil to block the follicle. A comedo can be open (blackhead) or closed by skin (whitehead), and occur with or without acne. The word comedo comes from the Latin comedere, meaning \"to eat up,\" and was historically used to describe parasitic worms; in modern medical terminology, it is used to suggest the worm-like appearance of the expressed material.", "Dandruff consists of small, white scales that usually appear on the scalp and hair. It is also known by the medical term pityriasis (pit-e-riah-sis).", "Doctors describe acne as a disease of the pilosebaceous units (PSUs). Found over most of the body, pilosebaceous units consist of a sebaceous gland connected to a canal, called a follicle, which contains a fine hair (see illustration “ Normal Pilosebaceous Unit ”). These units are most numerous on the face, upper back, and chest. The sebaceous glands make an oily substance called sebum that normally empties onto the skin surface through the opening of the follicle, commonly called a pore. Cells called keratinocytes line the follicle.", "Some baboons and all gibbons, though otherwise fur-covered, have characteristic naked callosities on their buttocks. While human children generally have smooth buttocks, mature males and females have varying degrees of hair growth, as on other parts of their body. Females may have hair growth in the gluteal cleft (including around the anus), sometimes extending laterally onto the lower aspect of the cheeks. Males may have hair growth over some or all of the buttocks.", "Sideburns are patches of facial hair grown on the sides of the face, extending from the hairline to below the ears and worn with an unbearded chin. The term sideburns is a 19th-century corruption of the original burnsides, named after American Civil War general Ambrose Burnside, a man known for his unusual facial hairstyle that connected thick sideburns by way of a mustache, but left the chin clean-shaven”.", "Sideburns, sideboards, or side whiskers are patches of facial hair grown on the sides of the face, extending from the hairline to below the ears. The term sideburns is a 19th-century corruption of the original burnsides, named after American Civil War general Ambrose Burnside, a man known for his unusual facial hairstyle that connected thick sideburns by way of a moustache, but left the chin clean-shaven. \"Burnsides\" became \"sideburns\" probably because of their location on the side of the face.", "Sebaceous Glands: Fatty glands found in hair follicles throughout the body that secrete an oil into the hair and surrounding skin.", "People with acne frequently have a variety of lesions, some of which are shown in the illustrations below. The basic acne lesion, called the comedo (KOM-e-do), is simply an enlarged and plugged hair follicle. If the comedo stays beneath the skin, it is called a closed comedo and produces a white bump called a whitehead. A comedo that reaches the surface of the skin and opens up is called an open comedo or blackhead because it looks black on the skin’s surface. This black discoloration is due to changes in sebum as it is exposed to air. It is not due to dirt. Both whiteheads and blackheads may stay in the skin for a long time.", "The sebaceous glands are glands found in the skin of mammals. They secrete an oily substance called sebum (Latin, meaning fat or tallow) that is made of fat (lipids) and the debris of dead fat-producing cells. These glands exist in humans throughout the skin except in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. Sebum acts to protect and waterproof hair and skin, and keep them from becoming dry, brittle, and cracked. It can also inhibit the growth of microorganisms on skin.", "Furuncle is another word for a boil. Boils are bacterial or fungal infections of hair follicles. The infected hair follicle can be on any part of your body, not only your scalp. When the hair follicle becomes infected, the skin around it becomes inflamed.... Read more", "an inflammatory disease involving the sebaceous glands of the skin; characterized by papules or pustules or comedones", "Hair on men is a sign of their virility; hair on women—eh, not so much. Many of my patients often look a tad embarrassed when asking me about finding hair in places they don’t think it belongs. So that’s why today I want to talk about hirsutism, which is the fancy medical term used to describe excess hair on the body or hair found in various parts of the body that women often feel ashamed to have. For instance, many of my patients complain that they find hair growth on the breasts, above the upper lip, on the chin, on the fingers, stomach, or feet. Could this be normal? After all, these are locations where men are supposed to grow hair, “not women,” right? Wrong! And ladies, if you’re wondering if you’re normal for having hair in these places, I’m here to tell you you’re not alone.", "a plug of keratin and sebum within the dilated orifice of a hair follicle frequently containing the bacteria Corynebacterium acnes, Staphylococcus albus, and Pityrosporum ovale; see also acne vulgaris .", "Blackhead, plural comedones Dermatology A plug of keratin and sebum within the dilated orifice of a hair follicle, which may contain bacteria–eg, Propionibacterium acnes, P granulosum, Staphylococcus albus, or yeast, Pityrosporon ovale. See Acne . Cf Comedocarcinoma.", "Hirsutism is the excessive hairiness on women in those parts of the body where terminal hair normally is absent or minimal, such as a beard or chest hair. It refers to a male pattern of body hair (androgenic hair) and it is therefore primarily of cosmetic and psychological concern. Akin to the modern day hypertrichosis (werewolf syndrome) or the historical figure wild man. Hirsutism is a medical sign rather than a disease and may be a sign of a more serious medical condition, especially if it develops well after puberty. The amount and location of the hair is measured by a Ferriman-Gallwey score.", "Sycosis barbae - this is the medical name for a long-term (chronic) folliculitis in the beard area of the face in men. It often affects the upper lip and it can be difficult to treat. The skin is painful and crusted, with burning and itching on shaving. Numerous pustules develop in the hair follicles. Some men grow a beard to solve the problem.", "melanoderma : an abnormally increased amount of melanin in the skin, with production of hyperpigmented patches.", "Nevus comedonicus or comedo nevus is a benign hamartoma (birthmark) of the pilosebaceous unit around the oil-producing gland in the skin. It has widened open hair follicles with dark keratin plugs that resemble comedones, but they are not actually comedones. ", "* the α-keratins in the hair (including wool), stratum corneum, horns, nails, claws and hooves of mammals and the hagfish slime threads. ", "Hypertrichosis is excessive hair growth over and above the normal for the age, sex and race of an individual, in contrast to hirsutism, which is excess hair growth in women following a male distribution pattern. Hypertrichosis can develop all over the body or can be isolated to small patches.", "This is a variation of congenital hypertrichosis. This condition involves all over body hair growth, but the hair is fully pigmented terminal hair and the condition is almost always associated with gingival hyperplasia (teeth defects). People with congenital hypertrichosis are often referred to as", "Every gland is formed by an ingrowth from an epithelial surface. This ingrowth may in the beginning possess a tubular structure, but in other instances glands may start as a solid column of cells which subsequently becomes tubulated.", "Often an ingrowing hair will go away on its own. If it doesn't go away, an ingrowing hair can become infected, make the skin dark, or leave a scar. This is more likely if you've been scratching or picking the hair.", "The furrow originating at the superior border of the wing of the nose andextending to the side of the mouth; an acquired facial marking.", "Gorbachev is one of the most famous people in modern times with visible naevus flammeus. The crimson birthmark on the top of his bald head was the source of much satire among critics and cartoonists. Among his official photos there was at least one on which this birthmark was removed. Contrary to some accounts, it is not rosacea." ]	[ 3.59375, 3.548828125, 1.8310546875, -0.342041015625, -2.19140625, -2.23828125, -2.67578125, -2.708984375, -2.9921875, -3.20703125, -3.2265625, -3.48046875, -3.701171875, -4.3046875, -4.3125, -4.40625, -4.40625, -4.55859375, -4.55859375, -4.6484375, -4.65234375, -4.8984375, -4.96875, -5.03125, -5.23828125, -5.2734375, -6.09765625, -7.00390625, -7.16796875, -7.234375, -7.47265625, -9.3046875 ]
Where in the body would you find the cochlea and the stirrup?	[ "In which part of the body would you find the stirrup and anvil ? – Body Zone", "The hammer, anvil and stirrup—also known as the malleus, incus, and stapes, respectively, and collectively, as \"middle ear ossicles\"—are the smallest bones in the human body. Found in the middle ear, they are a part of the auditory system between the eardrum and the cochlea (the spiral-shaped conduit housing hair cells that are involved in transmitting sound to the brain). To understand the role of these bones in hearing requires an understanding of levers. This is because the middle ear ossicles are arranged and interact with each other as a lever system.", "The middle ear includes three small bones — the hammer, anvil and stirrup. The middle ear is separated from your external ear by the eardrum and connected to the back of your nose and throat by a narrow passageway called the eustachian tube. The cochlea, a snail-shaped structure, is part of your inner ear.", "The chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window.", "The smallest bone in the human body is the stirrup bone, the stapes, one of the 3 bones that make up your middle ear; measuring 2-3 millimeters. It shaped like a “U” and is the innermost bone that receives sound vibrations and passes them along to the cochlea to eventually be interpreted by the brain.", "Sound waves pass through the ear canal of the external ear and vibrate the tympanic membrane (ear drum). The tympanic membrane separates the external and middle ear. There are three small bones of hearing (hammer or malleus, anvil or incus, stirrup or stapes) in the middle ear which act as a transformer to transmit the energy of sound vibrations to the inner ear fluids. The inner ear (labyrinth) contains two fluid systems, one suspended inside the other, separated by a thin membrane. This system contains a delicately balanced fluid which bathes nerve endings responsible for hearing and balance. The nerve endings generate electrical impulses in the hearing center (cochlea) which are then transmitted through the hearing nerve to the brain where they are interpreted as sound. Movement of fluid in the balance portion of the inner ear (vestibule and semicircular canals) results in electrical impulses which are sent through the balance nerve to the brain where they are interpreted as motion. The inner ear senses posture, rotation, acceleration and deceleration.", "chamber between eardrum and cochlea, contains 3 bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup), concentrates vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window", "The middle ear includes the eardrum and the bony tympanic cavity (osseous bulla), which lies just past the ear drum. Within this tympanic cavity are found the auditory ossicles – three tiny bones that vibrate when stimulated by sound waves. These ossicles are named the malleus, stapes and incus (commonly known as the hammer, the stirrup and the anvil because of their resemblance to these objects). These three bones form a chain across the middle ear from the tympanum to the oval window of the inner ear. The middle ear is connected to the back of the throat (pharynx) by the auditory or eustachian tube. This tube allows air from the pharynx to pass in and out of the middle ear, which helps keep middle ear pressure normal. The middle ear is connected to the inner ear through the oval window, which lies against the stapes bone.", "This membrane vibrates and along with the three tiny bones in the middle ear, the hammer, anvil and stirrup, and sends the stiumuli to the cochlea.", "The tympanic cavity is spanned by the three smallest bones in the body: the auditory ossicles […] These bones, named for their shape, are the malleus (malʹe-us; \"hammer\"); the incus (ingʹkus; \"anvil\"); and the stapes (staʹpēz; \"stirrup\"). The \"handle\" of the malleus is secured to the eardrum, and the base of the stapes fits into the oval window.", "Inner ear The innermost part of the ear , containing the cochlea, which deals with hearing, and the vestibular system, which deals with balance.", "Because of their distinctive shapes, these bones are sometimes called the 'hammer', 'anvil' and 'stirrup'. They are more commonly referred to by their Latin names: malleus, incus, and stapes respectively. The malleus (or 'hammer') is partially embedded in the eardrum and is responsible for transferring the eardrum vibrations to the remaining ossicles.", "stapes (sta´p=ez) The innermost of the auditory ossicles that fits against the oval window of the inner ear; also called the stirrup.", "Ear bones Three tiny bones in the middle ear , also known as the ossicles. They are: the malleus (hammer), attached to the eardrum, the stapes (stirrup), attached to the inner ear and the incus (anvil), which connects the two. They transmit and amplify vibrations from the eardrum.", "The inner ear is encased in the temporal bone (8). The inner ear consists of three parts: the vestibule (9), the cochlea (10), and the semicircular canals (11). The vestibule is the central inner ear cavity, the cochlea is the organ of hearing, and the semicircular canals are part of the balance system.", "The ear is the organ of hearing and, in mammals, balance. In mammals, the ear is usually described as having three parts—the outer ear, middle ear and the inner ear. The outer ear consists of the pinna and the ear canal. Since the outer ear is the only visible portion of the ear in most animals, the word \"ear\" often refers to the external part alone. The middle ear includes the tympanic cavity and the three ossicles. The inner ear sits in the bony labyrinth, and contains structures which are key to several senses: the semicircular canals, which enable balance and eye tracking when moving; the utricle and saccule, which enable balance when stationary; and the cochlea, which enables hearing. The ears of vertebrates are placed somewhat symmetrically on either side of the head, an arrangement that aids sound localisation.", "The inner ear sits within the temporal bone in a complex cavity called the bony labyrinth. A central area known as the vestibule contains two small fluid-filled recesses, the utricle and saccule. These connect to the semicircular canals and the cochlea. There are three semicircular canals angled at right angles to each other which are responsible for dynamic balance. The cochlea is a spiral shell-shaped organ responsible for the sense of hearing. These structures together create the membranous labyrinth. ", "Small bone, shaped like a stirrup, attached to the incus and the oval window; amplifies sound waves coming from the outer ear.", "Between the semicircular canals and the cochlea lie two otolithic [oh-toe-LITH-ic] organs: fluid-filled pouches called the utricle [YOU-trih-cull] and the saccule [SACK-kewl]. These organs tell your brain the position of your head with respect to gravity, such as whether you are sitting up, leaning back, or lying down, as well as when your head is moving in a straight line, such as up, forward, or sideways.", "The cochlea is directly responsible for hearing and contains nerves responsible for converting energy vibrations within the inner ear fluid into nerve impulses which can be transmitted to the brain. While the vestibule (labyrinth) and semicircular canals function to maintain balance or equilibrium.", "When sound waves reach the eardrum, they cause the eardrum to vibrate. When the eardrum vibrates, it moves the tiny ossicles — from the hammer to the anvil and then to the stirrup. These bones help sound move along on its journey into the inner ear.", "The stirrup-shaped stapes is the smallest ossicle with a hollow space in the middle. The stapes begins with a tiny cylindrical head where it meets the incus before splitting into two parallel columns of bone known as the anterior and posterior crus. These columns end suddenly at the flat, oblong base that rests within the oval window and conducts sounds into the inner ear.", "The muscle at the back of the middle ear (stapedius) arises near the facial nerve, is supplied by it and attaches to the head of the stirrup. It responds to loud sounds by contracting and stiffening the chain of small bones, and possibly reduces transmission of prolonged and potentially damaging, loud sounds to the inner ear.", "Figure 10.3 illustrates the otolithic organs, the saccule and utricle. Press \"expand\" to see the utricle at the top of Figure 10.3 and the saccule at the bottom. These two similar organs lie against the walls of the inner ear between the semicircular ducts and the cochlea. The receptors, called maculae (meaning \"spot\"), are patches of hair cells topped by small, calcium carbonate crystals called otoconia. The saccule and utricle lie at 90 degrees to each other. Thus, with any position of the head, gravity will bend the cilia of one patch of hair cells, due to the weight of the otoconia to which they are attached by a gelatinous layer. This bending of the cilia produces afferent activity going through the VIIIth nerve to the brainstem.", "...is attached to the handle of the malleus (itself attached to the eardrum membrane) and by its contraction tends to draw the malleus inward, thus increasing drum membrane tension. The second, called stapedius, tends to pull the footplate of the stapes out of the oval window. This is accomplished by tipping the stirrup, or stapes, backward.", "There are three bones in each ear, and they're some of the tiniest bones in the human body. These bones are found in the middle ear and are called the ossicles.", "The next bone, the incus, consists of a body and two limbs. The body articulates with the malleus, the short limb attaches to the posterior wall of the middle, and the long limb joins the last of the ossicles; the stapes.", "the larger of two sacs within the membranous labyrinth of the vestibule in the inner ear (uter = leather bag)", "Although the auditory ossicles and the tympanic membrane are responsible for the transmission of vibration, their activities are modified by two muscles. The stapedius muscle and the tensor tympani muscles are extremely important modulators of the hearing pathway. Stapedius originates from the internal concavity of the pyramid and inserts into the neck of the stapes. The muscle acts by pulling back the neck of the stapes, which indirectly pulls back the footplate from the fenestra vestibuli. Tensor tympani originate in a canal superior to the bony part of the pharyngotympanic tube and inserts into the handle of the malleus. The action of the muscle increases the concavity and rigidity of the tympanic membrane.", "The auditory ossicle that is proximal to the tympanic membrane is the: a. stapes. b. malleus. c. hyoid. d. incus.", " The Tensor tympani, the larger, is contained in the bony canal above the osseous portion of the auditory tube, from which it is separated by the septum canalis musculotubarii. It arises from the cartilaginous portion of the auditory tube and the adjoining part of the great wing of the sphenoid, as well as from the osseous canal in which it is contained. Passing backward through the canal, it ends in a slender tendon which enters the tympanic cavity, makes a sharp bend around the extremity of the septum, and is inserted into the manubrium of the malleus, near its root. It is supplied by a branch of the mandibular nerve through the otic ganglion.", "Vibrations in the middle ear are received via the tympanic membrane. The malleus, resting on the membrane, conveys vibrations to the incus. This in turn conveys vibrations to the stapes." ]	[ 4.0234375, 2.71484375, 2.1015625, 0.8359375, 0.82861328125, 0.62548828125, -0.0047454833984375, -0.1522216796875, -0.352294921875, -0.65283203125, -0.892578125, -0.97705078125, -1.15625, -1.208984375, -1.310546875, -1.404296875, -1.5244140625, -1.775390625, -1.837890625, -1.9169921875, -2.337890625, -2.529296875, -2.890625, -2.91796875, -3.619140625, -4.2890625, -4.421875, -5.63671875, -6.19140625, -6.2421875, -6.26171875, -6.83203125 ]
How many bones are there in a normal human hand?	[ "The human hand is composed of 27 bones – one more than the foot. More so than any other extremity, losing use of your hand can make the easiest of activities difficult, especially when it’s your dominant hand. Most breaks are caused by the misuse of tools, sports injuries and falls.", "There are 27 bones in the hand. Human hands have quite a complex structure and contain one-fourth of all the bones of the skeleton.", "The human hand has five fingers and 27 bones, not including the sesamoid bone, the number of which varies between people, 14 of which are the phalanges (proximal, intermediate and distal) of the fingers. The metacarpal bones connect the fingers and the carpal bones of the wrist. Each human hand has five metacarpals and eight carpal bones. Among humans, the hands play an important function in body language and sign language.", "10 Of the 206 bones in the average human adult’s body, 106 are in the hands and feet. (54 in the hands and 52 in the feet)", "The hand contains 27 bones. Each one belongs to one of three regions: the carpals, (wrist), the metacarpals, (the palm), and the phalanges (the digits).", "The center part of your hand is made up of five separate bones. Each finger on your hand has three bones, except for your thumb, which has two. So between your wrists, hands, and all your fingers, you've got a grand total of 54 bones — all ready to help you grasp things, write your name, pick up the phone, or throw a softball!", "Each hand consists of 19 bones. The palm includes five metacarpals, and each finger except the thumb contains one proximal phalanx, one middle phalanx, and one distal phalanx. The thumb doesn’t have a middle phalanx. Each bone is connected by a series of ligaments.", "Normally humans have five digits, the bones of which are termed phalanges, on each hand, although some people have more or fewer than five due to congenital disorders such as polydactyly or oligodactyly, or accidental or medical amputations. The first digit is the thumb, followed by index finger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger or pinky. According to different definitions, the thumb can be called a finger, or not.", "In each hand there are 19 bones! Your hands are so amazing that we have a whole topic about them, so look up Your wonderful hands , and prepare to be amazed!", "The palm has five bones known as metacarpal bones, one to each of the 5 digits. Human hands contain fourteen digital bones, also called phalanges, or phalanx bones: two in the thumb (the thumb has no middle phalanx) and three in each of the four fingers. These are the distal phalanx, carrying the nail, the middle phalanx, and the proximal phalanx.", "Each hand consists of five metacarpal bones and thus the entire human skeleton consists of ten metacarpal bones.", "Your arms and hands make up a total of about 54 bones. They let you write, pick up things or throw a ball. Each arm is attached to a shoulder blade. There are two long bones in your arm which are connected through your elbow. These bones are wider at the ends and thinner in the middle.", "The Hakhamim (Rabbis) declared that there were 248 members (bones) in the human body; [7] namely, forty in the tarsal region and the foot (30+10 = 40); 2 in the leg (the tibia and fibula); 6 in the knee (including the head of the femur, and the epiphyses of the tibia and fibula); three in the pelvis (ilium, ischium, and pubes); eleven ribs (the twelfth rib, owing to its diminutive size, was not counted); 30 in the hand (the carpal bones and the phalanges); two in the forearm (radius and ulna); 2 at the elbow (the olecranon and the head of the radius); 1 in the arm (humerus); four in the shoulder (clavicle, scapula, coracoid process, and acromion)ï¿½which makes 101 for each side of the body, or 202 for bothï¿½ eighteen vertebrï¿½; 9 in the head (cranium and face), eight in the neck (7 vertebral and the os hyoides), five around the openings [sic] of the body (cartilaginous bones), and six in the key of the heart (the sternum).", "So the classical answer is 300 for a newborn; 206 for an adult. An adult could have 226 bones and be perfectly normal.", "Hands are also used to feel things. The human hand contains at least four types of nerve endings that make the fingers and the thumbs highly sensitive. Blind people rely entirely on their sense of touch when reading Braille books. Surprisingly, there are 27 bones that make up the hand : eight in the wrist, five in the palm, and fourteen make up the fingers and thumb. Thirty - five powerful muscles move the hand , with fifteen of them in the forearm, rather than in the hand . This allows the hand to have great strength, without making the fingers thick with muscles that would make them difficult to move. Twenty muscles within the hand itself are arranged so that the hand and fingers can make a variety of precise movements", "The upper limbs contain 30 bones in three regions: the arm (shoulder to elbow), the forearm (ulna and radius), and the wrist and hand . The humerus is the largest and longest bone of the upper limb and the only bone of the arm. It articulates (joins) with the scapula at the shoulder and with the forearm at the elbow. The forearm, extending from the elbow to the wrist, consists of two bones: the ulna and the radius. The radius, located along the lateral (thumb) side of the forearm, articulates with the humerus at the elbow. The ulna, located on the medial aspect (pinky-finger side) of the forearm, is longer than the radius. It articulates with the humerus at the elbow. The radius and ulna also articulate with the carpal bones and with each other, which in vertebrates enables a variable degree of rotation of the carpus with respect to the long axis of the limb. The hand includes the eight bones of the carpus (wrist), the five bones of the metacarpus (palm), and the 14 bones of the phalanges (digits). Each digit consists of three phalanges, except for the thumb, which, when present, has only two.", "The human skeletal system is basically made up of bones, cartilages, tendons and ligaments. It makes the framework of the human body, hence maintains the body shape and provides sites to attach muscles in the body. More than 90 % of the skeletal system is made up of bones. There are 206 bones in the human skeleton. Radius and ulna are two major bones in the lower arm and responsible to connect elbow and wrist. These two bones run parallel to each other, and are articulate with the humerus at the proximal ends while, connect with the wrist bones at the distal ends. The entire length of both bones is connected along by the interosseus membrane.", "there are a total of five metacarpal bones in the hand; the metacarpals of the four fingers are bound together by ligaments to form a firm foundation for finger movements; the metacarpal of the thumb is more independent in its range of motion", "The palm of your hand consists of 5 metacarpal bones located between fingers and the wrist.", "The lunate is found on each hand and thus accounts for 2 bones of the human body skeleton.", "All the bones in a human body form the skeletal system. When a baby is born, he is made up of 270 bones. However, as he grows up, most of these bones are joined to form a single bone. As a result, an adult person has 206 bones in total. Now we explain the skeletal system for kids.", "The phalanges (singular: phalanx) are a group of fourteen bones that support and move the digits. Each digit contains three phalanges – proximal, middle, and distal – except for the thumb, which contains just a proximal phalanx and a distal phalanx. The phalanges are long bones that form hinge joints between themselves and also condyloid (oval) joints with the metacarpals. These joints permit the flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction of the digits.", "The arms and legs are part of the appendicular skeleton. The upper bones of the limbs are single: humerus (arm) and femur (leg). Below a joint (elbow or knee), both limbs have a pair of bones (radius and ulna in the arms; tibia and fibula in legs) that connect to another joint (wrist or ankle). The carpals makeup the wrist joint; the tarsals are in the ankle joint. Each hand or foot ends in 5 digits (fingers or toes) composed of metacarpals (hands) or metatarsals (feet).", "Each of the digits of the hands contains 3 phalanges (singular: phalanx) except for the thumbs that contain only 2. The phalanges are long, slender bones that form hinge joints between each other. Phalanges that articulate with the metacarpals at the base of the digits are known as the proximal phalanges. The phalanges at the end of each digit are called the distal phalanges. In all of the digits except for the thumb the middle phalanges are found between the proximal and distal phalanges. Muscles in the forearms flex and extend the phalanges by pulling on long tendons that run through the wrist and hand.", "In human anatomy, there are 8 carpal bones which can be classified as either belonging to two transverse rows, or three longitudinal columns.", "The carpal bones connect the two bones of the forearm , the radius and the ulna, to the bones of the hand. The metacarpal bones are the long bones that lie underneath the palm. The metacarpals attach to the phalanges, which are the bones in the fingers and thumb.", "The upper limb consists of the humerus of the upper arm, the radius and ulna of the forearm, eight bones of the carpus, five bones of the metacarpus, and 14 bones of the phalanges.", "Figure 6-27 Bones of the right hand, anterior and posterior aspects. The sesamoids shown are those commonly present.", "The metacarpal bones articulate proximally with the carpals, and distally with the proximal phalanges. They are numbered, and each associated with a digit:", "Most of the bones in the upper-limbs (arms) are in the wrist and hands. The bones of the hand and wrist are sometimes studied separately from those of the main length of the arm (i.e. the humerus, ulna and radius). The hand bones may be studied in more detail due to their complexity, while study of the arm bones may include more about the muscles attached to different parts of the humerus, ulna and radius and the actions of those muscles.", "In this article, we shall look at the anatomical features of the bones of the hand.", "The foot and hand have similar bones. The carpals are in the wrist of the arm and the tarsals in the ankle of the leg. The metacarpals are in the palm of the hand and metatarsals in the hind foot. The phalanges are in the fingers and toes." ]	[ 5.32421875, 4.96484375, 4.9296875, 3.884765625, 3.8046875, 3.263671875, 3.23828125, 3.146484375, 3.09375, 3.076171875, 2.21875, 2.119140625, 2.099609375, 1.94140625, 1.7412109375, 1.2216796875, 1.01171875, 0.63623046875, 0.2191162109375, 0.0924072265625, -0.53466796875, -0.76708984375, -0.85693359375, -1.3173828125, -1.9541015625, -2.033203125, -2.3125, -4.34765625, -4.40625, -4.71875, -4.80859375, -4.89453125 ]
Which 1959 film won 11 Oscars?	[ "“Ben-Hur”, the epic 1959 movie that redefined the art and science of cinema, won 11 Oscars of the 12 categories in which it was nominated, including Best Actor in a Leading Role, Best Picture, Best Director, Best Art Direction-Set Decoration, Color and Best Cinematography. James Cameron’s epic romance won 11 Academy Awards out of 14 nominations and Peter Jackson’s “Lord of the Rings – The Return of the King” dominated the 76th Academy Awards ceremony by winning 11 Oscars from 11 nominations.", "Many of the five nominations that lost were unexpected: Best Actor (Clark Gable who lost to Robert Donat for Goodbye, Mr. Chips ), Best Supporting Actress (Olivia de Havilland who was competing against co-star Hattie McDaniel), Best Sound Recording, Best Original Score (Max Steiner), and Best Special Effects. Its record of a total of ten Academy Awards wins held firm until 1959, when Ben-Hur (1959) won eleven Oscars. It was phenomenal that Gone With the Wind did so well, given that 1939 boasted some of the greatest American films ever made, including Ninotchka , The Wizard of Oz , Wuthering Heights , Mr. Smith Goes to Washington , Goodbye, Mr. Chips , and Stagecoach .", "Three films have won 11 Oscars. The first to achieve the record was Ben-Hur (USA 1959) which won from 12 nominations on 4 April 1960, followed by Titanic (USA 1997) from 14 nominations on 23 March 1998 and The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (NZ/USA 2003) which won all 11 of its nominations on 29 February 2004.", "\" Ben-Hur \" is not only a past Oscars champ (best picture, 1959), but it's tied with \"Titanic\" and \"Lord of the Rings: Return of the King\" as the biggest winner ever (11 awards).", "The visually-striking film's nine Oscar awards included: Best Picture, Best Director, Best Screenplay, Best Cinematography, Best Art/Set Direction, Best Sound, Best Original Score, Best Film Editing, and Best Costume Design - but the Best Picture film did not have a single nomination in any of the acting categories. Only one other Best Picture film, the musical Gigi (1958), also scored nine Oscars from nine nominations. The two films were tied as the third most honored film in the Academy's history. The film's nine Oscar wins was the largest victory since West Side Story (1961) - with ten wins, the second most-honored film, following after Ben-Hur (1959) , with eleven wins. [This would change in future years.]", "1959/--/-- 11 - Film actor Charlton Heston wins the Academy Award for his role in Ben-Hur.", "[Other films that have won eight Oscars include: My Fair Lady (1964) , Cabaret (1972) , Gandhi (1982), and Amadeus (1984). The eight-Oscar record was broken in 1958 by Gigi with nine awards. Other nine-Oscar winners include: The Last Emperor (1987), and The English Patient (1996). In 1959,", "Ben-Hur is a 1959 American epic historical drama film, directed by William Wyler, produced by Sam Zimbalist for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and starring Charlton Heston, Stephen Boyd, Jack Hawkins, Hugh Griffith and Haya Harareet. A remake of the 1925 silent film with the same name, Ben-Hur was adapted from Lew Wallace's 1880 novel Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ. The screenplay is credited to Karl Tunberg but includes contributions from Maxwell Anderson, S. N. Behrman, Gore Vidal, and Christopher Fry.", "Hill-Hecht-Lancaster produced seven additional films in the late 1950s; four starring Lancaster; Run Silent, Run Deep (1958), Separate Tables (1958), The Devil's Disciple (1959) and The Unforgiven (1960), and three without Lancaster: The Bachelor Party (1956), Take a Giant Step (1959) and Summer of the Seventeenth Doll (1960). Additionally Hill-Hecht-Lancaster served as the production company for the 1960-1961 TV series Whiplash. The \"H-H-L\" team impressed Hollywood with its success; as Life wrote in 1957, \"[a]fter the independent production of a baker's dozen of pictures, it has yet to have its first flop ... (They were also good pictures.).\" ", "*1959 - won an Oscar for \"Best Music, Scoring of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture\" for The Old Man and the Sea (1958)", "The film had thirteen nominations and won eight competitive awards (and two special citations) - both records for the time. [It would hold this record until Gigi (1958) won a record 9 Oscars.] The blockbuster film was the number one box-office champion for many years. Its awards included Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actress, Best Supporting Actress (Hattie McDaniel - the first African-American performer to be nominated and win), Best Screenplay, Best Color Cinematography, Best Interior Decoration, and Best Film Editing. The only major award it didn't win was Best Actor for Clark Gable, meaning that it wasn't able to sweep the \"Top Five\" awards categories. The credited screenwriter for", "Stepping away from lighthearted fare, Hepburn co-starred in the film adaptation of Leo Tolstoy’s War and Peace with her husband, Mel Ferrer, and Henry Fonda in 1956. Three years later, she played Sister Luke in The Nun’s Story (1959), which earned her an Academy Award nomination. The film focused on her character’s struggle to succeed as a nun. A review in Variety said “Audrey Hepburn has her most demanding film role, and she gives her finest performance.” Following that stellar performance, she went on to star in the John Huston-directed western The Unforgiven (1960) with Burt Lancaster. That same year, her first child, a son named Sean, was born.", "Audrey Hepburn was nominated as Best Actress for her role as Sister Luke who eventually renounced her vows in The Nun's Story (1959)", "1959 - won an Oscar for \"Best Music, Scoring of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture\" for The Old Man and the Sea (1958)", "12 Angry Men was followed by a series of films, many of them adaptations of stage plays, which earned Lumet a reputation as a serious filmmaker. There was The Fugitive Kind (1959), based on Tennessee Williams, starring Marlon Brando and Anna Magnani; Long Day’s Journey Into Night (1962), an adaptation of Eugene O’Neill’s famed drama, with Katharine Hepburn and Jason Robards; and The Pawnbroker (1964), about a Holocaust victim who runs a pawnshop in Harlem, starring Rod Steiger. Lumet also made a version of Arthur Miller’s A View from the Bridge (1962). Many of these films were well received at the time and continue for the most part to be highly regarded, but none of them is entirely satisfying. Some are even hard to take.", "On this day in 1962, the 34th annual Academy Awards ceremony is held at the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium in Santa Monica, California. In addition to the overwhelming triumph of the musical West Side Story, which won 10 Oscars, including Best Picture, one of the big victors of the night was the Italian actress Sophia Loren, who took home the Best Actress statuette for her star turn in Two Women (La ciociara in Italian).", "What is the only film to have won all 11 Academy Awards in the 11 categories for which it was nominated?", "The film received eleven Academy Award nominations and won five. Brooks won the Academy Awards for Best Picture, Best Director, and Best Writing (Adapted Screenplay) while MacLaine won the Academy Award for Best Actress and Nicholson won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. In addition, it won four Golden Globes: Best Motion Picture – Drama, Best Actress in a Drama (MacLaine), Best Supporting Actor (Nicholson), and Best Screenplay (Brooks).", "Oscars 1960: Elizabeth Taylor with her fourth husband Eddie Fisher, with her award for best actress for her role in Butterfield 8", "The year 1961 in film involved some significant events, with West Side Story winning 10 Academy Awards.", "Musicals are easily dismissed by those not predisposed to them, but Bob Fosse’s adaptation of a sixties Broadway smash won eight Oscars, only losing Best Picture and Adapted Screenplay to The Godfather. The movie details a bisexual love triangle at the tail end of the Weimar Republic, under the perpetual ascendance of the Nazi party and features completely diegetic musical numbers mostly performed by Liza Minnelli and Joel Grey, who both took home Academy Awards for their performances.", "1949 The film Hamlet, starring Laurence Olivier, won five Oscars. It was the first British film to win an academy award.", "The award winning 1959 Broadway production starred Sidney Poitier, Claudia McNeill, Ruby Dee and Diana Sands each of whom reprised their roles in the 1961 film version of the play.", "A classic 1959 comedy film directed by Billy Wilder , who also wrote the screenplay along with frequent collaborator I. A. L. Diamond.", "Directed ten different actors in Oscar-nominated performances: Victor McLaglen , Thomas Mitchell , Edna May Oliver , Jane Darwell , Henry Fonda , Donald Crisp , Sara Allgood , Ava Gardner , Grace Kelly and Jack Lemmon . McLaglen, Mitchell, Darwell, Crisp and Lemmon won Oscars.", "The film won 10 Academy Awards including Best Picture, becoming the record holder for most wins for a movie musical.", "The film cleaned up at the 1958 Academy Awards, winning seven Oscars, including Best Picture, Best Director, and Best Adapted Screenplay.", "Directed by Vincente Minnelli from a script by Alan Jay Lerner, the movie starred Gene Kelly, Leslie Caron and Oscar Levant. It won six Oscars, including best picture.", "One of the 10 awardees from that year, when the top prize was called the Grand Prix du Festival International du Film. It was also won the 1946 Academy Award for Best Picture.", "Filmdom’s Famous Fives of 1959 for “Outstanding Screen Performance and Personal Achievement.” The Film Daily, 1959.", "In 1961 Harper Lee wins the Pulitzer Prize for the best fiction book. Do you recall the name of that book that later became a movie?", "In the 1950s, Hollywood was forced to face changes in the media landscape with the proliferation of television. Needing to lure audiences from the comforts of their own homes and back into the theaters, studios made massive historical epics and spectacular genre films. But moviegoers also wanted character driven fare and they were richly rewarded with some of the finest dramatic performances of the Golden Era. Here are all ten Academy Award winners for Best Actor in the 1950s." ]	[ 9.0703125, 8.6328125, 7.21484375, 6.7734375, 5.37109375, 3.7578125, 1.84765625, -0.0279998779296875, -0.44921875, -0.55224609375, -0.6435546875, -1.025390625, -1.140625, -1.544921875, -2.025390625, -2.701171875, -3.771484375, -3.865234375, -4.10546875, -4.16015625, -4.171875, -4.94921875, -5.39453125, -6.3984375, -7.109375, -7.26953125, -7.32421875, -7.4609375, -7.79296875, -7.81640625, -8.625, -8.671875 ]
Which actor won the 1995 Best Supporting Actor Oscar and the 1999 Best Actor Oscar, currently the only two times he has been nominated?	[ "Kevin Spacey, Best Supporting Actor (The Usual Suspects (1995)), Best Actor (American Beauty (1999)) - his only two career nominations (so far)", "Won: Six Oscars, including Best Picture and Best Actor (Tom Hanks), 1995 Somehow beating out Pulp Fiction to Best Picture glory in 1995, Forrest Gump remains one of the most divisive winners to date, with some seeing it as stupid, sentimental guff, and others finding it touching and sweet in its own goofy way. In truth, it's probably a mix of the both, cloying and sappy on the one hand, kind of moving and harmless on the other. No matter what you think of it, the film still swept the '95 Academy Awards, winning six of the whopping thirteen Oscars it was nominated for in total. Of those wins, which included Best Director for Robert Zemeckis and Best Adapted Screenplay for Eric Roth, most interesting is Tom Hanks' win for Best Actor, who in winning became only the second man ever to win successive Best Actor Oscars. Hanks won the year before for Philadelphia. Spencer Tracy is the only other man to win two in a row, in '37 and '38, when he won for Captain Courageous and Boys Town, respectively. Conversely, Jason Robards won two Best Supporting Actor Oscars in a row, for All The President's Men (1976) and Julia (1977).", "Caine has been Oscar-nominated six times, winning his first Academy Award for the 1986 film Hannah and Her Sisters, and his second in 1999 for The Cider House Rules, in both cases as a supporting actor. Caine is one of only two actors to be nominated for an Academy Award for acting (either lead or supporting) in every decade since the 1960s. The other is Jack Nicholson. The two actors starred together in the 1996 movie Blood and Wine.", "Jason Robards Jr. (with his second nomination), the only American-born performer among the other four foreign-born Best Supporting Actor nominees, won his second consecutive Best Supporting Actor award for his role as thriller-writer Dashiell Hammett (Lillian Hellman's lover) in Julia. [Other actors who have accomplished the same two-in-a-row win were: Luise Rainer (1936 and 1937), Spencer Tracy (1937 and 1938), Katharine Hepburn (1967 and 1968), and Tom Hanks (1993 and 1994).]", "[Best Actor Oscar-winner Al Pacino was also simultaneously nominated in the Best Supporting Actor category for his role in Glengarry Glen Ross. With his nomination, he became the first actor to be nominated for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor in two different roles in the same year. The second actor to achieve the same feat was Jamie Foxx in 2004. Both won Best Actor and lost Best Supporting Actor.]", "There were nine first-time nominees in the 20 acting performance slots. Five of the acting nominees were previous winners: Sean Penn, Philip Seymour Hoffman, Angelina Jolie, Meryl Streep and Marisa Tomei. Sean Penn became the ninth actor in Academy history to win a second Best Actor Oscar. All four Oscar-winning performers this year: Penn, Winslet, Ledger, and Cruz, had been nominated at least once before, something that hadn't happened since 1994.", "He and Warren Beatty are the only actor-directors to earn Best Actor and Best Director Oscar nominations for the same film two times.", "* March 28 - At the 49th Academy Awards, Rocky picks up the Academy Award for Best Picture. Peter Finch, Faye Dunaway, and Beatrice Straight all win Oscars for their performances in Network for Best Actor, Best Actress, and Best Supporting Actress, while Jason Robards wins for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in All the President's Men. He would win again the following year, becoming the only person to win two consecutive Best Supporting Actor awards.", "Became only the sixth actor to win both leading and supporting acting Oscars. The other five are Robert De Niro , Gene Hackman , Kevin Spacey , Jack Lemmon and Jack Nicholson .", "He has been nominated twice for Best Supporting Actor and won both times, first for “Inglourious Bastards” and then for “Django Unchained.”", "One of only four actors to win two Oscars for films that also won Best Picture (the others being Jack Nicholson , Dustin Hoffman and Gene Hackman ). In addition, he and Hoffman are the only actors to win two Best Actor Oscars for films that won Best Picture.", "The award in the Best Supporting Actor category was presented to Jason Robards Jr. (with his first of two consecutive Oscar wins) for his performance as encouraging Washington Post editor Ben Bradlee who supports the pursuit of the Watergate story in All the President's Men.", "Is one of just 5 actors to win both a leading and supporting actor Oscar. The other 4 are Gene Hackman , Kevin Spacey , Robert De Niro , and Jack Nicholson .", "Since its inception, the award has been given to 79 actors. Daniel Day-Lewis has received the most awards in this category with three Oscars. Spencer Tracy and Laurence Olivier were nominated on nine occasions, more than any other actor. As of the 2016 ceremony, Leonardo DiCaprio is the most recent winner in this category for his role as Hugh Glass in The Revenant.", "The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on February 22, 2009. Slumdog Millionaire was the eleventh film to win Best Picture without any acting nominations. Sean Penn became the ninth person to win Best Lead Actor twice. Best Supporting Actor winner Heath Ledger became the second performer to win a posthumous acting Oscar. The first actor to receive this distinction was Peter Finch who posthumously won Best Actor for Network two months after his death in January 1977. With its six nominations, Best Animated Feature Film winner WALL-E tied with 1991's Beauty and the Beast as the most nominated animated film in Academy Awards history.", "Is one of only four actors to receive two Oscars for films that also won Best Picture (the others are Marlon Brando , Dustin Hoffman and Gene Hackman ).", "He is one of only six actors to be nominated for an Oscar for playing the same role in two films. He was nominated as for The Godfather (1972) and The Godfather: Part II (1974). The others are Paul Newman as Fast Eddie Felson in The Hustler (1961) and The Color of Money (1986), Bing Crosby as Father O'Malley in Going My Way (1944) and The Bells of St. Mary's (1945), Peter O'Toole as Henry II in Becket (1964) and The Lion in Winter (1968), Cate Blanchett as Elizabeth I in Elizabeth (1998) and Elizabeth: The Golden Age (2007) and Sylvester Stallone in Rocky (1976) and Creed (2015).", "He won an Oscar for playing Father Edward Flanagan in Boys Town (1938), making him one of 18 actors to win the Award for playing a real person who was still alive at the evening of the Award ceremony (as of 2015). The other seventeen actors and their respective performances are: Gary Cooper for playing Alvin C. York in Sergeant York (1941), Patty Duke for playing Helen Keller in The Miracle Worker (1962), Jason Robards for playing Ben Bradlee in All the President's Men (1976), Sissy Spacek for playing Loretta Lynn in Coal Miner's Daughter (1980)_, Robert De Niro for playing Jake La Motta in Raging Bull (1980), Jeremy Irons for playing Claus Von Bullow in Reversal of Fortune (1990), Susan Sarandon for playing Sister Helen Prejean in Dead Man Walking (1995), Geoffrey Rush for playing David Helfgott in Shine (1996), Julia Roberts for playing Erin Brockovich in Erin Brockovich (2000), Jim Broadbent for playing John Bayley in Iris (2001), Jennifer Connelly for playing Alicia Nash in A Beautiful Mind (2001), Helen Mirren for playing Queen Elizabeth II in The Queen (2006), Sandra Bullock for playing Leigh Anne Tuohy in The Blind Side (2009), Melissa Leo for playing Alice Eklund-Ward in The Fighter (2010), Christian Bale for playing Dickie Eklund in The Fighter (2010), Meryl Streep for playing Margaret Thatcher in The Iron Lady (2011) and Eddie Redmayne for playing Stephen Hawking in The Theory of Everything (2014).", "He is the second actor to win an Oscar for portraying Vito Corleone. He and Marlon Brando are the only two actors to win an Oscar for playing the same character.", "As of 2013, he's one of the six actors to receive three acting Oscars, the others being: Walter Brennan , Ingrid Bergman , Katharine Hepburn (who has four), Meryl Streep and Daniel Day-Lewis .", "To date, he is the only performer to win two Golden Globes for Best Supporting Actor but not even be nominated for a corresponding Oscar. [2014]", "He was awarded the Best Supporting Actor Oscar® for his portrayal of the uncompromising U.S. Marshal Sam Gerard in the box office hit “The Fugitive” in 1994. For this performance, he also received a Golden Globe Award® as Best Supporting Actor. Three years earlier, Jones had received his first Oscar nomination for his portrayal of Clay Shaw in Oliver Stone’s “JFK.”", "Is the only actor to win the Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Special more than once, with two wins.", "This incredibly versatile and selective actor has won three well-deserved Academy Awards for Best Actor: 'My Left Foot' (1989), 'There Will Be Blood' (2007), and 'Lincoln' (2012). He is the only male actor to have won three awards in the lead actor category.", "ensemble drama ï¿½Magnoliaï¿½(1999), collecting SAG Awardï¿½ nominations for both as part of the filmsï¿½ensemble casts He also continued", "He starred in three movies that were nominated for the Best Picture Oscar: Saving Private Ryan (1998), Little Miss Sunshine (2006) and Argo (2012). \"Argo\" was a winner in the category.", "UPDATED: The actor earned eight Academy Award nominations throughout his career and took home an honorary Oscar in 2003.", "It was the 48-year-old's second best actor Academy Award following his win for 2003 drama Mystic River.", "He appeared in two Best Picture Academy Award winners: Shakespeare in Love (1998) and Argo (2012). He also directed the latter.", "For his role in which film did JK Simmons win the Oscar for Best Supporting actor in 2015?", "Oscars 2015: Prediction for Best Actor in a supporting role \| Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis", "What title role in a 1995 Oscar-winning movie was played by more than 40 cast members?" ]	[ 5.11328125, 4.2265625, 3.654296875, 3.17578125, 2.76171875, 2.5078125, 2.36328125, 1.646484375, 0.873046875, 0.771484375, 0.6357421875, 0.476318359375, 0.1683349609375, -0.1920166015625, -0.2529296875, -0.436279296875, -0.68115234375, -1.0166015625, -1.6552734375, -2.78125, -3.125, -4.2421875, -4.53515625, -5.125, -6.5703125, -6.92578125, -7.02734375, -7.0859375, -7.58203125, -7.85546875, -8.3828125, -8.890625 ]
Who won a Best Supporting Actress Award in 1998 for a performance of less than 8 minutes of screen time?	[ "The shortest-ever winning performance for Best Supporting Actress belongs to Beatrice Straight, who won an Oscar in 1976 for her 5 minutes 40 seconds appearance as devastated wife Louise Schumacher in Network. Dame Judi Dench won an Oscar in 1998 for less than 8 minutes of screen time playing Queen Elizabeth I in Shakespeare in Love.", "Both the Actor and Actress Supporting categories were introduced at the 9th Academy Awards in 1937. For obvious reasons, the Best Supporting Actor/Actress winners usually have more limited screentime. Dame Judi Dench won in the Best Supporting Actress (officially known as 'Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role') despite being on screen for a mere eight minutes in 1998's Shakespeare in Love, and in 1976 Beatrice Straight won the Supporting Actress Oscar for appearing for a little less than six minutes in Network. However, both Straight and Dench were beat in the shortest-time-on-screen-yet-still-nominated race by Hermione Baddeley. Baddeley's two minutes and 20 seconds in Room at the Top places her at the top of the list, although she lost in the Best Supporting race to Shelley Winters in The Diary of Anne Frank. Still, that must be considered an extraordinary 140 seconds!", "If you think Hopkins brought home the hardware for just a little bit of work, Judi Dench's 1998 Oscar for Best Supporting Actress was even more impressive. Dench won the award for her role as Queen Elizabeth I in the film Shakespeare in Love, and while Dench's portrayal was undeniably solid, there just wasn't very much of it. She appeared on screen for just under eight minutes of the two-hour movie, but we guess it never hurts to get regal for a role. Dench probably also got a boost from a not-so-stellar field of competitors, most notably Kathy Bates in Primary Colors.", "Beatrice Straight won a Best Supporting Actress Oscar, the shortest role to win an acting Oscar, for her less than eight minutes of screen time in Network (1976) , with only 8 speaking parts (of approx. 260 words). (Runner up: Judi Dench for about ten minutes of screen time as Queen Elizabeth I in Shakespeare in Love (1998), with 14 speaking parts (of approx. 446 words).)", "She played Elizabeth in Shakespeare In Love (1998), and despite being on screen for roughly eight minutes won a Best Supporting Actress Oscar. Such were the high heels she wore under her costume director John Madden dubbed her Tudor Spice.", "Her 1999 Oscar was awarded for an eight-minute performance in only four scenes as \"Queen Elizabeth I\" in Shakespeare in Love (1998). It is the second shortest performance ever to win a Best Supporting Actress Oscar, the only shorter one being Beatrice Straight's six-minute performance in Network (1976).", "23. In 1999, Cate Blanchett and Judi Dench were both nominated for playing Queen Elizabeth in \"Elizabeth\" and \"Shakespeare in Love.\" Dench won Best Supporting Actress despite only appearing in the film for a total of eight minutes. Meanwhile, Blanchett lost the Best Actress Oscar to Gwyneth Paltrow -- also for \"Shakespeare in Love.\"", "1999 Won BAFTA Film Award Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role for: Shakespeare in Love (1998)", "Catherine Élise \"Cate\" Blanchett (; born 14 May 1969) is an Australian actress and theatre director. She has received international acclaim and many accolades, including two Academy Awards, three Screen Actors Guild Awards, three Golden Globe Awards, and three British Academy Awards. Blanchett came to international attention for her role as Elizabeth I of England in Shekhar Kapur's 1998 film Elizabeth, for which she won the BAFTA Award for Best Actress, the Golden Globe Award, and earned her first Academy Award for Best Actress nomination. Her portrayal of Katharine Hepburn in Martin Scorsese's 2004 film The Aviator brought her critical acclaim and many accolades, including the Academy Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role, making her the only actor to win an Oscar for portraying another Oscar-winning actor. In 2013, she starred as Jasmine Francis in Woody Allen's Blue Jasmine, for which she won numerous accolades including the Academy Award for Best Actress.", "1999 Won Oscar Best Actress in a Supporting Role for: Shakespeare in Love (1998)1998 Nominated Oscar Best Actress in a Leading Role for: Mrs. Brown (1997) and Iris (2001)", "The actress won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance as Lynn Bracken in the 1997 film \"L.A. Confidential.\" She also gave one of the most memorable Oscar speeches on record when she began her speech by saying, \"We only have 30 seconds so I want to thank everyone I have ever met in my entire life.\"", "* Screen Actors Guild Awards (1999): Nomination for Outstanding Performance by a Cast, for Little Voice (1998), shared with Annette Badland, Brenda Blethyn, Jim Broadbent, Michael Caine, Philip Jackson and Ewan McGregor.", "Is one of 13 actresses to have won the Academy Award, BAFTA Award, Critics' Choice Award, Golden Globe Award and SAG Award for the same performance. The others in chronological order are Julia Roberts for Erin Brockovich (2000), Renée Zellweger for Cold Mountain (2003), Reese Witherspoon for Walk the Line (2005), Helen Mirren for The Queen (2006), Jennifer Hudson for Dreamgirls (2006), Mo'Nique for Precious (2009), Natalie Portman for Black Swan (2010), Octavia Spencer for The Help (2011), Anne Hathaway for Les Misérables (2012), Cate Blanchett for Blue Jasmine (2013), Patricia Arquette for Boyhood (2014) and Julianne Moore for Still Alice (2014).", "Won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role as Lynn Bracken in the 1997 film L.A. Confidential. She has also starred in such films as Batman, The Natural, Never Say Never Again, 8 Mile and Cellular.", "Snubs for Best Actress included Angelina Jolie for her performance as Mariane Pearl, the French wife of an American journalist brutally killed in Pakistan in A Mighty Heart, Keira Knightley for her role as Cecilia Tallis, the older conflicted sister of her accusing sibling in Atonement, Helena Bonham Carter (director Burton's wife) as London pie seller Mrs. Lovett in Sweeney Todd, Amy Adams as fairy tale princess Giselle who was banished by evil Queen Narissa (Susan Sarandon) from her animated kingdom and reappeared vulnerable and clueless in modern-day Manhattan in Enchanted, Jodie Foster as vengeful assaulted woman Erica Bain in The Brave One, Czech actress Marketa Irglova as a Czech émigré in the low-budget Irish film Once, Keri Russell (in her first lead role) as small Southern diner waitress Jenna in Waitress, and newcomer Tang Wei as Mr. Yee's seductive Mata Hari mistress Wong Chia Chi/Mrs. Mak in Ang Lee's Lust, Caution.", "Image caption Paltrow won an Oscar for Best Actress in 1998 for her role in Shakespeare in Love", "She won an Oscar for playing Margaret Thatcher in The Iron Lady (2011), making her one of 18 actors to win the Award for playing a real person who was still alive at the evening of the Award ceremony (as of 2015). The other sixteen actors and their respective performances are: Spencer Tracy for playing Father Edward Flanagan in Boys Town (1938), Gary Cooper for playing Alvin C. York in Sergeant York (1941), Patty Duke for playing Helen Keller in The Miracle Worker (1962), Jason Robards for playing Ben Bradlee in All the President's Men (1976), Robert De Niro for playing Jake La Motta in Raging Bull (1980), Sissy Spacek for playing Loretta Lynn in Coal Miner's Daughter (1980)_, Jeremy Irons for playing Claus Von Bullow in Reversal of Fortune (1990), Susan Sarandon for playing Sister Helen Prejean in Dead Man Walking (1995), Geoffrey Rush for playing David Helfgott in Shine (1996), Julia Roberts for playing Erin Brockovich in Erin Brockovich (2000), Jennifer Connelly for playing Alicia Nash in A Beautiful Mind (2001), Jim Broadbent for playing John Bayley in Iris (2001), Helen Mirren for playing Queen Elizabeth II in The Queen (2006), Sandra Bullock for playing Leigh Anne Tuohy in The Blind Side (2009), Melissa Leo for playing Alice Eklund-Ward in The Fighter (2010), Christian Bale for playing Dickie Eklund in The Fighter (2010) and Eddie Redmayne for playing Stephen Hawking in The Theory of Everything (2014).", "Also as discussed in a previous column , the Best Actress race is now reduced to a fierce competition between Annette Bening (Being Julia) and Hilary Swank (Million Dollar Baby). It’s round two of their 1999 match, which Swank won. There’s a slight chance that dark horse Staunton would win; Kate Winslet (Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind) seems to be a less likely to win contender.", "1998 Won Golden Satellite Award Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture - Drama for: Mrs. Brown (1997)", "She has been portrayed on film and television by Dolores Sutton in F. Scott Fitzgerald in Hollywood (1976), Rosemary Murphy in Julia (1977), Bebe Neuwirth in Dash and Lilly (1999) and Jennifer Jason Leigh in Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle (1994). Neuwirth was nominated for an Emmy Award for her performance, and Leigh received a number of awards and nominations, including a Golden Globe nomination.", "Often referred to as the “corset queen” or “English rose” because of her early work, Bonham Carter has continued to surprise audiences with magnificent performances in a variety of roles from her more traditional corset-clad character in The Wings of the Dove (1997) and Shakespearian damsels to the dark and neurotic anti-heroines of Fight Club (1999) and many of Tim Burton’s films. Though consistently a versatile and engaging actress, Bonham Carter has never won a major American film award. However, she has received a number of critical awards and has been nominated for five Golden Globes, an Oscar, a SAG Award, and two Emmys.", "*Screen Actors Guild Awards (1999): Nomination for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role for Little Voice (1998)", "The Mask of Zorro and the 1999 crime thriller film Entrapment. Her breakthrough role was in the 2000 film Traffic, for which she earned her first Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture.", "1998: Blockbluster Entertainment Award for Favourite Actress - Comedy My Best Friend's Wedding and Favourite Actress - Suspense Conspiracy Theory", "After the worldwide success of “The Perfect Storm”, she was more in demand than ever. She played Leelee Sobieski’s sinister junkie guardian in the slick thriller The Glass House (2001), and co-starred with Keanu Reeves in the #1 smash hit Hard Ball (2001). However, her greatest career moment was still to come with her lead role in the enormous critical and commercial hit Unfaithful (2002), in which she superbly portrayed Richard Gere’s adulterous wife. Her performance won the respect of critics and audiences alike.", "1998 Nominated Actor Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role for: Mrs. Brown (1997)", "Bullock achieved further success in the 2000s and 2010s with starring roles in Miss Congeniality (2000), Two Weeks Notice (2002), Crash (2004), The Proposal (2009) and The Heat (2013). She was awarded the Academy Award for Best Actress and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Drama for playing Leigh Anne Tuohy in The Blind Side (2009), and also nominated in the same categories for her performance in Gravity (2013). Bullock's greatest commercial success is the animated comedy film Minions (2015), which grossed over at the box office. ", "The actress won an Academy Award for Best Actress for the romantic comedy “Silver Linings Playbook” (2012) becoming the second-youngest winner ever. In 2013, she played a supporting role in comedy-drama “American Hustle,” for which she claimed a BAFTA Award and a Golden Globe Award. Her most recent release was \"Joy\" (2015).", "In a career of some 70 years and more than 50 films, she won two Academy Awards as best actress, for her performances as a call girl in “BUtterfield 8” (1960) and as the acid-tongued Martha in “Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?” (1966). Mike Nichols, who directed her in “Virginia Woolf,” said he considered her “one of the greatest cinema actresses.”", "In 2003, she was nominated for two Golden Globe Awards, one for drama ( Girl with a Pearl Earring ) and one for comedy ( Lost in Translation ), her breakout role, starring opposite Bill Murray , and receiving rave reviews and a Best Actress Award at the Venice Film Festival. Her 2004 film roles include the critically acclaimed Weitz brothers' film \"In Good Company,\" as well as starring opposite John Travolta in \"A Love Song For Bobby Long,\" which garnered her a Golden Globe nomination (her third in two years).", "During the 1960s, she won the coveted Oscar for Best Actress twice; for her role as a call girl in 1960's BUtterfield 8, and for her portrayal of the loudmouth, alcoholic Martha in 1966's Who's Afraid Of Virginia Woolf?, which also earned her the British Academy Award for Best Actress, as well as a New York Film Critics Circle prize. She also made history as the first actress to earn a cool million for a single movie appearance, for 1963's Cleopatra.", "Has been in eight films nominated for an Oscar, two of them being short films. The most common category among her represented films are 'Best Actress in a Leading Role' and 'Best Original Screenplay', for which her films have received three nominations." ]	[ 9.171875, 8.6953125, 6.71875, 5.51953125, 5.26171875, 5.03125, 3.78515625, -0.313720703125, -0.73828125, -0.8583984375, -0.86279296875, -1.9892578125, -2.296875, -2.47265625, -2.60546875, -2.66796875, -3.205078125, -3.603515625, -4.35546875, -4.80078125, -5.54296875, -5.73046875, -5.8125, -5.9140625, -5.984375, -7.00390625, -7.11328125, -7.60546875, -7.90625, -8.0390625, -8.96875, -9 ]
As at 2003, how many women have won a Best Director Oscar?	[ "In 86 years, only four women have been nominated for a best director Oscar. Only one, Kathryn Bigelow, has won. Lina Wertmuller was the first woman nominated for the 1976 film, Seven Beauties. Jane Campion was number two for the 1993 film, The Piano. Sofia Coppola is number three for the 2003 film, Lost in Translation, and number four is the only one to make it to the podium, Kathryn Bigelow for her film The Hurt Locker.", "On this day in 2010, Kathryn Bigelow becomes the first woman to win an Academy Award for best director, for her movie “The Hurt Locker,” about an American bomb squad that disables explosives in Iraq in 2004. Prior to Bigelow, only three women had been nominated for a best director Oscar: Lina Wertmueller for 1975’s “Seven Beauties,” Jane Campion for 1993’s “The Piano” and Sofia Coppola for 2003’s “Lost in Translation.”", "5. Only three women have received Best Director nominations, while Kathryn Bigelow is the lone winner for \" The Hurt Locker \" (2009). Interestingly, Bigelow beat out ex-husband James Cameron , who was nominated for the technological wonder \" Avatar .\"", "Nevertheless, Kathryn Bigelow is the first woman to win a Best Director Oscar. It's hard to believe that she is only the fourth woman to even earn a nomination, following in the footsteps of Lina Wertmüller for Seven Beauties in 1975, Jane Campion for The Piano in 1993, and Sofia Coppola for Lost in Translation in 2003. It only took 82 years to get here.", "During the 2013 Academy Awards, 140 men were nominated for an award but only 35 women were nominated, however, no woman was nominated for directing, cinematography, film editing, writing (original screenplay), or original score that year. But ever since the Academy Awards first opened in 1929, only 7 women producers have won the Best Picture category (all women who have been co-producers with men), only 8 women have been nominated for Best Original Screenplay, and Lina Wertmuller (1976), Jane Campion (1994), Sofia Coppola (2004), and Kathryn Bigelow (2012) were the only 4 women to be nominated for Best Directing, with Bigelow being the first woman to win for her film The Hurt Locker.", "The Best Director winner was 58 year-old Kathryn Bigelow (her first nomination) for The Hurt Locker. It was an historic win - she became the first woman ever to win in the category. [Note: Bigelow was the second American woman nominated as Best Director (following Sofia Coppola in 2003), and only the fourth woman nominated in the category. Bigelow won the Directors Guild Award, the first woman ever to win the top award from the DGA, a solid predictor of her eventual win since the DGA feature film award winner went on to win the Academy Award for Best Director all but six times since 1948. Ironically, Bigelow was James Cameron's ex-wife. Action film director Bigelow had been a collaborator with fellow nominee James Cameron, who executive-produced Point Break (1991) and was also writer-producer for her film Strange Days (1995). The longtime Oscar snub Bigelow also directed such overlooked films as Near Dark (1987) and Blue Steel (1989).]", "Until 2010, no woman had ever won the Best Director award. Kathryn Bigelow was the first, winning for The Hurt Locker — beating out her ex-husband, James Cameronnote Cameron had already won three Oscars for Titanic (1997) . (for Avatar) in the process.", "The woman who has won the most Oscars is costume designer Edith Head, with 8 Oscars", "Two of the directors of Best Picture nominees were not selected as Best Director nominees: Jerry Zucker for Ghost, and female director Penny Marshall for Awakenings. [Marshall's failure to receive a Best Director nomination was interpreted as sexist. Up to this time in Oscar history, only one women had been nominated for Best Director - Lina Wertmuller for Seven Beauties (1976), and female director Randa Haines had been passed over four years earlier as Best Director for her Best Picture-nominated Children of a Lesser God (1986).]", "Since its inception, the award has been given to 74 actresses. Katharine Hepburn has won the most awards in this category, with four Oscars. Meryl Streep has been nominated on 15 occasions (resulting in two awards). As of the 2016 ceremony, Brie Larson is the most recent winner in this category for her role as Joy \"Ma\" Newsome in Room.", "Kathryn Bigelow is the first woman ever to win an Academy Award as best director. She claimed the Oscar for her 2009 Iraq War movie The Hurt Locker. Bigelow was an avant-garde painter in New York City in the 1970s when she began working with film; eventually she went to Columbia University’s film school. Her first feature was The Loveless (1982, with Willem Dafoe ), but her first splashy commercial features were Blue Steel (1989, with Jamie Lee Curtis as a rookie cop) and Point Break (1991, with Keanu Reeves as an undercover FBI slacker chasing renegade surfer bank robbers led by Patrick Swayze ). Bigelow became known as a calm and even feminine presence who liked to direct violent masculine action flicks. James Cameron , her husband from 1989-91, produced her 1995 science fiction thriller Strange Days, and her 2002 submarine movie K-19: The Widowmaker was well received. Bigelow reached a new level of fame with The Hurt Locker, a gritty and claustrophobic study of bomb detonation experts putting their lives on the line in Iraq. The film earned nine Academy Award nominations; Bigelow won for best director, and the film won the Oscar as best picture of the year. Her next film, Zero Dark Thirty (2012), about the hunt for Osama bin Laden , was also nominated as best picture.", "Kathryn Bigelow is the first woman to win the best director Oscar (for The Hurt Locker). She is also the director of Point Break, Blue Steel and Near Dark.", "He has worked with 8 directors who have won a Best Director Oscar: John Schlesinger , Oliver Stone , Woody Allen , Kathryn Bigelow , Clint Eastwood , Alejandro G. Iñárritu , Sydney Pollack , and Barry Levinson .", "Is one of 13 actresses that have won an Academy Award, BAFTA Award, Critics' Choice Award, Golden Globe Award and SAG Award for the same performance. The others in chronological order are Renée Zellweger for Cold Mountain (2003), Reese Witherspoon for Walk the Line (2005), Helen Mirren for The Queen (2006), Jennifer Hudson for Dreamgirls (2006), Kate Winslet for The Reader (2008), Mo'Nique for Precious (2009), Natalie Portman for Black Swan (2010), Octavia Spencer for The Help (2011), Anne Hathaway for Les Misérables (2012), Cate Blanchett for Blue Jasmine (2013), Patricia Arquette for Boyhood (2014), Julianne Moore for Still Alice (2014), and Brie Larson for Room (2015).", "When It Hasn’t Come True: 5/25. Five directors became the exception to the Oscar rule when they won an Oscar but their films did not emerge the Best Picture winner. In 1989, Oliver Stone was named Best Director for his work on the harrowing war drama Born on the Fourth of July, but the film ultimately lost to the sentimental favorite Driving Miss Daisy. In 2000, Steven Soderbergh won for his stylistic work on the drug saga Traffic, but the Academy was more entertained by Gladiator and then in 2003 controversial director Roman Polanski was rewarded for his work behind the camera for the Holocaust drama The Pianist, but thoroughly modern musical Chicago razzle-dazzled its way to winning Best Picture. While those Director/Picture choices have often been debated, they don’t compare to 1998 and 2005, the two years that mark the most contended Director/Picture winners in Oscar history. In 1998, Steven Spielberg earned his second Best Director Oscar for transporting moviegoers to the front line of battle in the intense, gut-wrenching war drama Saving Private Ryan, but the film lost, in a most-controversial manner, to fluffier fare, the period comedy Shakespeare in Love. Oscar stunners reared its head again in 2005 when Ang Lee won Best Director for his work on the sweeping love story Brokeback Mountain, but the groundbreaking film lost to dark horse racial drama Crash.", "The Oscars (through the year 2015) have split Best Picture and Best Director 24 times: see years 2015, 2013, 2012, 2005, 2002, 2000, 1998, 1989, 1981, 1972, 1967, 1956, 1952, 1951, 1949, 1948, 1940, 1937, 1936, 1935, 1931/32, 1930/31, 1928/29, 1927/28 (two Best Director co-winners didn't win Best Picture).", "Since the film was not released in the United States until 2009, it was eligible for the Academy Awards only the following year, where it was nominated for nine Academy Awards. Although the film had not recovered its budget by the time of the ceremony, it won six Oscars, including Best Picture, Best Director for Bigelow (the first woman to win this award), and Best Original Screenplay for Boal.", "Her nomination for Best Director made her the first American woman in history to be nominated in that category, and the third woman overall, after Lina Wertmüller and Jane Campion. In 2010, Kathryn Bigelow became the fourth woman to be nominated, and the first to win the award. Coppola, however, remains the youngest woman to be nominated in the Best Director category.", "Although women remained in the minority in terms of film-making (as directors, writers, and producers), 2009 was a watershed year: (1) Kathryn Bigelow's Best Picture-winning The Hurt Locker (2009) marked the first ever Oscar win for a female director (and American director) as Best Director, (2) Betty Thomas became the most-successful female director at the domestic box-office, for her holiday hit Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel (2009) - it was the first female-directed film to gross more than $200 million (at $218 million in mid-March 2010), (3) director Anne Fletcher's The Proposal (2009) (starring Sandra Bullock) was a tremendous hit, scoring $164 million (domestic) at the box-office, (4) It's Complicated (2009), directed and written by Nancy Meyers and starring Meryl Streep, made $112 million (domestic) at the box-office, (5) Best Actress Oscar-winning Sandra Bullock in The Blind Side (2009) and veteran actress Meryl Streep both outperformed their male counterparts fairly consistently. Streep competed against Bullock and was Oscar-nominated for her lead role in writer/director Nora Ephron's Julie & Julia (2009), which made $94 million (domestic) at the box-office.", "Was the fourth woman to be nominated for the Directing Academy Award. The other three were: Lina Wertmüller , Jane Campion and Sofia Coppola . Bigelow ended up becoming the first woman to win the award.", "Bigelow's Best Director Oscar statuette for The Hurt Locker (2008) was presented to her by Barbra Streisand , the only woman ever to have won the Golden Globe for Best Director. (7 March 2010 / Kodak Theatre).", "32 year-old Sofia Coppola was only the third (and the youngest!) woman ever to be nominated for Best Director - and this was for her second film (following The Virgin Suicides (1999)). (The others, both unsuccessful, were Lina Wertmuller for Seven Beauties (1976) and Jane Campion for The Piano (1993). Coppola became the first American woman nominated for director. Coppola joins Campion as the only other female director to have been nominated for Best Picture and Best Director.) She was also nominated for a third Oscar for her film - Best Original Screenplay - and this was her only win this year.", "Kathryn Bigelow is the first woman to win an Oscar for best director. But is Hollywood really changing?", "Sofia Coppola for her Best Picture-nominated Lost in Translation (2003) - the first American woman nominated for Best Director and only the third woman ever to be nominated for Best Director", "'Argo' wins big prize, Day-Lewis sets record at Oscars Ang Lee is honored for best director, Anne Hathaway takes best supporting actress, and Christoph Waltz, 'Brave' and 'Amour' also win Academy Awards. Check out this story on USATODAY.com: http://usat.ly/VG9mQe", "Martin Scorsese's 3D film Hugo and silent movie The Artist topped the night with five wins apiece . The Artist took home several of the top awards, including best picture, director (Michel Hazanavicius) and actor (Jean Dujardin). The Iron Lady was the only other film to take home multiple awards with two honors, including Meryl Streep's third Oscar.", "Julia Phillips was the first female producer to win Best Picture award, for The Sting (1973). The first female to win the Best Director award was Kathryn Bigelow for The Hurt Locker (2008).", "Was the 123rd actress to receive an Academy Award; she won the Best Actress Oscar for The Hours (2002) at The 75th Annual Academy Awards (2003) on March 23, 2003.", "The most vesatile among the Top 25 Directors of all time, 4 of his films are listed in the AFI 100 top movies. He also has the unique record of winning the Oscar for Direction, Screenplay,and as producer; sharing this record with Billy Wilder, James L.Brooks, Peter Jackson & the Coen Bros .", "[on the Oscar for Best Director in 2010] It outrages me that it took so long for a woman to win the award, and that it was so unprecedented that everyone had to make such a fuss over it. It's infuriating the way men dominate everything, from TV in the UK to indie films to studio pictures. It really bugs me.", "herself as a distinguished writer and director. In 2004, she attained critical and commercial success with Lost in Translation, which earned her the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay.", "Edith Head (October 28, 1897 – October 24, 1981) was an American costume designer who won a record eight Academy Awards for Best Costume Design, starting with The Heiress (1949) and ending with The Sting (1973)." ]	[ 4.85546875, 2.75, 1.791015625, 1.3486328125, 1.03125, 0.2210693359375, 0.053924560546875, -0.89599609375, -1.08203125, -1.09765625, -1.2607421875, -1.4541015625, -1.4931640625, -1.578125, -1.791015625, -1.79296875, -1.8544921875, -2.0703125, -2.080078125, -2.16015625, -2.32421875, -2.3671875, -2.494140625, -2.509765625, -3.4375, -3.455078125, -3.6796875, -4.99609375, -5.3671875, -5.56640625, -6.671875, -6.86328125 ]
In what year was the best foreign film category introduced to the Academy Awards?	[ "In 1956, the regular competitive Oscar category of Best Foreign Language Film was introduced (the first award was actually presented at the 29th Academy Awards ceremony held in the spring of 1957).", "22. At the 29th Academy Awards ceremony in 1957, the Best Foreign Language Film category was introduced. Previously, the best foreign language film was simply acknowledge with a Special Achievement Award.", "23. At the 29th Academy Awards ceremony in 1957, the Best Foreign Language Film category was introduced. Previously, the best foreign language film was simply acknowledge with a Special Achievement Award.", "It should be noted that 1956 was the first year that the regular competitive category of Best Foreign Language Film was introduced. Foreign-language films would no longer be recognized with only a Special Achievement Honorary Award or with a Best Picture nomination (as in 1938) - see below.", "This was the year that the regular competitive category of Best Foreign Language film was introduced, instead of only being recognized as a special achievement Honorary Award or as a Best Picture nominee (as in 1938). The nominees were from West Germany, France, Japan, Italy, and Denmark. The first winner in this new category was Federico Fellini's La Strada with Anthony Quinn and a second nomination for Original Screenplay. Its win would help to create an interest in foreign-language films - with subtitles. Another Fellini film, The Nights of Cabiria (1957) would win the Best Foreign Language Film Oscar in the following year.", "When the first Academy Awards ceremony was held on May 16, 1929 to honor films released in 1927-1928, there was no separate category for foreign language films.", "The first winner in the new category of Best Foreign Language Film was Federico Fellini's La Strada (1956). Italian director Fellini holds the honor of most Oscar wins (4) for Best Foreign Language Film as a director, for:", "A bit of an upset occurred in the category of Best Foreign Language Film. The overwhelming favorite was the animated documentary Waltz With Bashir (Israel) (the Golden Globe winner for Best Foreign Language Film), the first animated film ever to be nominated for Best Foreign Language Film. But the category was won by Departures (Japan) (aka Okuribito), a film about an unemployed cello player who became a mortician preparing bodies (and \"assisting departures\") for funerals and burials. It was the first Japanese film to ever win a competitive Oscar for Best Foreign Language Film. [Note: Three Japanese films were previously given honorary Oscars before the official category of Best Foreign Language Film was created in 1956 - Rashomon (1950, Jp.), Gate of Hell (1953, Jp.) (aka Jigokumon), and Samurai I: Musashi Miyamoto (1954, Jp.).]", "Between 1947 and 1955, the Academy presented Special/Honorary Awards to the best foreign language films released in the United States. These awards, however, were not handed out on a regular basis. No award was given in 1953 , and were not competitive since there were no nominees but simply one winning film per year.", "Since the establishment of the Best Foreign-Language Picture, only five foreign movies have been nominated for Best Picture. CostaGavras's political thriller Z, a FrenchAlgerian coproduction starring Yves Montand and JeanLouis Trintignant, enjoyed a special position in 1969. Z won the Best Foreign Language Picture and it was also nominated in the general competitive category of Best Picture.", "The Best Foreign Film was Sergei Bondarchuk's 7 and a half hour epic War and Peace (aka Voyna i Mir) - originally, it lasted 507 minutes until being trimmed down for American audiences at nearly seven hours. Its award made it the longest film to ever win an Oscar. [The film was parodied in Woody Allen's Love and Death (1975).]", "Five films have the double honor of both Best Picture and Best Foreign Language Film nominations: Z (1969), The Emigrants (1972), Life is Beautiful (1998), Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000), and Amour (2012). The Emigrants (1972) was the only one of the five to receive the nominations in different years, and was the only one of the five to not receive the award for Best Foreign-Language Film.", "1935: Casta Diva by Carmine Gallone (Coppa Mussolini for the best Italian film); Anna Karenina (Usa) by Clarence Brown (Award for the best foreign film)", "All but five of these films are 1957 films that never seemed to have a U.S. release – the other five are all listed above in the films from other years. A number of these films were Golden Globe winners for Best Foreign Film (White Reindeer, Yellow Crow, Tizoc). The Lagoon of Desire was submitted for Best Foreign Film at the Oscars (many films submitted never seem to get an actual U.S. release), but Mother India was actually nominated, which makes its exclusion strange.", "In 1937 he made what became one of his best-known films, La Grande Illusion, starring Erich von Stroheim and Jean Gabin. A film on the theme of brotherhood, relating a series of escape attempts by French POWs during World War I, it was enormously successful. It was banned in Germany, and later in Italy, after having won the \"Best Artistic Ensemble\" award at the Venice Film Festival. It was the first foreign language film to receive a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Picture.", "He was nominated five times (see below) for the Academy Award as a director and once as a producer, but he never received an Oscar. However, he won Best Foreign Film for Anna Karenina, starring Garbo at the 1935 Venice International Film Festival. ", "{1951}: 'An American in Paris' was only the third musical to win the Academy Award for Best Picture. The two previous winners were: 'The Broadway Melody'-(1929) and 'The Great Ziegfeld'-(1936).<br/>The film was also the first to win a Golden Globe award for Best Motion Picture (comedy or musical). A newly-created category in the 1952 awards ceremony.<br/><br/>Link: <a href=\"http://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000003/1952\"><font color=\"red\">IMDb: Academy Awards, 1952</font></a>.<br/><br/>Link: <a href=\"http://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000292/1952\"><font color=\"red\">IMDb: Golden Globe Awards, 1952</font></a>.", "The 1st Academy Awards ceremony was held in 1929 with the award being split into \"Dramatic\" and \"Comedy\" categories; Frank Borzage and Lewis Milestone won for Seventh Heaven and Two Arabian Knights, respectively. However, these categories were merged for all subsequent ceremonies. Nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the directors branch of AMPAS; winners are selected by a plurality vote from the entire eligible voting members of the Academy. ", "The Best Foreign picture (receiving an Honorary Award) was director Akira Kurosawa's Rashomon - it was also the first post-war Japanese film to be shown widely in the West and to attract attention, and it made Kurosawa's favorite actor, Toshiro Mifune, a world famous star. Virtuoso dancer, film actor, singer, director and choreographer Gene Kelly received an Honorary Academy Award \"in appreciation of his versatility as an actor, singer, director and dancer, and specifically for his brilliant achievements in the art of choreography on film.\"", "Germany's Berlin International Film Festival (also known as the Berlinale) has been an important event since its inception in West Germany in 1951, but it wasn't until 1978 that it became an annual tradition. Judging by actual attendance, the Berlinale is actually the biggest film festival in the world. The event is a journalist and industry haven where studios come to show off their latest films and an elite group compete for its Golden Bear and Silver Bear awards. The Golden Bear award goes to the festival's Best Motion Picture while several Silver Bear awards are given for various individual areas, including direction, music and acting. The first year that a single film won the Golden Bear (the inaugural year of the festival 5 Golden Bear awards were handed out) was in 1952, with Sweden's Arne Mattsson taking home the statue for his film \"One Summer of Happiness.\" Chinese director Diao Yinan's film \"Black Coal, Thin Ice\" won the award in 2014.", "From Manhattan in 1979 to Irrational Man in 2015, this will be the fourteenth Out of Competition selection at Cannes for the American director, screenwriter, actor, writer and comedian. Woody Allen was born in New York on 1 December 1935 into a Jewish family of Russian-Austrian descent. A prolific film-maker for the past forty years, directing virtually a film a year since the 1970s, he is also a jazz clarinettist. His career in film began in 1965 with What’s New Pussycat? which he both wrote and acted in. Then came his directorial debut – What’s Up Tiger Lily? – in 1966. He soon began to star in his own films, going on to win four Oscars (for Annie Hall in 1978, Hannah and Her Sisters in 1987 and Midnight in Paris in 2012). He has been nominated twenty times for the famous award, which he has never turned up to collect. Manhattan, Match Point, Take the Money and Run, Vicky Cristina Barcelona, The Purple Rose of Cairo and Deconstructing Harry number among his other successes.", "75. 1942: For the first time, Oscar (the award) meets Oscar (the winner), as Oscar Hammerstein II wins for Best Original Song (“The Last Time I Saw Paris”), a feat he repeated in 1946.", "In 1950, the Hollywood Foreign Press Association made the decision to establish a special honorary award to recognize outstanding contributions to the entertainment industry. Recognizing its subject as an international figure within the entertainment industry, the first award was presented to director and producer, Cecil B. DeMille. The official name of the award thus became the Cecil B. DeMille Award. ", "The Honorary Lifetime Achievement Oscar went to 78 year-old famed Italian composer Ennio Morricone, best known for scoring Sergio Leone's films - in particular the spaghetti western \"Man With No Name\" trilogy including: A Fistful of Dollars (1964), For a Few Dollars More (1965), and The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly (1966). Other Leone films he scored included Once Upon a Time in the West (1968), A Fistful of Dynamite (1971), and Once Upon a Time in America (1984). He had five unsuccessful Academy Award nominations for Days of Heaven (1978) , The Mission (1986), The Untouchables (1987), Bugsy (1991) and Malena (2000).", "The Best Foreign Language Film Award is not presented to a specific individual. It is accepted by the winning film's director, but is considered an award for the submitted country as a whole.", "On 6 September 1985 Fellini was awarded the Golden Lion for lifetime achievement at the 42nd Venice Film Festival. That same year, he became the first non-American to receive the Film Society of Lincoln Center’s annual award for cinematic achievement.", "The two top films, with a combined 21 nominations and 10 Oscar wins, were both nostalgic odes to the history of film-making and the early bygone days of cinema, followed by a few other films also set in the past. Six of the nine Best Picture nominees were adapted from literary works, and the top two were both French-related, as was Woody Allen's nominee! The two top films were also competing against each other in seven categories.", "While in the industrialized nations of the West, motion pictures had first been accepted as a form of cheap recreation and leisure for the working class, Russian filmmaking came to prominence following the 1917 revolution when it explored editing as the primary mode of cinematic expression. Russian and later Soviet cinema was a hotbed of invention in the period immediately following the 1917 revolution, resulting in world-renowned films such as Battleship Potemkin. Soviet-era filmmakers, most notably Sergei Eisenstein and Andrei Tarkovsky, would become some of the world's most innovative and influential directors.", "** MGM's Technicolor musical film, An American in Paris, starring Gene Kelly and Leslie Caron, premieres in New York. It was directed by Vincente Minnelli. It would go on to win 6 Academy Awards, including Best Picture.", "Luise Rainer and Paul Muni, both Austrians, are accorded Hollywood’s highest acting honors at the academy banquet at the Biltmore Hotel. The academy for the first time recognizes supporting performances.", "When Luis Buñuel died at age 83, his obituary in the New York Times called him \"an iconoclast, moralist, and revolutionary who was a leader of avant-garde surrealism in his youth and a dominant international movie director half a century later\". His first picture—made in the silent era—was called \"the most famous short film ever made\" by critic Roger Ebert, and his last film—made 48 years later—won him Best Director awards from the National Board of Review and the National Society of Film Critics. Writer Octavio Paz called Buñuel's work \"the marriage of the film image to the poetic image, creating a new reality...scandalous and subversive\".", "When Luis Buñuel died at age 83, his obituary in The New York Times called him \"an iconoclast, moralist and revolutionary who was a leader of avant-garde surrealism in his youth and a dominant international movie director half a century later.\" His first picture—made in the silent era—was called \"the most famous short film ever made\" by critic Roger Ebert, and his last film—made 48 years later—won him Best Director awards from the National Board of Review and the National Society of Film Critics. Writer Octavio Paz called Buñuel's work \"the marriage of the film image to the poetic image, creating a new reality,... scandalous and subversive.\"" ]	[ 6.109375, 5.95703125, 5.92578125, 4.19921875, 3.80078125, 2.1328125, 1.92578125, 1.849609375, 1.501953125, 0.263427734375, -0.13916015625, -0.493408203125, -1.15234375, -1.166015625, -1.8212890625, -2.169921875, -2.21484375, -2.38671875, -2.701171875, -3.26953125, -4.08203125, -4.8359375, -5.0078125, -5.0390625, -5.1953125, -6.26171875, -7.8125, -7.8515625, -8.1953125, -8.6171875, -10.234375, -10.25 ]
What was the name of author A. A. Milne's son, the name of whom he used in his Winnie The Pooh books?	[ "Christopher Robin Milne (21 August 1920 – 20 April 1996) was the son of author A. A. Milne. As a child, he was the basis of the character Christopher Robin in his father's Winnie-the-Pooh stories and in two books of poems.", "[Alan Alexander [A. A.] Milne (18 January 1882 – 31 January 1956) was an English author. Milne is most famous for his two Pooh books about a boy named Christopher Robin after his son, and various characters inspired by his sons stuffed animals, most notably the bear named Winnie-the-Pooh. Christopher Robin Milnes stuffed bear, originally named [Edward], was renamed [Winnie-the-Pooh] after a Canadian black bear named Winnie (after Winnipeg), which was used as a military mascot in World War I, and left to London Zoo during the war. [The pooh] comes from a swan called [Pooh]. E. H. Shepard illustrated the original Pooh books, using his own sons teddy, Growler ([a magnificent bear]), as the model. Christopher Robin Milnes own toys are now under glass in New York.", "The author A.A. Milne and his son Christopher Robin frequently came to see Winnie. Milne decided to name his fictional character, Pooh Bear, after her, and so Winnie the Pooh was born.", "In one of the most enduringly adored series in children's literature, AA Milne used his son Christopher's love for a small toy teddy bear to create the world of Pooh. Winnie the Pooh arrived in the bookshops in 1926, Now We are Six a year later, and The House at Pooh Corner in 1928.", "Winnie-the-Pooh (also referred to in the stories and poems about him as Edward Bear, Pooh Bear, Pooh and simply Bear) is a fictional character who features in novels and poems for children written by A.A. Milne and illustrated by E.H. Shepard. He first appeared, as Edward Bear, in the poem \"Teddy Bear\" from Milne's 1924 poetry collection When We Were Very Young . He appears in some poems and several illustrations in Milne's 1927 book of poetry Now We Are Six and is the main character in the 1926 novel Winnie-the-Pooh and its sequel The House at Pooh Corner which was first published in 1928. The character was inspired by the toy stuffed bear that was given to the author's son, Christopher Robin Milne, when he was one year old.", "Milne named the character Winnie-the-Pooh after a teddy bear owned by his son, Christopher Robin Milne , who was the basis for the character Christopher Robin . His toys also lent their names to most of the other characters, except for Owl and Rabbit , as well as the Gopher character, who was added in the Disney version. Christopher Robin's toy bear is now on display at the Main Branch of the New York Public Library in New York . [2]", "Milne is most famous for his two Pooh books about a boy named Christopher Robin after his son, and various characters inspired by his son's stuffed animals, most notably the bear named Winnie-the-Pooh. Christopher Robin Milne's stuffed bear, originally named \"Edward\", was renamed \"Winnie-the-Pooh\" after a Canadian black bear named Winnie (after Winnipeg), which was used as a military mascot in World War I, and left to London Zoo during the war. \"The pooh\" comes from a swan called \"Pooh\". E. H. Shepard illustrated the original Pooh books, using his own son's teddy, Growler (\"a magnificent bear\"), as the model. Christopher Robin Milne's own toys are now under glass in New York.", "Winnie-the-Pooh was written by English author A. A. Milne and was illustrated by E. H. Shepard. It was first published on October 14, 1926. The inspiration for the setting came from Ashdown Forest, which was near the country home that Milne purchased in 1925. The Winnie-the-Pooh character was named after a teddy bear that his son had owned and the character Christopher Robin is named after his son. The real stuffed toys that inspired all of the characters are on display in the Stephen A. Schwarzman Building in New York.", "A.A. Milne grew up in a school - his parents ran Henley House in Kilburn, for young boys - but never intended to be a children's writer. Pooh he saw as a pleasant sideline to his main career as a playwright and regular scribe for the satirical literary magazine, Punch. Writing was very much the dominant feature of A.A. (Alan Alexander)'s life. He joined the staff of Punch in 1906, and became Assistant Editor. In the course of two decades he fought in the First World War, wrote some 18 plays and three novels, and fathered a son, Christopher Robin Milne, in 1920 (although he described the baby as being more his wife's work than his own!). Observations of little Christopher led Milne to produce a book of children's poetry, When We Were Very Young, in 1924, and in 1926 the seminal Winnie-the-Pooh. More poems followed in Now We Are Six (1927) and Pooh returned in The House at Pooh Corner (1928). After that, in spite of enthusiastic demand, Milne declined to write any more children's stories as he felt that, with his son growing up, they would now only be copies based on a memory. In one way, Christopher Robin turned out to be more famous than his father, though he became uncomfortable with his fame as he got older, preferring to avoid the literary limelight and run a bookshop in Dartmouth. Nevertheless, he published three volumes of his reminiscences before his death in 1996. show more", "A. A. Milne is the famous author of Winnie the Pooh and other great children’s books. A. A. stands for Alan Alexander, he was born on January 18,1882. He was born in Hampstead, London, England to John V. Milne and Sarah Marie. Alan was their youngest son.", "Milne married Dorothy \"Daphne\" de Sélincourt in 1913 and their son Christopher Robin Milne was born in 1920. In 1925, A. A. Milne bought a country home, Cotchford Farm, in Hartfield, East Sussex.", "Milne married Dorothy \"Daphne\" de Sélincourt in 1913 and their son Christopher Robin Milne was born in 1920. In 1925, A. A. Milne bought a country home, Cotchford Farm, in Hartfield, East Sussex. ", "The tales were inspired by Milne’s own son (immortalised as Christopher Robin) and his cuddly toys. However, the image of Pooh that we have come to know and love was based on the favoured toy bear of illustrator Ernest Shepard’s son.", "Alan Alexander \"A. A.\" Milne (18 January 1882 – 31 January 1956), was an English author, best known for his books about the teddy bear Winnie-the-Pooh and for various children's poems. Milne was a noted writer, primarily as a playwright, before the huge success of Pooh overshadowed all his previous work.", "Christopher Robin Milne was born at 11 Mallord St, Chelsea, London at 8 am to author Alan Alexander Milne and Dorothy Milne (née de Sélincourt). He was delivered by Bessie Bashford, a Midwife trained at St Bartholomew's Hospital London who moved in with the couple a month before the birth of their baby. His parents had expected the baby to be a girl, and had chosen the name Rosemary. When it turned out to be a boy, they initially intended to call him Billy, but decided that would be too informal. They gave him two first names to help distinguish him from other Milnes; each parent chose a name. Although he was officially named Christopher Robin, his parents often referred to him as \"Billy\". When he began to talk, he pronounced his surname as Moon instead of Milne. After that, his family would often call him \"Billy\", \"Moon\", or \"Billy Moon\". In later life, he became known as simply \"Christopher\".", "A. A. Milne was born in Kilburn, London, on Jan. 18, 1882. His first published writings were for a student magazine called Granta. He later became a contributor and assistant editor for Punch, a British humor magazine. He married Dorothy Selincourt in 1913 and they had one child, Christopher Robin. Milne acknowledged that his wife and child were the inspiration for his Pooh stories. In 1924, Milne published a collection of poetry for children called “When We Were Very Young,” and in 1925, he published a collection of short stories that became part of the Winnie the Pooh books. The book, “Winnie-the-Pooh,” was first published in 1926. Most of the characters were based on Christopher Robin’s toy stuffed animals. “The House at Pooh Corner” was published in 1928. A. A. Milne died Jan. 31, 1956, at the age of 74.", "Christopher Robin Milne was born August 21, 1920 in Chelsea. His father , despite the affability which his children's books suggest, was distant, though amiable, with his one and only son. In keeping with Middle Class English tradition in the 1920's, Christopher Robin was brought up by a Nanny who looked after him most of the day. He was taken formally downstairs three times a day to visit his parents. Small, shy and unself possessed, Christopher Milne was clever with his hands. He loved sewing, knitting and making tapestry pictures. He dismantled clocks and locks, rigged up burglar alarms, and even turned a toy pistol into a dangerous weapon.", "In 1926, A.A. Milne gave the fictional character Winnie-the-Pooh, named after Lieutenant Colebourn's bear, to Christopher Robin and his friends for posterity. Winnie died at the London Zoo on May 12, 1934.", "The first collection of Pooh stories appeared in the book Winnie-the-Pooh. The Evening News Christmas story reappeared as the first chapter of the book. At the beginning, it explained that Pooh was in fact Christopher Robin's Edward Bear, who had been renamed by the boy. He was renamed after a black bear at London Zoo called Winnie who got her name from the fact that her owner had come from Winnipeg, Canada. The book was published in October 1926 by the publisher of Milne's earlier children's work, Methuen, in England, and E. P. Dutton in the United States. ", "A.A. Milne, in full Alan Alexander Milne (born January 18, 1882, London , England —died January 31, 1956, Hartfield, Sussex ), English humorist, the originator of the immensely popular stories of Christopher Robin and his toy bear, Winnie-the-Pooh .", "The White River District Historical Society has received touching and sometimes humorous letters from those who knew the Milne family or visited Winnie at the Zoo. A.A. Milne passed away January 31, 1956. Christopher Robin Milne, who passed away April 20, 1996, had previously been in touch with the Historical Society and autographed six books, three books that his father wrote as well as three books he had written. These are on display in the Museum.", "Milne, A. A. (Alexander Alan). Winnie-the-Pooh: The Complete Tales of Winnie-the-Pooh. With decorations by Ernest H. Shepard. New York: Dutton Children's Books, c1994.", "Milne, A. A. (Alexander Alan). Winnie-the-Pooh. With decorations by Ernest H. Shepard, first edition. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc.; New York: Dell Publishing Co.; London: Methuen & Co., 1926.", "Alan Alexander Milne, author of the famous [Winnie the Pooh] books for children. (Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images). Circa 1920", "Milne, A. A. (Alexander Alan). Tales of Pooh (Selections from Winnie-the-Pooh and The House at Pooh Corner) London : Methuen, 1930.", "Milne presented ‘Winnie-the-Pooh’ to his publishers, who were at the time expecting a suspense novel from him. However, after the success of his first book ‘When We Were Very Young’, the publishers decided to go along with Milne and ‘Winnie-the-Pooh’ was published byMethuen on October 14th 1926. The world was thus introduced to the magical world and adventures of a little boy and his family of toy animals.", "In 1928, Milne’s last children’s book, The House at Pooh Corner, features Christopher Robin preparing for boarding school. An illustration later produced by artist E.H. Shepard showed the boy kicking Pooh away.", "The House at Pooh Corner (1928) is the second volume of stories about Winnie-the-Pooh, written by A. A. Milne and illustrated by E. H. Shepard. It is notable for the introduction of the character Tigger.", "Children's Books: A.A. Milne (1882-1956) publishes \"Winnie the Pooh,\" one of the most popular children’s books ever written.", "Not yet known as Pooh, he made his first appearance in a poem, \"Teddy Bear\", published in Punch magazine in February 1924. Pooh first appeared in the London Evening News on Christmas Eve, 1925, in a story called \"The Wrong Sort Of Bees\". Winnie-the-Pooh was published in 1926, followed by The House at Pooh Corner in 1928. A second collection of nursery rhymes, Now We Are Six, was published in 1927. All three books were illustrated by E. H. Shepard. Milne also published four plays in this period. He also \"gallantly stepped forward\" to contribute a quarter of the costs of dramatising P. G. Wodehouse's A Damsel in Distress. The World of Pooh won the Lewis Carroll Shelf Award in 1958.", "Milne, A. A. (Alexander Alan). The House at Pooh Corner. London : Methuen, 1973 (full color edition).", "The 'Winnie-the-Pooh' character first appeared in a poem by A.A. Milne published in 1924; the original book about Winnie-the-Pooh was published in October 1926; Milne published" ]	[ 8.4453125, 7.92578125, 7.78515625, 7.171875, 7.1484375, 6.97265625, 6.22265625, 5.375, 5.0546875, 4.3359375, 3.5390625, 3.5390625, 3.47265625, 2.017578125, 1.798828125, 1.703125, 1.05078125, 0.771484375, 0.07916259765625, -0.041748046875, -0.446044921875, -0.78515625, -1.1826171875, -1.3193359375, -2.09765625, -2.771484375, -2.896484375, -3.48828125, -3.5390625, -3.646484375, -3.91796875, -4.43359375 ]
What is the profession of a leprechaun?	[ "In all Leprechaun legends, and almost every single Leprechaun story, their main trade is that of a cobbler or shoemaker. These cobblers were leather workers and tanners. In addition to producing shoes, they made such things as shields, as well as clothing, bowls and buckets. They were known as craft specialists, the professionals in the community, and were paid lots of money for their work.", "Other researchers say that the word leprechaun may be derived from the Irish leath bhrogan, meaning shoemaker. Indeed, though leprechauns are often associated with riches and gold, in folklore their main vocation is anything but glamorous: they are humble cobblers, or shoemakers. Shoemaking is apparently a lucrative business in the fairy world, since each leprechaun is said to have his own pot of gold, which can often be found at the end of a rainbow.", "Now a Leprechaun is a fairy of peculiar tastes, properties and powers, which it is necessary to acquaint the reader with. His taste as to occupation is very humble, for he employs himself in making shoes, and he loves retirement, being fond of shady nooks, where he can sit alone and pursue his avocation undisturbed. He is quite a hermit in this respect, for there is no instance on record of two Leprechauns being seen together.", "Leprechaun is a type of fairy in Irish folklore, usually taking the form of an old man, clad in a red or green coat, who enjoys partaking in mischief. The Leprechauns spend all their time busily making shoes, and store away all their coins in a hidden pot of gold at the end of the rainbow.", "The Leprechaun is well known for their love of Irish music and traditional dance . They’ll often hold Celi’s that can last for days. They are expert musicians when it comes to playing the tin whistle , the fiddle , Bodhrán , and even the Irish harp .", "They are considered the only faerie to have a trade which is that of shoe-making. Its believed because Leprechauns dance so much they are always in need of new shoes,", "The Leprechaun a fairy type fellow loves music. Especially the harp and the tin whistle. He's quite the trickster too. His shenanigans and playfullness sometimes give him a bad name, but he's a jolly chap and only plays mean when he's goaded to do so.", "Hot on his heels is the leprechaun Og, desperate to recover his stolen crock before he turns human. Among those involved in the ensuing shenanigans are Woody Mahoney, a ne'er-do-well dreamer who woos Sharon; his mute sister Susan, who expresses herself in dance; Woody's good friend and business partner Howard, an African-American botanist determined to grow mentholated tobacco; and bombastic Senator Billboard Rawkins, who wears his bigotry as if it were a badge of honor.", "Leprechauns - Small, bearded men who have a pot of gold at the end of the rainbow.", "The Leprechaun is one of Ireland’s more famous characters from Irish folklore who have become renowned all over the world. The mischievous Leprechaun has captured the imagination of millions of people over the years and there are tales from some of how they’ve sighted these wee folk in the Irish countryside.", "The Loch Ness Monster is a cryptid that is reputed to inhabit Loch Ness in the Scottish Highlands. The legendary monster has been affectionately referred to by the nickname Nessie since the 1950s. [248] The Leprechaun figures large in Irish folklore. A mischievous fairy type creature in emerald green clothing who when not playing tricks spend all their time busily making shoes, the Leprechaun is said to have a pot of gold hidden at the end of the rainbow , and if ever captured by a human it has the magical power to grant three wishes in exchange for release. [249] In mythology, English fairy tales such as Jack and the Beanstalk and Jack the Giant Killer helped form the modern perception of giants as stupid and violent, while the dwarf Tom Thumb is a traditional hero in English folklore.", "The Leprechaun is a favorite character of Irish myth and legend. He's quite the main star in many movies and novels alike.", "By dressing in drag. Apparently the Leprechaun is partial to big scary women and they plan on getting into his crib by acting as \"fly bitches.\" It seems the Leprechaun already has a reputation for loving his weed and his sweet honeys, so they decide to cash in on that by mixing up a special joint (MOM THAT MEANS A MARIJUANA CIGARETTE) that has 4-leaf clovers on it. In case you've forgotten because it hasn't been mentioned since the first film, 4-leaf clovers are the bane of leprechauns. In this case, smoking them puts him to sleep. Of course even after they get close enough to him (and listening to him say \"Come close, come closer my dear sweet lass....let me look at you before I tap that ass\") he doesn't seem to pass out...causing out main hero to be lured FAR TOO close to him. His reward, besides getting to grope a Leprechaun's erection (aaaaaaaahhh!) is this rather intimate look:", "In Irish folklore and English folklore, the color was sometimes was associated with witchcraft, and with faeries and spirits.Williams, Margaret. The Pearl Poet, His Complete Works. Random House, 1967. The type of Irish fairy known as a leprechaun is commonly portrayed wearing a green suit, though before the 20th century he was usually described as wearing a red suit.", "Leprechauns are an especially powerful type of fairy. In whatever human form they take, they are normally-sized. They can travel great distances in the blink of an eye and overpower humans easily. They may be capable of feats even beyond the reach of angels , as a leprechaun claims to Sam that he is able to retrieve his soul from Lucifer's Cage because they have \"a way of getting in back doors\", although the validity of this claim is never proven. Only one has appeared so far.", "In Irish mythology, the pot of gold is hidden at the end of a rainbow by a small member of the fairy family called the leprechaun. Humans who are lucky enough to spot a leprechaun by following the rainbow may still have problems catching him because the fairies bestowed upon leprechauns the magical ability to disappear.", "Leprechauns-An ancient character found in fairytales. The leprechauns survived time and Christianity and can be found in myths during pagan times.", "According to Colin Chapman, leprechauns are \"given to excess, nothing appeals to a Leprechaun like a binge of whiskey, Guinness, pipe tobacco and snuff, and despite their small stature they can handle surprising quantities of alcohol.\"", "According to Irish legends, people lucky enough to find a leprechaun and capture him (or, in some stories, steal his magical ring, coin or amulet) can barter his freedom for his treasure. Leprechauns are usually said to be able to grant the person three wishes. But dealing with leprechauns can be a tricky proposition.", "These days, it seems that even a toddler with a very loose grasp on the English language can identify a leprechaun thanks to its green clothes, red beard and short derby hat. Early Irish folklore, however, describes this mischievous being quite differently. According to the 1831 book ‘Legends and Stories of Ireland’ by Irish novelist Samuel Lover , Ireland’s ancestors described leprechauns as short beings dressed in red who wore a “cocked hat” or a tri-cornered hat. So really you should be pinching your pals for not wearing a red sweater.", "put on their cards. A Leprechaun looks like a small, old man (about 2 feet tall), often", "Celtic (Welsh, Irish) God, also known as Lleu, Llew and Lugh the Many Skilled. He is a druid, carpenter, poet, and mason. His animals are the raven and the lynx. He symbolizes healing, reincarnation, prophecy, and revenge. Also a Sun God as well hence the Pagan Sabbath Lughnasadh, his namesake. Son of Cian, a Tuatha de Danaan. Of legend, his skills were without end; in Ireland he was associated with ravens; and a white stag as his symbol in Wales. He had a magic spear and otherworldly hounds.", "An evil, sadistic Leprechaun goes on a killing rampage in search of his beloved pot of gold.", "On the eve of St. Patrick’s Day, activists dressed up as leprechauns appeared in front of the Embassy of Ireland in Washington, D.C. to protest Irish taxpayer money being used to pay debts of the Anglo-Irish Bank and the Irish Nationwide Building Society. The event was organized by Jubilee Network USA, an alliance of labor organization and churches promoting global economic justice, in association with civil groups in Ireland. ‘These debts are not the responsibility of the Irish people, and they should not be forced to pay,’ the activists wrote in a letter presented to the Embassy.", "In Ireland, today, people celebrate Halloween by dressing up in costume (usually of the ghoul or goblin variety), making bonfires (akin to their Celtic forefathers who were warding off evil spirits who returned from the underworld on that day), and setting off fireworks. Children go door to door in costume and receive sweets. Houses are decorated with pumpkins carved as faces, illuminated from within by candlelight. Barmbrack is a traditional Halloween cake (fruit bread) in Ireland. Traditionally, bakers placed a piece of rag, a coin and a ring in each cake. Each member of the family then took a slice. Persons receiving the rag would have a doubtful financial future. The coin boded a prosperous year. The ring ensured impending romance or happiness. Modern-day barm brack usually only includes the ring.", "The most famous (or infamous) Irish fairy of them all is the stuff of many a fantasy and folktale and one of Ireland's most beloved symbols. The leprechaun legend is especially popular around St. Patrick's Day. Here's a brief overview of this famous Irish legend.", "WHILE Ireland's political parties fought for supremacy last weekend, an over-sized leprechaun was making waves across East Cork.", "Ever since Finn McCool and his Fianna exercised on the Curragh of Kildare in mythological times soldiering has been a popular profession in Ireland.", "A representation of a Clurichaun in T. C. Croker's Fairy Legends and Traditions of the South of Ireland", "The Irish mythological heros were summoned to Emain Ablach, (Emain of the Apple Trees) or the Avalon equivalent, ï¿½Avallachï¿½. This was done by an ï¿½other-worldly woman who brings the hero a silver-white blossomed apple branch from Emainï¿½ï¿½ Some believe these legends to be rooted in descriptions of druidic ceremonies.", "9. Celebrants often prepare talismans to use during Imbolc ceremonies and then keep in their homes. These include a Brideog -- a small straw doll dressed in white cloth -- and a Brigid's Cross, also often woven from straw.", "Irish mythology was originally a spoken tradition, but much of it was eventually written down in the Middle Ages by Christian monks, who Christianized it to some extent. Nevertheless, these tales may shed some light on what Samhain meant and how it was marked in ancient Ireland." ]	[ 4.2890625, 4.02734375, 3.458984375, 1.564453125, 0.94287109375, 0.8349609375, -1.40234375, -1.80859375, -2.12109375, -2.2265625, -2.2421875, -2.515625, -2.66796875, -2.900390625, -3.541015625, -3.556640625, -3.623046875, -4.23046875, -4.265625, -4.4609375, -4.69921875, -4.9609375, -5.27734375, -5.4296875, -5.80078125, -5.83203125, -6.62109375, -7.24609375, -8.8671875, -9.8359375, -10.6484375, -10.7890625 ]
Lanzarote and Tenerife are part of which group of islands?	[ "Lanzarote (;), a Spanish island, is the easternmost of the autonomous Canary Islands, in the Atlantic Ocean, approximately 125 km off the coast of Africa and 1000 km from the Iberian Peninsula. Covering , it is the fourth largest of the islands in the archipelago. With 141,938 inhabitants, Lanzarote is the third most populous island of the Canary Islands, after Tenerife and Gran Canaria. In the center-west of the island is the Timanfaya National Park, which is one of the main attractions of Lanzarote. Its capital is Arrecife.", "Tenerife is the largest island in the Canary Islands group, covering 2,058 kmÂ² and also has Spain's highest mountain, the 3,718 m Mt Teide.", "Tenerife is one of seven islands that make up the Canarian archipelago. Together, they form the Autonomous Community of the Canary Islands, which is divided into two provinces: Santa Cruz de Tenerife (covering La Palma, El Hierro, La Gomera and Tenerife) and Las Palmas (Lanzarote, Fuerteventura and Gran Canaria). All of the islands are washed by Atlantic waters and they all have their own attractions and unique landscapes that make them fantastic tourist destinations that you won't want to miss.", "The Canary Islands (also just called “the Canaries”) includes the islands of Gran Canaria, La Palma, Tenerife, Lanzarote, Fuerteventura, and the lesser known La Gomera and El Hierro.", "Tenerife (;) is the largest and most populated island of the seven Canary Islands; it is also the most populated island of Spain, with a land area of and 898,680 inhabitants, 43 percent of the total population of the Canary Islands. Tenerife is also the largest and most populous island of Macaronesia. ", "Tenerife, in the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa, belonging to Spain, is a popular destination for holidaymakers worldwide. Tenerife is the largest (2034 sq km) and highest (3718 m) of the Canary Islands. Mount Teide is Spain's highest mountain. The South of Tenerife, particularly Playa de las Americas, is famous for its nightlife scene. The south has both superb dark and golden beaches attracting many tourists, whilst the north of Tenerife is built around the thriving capital city of Santa Cruz. Tenerife has an estimated population of 655,656.", "Lanzarote Island is told to be the first island of the Canary Archipelago to be settled. First settlers may be Phoenicians, which discovered island three thousand years ago. It took many centuries of changing owners of the island, unless in 1927 Lanzarote, along with Fuerteventura, became part of the province of Las Palmas. The government of nowadays island is located in its capital, Arrecife. Now it is part of Spain and most of the residents are Spanish.", "The most northeasterly of the Canary Islands, Lanzarote is a deservedly spectacular tourist destination and part of the country of Spain. Lanzarote is famed for its glorious coastline and sandy beaches, which are both clean and extremely inviting. The many beaches of Lanzarote have long been amongst the island's most popular tourist attractions, together with an unusual volcanic landscape, and a number of appealing towns and villages.", "Spain’s seven Canary Islands rise out of the Atlantic off the west coast of Africa, 1,500km from mainland Europe. The differences between the islands are a constant surprise. Lively beach resorts and unspoiled interior regions draw holidaymakers all year round to the largest islands of Tenerife and Gran Canaria. Volcanic Lanzarote is the driest island and nearest to Africa. Outdoor activities and the simple life are the attraction of sandy Fuerteventura and green, tranquil La Palma, the most westerly.", "Lanzarote island, Las Palmas provincia (province), in the Canary Islands comunidad autónoma (autonomous community), Spain. It is the easternmost of the Canary Islands, in the North Atlantic Ocean. Although it rises to only 2,198 feet (670 metres) at Peñas del...", "The Canary Islands lie 680 mi. (1,100 km.) southwest of Spain and about 70 mi. (110 km.) west of Morocco. The islands are divided into two provinces, Santa Cruz de Tenerife and Las Palmas. Santa Cruz de Tenerife is made up of the islands of Tenerife, Gomera, La Palma, and Hierro. Las Palmas includes Grand Canary, Fuerteventura, and Lanzarote islands and six islets. For the most part the climate is warm and pleasant. Tourism is important to the islands' economy. Bananas and tobacco are grown for export. Other crops include sugarcane, citrus fruits, grapes, dates, and grains.", "The main islands are (from largest to smallest) Tenerife, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Lanzarote, La Palma, La Gomera and El Hierro. The archipelago also includes a number of islands and islets: La Graciosa, Alegranza, Isla de Lobos, Montaña Clara, Roque del Oeste and Roque del Este. In ancient times, the island chain was often referred to as \"the Fortunate Isles\". Due to its geographical situation, the Canary Islands is the region most austral of Spain. The Canary Islands is the largest and most populated archipelago of the Macaronesia region. ", "Search for holiday rentals in The Canary Islands consists of 9 islands and a handful of islets. There are 7 major islands: El Hierro, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, La Gomera, La Palma, Lanzarote and Tenerife. The 2 minor islands are La Graciosa and Lobos.", "Tenerife island, Santa Cruz de Tenerife provincia (province), Canary Islands comunidad autónoma (autonomous community), Spain, located in the Atlantic Ocean opposite the northwestern coast of Africa. It is the largest of the Canary Islands. The narrower northeastern...", "Canary Islands guide \| El Hierro, Fuerteventura, Gomera, Gran Canaria, Lanzarote, La Palma, Tenerife \| Spanish-Living.com", "The Canary Islands are made up of seven main islands and six islets. It has a total surface area of 7,446 squared kilometers, of which 1,114 is coastline and 257 kilometers of beach. The smallest island is El Hierro ( 269 squared kilometers) followed by La Gomera ( 369 squared kilometers ) La Palma (708 squared kilometers) Lanzarote (846 squared kilometers) Fuerteventura ( 1,660 kilometers)and in the province of Las Palmas, Gran Canaria ( 1,560 squared kilometers. The biggest island is Tenerife ( 2,034 squared kilometers).", "Lanzarote is different, not only compared to the other Canary islands, but to everything else on this planet. On this tour you will visit Haria with its gorgeous views over the valley of 1,000 palm trees: a green oasis in the midst of Lanzarote's arid landscape. Afterwards you will travel to the village of Maguez where the Volcan de La Corona (Volcano of the Crown) rises up before you. Continuing with the tour you will reach the town of Ye with the Mirador Del Rio. It stands 479 metres high up on the top of the Famara Massive allowing for a magnificent view of the small group of islands and islets to the north of Lanzarote, known as the \"Archipielago Chinijo\" (The Tiny Archipielago). Then on to the “Jameos del Agua” cave, the last stop on the route. This remarkable space is the result of volcanic activity and was decorated by the famous artist Cesar Manrique. The journey back passes by the wood loose cultivating lands near the villages of Mala and Guatiza.", "Lanzarote and Fuerteventura are the most eastern islands of the archipelago. They have no lush and green forest as La Gomera. Both Fuerteventura and Lanzarote are similar.", "CRUISE ITINERARY Malaga – Cruising – Tenerife Canary Islands – Lanzarote Canary Islands – Cruising – Malaga", "From the oldest to the youngest, the islands are Lanzarote, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La Gomera, La Palma and El Hierro. In fact, La Palma and El Hierro, the youngest of the island chain, are still above the oceanic hot spot of slow-moving, thick oceanic plates and thus still in their shield building phase.", "Canary Islands group of islands in the Atlantic, off northwest Africa, forming a region of Spain. (The Old Man and the Sea)", "The Canary Islands (; ,), also known as the Canaries (), are an archipelago and autonomous community of Spain located just off the southern coast of Morocco, 100 km west of its southern border. The Canaries are among the outermost regions (OMR) of the European Union proper. It is also one of the eight regions with special consideration of Historical Nationality recognized as such by the Spanish Government. ", "The Balearic Islands (; ; ) are an archipelago of Spain in the western Mediterranean Sea, near the eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula.", "The Canary Islands (Spanish Islas Canarias) (28 deg 06' N, 15 deg 24' W) are an archipelago of the Kingdom of Spain consisting of seven islands of volcanic origin in the Atlantic Ocean. They are located off the north-western coast of Africa (Morocco and the Western Sahara). The nearest island is 108 km from the northwest African coast. They form an autonomous community of Spain.", "The Canary Islands are an archipelago of thirteen islands located off the coast of Morocco. The islands were originally inhabited by the Guanche people, but were colonized by Queen Catherine of Castile. During the fifteenth century, they were controlled by Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal, but Spain regained control in 1479. Spain completed its conquest of the islands in 1496 and used them as a port of western exploration. Due to their importance to Spanish trade, they were frequently attacked by pirates and privateers such as Sir Francis Drake in 1595. The islands were granted autonomy in 1982. ", "The Canary Islands are located off the north-western coast of Africa, in the Atlantic Ocean. The official name is Autonomous Community of the Canary Islands and the archipelago is art of Spain.", "Tenerife is the biggest of the major islands and is strangely left out by American tourists when they visit. The islandâs center of attraction is the Pico del Teide and a cable lift is ready to take visitors to the highest point of the archipelago. The word ethereal comes to mind with a close view of the majestic volcano and the rest of the island.", "César Manrique (1919-1992), the famed Canarian artist, was born on Lanzarote. Not just an artist and designer, Manrique was also an energetic environmental campaigner and willing to turn his ideas into action. It is thanks to his vigorous efforts that Lanzarote is relatively unspoilt. He was a great advocate of sustainable tourism and that tourism did not have to mean destruction of the local environment. Manrique believed that any development should use local materials and blend in with its environment. Apart from the many examples of his work to be found on Lanzarote, the most recent example of his philosophy is the Playa Jardín on Tenerife (north coast, La Orotava Valley, between Punta Brava and Puerto de la Cruz). Manrique tragically died in a fatal car crash near his home in 1992.", "The islands are all very unique in their own way and may have different appeals to different people. The most visible landmark on the island of Tenerife is Mount Teide (3,718 m) which is the third highest volcano in the world (after Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea in Hawaii).", "Lanzarote — Low lying and arid, with a spectacular volcanic landscape in the west of the island (National Park of Timanfaya). The capital is Arrecife and has its own airport (ACE code). Lanzarote is also of volcanic origin. The island, along with others, emerged after the breakup of the African and the American continental plates. The greatest recorded eruptions occurred between 1730 and 1736. This area is preserved as the Timanfaya National Park.", "Lanzarote — Low lying and arid, with a spectacular volcanic landscape in the west of the island (National Park of Timanfaya). The capital is Arrecife and has its own airport (ACE). Lanzarote is also of volcanic origin.", "Lanzarote is also a great place to explore - it has many natural features which are unique. These include" ]	[ 6.3671875, 6.13671875, 5.9453125, 5.296875, 5.0390625, 4.296875, 4.109375, 3.9765625, 3.095703125, 3.00390625, 2.849609375, 2.810546875, 2.70703125, 2.48828125, 2.38671875, 2.314453125, 1.15625, 0.67578125, 0.6689453125, 0.51708984375, -0.4609375, -0.7880859375, -0.81982421875, -1.0634765625, -1.46875, -1.7978515625, -2.375, -4.0859375, -4.3125, -4.70703125, -4.73828125, -6.39453125 ]
What colour is Sonic the Hedgehog?	[ "Sonic the Hedgehog, first introduced in 1991, is a blue anthropomorphic hedgehog which is the title character in several videogames, comic strips and animated cartoons by Sega.", "Sonic the Hedgehog is a blue hedgehog who lives on South Island with his animal friends. He encounters an evil scientist named Doctor Ivo Robotnik, known as Dr. Eggman in the Japanese version, for the first time. Dr. Robotnik/Eggman seeks to obtain the powerful Chaos Emeralds so that he can take over the world, and sets about transforming animals into robots to serve his ends. [4 ] Realizing Dr. Robotnik/Eggman's evil ambitions, Sonic pursues him through several of the world's \"Zones\" before eventually defeating him in Scrap Brain Zone. Following this victory, Sonic returns home to South Island to rejoin his friends and to resume his normal life. If the player was able to collect all the Chaos Emeralds, their power produces new plant life in the Green Hill Zone, which surprises Sonic.", "Sonic is a blue anthropomorphic hedgehog who has the ability to run at supersonic speeds and the ability to curl into a ball, primarily to attack enemies. Throughout the course of the video games, Sonic most commonly has to race through levels, collect power up rings and survive against a host of natural obstacles and minions to achieve his goal. While many individuals at Sega had a hand in Sonic's creation, programmer Yuji Naka and artist Naoto Ohshima are generally credited with the creation of the character. ", "You might ask what animal is Sonic The Hedgehog? Well, Sonic is an anthropomorphic blue hedgehog, who can run at supersonic speeds and has the ability to curl into a ball when he wants to attack enemies. You can see Sonic in action while playing Sonic online games .", "* Sega's official logo color is cobalt blue. Sonic the Hedgehog, Sega's current mascot, was colored to match. ", "Sonic the Hedgehog, a game released in 1991, features a speedy blue hedgehog as the protagonist. This series' characters are almost all anthropomorphic animals such as foxes, cats, and other hedgehogs who are able to speak and walk on their hind legs like normal humans. As with most anthropomorphisms of animals, clothing is of little or no importance, where some characters may be fully clothed while some wear only shoes and gloves.", "It is of note that, once Sonic the Hedgehog reached its 100th issue , Knuckles turned from red to green for a story arc, an homage to his original concept art. Having already been predisposed to Chaos energy due to experiments his father ran on him as a child, Knuckles turned green and danced on the line between good and evil, eventually giving up his life in battle with Mammoth Mogul . Though mourned, Knuckles returned to the land of the living in issue #125 , being restored to his classic red hue in the process.", "Artist Naoto Ōshima , designer Hirokazu Yasuhara and programmer Yuji Naka are generally credited with the creation of the character, a blue anthropomorphic hedgehog, whose ability to run faster than the speed of sound is a major part of the game play of the series. Sonic is the 18th best selling franchise of all time.", "Sonic was originally a light shade of blue, however testers had a difficult time telling Sonic apart from the blue sky. One of the last changes made to the game before being shipped was to change Sonic's palette to a much darker shade of cobalt in order to make him stand out better.", "* Shadow the Hedgehog (voiced by Kirk Thornton) - A black hedgehog capable of super speed and teleportation. Idolized by Eggman for his popularity within the series, he is much more aggressive than other incarnations of the character, considering friendship a sign of weakness and determined to defeat both Sonic and Dr Eggman at all costs. In Sonic Boom, Shadow has extended red Markers on both his shoes and gloves and has cow-licked quills like Sonic. ", "According to designer Naoto Oshima in an interview with Gametap , Sonic the Hedgehog's design was inspired by Michael Jackson 's cool sense of style and Bill Clinton 's no-nonsense, \"Get it Done\" attitude. The color scheme for Sonic's trademark shoes were apparently inspired by Santa Claus' red/white motif.", "Sonic's appearance varies greatly depending on the medium and the style in which he is drawn. In the video games, Sonic's original design by Oshima was short and round, with short quills, a round body, and no visible irises. Artwork featuring this design and drawn by Akira Watanabe was displayed on the package artwork for Sonic the Hedgehog. Sonic's proportions would change for the release of Sonic the Hedgehog 2 on the Mega Drive; Sonic's head to height ratio was changed from 1:2 to 1:2.5. For the 1998 release of Sonic Adventure, Sonic was redesigned by Yuji Uekawa as a character with longer legs and a less spherical body, longer and more drooping quills, and green-colored irises. For the 2006 game, Sonic was redesigned to make him look adult-like and taller to appeal to the next generation players. This was also done because Sonic would interact with humans more often and his design was supposed to fit. An alternative \"Werehog\" form was introduced in Sonic Unleashed, placing more emphasis on Sonic's melee skills rather than speed. Although Tetsu Katano acknoweldged the large negative fan response to the Werehog, he believes it could return in a future game. ", "Sonic is known as the world's fastest hedgehog. Sonic's greatest strength is his running speed, which is faster than the speed of sound. Many of his abilities are variations on the tendency for hedgehogs to roll into tight balls for protection with the addition of spinning his body. Since his introduction in 1991's Sonic the Hedgehog, Sonic's primary offensive maneuver is the basic \"Spin Attack\" (or \"Sonic Spin Attack\"). Later games in the series expanded on this basic attack and two of these enhancements have become mainstays of his: the Spin Dash which was introduced in Sonic the Hedgehog 2 and involves Sonic spinning on the spot before blasting off at full speed, and the Homing Attack, officially introduced in Sonic Adventure, in which Sonic dashes toward a target in midair. Sonic's only weakness is that he cannot swim, sinking like a rock if plunged to a deep body of water. When the seven Chaos Emeralds are collected and used, Sonic transforms into \"Super Sonic\", a faster and invulnerable version of himself that can fly. In Super Sonic form, Sonic's eyes are red and his body yellow.", "Sonic’s boots were taken directly from Michael Jackson’s look in the music video Bad (as well as the album of the same name), with straps and buckles to make the character stand out. For the color scheme, Sega looked to Santa Claus, giving the boots a red and white look that had the dual effect of making Sonic the color of the Pepsi logo, another big brand for the era.", "For attire, Sonic loses his white gloves, exposing his hands, and his socks becomes slightly frilled in the back. The white stripe on his shoes is replaced with grey metal that has three spikes on the surface, his soles are now covered with small metal spikes.", "Sonic the Hedgehog - Rated: K - English - Family/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 1 - Words: 1,631 - Reviews: 3 - Favs: 12 - Follows: 2 - Published: 11/7/2011 - Silver, Shadow - Complete", "Sonic the Hedgehog (ソニック・ザ・ヘッジホッグ, Sonikku za Hejjihoggu ? , born June 23 [6] ) is the title character and main protagonist of the Sonic the Hedgehog series and Sega 's mascot. He is an anthropomorphic hedgehog born with the ability to run faster than the speed of sound, hence his name, and possesses lightning fast reflexes to match. As his species implies, Sonic can also roll up into a concussive ball, primarily to attack enemies.", "Sonic the Hedgehog (ソニック・ザ・ヘッジホッグ, Sonikku za hejjihoggu ? ) is a platform video game developed by Sonic Team and published by Sega for the Sega Mega Drive/Genesis . Featuring the new mascot of Sega , the titular Sonic the Hedgehog , this game served as the launch title for the famous video game franchise known as the Sonic the Hedgehog series .", "Sonic the Hedgehog (ソニック・ザ・ヘッジホッグ Sonikku za Hejjihoggu?) is a platform video game developed by Sonic Team and published by Sega for the Sega Genesis/Mega Drive. First released in North America, Europe, and Australia on June 23, 1991, the game is the first installment in the Sonic the Hedgehog series, chronicling the adventures of the titular character in his quest to defeat the series' antagonist Dr. Robotnik. The game's story focuses on Sonic's efforts to stop Dr. Robotnik's plans for world domination, release the animals Dr. Robotnik has trapped, and collect six magical emeralds known as the Chaos Emeralds. Development of Sonic the Hedgehog began in 1990, when Sega ordered its AM8 development team to develop a game featuring a mascot for the company. After a hedgehog was decided on as the main character, the development group was renamed Sonic Team. Sonic the Hedgehog received positive reviews from critics, who praised the game's visuals and its sense of speed. It was commercially successful, increasing the popularity of the Genesis and establishing Sonic the Hedgehog as the company's mascot. Its success led to the development of subsequent games in the Sonic the Hedgehog series, as well as the creation of a media franchise of spin-off products featuring the character.", "Sonic the Hedgehog is one of the world's most famous video game characters, as well as the official company mascot of Sega Corporation. Sonic was introduced on June 23 1991, with the launch of Sonic the Hedgehog for the Sega Genesis.", "Sonic the Hedgehog was critically praised at its release and in retrospective reviews, with an 86-percent approval rating at the review aggregator GameRankings based on nine reviews. The game rivaled the Mario series, particularly Super Mario World (which was recently released for Genesis rival Super Nintendo Entertainment System). Paul Rand of Computer and Video Games compared the two in depth and characterized Sonic the Hedgehog as being faster, with brighter colors, and Super Mario World as having more \"depth of play\".", "Sonic the Werehog (ソニック・ザ・ウェアホッグ, Sonikku za Ueahoggu ? ) is a transformation that appears in Sonic Unleashed . A bestial, werewolf-like form of Sonic the Hedgehog , this transformation was created when Sonic accidentally absorbed a large dose of Dark Gaia 's energy onboard the Chaos Energy Cannon , although the transformation itself would only be triggered by nighttime and remain active until daytime. Sonic eventually lost this form permanently when Dark Gaia reclaimed the energy that caused the transformation.", "Reviewers noted the game's colorful, detailed graphics. Rand called its color scheme \"lively, but never garish\", praising the interaction of color with detail in the sprites, backgrounds, and animations and describing its graphics as the best available for the Genesis. Reviewer Boogie Man of GamePro called the intricate backgrounds \"eye-popping\" and \"gorgeous\", which was echoed by Mean Machines. According to the Lessers (Hartley, Patricia, and Kirk) of Dragon, \"The graphics and animation in Sonic the Hedgehog make this a serious contender for the best video game of the year\" and GameZone called the animation \"some of the smoothest and fastest ... ever seen\". The music and sound effects were also well received; Dragon called them \"great\", and GameZone \"amazing\". Rand noted \"stacks of catchy tunes and jingles\", calling some of the sound effects \"absolutely brilliant\". Although Mean Machines called the songs \"vaguely appealing\", the game's sound effects were better appreciated.", "Darkspine Sonic (ダークスパインソニック, Dākusupain Sonikku ? ) is one of Sonic the Hedgehog 's transformations, appearing in Sonic and the Secret Rings . Rather than using the Chaos Emeralds , he uses the World Rings of rage, hatred and sadness to transform. In this form, Sonic is slightly more sinister and violent due to the influence of the World Rings' sealed feelings. He is playable in the final battle against Alf Layla wa-Layla , an enhanced form of Erazor Djinn .", "Early art of the Werehog was made by a Sega member named Tanahashi. He changed Sonic's general form into something more strong looking. The shoulder and the head are connected by a single line, and his chest is much more broad, giving his body the appearance of an inverse triangle. The final design, he said, was a \"silly design\"; it was made when he was getting started with the Werehog. He based the design to that of a Yeti. [2]", "Mario as Nintendo's mascot finds a rival in Sega's Sonic the Hedgehog with the release of Sonic the Hedgehog on the Genesis in 1991.", "It was decided that the hedgehog character was the best of the lot, and was redesigned into Sonic the Hedgehog. Some of the other designs were reused later; the pajama-wearing character became the basis for Dr. Eggman/Robotnik's design, while the rabbit's ability to throw things would later be used in Ristar .", "This first zone sees the first appearance of some famous Sonic trademarks. Players whirl through checkered loop-de-loops and speed past palm trees against a vibrant and colorful background. At the end of act three, Dr. Robotnik shows up in a pendulum-like device that swings a large ball back and forth across the screen.", "An early version of the Sega logo and title screen. Instead of its short, fading animation, the Sega logo would have had Sonic leaning on it. The logo would have slid over to the left, making Sonic fall back. After this, the screen would have been covered in stripes (?) brought in by Robotnik and Sonic's bandmates, and the giant Sonic emblem falls in place from the top of the screen.", "* Knuckles the Echidna (voiced by Travis Willingham) - An echidna and the muscle of Team Sonic, whose redesign for Sonic Boom is the most drastic of any Sega character altered for the series: Knuckles is considerably taller than most versions of the character, appears more muscular, and wears sports tape around his hands as opposed to spiked boxing gloves. Whereas other versions of Knuckles have a history of being gullible, Boom Knuckles is clueless and often annoys his teammates.", "Compared to the final game, the sprites of Sonic shown at the Tokyo Toy Show went through some changes.", "Sonic has appeared in several crossover titles, including a playable appearance in Super Smash Bros. Brawl (2008), and its sequel Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U (2014). He appears in the crossover party game Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Games and in its sequels Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Winter Games, Mario & Sonic at the London 2012 Olympic Games, Mario & Sonic at the Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games, and Mario & Sonic at the Rio 2016 Olympic Games. Sonic is also a playable character in all three Sega Superstars titles." ]	[ 6.2265625, 5.34765625, 4.94140625, 4.35546875, 3.8125, 3.203125, 2.4765625, 2.439453125, 2.416015625, 1.4765625, 1.275390625, 0.262451171875, 0.040802001953125, -1.1328125, -2.056640625, -2.796875, -3.517578125, -3.623046875, -4.19140625, -4.44140625, -5.37109375, -5.53125, -5.5625, -6.15234375, -6.88671875, -7.06640625, -7.07421875, -7.98046875, -8.1171875, -8.15625, -8.578125, -8.6015625 ]
Walter Fredrick Morrison sold the rights to his Pluto Platter in 1955, but under what name did this toy become popular?	[ "Question: Walter Fredrick Morrison sold the rights to his 'Pluto Platter' in 1955, but under what name did this toy become popular?", " Q. Walter Fredrick Morrison sold the rights to his 'Pluto Platter' in 1955, but under what name did this toy become popular?", "The founders of Wham-O, a California toy company, became interested in this flying disc in 1955 and about a year later began production after acquiring the rights from Morrison. The name was changed to frisbee after the company heard about the pie tin game on the east coast called Frisbie-ing. (Wham-O first marketed the Pluto Platter in January of 1957, but didn't add the word frisbee until July 1957.) In 1959, the first professional model frisbee was produced.", "Morrison (after his split with Franscioni) produced a plastic Frisbie called the Pluto Platter, to cash in on the growing popularity of UFOs with the American public. The Pluto Platter has become the basic design for all Frisbies. The outer third of the Frisbie disc is called the ‘Morrison Slope’, listed in the patent. Rich Knerr and A.K. ‘Spud’ Melin were the owners of a new toy company called ‘Wham-O’. Knerr and Melin also marketed the Hula-Hoop, the Super Ball and the Water Wiggle. They pair first saw Morrison’s Pluto Platter in late 1955. They liked what they saw and convinced Morrison to sell them the rights to his design. With a deal signed, Wham-O began production (1/13/1957) of more Pluto Platters. The next year, the original Frisbie Baking Company shut down and coincidentally Fred Morrison was awarded a patent (Design patent 183,626) for his flying disc. Morrison received over one million dollars in royalties for his invention.", "Morrison (after his split with Franscioni) produced a plastic Frisbie called the Pluto Platter, to cash in on the growing popularity of UFOs with the American public. The Pluto Platter has become the basic design for all Frisbies. The outer third of the Frisbie disc is called the 'Morrison Slope', listed in the patent. Rich Knerr and A.K. 'Spud' Melin were the owners of a new toy company called 'Wham-O'. Knerr and Melin also marketed the Hula-Hoop, the Super Ball and the Water Wiggle. They pair first saw Morrison's Pluto Platter in late 1955. They liked what they saw and convinced Morrison to sell them the rights to his design. With a deal signed, Wham-O began production (1/13/1957) of more Pluto Platters. The next year, the original Frisbie Baking Company shut down and coincidentally Fred Morrison was awarded a patent (Design patent 183,626) for his flying disc. Morrison received over one million dollars in royalties for his invention.", "Shortly after, they got lucky again with the Frisbee. In 1955 Fred Morrison began marketing a plastic flying disc which he called the \"Pluto Platter Putt-Putt\". He sold the design to Wham-O in 1957 and the design was modified, the product renamed \"Frisbee\" and sales took off in 1959.", "Beloved of man and dog, the Frisbee has for more than half a century been the signature product of Wham-O, a toy and sporting-goods manufacturer based in Emeryville, Calif. The company has sold more than 200 million of the discs since acquiring the rights to Mr. Morrison’s Pluto Platter, as it was then known, in 1957.", "In June 1957, Wham-O co-founder Richard Knerr decided to stimulate sales by giving the discs the additional brand name Frisbee (pronounced \"friz'-bee\"), after learning that Northeastern college students were calling the Pluto Platter by that name, the term \"Frisbee\" coming from the name of the Connecticut-based pie manufacturer, Frisbie Pie Company, which supplied pies to Yale University, where students started the campus craze by tossing empty pie tins stamped with the company's logo. \"I thought the name was a horror. Terrible,\" Morrison told The Press-Enterprise of Riverside in 2007. In 1982, Morrison told Forbes magazine that he had received about US$2 million in royalty payments and said: \"I wouldn't change the name of it for the world.\"", "In 1951 Morrison vastly improved his model and the design, unchanged, served as Wham-O's legendary Pluto Platter. The Pluto Platter is the basic design for all succeeding Frisbees. Credit Fred Morrison for his farsightedness. The outer third of the disc, his fundamental design feature, is appropriately named the Morrison Slope.", "The pivotal change in the ‘Pluto Platter’ comes in the mid-1950s when a metal object is converted to plastic. I see this as Fred’s most significant innovation to the ‘saucer-toy,’ that makes a direct beeline to the Wham-O knickknack that took meteoric-flight off dime-store shelves, throughout the 1960s! We’re waddling in Frisbee-theory here, but it’s necessary to capture the Zeitgeist: Tin to Plastic! The birth of a miracle platter!", "In 1948, he and a partner, Warren Franscioni, manufactured the Flyin-Saucer, the first plastic flying disc. It sold fitfully, and the two men parted company in 1950. The Pluto Platter was Mr. Morrison’s most refined disc. Flat and round, it had a raised central hub, with the names of the planets in raised plastic around the rim. The instructions, molded into the underside, were written by Lu Morrison and read like a Zen koan:", "The initial design, which incorporated six curved spoilers or vanes on the top, was vastly improved in 1951 and thus became the Pluto Platter, the first mass-produced flying disc. This design, which incorporates a slope on the outer third of the disc, has remained part of the basic design to this day. The Morrison Pluto Platter had the first true cupola (cabin in Morrison's terns) and resembled the concept of flying saucers (UFOs) depicted during this period complete with portholes. In 1954, Dartmouth University held the first frisbee tournament, involving a game called Guts.", "Other events combined to assist the marketing of Morrison's plastic disc. The Roswell UFO incident of 1947, the imminent prospect of space travel and the relatively recent discovery of Pluto (in 1930 by Clyde Tombaugh) helped introduce the idea of the flying saucer into postwar popular culture.", "Pluto, also called Pluto the Pup, is a cartoon character created in 1930 by Walt Disney Productions. He is a light brown (most recently yellow), medium-sized, short-haired dog. Unlike Goofy, Pluto is not anthropomorphic beyond some characteristics such as facial expression. He is most often the companion of Mickey Mouse, although he first appeared as Minnie Mouse's dog Rover in the film The Picnic (1930).", "Mickey Mouse is a funny animal cartoon character and the official mascot of The Walt Disney Company . He was created by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks at the Walt Disney Studios in 1928. An anthropomorphic mouse who typically wears red shorts, large yellow shoes, and white gloves, Mickey has become one of the most recognizable cartoon characters in the world.", "Mickey Mouse is a funny animal cartoon character and the official mascot of The Walt Disney Company. He was created by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks at the Walt Disney Studios in 1928. An anthropomorphic mouse who typically wears red shorts, large yellow shoes, and white gloves, Mickey has become one of the world's most recognizable characters.", "1950 - Disney's latest release, Cinderella, spawns toy products. Meanwhile, Disney was telling the toy industry to gear up for their next full-length cartoon, Alice in Wonderland, out in 1951. Popular Toys: a wind-up Cinderella dancing doll (with Prince) and Palitoy's Archie Andrew Ventro Doll...Minibrix, 'the world's finest toys' from Dean & Son, Flying Saucer from Cascelloid, Electric Contact Quiz - 'lights up your party - mysterious, unique, amusing' - claims the makers, Spears. Other events: First Toy Fair in Harrogate. First meeting of the NATR - the toy retailers association.", "This particular machine was built for its first use at the '64 New York World's Fair, where Walt Disney himself was a major part of the planning and design of multiple venues. The machine still had its last license attached - a 1976 Ohio license, documenting its last year of use. When retired it was producing Pluto Disney figures, the Pluto mold being on the machine, and some original old-wax Pluto figures (seen on the right) being found strewn about inside the machine.", "Mickey Mouse is a cartoon character created in 1928 by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks at The Walt Disney Studio. Mickey is an anthropomorphic black mouse and typically wears red shorts, large yellow shoes, and white gloves. He is one of the most recognizable cartoon characters in the world and is the mascot of The Walt Disney Company, the world's largest media conglomerate in terms of annual revenue.", "Mickey Mouse is an animated anthropomorphic mouse created by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks in the year 1928 . Arguably by far its most famous character, Mickey serves as the mascot for The Walt Disney Company and the leader of The Sensational Six .", "Matchbox is a popular toy brand which was introduced by Lesney Products in 1953, and is now owned by Mattel, Inc. The brand was named as the original die-cast Matchbox toys, which were sold in boxes similar in style and size to those in which matches were sold. Subsequently, the brand would encompass a broad range of toys including larger scale die-cast models and various non die-cast lines such as plastic model kits and action figures.", "\"Erector\" is believed by many to have been the subject of the first national advertising campaign in America for a toy. Its great success made it part of American folk culture and the famous company slogan \"Hello Boys\" is still fondly remembered by many. Its popularity has faded in recent decades in the face of competition from molded plastic construction toys, electronics, and other more modern toys and gadgets.", "Invented in 1949 and marketed and sold commercially by Hasbro in 1952, Mr. Potato Head is an American toy that consists of a plastic potato and attachable plastic parts such as ears and eyes to make a face. It was the first toy ever advertised on television. [112]", "Mickey Mouse is a funny animal cartoon character and the official mascot of The Walt Disney Company. He was created by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks at the Walt Disney Studios in 1928.", "Fred Moore was involved in the creation of Pluto and some other cartoon characters. The idea for Pluto was Walt�s and it was Norm Ferguson�s genius at drawing that took the idea and created the actual images. Walt Disney was awarded 32 personal academy awards for the work that was done by his studios. Walt Disney�s famous signature was actually designed by someone else, and was taught to Walt. (Schickel, Richard. The Disney Version: The Life, Time, Art and Commerce of Walt Disney. NY, 1968, p. 34.)", "One of the most popular toys of all time is a plastic ring with a Hawaiian name. What is it?", "In the early 1930s, Meccano had made many types of tin plate and other metal cars, like its Morgan and BSA three-wheelers, mostly in kit form (Interesting 1934, pp. 306–307). In 1933 Meccano Ltd issued a series of railway and trackside accessories to complement their O scale (1/45) Hornby Trains model train sets (Force 1988, p. 6; Ramsay 1933, p. 88). These accessories were first called \"Hornby Modelled Miniatures\", but in the April 1934 issue of Meccano Magazine they were given the name 'Meccano Dinky Toys' for the first time (Meccano Magazine 1934 p. 332) in August 1935, the name Meccano was dropped and the marque became DINKY TOYS until 1971(Encyclopédie Dinky Toys). By December 1934 the Dinky name was also used for the 'Dinky Builder' sets where colored flat metal pieces could be hinged together to make buildings and vehicles (Esplen 2013).", "Since he was a child, Dutch designer Tomm Velthuis has been obsessed with Meccano, a toy set consisting of colorful metal plates, angle girders, and pulleys that can be assembled and reassembled with nuts and bolts. Today, Velthuis has reimagined the original Meccano, invented in 1900 by British designer Frank Hornby, with a project called Meekaanoo.", "Nowhere was the dichotomy between central control and operating autonomy more evident than in advertising. At Christmas in the late 1950s, Turner and other managers would tour the Chicago Loop in the \"Santa Wagon,\" an ice-cream truck converted into a rolling likeness of a McDonald's drive-in. But despite this penchant for old-fashioned hucksterism, McDonald's had no company-wide advertising strategy. Instead, when Minneapolis operator Jim Zein saw his sales explode in 1959 after running radio ads, Kroc encouraged operators to take to the air-waves with their own campaigns. Following this directive, two Washington, D.C., franchisees, John Gibson and Oscar Goldstein, decided to target kids by sponsoring a local children's show, Bozo's Circus. When the station canceled the show in 1963, the franchisees hired the headliner, a twenty-five-year-old television announcer named Willard Scott, to create a new clown persona for local ads. Thus was born one of advertising's most enduring icons: Ronald McDonald.", "D.F. Duncan Sr. was the co-patent holder of a four-wheel hydraulic automobile brake and the marketer of the first successful parking meter. He was also the genius behind the first premium incentive where you sent in two cereal box tops and received a toy rocket ship. However, Duncan is best known for being responsible for promoting the first great yoyo fad in the United States.", "At this time, the first model car available individually was numbered 23a – a sports car based on an early MG . Soon after, seven vehicles were introduced (six were numbered 22 a through f) including a sports car, a sports coupe, a truck, a delivery van, a farm tractor, and a tank. These were produced alongside model track workers, passengers, station staff and other O scale trackside accessories (Meccano Dinky 1934 p. 332). The cars were generic representations rather than identifiable marques and had die-cast metal bodies, tin plate bases and wheels with rubber tyres. By December 1935 there were around 200 different products in the Dinky range which included the doll house furniture (Ramsay 1993, p. 135). Later, Frank Hornby, owner of Meccano, expanded the range to include die-cast ships and aeroplanes. These retailed for four shillings. These first model cars were available individually in trade packs of 6 cars per pack. Models would not be available in individual boxes until 1952.", "Hasbro has several brands of toys and games aimed at different demographics. Some of its better-known toy lines (past and present) are:" ]	[ 10.8125, 10.8046875, 4.75, 4.01953125, 3.94921875, 3.65625, 3.00390625, 2.0234375, 1.0205078125, 0.11956787109375, -0.2344970703125, -0.371337890625, -1.55078125, -2.50390625, -4.7109375, -4.7890625, -4.86328125, -4.86328125, -4.91796875, -4.9609375, -5.13671875, -5.1796875, -5.4140625, -5.80859375, -6.37109375, -6.43359375, -6.91796875, -7.80859375, -7.95703125, -8.5, -8.8671875, -8.9765625 ]
In the game of Cluedo, which of the rooms would come last alphabetically?	[ "Clue VCR Mystery Game (1985) [22] released as Cluedo: The Great Video Detective Game in the UK. It uses an hour-long VHS or Beta tape containing humorous scenes of the suspects interacting at Boddy Mansion shortly after Mr. Boddy's death instead of a board. Players uncover details of several murders per game by matching clues given on cards to the action on the video. Only five weapons (candlestick, knife, revolver, rope, and poison) and five rooms (Dining Room, Kitchen, Hall, Conservatory, and Library) are featured but there are a total of ten suspects (the original six plus M. Brunette, Madam Rose, Sgt. Gray, and Miss Peach).", "Clue VCR Mystery Game (1985) [17] released as Cluedo: The Great Video Detective Game in the UK. It uses an hour-long VHS tape containing humorous scenes of the suspects interacting at Boddy Mansion shortly after Mr. Boddy's death instead of a board. Players uncover details of several murders per game by matching clues given on cards to the action on the video. Only five weapons (candlestick, knife, revolver, rope, and poison) and five rooms (Dining Room, Kitchen, Hall, Conservatory, and Library) are featured but there are a total of ten suspects (the original six plus M. Brunette, Madam Rose, Sgt. Gray, and Miss Peach).", "Clue VCR Mystery Game (1985) [13] released as Cluedo: The Great Video Detective Game in the UK. It uses an hour-long VHS tape containing humorous scenes of the suspects interacting at Boddy Mansion shortly after Mr. Boddy's death instead of a board. Players uncover details of several murders per game by matching clues given on cards to the action on the video. Only five weapons (candlestick, knife, revolver, rope, and poison) and five rooms (Dining Room, Kitchen, Hall, Conservatory, and Library) are featured but there are a total of ten suspects (the original six plus M. Brunette, Madam Rose, Sgt. Gray, and Miss Peach).", "* Cluedo Master Detective (1988, released as Clue Master Detective in North America and Super Cluedo in France, Germany and UK) is an expanded version of the original game. In addition to the original characters, weapons and rooms, the game adds four characters (Madam Rose, Sgt. Grey, M. Brunette and Miss Peach—the same four new characters from the VCR games), two weapons (poison and horseshoe), and seven rooms (courtyard, gazebo, drawing room, carriage house, trophy room, studio and fountain) to the mansion. This version was also made into a video game.", "Cluedo (/ˈkluːdoʊ/) — known as Clue in North America — is a murder mystery game for three to six players, devised by Anthony E. Pratt from Birmingham, England, and currently published by the American game and toy company Hasbro. The object of the game is to determine who murdered the game's victim (\"Dr. Black\" in the UK version and \"Mr. Boddy\" in North American versions), where the crime took place, and which weapon was used. Each player assumes the role of one of the six suspects, and attempts to deduce the correct answer by strategically moving around a game board representing the rooms of a mansion and collecting clues about the circumstances of the murder from the other players. Numerous games, books, and a film have been released as part of the Cluedo franchise. Several spinoffs have been released featuring various extra characters, weapons and rooms, or different game play. The original game is marketed as the \"Classic Detective Game\", while the various spinoffs are all distinguished by different slogans. In 2008, Cluedo: Discover the Secrets was created (with changes to board, gameplay and characters) as a modern spinoff, but was criticized in the media and fans of the original game. Cluedo: The Classic Mystery Game was then introduced in 2012, returning to Pratt's classic formula but also adding several variations.", "Cluedo — known as Clue in North America — is a murder mystery game for three to six players, devised by Anthony E. Pratt from Birmingham, England, and currently published by the American game and toy company Hasbro. The object of the game is to determine who murdered the game's victim (\"Dr. Black\" in the UK version and \"Mr. Boddy\" in North American versions), where the crime took place, and which weapon was used. Each player assumes the role of one of the six suspects, and attempts to deduce the correct answer by strategically moving around a game board representing the rooms of a mansion and collecting clues about the circumstances of the murder from the other players.", "There are nine rooms in the mansion where the murder can take place, laid out in a circular fashion on the game board, separated by pathways overlaid by playing spaces. Each of the four corner rooms contains a secret passage that leads to the room on the opposite diagonal corner of the map. The center room (often referred to as the Cellar, or Stairs) is inaccessible to the players, but contains the solution envelope, and is not otherwise used during game play. Coloured \"start\" spaces encircle the outer perimeter which correspond to each player's suspect token. Each character starts at the corresponding colored space.", "This one provided a very happy PDM, after being stuck for a long time with HALL as the only detected clash and the useless assumption that other clashes would also involve two letters from each word. But then STUDY emerged, and soon afterwards the significance of the space in the middle. An excellent teaser. Despite not having played the game since the 1970s I remembered all the Cluedo characters and weapons … but had to look up the missing room.", "The game is set in a mansion, with the board divided into different rooms. The players each represent a character who is a guest staying at this house, whose owner, Dr. Black (Mr. Boddy in the North American version), has been found murdered. Players attempt to solve the murder, by guessing the three components of Suspect, Weapon, and Room, as in “Miss Scarlet with the lead pipe in the conservatory.”", "There are nine rooms in the mansion where the murder can take place, laid out in a circular fashion on the game board, separated by pathways overlaid by playing spaces. Each of the four corner rooms contains a secret passage that leads to the room on the opposite diagonal corner of the map. The center room (typically called the Cellar, or Stairs) is inaccessible to the players, but contains the solution envelope.", "Somewhere in each level, a key is hidden, which unlock another location; the car park, the space outside the kitchen (including the tool shed), the conservatory, the roof, Basil and Sybil's bedroom, Manuel's bedroom, the Major's bedroom, and five guest bedrooms. Another ten keys, for further guest bedrooms, can be purchased from the reception, for £100,000 each. In each of these locations, at least one character token can be found.", "The game was first called \"Murder.\" For some reason, it was later changed to \"Cluedo\" with the subtitle, \"Murder at Tudor Close.\" Cluedo is a play on words of Ludo, the British Parcheesi which translates to \"I play.\" The American producers subsequently changed the name to the more recognizable \"Clue.\"", "Cluedo Super Sleuth (1995) [28] is another advanced version of the Cluedo rules, though in a different manner. There is no set board to this game, instead the board is made up of twelve tiles which are laid out randomly as players enter new rooms, to create a 4x3 grid. The murder cards remain unchanged to the basic edition, but are not dealt to each player, instead there are 'clue' squares on the board marked by small plastic magnifying glasses, which players collect to get clues. In addition to the \"clue\" counters there are also item counters, which allow the player to pick a card from an item deck. These item cards allow such things as making more than one suggestion per turn, or moving an extra character. Extra characters in the game include a Black Dog, Inspector Grey and Hogarth the Butler. They can serve as help or hindrance and are controlled through the item and event cards. Event cards are drawn from a deck upon a certain roll of the die and can have varying impact on a game.", "* Cluedo Super Sleuth (1995) is another advanced version of the Cluedo rules, though in a different manner. There is no set board to this game, instead the board is made up of twelve tiles which are laid out randomly as players enter new rooms, to create a 4x3 grid. The murder cards remain unchanged to the basic edition, but are not dealt to each player, instead there are 'clue' squares on the board marked by small plastic magnifying glasses, which players collect to get clues. In addition to the \"clue\" counters there are also item counters, which allow the player to pick a card from an item deck. These item cards allow such things as making more than one suggestion per turn, or moving an extra character. Extra characters in the game include a Black Dog, Inspector Grey and Hogarth the Butler. They can serve as help or hindrance and are controlled through the item and event cards. Event cards are drawn from a deck upon a certain roll of the die and can have varying impact on a game.", "Cluedo (pronounced /ˈkluːdoʊ/; Clue in North America ) is a deduction board game originally published by Waddingtons in Leeds , United Kingdom in 1949. [2] It was devised by Anthony E. Pratt, a solicitor's clerk and part-time clown from Birmingham , England . It is now published by the United States game and toy company Hasbro , which acquired its U.S. publisher Parker Brothers as well as Waddingtons .", "An English country house is the setting for the game which is named ‘Tudor Manor’. It is the fictitious home of the victim Dr. Black. Pratt approached Waddington’s and the game was officially released in 1949. The original name was Murder! However Waddington’s changed this to Cluedo as a merge of the words ‘clue’ and ‘ludo’ (meaning play in Latin).", "rooms, most contain games but some are broom cupboards and the (ike where Jones can hide from the work trolley or the ghosts of former managers who banish him from life on contact. The rooms are arranged as six on each of three floors, three either side of the central lift. Lazy can jump over obstacles and by pressing fire when in front of the lift doors enter them to change floors, selecting up or down at will. Pressing fire in front of a room door takes him into the room. The scene cuts to the room interior with a large TV set bearing the legend GET READY. An animated Lazy is seen to walk across to the set and stand by the ready joystick. A game then appears on the TV set which is controlled by the main game controls. The video games are all variations on the theme of popular arcades, a Space Invaders, a 'Chuckie Egg' variant, a Defender type, a Frogger type, a Breakout type and many others. Lazy is only allowed to go into a room once until 12", "Travel Clue (1990) [22] More than just a miniaturized version of the standard game as offered for the UK Cluedo editions, the first US travel edition is played somewhat differently. Instead of rolling dice, players simply choose a room to visit on their turn. Once there, they can see any cards in the room and question other players.", "Cluedo …, or Clue in North America, is a popular murder-mystery themed deduction board game originally published by Waddingtons in Leeds, England in 1949. It was devised by Anthony E. Pratt, a solicitor’s clerk and children’s entertainer from Birmingham, England. It is now published by the United States game and toy company Hasbro, which acquired its U.S. publisher Parker Brothers, and Waddingtons.", "Super Cluedo Challenge (1986) [23] is an advanced version of the Cluedo rules, introducing three new characters (Captain Brown, Miss Peach and Mr. Slate-Grey) and three more weapons (the blunderbuss , poison and axe). The rules are greatly expanded, with each card having coloured and numbered squares in each corner, which are uncovered by special card holders. These allowed 'clues' to be given by uncovering a small segment of the card, showing only a colour/number. Rather than the remaining cards being dealt out at the start of the game, they had to be 'discovered' by reaching one of the many blue counters scattered on the board.", "Numerous games, books, and a film have been released as part of the Cluedo franchise. Several spinoffs have been released featuring various extra characters, weapons and rooms, or different game play. The original game is marketed as the \"Classic Detective Game\", while the various spinoffs are all distinguished by different slogans.", "Cluedo (China) are all different names for the same game (hereafter refered to as Cluedo for simplicity). Cluedo is a game of deduction where you get to play detective by trying to work out whodunit, with what and where.", "Did you know that Cluedo is a deduction board game created in 1949 by Anthony E. Pratt, who was a solicitor and part-time clown? He lived in Birmingham, England, and the game was originally published by Waddingtons in the UK. Today, it is published by Hasbro and is widely known today as the board game “Clue.”", "Cluedo Template:IPAc-en , or Clue in North America , is a popular murder-mystery themed deduction board game originally published by Waddingtons in Leeds , England in 1949. It was devised by Anthony E. Pratt from Birmingham , England. It is published by the United States game and toy company Hasbro , which acquired its U.S. publisher Parker Brothers , and Waddingtons.", "35 players.Seven floors, seven keys, and seven teams. Find a key for the next floor; but take caution, the floors will get tougher. Find the Home key to escape the mansion. Who'll survive? Who'll die? COMPLETE", "Although Cluedo was initially designed as a game, it has been turned into films, books and other types of media.", "Clue challenges players to solve a murder in a mansion. It is almost certainly the best-selling deduction game in history, and has delighted players since it was first introduced in the late 1940s.", "Clue Little Detective (1992) [30] Perhaps in one of the biggest departures from the standard game, the object of this game is to be the first to reach the front gate from the attic after hearing a scary noise.", "The new version of Clue takes place in a modern mansion at a party of the rich and famous. Courtesy Hasbro hide caption", "In North America, the game is known as Clue. Possibly it was retitled because the traditional game", "Most of the Myst games do this for individual ages; the last puzzle to solve is usually in the first thing you saw when you came in.", "* Alfred Hitchcock Edition Clue (1999) is set on the sound stage where a number of Alfred Hitchcock’s films are being shot. This game is notable as the first to depict the characters portraying someone other than themselves. In this case, they have dressed up as their favorite Hitchcock characters." ]	[ 1.4755859375, 1.474609375, 1.42578125, 0.5244140625, -0.85107421875, -1.03125, -1.8037109375, -2.03125, -2.259765625, -2.31640625, -2.744140625, -2.853515625, -3.171875, -3.412109375, -3.625, -3.865234375, -3.9375, -4.1484375, -4.2109375, -4.53125, -4.7109375, -4.81640625, -4.84765625, -5.20703125, -5.6640625, -6.4453125, -6.8671875, -7.0859375, -7.59765625, -7.60546875, -8.3046875, -9.046875 ]
What item of food inspired the idea for the computer game pac man?	[ "Pac-Man was one of the most popular arcade games of the 1980’s, having amassed some $2.5 billion in quarters alone by the late 1990’s. It remains one of the most well-recognized brands in the world, and has a place both in the Smithsonian in Washington, D.C., and in New York’s Museum of Modern Art. Not bad for a game inspired by a pizza dinner. Developer Toru Iwatani stated in interviews that he designed the classic little yellow hero of Pac-Man after being inspired by a pizza that was missing a slice. The name of the game is actually a riff on a Japanese slang phrase, ‘paku-paku’, which is meant to imitate the sound of lips smacking.", "One of the great creation legends of game design is that Toru Iwatani, while eating a pizza, looked down at the pie with a missing slice and used the outline as inspiration for Pac-Man's distinctive shape. The story was furthered by Iwatani himself; when Pac-Man fever was at its height, he even posed with a half-eaten pizza for a publicity photograph. But in a 1986 interview, Iwatani admitted that the legend was only \"half true.\"", "Inspired over a lunch of pizza, Pac-Man began life in the arcades in 1980 . After being overlooked by \"experts\" who judged Namco's Rally-X to be the better of the two games, Pac-Man went on to unprecedented success and became an icon in Japan and in America. Pac-Man's game play was a stark and refreshing contrast to the space aged shoot'em ups that were popular at the time. Pac-mania became a phenomenon and video games' first mascot was met with an insatiable demand.", "By the Eighties, arcades had become a sort of galactic-themed interactive playground, a venue for gamers to try out the latest variation of the human-vs-aliens shooter – the preserve of teenage boys. It was thanks to a young designer at Tokyo’s Namco that video games were first brought to a wider audience. Toru Iwatani created Pac-Man, a cuddly mascot that became gaming’s first recognisable character. Then, in a further effort to attract female players, Iwatani also decided not to theme his debut game around killing. After basing Pac-Man’s design on a pizza minus a slice, he created a game world which involved players eating up pellets around a maze while avoiding four cute ghost enemies. Pac-Man, released in 1980, was an instant hit and swallowed coins whole at arcades the world over.", "The basic premise of the game involves the character, Pac-Man, a yellow circle with a slice cut out for a mouth (said by developer Toru Iwatani to represent a pizza with one missing slice, as well as the general idea of a mouth eating). In the 256 levels of the game, the player controls Pac-Man through a maze in which he has to eat up all the dots on the screen. But here's the catch: four ghosts, Blinky , Pinky , Inky and Clyde , inhabit each level and actively try to eat Pac-Man. If Pac-Man runs into any of the ghosts, a life is lost. If, however, Pac-Man eats any of the four \" power pellets \" found in the game, the ghosts become temporarily edible. If Pac-Man eats them, their eyes drift back into the center of the level to regenerate into their previous ghost form. Players can also get point bonuses by eating fruit pieces throughout the level. The primary goal is to maneuver around the level and eat up the dots without being killed off.", "Inky appears as a playable character in Pac-Man Party . His look has been somewhat altered, given what appears to be hair- on the top of his head, but is actually part of his body. His new look would go on to inspire his depiction in Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures . In the game, he aids Blinky, Pinky, and Clyde in stealing cookies from Mr. Cookie . At the end of the game though, it is revealed that they never stole the cookies and that they were actually given to them by Mr. Cookie himself to test Pac-Man and his heroism.", "4. Pac-Man's favorite snack pellets -- the tiny dots he munches as he moves around the video game board -- were originally cookies. The \"power cookies\" are now the larger pellets he uses to eat the ghosts.", "Pac-Man (パックマン, Pakkuman?) is an arcade game developed by Namco and licensed for distribution in the U.S. by Midway , first released in Japan on May 22, 1980. [1] [2] Immensely popular in the United States from its original release to the present day, Pac-Man is universally considered as one of the classics of the medium, virtually synonymous with video games, and an icon of the 1980s popular culture . Upon its release, the game—and, subsequently, its derivatives —became a social phenomenon [6] that sold a bevy of merchandise and also inspired, among other things, an animated television series and a top-ten hit single . [7]", "Food is the other part of the basic concept. In my initial design I had put the player in the midst of food all over the screen. As I thought about it I realised the player wouldn't know exactly what to do: the purpose of the game would be obscure. So I created a maze and put the food in it. Then whoever played the game would have some structure by moving through the maze. The Japanese have a slang word - paku paku - they use to describe the motion of the mouth opening and closing while one eats. The name Pac Man came from that word.", "Pac-Man went on to become an icon of video game culture during the 1980s, and a wide variety of Pac-Man merchandise was marketed with the character's image, from t-shirts and toys to hand-held video game imitations and even specially shaped pasta. An animated TV series produced by Hanna–Barbera aired on ABC from 1982 to 1983. [90] The Killer List of Videogames lists Pac-Man as the #1 video game on its \"Top 10 Most Popular Video games\" list. [91] At one time, a feature film based on the game was also in development. [92] [93] In 2010, a computer-generated animated series was reported to be in the works. [94] [95] Pac-Man has also been referenced in the 2010 film Scott Pilgrim vs. the World , where the game's origins as Puck-Man is mentioned several times. [96]", "The game was given the name 「パックマン」 because 「パック」 (“pakku“) or 「パックパック」 (“pakku-pakku“) is the word Japanese use to describe chewing ( click here to read a post I wrote that describes this word and other like it in the Japanese language) and the point of the game is to maneuver the yellow Pac-man character around a maze and eat every dot in the maze without running into any of the four ghosts that run around the maze at the same time. There are four strategically-placed “power” dots that temporarily turn the tables and allow Pac-Man to eat the ghosts.", "The gameplay involves maneuvering the yellow character Pac-Man through a series of mazes, gobbling up all the pellets. However, Pac-Man's progress is opposed by four ghosts: Inky, Blinky, Pinky and Clyde. Pac-Man can only eat these ghosts by eating one of the four special power pellets placed throughout the maze. Once Pac-Man eats every pellet on the screen, the level is over. Occasionally, fruit will show up that give Pac-Man bonus points. Every 10,000 points, Pac-Man gains an extra life. The game is supposed to loop forever, although the 256th level is glitched and unbeatable.", "Later in 1980, the game was picked up for manufacture in the United States by Bally division Midway , which changed the game's name from Puck Man to Pac-Man in an effort to avoid vandalism from people changing the letter 'P' into an 'F' to form the word fuck . The cabinet artwork was also changed and the pace and level of difficulty increased to appeal to western audiences.", "Pac-Man has numerous sequels and spin-offs, including only one of which was designed by Tōru Iwatani. Some of the follow-ups were not developed by Namco either —including the most significant, Ms. Pac-Man, released in the United States in 1981. Originally called Crazy Otto, this unauthorized hack of Pac-Man was created by General Computer Corporation and sold to Midway without Namco's permission. The game features several changes from the original Pac-Man, including faster gameplay, more mazes, new intermissions, and moving bonus items. Some consider Ms. Pac-Man to be superior to the original or even the best in the entire series. Stan Jarocki of Midway stated that Ms. Pac-Man was conceived in response to the original Pac-Man being \"the first commercial videogame to involve large numbers of women as players\" and that it is \"our way of thanking all those lady arcaders who have played and enjoyed Pac-Man.\" Namco sued Midway for exceeding their license. Eventually, Bally Midway struck a deal with Namco to officially license Ms. Pac-Man as a sequel. Namco today officially owns Ms. Pac-Man in its other releases.", "In 1982, Milton Bradley released a board game based on Pac-Man. In this game, players move up to four Pac-Man characters (traditional yellow plus red, green and blue) plus two ghosts as per the throws of a pair of dice. Each Pac-Man is assigned to a player while the ghosts are neutral and controlled by all players. Each player moves their Pac-Man the number of spaces on either die and a ghost the number of spaces on the other die, the Pac-Man consuming any white marbles (equivalent of pac-dots) and yellow marbles (equivalent of power pellets) in its path. Players can move a ghost onto a Pac-Man and claim two white marbles from its player. They can also move a Pac-Man with a yellow marble inside it onto a ghost and claim two white marbles from any other player (following which the yellow marble is placed back on the maze. The game ends when all white marbles have been cleared from the board and the player with the largest number of white marbles is then declared the winner.", "In 1982, Milton Bradley released a board game based on Pac-Man. In this game, players move up to four Pac-Man characters (traditional yellow plus red, green and blue) plus two ghosts as per the throws of a pair of dice. Each Pac-Man is assigned to a player while the ghosts are neutral and controlled by all players. Each player moves their Pac-Man the number of spaces on either die and a ghost the number of spaces on the other die, the Pac-Man consuming any white marbles (equivalent of dots) and yellow marbles (equivalent of power pellets) in its path. Players can move a ghost onto a Pac-Man and claim two white marbles from its player. They can also move a Pac-Man with a yellow marble inside it onto a ghost and claim two white marbles from any other player (following which the yellow marble is placed back on the maze. The game ends when all white marbles have been cleared from the board and the player with the largest number of white marbles is then declared the winner. ", "Pac-Man is an arcade game developed by Namco and licensed for distribution in the U.S. by Midway, first released in Japan on May 22, 1980. Immensely popular in the United States from its original release to the present day, Pac-Man is universally considered as one of the classics of the medium, virtually synonymous with video games, and an icon of 1980s popular culture.", "Pac-Man has been referenced in numerous other media. In music, the Buckner & Garcia song \" Pac-Man Fever \" (1981) went to No. 9 on the Billboard Hot 100 charts, and received a Gold certification with over a million records sold by 1982, and a total of 2.5 million copies sold as of 2008. Their Pac-Man Fever album (1982) also received a Gold certification for selling over a million records. \"Weird Al\" Yankovic recorded a demo song in 1981 titled \"Pac-Man\" that is a parody of \" Taxman \" by The Beatles . Jonzun Crew 's \"Pack Jam\" (1983) was inspired by Michael Jonzun 's distaste towards the popular Pac-Man game. Hip hop emcee Lil' Flip sampled sounds from the game Pac-Man and Ms. Pac-Man to make his top-20 single \" Game Over \" (2004). Namco America filed a lawsuit against Sony Music Entertainment for unauthorized use of these samples. The suit was eventually settled out of court. Aphex Twin released an EP dedicated to the game, Pac-Man EP , in 1992.", "Pac-Man, Bally/Midway, 1980. Licensed from the company Namco, Pac-Man was based on an ancient Japanese folk-tale. The game was so successful in Japan that it actually caused a Yen shortage. Pac-Man also took America by storm, appearing on the cover of Time Magazine as well as spawning a Saturday-morning cartoon and a hit song.", "Near the corners of the maze are four larger, flashing dots known as power pellets that provide Pac-Man with the temporary ability to eat the enemies. The enemies turn deep blue, reverse direction and usually move more slowly. When an enemy is eaten, its eyes remain and return to the center box where it is regenerated in its normal color. Blue enemies flash white to signal that they are about to become dangerous again and the length of time for which the enemies remain vulnerable varies from one stage to the next, generally becoming shorter as the game progresses. In later stages, the enemies go straight to flashing, bypassing blue, which means that they can only be eaten for a short amount of time, although they still reverse direction when a power pellet is eaten; in even later stages, the ghosts do not become edible (i.e., they do not change color and still make Pac-Man lose a life on contact), but they still reverse direction.", "By Buckner and Garcia. A tribute to the very popular video game Pac Man which originated in the 1980's. \"I got a pocket full of quarters and I'm headed to the arcade...I'm gonna eat'em all up as soon as they turn blue...I've got'em on the run and I'm looking for the high score...I've got Pac-Man fever...\"", "The more Pac-Man eats, the more points you earn. The highest high score can only be achieved by eating EVERY fruit and EVERY blue ghost on every one of the 256 levels in addition to every dot and energizer. Without losing a life.", "PacMan 1982 watch out for ghosts as you try to gobble up pellets (marbles) with each roll of the die. Turn the tables on those spooky sheets when you eat a power pellet and chase them for a change.", "When Pac-Man was released, most arcade video games in North America were primarily space shooters such as Space Invaders, Defender, or Asteroids. Pac-Man introduced an element of humor into video games that designers sought to imitate, and appealed to a wider demographic than the teenage boys", "Atari snapped up the rights to bring the arcade hit home, and let down millions of fans with a sub-par conversion on Atari's most popular home system, the Atari 2600. However, they did produce a far better conversion for their home computer systems and the Atari 5200 (if you can overlook the controls.) From there, Pac-Man has gone on to grace just about every system that has ever been manufactured in some form or another.", "So, “Pac-Man” was introduced to America in the early ’80s and became a part of America’s pop-culture almost instantly.", "The Bally Astrocade version is called Muncher and was developed by a third-party company instead of by Midway. Despite being of lower resolution, it is considered a rather faithful adaptation of the original arcade Pac-Man game.", "But the game really took off when it was taken to the US and renamed Pac-Man.", "Various platform games based on the series have also been released by Namco, such as 1984's Pac-Land and the Pac-Man World series, which features Pac-Man in a 3-D world. More modern versions of the original game have also been developed, such as the multiplayer Pac-Man Vs. for the Nintendo GameCube.", "As we now know, Pac-Man was a massive hit, and its grip on pop culture is still strong today. But Pac-Man's success was far from certain; its designer initially had no interest in games, and the public reaction to it was initially mixed.", "Various platform games based on the series have also been released by Namco, such as 1984's Pac-Land and the Pac-Man World series, which features Pac-Man in a 3-D world . More modern versions of the original game have also been developed, such as the multiplayer Pac-Man Vs. for the Nintendo GameCube .", "While Pac-Man's popularity has died down today in comparison to the early 80s, he is still a recognizable figure, and has appeared on just about every form of merchandising available. His legacy continues on the latest generation platforms with ever expanding adventures, and while they capture the good natured quality of our little yellow hero, they can never outshine the accomplishment of the original game." ]	[ 4.3125, 3.216796875, 3.03125, 1.482421875, 1.380859375, -1.0400390625, -1.2099609375, -1.2548828125, -1.3818359375, -1.4775390625, -1.57421875, -1.78515625, -2.580078125, -2.6171875, -2.857421875, -3.001953125, -3.072265625, -4.62890625, -4.6484375, -4.83984375, -4.875, -4.98046875, -5.35546875, -5.76171875, -6.4453125, -6.4765625, -6.640625, -6.80859375, -6.8203125, -6.84375, -6.94140625, -7.00390625 ]
What is Barbie's boyfriend's first name?	[ "Barbie's full name is Barbara Millicent Roberts, and over the years she has been given many companions, the best known being her beau Ken (Kenneth Carson), who made his debut in 1961. Barbie and Ken have a famous on-off relationship and they announced a split in 2004 which seems to have been only temporary. Other longstanding friends in Barbie's ethnically diverse social circle include Hispanic Teresa, African American Christie and Steven (Christie's boyfriend), and Kayla. For a full list of Barbie's companions, see the List of Barbie's friends and family.", "Ken was introduced as Barbie's boyfriend on March 11, 1961 at the American International Toy Fair. He had molded plastic hair. [8] In 1973, he was given rooted hair. [9] In 2009, Barbie and Ken were at New York Fashion Week to celebrate Barbie's 50th anniversary. It was their first appearance together in years. [10]", "Mattel bought the marketing rights for ‘Lilli’. They changed the doll’s name to Barbie, named after Ruth’s daughter Barbara. Barbie was first released for sale in the United States in 1959 and became a hot seller. Barbie’s boyfriend ‘Ken’ was introduced in 1960. Ken was named after Ruth’s son Kenneth.", "She has an on-off romantic relationship with her boyfriend Ken (\"Ken Carson\"), who first appeared in 1961. A news release from Mattel in February 2004 announced that Barbie and Ken had decided to split up, but in February 2006, they were hoping to rekindle their relationship after Ken had a makeover. ", "Barbie's full name is Barbara Millicent Roberts. In a series of novels published by Random House in the 1960s, her parents' names are given as George and Margaret Roberts from the fictional town of Willows, Wisconsin . Barbie has been said to attend Willows High School and Manhattan International High School in New York City , based on the real-life Stuyvesant High School . She has an on-off romantic relationship with her beau Ken (Ken Carson), who first appeared in 1961. Like Barbie, Ken shares his name with one of Ruth Handler's children. A news release from Mattel in February 2004 announced that Barbie and Ken had decided to split up, but in February 2006 they were back together again.", "Mattel has created a range of companions for Barbie, including Hispanic Teresa, Midge, African American Christie, and Steven (Christie's boyfriend). Barbie's siblings and cousins were also created including Skipper, Todd and Stacie (twin brother and sister), Kelly, Krissy, and Francie. Barbie was friendly with Blaine, an Australian surfer, during her split with Ken in 2004. ", "The Ken Doll was introduced at the American International Toy Fair as Barbie doll’s boyfriend on March 11, 1961. Ken doll was 12 inches tall, had “molded” plastic hair (blond and brunette) and came dressed in red bathing suit trunks with a yellow towel and sandals.", "* Steven (boyfriend of Christie, 1988–present. Linked with Barbie's friend Nikki since 2007) This doll has been in the lineup intermittently over the years, and has used several different face sculpts during that time.", "Barbie has over 40 pets, including cats and dogs, horses, a lion cub, a zebra and a panda. She has been propped up behind the wheel of pink Corvette convertibles, trailers and jeeps; she also holds a pilot’s licence. Her ‘careers’ were ones where women were traditionally unrepresented, including Miss Astronaut Barbie (1965), Doctor Barbie (1987), Paleontologist Barbie (1997) and Nascar [racing driver] Barbie (1998). And her social circle was ever-expanding, with friends including Hispanic Teresa, African-American Christie and Steven (Christie’s boyfriend).", "Barbie has had over forty pets including cats and dogs , horses , a panda , a lion cub, and a zebra . She has owned a wide range of vehicles, including pink convertibles , trailers and jeeps . She also holds a pilot's license, and operates commercial airliners in addition to serving as a flight attendant . Barbie's careers are designed to show that women can take on a variety of roles in life, and the doll has been sold with a wide range of titles including Miss Astronaut Barbie (1965), Doctor Barbie (1988) and Nascar Barbie (1998).Mattel has created a range of companions for Barbie, including Hispanic Teresa, Midge , African American Christie and Steven (Christie's boyfriend). For more details, see the List of Barbie's friends and family .", "Barbie was later joined by Ken (her \"one and only boyfriend,\" according to Mattel corporate history) and friends of different ethnic backgrounds. She embarked on new careers like fashion designer, astronaut, and even American Airlines flight attendant. The different Barbie personalities were featured with a slew of outfits and accessories that needed to be purchased separately. Some women's groups spoke out against Barbie's unrealistic waist-to-bust measurements, but Handler looked at her creation in a different light: \"Barbie always represented the fact that a woman has choices,\" she said.", "1961: First introduced at the American International Toy Fair as Barbie doll’s boyfriend on March 11, 1961 Ken doll was 12 inches tall, had “molded” plastic hair (blond and brunette) and came dressed in red bathing suit trunks with a yellow towel and sandals.", "Steven (boyfriend of Christie, 1988–. Linked with Barbie's friend Nikki since 2007) This doll has been in the lineup intermittently over the years, and has used several different face sculpts during that time.", "MALIBU, Calif. -- June 29, 2004 -- Since the Barbie(R) and Ken(R) February break-up, Barbie(R) has been cruising in her Chevy SSR, soaking up sun, and hanging out at the Surf and Skate Shop with her best pals. With summer just around the corner, Barbie(R) is ready to date again and has looked to her friends from around the globe to help her choose a new crush. Over the past few weeks, more than two million girls worldwide logged on to Barbie.com to help Barbie(R) choose a new beau, and Blaine(TM) doll is the undisputed winner.", "As well as being a roaring success, Barbie’s personal life was rosy. She began an on-off relationship with the hunky himbo Ken Carson in 1961. A news release from Mattel in February 2004 announced that Barbie and Ken had split up (and an Australian surfer doll named Blaine hit the shelves to keep her company) but in February 2006 they decided to rekindle their relationship following Ken’s makeover.", "The male doll counterpart to Mattel's Barbie doll has an official, albeit fictional, full name of Ken Carson. Ken has no middle name, and his eponym Ken Handler, is the son of Barbie and Ken creator Ruth Handler. Ken's fictional birth date is March 11, 1961, though the doll has managed to maintain his youthful appearance over the years.", "Barbie - the most popular fashion doll in the world, according to toy maker Mattel - met Ken on the set of a TV commercial in 1961, and they have been inseparable ever since.", "Mrs. Handler named the doll after her daughter. Barbie's male counterpart, Ken, named after Mrs. Handler's son, soon followed. More than one billion Barbies have been sold in 150 countries.", "Brad™ (1970) Barbie’s™ Doll friends and family. This African-American male doll was available in two versions: Talking Brad™ and Brad™ With Bendable Legs. He was made from an all-new face sculpt that is known as the Brad™ face sculpt. The Brad™ character was introduced as a boyfriend for the Christie™ character.", "2009: Ken came to life during New York Fashion Week to help Barbie celebrate her 50th anniversary in style. The duo made their first appearance together in years on the runway at her first New York Fashion Week show.", "Just in time for Valentine's Day, the plastic pair have decided to rekindle their romance. After Ken's efforts over the past month to woo back Barbie — he's been posting about his grand romantic gestures on Facebook and Twitter — she has made her decision.", "Mattel , the manufacturer behind Barbie and Ken, plan to celebrate their iconic and beloved couple's status with a limited edition \"Together Again\" gift set that will retail for just $5. The dolls come ready for a romantic date in Malibu, sporting sun-kissed tans and modern fashions inspired by their original 1959 and 1961 swimsuits.", "Can we hope for a happier ending for Barbie and Ken? That she'll see Blaine as just a harmless fling? That Ken will realize his obsession with his appearance and clothes just makes him the Fab Five's perfect straight man? The truth is, it doesn't really matter. Barbie will be just fine, regardless of whether she ends up with Ken, Blaine, someone else –- or no one at all.", "Nikki™ (2006-present) This doll appears as one of Barbie’s™ current best friends. Her last name is O’Neil in a collection of short stories published by Random House in 2010. The book is “Barbie™/I Can be a Movie Star” and the story is “A Dream Come True” by Alison Inches.", "* Dude (boyfriend - 1989) This doll was made from the 1986 Barbie And The Rockers Derek face sculpt.", "Dude™ (boyfriend – 1989) This doll was made from the 1986 Barbie And The Rockers Derek™ face sculpt.", "Dude (boyfriend - 1989) This doll was made from the 1986 Barbie And The Rockers Derek face sculpt.", "Barbie is a doll appearing in the second and third films. She has ponytail decorated in a pink scarf with a matching belt around her waist and the same color of high heel shoes on her feet and wears a turquoise sleeveless unitard with striped legwarmers. She is voiced by Jodi Benson.", "There are numerous shows that tend to pair up two unexpected characters with other. For instance, Pacey Witter and Joey Potter from the drama Dawsons Creek. Pacey and Joey did not like each other at all first, and Joey was in love with her soulmate Dawson Leery, but they eventually fell in love and became a supercouple of the show. Kurt Hummel and Blaine Anderson and Santana Lopez and Brittany Pierce from Glee and are regularly quoted as TV's first LGBTQ powercouples. ", "Blonde bombshell Barbie is so much more than a pretty face. She’s a multimillion-dollar empire; over a billion of the dolls have been sold worldwide in more than 150 countries, and Mattel estimates that three Barbies are sold every second. She’s a cultural icon, painted by Andy Warhol in 1986 (Barbie, Portrait of BillyBoy*), starring in the Toy Story movies , and inspiring collaborations with fashion designers from Oscar de la Renta (1984) to Christian Dior (1995) to Diane von Furstenberg (2006).", "27. The first celebrity to join the Barbie doll family was fashion model Twiggy in 1967 and the M. C. Hammer doll, complete with a cassette of his songs, was added in 1991.", "Barbie Doll’s pet. One of the most famous characters on the famous dog names list. No, Barbie is not a real person." ]	[ 5.34375, 5.23046875, 4.92578125, 4.0390625, 3.826171875, 2.94921875, 2.30859375, 2.0859375, 1.87890625, 1.73828125, 1.630859375, 1.5400390625, 1.2509765625, 0.71630859375, 0.603515625, -0.517578125, -0.65771484375, -0.796875, -0.8046875, -1.326171875, -1.37890625, -1.4609375, -1.9111328125, -2, -2.666015625, -2.67578125, -4.07421875, -5.9609375, -6.19921875, -6.37109375, -6.94921875, -7.37109375 ]
How many points would the word Scrabble score in the game of Scrabble?	[ "It is said that an expert Scrabble player can regularly score more than 400 points while it has been calculated that it’s theoretically possible to score as many as 4,153 points in a single game. This requires the use of words such as, benzoxycamphors, diazohydroxides, and oxyphenbutazone.", "The highest possible score a player can get in Scrabble, on a first turn, is for the word MUZJIKS (128 points). The highest score obtainable by playing a seven-letter word is QUARTZY (164 points) across a triple-word-score square with the Z on a double-letter-score square.", "Scrabble is a word game in which two to four players score points by forming words from individual lettered tiles on a game board marked with a 15-by-15 grid. The words are formed across and down in crossword fashion and must appear in a standard dictionary . Official reference works (e.g. The Official Scrabble Players Dictionary ) provide a list of permissible words. The Collins Scrabble checker can also be used to check if a word is allowed. [1]", "Scrabble is a word game in which two to four players score points by forming words from individual lettered tiles on a game board marked with a 15-by-15 grid. The words are formed across and down in crossword fashion and must appear in a standard dictionary . Official reference works (e.g. The Official Scrabble Players Dictionary, now in its 4th edition) provide a list of permissible words, many of which are rarely found in standard English writing.", "Scrabble is a word game in which two to four players score points by forming words from individual lettered tiles on a game board marked with a 15-by-15 grid. The words are formed across and down in crossword fashion and must appear in a standard dictionary. Official reference works (e.g., The Official Club and Tournament Word List, The Official Scrabble Players Dictionary) provide a list of permissible words.", "Scrabble is a word game in which two to four players score points by forming words from individual lettered tiles on a game board marked with a 15-by-15 grid. The words are formed across and down in crossword fashion and must appear in a standard dictionary. Official reference works (e.g. The Official Scrabble Players Dictionary) provide a list of permissible words. The Collins Scrabble checker can also be used to check if a word is allowed.", "Scrabble is a word game in which two to four players score points by placing tiles, each bearing a single letter, onto a gameboard which is divided into a 15×15 grid of squares. The tiles must form words which, in crossword fashion, flow left to right in rows or downwards in columns. The words must be defined in a standard dictionary, or present in specified reference works (e.g., the Official Tournament and Club Word List, the Official Scrabble Players Dictionary), which provide a list of officially permissible words.", "FOUR RACK TOTAL Make a 2-7-letter word from the letters in each row. Add points of each word using scoring directions at right. Seven-letter words get a 50-point bonus. Blank tiles used as any letter have no point value. Scrabble is a trademark of Hasbro in the U.S. and Canada.", "In one variation of Scrabble, blanks actually do score points corresponding to the letter which the blank is used to represent. For example, if one played blank to represent a \"Z\", it would get ten; a blank to represent a V or an H would get four; a blank to represent a D would get 2 and blank to represent a T, N, L, S or R or any of the vowels would get one.", "In one variation of Scrabble, blanks actually do score points corresponding to the letter which the blank is used to represent. For example, if one played blank to represent a \"Z\", it would get ten; a blank to represent a V or an H would get four; a blank to represent a D would get 2 and blank to represent a T, N or any of the vowels would get one.", "It’s a fair observation. Since Scrabble was adopted in chess parlors in New York in the 1950s, competitive players have dissected its strategic quirks. One early realization was that short words have outsized value, so players scoured the preferred source (the now-defunct Funk & Wagnalls Standard College Dictionary) and compiled lists of two- and three-letter words. They also recognized that the most common letters showed up in a lot of words, so they recorded and memorized seven- and eight-letter words—ones that would earn the 50-point bonus for using all seven tiles at once—that contained A, E, I, N, R, S, and T, among other single-point letters. You didn’t need a computer to see that the Q, though worth the most points, was a pain in the rack but the Z not so much.", "Two to four players play in any game of Scrabble. The object of Scrabble is to score more points than one's opponent. A player collects points by placing words on the game board. Each letter has a different point value, so the strategy becomes to play words with high scoring letter combinations.", "Worth 5 points , leaves you with 4 scrabble tiles. From the letters cin, you have 0 words you can make, and 159 words with the letters \"cin \".", "Match play Scrabble is also practised at tournament at club level in the UK. Tournaments follow a similar structure to American ones, usually at least 6 games but weekend tournaments where players play 12 to 16 games are not uncommon. The official Scrabble association the Association of British Scrabble players sanctions official tournaments with official ratings, ratings range from about 200 to about 60. The official dictionary is called SOWPODS. In contrast to American tournaments, players do not lose a move if they challenge a valid word, which in general means more words are challenged.", "Scrabble is one of the best, most challenging games invented. Up to four players choose seven letter tiles each, and they must use them to produce words that connect with other tiles already on the board to form horizontal and vertically arranged words — like a crossword puzzle. Sound easy to play? It is. But it’s not easy to master.", "There are 100 Scrabble tiles. All but 2 of the tiles have a letter on them. The remaining 2 tiles are blank and can be substituted for any letter. The tiles are worth different points depending on how common or uncommon the letter is. Blank tiles aren't worth any points.", "One of the big cop-outs in Scrabble is to add an “S” to a word that’s already on the board. This works for longer words and words with a lot of high point value letters. Remember that the blank tile has no point value, while building off a word that has already been played over a double and triple modifier space does not give the 2x and 3x point values.", "The probability of Latin in a game of scrabble is 0.000349% which is 1 out of every 2869 hands (not pulled in order of spelling). There are 120 ways the letters can be arranged in your tile holder.", "Scrabble is, as many people would agree, the most popular word game ever published. It is played all around the world in many different languages. In this article, we will focus on how many letters are in Scrabble, more precisely how many letter tiles there are in the English edition of this game. We will also say something about the point system in this game.", "Triple Word Score - This is a dark red square on the Scrabble board. These are found on the four sides of the board equidistant from the four corners of the board. When a word is played using this square, then the points for the word are multiplied by three.", "Scrabble. Write a program to determine the longest legal Scrabble word that can be played? To be legal, the word must be in The Official Tournament and Club Wordlist (TWL98), which consists of all 168,083 words between 2 and 15 letters in TWL98. The number of tiles representing each letter are given in the table below. In addition, there are two blanks which can be used to represent any letter.", "The game is based on Scrabble, except that letters can be stacked on top of other words to create new words. The higher the stack of letters, the more points are scored. This often makes words built in later turns of the game more valuable than earlier words, increasing play intensity. For 2-4 players, ages 10+", "Scrabble has been around since 1938 when Alfred Mosher Butts designed the game and James Brunot published it. Players place their pieces that bear a single letter across a board either in left to right or downward fashion to form words and score points. To avoid debates about the existence of the word formed, there is an official scrabble player’s dictionary available, though they can also agree to make use of any other dictionary as basis for verification.", "Many editions of the word board game Scrabble vary in the letter distribution of the tiles, because the frequency of each letter of the alphabet is different for every language. As a general rule, the rarer the letter the more points it is worth.", " Here is a favorite that has been around for many years. Foreign language editions are available for purchase from a number of companies. Two to four players play in any game of Scrabble. If enough game boards are not available, teams of two can be formed. The object of Scrabble is to score more points than one's opponent. A player collects points by placing words on the game board. Each letter has a different point value, so the strategy becomes to play words with high scoring letter combinations.", "There are number of times when three letter words are important in the game of Scrabble. Here are some strategies where a two or three letter word will benefit any player.", "Scrabble is the most popular word game ever published. This is part of our Scrabble FAQ .", "Due to its popularity and universal familiarity, Scrabble is referenced frequently in pop culture . In particular, the plotline of characters challenging a dubious word played by an opponent is a common occurrence.", "Players may place any word which can be found in a standard English language dictionary. Official Scrabble dictionaries also can be found in bookstores and online.", "This section offers a discussion of various two and three letter Scrabble words and includes a full list of these words and their plural forms.", "Find all the words that can’t ever be used in Scrabble? (Blank tiles can mean any letter). Scrabble contains…", "Still, there are crazy variations that people play, including one called Clabbers. “That’s the anagram of Scrabble,” Cree says. “You can play words in any order you want to and play the letters in any order you want to as long as the letters can make an anagram of a word.”" ]	[ 5.328125, 5.12890625, 4.72265625, 3.90625, 3.740234375, 3.6796875, 2.46875, 1.818359375, 1.076171875, 0.98388671875, 0.005718231201171875, -0.382080078125, -0.9033203125, -0.9228515625, -1.3681640625, -1.44140625, -1.8779296875, -1.9619140625, -2.0078125, -2.033203125, -2.505859375, -2.705078125, -2.8515625, -2.8828125, -2.9375, -3.681640625, -4.66796875, -6.1171875, -6.4765625, -6.51171875, -6.99609375, -7.0546875 ]
Which company who make toy cars and other models won the first toy of the year award in 1965 for a model Aston Martin from the first James Bond film?	[ "Question: Which company who make toy cars and other models won the first toy of the year award in 1965 for a model Aston Martin from the first James Bond film?", " Q. Which company who make toy cars and other models won the first toy of the year award in 1965 for a model Aston Martin from the first James Bond film?", "1934 - Corgi starts to manufacture toy cars and other models. In 1965 their model Aston Martin from the first James Bond film became the very first BATR Toy of the Year.", "Mattel’s first James Bond Aston Martin DB5 made in China, used wheels unlike any used before; they were flat, 16mm in diameter as apposed to the normal 18mm and made the car look squat, low and clumsy. It is possible that they were taken from another model awaiting the correct issue to be manufactured. There was no mention of James Bond on the “blue” box and even the wording “Aston Martin” was printed on clear plastic and placed over the name plate on the front of the box.", "Goldfinger was originally released on 17 September 1964, in the United Kingdom, and on 21 December 1964, in the United States. To promote the film, the two Aston Martin DB5s were showcased at the 1964 New York World's Fair, and it was dubbed \"the most famous car in the world\". Sales of the car rose.Corgi Toys began its decades-long relationship with the Bond franchise, producing a toy of the car. It became the biggest selling toy of 1964. The film's success also led to licensed tie-in clothing, dress shoes, action figures, board games, jigsaw puzzles, lunch boxes, toys, record albums, trading cards and slot cars.", "Though the writing was on the wall, Dinky's offerings in the 1970s covered the entire spectrum of vehicles, both real and fictitious. Besides the normal gamut of passenger, sports and race cars, buses, farm, emergency and military vehicles – cars, airplanes and spacecraft were also offered from popular (mostly British) TV shows of the time like Captain Scarlet, UFO, Thunderbirds, the Pink Panther, and Joe 90 (Dinky Toys 1974). It could be argued, though, that it was too little too late, as Corgi Toys had already been offering for several years vehicles from far more well-known shows and movies in the United States like Batman, The Saint, Daktari, James Bond, and the Man from U.N.C.L.E. Dinky's seemingly weaker standing made it all the more susceptible to Mattel's unstoppable Hot Wheels onslaught. At least the Corgi name still survives as a well-known collectible brand.", "My first recollection of James Bond was a birthday treat in the early 1970s to see a re-run of Dr No with my father and a couple of school friends. I don’t recall much of the day, only the sheer excitement and awe of the experience and the final seconds of Dr No, before he slipped beneath the radioactive broth, unable to cease his descent owing to the lack of grip you get from metal hands on metal railings. I was, from that day, hooked on Bond and had as my most favoured toy, a silver die-cast model with more gadgets than you could shake a stick at. This was the Corgi 270, the “New” James Bond Aston Martin DB5. What I did not appreciate at the time was that this model was the second James Bond DB5 that Corgi had produced and that it would turn out to be the most famous car of all time.", "With Goldfinger, Corgi Toys began its decades-long relationship with the Bond franchise: they produced a toy of the car, which became the biggest selling toy of 1964. A highly detailed kit was also produced by Airfix between 1966 and 1970. ", "In 1967, Mattel's Hot Wheels entered the U.K. model car market. Their low-friction axles and bright paint schemes gave play value and appeal that Dinky and other British brands did not possess. Each manufacturer responded with its own version of this innovation – Dinky's name was \"Speedwheels\" (Force 1988, p. 8). The company continued to make innovative models, with all four doors opening (a first in British toy cars), retractable radio aerials (another first), Speedwheels, high quality metallic paint, and jewelled headlights (which were pretty, but not very realistic). Such features, however, were expensive to manufacture and the price could only be kept down if the quantities produced were sufficiently high, and in the face of Mattel's creation, Dinky was facing an uphill battle.", "The Dinky Toys ranges became more sophisticated throughout the 1950s. Some cars in the sporty pre-war line were carried on after the war like the Alvis sports tourer, the Sunbeam Talbot, or the Frazer-Nash BMW. These offerings then led to a magnificent line-up in the post war DT range, which included a Lagonda, an Armstrong-Siddeley, MG, Sunbeam Alpine, Austin Atlantic, Austin Healey 100, Aston Martin DB3S racer, and Triumph TR2 (Gardiner and O'Neill 1996, pp. 50–51). Additionally, several models introduced were American cars, and even now still seem unique choices, such as a 1954 Packard convertible, a 1955 Plymouth Belvedere, a Cunningham, the 1953 and 1957 Studebakers (and a 1957 Packard), a Chrysler New Yorker Convertible, a 1957 Rambler, and a late model Hudson Hornet. In many cases, even domestic British / European vehicle choices for models were just as interesting as those from Corgi Toys, e. g. a Connaught racing car, a Maserati Sports 2000, the AC Aceca, a Humber Hawk, and a Daimler instead of the more routine Jaguar.", "CORGI COLLECTIBLES: JAMES BOND 007 ASTON MARTIN DB10 DIE-CAST SPORTS (DIE CAST 1:36 SCALE). Just released by Corgi Toys Inc. Low profile rubber tires.", "Gene and co. use Dinky toy cars when plotting out Gil Hollis's attackers' escape route. Dinky toy cars were originally manufactured by the Meccanno company in 1934. The range became popular from 1954 when for the first time the cars were sold in individual boxes. Their main rival from 1956 were Corgi toy cars manufactured by the Mettoy's company. In 1964, Tri-ang toys took over the parent Meccano company. Dinky cars stopped being made in November 1979.", "The Dinky Toys ranges became more sophisticated throughout the 1950s. Some cars in the sporty pre-war line were carried on after the war like the Alvis sports tourer, the Sunbeam Talbot, or the Frazer-Nash BMW. These offerings then led to a magnificent line-up in the post war Dinky range, which included a Lagonda, an Armstrong-Siddeley, MG, Sunbeam Alpine, Austin Atlantic, Austin Healey 100, Aston Martin DB3S racer, Morris Oxford sedan and Triumph TR2 (Gardiner and O'Neill 1996, pp. 50–51). Additionally, several models introduced were American cars, and even now still seem unique choices, such as a 1954 Packard convertible, a 1955 Plymouth Belvedere, a Cunningham, the 1953 and 1957 Studebakers (and a 1957 Packard), a Chrysler New Yorker Convertible, a 1957 Rambler, and a late model Hudson Hornet. In many cases, even domestic British / European vehicle choices for models were not everyday selections, e. g. the Connaught racing car, Maserati Sports 2000 , AC Aceca, Humber Hawk, 1954 Bristol LeMans car with large fins - and a Daimler instead of the more routine Jaguar.", "Goldfinger (1964) - You really can't write a piece about movie motors without mentioning James Bond. This is the one which introduced big Sean to the famous Aston Martin DB5. In reality, the car was a DB4 Vantage model (which had been worked as the prototype for the DB5, unveiled at the London Motor Show in 1963) but who cares? Whatever it was, its appearance in the movie did wonders to promote Aston Martin worldwide. In the film, of course, 007's car was suitably souped-up by Q who added gadgets such as machine guns, bullet-proof shields, rocket launchers, and - of course - an ejector seat.", "quality of each toy. New companies started manufacturing cars including the Corgi brand, produced by Mettoy. This company was the pioneer for including interiors in their models around 1956.", "1950 - Disney's latest release, Cinderella, spawns toy products. Meanwhile, Disney was telling the toy industry to gear up for their next full-length cartoon, Alice in Wonderland, out in 1951. Popular Toys: a wind-up Cinderella dancing doll (with Prince) and Palitoy's Archie Andrew Ventro Doll...Minibrix, 'the world's finest toys' from Dean & Son, Flying Saucer from Cascelloid, Electric Contact Quiz - 'lights up your party - mysterious, unique, amusing' - claims the makers, Spears. Other events: First Toy Fair in Harrogate. First meeting of the NATR - the toy retailers association.", "A classic British luxury car manufacturer, which is world renowned for some of the most iconic and recognisable cars on the big screen as well as the race track. These cars were driven by the likes of racing legend Sir Stirling Moss while undoubtedly the most famous driver was Ian Fleming's super spy character James Bond, who has driven many of the classic and modern Aston Martin models including; the DB5, V8 Vantage, V12 Vanquish, DB9 and DBS to name a few, all of which were production based models.", "Although no longer British-owned, limited production continued in England until the mid-1980s, re-using many of the old Lesney castings. Most production and tooling was moved to Macau. It was during this period that Matchbox acquired the rights to the venerated Dinky brand, perhaps the \"mother of all toy car collectibles\", and united two of the most important names in die-cast under one roof. New models were created (sometimes dies were also bought from competing companies), and the Dinky Collection was born. Dinky models tended to be of more recent classics (particularly the '50s), while Yesteryears tended to concentrate on older vintages. It was also during the Universal era that the \"Matchbox Collectibles\" concept was developed (see below, \"Matchbox Collectibles\").", "Dinky offerings at this time were striking, but due to the lack of much competition, development of new models was perhaps a bit slow. That was until July 1956 when Mettoy introduced a rival line of models under the Corgi brand name. The most obvious difference was the addition of clear plastic windows. While Corgi called their vehicles, \"The Ones With Windows\", Meccano Ltd responded by updating the Dinky Toys range and the models from both companies quickly became more and more sophisticated featuring such things as working suspension, 'fingertip steering', detailed interiors, and jeweled headlights. The first model to have jeweled headlights was the no. 196 Holden Special sedan made from 1963-1970. In many cases Dinky models were just as interesting as those from Corgi, like the Rambler, late model Hudson Hornet, AC Aceca, late 1950s Packard and Studebaker, a Daimler instead of the Jaguar, and a Humber Super Snipe.", "Dinky offerings at this time were striking, but due to the lack of much competition, development of new models was perhaps a bit slow at least until July 1956 when Mettoy introduced a rival line of models under the Corgi brand name. The most obvious difference was the addition of clear plastic windows. While Corgi Toys called their vehicles, \"The Ones With Windows\", Meccano Ltd responded by updating the Dinky Toys range and the models from both companies quickly became more and more sophisticated featuring such things as working suspension, 'fingertip steering', detailed interiors, and jewelled headlights. The first model to have jewelled headlights was the no. 196 Holden Special sedan made from 1963-1970.", "Dinky offerings at this time were striking, but due to the lack of much competition, development of new models was perhaps a bit slow at least until July 1956, when Mettoy introduced a rival line of models under the Corgi brand name. The most obvious difference was the addition of clear plastic window glazing. While Corgi Toys called their vehicles, \"The Ones With Windows\", Meccano Ltd responded by updating the Dinky Toys range and the models from both companies quickly became more and more sophisticated featuring such things as working suspension, \"fingertip steering\", detailed interiors, and jewelled headlights. The first model to have jewelled headlights was the no. 196 Holden Special sedan made from 1963-1969.", "Dinky offerings at this time were striking, but due to the lack of much competition, development of new models was perhaps a bit slow at least until July 1956 when Mettoy introduced a rival line of models under the Corgi brand name. The most obvious difference was the addition of clear plastic window glazing. While Corgi Toys called their vehicles, \"The Ones With Windows\", Meccano Ltd responded by updating the Dinky Toys range and the models from both companies quickly became more and more sophisticated featuring such things as working suspension, 'fingertip steering', detailed interiors, and jewelled headlights. The first model to have jewelled headlights was the no. 196 Holden Special sedan made from 1963-1969. ", "The 1:36 scale complement of 13 models, including the two Aston Martin DB5 variants from Goldfinger CC 04306 and Casino Royale CC 04309 , and 4 James Bond Limited Edition Era sets were also scheduled for release in June. Because the Aston Martin DBS, CC 03802, was to receive a completely new and highly detailed interior and seated bond figure, this model did not arrive in stores until early December, but just in time for Christmas!", "Although Dinky Toys were not known as widely for producing television related models as Corgi Toys, they still made a number of vehicles widely known from the small screen. Many of these models were the result of beating Corgi Toys to the signing of a licensing deal with Gerry Anderson 's Century 21 Productions , whose programmes are immensely popular in the United Kingdom. The French factory produced only one TV series related model: the 1406 Renault 4 Sinpar \"Michel Tanguy\" (The Dinky Toys Encyclopaedia).", "Although Dinky Toys were not known as widely for producing television related models as Corgi Toys, they still made a number of vehicles widely known from the small screen. Many of these models were the result of beating Corgi Toys to the signing of a licensing deal with Gerry Anderson's Century 21 Productions, whose programmes are immensely popular in the United Kingdom. The French factory produced only one TV series related model: the 1406 Renault 4 Sinpar \"Michel Tanguy\" (The Dinky Toys Encyclopaedia).", "The Dinky trade-name changed hands many times before ending up as part of Matchbox International Ltd in the late 1980s. This seemed to be a logical and perhaps synergistic development, uniting two of the most valuable and venerated names in the British and world die-cast model car market under one roof. For a time some Matchbox vehicles were sold under the Dinky name (Stoneback 2002, p. 24). In the 1980s, Matchbox began issuing model cars of the 1950s and 1960s through the 'Dinky Collection' – these models were marketed toward adult collectors. The models, like a Wolseley Hornet, were attractive and honoured the tradition of the Dinky name in terms of both quality and scale, and resembled Lledo 's Vanguard range. Still, production stopped after only a few years.", "The popularity of diecast toys as collectibles developed in the 1950s as their detail and quality increased. Consequently, more companies entered the field, including the Corgi brand, produced by Mettoy, which appeared in 1956 and pioneered the use of interiors in their models.", "The original two-door Mini was a small car produced by the British Motor Corporation (BMC) and its successors from 1959 until 2000. It is considered an icon of the 1960s, and its space-saving front-wheel-drive layout (which allowed 80% of the area of the car's floorpan to be used for passengers and luggage) influenced a generation of car-makers. The vehicle is in some ways considered the British equivalent to its German contemporary, the Volkswagen Beetle, which enjoyed similar popularity in North America. In 1999 the Mini was voted the second most influential car of the 20th Century, behind the Ford Model T. ", "Chiltern Toys was originally founded in Germany in 1881, as a toy export company. It was started by two brothers - Josef and Gabriel Eisenmann. Josef lived in London at 45 Whitecross Street while his brother remained in Germany in Furth, Bavaria.", "After penning about a dozen James Bond novels, Ian Fleming wrote the children's storybook \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang: The Magical Car,\" in the mid-1960s, inspired by an actual monstrous European chain-driven racing auto from the 1920s.", "Meccano was the first metal toy construction set of any note sold in the western hemisphere. It was first produced about 1900 in England by Frank Hornby. It consisted of (and still consists of) metal strips of various lengths with equally spaced holes in them so they can be connected by nuts and bolts.", "Spy movie fan Luca Pietramala posted this on his Facebook page recently. It's a toy industry trade magazine advertisement for a 1966 line of spy-related rubber hand puppets. The David McCallum/Illya puppet was produced along with the Sean Connery figure in a suit and the Harold Sakata/Oddjob figure. However, the Adolfo Celi as Largo and Connery scuba puppets never got beyond the prototype stage. The nagging question for the last half-century has been: when are they going to release a Robert Vaughn/Napoleon Solo puppet? We're starting to lose hope! " ]	[ 10.8125, 10.7890625, 8.359375, 0.70068359375, 0.173828125, 0.129150390625, -0.1812744140625, -0.64453125, -0.65625, -0.96826171875, -1.109375, -1.3486328125, -1.9052734375, -1.9853515625, -2.650390625, -2.724609375, -2.9296875, -3.17578125, -3.39453125, -3.626953125, -3.640625, -3.646484375, -3.658203125, -4.3046875, -4.31640625, -4.8515625, -4.96484375, -6.19140625, -6.875, -7.73828125, -7.796875, -8.078125 ]
What was the name of the Japanese virtual pets that became very popular throughout the world in 1997?	[ "Question: What was the name of the Japanese virtual pets that became very popular throughout the world in 1997?", " Q. What was the name of the Japanese virtual pets that became very popular throughout the world in 1997?", "1997 2 in 1 year - Teletubbies £27.39 and Tamagotchi - Teletubbies took the BBC by storm and Tamagotchi became the new playground craze as virtual pets came over from Japan. The egg shaped virtual pet sold over 40 million pieces in 1997. Both toys created massive queues at Toys R Us made overnight deliveries to cope with demand.", "The Tamagotchi, a portmanteau of tamago—“egg” in Japanese—and the English word “watch,” is a virtual pet the size of a keychain. It had its heyday in the mid-’90s when kids attached them to their Jansports and “fed” the pets daily by pressing a button on a screen. Tomagotchis who weren't properly cared for just \"died.\"", "The is a handheld digital pet, created in Japan by of WiZ and Aki Maita of Bandai. It was first sold by Bandai on November 23, 1996 in Japan, quickly becoming one of the biggest toy fads of the 1990s. As of 2010, over 76 million Tamagotchis have been sold world-wide. Most Tamagotchi are housed in a small egg-shaped computer with an interface usually consisting of three buttons, although the number of buttons may vary.", "Several other platforms for virtual pets have had the opportunity to take the stage since the decline of the tamagotchi-the most notable of which being neopets.com. Neopets offered users the ability to take care of multiple alien-like pets that needed to be fed, occupied, and taken care of-similar to their Tamagotchi predecessors. Neopets also incorporated social media into the site-users could add neofriends, chat about their neopets and interests in the forums, join club-like guilds, and participate in the neopian economy by playing games to earn neopoints. They could use their neopoints to buy food, customization for their pets, or even trade neopian stock. In it’s heyday back in 2005, neopets boasted a whopping 25 million members worldwide, each of which spent an average of 6 hours and 15 minutes per month on the site. At the time, four out of five Neopians were under age 18, and two out of five were under 13. (Kushner)", "If aliens ever visit the earth, they will no doubt puzzle over many of the things that we do. One of the things that they might struggle to understand is the Tamagotchi, a virtual digital pet that was popular with the pre-teen set in the 1990s. This tech toy was incredibly popular, and was the cause of many tears, and much confusion from adults as to why children cared about the death of an animated character.", "A Tamagotchi is a keychain-sized virtual pet simulation game. The characters are colorful and simplistically designed creatures based on animals, objects, or people. Beginning with the 2004 Tamagotchi Plus/Connection, a second wave of Tamagotchi toys emerged, featuring a different graphic design by JINCO and gameplay which elaborated upon the first generations. However, the story behind the games remained the same: Tamagotchis are a small alien species that deposited an egg on Earth to see what life was like, and it is up to the player to raise the egg into an adult creature. The creature goes through several stages of growth, and will develop differently depending on the care the player provides, with better care resulting in an adult creature that is smarter, happier, and requires less attention. Gameplay can vary widely between models, and some models, such as TamagoChu, require little to no care from the player. For its current 2 decades, Tamagotchi has gained popularity worldwide.", "The social structure in Japan during the 1990s allowed for the instant and surprising popularity of the Tamagotchis. For example, many families were unable to afford real pets due to cramped space and busy lifestyles. In addition, Japanese children pressured by school and busy with familial obligations reacted to these relationship-building toys immediately.", "Other video games based on the series are Pingu's 'Barrel of Fun! for the PC in 1997 and Pingu and Friends in 1999, (both of which were developed in the Europe by BBC Multimedia, and were then released in North America in 1999 and 2001, being published by Infogrames), Pingu: Sekai de Ichiban Genki na Penguin for the Game Boy in Japan in 1993, and Fun Fun Pingu for the PlayStation also in Japan in 1999.", "Indeed, the toy's legacy of \"techno-intimacy\" continued with the rising popularity of Hasbro’s \"Furby,\" a small, fluffy, interactive robot, and with the Sony \"AIBO,\" a responsive and highly endearing robot dog. The Furby debuted in September 1998 and the AIBO (Artificial Intelligence Robot) debuted in May 1999. Both are described as “communication partner robots.” This description of a connection formed with a robot, as opposed to mere objectivity, signified a desire for “soft” electronic goods instead of “hard” electronic devices (Allison, 189). In addition to \"pets\" in a variety of handheld forms, Tamagotchi also paved the way for cell phone games, computer software and interactive children’s television. Because Tamagotchi popularized the non-traditional interactive toy, when coupled with technological advancements, it became more than a mere plaything. It became an integral part of its user's lifestyle.", "Using infrared communication, two players can link their toys and the pets may form friendships, play games, exchange gifts, and even marry. Infrared connection was introduced with the Plus/Connection, but the Japanese Chou Jinsei Enjoy Tamagotchi was the first model to interact with a computer. Since then, many subsequent models have also been able to interact with the E-Tamago or Tamatown websites by using alphanumeric codes generated by the toy to log in to the website's Flash game. After generating a code, the toy remains paused until the player either enters a logout code or cancels. The player may play minigames in the town to earn Gotchi Points, or use Gotchi Points to buy items in the town shops. To transfer points and items back to the toy, the player signs out of the Flash game and is given a code to input back into the toy. Newer models, such as the Tamagotchi 4U and the Tamagotchi 4U+ can connect to other Tamagotchi 4U units, as well as smartphones and tablets, using near field communication. Unlike previous models, the Tamagotchi 4U does not have infrared, which consequently caused it to sell rather poorly.", "The Sonic the Hedgehog series continued to be internationally recognized, having sold 150 million in total, although the critical reception of games in the series has been mixed. In 2007, Sega and Nintendo teamed up using Sega's acquired Olympic Games license, to create the Mario and Sonic at the Olympic Games series, which has sold over 20 million in total. In the console and handheld business, Sega found success in Japan with the Yakuza and Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA series of games, amongst others primarily aimed at the Japanese market. In Japan, Sega distributes titles from smaller Japanese game developers and localizations of western titles. In 2013, Index Corporation was purchased by Sega Sammy after going bankrupt. After the buyout, Sega officially split Index, making Atlus, the video game developer and publisher, a wholly owned subsidiary of Sega. Atlus is known for its Megami Tensei and Persona series of role-playing games.", "Doraemon (Japanese: ドラえもん) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by the manga writing team Fujiko Fujio. The series has also been adapted into a successful anime series and media franchise. The story revolves around a robotic cat named Doraemon, who travels back in time from the 22nd century to aid a pre-teen boy named Nobita Nobi (野比のび太 Nobi Nobita?).", "A pair of robotic dogs similar in appearance to AIBO appear in Tokyo Jungle, a video game published by Sony Computer Entertainment.", "In Japan, a hugely popular live-action game called Brain Wall (also referred to commonly as \"Human Tetris\") ran for a number of seasons on a Japanese variety show. Contestants would be assigned to teams (Red or Blue) and paired with recurring characters. Each team would then, in turn, face a wall of painted styrofoam with a Tetris-like shape carved out. The wall would advance on the contestant, who must pass through the opening by posing, squeezing or jumping. Later levels have a pool of water at the end of the run (the effect being to force the contestant into the pool if they fail.) The recurring characters provide running commentary, built-in rivalry and comic relief. Due to the game's popularity as a viral video , versions of the game have been exported around the world as a dedicated show, commonly known in English regions as Hole in the Wall.", "Neopets (originally NeoPets) is a virtual pet website launched by Adam Powell and Donna Williams on 15 November 1999. Two years after the web site was launched, Adam Powell and Donna Williams sold a majority share to a consortium of investors led by Doug Dohring.", "Is a Japanese manga series created by Fujiko F. Fujio which later became an anime series and an Asian franchise . The series is about an earless robotic cat named Doraemon, who travels back in time from the 22nd century to aid a schoolboy, Nobita Nobi.", "The \"game start\" jingle is \"Inu no Omawari-san\" (\"The Dog Policeman\"), which is a traditional Japanese nursery rhyme. The line the game plays is the first one, which goes \"Maigo no maigo no koneko-chan. Anata no ouchi wa doko desu ka?\" (\"Lost, lost kitten, where is your address?\")", "Hello Kitty Online (2009, PC): an online MMORPG developed by Sanrio Digital and Typhoon Games. The game allows players to create and customize characters, then use them to battle monsters, socialize with one another, mine for ore, do domestic chores like farming or cooking, and participate in quests.", "Whomp 'Em: NES game whose Japanese version is based on the story (the American version features an Indian boy instead of Wukong). Although a marketing failure, it is also a cult classic.", "The game was praised by critics, including IGN (9.5/10), GameSpot (8.6/10) and the Official Playstation Magazine (5/5). As of April 30, 2008, the game has shipped 2.55 million copies in Japan, 10,000 in Southeast Asia, 4.3 million in Europe, and 3.99 million in North America for a total of 10.85 million copies. [1] [2] It was also a high seller in Australia selling over 100,000 units in the first two months and with sales exceeding 130,000 as of October 1998. [4]", "The Tamagocchi, which translates as \"cute little egg,\" is a key-chain computer game about the size and shape of an egg. The game starts when an egg on the display screen hatches and a chicken is born. The owner then uses three tiny buttons to feed, play with, clean up after and discipline it. Unlike most video games that are over in a few minutes, this one can go on for days.", "Aiming to produce an affordable virtual reality console, Nintendo released the Virtual Boy in 1995, designed by Gunpei Yokoi. The console consists of a head-mounted semi-portable system with one red-colored screen for each of the user's eyes, featuring stereoscopic graphics. Games are viewed through a binocular eyepiece and controlled using an affixed gamepad. Critics were generally disappointed with the quality of the games and the red-colored graphics, and complained of gameplay-induced headaches. The system sold poorly and was quietly discontinued. Amid the system's failure, Yokoi retired from Nintendo. During the same year, Nintendo launched the Satellaview in Japan, a peripheral for the Super Famicom. The accessory allowed users to play video games via broadcast for a set period of time. Various games were made exclusively for the platform, as well as various remakes.", "In the mid-1980s, Sega released Hang-On and After Burner, arcade titles that make use of hydraulic cabinet functionality and force feedback control. Sega also released the 360-degree rotating machine R-360. For arcade system boards, Sega released the System series and the Super Scaler series. UFO Catcher was introduced in 1985 and is Japan's most commonly installed claw crane game. Sega was also one of the first to introduce medal games with World Bingo and World Derby in the 1980s, a sub-industry within Japanese arcades up to its current day.", "PC games, on the other hand, will usually work fine, as long as you understand enough Japanese to install and play them. Only-in-Japan genres include the visual novel (ビジュアルノベル), which are interactive games with anime style art, somewhat similar to dating sims, and its subset the erotic game (エロゲー eroge), which is just what the name says.", "PC games, on the other hand, will usually work fine, as long as you understand enough Japanese to install and play them. Only-in-Japan genres include the visual novel (ビジュアルノベル), which are interactive games with anime style art, somewhat similar to dating sims, and its subset the erotic game (エロゲー eroge), which is just what the name says.", "The company showed up in places all over Japan, holding competitive games before what was left of the curious audiences of the past. They also revealed and spread once op secret knowledge among a broader populace.", "In 1988 , an arcade version was released by Sega in Japan for the Sega System 16 and System E arcade boards . [26] It won the Japanese Gamest Award for Game of the Year the following year.", "In the early 1980s, adventure games began gaining popularity in Japan. The country's computer market was largely dominated by NEC's 8-bit PC-8801 (1981) and 16-bit PC-9801 (1982) platforms, which could display 8 simultaneous colors and had a resolution of 640×400, higher than Western computers at the time, in order to accommodate Japanese text. This in turn influenced game design, as NEC PCs became known for adventure games with detailed color graphics, which would eventually evolve into visual novels. NEC soon had several competitors such as the FM-7 (1982), the AV (1985) version of which could display more than 4000 colors in addition to featuring FM synthesis sound. Its 16-bit successor, the FM Towns (1989), could display 24-bit color (16.8 million colors) and featured a CD-ROM drive. ", " Neo Geo Pocket (1996) - Unrelated to Neo Geo consoles or arcade systems save for name", "A game for PC and Nintendo DS was released in 2009. The video game features characters specifically created for the game." ]	[ 10.8359375, 10.8046875, 5.12109375, 0.6103515625, -0.38232421875, -0.67529296875, -0.6767578125, -0.75244140625, -0.93310546875, -1.826171875, -2.947265625, -3.578125, -3.58984375, -5.00390625, -6.41015625, -6.57421875, -7.10546875, -7.3046875, -7.51953125, -8.5859375, -8.9765625, -9.4765625, -9.6328125, -9.8203125, -9.9765625, -10.578125, -10.578125, -10.9375, -10.9609375, -10.9921875, -11.015625, -11.03125 ]
Nicknamed the Black Panther, who was the top scorer in the 1966 World Cup finals?	[ "The 1966 FIFA World Cup Final was contested at the legendary Wembley Stadium in London, in front of 98,000 delirious fans and millions more watching on television, for the host, England , with their stars Bobby Moore and Bobby Charlton, and West Germany , with the elegant style of Franz Beckenbauer. England , the country that invented football, beat West Germany 4-2 after extra-time in one of the most exciting and controversial of all World Cup Finals, winning for the first and, so far, only time the World Cup, and becoming the third host to win the tournament. Geoff Hurst became the hero of England after completing a hat-trick in the final, with two goals in extra time. Hurst remains the only man to have scored three goals in a World Cup final. On the other hand, the doubts on the legitimacy of Hurst's second goal remains to this day. TV replays failed to prove if the ball had crossed the line. A British record 32 million viewers watched on television the final, and another 30 million people were watching around the world, a television audience record.", "The top scorer in the 1966 World Cup and considered one of the best footballers of all time, Eusebio da Silva Ferreira died of cardio-pulmonary arrest early on Sunday morning.", "Eusebio da Silva Ferreira is considered to be one of the greatest footballers of all time. Nicknamed the \"Black Panther\" because of his speed, technique, athleticism. Through his 9 fantastic goals, he helped Portugal reach third place in the 1966 World Cup. In 1965, while playing for Benfica, he gathered a total of 67 points and became the winner of Ballon d'Or.", "Eusebio, nicknamed the ‘Black Panther’, led Portugal to a third-place finish at the 1966 World Cup but his agility and speed made him one of Europe's most dangerous forwards for most of a career that lasted two decades.", "From Geoff Hurst's hat-trick in the Final to images of captain Bobby Moore lifting the Jules Rimet trophy at Wembley, the 1966 World Cup remains the ultimate moment of triumph in English sporting history. Yet the real story surrounding England's route to glory against Germany in one of the ... MORE", "Watching the 1966 World Cup Final back earlier this evening, it’s difficult to understate the importance of Ball’s performance. It’s certainly hard to believe that he had won his first cap just sixteen months previously. He won and took the corner that led to England’s second goal, and his run and pass set up Geoff Hurst’s second and England’s all important third goal. In extra-time, with more or less everybody on the pitch absolutely exhausted, Ball was, more often than not, the only player on the pitch that was still running. Had Hurst not scored three goals, he would have been a contender for the Man Of The Match award. He was back at the World Cup finals in 1970, hitting the crossbar in England’s ultimately costly 1-0 defeat at the hands of Brazil, and picked up a total of 72 caps for the national team.", "You might presume that goalkeepers always commanded their defence, came off their line to intercept crosses and rushed out of the area to challenge attackers. They didn't, and they do now largely because of Lev Yashin. He reinvented the art of goalkeeping while playing for the Soviet Union and presented this to the world at the 1958 World Cup. Dressed all in black and known as the Black Panther, he was the star of the team, impressing with his athleticism. He was also a master of saving penalties, saving 150 in his career. He won the European Championship of 1960 and would appear in four World Cups. He also helped Dynamo Moscow win 5 Soviet League titles. Yashin is the only goalkeeper to win European Footballer of the Year (1963). He is an automatic pick in goal for every all-time dream team and the World Cup award for best goalkeeper is now named after him. ", "The actual ball used in England’s 4-2 win over Germany FR in the 1966 final disappeared for many years. It should have gone to Geoff Hurst, the only man ever to score a hat-trick in a FIFA World Cup™ final, but it ended up being taken by the West German player Helmut Haller, whose son apparently kicked it about in his back garden for many years. It is now in the National Football Museum in Preston in England and the only way to find out who made the actual ball would be to unpick a seam and take a look at the name inside – a tempting thought!", "In Part 6 of the Legends of World Football, we'll take a look at the former Soviet Union and their best ever players, featuring the greatest goalkeeper in the history of football, Lev Yashin - \"The Black Panther\".", "Finished top scorer in the 1966 World Cup finals with nine goals, including four to rescue Portugal against North Korea after they had trailed 3-0.", "Sport, Football, 1966 World Cup Finals, Goodison Park, Liverpool, England, 12th July 1966, Brazil 2 v Bulgaria 0, Brazil's Pele (left) prepares to shoot as a Bulgarian challenge comes in, Pele was perhaps the most famous footballer of all time and featured in 4 World Cups,forced out of the finals in Chile in 1962 and England in 1966 through injury he won 2 World Cup winners medals with Brazil playing in the successful teams of 1958 in Sweden, at the age of 17, and the famous 1970 team which won the World Cup in Mexico (Photo by Popperfoto/Getty Images)", "He helped the Portuguese national team reach third place at the 1966 World Cup, being the top goalscorer of the tournament with nine goals (including four in one match against North Korea)[4] and received the Bronze Ball award. He won the Ballon d'Or award in 1965 and was runner-up in 1962 and 1966. He played for Benfica for 15 years out of his 22 as a footballer, thus being mainly associated with the Portuguese club, and is the team's all-time top scorer with 638 goals scored in 614 official games. There, he won eleven Primeira Liga titles, five Taça de Portugal titles, a European Cup (1961–62) and helped them reach three additional European Cup finals...\"", "Pele is one of only two players to have scored in four World Cups (1958, 1962, 1966 and 1970). West Germany's Uwe Seeler (1958-1970) is the other.", "Ronaldo – No man has scored more goals in World Cup Finals than Ronaldo. He has played for some of Europe’s biggest clubs and in the World Cup Final in 1998, he was and then wasn’t on the team sheet in one of the most bizarre twists in tournament history.", "Single-handed: Diego Maradona - scoring his infamous Hand of God goal against England (left) and raising the trophy (right) - led Argentina to the World Cup in 1986 with the greatest individual performance at a finals", "The 1986 FIFA World Cup was a football sporting event that was held in Mexico in 1986. 24 national teams took part. Argentina won the trophy after beating Germany in the final. Diego Maradona was the best player of the tournament.", "The 1990 tournament didn’t go as well for host country Italy, as West Germany took home the title after beating Argentina 1-0 in the final. 1990’s World Cup saw an African team advance further than any had done to that point – Cameroon got to the quarter-finals with 38-year-old striker Roger Milla, who’d been persuaded to “un-retire” when Cameroon’s president phoned him prior to the tournament. Milla’s goal celebrations involved dancing with the corner flag , which he got to do in the game vs. Colombia that ensured Cameroon’s place in the quarter-finals.", "Born Eusebio da Silva Ferreira in the Mozambique capital Maputo on Jan. 25, 1942, he rose to international prominence at the 1966 World Cup in England and went on to cement his reputation over the following decade, winning many admirers with his speed, technique, athleticism and a ferocious right-foot shot.", "Major Honours: European Cup Winners Cup 1965, World Cup 1966, Player of Players award in the 1966 World Cup Finals.", "* Players that have scored in all 3 matches of the group stage in one FIFA World Cup: Omar Orestes Corbatta in 1958 and Lionel Messi in 2014 ", "Regarded as one of the greatest goalkeepers of all time, ‘The Black Spider’ won the USSR championship five times whilst at Dynamo Moscow. His cultural impact on the sport as well as his country has been monumental. He is possibly the greatest ever in his position with his performances for the Soviet Union in three World Cups (1958, 1962, 1966) catching the gazing eyes of the world.", "He is the all-time leading scorer of the Brazil national football team and is the only footballer to be a part of three World Cup-winning squads. [31] In 1962, his second World Cup victory, he was on the Brazilian squad at the start of the World Cup but because of an injury suffered in the second match, he was not able to play the remainder of the tournament. In November 2007 FIFA announced that he would be awarded the 1962 medal retroactively, making him the only player in the world to have three World Cup winning medals. [32]", "Named by Pele as his greatest player of all time, one only has to watch footage of Best and it ishard not to agree. A great dribbler and goalscorer Best was the first superstar footballer in England and the greatest star in a famous United team (that also included Charlton). His talent was confirmed to the world with his exploits in the European Cup, in which he showcased his ability in 1966 and then inspired his club to win in 1968, earning him a European Footballer of the Year award. A natural player who loved to entertain, and who fans, and team-mates, never knew what to expect next. He played with verve and imagination and celebrated the best that football could be. He was also brave and would not be intimidated by the hard men of the era. One can only imagine what he could have achieved if he played on the pitches, and with the protection given by referees, of today", "His first official title did not come until the 2000 New Year Honours list when he received an MBE, one of the last five members of England's 1966 World Cup winning team to be decorated. During the tournament he scored three times in six appearances and, overall, hit 18 goals in 34 England games, underlining the deadly finishing instincts of the 5ft 9in striker.", "At 17, he effectively won the 1958 World Cup for Brazil with a hat-trick in the semi-final against France and two goals in the final against the host nation, Sweden. He was also in the squad that triumphed in 1962 and scored again in the 1970 final.", "Romario da Souza Faria was born on January 29 1966 in Brazil. He was regarded as the finest forward of the 1990s and was a superstar on the international stage.", "As a player plagued by injury, he did struggle in parts of his career. But he was a big tournament player as his record at world cup’s is untouchable. His hat trick against Brazil in the 1982 wc will go down as one of the best striker performance in football history. He is a quick player who was absolutely lethal in the box. Was great at making runs behind the defense and quite a handful to deal with.", "2) Who is the only player to score for 2 different nations in 2 separate World Cup tournaments?", "In 1962, Josef Masopust was playing as a midfielder for Czechoslovakia and his brilliant skills helped them reached the 1962 Football World Cup final. Masopust was capped 63 times, scoring 10 goals for his country and he was named the winner of Ballon d'Or in the same year. He was selected as Czechoslovakia's Golden Player by the Football Association of the Czech Republic as their most outstanding player of the past 50 years.", "legend with a afro, one of three players to score a goal in every game of a tournament", "Footballer and Football Manager. Born in Lanarkshire, he led Celtic to League Scottish and European Cup victories. Manager of Scottish national team which qualified for the World Cup Final in 1982.", "He is the most complete player ever to grace the soccer field – fast, innovative, a striker, a midfielder and defender. He was way ahead in his days and played with the intelligence and skill in the 70s that players do in modern times." ]	[ 5.34375, 5.00390625, 4.98046875, 3.189453125, 2.046875, 1.2216796875, 0.7607421875, 0.430908203125, 0.33544921875, -0.8994140625, -0.90283203125, -1.8515625, -2.44140625, -2.453125, -2.70703125, -2.77734375, -3.326171875, -3.615234375, -4.42578125, -4.6875, -4.6875, -5.05078125, -5.5234375, -5.55078125, -7.09375, -7.1875, -7.48046875, -7.88671875, -7.96875, -8.1171875, -8.5703125, -9.1328125 ]
Which Dutch footballer scored 90 goals in 135 games for A. C. Milan in the late 1980s and early 1990s?	[ "Arguably Milan’s greatest-ever era took place during the late 1980s and had extended through to the mid-1990s. Often hailed as the greatest-ever Milan side, the team stemming form the 1989 European Champions managed by Arrigo Sacchi, contained legendary Milan players Franco Baresi, Paolo Maldini, Marco van Basten, Ruud Gullit and Frank Rijkaard amongst others. Milan’s dominance, both domestically and internationally, had seen them capture four league titles and three European Cups (finishing runners-up two additional times) between 1989 and 1996. During this time, Inter had gone on to finish runners-up in the 1992-93 season (behind Milan) and won two UEFA Cups.", "A.C. Milan have one of the biggest reputations in world football, and this is probably due to the successful team the club had from 1987-1991. A team consisting of players like: Ruud Gullit, Marco Van Basten, Frank Rijkaard, Carlo Ancelotti, Tassotti, Franco Baresi, Costacurta, Roberto Donadoni, Paolo Maldini won its first Scudetto in nine years in the 1987-88 season. The following year the club won its first European Cup in two decades, before retaining their title a year later and the side still remain the last team to win back-to-back European Cups. The Milan team of 1989-90 has been voted the best club side of all time, in global poll of experts conducted by World Soccer magazine.", "Arguably Milan's greatest-ever era took place during the late 1980s and had extended through to the mid-1990s. Often hailed as the greatest-ever Milan side, the team stemming from the 1989 European champions managed by Arrigo Sacchi, contained legendary Milan players Franco Baresi, Paolo Maldini, Marco van Basten, Ruud Gullit and Frank Rijkaard, amongst others. Milan's dominance, both domestically and internationally, had seen them capture four league titles and three European Cups (finishing runners-up two additional times) between 1989 and 1996. During this time, Inter had gone on to finish runners-up in the 1992–93 season (behind Milan) and won two UEFA Cups.", "After several different financial troubles had caused bad times and a lack of success, Milan was bought on 20 February 1986 by Silvio Berlusconi , a Milanese entrepreneur. Berlusconi brought in a rising coach, Arrigo Sacchi , and three Dutch players, Marco van Basten , Frank Rijkaard and Ruud Gullit , to return the team to glory. He also signed some Italian stars: Roberto Donadoni , Carlo Ancelotti and Giovanni Galli .", "On February 20, 1986 entrepreneur Silvio Berlusconi acquired the club and saved it from bankruptcy investing vast amounts of money, appointing rising manager Arrigo Sacchi at the helm of the Rossoneri and signing the Dutch trio of Ruud Gullit, Marco van Basten and Frank Rijkaard. This was the beginning of arguably the most successful era in Milan's history, as they won eight domestic titles, one Coppa Italia, five Supercoppa Italiana, five Champions League trophies, five UEFA Super Cups, two Intercontinental Cups and one FIFA Club World Cup. That successful team has been voted the best club side of all time, in a global poll of experts conducted by World Soccer magazine.", "In 1989, under the management of Arrigo Sacchi, Milan won the European Cup for the first time in 20 years, defeating 1986 champions Steaua București 4–0 in the final. The following year Milan retained their title, defeating Benfica 1–0 in Vienna. The Dutch trio of Marco van Basten, Ruud Gullit, and Frank Rijkaard were the brilliant heart of the Italian side, which also featured a defence comprising Mauro Tassotti, Franco Baresi, Alessandro Costacurta and Paolo Maldini, often considered one of the greatest defences in the history of the game. ", "Another footballing career abruptly truncated through injury, in his prime, Marco Van Basten and his Milan played some of the most jaw-unhinging football ever recorded. Signed by Silvio Berlusconi thanks to his sublime volleys, velvet touch and torrent of goals, Van Basten would win the European Footballer of the Year three times (1988, '89 and '92) and FIFA World Player of the Year in 1992, scoring 277 goals in 11 pro years, in two of which he finished as the capocannoniere. He would become the first player to score four goals in a Champions League match, winning two European cups in a row.", "He spent around £15 million on winger Gianluigi Lentini, breaking the world football transfer record. He also signed Fernando De Napoli, Stefano Eranio, Jean-Pierre Papin, Dejan Savićević and Zvonimir Boban. Already boasting talent such as Marco van Basten, Ruud Gullit, Paolo Maldini and Frank Rijkaard, Capello was one of the first managers to introduce a squad rotation approach. He played Rijkaard and Albertini as deep-lying central midfielders, allowing his wingers more license to attack. Milan dominated the league in the 1992–93 season, defending the Serie A title, and reached the 1993 UEFA Champions League final, losing to 1–0 Marseille. Milan remained unbeaten for 58 league games, between 19 May 1991 and 21 March 1993, which included an entire season in the league, a record in Italian football. They were finally defeated 1–0 by Parma after a goal from Faustino Asprilla. ", "The next season saw Italian clubs return to the top of the European table. Juventus also made history in the European group stage by defeating Olimpiacos 7–0. Although they had dominated the competition through the 1990s, there were no Serie A clubs in the quarter-finals in 2002. The following season, however, saw three Italian semi-finalists – and a final between Milan and Juventus. Milan won their sixth European Cup when they beat their old rivals 3–2 on penalties following a 0–0 draw. Milan captain Paolo Maldini lifted the trophy in Manchester exactly 40 years after his father Cesare had done so for Milan in London. Clarence Seedorf won the Champions League for the third time, and with three different clubs. He had earlier won the cup with Ajax in 1995 and Real Madrid in 1998.", "After Sacchi left Milan in 1991, he was replaced by the club's former player Fabio Capello whose team won three consecutive Serie A titles between 1992 and 1994, a spell which included a 58-match unbeaten run in Serie A and back-to-back UEFA Champions League final appearances in 1993 and 1994. A year after losing 1–0 to Marseille in the 1993 Champions League final, the team reached its peak in one of Milan's most memorable matches of all time, the famous 4–0 win over Barcelona in the 1994 Champions League final. Capello's team went on to win the 1995–96 league title before he left to coach Real Madrid in 1996. In 1998–99, after a two-year period of decline, Milan lifted its 16th championship in the club's centenary season.", "Regarded as one of the greatest footballers of all time, he came sixth in the FIFA Player of the Century vote, and was chosen on the FIFA World Cup Dream Team. He won the Ballon d'Or three times, in 1983, 1984 and 1985, a record jointly held with Dutch internationals Johan Cruyff and Marco van Basten. In 2004, Platini was named by Pelé in the FIFA 100 list of the world's greatest living players. Nicknamed \"Le Roi\" (The King), due to his ability and leadership, despite primarily serving as an advanced midfield playmaker, Platini was also a prolific goalscorer, winning the Serie A capocannoniere award three consecutive times between 1983 and 1985; he was also the top scorer of Juventus's victorious 1984–85 European Cup campaign. Platini was the record goalscorer of the France national team until striker Thierry Henry surpassed the 41 goals mark in 2007; Platini holds the record for most goals (9) scored in European Championship final tournaments despite only appearing in the victorious 1984 edition.", "Milan struggled in the 1990–91 season, as Sampdoria won the Scudetto. After van Basten fell out with Arrigo Sacchi , Berlusconi sacked the manager. Fabio Capello took over the following season, and Milan went undefeated in the league to win another Scudetto. Van Basten scored 25 league goals, and became Capocannoniere again.", "Milan stretched their unbeaten run into the 1992–93 season, going 58 matches over two seasons before they lost a game. Van Basten played exceptionally well in the early part of the season. He was again voted the European player of the year, becoming the third player after Johan Cruyff and Michel Platini to win the award three times.", "In 1987, Silvio Berlusconi signed van Basten for Milan , with fellow countrymen Ruud Gullit and Frank Rijkaard joining in 1988. In his first season, Milan won their first Scudetto in eight years, but van Basten played only 11 games and was constantly troubled by an ankle injury.", "At AC Milan, in the lead-up to Euro 92, Van Basten played some of the best football of his career - scoring 13 goals in 15 games against the tightest defences in club football. It was a remarkable run, but he then had to endure 2 more operations on his damaged ankle. The condition of his injury was becoming chronic. His last competitive game was AC Milan's 1-0 defeat by Olympique Marseilles in the 1993 European Cup Final - a match that left a bitter taste. Marseilles, owned by Bernard Tapie, were later discovered to have paid three Valenciennes players to take it easy in a French League game shortly before the European Final. They were stripped of their French title and their European Cup win.", "Bergkamp has received several accolades during his playing career. He twice finished in third place for the 1993 and 1996 FIFA World Player of the Year award and was named in FIFA 100, a list compiled by footballer Pelé of the 125 greatest living footballers. In his club career, Bergkamp won two successive Dutch Footballer of the Year awards in 1991 and 1992 and was the Eredivisie Top Scorer winner for three consecutive seasons (1990–91 to 1992–93). He was named the FWA Footballer of the Year and PFA Players' Player of the Year in April and May 1998 and made the PFA Team of the Year for the 1997–98 season. Bergkamp also achieved a unique feat in being voted first, second and third on Match of the Day's Goal of the Month competition in August 1997. ", "One of the best footballers in the world during the 80s, Ceulemans was the star player of the excellent Belgium side that reached the European Championship final in 1980 and the FIFA World Cup semi-final in 1986. He further endeared himself to fellow Belgians by turning down AC Milan to stay with Club Brugges in Belgium. Nicknamed Captain Courageous, Ceulemans was like a formidable force of nature, an unrelenting hurricane storming and tearing through the pitch with fearsome pace and power. He had a Rolls Royce engine that motored him to cover every blade of grass and still bomb forward to score goals (over 250 in his career). He had remarkable balance and extraordinary technique that belied his 6 foot 2 frame, enabling him to run with the ball at pace, beat players and score goals in a variety of ways from powering in a bullet header to thunderbolt shots.", "An AC Milan and Italy legend, Franco Baresi is one of the titans of the game. Powerful yet elegant, Baresi was one of the greatest and most consistent defenders the game has ever seen. He spent his entire 20 year career at AC Milan, where he played 719 games, and was at the heart of one of the greatest defensive units in footballing history. Baresi won six Serie A titles and three European Cups/Champions Leagues with AC Milan, among other trophies, and also won the World Cup with Italy in 1982. He came second in the 1989 Ballon d’Or to Marco van Basten.", "A European Cup winner in both 1989 and 1990, Giovanni Galli was an important yet understated component in one of Milan’s greatest-ever teams.", "Michel François Platini (born 21 June 1955) is a French former football player, manager and current president of UEFA . Platini was a member of the French national team that won the 1984 European Championship , a tournament in which he was voted the best player and top goalscorer. He participated in the 1978 , 1982 and 1986 World Cups , reaching the semi-finals in the latter two. Platini, Alain Giresse , Luis Fernández and Jean Tigana together made up the \"carré magique\" (French for \"magic square\"), the group of midfield players that formed the heart of the French national team throughout the 1980s. He is also widely regarded as one of the best passers in football history as well as one of history's greatest free kick specialists and finishers. He holds the record for most goals (9) scored in European Championship final tournaments despite only appearing in one such tournament (1984). Despite being a midfielder, he held the national team top scorer record until striker Thierry Henry surpassed the 41 goals mark in 2007.", "Van Basten scored one of the great international goals when he volleyed a long looping cross from an impossible angle into the net in the 1988 European Championship. At that time he was just reaching his peak. He was powerfully built player with explosive pace and athleticism. His trademark was scoring spectacular goals with volleys and overhead kicks. Van Basten was the complete forward - dangerous with both feet, sensational in the air and equally adept at creating goals as well as scoring them himself. His performances in big matches, particularly finals, were truly outstanding. Arguably, he can be regarded as the greatest striker in the history of football, and unquestionably one of the greatest players of all time.", "In 1988–89, van Basten won the Ballon d'Or as Europe's top footballer. He scored 19 goals in Serie A and scored two goals in the final of the European Cup as Milan triumphed against Steaua Bucureşti .", "Both 1984–85 and 1985–86 were disappointing seasons for HSV; with the club finishing fifth and seventh respectively. In 1986, legendary midfielder Felix Magath, who had played for the club for ten years and scored the winning goal in the 1983 European Cup Final, retired from professional football.", "Perhaps the least high-profile name on this list, Zbigniew Boniek spent much of his career unrecognised by the wider footballing community, as he played his domestic football in his native Poland, for Widzew Lodz. In 1982, Boniek inspired Poland to a third place finish at the World Cup, in which he made the Team of the Tournament, and was snapped up by Juventus that summer. He spent his next six years in Serie A and retired early, aged 32, with eight trophies to his name.", "After Ajax, he moved to Portugal briefly with Sporting Lisbon then to Spain with Zaragoza. But his best football was played in Italy with AC Milan where as a midfielder he won two European Cups in 1989 and 1990, and also twice won the World Club Cup. He scored the goal in AC Milan's 1-0 European Cup win over Benfica in the 1990 final in Vienna, and twice scored at the 1990 World Club Cup win in AC Milan's 3-0 win over Olimpia.", "Bergkamp was brought up through Ajax's youth system, joining the club at age 11. Manager Johan Cruyff gave him his professional debut on 14 December 1986 against Roda JC; the game ended in a 2–0 victory for Ajax. Bergkamp scored his first senior goal for the club against HFC Haarlem on 22 February 1987 in a match Ajax won 6–0. He went on to make 23 appearances in the 1986–87 season, including a European debut against Malmö FF in the 1986–87 European Cup Winners' Cup, earning him praise. Ajax won the competition, beating Lokomotive Leipzig 1–0 as Bergkamp made an appearance as a substitute. ", "* Patrick Kluivert of Ajax is the youngest (18 years, 327 days) player to score in a Champions League final, doing so in 1995.", "During his 13 year career at AC Milan, he won three Serie A's, two European Cups and two Italian Super Cups", "* In 1994–95, defending champions Milan started the group stage with a loss and a win, but were deducted two points for crowd trouble against Casino Salzburg on matchday two. With 0 points after two games, they still managed to advance from the group and later to the final, where they lost to Ajax.", "He became a top scorer in the league for four seasons from 1983–84 to 1986–87, scoring 117 goals in 112 matches. In the 1985–86 season, he scored 37 goals in 26 league matches, including six goals against Sparta Rotterdam and five against Heracles Almelo , and won the European Golden Boot. He also scored the winning goal in the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup final against Lokomotive Leipzig in 1987.", "Did you know? Scored 38 goals in the 1989-90 season - all of which were one touch finishes.", "Honours: Eredivisie (2002, 2004), KNVB Cup (2002), Serie A (2007, 2008, 2009, 2011), Italian Super Cup (2006, 2008, 2011), La Liga (2010), Spanish Super Cup (2009, 2010), UEFA Super Cup (2009), FIFA World Club Cup (2009), Ligue 1 (2013, 2014, 2015, 2016), Coupe de France (2015, 2016), Coupe de la Ligue (2014, 2015, 2016), Trophee des Champions (2013, 2014, 2015)" ]	[ 3.2421875, 3.1796875, 3.1328125, 2.02734375, 1.93359375, 1.5390625, 0.08599853515625, -0.1712646484375, -0.66357421875, -1.0244140625, -1.26171875, -1.3212890625, -1.5390625, -1.6005859375, -1.7548828125, -2.62890625, -2.798828125, -2.80859375, -2.9140625, -4.41796875, -4.60546875, -4.81640625, -4.859375, -5.4296875, -6, -6.18359375, -7.1015625, -7.55859375, -7.94140625, -7.97265625, -8.21875, -8.5625 ]
Who scored the last ever goal in an FA Cup semi-final replay?	[ "Giggs proved to be a scorer of great goals, with many of them being shortlisted for various Goal of the Season awards. Widely regarded as among Ryan Giggs best were those against Queens Park Rangers F.C. in 1993, Tottenham Hotspur F.C. in 1994, Everton F.C. in 1995, Coventry City F.C. in 1996, and Ryan Giggs solo-goal against Arsenal F.C. in the replay of the 1999 FA Cup semi-final. During extra time, Giggs picked up possession after Patrick Vieira gave the ball away, then ran from the half-way line, dribbled past the whole Arsenal back line, including Tony Adams (footballer), Lee Dixon and Martin Keown before launching Ryan Giggs left-footed strike just under David Seaman bar and beyond Ryan Giggs reach. Ryan Giggs famously whipped off Ryan Giggs shirt as Ryan Giggs ran to celebrate with Ryan Giggs teammates. It also has the distinction of being the last ever goal scored in an FA Cup semi-final replay as, from the following season, the FA Cup semi-finals are decided in a single game, with extra time and a Penalty shootout (football) if required.", "In extra-time of the FA Cup 's last-ever semi-final replay, with the score tied at 1-1, the era's two best English sides were going at it hammer and tongs. United were down to 10 men, and Arsenal had missed a penalty, thanks to Denis Bergkamp's tame attempt to beat Peter Schmeichel from the spot.", "Giggs proved to be a scorer of great goals, with many of them being shortlisted for various Goal of the Season awards. Widely regarded as among his best were those against Queens Park Rangers in 1993, Tottenham in 1994, Everton in 1995, Coventry in 1996, and his solo effort against Arsenal in the replay of the 1999 FA Cup semi-final. During extra time, Giggs picked up possession after Patrick Vieira gave the ball away, then ran from his own half, dribbled past the whole Arsenal back line, including Tony Adams , Lee Dixon and Martin Keown before launching his left-footed strike just under David Seaman 's bar and beyond his reach. He famously whipped off his shirt as he ran to celebrate with his teammates. It also has the distinction of being the last ever goal scored in an FA Cup semi-final replay as, from the following season, the FA Cup semi-finals are decided in a single game, with extra time and a penalty shootout if required. [3]", "The 2009 FA Cup Final was the 128th final of the world's oldest domestic football cup competition, the FA Cup. The final was played at Wembley Stadium in London on 30 May 2009 and marked the third time that the final has been staged at the stadium since it was rebuilt. The match was contested by Chelsea, who beat Arsenal 2–1 in their semi-final, and Everton who beat Manchester United 4–2 on penalties after a 0–0 draw after extra time. After Louis Saha opened the scoring after just 25 seconds, the fastest ever goal in an FA Cup Final, Didier Drogba equalised in the 21st minute before Frank Lampard scored the winner with 19 minutes left to play to give Chelsea their fifth FA Cup success. ", "The last final to go into a replay was the 1993 FA Cup Final, when Arsenal and Sheffield Wednesday competed to a 1–1 draw. The replay saw Arsenal win the FA Cup, 2–1 after extra time.", "SIX AND COUNTING ■ The Gunners gather for a post-match Cup victory photo. It was Arsenal’s sixth Cup final win. They also took home England’s greatest football trophy in 1930, 1936, 1950, 1971 and 1979. OPPOSITE PAGE: Ian Wright scored Arsenal’s first goal in the Cup final replay. was replacing the injured Viv Anderson as both central defender and captain, were lost. Wright punished the slip with a delightful finish. It was Wright’s fourth goal in FA Cup finals – one short of Ian Rush’s record – his 10th in the competition this season and his 30th in all matches for Arsenal. But, as before, Arsenal could not build on the lead Wright had given them. Twice it appeared Smith, who was later booked for the first time in his career, would score and twice he failed. Wednesday, while only a goal behind, sensed, despite", "When Peter Osgood scored for Chelsea in the 1970 final, he became the last player to date (and ninth in total) to score in every round of the cup.", "Arsenal met Liverpool in an FA Cup final for the second time in 1971, and it was far more dramatic than the last. The deadlock was finally broken by Liverpool's Steve Heighway in extra-time, before substitute Eddie Kelly leveled and Charlie George netted an 111th-minute winner for the Gunners. ", "After Louis Saha opened the scoring for Everton after just 25 seconds (becoming the fastest goal in an FA Cup final), Didier Drogba equalised in the 21st minute before Frank Lampard scored the winner with 19 minutes left to play, to give Chelsea their fifth FA Cup success. Webb cautioned Mikel John Obi and Frank Lampard of Chelsea and Tony Hibbert, Phil Neville and Leighton Baines of Everton.", "In the sixth round, Manchester City were again at home, and faced Reading, the only non-Premier League team left in the competition. Micah Richards scored the only goal, a header from a corner in the 73rd minute. In the semi-final, at Wembley Stadium, City defeated rivals Manchester United 1–0 with a Yaya Touré goal, and continued their FA Cup semi-final record of nine victories out of 11, reaching the FA Cup Final for the first time since 1981.", "at Wembley the initial ninety minutes were goalless and almost incident free. Heighway finally got the scoring underway with an extra-time goal, his near-post shot bamboozling Arsenal’s goalkeeper, Bob Wilson. For me, at the far end of the stadium it was an unforgettable moment – and along with thousands of other Liverpool fans we celebrated the goal in song until … Nine minutes later, a scruffy Liverpool defence let Eddie Kelly in to push the ball goalwards, and George Graham seemingly brushed the ball on its way past Ray Clemence and into the Liverpool goal. It was almost a “phantom” touch and later the goal was officially credited to Kelly. He thus became the first substitute to score in the FA Cup final. Whatever, it dulled the noise at the Liverpool end of the ground and set the Gunners up for a final tilt at landing the elusive Double. Nine minutes from regular time, with the players, socks rolled down and wilting in the heat, the vital goal was struck. Arsenal’s John Radford laid the ball across for Charlie George. His right foot rocket, from outside the box, flew past Clemence and landed George flat on his back and with a place in football immortality. Young, arrogant and talented, George became the toast of North London – or, at least half of it! “George has done it!” screamed the BBC commentator ... and he had. The Double was Arsenal’s.", "He also won the PFA Young Player of the Year award twice (1992 and 1993), making him the first player to win the award in consecutive years - a feat matched only by Robbie Fowler and current team-mate Wayne Rooney. Giggs holds many other records, including that of the top all-time scorer in the FA Premier League not to play regularly in the position of striker, and holds the record for scoring Manchester United's fastest goal (15 seconds), set in November 1995 against Southampton. Fans have also voted that Giggs scored Manchester United's greatest goal, in the semi-final of the 1999 FA Cup against Arsenal where he beat four defenders (Lee Dixon twice) to score.", "* 2007–08 – FA Cup Semi-finalists (Defeated Blackpool 2–1 Goals by Stephen Foster and Michael Coulson, Defeated Southend United 1–0 Goal by Jamal Campbell-Ryce, Defeated Liverpool 2–1 Goals by Stephen Foster and Brian Howard, Defeated Chelsea 1–0 Goal by Kayode Odejayi, Lost to Cardiff City 1–0 in the semi-final)", "From 1980–81 to 1998–99, the semi-finals went to extra time on the day if the score after 90 minutes was a draw. If the score was still level after extra time, the match would go to a replay. Replays for the semi-finals were scrapped for 1999–2000, the last semi-final to go into a replay was in 1998–99 when Manchester United beat Arsenal 2–1 after extra time. The first game had ended in a 0–0 draw.", "1839: Manchester United have never lost a semi-final to Arsenal - that includes three FA Cup semis and a League Cup last-four clash. And in Ryan Giggs and Paul Scholes, they have two players who have won semis against the Gunners before.", "In 1980 Glenn Hoddle was called upon to go in goal for Tottenham Hotspur during a midweek FA Cup replay at Old Trafford against Manchester United after Milija Aleksic was unable to carry on after a facial injury. Hoddle kept a clean sheet as Spurs won in extra-time thanks to a sublime goal from Ossie Ardiles.", "Tottenham Hotspur and Manchester City draw 1-1 after extra time in the FA Cup final at Wembley. Tottenham win the replay 3-2", "22 March 1978: Nottingham Forest end their 19-year wait for a major trophy by defeating Liverpool 1–0 in the Football League Cup final replay at Old Trafford, thanks to a penalty by John Robertson. ", "He played in his fourth FA Cup triumph on 22 May 2004, making him one of only two players (the other being Roy Keane) to have won the trophy four times while playing for Manchester United. He has also finished with a runners-up medal three times (1995, 2005 and 2007). His participation in the victory over Liverpool in September 2004 made him the third player to play 600 games for United, alongside Sir Bobby Charlton and Bill Foulkes. He was inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame in 2005 in recognition of his contribution to the English game. ", "He played in his fourth FA Cup triumph on 22 May 2004, making him one of only two players (the other being Roy Keane) to have won the trophy four times while playing for Manchester United. He has also finished with a runners-up medal three times (1995, 2005 and 2007). His participation in the victory over Liverpool in September 2004 made him the third player to play 600 games for United, alongside Sir Bobby Charlton and Bill Foulkes. He was inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame in 2005 in recognition of his contribution to the English game.", "He played in his fourth FA Cup triumph on 22 May 2004, making him one of only two players (the other being Roy Keane ) to have won the trophy four times while playing for Manchester United. He has also finished with a runners-up medal three times (1995, 2005 and 2007). His participation in the victory over Liverpool in September 2004 made him the third player to play 600 games for United, alongside Sir Bobby Charlton and Bill Foulkes . He was inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame in 2005 in recognition of his contribution to the English game.", "1975 – Defeat Manchester United and Newcastle United in the FA Cup on the way to the fifth round. The winning goal against Newcastle is scored by striker George Andrews.", "Youngest player to score in an FA Cup Final: Norman Whiteside (Manchester United), 18 years and 19 days (1983)", "In 1963, Denis Law played at Wembley three times - once in the FA Cup Final for Manchester United, once for a Rest of the World select XI and once for Scotland. On each occasion the opposition goalkeeper was none other than Gordon Banks.", "Until the first leg of the semi-final against Birmingham City, QPR had not won an away match during their League Cup campaign. They were one goal down at half time, and again were forced to recover the deficit during the second half. In the 55th minute, Marsh scored his 34th goal of the season, he headed the ball into the goal after a corner kick from Allen. Marsh was involved again in QPR's second and third goal as he set up Roger Morgan for the second, and then back heeled the ball through to Lazarus for the third. QPR's fourth and final goal saw Marsh hit a header direct from a free kick to Allen who scored. The second leg secured QPR's first trip to Wembley, and marked the first time that a team from the Third Division had reached any Wembley final. They won the game 3–1, but they did not score until the last twelve minutes of the match. ", "Paul Gascoigne's final competitive action in a Tottenham shirt came in the 1991 FA Cup final. Against Nottingham Forest, he was fortunate to avoid being sent off for an ugly tackle on Gary Charles, only to disastrously injure himself soon after in a similarly reckless attempt at a tackle.", "The most recent goal on this list came in arguably the greatest FA Cup final of all time.", "His very last performance for England was displayed against Turkey in 1987 at Wembley Stadium and according to press the most spectacular goal that Race scored for England took place against Brazil in 1981. It is remarkable that with Roy in the squad England were defeated only in one game, the one that saw England out of the quarter finals of the 1970 World Cup.", "*Appearances and goals comprise those in the Football League (including test matches and play-offs), Premier League, FA Cup, Football League Cup, UEFA European Cup, UEFA Cup, FA Charity Shield, Associate Members' Cup/Football League Trophy, and several now-defunct competitions — namely the European Cup Winners' Cup, Anglo-Italian Cup, Anglo-Italian League Cup, Texaco Cup, Anglo-Scottish Cup and Full Members' Cup.", "Which year saw the only non-English winner of the FA Cup to date (as of 2016)?", "Q1 Who was the last English born manager to coach a men’s FA cup winning side?", "Despite being a goalkeeper, he would run into the attack on corner kicks if his team was behind. The sight of him going up for the corner was a great distraction to opposing defenders. He scored a goal in this fashion, for Man United, in a 1995 UEFA Cup match against Rotor Volgograd. He scored in the last minutes of the game, though United were eliminated from the tournament on the away goals rule." ]	[ 5.5390625, 5.234375, 4.9140625, 1.998046875, 1.1630859375, 0.7216796875, 0.0002307891845703125, -0.1485595703125, -0.1793212890625, -0.4150390625, -0.64208984375, -0.9423828125, -0.978515625, -1.03515625, -1.0537109375, -1.1171875, -1.701171875, -2.125, -2.134765625, -2.134765625, -2.1796875, -2.43359375, -2.62109375, -3.10546875, -3.7578125, -4.484375, -5.66015625, -5.98828125, -6.65625, -6.96875, -8.0625, -8.4921875 ]
Who won the 1974 World Cup as a player and the 1990 World Cup as a coach?	[ "Franz Beckenbauer (1974 as player and 1990 as coach) and Mario Zagallo (1958/1962 as player and 1970 as coach) are the only who won World Cups in both functions.", "Der Kaiser: Franz Beckenbauer is one of just two men to win the World Cup as a player and coach - the other being Brazil's Mario Zagallo. Beckenbauer won the tournament as a player in 1974 and a coach in 1990", "Brazil`s Mario Zagallo and West Germany`s Franz Beckenbauer are the only two players to have won the World Cup as both player and coach. Zagallo won in 1958 and 1962 as a player and in 1970 as coach, while Beckenbauer won in 1974 as captain and in 1990 as coach.", "An icon in Germany, and one of only two men to have won the World Cup both as a player and as a manager, Beckenbauer was lauded by former German chancellor Gerhard Schröder for winning the World Cup as a player in 1974, winning as manager in 1990, and for playing a leading role in Germany's success of achieving host status of the 2006 World Cup.", "With its third title (and three second-place finishes) West Germany – in its final tournament before national reunification – became the most successful World Cup nation at the time. West German manager Franz Beckenbauer became the only man to both captain (in 1974) and manage a World Cup winning team, and only the second man (after Mário Zagallo of Brazil) to win the World Cup as a player and as team manager. It was also the first time a team from UEFA won the final against a non-European team.", "With its third title (and three second-place finishes) West Germany – in its final tournament before national reunification – became the most successful World Cup nation at the time. West German manager Franz Beckenbauer became the only man to both captain (in 1974 ) and manage a World Cup winning team, and only the second man (after Mário Zagallo of Brazil) to win the World Cup as a player and as team manager. It was also the first time a team from UEFA won the final against a non-European team.", "Mario Zagallo of Brazil won the football world cup both as a player and as coach. Geoff Marsh has achieved the same feat in cricket, winning in 1987 as a player and in 1999 as coach", "In November 2007, FIFA announced that all members of World Cup-winning squads between 1930 and 1974 were to be retroactively awarded winners' medals. This made Brazil's Pelé the only player to have won three World Cup winners' medals (1958, 1962, and 1970, although he did not play in the 1962 final due to injury), with 20 other players who have won two winners' medals. Seven players have collected all three types of World Cup medals (winners', runner- ups', and third-place); five players were from West Germany's squad of 1966–1974 including Franz Beckenbauer, Jürgen Grabowski, Horst-Dieter Höttges, Sepp Maier and Wolfgang Overath (1966–1974), Italy's Franco Baresi (1982, 1990, 1994) and the most recent has been Miroslav Klose of Germany (2002–2014) with four consecutive medals.", "At the 1974 FIFA World Cup participated four nations of South America. The 9 teams were divided into 3 groups of 3 teams each, as Brazil qualified automatically as holders. Argentina, Chile, Uruguay also qualified for 1974 FIFA World Cup. Brazil ranked 4th place, Argentina withdraw in the Second Round, Chile, Uruguay in the First Round. Carlos Caszely of Chile became the first player to be sent off with a red card in a FIFA World Cup Opening match. Joao Havelange (former FIFA President from 1974 to 1998) claimed that the 1966 and 1974 World Cups were fixed so that England and Germany would win respectively. \"We were the best in the world, and had the same team that had won the World Cup in 1962 in Chile and 1970 in Mexico, but it was planned for the host countries to win.”", "Appointed in 2011, Klinsmann has attempted to overhaul this USA side. This led to the surprise omission of Landon Donovan from his final 23-man squad. Klinsmann was a key member of the West Germany side that won the 1990 World Cup.", "That victory came in May 1974, two years after Breitner had helped West Germany win the UEFA European Championship, and two months before he lifted the World Cup. He would go on to become one of his country’s most successful footballers, winning five Bundesliga titles with Bayern and two Spanish championships with Madrid. In 1982 he became only the third player after Brazilians Vavá and Pelé to score in two World Cup finals (an elite club since joined by Zinédine Zidane).", "Fabio Capello (; born 18 June 1946) is an Italian manager and a former professional footballer who was most recently the head coach of the Russia national team.", "Cruyff led the Netherlands to a runners-up medal in the 1974 World Cup and was named the player of the tournament. Thanks to his team's mastery of Total Football, they coasted all the way to the final, knocking out Argentina (4–0), East Germany (2–0), and Brazil (2–0) along the way. Cruyff himself scored twice against Argentina in one of his team's most dominating performances, then he scored the second goal against Brazil to knock out the defending champions.", "He had made 745 league appearances in total, scoring 168 goals . Ball was the last of the World Cup-winning side to hang up his boots, and, with Jack Charlton, the only one to have had a lengthy career as a manager.", "Manager - Helmut Schoen Schoen began a glorious 14-year reign in 1964, after eight years as assistant Sepp Herberger. His side put the disappointment of 1966 behind them with victory at the 1974 World Cup, two years after they were crowned European champions.", "Germany became the first ever European team to win a World Cup in South America, and lifted the trophy for the first time since reunification. Fittingly, in a tournament in which nothing was predictable, Germany didn't look completely convincing en route to their final against Argentina, and notably needed extra time to get past the unfavoured Algeria in the first knockout round. However, Die Mannschaft grew into the tournament, and inflicted a historic 7-1 thrashing on tournament hosts Brazil in the semis before Mario Götze's last-gasp extra time strike settled a close final. Argentina captain Lionel Messi earned the Golden Ball as a consolation which was really none at all.", "He scored his first international goal in his third appearance, also against Wales, on 11 May 1974. He scored 21 goals in total for his country in 63 games. He was given the captaincy by manager Don Revie in 1976 after Gerry Francis fell from favour. He retained the captain's armband until his international retirement after the 1982 World Cup .", "Brazil won its third World Cup in Mexico at the 1970 World Cup. It fielded what has since then often been considered the best World Cup football squad ever, led by Pelé in his last World Cup finals, captain Carlos Alberto Torres, Jairzinho, Tostão, Gérson and Rivelino. Even though Garrincha had retired, this team was still a force to be reckoned with. They won all six of their games—against Czechoslovakia, England and Romania during group play, and against Peru, Uruguay and Italy in the knockout rounds. Jairzinho was the second top scorer with seven goals; Pelé finished with four goals. Brazil lifted the Jules Rimet trophy for the third time (the first nation to do so), which meant that they were allowed to keep it. A replacement was then commissioned, though it would be 24 years before Brazil won it again.", "A total of 52 games were played during the 1994 FIFA World Cup™ finals in the USA. The tournament provided us with memorable goals from Hagi (ROM) Owairan (KSA) and Klinsmann (GER). One of the most enduring images occurred when Baggio (ITA), Italy's hero in the previous rounds, handed the trophy to Brazil in the final following his missed penalty in the shoot-out.", "His career statistics of 55 goals in 70 fixtures for the Brazil national team show the extent of his importance to the Seleção during the 1990s. However, due to injury and indiscipline, he was limited to attending just two World Cup finals, as a reserve in 1990 and as the team's focal point in 1994.", "The cultured defender, who enjoyed long stints with both Manchester United and Aston Villa, cited the 1990 World Cup as a career highlight.", "Robert Frederick Chelsea \"Bobby\" Moore OBE (12 April 1941 – 24 February 1993) was an English professional footballer. He captained West Ham United for more than ten years and was captain of the England team that won the 1966 World Cup. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest defenders of all time, and was cited by Pelé as the greatest defender that he had ever played against. Moore is a member of the World Team of the 20th Century.", "Sport, Football, circa 1958, Young Brazilian star Pele holding a dog, Pele was perhaps the most famous footballer of all time and featured in 4 World Cups,forced out of the finals in Chile in 1962 and England in 1966 through injury he won 2 World Cup winners medals with Brazil playing in the successful teams of 1958 in Sweden, at the age of 17, and the famous 1970 team which won the World Cup in Mexico (Photo by Popperfoto/Getty Images)", "During the 1966 World Cup , key members of the tournament winners England were West Ham players, including the captain, Bobby Moore ; Martin Peters (who scored in the final); and Geoff Hurst , who scored the only hat-trick (to date) in a World Cup final.", "FIFA.com: You were a very successful FIFA World Cup performer. How would you describe the FIFA World Cup experience and winning the tournament in 1974?", "Brazilian captain and player Cafu is the first and only player so far to have played 3 World Cup Finals (1994, 1998, 2002)", "He was captain for 17 World Cup games and led his team to victory in 15 of them. They won all of their matches in 1975 and 1979. In 1983, meanwhile, they lost twice to India, once in the group stages and then again in the final.", "In 1958 and 1962, Garrincha won the FIFA World Cup with the Brazil national team. At the 1962 tournament, with Pelé out injured, he led the team to victory, received the World Cup Golden Ball for player of the tournament, the Golden Boot as leading goalscorer, and was named in the World Cup All-Star Team. In 1994 he was named in the FIFA World Cup All-Time Team. Brazil never lost a match while fielding both Garrincha and Pelé. ", "The legendary Brazilian won the 1994 World Cup when he was still a teenager. Four years later he was the centre of the Brazilian side that reached the final of the 1998 World Cup final.", "Profile / Stats: 2X World Cup Champion (’58,’62), Carioca champion (1957, 1961, 1962), and Rio-São Paulo champion (1962 e 1964)", "1974 FIFA World Cup in Germany - Soccer Betting Odds and Props for all Major Football Events Around the World", "German Football Legend, won Champions' League in 1993 and lead Germany (as coach) to the final in 2002" ]	[ 9.3515625, 9.1484375, 8.3203125, 6.71484375, 4.9375, 4.91015625, 3.14453125, 2.431640625, -0.6884765625, -0.94970703125, -1.2744140625, -1.4638671875, -1.5341796875, -1.5400390625, -2.228515625, -2.29296875, -2.83203125, -2.931640625, -3, -4.015625, -4.0390625, -4.3515625, -4.65625, -4.890625, -5.0234375, -5.51171875, -5.9765625, -5.984375, -6.0234375, -6.09765625, -6.1328125, -6.1640625 ]
In all of the English and Scottish leagues, which team's name would come first alphabetically?	[ "Josh Harris September 23, 2013 AC Milan , Ajax , Barcelona , Bayern Munich , benfica , Boca Juniors , Borussia Mönchengladbach , celtic , dynamo kiev , Inter Milan , Juventus , Leagues: Bundesliga , Leagues: EPL , Leagues: La Liga , Leagues: Scottish Premier League , Leagues: Serie A , Liverpool , Manchester United , Nottingham Forest , preston north end , Real Madrid 32 Comments", "Unlike those from England, very few of whom have names that are geographically indeterminate, at least at first glance* (the exceptions are Arsenal, Aston Villa, Everton, Queen’s Park Rangers, Port Vale, Tranmere Rovers; at a pinch Crystal Palace) and most of which are relatively prosaic (Swindon Town, Derby County, Bristol City) – only Nottingham Forest, Sheffield Wednesday, Plymouth Argyle and Crewe Alexandra have any rhetorical flourish - a disturbingly large number of Scottish teams’ names give no clue to their geographical location.", "1947 Liverpool 1948 Arsenal 1949 Portsmouth 1950 -Portsmouth 1951 Tottenham Hostpur 1952 Manchester United 1953 Arsenal 1954 Wolverhampton Wanderers 1955 Chelsea 1956 Manchester United 1957 Manchester United 1958 Wolverhampton Wanderers 1959 -Wolverhampton Wanderers 1960 -Burnley 1961 -Tottenham Hotspur 1962 -Ipswich Town 1963 Everton 1964 Liverpool 1965 Manchester United 1966 Liverpool 1967 Manchester United 1968 Manchester City 1969 Leeds United 1970 Everton 1971 Arsenal 1972 Derby County 1973 Liverpool 1974 Leeds United 1975 -Derby County 1976 Liverpool 1977 Liverpool 1978 -Nottingham Forest 1979 Liverpool 1980 Liverpool 1981 -Aston Villa 1982 Liverpool 1983 Liverpool 1984 Liverpool 1985 Everton 1986 Liverpool 1987 -Everton 1988 Liverpool 1989 Arsenal 1990 -Liverpool 1991 Arsenal 1992 -Leeds United * indicates club's first title - indicates club's last title", "The Scottish Premier League (SPL) was the top level league competition for professional football clubs in Scotland . The league was founded in 1998, when it broke away from the Scottish Football League (SFL). It was abolished in 2013, when the SPL and SFL merged to form the new Scottish Professional Football League , [2] with its top division being known as the Scottish Premiership . A total of 19 clubs competed in the SPL, but only the Old Firm clubs, Celtic and Rangers won the league championship.", "The inaugural members of the Premier League were: Arsenal, Aston Villa, Blackburn Rovers, Chelsea, Coventry City, Crystal Palace, Everton, Ipswich Town, Leeds United, Liverpool, Manchester City, Manchester United, Middlesbrough, Norwich City, Nottingham Forest, Oldham Athletic, Queens Park Rangers, Sheffield Utd, Sheffield Wednesday, Southampton, Tottenham Hotspur, and Wimbledon.", "One of the main criticisms of the SPL was the dominance of the two Old Firm clubs, Celtic and Rangers. No team outside the Old Firm has won the Scottish league championship since 1985. Until Rangers were ejected from the SPL due to their liquidation , there was only one SPL season ( 2005–06 ) where both clubs failed to occupy first and second positions, with Hearts finishing second behind Celtic. [10] Whilst other European leagues were dominated by a few clubs in the 2000s, the Old Firm dominance in Scotland dated back to the beginning of Scottish league football, with a few exceptional periods. The average home attendances of both clubs is significantly higher than the other Scottish clubs, which resulted in the Old Firm having far greater revenues and therefore more money to spend on players. Both clubs also received significant revenues from participation in the UEFA Champions League and the UEFA Europa League .", "EPL Clubs: Queens Park Rangers, Newcastle United, Tottenham Hotspur, West Ham United, Leicester City, Bolton Wanderers", "The first meeting was held at Anderton's Hotel in London on 23 March 1888 on the eve of the FA Cup Final. The Football League was formally created and named in Manchester at a further meeting on 17 April at the Royal Hotel. The name \"Association Football Union\" was proposed by McGregor but this was felt too close to \"Rugby Football Union\". Instead, \"The Football League\" was proposed by Major William Sudell, representing Preston, and quickly agreed upon. Although the Royal Hotel is long gone, the site is marked with a commemorative red plaque on the Royal Buildings in Market Street. The first season of the Football League began a few months later on 8 September with 12 member clubs from the Midlands and North of England: Accrington, Aston Villa, Blackburn Rovers, Bolton Wanderers, Burnley, Derby County, Everton, Notts County, Preston North End, Stoke (renamed Stoke City in 1926), West Bromwich Albion and Wolverhampton Wanderers.", "The Scottish Premier League (SPL) was the top level league competition for professional football clubs in Scotland. The league was founded in 1998, when it broke away from the Scottish Football League (SFL). It was abolished in 2013, when the SPL and SFL merged to form the new Scottish Professional Football League, with its top division being known as the Scottish Premiership. A total of 19 clubs competed in the SPL, but only the Old Firm clubs, Celtic and Rangers won the league championship.", "The first twelve clubs comprised six from Lancashire and six from the Midlands. All of them had professional players. Just one of those clubs is no longer playing today (Accrington), although another (Stoke) has had two spells out of the League. Well established clubs who were not included in the original twelve were Nottingham Forest and Sheffield Wednesday; Forest were late to embrace professionalism and preferred to retain their former fixture list. Southern clubs stayed largely amateur and aloof from the League; Arsenal were the first to be admitted, in 1893/94. It was originally hoped that Scottish clubs would join; clubs from north of the border had played in the F.A. Cup since the competition started in 1871/72. However, they formed their own league in 1890.", "While only 18% of English line-ups met the quota, 56.8% of Scotland's starting XIs would have satisfied Blatter. In fact, six of the 12 SPL teams - Aberdeen, Inverness Caledonian Thistle, Kilmarnock, St Mirren, Motherwell and Rangers - met the \"six plus five\" rule in every match.", "*7 August 2002 - Players' Union chairman Gordon Taylor calls for the Football League, currently in a financial crisis following the collapse of ITV Digital, to combine with the 12 Scottish Premier League clubs to form an expanded Football League. There has recently been talk of Rangers and Celtic resigning from the Scottish Premier League to join Division One of the English league, and for several years it has frequently been suggested by various sources that the two clubs should join the Premier League.", "Other clubs draw on their histories. The canon on Arsenal’s crest is a nod to its nickname, the Gunners, a reference to the club’s original players, who worked at the Royal Arsenal armaments plant in Woolwich. Similarly, the rivet hammers on West Ham’s badge refer both to its name, the Hammers, and its origins at the Thames Ironworks. A Scottish lion is emblazoned on the emblem of Birmingham-based Aston Villa in honor of William McGregor, a Scottish draper who became involved with the club after moving to the area, then helped to found the English Football League in the 1880s. A white star shines beside the lion to mark Villa’s greatest triumph: winning the 1982 European Cup.", "The first live television broadcast of a Scottish league match was not until April 1986. Earlier in the 1985–86 season, there had been no television coverage at all due to a dispute between the League and the broadcasters. The birth of satellite broadcaster British Sky Broadcasting (Sky TV) changed the situation significantly. As ITV had an exclusive contract for live coverage of games in the English league, the first match shown on Sky was a Scottish Premier Division match between Rangers and Dundee United in April 1991. A year later, the top division English clubs formed a breakaway Premier League, signing an exclusive television contract with Sky. Live Scottish Premier Division games were shown on STV during the 1990s, but the top division clubs formed the breakaway Scottish Premier League in 1998 and signed an exclusive broadcast contract with Sky.", "The longest league team name in the UK is Inverness Caledonian Thistle. The second longest is Wolverhampton Wanderers.", "The league currently consists of 12 teams with representation from both England and Scotland. The 2011 Champions were Mersey Tigers , while Guildford Heat were the league's most recent representatives in Europe, competing in the ULEB Cup during the 2007-08 season .", "Aberdeen Football Club (also known as The Dons or The Reds) are a Scottish professional football club based in Aberdeen, Scotland. They compete in the Scottish Premiership and have never been relegated from the top division of the Scottish football league system since they were promoted in 1905. Aberdeen have won four Scottish league titles, seven Scottish Cups and six Scottish League Cups. They are also the only Scottish team to have won two European trophies, having won the European Cup Winners' Cup and the European Super Cup in 1983.", "The club first introduced shirt sponsorship in the 1985–86 season when future chairman Eddie Thompson's VG chain sponsored the club in the first of a two-year deal. A six-year association with Belhaven then ensued with a sponsorless 1993–94 season. Rover began a two-year deal early in time for the 1994 Scottish Cup final, sponsoring the club until the end of the 1995–96 season. Telewest took over sponsorship from 1996 for six years until Eddie Thompson's Morning, Noon and Night started sponsoring the club in 2002. This association continued until 2006 when Anglian Home Improvements began a two-year deal with an optional third year. At the same time, Ole International became the first shorts sponsors. JD Sports' Carbrini Sportswear brand sponsored the club in the 2008–09 and 2009–10 seasons. United's shirt sponsor since the 2010–11 season has been Calor Gas.", "Founded in 1888, the Football League was the world's first national football league. The inaugural competition was won by Preston North End, who remained unbeaten throughout the entire season. It was the top level football league in England from its foundation until 1992, when the 22 clubs comprising the First Division resigned from the Football League to form the new FA Premier League. As of the 2014–15 season the Premier League comprises 20 clubs; each team plays every other team twice, with the bottom 3 clubs at the end of the season relegated to the Football League Championship. The most successful club is Manchester United, who have won the league 20 times. ", "Celtics honours list is the greatest in Scottish football having won more different trophies than any other club. These include the European Cup, The League, The League Cup, The Scottish Cup, The Coronation Cup, The Empire Exhibition Cup and the Glasgow Cup.", "The team was founded in Airdrie, North Lanarkshire in 1878 as Excelsior Football Club, changing its name to Airdrieonians in 1881. The club enjoyed its most successful era in the 1920s following the signing of Hughie Gallacher from Queen of the South F.C. in 1921. Airdrie finished in second place in the Scottish League Championship four years in a row in between 1923 and 1926 as well as winning the Scottish Cup in 1924. Following this victory, in early summer 1925, the club visited Norway and Sweden, and made a big impression. Translations of local newspaper reports, and some photographs of the tour, are still available. Gallacher was on board until 1925. It was while at Airdrie in 1924 that the future member of the Wembley Wizards won his first international cap.", "The Football League consists of 70 professional association football clubs in England and 2 in Wales. It runs the oldest professional football league competition in the world. It also organises two knockout cup competitions, the Football League Cup and Football League Trophy. The Football League was founded in 1888 by then Aston Villa director William McGregor, originally with 12 member clubs. Steady growth and the addition of more divisions meant that by 1950 the League had 92 clubs. Financial considerations led to a major shake-up in 1992 when, in a step to maximise their revenue, the leading members of the Football League broke away to form their own competition, the FA Premier League, which was renamed in 2007 as the Premier League. The Football League therefore no longer includes the top 20 clubs who belong to this group, although promotion and relegation between the Football League and the Premier League continues. In total, 136 teams have played in the Football League up to 2013 (including those in the Premier League, since clubs must pass through the Football League before reaching the former).", "Sunderland Association Football Club (,) is an English professional football club based in the North East city of Sunderland in the larger metropolitan area of Tyne and Wear. The club is currently playing in the Premier League, the top league of English football. Since its formation in 1879, the club has won six top-flight First Division (now the Premier League) titles (1892, 1893, 1895, 1902, 1913, and 1936), a total only bettered by five other clubs, and has finished runners-up five times. The club has also won the FA Cup twice (1937 and 1973) and been runners-up twice (1913 and 1992), as well as winning the FA Community Shield in 1936 and being finalists the following year. Sunderland have also been Football League Cup finalists in 1985 and 2014.", "Rangers F.C. Ibrox Stadium Rangers Football Club are a football club in Glasgow, Scotland, which plays in the Scottish Championship, the second tier of the Scottish Professional Football League. Their home ground, Ibrox", "In full: Alexander (Coventry, UK), Blake (Middlesbrough, UK), Caldwell (Stirling, UK), Carlisle (Preston, UK), Duff (Belfast, UK), Eagles (Hemel Hempstead, UK), Easton (Glasgow, UK), Eckersley (Salford, UK), Edgar (Canada), Elliott (Southampton, UK), Fletcher (Shrewsbury, UK), Gudjonsson (Iceland), Guerrero (Ecuador), Jensen (Denmark), Jordan (Warrington, UK), Kalvenes (Norway), McCann (Ireland), McDonald (Carnoustie, UK), Mears (Stockport, UK), Paterson (Tunstall, UK), Penny (Peru), Rodriguez (Burnley, UK), Thompson (Paisley, UK).", "Scotland was one of the earliest modern footballing nations. The game started to become popular in Scotland following the development in London in 1863 of the first ever rules of Association Football, established by The Football Association. Scottish football clubs started to be formed towards the end of the 1860s and 1870s. Queen's Park was Scotland's first football club, founded in 1867. It is the oldest existing football club outside England. In its very early years it played in the English FA Cup, reaching the final twice.", "FAC = FA Cup, LC = League Cup, CWC = Cup Winners Cup, RU = Runners-up, SF = semi-final", "We’ve compiled a list of the oldest teams still playing across the top four tiers of the Scottish Professional Football League.", "Team honours: 1 European Cup Winners' Cup, 1 European Super Cup, 3 Scottish league titles, 4 Scottish Cups, 3 Scottish League Cups", "Several clubs have played under different names during their time in the League. The name used in the database is followed by the other names they have used and the League seasons to which they apply.", "For the (especially British) treatment of teams as plural even if they have singular names, see above.", "Even something as simple as the club’s name — often lacking the city of origin — or the way the seasons are archived — this year is considered “2014-15” for example — can take some adjustment. (Remember league = regular season; Cups = knockout tournaments.) Adding yet another wrinkle, unlike our static American pro leagues, most European leagues consist of promotion and relegation up-and-down each country’s league pyramid." ]	[ 1.8408203125, 1.783203125, 1.7294921875, 1.08984375, 0.95654296875, 0.81982421875, 0.333251953125, 0.29248046875, -0.04754638671875, -0.34814453125, -0.404541015625, -0.6865234375, -0.81396484375, -0.9248046875, -1.0546875, -1.234375, -1.830078125, -2.318359375, -2.505859375, -2.810546875, -2.91796875, -3.1484375, -3.703125, -4.38671875, -4.4140625, -5.1640625, -5.328125, -6.17578125, -6.37109375, -6.90625, -7.6015625, -7.73046875 ]
In which year were red and yellow cards first used in the English leagues?	[ "The idea for the yellow card was conceived by British referee Ken Aston during the 1966 World Cup finals as a way of giving a warning that could be understood by all nationalities. Yellow cards were first used in English leagues in 1976 but their use was stopped in 1981 for six years because referees were believed to be using them too readily. Today, a yellow card is used when an offence is perceived to be too minor to be sent off straight away and too serious for a verbal caution.", "In 1976, colored cards made their first appearance at League matches. However, there was still resistance from some quarters. Players complained that referees were showing the cards too often. The cards were removed between 1981 and 1987. The game became more messy so the referees and the administrators had to get together to define some ground rules for the use of the yellow and red cards. The cards returned to the field in 1988 but it wasn't until 1992 that the cards were actually incorporated into the Laws of the Game and made mandatory at all levels. Ken Ashton died aged 86 on October 23, 2001.", "As the sport developed, more rules were implemented and more historical landmarks were set. For example, the penalty kick was introduced in 1891. FIFA became a member of the International Football Association Board of Great Britain in 1913. Red and yellow cards were introduced during the 1970 World Cup finals. More recent major changes include goalkeepers being banned from handling deliberate back passes in 1992 and tackles from behind becoming red-card penalties in 1998.", "Players are cautioned with a yellow card, and sent off with a red card. These colours were first introduced at the 1970 FIFA World Cup and used consistently since.", "For a period between the 1980/81 and 1987/88 season the use of red and yellow cards was suspended in the Football League.", "Association football is the national sport in England, where the first modern set of rules for the code were established in 1863, which were a major influence on the development of the modern Laws of the Game. With over 40,000 association football clubs, England has more clubs involved in the code than any other country as well as the world's first club (Sheffield F.C.), the world's oldest professional association football club (Notts County F.C), the oldest national governing body (the Football Association), the first national team, the oldest national knockout competition (the FA Cup) and the oldest national league (the Football League). Today the UK's top domestic league, the Premier League, is one of the most popular and richest sports leagues in the world. ", "Founded in 1888, the Football League was the world's first national football league. The inaugural competition was won by Preston North End, who remained unbeaten throughout the entire season. It was the top level football league in England from its foundation until 1992, when the 22 clubs comprising the First Division resigned from the Football League to form the new FA Premier League. As of the 2014–15 season the Premier League comprises 20 clubs; each team plays every other team twice, with the bottom 3 clubs at the end of the season relegated to the Football League Championship. The most successful club is Manchester United, who have won the league 20 times. ", "Indeed yellow – that’s the standard “bright” yellow we’d associate with Brazil, was only used in the Football League prior to 1970 by two teams: Norwich, and Torquay United, though both of those sides would have changed when facing teams wearing amber, gold or orange.", "The cards were shown after the Football League voluntarily adopted a system introduced to the game in the 1970 World Cup.", "Games revolving around the kicking of a ball have been played in many countries throughout history. According to FIFA, \"The very earliest form of the game for which there is scientific evidence was an exercise from a military manual dating back to the second and third centuries BC in China. The modern rules of association football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football played at the public schools of England. The history of football in England dates back to the eighth century. The Cambridge Rules, first drawn up at Cambridge University in 1848, were particularly influential in the development of subsequent codes, including association football. The Cambridge Rules were written at Trinity College, Cambridge, at a meeting attended by representatives from Eton, Harrow, Rugby, Winchester and Shrewsbury schools. They were not universally adopted. During the 1850s, many clubs unconnected to schools or universities were formed throughout the English-speaking world, to play various forms of football. Some came up with their own distinct codes of rules, most notably the Sheffield Football Club.", "In those early years, the game gradually assumed the features we take for granted today. Goal-kicks were introduced in 1869 and corner-kicks in 1872. In 1878 a referee used a whistle for the first time. Yet there was no such thing as a penalty up until 1891. In the public schools where modern football originated, there was an assumption that a gentleman would never deliberately commit a foul. Amid the increased competitiveness, however, the penalty, or as it was originally called 'the kick of death', was introduced as one of a number of dramatic changes to the Laws of the Game in 1891.", "1863 The rules of Association Football were published. Salford side Newton Heath were given immunity from most of them, a tradition that continues to this day.", "A high-profile example occurred during the game Portugal vs. Netherlands in round 16 of FIFA World Cup 2006, where the game, already marred by numerous cautions and even red cards, further deteriorated because of such an incident. Also, in a 1999 English FA Cup fifth round tie between Arsenal and Sheffield United, Arsenal's winning goal scored under these circumstances was so contentious the Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger offered to replay the match. Sheffield United accepted, though Arsenal went on to win the second game by the same margin, 2-1. ", "The 1870s saw several changes to Football Association rules. In 1870 eleven-a-side games were introduced with the addition of a goalkeeper. In 1872 the FA published an updated set of laws. This made it clear that \"a goal shall be won when the ball passes between the goal posts under the tape, not being thrown, knocked on, or carried.\" The new rules clearly distinguished between goalkeepers and other players: \"A player shall not throw the ball nor pass it to another except in the case of the goalkeeper, who shall be allowed to use his hands for the protection of his goal... No player shall carry or knock on the ball; nor shall any player handle the ball under any pretence whatever.\"", "The match was the first match in which any European clubs had used squad numbers and player names on their shirts. On this occasion, as in the FA Cup final and replay that year, players wore individual numbers which were retained for the FA Cup finals. Coincidentally, the very first occurrence of players wearing numbered shirts came on 25 August 1928, when Arsenal and Chelsea wore numbered shirts in their matches against The Wednesday (renamed Sheffield Wednesday soon after) and Swansea Town, respectively. Squad numbers became compulsory for Premier League clubs from August 1993.", "The first instance of football violence is unknown, but the phenomenon can be traced back to 14th-century England. In 1314, Edward II banned football (at that time, a violent, unruly activity involving rival villages kicking a pig's bladder across the local heath) because he believed the disorder surrounding matches might lead to social unrest, or even treason. According to a University of Liverpool academic paper, conflict at an 1846 match in Derby, England, required a reading of the \"riot act\" and two groups of dragoons to effectively respond to the disorderly crowd. This same paper also identified \"pitch invasions\" as a common occurrence during the 1880s in English football. ", "Albion players—along with those of other Football League teams—first wore numbers on the back of their shirts in the abandoned season of 1939–40, and names on the back of their shirts from 1999–2000. Red numbers were added to the side of Albion players' shorts in 1969.", "Before 1965 teams were forced to play on with a less-than-full complement of injured players were unable to continue; the introduction of one named substitute per team allowed an injured player to be replaced. Keith Peacock of Charlton was the first to come off the bench in August 1965, as he entered the fray in a Division Two match with Bolton Wanderers. The next season it was agreed the allotted substitute could be used at the manager’s discretion, but not until 1987 would the number of replacements be upped to two per team.", "Substitutions introduced - one allowed per game for injuries. Keith Peacock of Charlton becomes the first Football League player to come on as a substitute on 21st August 1965 in a Division Two match against Bolton Wanderers.", "Hence a series of amendments, often referred to as for the 'Good of the Game', which were designed to help promote attacking football. They began with the offside law in 1990. The advantage was now given to the attacking team. If the attacker was in line with the penultimate defender, he was now onside. In the same year, the 'professional foul' - denying an opponent a clear goal-scoring opportunity - became a sending-off offence.", "After four years of debate, The Football Association finally legalised professionalism on 20 July 1885. Before that date many clubs made illegal payments to \"professional\" players to boost the competitiveness of their teams, arousing the contempt of those clubs abiding by the laws of the amateur Football Association code.", "The system of using yellow and red cards by the referee was invented by a Association Football referee Ken Ashton.", "The first instance of football violence is unknown, as many football games have been played around the world for thousands of years, but football and violence can be arbitrarily traced back to at least the Middle Ages in England. In 1314, Edward II banned football (which then was a violent free-for-all involving rival villages fly-hacking a pig's bladder across the local heath) because he believed the disorder surrounding matches might lead to social unrest or even treason . [5] The first recorded instances of football hooliganism in the modern game took place in the 1880s in England , a period when gangs of supporters would intimidate neighbourhoods, as well as attack referees and opposing supporters and players. In 1885, after Preston North End beat Aston Villa 5-0 in a friendly match, the two teams were pelted with stones; attacked with sticks, punched, kicked and spat at. One Preston player was beaten so severely that he lost consciousness. Press reports of the time described the fans as \"howling roughs\". [5] The following year, Preston fans fought Queen's Park fans in a railway station; the first recorded instance of football hooliganism away from a match. In 1905, several Preston fans were tried for hooliganism, including a \"drunk and disorderly\" 70 year old woman, following their match against Blackburn Rovers . [5]", "Eds . i just want clarify some rules. Please do help me. What will happen if a player gets a direct red card in english premier league. ? . And i am getting to something , remember that 1-6 battering of Manchester United by Manchester City on 23rd October 2011, there was a straight red card to Evans in that match. So i want to know if the red card was appealed or not and if the ban was lifted or not because the following weekend he was in the starting line up against Everton which was played on 29th October 2011. So i just want to know if that is allowed because if not then to field an illegible player should punished . Please do reply . Thank You .", "During this period footballers wore any pair of leather boots in their possession. Some players nailed bits of leather to their soles to give them a better grip during games. In 1863 the Football Association introduced Rule 13 that stated: \"No one wearing projecting nails, iron plates or gutta percha on the soles of his boots is allowed to play.\"", "It was not until the 1901/02 season that the 18-yard penalty box was introduced into the English game. Previously the penalty area ran across the entire width of the pitch. In the 1937/38 season the 'D' on the edge of the penalty area was introduced to ensure that all players are 10 yards from the penalty spot when the kick is taken.", "1 In football in which decade was the first substitute called on in a Football League match", "This challenge openly laid was ignored by the Football Association but the gauntlet was picked up appropriately enough by Blackheath, one of London's oldest clubs. Only 7 years earlier Blackheath had led a walk out from the inaugural meeting of the Football Association. There had been a disagreement over the rules to be adopted. Surprisingly not over the issue of handling the ball, but over the issue of “hacking”. The challenge accepted, the English started to organise the selection of the 20 players who would be the first to wear the famous “red rose”.", "Around this time the Football League introduced a rule that away teams should change their shorts and/or stockings if these clashed with those of the home team. Everton, for example, often played in blue shorts while Manchester United wore black shorts with their red shirts when the occasion demanded.", "“It was Herbert Chapman who introduced the white sleeves to Arsenal’s traditional red shirts in order to make them more distinctive and the players easier to pick out on a dull, foggy London afternoon.” Says Sandell. “It was Herbert Chapman who championed the case for numbers on shirts and floodlit football. He was also an advocate of goal line judges over 80 years before they were introduced into Champions League football.”", "Although the major London firms of West Ham, Millwall and Chelsea attracted the most media attention, almost any club was capable of attracting hundreds if not thousands of willing combatants. Leeds United were particularly notorious, as were Newcastle United, Cardiff City, Swansea City, and the Sheffield and Manchester clubs. Violence between Cardiff and Swansea was so bad that for a while it seemed likely that the fixture would be deleted from the season's programme altogether, and the result decided by the Pools panel. In Cambridge, city councillors attempted to ban visiting supporters after Millwall wrecked the city centre. Luton Town went one step further and actually did ban opposing supporters, simultaneously introducing an identity card scheme for home fans after Millwall fans rioted through their town. Every level of the game was affected: there were widespread disturbances when Leyton Orient played Slough. These were not random events, either. There was a recognised pecking order running from 'Generals' at the top to 'Under 5's' or 'Youth Firms' of junior thugs at the bottom. 'Spotters' were employed to report on the movements of opposing supporters. Indeed, a journalist commenting on Arsenal's Gooners at the time wrote 'They looked like an army - and after the game went into action like one'. The banning of alcohol from grounds did little to stem the violence. Injecting oranges with vodka was one imaginative solution. Others simply drank outside the ground or took drugs. Most were happy enough to 'mix it' while completely sober.", "Over time the exotic colour combinations of the earliest era of organised English football began to disappear. I believe two factors were at work here, one practical and the other economic. The early rules made players in front of the ball \"offside\" (as in rugby football) and the game featured forwards who would dribble the ball towards their opponent's goal supported by a mob of players. Changes in the rules allowed players to pass the ball forward (a tactic pioneered by Queen's Park FC ) making it essential that the player in possession could distinguish his colleagues from opponents. While multi-coloured shirts might look attractive as the players trot onto the pitch, they can be difficult to pick out on a gloomy winter afternoon, especially when covered with mud. It is interesting to note that rugby union clubs generally retained their multi-coloured shirts, perhaps because the offside rule means that only players behind the ball are in play (so there is less need to pick out a team mate at a distance or in front of play)." ]	[ 4.078125, 2.216796875, 1.3125, 0.9794921875, -0.475830078125, -1.0478515625, -1.1630859375, -1.490234375, -1.771484375, -1.9794921875, -2.15625, -2.251953125, -2.275390625, -2.515625, -2.537109375, -2.544921875, -2.70703125, -2.94921875, -2.9921875, -3.189453125, -3.3984375, -3.443359375, -3.767578125, -4.10546875, -4.27734375, -4.33203125, -6.93359375, -7.60546875, -8.921875, -9.4140625, -9.5, -9.5078125 ]
Which Oscar winning actress is an anagram of Bringing Dream?	[ "70. Which Oscar winning Swedish actress is an anagram of \"Bringing Dream\"? Ingrid Bergman 71. Ars Gratia Artis (Art for Art’s Sake) is the motto of which organisation? MGM", "Angelina Jolie is an Oscar-winning actress who became popular after playing the title role in the \"Lara Croft\" blockbuster movies, as well as Mr. & Mrs. Smith (2005), Wanted (2008), Salt (2010) and Maleficent (2014). Off-screen, Jolie has become prominently involved in international charity projects, especially those involving refugees. She often appears on many \"most beautiful women\" lists, and she has a personal life that is avidly covered by the tabloid press.", "Angelina Jolie is an Oscar-winning actress who became popular after playing the title role in the \"Lara Croft\" blockbuster movies, as well as Mr. & Mrs. Smith , Wanted , Salt and Maleficent . Off-screen, Jolie has become prominently involved in international charity projects, especially those involving refugees. She often appears on many \"most beautiful women\" lists, and she has a personal life that is avidly covered by the tabloid press.", "Is one of 15 Oscar-winning actresses to have been born in the state of California. The others are Fay Bainter , Gloria Grahame , Jo Van Fleet , Liza Minnelli , Tatum O'Neal , Diane Keaton , Sally Field , Anjelica Huston , Jodie Foster , Helen Hunt , Gwyneth Paltrow , Angelina Jolie , Marcia Gay Harden and Brie Larson .", "Is one of 22 Oscar-winning actresses to have been born in the state of New York. The others are Alice Brady , Teresa Wright , Anne Revere , Celeste Holm , Claire Trevor , Judy Holliday , Shirley Booth , Susan Hayward , Patty Duke , Anne Bancroft , Barbra Streisand , Jane Fonda , Lee Grant , Beatrice Straight , Mercedes Ruehl , Marisa Tomei , Mira Sorvino , Susan Sarandon , Jennifer Connelly , Melissa Leo and Anne Hathaway .", "Is one of 22 Oscar-winning actresses to have been born in the state of New York. The others are Alice Brady , Teresa Wright , Anne Revere , Celeste Holm , Claire Trevor , Judy Holliday , Shirley Booth , Susan Hayward , Patty Duke , Anne Bancroft , Barbra Streisand , Lee Grant , Beatrice Straight , Whoopi Goldberg , Mercedes Ruehl , Marisa Tomei , Mira Sorvino , Susan Sarandon , Jennifer Connelly , Melissa Leo and Anne Hathaway .", "The actress with the most Best Actress awards is Katherine Hepburn; she won four Oscars for her performances in “Morning Glory” (1932), “Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner” (1967), “The Lion in Winter” (1968) and “On Golden Pond” (1981).", "Is one of 13 actresses that have won an Academy Award, BAFTA Award, Critics' Choice Award, Golden Globe Award and SAG Award for the same performance. The others in chronological order are Renée Zellweger for Cold Mountain (2003), Reese Witherspoon for Walk the Line (2005), Helen Mirren for The Queen (2006), Jennifer Hudson for Dreamgirls (2006), Kate Winslet for The Reader (2008), Mo'Nique for Precious (2009), Natalie Portman for Black Swan (2010), Octavia Spencer for The Help (2011), Anne Hathaway for Les Misérables (2012), Cate Blanchett for Blue Jasmine (2013), Patricia Arquette for Boyhood (2014), Julianne Moore for Still Alice (2014), and Brie Larson for Room (2015).", "Is one of 13 actresses to have won the Academy Award, BAFTA Award, Critics' Choice Award, Golden Globe Award and SAG Award for the same performance. The others in chronological order are Julia Roberts for Erin Brockovich (2000), Renée Zellweger for Cold Mountain (2003), Reese Witherspoon for Walk the Line (2005), Helen Mirren for The Queen (2006), Jennifer Hudson for Dreamgirls (2006), Mo'Nique for Precious (2009), Natalie Portman for Black Swan (2010), Octavia Spencer for The Help (2011), Anne Hathaway for Les Misérables (2012), Cate Blanchett for Blue Jasmine (2013), Patricia Arquette for Boyhood (2014) and Julianne Moore for Still Alice (2014).", "\"Oh my God. Oh my God. I'm sorry. This moment is so much bigger than me. This moment is for Dorothy Dandridge, Lena Horne, Diahann Carroll. It's for the women that stand beside me, Jada Pinkett, Angela Bassett, Vivica Fox. And it's for every nameless, faceless woman of color that now has a chance because this door tonight has been opened. Thank you. I'm so honored. I'm so honored. And I thank the Academy for choosing me to be the vessel for which His blessing might flow.\"", "The Swedish actor, who won an Oscar for best supporting actress for her performance in The Danish Girl , is following in the footsteps of Angelina Jolie, who accepted the role shortly after winning her best supporting actress Oscar for Girl, Interrupted in 1999. Jolie starred as the action heroine in Lara Croft: Tomb Raider , and its sequel, Lara Croft Tomb Raider: The Cradle of Life .", "In film, Hollywood was saddened by the death of Anne Bancroft, on 6 June 2005, aged 73. Bancroft won the 1962 best actress Oscar as the teacher of a young Helen Keller in \"The Miracle Worker\" but achieved greater fame as the seductive Mrs. Robinson in \"The Graduate.\"", "Is one of 14 actresses to have won both the Best Actress Academy Award and the Best Actress in a Comedy/Musical Golden Globe for the same performance; hers being for La Vie en Rose (2007). The others, in chronological order, are: Judy Holliday for Born Yesterday (1950), Julie Andrews for Mary Poppins (1964), Barbra Streisand for Funny Girl (1968), Liza Minnelli for Cabaret (1972), Glenda Jackson for A Touch of Class (1973), Diane Keaton for Annie Hall (1977), Sissy Spacek for Coal Miner's Daughter (1980), Cher for Moonstruck (1987), Jessica Tandy for Driving Miss Daisy (1989), Helen Hunt for As Good as It Gets (1997), Gwyneth Paltrow for Shakespeare in Love (1998), Reese Witherspoon for Walk the Line (2005), and Jennifer Lawrence for Silver Linings Playbook (2012).", "Lauren Bacall (born Betty Joan Perske; September 16, 1924 – August 12, 2014) was an American actress known for her distinctive husky voice and sultry looks. She began her career as a model. She first appeared as a leading lady in the Humphrey Bogart film To Have and Have Not (1944) and continued on in the film noir genre, with appearances in Bogart movies The Big Sleep (1946), Dark Passage (1947), and Key Largo (1948), as well as comedic roles in How to Marry a Millionaire (1953) with Marilyn Monroe and Designing Woman (1957) with Gregory Peck. Bacall worked on Broadway in musicals, earning Tony Awards for Applause in 1970 and Woman of the Year in 1981. Her performance in the movie The Mirror Has Two Faces (1996) earned her a Golden Globe Award and an Academy Award nomination.", "Academy Award-winning Actress: Morning Glory [1932-33], Guess Whoï¿½s Coming to Dinner [1967], The Lion in Winter [1968], On Golden Pond [1981]; Adamï¿½s Rib, Pat and Mike, The African Queen, The Rainmaker, Rooster Cogburn, Suddenly Last Summer, Mary of Scotland, Love Affair; died June 29, 2003", "Highest number of acting Oscars won by a single person, a record held by Katharine Hepburn . She won Best Actress statuettes for: \"Morning Glory\" (1933), \" Guess Who's Coming to Dinner \" (1967), \"The Lion in Winter\" (1968), and \"On Golden Pond\" (1982).", "Only two female Asian-Americans have been nominated for the lead acting Oscar. The only Asian actress to win the Best Actress Oscar (twice, in 1939 and 1951) was Vivien Leigh, whose mother had an Irish and Indian background. Indian-born British actress Merle Oberon (although her origins have been clouded and disputed) was also nominated as Best Actress for The Dark Angel (1935).", "Is one of 20 actresses who did not receive an Oscar nomination for their Best Actress in a Comedy/Musical Golden Globe-winning performance; hers being for Evita (1996). The others, in chronological order, are: June Allyson for Too Young to Kiss (1951), Ethel Merman for Call Me Madam (1953), Jean Simmons for Guys and Dolls (1955), Taina Elg and Kay Kendall for Les Girls (1957), Marilyn Monroe for Some Like It Hot (1959), Rosalind Russell for A Majority of One (1961) and Gypsy (1962), Patty Duke for Me, Natalie (1969), Twiggy for The Boy Friend (1971), Raquel Welch for The Three Musketeers (1973), Barbra Streisand for A Star Is Born (1976), Bernadette Peters for Pennies from Heaven (1981), Kathleen Turner for Romancing the Stone (1984) and Prizzi's Honor (1985), Miranda Richardson for Enchanted April (1991), Jamie Lee Curtis for True Lies (1994), Nicole Kidman for To Die For (1995), Renée Zellweger for Nurse Betty (2000), Sally Hawkins for Happy-Go-Lucky (2008), and Amy Adams for Big Eyes (2014).", "Audrey Hepburn (; born Audrey Kathleen Ruston; 4 May 1929 – 20 January 1993) was a British actress. Recognised as a film and fashion icon, Hepburn was active during Hollywood's Golden Age. She was ranked by the American Film Institute as the third-greatest female screen legend in Golden Age Hollywood and was inducted into the International Best Dressed List Hall of Fame.", "She is an American singer, actress, director and songwriter. She has won two Academy Awards, nine Grammy Awards, four Emmy Awards, a Special Tony Award, an American Film Institute award, and a Peabody Award.", "Her character in Nine (2009), Luisa, is half-French and half-Italian. In 8½ (1963), the character was played by French actress Anouk Aimée . Aimée is the first actress to be nominated for an Oscar for a French-speaking role ( A Man and a Woman (1966)), while Cotillard is the first and only actress to win an Oscar for a French-speaking role ( La Vie en Rose (2007)).", "Joan Crawford (born Lucille Fay LeSueur; March 23, c. 1904 – May 10, 1977) was an American film and television actress who started as a dancer and stage chorine. In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked Crawford tenth on their list of the greatest female stars of Classic Hollywood Cinema.", "Head's marriage to set designer Wiard Ihnen, on September 8, 1940, lasted until his death from prostate cancer in 1979. Over the course of her long career, she was nominated for 35 Academy Awards, annually from 1948 through to 1966, and won eight times – receiving more Oscars than any other woman. ", "Mae West (August 17, 1893 – November 22, 1980) was an American actress, playwright , screenwriter and sex symbol .", "At a party hosted by her mother, Lansbury met John van Druten, who had recently co-authored a script for Gaslight (1944), a mystery-thriller based on Patrick Hamilton's 1938 play, Gas Light. Set in Victorian London, the film was being directed by George Cukor, and starred Ingrid Bergman in the lead role of Paula Alquist, a woman being psychologically tormented by her husband. Druten suggested that Lansbury would be perfect for the role of Nancy Oliver, a conniving cockney maid; she was accepted for the part, although, since she was only 17, a social worker had to accompany her on the set. Obtaining an agent, Earl Kramer, she was signed to a seven-year contract with MGM, earning $500 a week and adopting \"Angela Lansbury\" as her stage name. Upon release, Gaslight received mixed critical reviews, although Lansbury's role was widely praised; the film earned six Academy Award nominations, including one for Best Supporting Actress for Lansbury.", "Hawn rose to fame on television's Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In, and won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in the 1969 film, Cactus Flower, maintaining bankable star status for more than three decades thereafter. Other films include: There's a Girl in My Soup (1970), Butterflies Are Free (1972), The Sugarland Express (1974), Shampoo (1975), Foul Play (1978), Private Benjamin (1980), Seems Like Old Times (1980), Best Friends (1982), Overboard (1987), Bird on a Wire (1990), Death Becomes Her (1992), Housesitter (1992), The First Wives Club (1996), and The Banger Sisters (2002). ", "At this point, MGM began to distance Harlow's public persona from that of her screen characters, changing her childhood surname from common \"Carpenter\" to chic \"Carpentier\", claiming that writer Edgar Allan Poe was one of her ancestors, and publishing photographs of Harlow doing charity work. MGM tried to change her image from a brassy, exotic platinum blonde to the more mainstream, all-American type preferred by studio boss Mayer. Her early image proved difficult to change, and once Harlow was heard muttering, \"My God, must I always wear a low-cut dress to be important?\"[28] Though Harlow's screen image changed dramatically throughout her career, one constant was her apparent sense of humor.", "At this point MGM began creating a distance between Harlow and her screen characters, changing her childhood surname from common \"Carpenter\" to chic \"Carpentier\", claiming that writer Edgar Allan Poe was one of her ancestors and published photographs of Harlow doing charity work. MGM tried to change her image from a brassy, exotic platinum blonde to the more mainstream, all-American type preferred by studio boss Mayer. Her early image proved difficult to change and once Harlow was heard muttering, \"My God, must I always wear a low-cut dress to be important?\" The screen Harlow at the end of her life was quite different from that of 1930, when audiences first took notice of her. One constant was that Harlow always seemed to have a sense of humor.", "In 2003, she was nominated for two Golden Globe Awards, one for drama ( Girl with a Pearl Earring ) and one for comedy ( Lost in Translation ), her breakout role, starring opposite Bill Murray , and receiving rave reviews and a Best Actress Award at the Venice Film Festival. Her 2004 film roles include the critically acclaimed Weitz brothers' film \"In Good Company,\" as well as starring opposite John Travolta in \"A Love Song For Bobby Long,\" which garnered her a Golden Globe nomination (her third in two years).", "She won a Golden Globe in 1957 for New Star Of The Year - Actress, beating Carroll Baker and Natalie Wood, for her performance as a \"wistful derelict\" in The Wayward Bus. It was \"generally conceded to have been her best acting,\" according to The New York Times, in a fitful career hampered by her flamboyant image, distinctive voice (\"a soft-voiced coo punctuated with squeals\"), voluptuous figure, and limited acting range.", "Trivia: One of the first women nominated for Best Supporting Actress. Changed the “y” to “I” to her name so all the letters could fit on one line of a marquee.", "Clue: \"One of the first times a movie star received a fancy trailer as a perk was in 1931. Paramount gave a Chevy House Car to this sexy star, as she left the stage to make movies like 'She Done Him Wrong.\"" ]	[ 4.546875, 2.619140625, 2.2578125, -0.64306640625, -0.65478515625, -0.93359375, -2.345703125, -2.673828125, -2.8125, -3.248046875, -3.400390625, -3.4609375, -3.630859375, -3.7109375, -3.75390625, -3.765625, -4.16796875, -4.40625, -4.671875, -4.6875, -5.22265625, -5.89453125, -5.92578125, -6.25390625, -6.48046875, -6.67578125, -7.54296875, -8.8984375, -9.015625, -9.015625, -10.015625, -10.625 ]
Who was the first person pictured on a British postage stamp?	[ "Most collectors of British stamps and most regular pub quiz goers will know that the first commoner to appear on a British postage stamp was William Shakespeare, who appeared on five commemorative stamps, issued in 1964. However, not many people realise that a commoner appeared on a British stamp 80 years earlier, albeit a telephone stamp, rather than a postage stamp.", "49. In literature, what sort of animal is Mr. Jeremy Fisher? A frog (in the Beatrix Potter stories) 50. Who was the first person pictured on a British postage stamp? Queen Victoria", "The first person other than royalty to appear on a British stamp was William Shakespeare in 1964.", "Penny Black: The world�s first postage stamp issued by Great Britain May 6, 1840, bearing the portrait of Queen Victoria.", "But hold on just a cotton-picking minute! What about the Shakespeare Quatercentenary in 1964, for which a whole series of pictorial stamps were created? Our Will was the first commoner ever to appear on a British postal stamp, and let’s not forget it or sweep it under the carpet just because they want an anniversary. As Stamp Magazine explains , at the time the Post Office fudged the whole issue:", "The black 1-penny British stamp issued May 6, 1840, bearing the portrait of Queen Victoria. It is the world's first adhesive postage stamp issued for the prepayment of postage.", "On May 6, 1840, Britain became the first country in the world to issue adhesive stamps, for the prepayment of postage, to be affixed to the letter envelope by the sender. The new stamps featured the portrait of the twenty-one-year-old Queen Victoria. They are shown in the image above.", "In 1999 Taylor became the first living person, other than members of the British Royal Family, to appear on a Royal Mail stamp, being seen behind Freddie Mercury as part of a \"Great Britons\" issue. This caused controversy as it was an understood rule that the only living people allowed to appear on British stamps could be members of the Royal Family. ", "Great Britain issued the world’s first adhesive postage stamp, resulting from reforms by Rowland Hill to simplify and reduce postage costs. The Penny Black came into use on 6 May, 1840. The design showing Queen Victoria, without country name, laid the foundations for British stamps.", "“The Post Office’s long-standing refusal to countenance stamps in honour of famous people gave it a problem in 1964 when there was agitation for a special issue of stamps to mark the 400th anniversary. But it found a way around its discomfort. It argued that its special issue was to celebrate an event of international importance (the annual Shakespeare Festival at Stratford), rather than the man himself. Nevertheless, this was a real break with previous policy, in that the four lower denominations featured the first portrait of a commoner to appear on British stamps.”", "The postage stamp was so revolutionary that it instantly became popular with collectors. In fact, Dr. John Edward Gray of the British Museum purchased a block of Penny Blacks the very first day they went on sale with the intent of preserving them – making him the world’s first stamp collector. The Queen was so pleased with the stamp’s portrait of herself at age 18, it was used exclusively on Great Britain stamps throughout her 60-year reign!", "Instead the profile of the monarch appears on British stamps. The Universal Postal Union allows this because Britain was the first country to issue stamps.", "The introduction of postage stamps in the UK in May 1840 was received with great interest in the United States (and around the world). A private carrier, Alexander M. Greig of New York City, established a “City Despatch Post” on February 1, 1842 which covered New York City as far north as 23rd St. He issued stamps, bearing a portrait of Washington, printed from line engraved plates. [2]", "Great Britain was the first county to issue postage stamps. Hence, the postage stamps of Britain are the only stamps in the world not to bear the name of the country of origin. However, every stamp carries a relief image or a silhouette of the monarch's head instead.", "The first person other than a head of state (living or dead) to appear on a stamp was Benjamin Franklin", "The Great Britain 1840 Penny Black was the world's first adhesive postage stamp used in a public postal system.", "The image on the Penny Black - the world's first postage stamp - was based on this portrait, which came from a sketch of Victoria when she was 15 years old.", "Postage stamps have facilitated the delivery of mail since the 1840s. Before then, ink and hand-stamps (hence the word 'stamp'), usually made from wood or cork, were often used to frank the mail and confirm the payment of postage. The first adhesive postage stamp, commonly referred to as the Penny Black, was issued in the United Kingdom in 1840. The invention of the stamp was part of an attempt to reform and improve the postal system in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, which, in the early 19th century, was in disarray and rife with corruption. There are varying accounts of the inventor or inventors of the stamp. ", "Small piece of pre-gummed paper that, when affixed to an item of mail, indicates that postage costs have been prepaid. The postage stamp originated in Britain in 1840 as part of the reform of the postal system instigated by Sir Rowland Hill (1795-1879), who is also credited with the design of the first stamp, the Penny Black, which was first sold in London on 1 May 1840 (it was not officially valid until 6 May, although examples of premature use are known). This design government stamp affixed to mail to indicate payment of postage. The term includes stamps printed or embossed on postcards and envelopes as well as the adhesive labels. The use of adhesive postage stamps was advocated by Sir Rowland Hill; it was adopted in", "1840 The first postage stamps, the ï¿½Penny Blackï¿½ and two-penny ï¿½bluesï¿½, which were the brainchild of Roland Hill, officially went on sale in Britain.", "The first adhesive postage stamp, the Penny Black, was launched in Britain in 1840, followed two days later by the Tuppence Blue. Before then, postage had been paid by the recipient rather than the sender.", "The picture in the stamp is that of Queen Victoria. It is based on a sketch done by Henry Cole who based his work on that of William Wyon. Wyon orignially sketched a head for a medal that commemorated Queen Victoria's visit to London in 1837, the year she ascended the throne (she was 15 at the time). The stamps were printed by Perkins Bacon.", "Cards with messages had been sporadically created and posted by individuals since the beginning of postal services. The earliest known picture postcard was a hand-painted design on card, posted in Fulham in London to the writer Theodore Hook in 1840 bearing a penny black stamp. He probably created and posted the card to himself as a practical joke on the postal service, since the image is a caricature of workers in the post office. In 2002 the postcard sold for a record £31,750.", "In his Memoir, Levi Fox, the Director of the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust, notes that he suggested a special issue of stamps to the Postmaster General on 14 January 1961, only to be told that the Post Office “had never issued stamps to commemorate the birth, death or achievements of individuals, however distinguished or admired”. No person other than the Queen was allowed to be shown on stamps, and if an exception was made, it would then be impossible to turn down similar requests. He began lobbying vigorously, eventually arranging for the issue to be raised at Question Time in the House of Commons after which he was informed that the decision had changed. The commemorations did amount to “an outstanding event fully warranting a special stamp issue”. The stamps were phenomenally successful. By the beginning of December 1964 195 million single stamps had been sold and stocks were almost exhausted. Mr Fox writes with some satisfaction :“A successful precedent having thus been set, the issue of special stamps to commemorate national figures and events subsequently became a regular feature of Post Office activity”.", "In 1837 Sir Rowland Hill, the British Postmaster General, introduced the \"Post Office Reforms\" whereby the mail could go anywhere in the British Isles at the same rate (a penny a half-ounce); the postage was to be paid by the sender -- not the addressee; and payment was receipted by placing a small piece of colored paper on the outside of the letter -- THE STAMP! Of course Hill's proposal was heavily debated for a few years, but after serious discussion the change was enacted and instituted in 1840. Thus on May 6, 1840 (first date of valid use) the first government-printed postage stamps were born.", "This is an exhibit of part of one of my philatelic collections, this one having been ongoing since about the spring of 2004. Among countries Great Britain by far and away leads the rest in terms of special stamp issues that feature literary topics -- not surprising, given its rich and long cultural heritage. Dickens, Shakespeare, and Jules Verne are among the most popular subjects on this theme", "L. S Lowry's painting- Coming out of school- was the stamp of the highest denomination in a series issued by the Post Office depicting great British artists", "Who is pictured on the first cartoon character stamp issued by the United States Post Office?", "* Britannia Sitting On An Egg, a machine-printed illustrated envelope published by the stationer W.R. Hume of Leith, Scotland, parodying the machine-printed illustrated envelope (commissioned by Rowland Hill and designed by the artist William Mulready) used to launch the British postal service reforms of 1840.", "Who is pictured on the first cartoon character stamp issued by the United States Post Office? \| Reference.com", "The Royal Mail service was first made available to the public by Charles I on 31 July 1635, with postage being paid by the recipient. The monopoly was farmed out to Thomas Witherings. ", "The first Commonwealth postage stamp is issued. It is one penny, showing a kangaroo on an outline map of Australia." ]	[ 5.0625, 4.94140625, 4.76953125, 4.1796875, 3.96484375, 3.712890625, 3.564453125, 2.609375, 2.169921875, 2.0703125, 1.890625, 1.3642578125, 1.3564453125, 0.6689453125, 0.374267578125, 0.207275390625, 0.0982666015625, 0.0594482421875, -0.1141357421875, -0.122314453125, -0.1519775390625, -0.27978515625, -0.409912109375, -0.8447265625, -1.21875, -2.390625, -3.83203125, -4.46484375, -4.46875, -4.578125, -4.59765625, -6.91796875 ]
In 1980, who became the first British solo female artist to have a UK number one album?	[ "97. WHO BECAME THE FIRST BRITISH SOLO FEMALE ARTIST TO HAVE A UK NUMBER ONE ALBUM IN 1980 ?", "In 1980, Kate Bush became the first British female artist to have a number-one album in the UK with Never for Ever, as well as being the first album by any female solo artist to enter the chart at number 1. In August 2014 she became the first female artist to have eight albums in the Official UK Top 40 Albums Chart simultaneously, (altogether she had eleven albums in the Top 50 in one week). She is currently in fourth place for artists having the most simultaneous UK Top 40 albums, behind Elvis Presley and David Bowie who both tie for the most simultaneous Top 40 albums (twelve each, both immediately following their deaths in 1977 and 2016 respectively), and The Beatles who had eleven in 2009 when remastered versions of their albums were released.", "11. Kate Bush was the first female solo artist to reach No 1 in the UK album chart with Never For Ever in 1980.", "Bush first came to note in 1978 when, at the age of 19, she topped the UK Singles Chart for four weeks with her debut single, «Wuthering Heights», becoming the first female artist to achieve a UK number-one with a self-written song. She has since released twenty-five UK Top 40 singles, including the top ten hits «The Man with the Child in His Eyes», «Babooshka», «Running Up That Hill», and «King of the Mountain». She has released ten studio albums, all of which reached the UK Top 10, including the UK number-one albums, Never for Ever (1980) and Hounds of Love (1985). She is the first British solo female artist to top the UK album charts and the first female artist ever to enter the album chart at number-one, as well as the first (and to date, only) female artist to have top five albums in the UK charts in five successive decades.", "Kate Bush (born Catherine Bush 30 July 1958) is an English singer-songwriter, musician and record producer. Her eclectic musical style and idiosyncratic vocal style have made her one of the United Kingdom's most successful solo female performers of the past 30 years. Bush was signed by EMI at the age of 16 after being recommended by Pink Floyd's David Gilmour. In 1978, at age 19, she topped the UK Singles Chart for four weeks with her debut single \"Wuthering Heights\", becoming the first woman to have a UK number-one with a self-written song. She was also the most photographed woman in the United Kingdom the following year.", "By the start of the 1980s, Bush was established as one of the most challenging and eccentric artists ever to have achieved success in rock music, with a range of sounds and interests that constantly challenged listeners, encompassing literature, art, poetry, cinema, history, and all manner of other subjects. \"Babooshka\" (1980) became her first Top Five single since \"Wuthering Heights,\" and her subsequent album, Never for Ever , entered the British charts at number one in September of 1980. During this period, Bush began co-producing her own work, a decisive step toward refining her sound and also establishing her independence from her record company. Although 1982's The Dreaming reached number three, the single \"There Goes a Tenner\" failed to reach the charts, and most observers felt that Bush had lost her audience. Bush was unfazed by the criticism, and even began taking steps to make herself more independent of her record label by establishing a home studio, this partly in response to EMI's huge studio charges on her previous records -- from the mid-'80s onward, Bush was free to spend her time at her leisure working out her sound, and it seemed to pay off with her next release.", "Elkie Brooks (born Elaine Bookbinder; 25 February 1945) is an English singer, a vocalist with the band Dada, Vinegar Joe, and later a solo artist. She gained her biggest success in the late 1970s and 1980s and has been nominated twice for Brit Awards. She is known for her powerful husky voice and hit singles such as \"Pearl's a Singer\", \"Lilac Wine\", \"Don't Cry Out Loud\", \"Fool (If You Think It's Over)\", and \"No More the Fool\", and top-selling album Pearls. She is generally referred to as the \"British Queen of Blues\". By April 2012, Brooks had released more albums that had reached the top 75 of the UK album chart than any other British female artist.", "* The first UK solo artist to debut at number one with a debut album is Leona Lewis on April 26, 2008 with the album Spirit. The first UK group to debut at number one with a debut album is One Direction on March 31, 2012 with the album Up All Night. ", "Catherine \"Kate\" Bush, CBE (born 30 July 1958) is an English singer-songwriter, musician and record producer, who is known for her eclectic musical style and her idiosyncratic vocal performances. In 1978, at the age of 19, Bush topped the UK Singles Chart for four weeks with her debut single \"Wuthering Heights\", becoming the first woman to have a UK number one with a self-written song. She has since released ten albums, three of which topped the UK Albums Chart. She has had 25 UK Top 40 hit singles, including the Top 10 hits \"Wuthering Heights\", \"The Man with the Child in His Eyes\", \"Babooshka\", \"Running Up That Hill\" (as well as its 2012 remix), \"Don't Give Up\" (a duet with Peter Gabriel), and \"King of the Mountain\". Ocultar", "Annie Lennox (born 25 December 1954) is a Scottish musician and recording artist. She began her recording career as a member of the British pop band The Tourists , and subsequently formed the duo Eurythmics with former bandmate David A. Stewart . The duo gained international prominence over the course of the 1980s with singles such as \" Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This) \" and \" Here Comes the Rain Again \". [1]", "Wilde holds the record for being the most-charted British solo female act of the 1980s, with seventeen UK Top 40 hit singles throughout the decade (including her duets with Junior Giscombe and Mel Smith).", "Ann \"Annie\" Lennox, (born 25 December 1954) is a Scottish singer, songwriter, political activist and philanthropist. After achieving moderate success in the late 1970s as part of the new wave band The Tourists, she and fellow musician David A. Stewart went on to achieve major international success in the 1980s as Eurythmics. With a total of eight Brit Awards, including Best British Female Artist six times, Lennox has won more than any other female artist. She has also been named the \"Brits Champion of Champions\". ", "Petula Clark - born 15 November 1932, is an English singer, actress and composer best known for her upbeat popular international hits of the 1960s, including \"Downtown\", \"I Know a Place\", \"My Love\". \"Colour My World\", \"A Sign of the Times\" and \"Don't Sleep in the Subway\". With more than 70 million records sold worldwide, she is the most successful British female solo recording artist and is cited as such in the Guinness Book of World Records. She also holds the distinction of having the longest span on the UK pop charts of any British female artist — 54 years — from 1954, when \"The Little Shoemaker\" made the UK Top Twenty, to 2008, when her CD Then & Now: The Very Best of Petula Clark debuted at #17 on the UK Albums Chart .Throughout the forties and fifties Petula was a regular guest on a vast number of radio shows and became something of a television \"pioneer\" in England, first appearing on experimental TV in the forties and later as host of several of her own television series during the very early years of British programming, with Pet's Parlour being her longest running and most popular. Although she sang regularly in concert, on radio and TV all through the forties, it wasn't until 1949 that she recorded her first song Music, Music, Music and that pretty much sums up her very prolific recording career. ' Artist Discography '", "Aimï¿½e Ann Duffy (born 23 June 1984), known as Duffy, is a Welsh (soul) singer-songwriter. Her 2008 debut album Rockferry entered the UK Album Chart at number one. It was the best-selling album in the United Kingdom in 2008 with 1.68 million copies sold. The album was certified several times Platinum and sold over 7 million copies worldwide, spawning the hits \"Mercy\" and \"Warwick Avenue\". With \"Mercy\", Duffy became the first Welsh woman to achieve number-one on the UK Singles Chart since Bonnie Tyler topped the charts with \"Total Eclipse of the Heart\" in 1983.", "With anti-disco sentiment spreading, and with the aid of the Compass Point All Stars, Jones transitioned into reggae and dance music with the 1980 release of Warm Leatherette. The album included covers of songs by The Normal (\"Warm Leatherette\"), The Pretenders (\"Private Life\"), Roxy Music (\"Love Is the Drug\"), Smokey Robinson (\"The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game\"), Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers (\"Breakdown\") and Jacques Higelin (\"Pars\"). Sly Dunbar revealed that the title track was also the first to be recorded with Jones. Tom Petty wrote the lyrics to \"Breakdown\", and he also wrote the third verse of Jones' reinterpretation. The album included one song co-written by Jones, \"A Rolling Stone\". Originally, \"Pull Up to the Bumper\" was to be included on the album, but its R&B sound did not fit with the rest of the material. ", "Following the release of the singles \"Rockferry\" and \"Mercy\", the latter reaching singles charts worldwide, Duffy released her 2008 debut album Rockferry. The album entered the UK Album Chart at number one, and became the best-selling album in the United Kingdom in 2008 with 1.68 million copies sold. The album was certified several times Platinum and sold over 7 million copies worldwide, spawning further successful singles. With \"Mercy\", Duffy became the first Welsh woman to achieve number-one on the UK Singles Chart since 1983, while Rockferry was awarded the Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album amongst further nominations at the 51st Grammy Awards. In 2009, she won three Brit Awards for British Breakthrough, Best British Female and Best British Album.", "Known as a pop culture icon for her distinctive contralto vocals and visual performances, Lennox has been named \"The Greatest White Soul Singer Alive\" by VH1 and one of The 100 Greatest Singers of All Time by Rolling Stone. She has earned the distinction of \"most successful female British artist in UK music history\" because of her global commercial success since the early 1980s. Including her work within Eurythmics, Lennox is one of the world's best-selling music artists, having sold over 80 million records worldwide.", "Geri Halliwell was born on August 6, 1972 in Watford, England. In 1994, she became \"Ginger Spice\" in the all-girl, British pop group the Spice Girls. Halliwell quit in 1998 to pursue her solo career, starting with her single, \"Look At Me,\" which sold more than 1 million copies worldwide. Since her run with the Spice Girls, Halliwell has authored a series of children's books and started a swim. Additionally, she has been has the most No. 1 singles of any female musician in U.K. history.", "She hit the big time when she became the first Welsh singer to have a transatlantic #1 hit with Jim Steinman 's \"Total Eclipse of the Heart\" (1983), for which she was Grammy nominated. The accompanying album \"Faster than the Speed of Night\" also entered the UK Album chart at #1.", "Elkie went solo and recorded \"Pearl's a singer\" and \"Sunshine after the rain\". ln the 1980's she recorded \"Fool if you think its over\", \"Knights in white satin\" and \"No more the fool\" which reached No 5 in the UK charts.", "Description: Aimée Ann Duffy (born 23 June 1984), known as Duffy, is a Welsh singer-songwriter and occasional actress. Her 2008 debut album Rockferry entered the UK Album Chart at number one. It was the best-selling album in the United Kingdom in 2008 with 1.68 million copies sold. The album was certified several times Platinum and sold over 6 million copies worldwide, spawning the hits \"Mercy\" and \"Warwick Avenue\". With \"Mercy\", Duffy became the first Welsh female in 25 years to achieve number-one on the UK Singles Chart. Duffy's range of musical genres incorporates styles such as blue-eyed soul, pop and p Aimée Ann Duffy (born 23 June 1984), known as Duffy, is a Welsh singer-songwriter and occasional actress. Her 2008 debut album Rockferry entered the UK Album Chart at number one. It was the best-selling album in the United Kingdom in 2008 with 1.68 million copies sold.", "AimÃ©e Ann Duffy (born 23 June 1984), known as Duffy, is a Welsh singer-songwriter and occasional actress. Her 2008 debut album Rockferry entered the UK Album Chart at number one. It was the best-selling album in the United Kingdom in 2008 with 1.68 million copies sold. The album was certified several times Platinum and sold over 6 million copies worldwide, spawning the hits \"Mercy\" and \"Warwick Avenue\". With \"Mercy\", Duffy became the first Welsh female in 25 years to achieve number-one on the UK Singles Chart.", "Sandie Shaw (real name Sandra Ann Goodrich) (born February 26, 1947) was the most successful British girl singer of the 1960s. With her hair, slender frame, model cheekbones and outfits, she has been described as the ultimate working-class 'it' girl.", "Lennox and Stewart's second collaboration, the 1980s synthpop duo Eurythmics, resulted in her most notable fame, as the duo's alto, soul-tinged lead singer. Early in Eurythmics' career, Lennox was known for her androgyny, wearing suits and once impersonating Elvis Presley. Eurythmics released a long line of singles in the 1980s, including \"Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)\", \"Love Is A Stranger\", \"Here Comes the Rain Again\", \"Sisters Are Doin' It for Themselves\", \"Who's That Girl?\", \"Would I Lie to You?\", \"There Must Be an Angel (Playing with My Heart)\", \"Missionary Man\", \"You Have Placed a Chill in My Heart\", \"Thorn in My Side\", \"The Miracle of Love\" and \"Don't Ask Me Why\". Though Eurythmics never officially disbanded, Lennox made a fairly clear break from Stewart in 1990. Thereafter, she began a long and equally-successful solo career.", "Born on April 16, 1939, she had been to Northern Ireland before as a member of the Springfields — remember Island of Dreams? — with her brother Tom. In the end she became one of the finest and most successful female artistes in the annals of popular music. She had 16 hits in seven years — You Don't Have To Say You Love Me, Son of a Preacher Man and I Just Don't Know What To Do With Myself were three of her chart toppers — but eventually she deserted Britain for a more reclusive life in California where she encountered drug and booze problems as rumours swept both sides of the Atlantic about her sexuality. She devoted her life to her cats and following the US women's tennis circuit. She returned to England after more than a decade. Two comeback attempts, one backed by London nightclub boss Peter Stringfellow, failed before she teamed up with the Pet Shop Boys to notch a No 2 chart hit in both Britain and the United States with What Have I Done To Deserve This?", "She began a solo career in 1982 with \"Stop the War\", a protest song about the Falklands War. She worked with Jonny Dollar, The The and Cameron McVey (a.k.a. Booga Bear), who co-wrote most of her 1989 debut album Raw Like Sushi, and whom she would eventually marry. She was intimately involved in the Bristol Urban Culture scene, working as an arranger on Massive Attack's Blue Lines album, through which she met Dollar. Both Robert Del Naja and Andrew Vowles of Massive Attack contributed to Raw Like Sushi.", "Cilla Black was born as Priscilla Maria Veronica White on 27th May 1943 in Liverpool. She is an English singer, actress and television personality who first fist became famous in 1963. She is most well known for her worldwide hit singles Anyone Who Had A Heart, You're My World, and Alfie. ", "Which iconic British female singer made the highly regarded album titled '(her first name) in Memphis' ?", "Lead singer of the band M People who appeared on the BBC TV show, Strictly Come Dancing. She has also released music as a solo artist, like the album Proud.", "Here's a look at the elite albums by solo females to have spent the most time atop the tally:", "A compilation album, Solo: Songs and Collaborations 1982 - 2015, was released in the UK on 23 October 2015. It features 34 tracks on two discs.", "4/ ‘Shy Boy’, ‘Cruel Summer’ and ‘Love in the First Degree’ are titles of 1980’s UK top 10 singles for which group?" ]	[ 10.3359375, 9.0234375, 7.28125, 3.404296875, 3.18359375, 2.0625, 1.8359375, 1.568359375, 1.3984375, 0.591796875, 0.453857421875, -0.079833984375, -0.55029296875, -0.63330078125, -0.97119140625, -1.0576171875, -1.498046875, -1.6015625, -1.6044921875, -1.8544921875, -2.046875, -2.193359375, -2.34375, -2.625, -3.70703125, -4.03125, -4.33984375, -6.43359375, -6.5078125, -6.5703125, -6.69140625, -7.09765625 ]
Who was Britain's first million pound footballer?	[ "Trevor Francis was the first million-pound footballer in the UK. The British star eclipsed the mark on February 9, 1979, when Nottingham Forest purchased him from Birmingham City.", "Thirty-two years ago this week Trevor Francis became Britain's first million-pound footballer. Francis was a striker, like Fernando Torres and Andy Carroll, but for him there was no chopper ride from Birmingham City to Nottingham Forest and no adulatory welcome from Brian Clough, his new manager, who was allergic to superstardom.", "In the sporting world, Nottingham is home to the world's oldest professional football club, Notts County, which was formed in 1862. The town's other football club, Nottingham Forest, had a period of success between 1977 and 1993 under manager Brian Clough, winning the First Division, four League Cups, a UEFA Super Cup and two European Cups. During this time Forest signed Trevor Francis, Britain's first £1 million footballer, who joined the club in February 1979 from Birmingham City. ", "Smales signature was also on the contract that Trevor Francis signed when he joined Forest to become the first million pound footballer.", "* 9 February – Gordon McQueen, 25-year-old Scotland central defender, becomes Britain's first £500,000 footballer in a transfer from Leeds United to Manchester United. ", "While recognised as the first million pound player, the actual transfer fee for the player was £1,150,000, including 15% commission to the Football League. There is a myth that the fee was £999,999—£1 short of the million mark—as Brian Clough wanted to ensure this milestone did not go to the player's head, although Trevor Francis says it was a tongue-in-cheek remark by Brian Clough. With taxes, the total fee exceeded £1.1m. ", "Prior to the start of the first Premier League season, Alan Shearer became the first British player to command a transfer fee of more than £3 million. The record rose steadily in the Premier League's first few seasons, until Alan Shearer made a world record breaking £15 million move to Newcastle United in 1996.", "The 1970s saw a rapid increase in transfer fees. Martin Peters became the first £200,000 player in 1970, but by 1977 Kevin Keegan's move to West Germany's Hamburger SV had taken the record to £500,000. In January 1979 David Mills became the first player to be purchased for £500,000 by a British club, but just one month later Nottingham Forest paid twice that amount to acquire Birmingham City's Trevor Francis. In 1981 Bryan Robson cost Manchester United £1,500,000, but fees paid by British clubs lagged behind those paid by clubs in Italy, France and Spain to take British players abroad until 1995, when Manchester United paid Newcastle United £7,000,000 for Andy Cole. The fees paid by the Premier League's top clubs began to increase at a rapid rate, with Alan Shearer commanding the first £15,000,000 fee in 1996, and the new millennium heralding the first £30,000,000 transfer, although sources differ as to whether this barrier was broken by Rio Ferdinand's move to Manchester United in 2002 or Andriy Shevchenko's transfer to Chelsea four years later.", "The first ever three-figure transfer fee was the £100 paid by Aston Villa in 1893 for Willie Groves. Eleven years later, Alf Common joined Middlesbrough for the first ever four-figure fee, a sum which caused a national sensation and outrage amongst the football authorities. The £5,000 mark was first reached in 1922 when Falkirk paid that amount for West Ham United's Syd Puddefoot, and six years later Arsenal paid the first ever £10,000 fee to acquire David Jack of Bolton Wanderers. After the Second World War, the spending power of clubs in mainland Europe outstripped that of British clubs for the first time, resulting in several substantial jumps in the transfer record. John Charles became the first British player to command a fee of £50,000 when he joined Juventus in 1957, and four years later Denis Law joined Torino in the first £100,000 transaction involving a British club.", "The first player to ever be transferred for a fee of over £100 was Scottish striker Willie Groves when he made the switch from West Bromwich Albion to Aston Villa in 1893, eight years after the legalisation of professionalism in the sport. It took just twelve years for the figure to become £1,000, when Sunderland striker Alf Common moved to Middlesbrough. ", "The first player to reach the milestone did so in in a Home Championship match against Scotland. Wright's defensive qualities were not severely tested in a game England dominated and would have won by more but for some inspired goalkeeping from Bill Brown. Fittingly the winner came from Bobby Charlton, the next England player to join the 100 club. At the end Wright was given a standing ovation and carried off the pitch by his team-mates", "\"The Wizard of the Dribble\" and England's first football superstar, Sir Stanley Matthews was a testament to class and longevity.", "1957 Footballer John Charles was transferred from Leeds United to Juventus for a ï¿½65,000 fee. He was the first British footballer to be transferred to a foreign club.", "The first West Indian-born footballer to play football at a high level in Britain was Andrew Watson, who played for Queen's Park (Glasgow) and went on to play for Scotland. Born in May 1857 in British Guyana, Watson lived and worked in Scotland and came to be known as one of the best players of his generation. He played in 36 games for Queen's Park and also appeared for the London Swifts in the English FA Cup championship of 1882, making him the first Black player in English Cup history. Watson earned two Scottish Cup medals and four Charity Cup medals during his career; Who's Who also acknowledged his performances in international matches. Watson's place in football history included a spell in management as Club Secretary for Queen's Park - making Watson the first Afro-Caribbean man to reach the boardroom. ", "During this time, several high class players were with Doncaster including Harry Gregg who kept goal, and was sold to Manchester United in December 1957 for £23,500. At the time, he was the most expensive goalkeeper in the world. He went on to help save lives in the Munich air disaster and was a regular goalkeeper for Northern Ireland. Another player, lesser known outside Doncaster, was Alick Jeffrey. Matt Busby, manager of Manchester United, had lined him up to be bought, however in October 1956 Jeffrey badly broke his leg playing for England under-23s. This ended his move and any chance of what was seen to be an almost certain glittering international career to come.", "The club won its first FA Cup in 1887, under the captaincy of another Scotsman, Archie Hunter. They beat West Bromwich Albion 2–0 in the final held at The Oval. Up until 1885, football had remained an amateur sport. It turned professional in 1885, when the FA legalized professional football, but with a national wage limit. However, the Scottish draper and director of Aston Villa, William McGregor had become frustrated with watching his team in one-sided friendly matches and low attendances for all games but FA Cup ties. He saw that in order to keep interest in the game alive, the top teams needed to play each other in a league much like American baseball teams did. McGregor wrote to the twelve leading clubs in England proposing the formation of a league. The reason the Football League was never called the English League is because McGregor intended that Scottish and Welsh teams would eventually join. In the end, some Welsh teams joined, most notably Cardiff City, but Scottish teams did not. Aston Villa were one of the dozen teams that competed in the inaugural Football League in 1888. Villa's first League game came on 8 September 1888, when they drew 1–1 Wolverhampton Wanderers as Tom Green scored the club's first League goal. Villa finished runners-up to Preston North End in that inaugural season.", "They had their upsets however: in 1933 they lost a cup game to Walsall of the old Third Division, a team that cost less than Arsenal's boots. Chapman died during this period, but he is considered to have been the first modern football manager. In 1934, England played an international game with seven Arsenal players, still a record. 1936 saw a second FA Cup win (1 - 0 against Sheffield United). During that season, Ted Drake set a record by scoring 7 goals in an away game at Aston Villa. A fourth Championship was captured in 1938 before World War II stopped competitive football for six years.", "Flying Over An Olive Grove is the first great working-class football story. Born at a unique moment in the history of the beautiful game, Fred Spiksley was amongst a new wave of teenagers who from 1885 onwards could aspire to be a professional footballer and dodge the inevitability of industrial labour. He became the first player to score a hat-trick against Scotland and in 1896 he guided Sheffield Wednesday to FA Cup glory with 4 goals and 8 assists during the cup run. His first goal in the final is considered by some to be the fastest ever goal in FA Cup final history.", "Seven members of the brightest, best and most skilled footballers of the glory days of football died on the snowy runway in a foreign land. One lad however, amongst the chaos, the carnage and the heartache, clung onto life by a thread. He was a giant on the pitch, not just in stature but in his natural skill, knowledge and love of the game. His name was Duncan Edwards.", "League football in its current format came to a halt in October 1915, by which time Sandy Turnbull could be found a couple of goal kicks, or so, away from his Old Trafford stomping ground, working for the Manchester Ship Canal Company. He did guest for Rochdale and Clapton Orient in the early days of the War, but even although his contribution to the United cause was simply now nothing more than a memory", "1959 Billy Wright, former England football captain became the first player in the world to play for his country in a hundred matches when England beat Scotland 1-0.", "Frank Barson , a tough-tackling defender, was considered to be the hardest player in the Football League in the 1920s. In August 1922 he was transferred to Manchester United for a fee of £5,000. Alex Murphy argues in The Official Illustrated History of Manchester United that: \"The club had just been relegated, but they knew exactly what they wanted to revive their fortunes: a tough man to put some steel back into the side and inspire the men around him to win promotion. Barson was the right man. Just the fearsome sight of him was enough to demotivate some opponents: at 6 feet tall Barson loomed over most opponents and he had the sharp features and narrow, menacing eyes of an Aztec warrior.\"", "Gibson, Alfred, and William Pickford (1906). Association Football and the Men Who Made It. London, 4 vols.: The Caxton Publishing Company.", " One of the great figures of the early Football League, Tom Watson led Liverpool to their first two Division One titles and our first ever FA Cup final. More", "The outbreak of the first world war found him coaching in Austria. On the day war was declared he was woken at dawn and thrown into prison. He remained an internee for the duration but was allowed to go to Hungary where he worked with the MTK club who formed the basis of the national team that would develop into the great side of the 1950s. However, when the war ended he returned to England and was told that men who had suffered financially as a result of the war could claim ï¿½200 from the FA. He was almost destitute but when he went to London the secretary, Frederick Wall, opened a cupboard and offered him a pair of khaki socks:", "The History of Transfer Fees in Football \| First Money Transfer, First £100 and £1M Signings \| Football-Stadiums.co.uk", "In 1872 the Football Association announced the introduction of the Football Association Challenge Cup. It was the first knockout competition of its type in the world. Only 12 clubs took part in the competition: Wanderers, Royal Engineers , Queens Park, Hitchin, Barnes, Civil Service, Crystal Palace, Hampstead Heathens, Great Marlow, Upton Park, Maidenhead and Clapham Rovers. This history of the early years of the competition gives a unique and compelling first hand view of how the competition, and football in general, has developed from its humble and unasuming beginnings to the world's favourite competition.", "* Included in the Football League 100 Legends list to celebrate the centenary of the Football League in 1998", "The footballer is regarded as one of the greatest footballers of the 20 century and became a UN goodwill ambassador before he finished his footballing career.", "The world's first professional black player. Born in the Gold Coast (Ghana) in 1865, played for Darlington as a keeper in 1885-86 and joined North End the following season, reaching an FA Cup semi-final. Also played on the wing", "Former English football player who was Manchester United’s goalkeeper when they became the first English club to win the European Cup.", "\"I know for a fact that when our footballers were kids they played the game because they loved it for what it was. They dreamed of scoring goals at Wembley, winning trophies and becoming a hero for thousands. Then, somewhere along the line, the stars in their eyes were replaced by pound signs.\"" ]	[ 8.3046875, 8.1484375, 5.2421875, 3.087890625, 2.767578125, 1.6845703125, 1.0361328125, 0.304931640625, -0.448974609375, -1.671875, -1.8681640625, -1.869140625, -2.8359375, -3.708984375, -3.798828125, -3.99609375, -4.1171875, -4.41015625, -4.4609375, -4.6875, -4.83984375, -4.984375, -5.4921875, -5.67578125, -5.8515625, -6.2265625, -7.82421875, -8.0546875, -8.1640625, -8.234375, -8.578125, -9.6484375 ]
In Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, what was the name of the little people who worked for Willy Wonka and loved to sing?	[ "Oompa Loompas are small people from Loompaland, who now work at Willy Wonka's chocolate factory. They love to sing, and are very good workers, but what they love most of all is cocoa beans. They were classic characters in Roald Dahl's \"Charlie and the Chocolate Factory\" and soon they starred in the 1971 movie remake \"Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory\". In 2005 it was possible for only one man(Deep Roy) to play the role of all the Oompa Loompas.", "Charlie Bucket is a young boy who comes from a poor but loving family and would love nothing more than to find a golden ticket to enter the amazing chocolate factory run by inventor and owner Willy Wonka. As luck would have it, Charlie finds the last golden ticket and goes on this once-in-a-lifetime adventure with his grandpa Joe. Among the other four winners are Veruca Salt, a spoiled rich girl; Augustus Gloop, a gluttonous kid who stuffs his face with sweets; Violet Beuragarde, a champion trophy gum chewer; and Mike Teavee, a kid who spends more time watching TV and playing video games than anything else. Most fascinating is the mysterious Willy Wonka who in turn had a troubled childhood and has a special grand prize at the end for one of the kids. Also along the tour are Wonka's staff the singing, working Oommpa Loompas.", "A: Oompa-Loompas are the 'little people' - characters of restricted growth, if you like - featured in Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, the classic childrens' book by Roald Dahl. They live and work in Willy Wonka's chocolate factory, making all the candy delights: marshmallows that taste of violets, caramels that change colour every ten seconds, and chewing gum that never loses its taste.", "The middle of the sixties, 1964 to be accurate, is our next stopping off point at the industrial site of an eccentric entrepreneur. Roald Dahl’s classic tale, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory tells the story of the poor, somewhat downtrodden boy Charlie Bucket inside the chocolate factory of the eccentric chocolatier Willy Wonka. Despite the title, the eponymous boy character is not a stand out from a fancy dress perspective … the two winners for costume characters are Willy Wonka, the chocolatier who issues the golden tickets as invitations to his factory and the Oompa Loompa’s – the workers from his factory.", "In the factory, Charlie and Grandpa Joe enjoy the sights, sounds, and smells of the factory, and also encounter the Oompa Loompas who have been helping Wonka operate the factory since he found them living in their own poverty and fear in Loompa-land, as well as their strong desire for Cocoa beans. The other kids are ejected from the factory in comical, mysterious and painful fashions. Augustus Gloop falls into the hot chocolate river when he wants to drink it, and he is sucked up by one of the pipes. Violet Beauregarde impetuously grabs an experimental piece of gum and chews herself into a giant blueberry. Veruca Salt is determined to be a \"bad nut\" by nut-judging squirrels who throw her out with the trash. Lastly, the television lover, Mike Teavee, shrinks himself into a tiny size.", "Somewhere in America (possibly a town in Illinois), children go to a candy shop after school. Charlie Bucket, whose family is poor, can only stare through the window as the owner sings \"Candy Man\". The newsagent for whom Charlie works after school gives him his weekly pay, which Charlie uses to buy a loaf of bread. On his way home, he passes the legendary Willy Wonka's chocolate factory. A mysterious tinker recites the lines of William Allingham's poem \"The Fairies\", and tells Charlie, \"Nobody ever goes in, and nobody ever comes out.\" Charlie rushes home to his widowed mother and his four bedridden grandparents. After he tells Grandpa Joe about the tinker, Joe tells him that Wonka locked the factory because of his arch rival, Mr. Slugworth, and other candy makers sent spies dressed as employees to steal Wonka's recipes. Wonka disappeared, but three years later began selling more candy. The origin of Wonka's labour force is a mystery.", "Mr. Willy Wonka - The eccentric owner of the Wonka chocolate factory. Mr.Wonka is the most renowned candy maker in the world and an endless combination of opposing parts. He is old but filled with a boundless energy. He is physically small, but his persona is larger than life. He is also both charming and insensitive. His decision to open his factory to five lucky children is actually a calculated ploy to find the perfect child to take over his factory. He is looking for a properly obsequious child to whom he can teach all the secrets of his factory. Charlie Bucket is that boy.", "Chocolate has been the center of several successful book and film adaptations. In 1964, Roald Dahl published a children's novel titled Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. The novel centers on a poor boy named Charlie Bucket who takes a tour through the greatest chocolate factory in the world, owned by Willy Wonka. Two film adaptations of the novel were produced. The first was Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory, a 1971 film which later became a cult classic, and spawned the real world Willy Wonka Candy Company, which produces chocolate products to this day. Thirty-four years later, a second film adaptation was produced, titled Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. The 2005 film was very well received by critics and was one of the highest-grossing films that year, earning over US$470,000,000 worldwide. Charlie and the Chocolate Factory was also recognized at the 78th Academy Awards, where it was nominated for Best Costume Design for Gabriella Pesucci. ", "Another film version, titled Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005), directed by Tim Burton and starring Johnny Depp as Willy Wonka, Freddie Highmore as Charlie Bucket, Deep Roy as the Oompa-Loompas, and Geoffrey Holder as the Narrator, was a hit, grossing about $470 million worldwide with an estimated budget of $150 million. The 1971 and 2005 films are consistent with the written work to varying degrees. The Burton film greatly expanded Willy Wonka's personal back-story borrowing many themes and elements from the book's sequel. Both films heavily expanded the personalities of the four bad children and their parents from the limited descriptions in the book.", "In addition to spawning several sequels, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory has frequently been adapted for other media, including games, radio, the screen, and stage, most often as plays or musicals for children — often titled Willy Wonka or Willy Wonka, Jr. and almost always featuring musical numbers by all the main characters (Wonka, Charlie, Grandpa Joe, Violet, Veruca, etc.); many of the songs are revised versions from the 1971 film.", "Mr. Shaiman said that, in fact, he and Mr. Wittman came to realize that “Pure Imagination” would be a good fit for the show; it is now sung near the end when Wonka and Charlie fly in the factory’s glass elevator. (In the movie, Wonka sings it as he and the children enter his chocolate room.)", "It was in Los Angeles that parts of the operatic \"Charlie\" started coming together. First, Ash says he began writing the part of Willy Wonka for baritone Gerald Finley, who played Mr. Fox at L.A. Opera. While in Los Angeles, Ash had a member of the Los Angeles Children's Choir, who played one of the fox cubs in \"The Fantastic Mr. Fox,\" make a recording of the aria that would become \"Charlie's Song.\"", "\"'Of course they're real people,' Mr Wonka answered. 'They're Oompa-Loompas.'\" - Charlie and the Chocolate Factory", "Willy Wonka is a character in Roald Dahl's 1964 children's novel Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, its sequel Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator, and the film adaptations of these books that followed.", "Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971) was filmed in Germany, but had to import performers from elsewhere to play the Oompa Loompas because after the Nazi atrocities local midget performers could not be found.", "The David Seltzer screenplay for the 1971 film \"Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory\" contains this line, near the end of the film: spoken by Willy Wonka, as if to himself, when Charlie returns the Everlasting Gobstopper: \"So shines a good deed in a weary world\"- derived perhaps from Portia's lines in Act V, Scene 1: \"That light we see is burning in my hall. How far that little candle throws his beams! So shines a good deed in a naughty world.\" ", "The children's book Charlie and the Chocolate Factory depicts Willy Wonka as wearing a top hat, and both Gene Wilder and Johnny Depp depict him that way in the film adaptations.", "\"The Candy Man\" was originally performed by Aubrey Woods in the film Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory , but for a time the song was more famous for Sammy Davis Jr.'s cover. Davis actually could have sung the song in the film - he expressed interest in the role of the candy store owner, but was turned down. The original version became better known than the Davis' cover as time went on because changing musical tastes meant the film continued to be broadcast long after Davis' version stopped receiving airplay.", "* When Billy reopens The Grubber he chooses to sell sweets made by the Willy Wonka company which features in Dahl's earlier novels Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator.", "In 1971, the pair wrote the score for the film Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory, which included the top ten hit song recorded by Sammy Davis, Jr., ï¿½The Candy Manï¿½ and was one of the top five grossing films of that year. In the mid-1970ï¿½s the team also collaborated on the television version of Peter Pan, which starred Danny Kaye and Mia Farrow, and the London stage success The Good Old Bad Old Days.", "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory was first published in the United States by Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. in 1964 and in the United Kingdom by George Allen & Unwin in 1967. The book was adapted into two major motion pictures: Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory in 1971, and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory in 2005. The book's sequel, Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator, was written by Roald Dahl in 1972. Dahl had also planned to write a third book in the series but never finished it. ", "The scene at the chocolate factory where the kids are slurping up the chocolate from the vat refers to Augustus Gloop from Charlie and the Chocolate Factory.", "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory was first published in the United States by Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. in 1964, and in the United Kingdom by George Allen & Unwin in 1967. The book was adapted into two major motion pictures: Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory in 1971, and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory in 2005. The book's sequel, Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator , was written by Roald Dahl in 1972. Dahl had also planned to write a third book in the series but never finished it.", "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory was first published in the United States by Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. in 1964, and in the United Kingdom by George Allen & Unwin in 1967. The book was adapted into two major motion pictures: Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory in 1971, and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory in 2005. The book's sequel, Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator , was written by Roald Dahl in 1972. Dahl had also planned to write a third book in the series, but had never finished it.", "Early in the development of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory in February 2000, Warner Bros. announced their intention of marketing the film with a Broadway theatre musical after release. The studio reiterated their interest in May 2003, however, the idea was postponed by the time filming began in June 2004. The main tie-in for Charlie and the Chocolate Factory focused on The Willy Wonka Candy Company, a division of Nestlé. A small range of Wonka Bars were launched, utilizing their prominence in the film. The release of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory also rekindled public interest in Roald Dahl's 1964 book, where it remained on the New York Times Best Seller list from July 3 to October 23, 2005. ", "'Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory' - With Gene Wilder. Screenplay by Raold Dahl - based on his book.", "Vocal Talent: Dickie Jones (Pinocchio), Cliff Edwards (Jiminy), Christian Rub (Geppetto), Walter Catlett (Fowlfellow), Mel Blanc (Gideon, Hiccup sound effects), Charles Judels (Stromboli, Coachman), Evelyn Venable (Blue Fairy), Frankie Darro (Lampwick), Don Brodie (Barker).", "Due to the huge success of Snow White, Walt Disney wanted more famous voices for Pinocchio, which marked the first time an animated film had used celebrities as voice actors. He cast popular singer Cliff Edwards, also known as \"Ukelele Ike\", as Jiminy Cricket. Edwards was a popular entertainer who had made the first million-selling record. Disney rejected the idea of having an adult play Pinocchio and insisted that the character be voiced by a real child. He cast 12-year-old child actor Dickie Jones, who had previously been in Frank Capra's Mr. Smith Goes to Washington. He also cast Frankie Darro as Lampwick, Walter Catlett as Foulfellow the Fox, Evelyn Venable as the Blue Fairy, Charles Judels as both the villainous Stromboli and the Coachman, and Christian Rub as Geppetto, whose design was even a caricature of Rub.", "Interestingly, Mickey didn’t actually speak until 1929’s The Karnival Kid. His first words were, “Hot dogs! Hot dogs!” and his voice was provided by Carl Stalling, the composer and arranger now known for his work on the legendary Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies cartoons. After that, Walt Disney himself provided Mickey’s voice, up until 1946 when he could no longer squeeze it into his schedule.", "The 50th anniversary of MGM’s The Wizard of Oz draws public attention thanks, in part, to a significant licensing effort by Turner Licensing. Products and events generate widespread awareness of Oz and appreciation for the 1939 film classic. Surviving little people from the cast of Munchkinland appear at events to promote the anniversary. They appear on virtually every popular television talk show, and at Oz festivals and retail events. Many wear costumes that duplicate their MGM wardrobe.", "\"THE WOODY WOODPECKER SONG\" KAY KYSER ORCHESTRA (VOCAL BY GLORIA WOOD). While the Kyser Organization had the big single chart hit, with kids it was the original Disney version on top.", "Mel Blanc was a legendary voice actor. He was also a one hit wonder in 1951 when his song \" I Taut I Taw a Putty Tat \" hit #9." ]	[ 7.22265625, 4.703125, 4.5078125, 2.060546875, 0.76904296875, 0.56396484375, 0.476318359375, 0.330078125, -0.072998046875, -0.1983642578125, -0.72607421875, -1.95703125, -2.111328125, -2.50390625, -2.6015625, -2.794921875, -2.962890625, -3.021484375, -3.2734375, -3.341796875, -4.16015625, -4.21875, -4.24609375, -4.3203125, -5.01953125, -6.00390625, -6.640625, -6.671875, -8.4765625, -8.5234375, -9.0859375, -9.75 ]
What is the only bird that can swim but not fly?	[ "The Penguin is the only bird that can swim, but not fly. It is also the only bird that walks upright.", "The penguin is the only bird that can swim but not fly. These aquatic birds possess flipper-like wings and can spend as much as three-quarters of their lives in the sea. Penguins are almost exclusively found in the Southern Hemisphere, ranging from northwestern South America to coastal Antarctica.", "Nevertheless, penguins are the only family of water birds that cannot fly; most believe that this was part of a natural process of evolution and adaptation to a habitat where there was no need to migrate long distances or flee from many predators. Instead, they evolved to have an improved anatomical design to be agile underwater and regulate their body temperature according to weather conditions of their habitat.", "Birds have wings which are more or less developed depending on the species; the only known groups without wings are the extinct moas and elephant birds. Wings, which evolved from forelimbs, give most birds the ability to fly, although further speciation has led to some flightless birds, including ratites, penguins, and diverse endemic island species of birds. The digestive and respiratory systems of birds are also uniquely adapted for flight. Some bird species of aquatic environments, particularly the aforementioned flightless penguins, and also members of the duck family, have also evolved for swimming. Birds, specifically Darwin's finches, played an important part in the inception of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.", "The Flightless Cormorant is endemic to the Galapagos Islands and is the only Cormorant in the world that does not have the ability to fly. This bird has webbed feet and hunts its food close to the bottom of the ocean, feeding on fish, eel, and octopus. The feathers are not waterproof, so the Flightless Cormorant spends much of its time drying its feathers. This unique bird is only found on Fernandina and Isabela Island.", "The smallest flightless bird is the Island Rail. This tiny bird lives on the remote island of Tristan da Cunha in the Atlantic Ocean and is just 5\" long, about the same size as a hen chick.[10]", "Tweet of the Day is the voice of birds and our relationship with them, from around the world. Chris Packham presents the flightless cormorant adapted to its Galapagos world. The isolated Galapagos Islands are famous for their unique wildlife which has evolved to adapt to a landscape free of predators. This absence of predators has allowed the native cormorant to dispense with the need to fly, why waste energy when there's nothing to fly away from? This is the only flightless member of the cormorant family, which feeds on fish and for that reason it has developed stronger feet for swimming after its prey. They nest on the rocky coasts of Fernandina and Isabela islands and the population can dip below a thousand birds especially after hurricanes or collapses in local fish numbers. They recover quickly though, but are vulnerable to introduced dogs which nearly eliminated the cormorants on Isabela Island.", "Most birds can fly, which distinguishes them from almost all other vertebrate classes. Flight is the primary means of locomotion for most bird species and is used for breeding, feeding, and predator avoidance and escape. Birds have various adaptations for flight, including a lightweight skeleton, two large flight muscles, the pectoralis (which accounts for 15% of the total mass of the bird) and the supracoracoideus, as well as a modified forelimb (wing) that serves as an aerofoil. Wing shape and size generally determine a bird species' type of flight; many birds combine powered, flapping flight with less energy-intensive soaring flight. About 60 extant bird species are flightless, as were many extinct birds. Flightlessness often arises in birds on isolated islands, probably due to limited resources and the absence of land predators. Though flightless, penguins use similar musculature and movements to \"fly\" through the water, as do auks, shearwaters and dippers.", "Like the dodo, the great auk was a large, flightless bird. In fact, they were close to the same height and weight, but the auk was a little smaller. While the auk might not have been too coordinated on land, it was an excellent swimmer and could even dive down to 3000 feet under the water, while holding its breath for up to fifteen minutes.", "Most birds can fly , which distinguishes them from almost all other vertebrate classes. Flight is the primary means of locomotion for most bird species and is used for breeding, feeding, and predator avoidance and escape. Birds have various adaptations for flight, including a lightweight skeleton, two large flight muscles, the pectoralis (which accounts for 15% of the total mass of the bird) and the supracoracoideus, as well as a modified forelimb ( wing ) that serves as an aerofoil . [42] Wing shape and size generally determine a bird species' type of flight; many birds combine powered, flapping flight with less energy-intensive soaring flight. About 60 extant bird species are flightless , as were many extinct birds. [85] Flightlessness often arises in birds on isolated islands, probably due to limited resources and the absence of land predators. [86] Though flightless, penguins use similar musculature and movements to \"fly\" through the water, as do auks , shearwaters and dippers . [87]", " \"The fish carried down by the Jordan at once die, nor can even mussels or corals live in it; but it is a fable that no bird can fly over it, or that there are no living creatures on its banks. Dr. Tristram found on the shores three kinds of kingfishers, gulls, ducks, and grebes, which he says live on the fish which enter the sea in shoals, and presently die. He collected one hundred and eighteen species of birds, some new to science, on the shores, or swimming or flying over the waters.", "In an interesting evolutionary parallel, auks in the northern hemisphere independently evolved wing-propelled swimming, an upright posture and black-and-white colors. Living auks are generally inefficient fliers – having traded in much of their flying ability for swimming prowess – but none of them are flightless. The great auk is an extinct member of the group that was flightless and disappeared only 150 years ago. Curiously, the word “penguin” was originally applied to this species of auk, prior to the discovery of what know today as penguins by western explorers.", "The Galapagos Islands are home to the world's largest cormorant and the only one unable to fly.", "The Kakapo: The world’s only flightless parrot is a very rare bird \| The Kid Should See This", "The Inaccessible Island rail (Atlantisia rogersi) is probably the coolest bird one should ever see – cool in a sense that it lives on an island that is literally inaccessible. This species, the smallest extant flightless bird in the world, is found only on Inaccessible Island in the Tristan Archipelago. Unlike many other islands, Inaccessible Island has remained free from introduced predators, allowing this species to flourish without threats.", "The smallest bird in the world is generally agreed to be the Bee Hummingbird (Mellisuga helenae) from Cuba which weighs a mere 1.6g or 0.056oz. Shortest wings and body length are not really appropriate measurements because they are disproportionately affected by whether or not the bird is flightless or not and its beak length respectively. Another major contender for smallest bird is the Little Woodstar (Acestrura bombus) from S. America. Both these tiny miracles of life fly very competently. The smallest flightless bird is the Inaccessible Island Rail (Altantisia rogersi). Reaching a mere 12.5cm/5inches in length and weighing 35g/1.45oz this little beauty can only be found in the southern Atlantic Tristan da Cunha Islands.", "The kiwi is an unusual bird with a long beak, no tail, and long legs. There are five species of kiwis and none of them can fly.", "flightless bird ; ratite ; ratite bird (flightless birds having flat breastbones lacking a keel for attachment of flight muscles: ostriches; cassowaries; emus; moas; rheas; kiwis; elephant birds)", "Aptly named due to its complete inability to fly, the rare, endemic flightless cormorant is the only cormorant found in the Galápagos Islands. Its wings are no more than vestigial appendages that appear to serve no useful purpose.", "As it turns out, 99% of all birds lack the ability to fly backwards. This inability is mostly a function of a bird’s wings. Most birds have a wing structure that includes extra strong muscles that pull their wings downward. These same birds usually have much weaker muscles designed to pull their wings back up as they rely on wind resistance to do most of the work. While some birds may give the visual perception of flying backwards, most still lack the ability to do so without assistance from wind. Ospreys, kestrels, kingfishers, and cuckoo are often mistaken for a bird species that are magically flying backwards in this manner. Some birds can move backward slightly using a fluttering method. This is common among herons , egrets , warblers , and flycatchers .", "The Campbell Island teal, which is the world's rarest duck, is one of only four flightless ducks, and is historically endemic to Campbell Island and the tiny islet Dent Island in the subantarctic ocean southeast of the New Zealand mainland. It was declared extinct until 20 teal were discovered on Dent Island in 1975. After a 20-year captive breeding programme, 153 birds were sent back in three translocations from 2004 to 2006 to occupy their former range, and are now breeding on Campbell Island. ", "Member of the family Alcidae, swimming and diving marine birds who prefer open waters. All species are short-necked and stout-bodied and resemble small penguins. Includes the puffins, murres, guillemots, murrelets, auklets, razorbill and dovekie.", "Tweet of the Day is the voice of birds and our relationship with them, from around the world. Sir David Attenborough presents a widely regarded symbol of Australia, the black swan. These stately looking birds are native to the wetlands of south-western and eastern Australia. The New Zealand population was hunted to extinction but has now been reintroduced there. Their plumage is charcoal grey rather than black and beautifully ruched along their lower back, hiding the white primary feathers which are fully revealed in flight. Their only colour is a raspberry- coloured bill. Black swans behave like nomads, tracking local rains and breeding when they can. In Britain as a collection bird, a few have even cross-bred with mute swans to produce a greyish hybrid nick-named the 'Blute Swan'.", "Swans are the largest of the aquatic birds, closely related to the Goose. They are known for their grace and beauty and have long been considered ‘ornamental birds’ which float on ponds in zoos, parks, and botanical gardens. Swans are long necked and web-footed. The most common swan, the Mute Swan, is a large, all white bird with a pink bill that ends in a black knob. The bill of a swan is so sensitive that it serves as an underwater feeler.", "The corn crake is a difficult bird to see in its breeding sites, usually being hidden by vegetation, but will sometimes emerge into the open. Occasionally, individuals may become very trusting; for five consecutive summers, an individual crake on the Scottish island of Tiree entered a kitchen to feed on scraps, and, in 1999, a wintering Barra bird would come for poultry feed once the chickens had finished. In Africa, it is more secretive than the African crake, and, unlike its relative, it is rarely seen in the open, although it occasionally feeds on tracks or road sides. The corn crake is most active early and late in the day, after heavy rain and during light rain. Its typical flight is weak and fluttering, although less so than that of the African crake. For longer flights, such as migration, it has a steadier, stronger action with legs drawn up. It walks with a high-stepping action, and can run swiftly through grass with its body held horizontal and laterally flattened. It will swim if essential. When flushed by a dog, it will fly less than 50 m, frequently landing behind a bush or thicket, and then crouch on landing. If disturbed in the open, this crake will often run in a crouch for a short distance, with its neck stretched forward, then stand upright to watch the intruder. When captured it may feign death, recovering at once if it sees a way out.", "**The largest extant alcid is the sub-Arctic thick-billed murre (Uria lomvia), which can range up to , a length of and a small wingspan of . However, until its extinction, the flightless great auk (Pinguinus impennis) of the North Atlantic, was both the largest alcid and the second largest member of the order. Great auks could range up to and tall. ", "What is the only bird to have nostrils at the end of it's nose? A. The kiwi", "A large black diving bird with a yellow to orange throat pouch. The tufts of feathers above the eyes (double crests) are not always visible. The feet are black and webbed. Commonly found in ponds, lakes, larger creeks, and rivers. Often observed diving from the water's surface for fish.", "These vocal, colourful birds are renowned for their dramatic hunting techniques. Typically, the bird sits still, watching for movement from a favourite perch. Having sighted its quarry, it plunges into the water and catches the fish usually no deeper than 25 cm (10 inches) below the surface in its dagger-shaped bill. With a swift downstroke of the wings, it bobs to the surface. It then takes the prey back to the perch and stuns the fish by beating it against the perch before swallowing it. Many species also eat crustaceans , amphibians , and reptiles .", "I'm the part of the bird that's not in the sky. I can swim in the ocean and yet remain dry. What am I?", "Dippers are named for their bobbing or dipping movements. They are unique among passerines for their ability to dive and swim underwater.", "This spectacular bird has not existed in Britain since at least Middle Ages but that has not stopped the Rewilding Britain project calling for its reintroduction. It has one of the largest wingspans of any bird remaining on earth (up to 3.5 metres) and a beak large enough to hold a huge fish. There are hundreds of thousands elsewhere in the world. Incredibly, a sighting suggests one was off Land’s End just this month." ]	[ 8.8671875, 8.8515625, 3.583984375, 1.810546875, 1.2685546875, 1.16796875, 0.6201171875, 0.505859375, 0.468017578125, 0.406982421875, 0.0953369140625, 0.0406494140625, 0.03594970703125, -0.38671875, -0.468017578125, -0.53076171875, -0.61181640625, -0.67138671875, -0.6728515625, -1.2431640625, -1.53125, -1.91015625, -2.314453125, -2.666015625, -3.1640625, -3.62890625, -4.6640625, -5.5234375, -5.58203125, -5.8984375, -6.1953125, -6.59765625 ]
In which year was actor Sean Connery born?	[ "Sir Thomas Sean Connery (born August 25, 1930), best known as Sean Connery, is an Academy Award , Golden Globe , and BAFTA Award winning Scottish actor and producer .", "On 25 August, 1930 the actor, Sean Connery, was born in the Fountainbridge area of Edinburgh. Connery achieved international success appearing in films as Ian Fleming’s suave secret agent, James Bond. Connery has also become well known in his homeland as a prominent supporter of Scottish Independence and the Scottish National Party.", "Sir Thomas Sean Connery (born 25 August 1930), more commonly known as Sean Connery, is a Scottish actor and producer who has won an Academy Award, two BAFTA Awards (one of them being a BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award) and three Golden Globes.<br/><br/>He is best known for portraying the character James Bond, starring in seven Bond films between 1962 and 1983 (six "official" EON productions films and the non-official Kevin McClory-helmed Thunderball remake, Never Say Never Again.) In 1988, Connery won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in The Untouchables. His film career also includes such films as Marnie, The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, The Hunt for Red October, Highlander, Murder on the Orient Express, Dragonheart, and The Rock.<br/><br/>Connery has been polled as "The Greatest Living Scot," and was knighted in July 2000. In 1989, he was proclaimed "Sexiest Man Alive" by People magazine, and in 1999, at age 69, he was voted "Sexiest Man of the Century". In tribute a bronze bust sculpture of Connery was placed in the capital city of Estonia.", "Sir Thomas Sean Connery (; born 25 August 1930) is a retired Scottish actor and producer who has won an Academy Award, two BAFTA Awards (one of them being a BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award) and three Golden Globes (including the Cecil B. DeMille Award and a Henrietta Award). He was knighted by Elizabeth II in July 2000 after receiving a Kennedy Center Honors in the US in 1999. ", "Sir Thomas Sean Connery ( born 25 August 1930) is a retired Scottish actor and producer who has won an Academy Award, two BAFTA Awards (one of them being a BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award) and three Golden Globes (including the Cecil B. DeMille Award and a Henrietta Award). He was knighted by Elizabeth II in July 2000, and received the Kennedy Center Honors in the US.", "Sir Thomas Sean Connery (born 25 August 1930) is a Scottish actor and producer who has won an Academy Award, two BAFTA Awards (one of them being a BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award) and three Golden Globes.", "Sir Thomas Sean Connery, Légion d'honneur, (born 25 August 1930) is an Oscar winning Scottish actor who has starred in many films and is best known as the original cinematic James Bond .", "Thomas Sean Connery was born on August 25, 1930 in Fountainbridge, Edinburgh, Scotland. His mother, Euphemia McBain (née McLean), was a cleaning lady, and his father, Joseph Connery, was a factory worker and truck driver. He has a brother, Neil Connery , who works as a plasterer in Edinburgh. He is of Irish and Scottish descent. Before going into acting, Sean had many different jobs, such as a milkman, lorry driver, a laborer, artist's model for the Edinburgh College of Art, coffin polisher and bodybuilder. He also joined the Royal Navy, but was later discharged because of medical problems. At the age of 23, he had a choice between becoming a professional footballer or an actor, and even though he showed much promise in the sport, he chose acting and said it was one of his more intelligent moves.", "Thomas Sean Connery, named Thomas after his grandfather, was born in Fountainbridge, Edinburgh, Scotland on 25 August 1930. His mother, Euphemia McBain \"Effie\" (née McLean), was a cleaning woman, and his father, Joseph Connery, was a factory worker and lorry driver. His paternal grandfather's parents emigrated to Scotland from Ireland in the mid-19th century. The remainder of his family was of Scottish descent, and his maternal great-grandparents were native Scottish Gaelic speakers from Fife (unusually, for a speaker of the language) and Uig on the Isle of Skye. ", "There is a phrase used almost universally by those involved in the early Bond films to describe Connery circa 1962: a “rough diamond.” He was born in 1930 in Edinburgh to a truckdriver and a charwoman. As a young man he worked a variety of menial jobs in Scotland, including driving a milk truck—a detail that seems to captivate biographers and associates (“He was a blasted milkman!” says Honor Blackman)—before traveling to London to compete in a bodybuilding contest, in which he finished third. When he was 22, he landed his first acting job, an ensemble part in a London production of South Pacific.", "Thomas Sean Connery was born in Fountainbridge, Edinburgh to Euphemia \"Effie\" (née Maclean), a cleaning woman, and Joseph Connery, a factory worker and lorry driver.[8] Both his mother's parents were native Scottish Gaelic speakers from Fife and Uig on the Isle of Skye. His father was a Roman Catholic Scot of Irish descent with roots in County Wexford, while his mother was a Protestant. He has a younger brother, Neil (b. 1938). Connery claims he was called Sean, his middle name, long before becoming an actor, explaining that when he was young he had an Irish friend named Séamus and that those who knew them both had decided to call Connery by his middle name whenever both were present. His first job was as a milkman in Edinburgh with St. Cuthbert's Co-operative Society.", "Sir Sean Connery is definitely one of the most iconic and recognized actors in the history of cinema. He is perhaps most well-known as being the first James Bond, starring in seven 007 films between 1962 and 1983. Moreover, he won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in The Untouchables (and many other awards for that matter). Finally, we also know him as Indiana Jones' father, Allan Quatermain, Captain Marko Aleksandrovich Ramius and many other unforgettable characters.", "Sean Connery is best known for portraying the character James Bond, starring in seven Bond films between 1962 and 1983. In 1988, Connery won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in The Untouchables . His film career also includes such films as Marnie , The Name of the Rose , The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen ...", "After his experience with Never Say Never Again in 1983 and the following court case, Connery became unhappy with the major studios and for two years did not make any films. Following the successful European production The Name of the Rose (1986), for which he won a BAFTA award, Connery's interest in more commercial material was revived. That same year, a supporting role in Highlander showcased his ability to play older mentors to younger leads, which would become a recurring role in many of his later films. The following year, his acclaimed performance as a hard-nosed Irish-American cop in The Untouchables (1987) earned him the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor , his sole nomination throughout his career. His subsequent box-office hits included Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989), in which he played Henry Jones Sr., the title character's father, The Hunt for Red October (1990) (where he was reportedly called in at two weeks' notice), The Russia House (1990), The Rock (1996), and Entrapment (1999). In 1996, he voiced the role of Draco the dragon in the film Dragonheart . In 1998, Sean Connery received a BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award .", "Connery garnered bit parts until 1962 when he was chosen to play super agent 007 in the \"James Bond\" series. The movies triggered an immediate notoriety, fame, and high acclaim. Unhappy with the Bond franchise, he tried other roles but found his career limited by his Bond Adonis image. He continued to work in films but ran into little success in the late '70s and early '80s. After appearing in one more Bond film, \"Never Say Never\" in 1982, his career turned around. He won a British Best Actor Academy Award for his role in \"The Name of the Rose\" in 1986. He was honored by the American Academy when he won \"Best Supporting Actor\" Oscar for his role as an Irish beat cop in Brian DePalma's 1987 film, \"The Untouchables.\" As a mature actor, he continues to work, often in roles where he is cast as a seasoned mentor teamed with another noted actor. In 1969, he made an attempt at directing but the film was never released.", "Dr. No is a 1962 British spy film, starring Sean Connery, with Ursula Andress and Joseph Wiseman, filmed in Jamaica and England: it is the first James Bond film. Based on the 1958 novel of the same name by Ian Fleming, it was adapted by Richard Maibaum, Johanna Harwood, and Berkely Mather and was directed by Terence Young. The film was produced by Harry Saltzman and Albert R. Broccoli, a partnership that would continue until 1975.", "Connery is best known for portraying the character James Bond, starring in seven Bond films between 1962 and 1983. In 1988, Connery won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in The Untouchables. His film career also includes such films as Marnie, The Name of the Rose, The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, The Hunt for Red October, Highlander, Murder on the Orient Express, Dragonheart, and The Rock.", "In 1962 Eon Productions, the company of Canadian Harry Saltzman and American Albert R. \"Cubby\" Broccoli, released the first cinema adaptation of an Ian Fleming novel, Dr. No, featuring Sean Connery as 007. Connery starred in a further four films before leaving the role after You Only Live Twice, which was taken up by George Lazenby for On Her Majesty's Secret Service. Lazenby left the role after just one appearance and Connery was tempted back for his last Eon-produced film Diamonds Are Forever.", "Connery first met Michael Caine at a party during the production of South Pacific in 1954, and the two would later become close friends. During the production of South Pacific at the Opera House, Manchester over the Christmas period of 1954, Connery developed a serious interest in the theatre through American actor Robert Henderson who lent him copies of the Henrik Ibsen works Hedda Gabler, The Wild Duck, and When We Dead Awaken, and later listed works by the likes of Marcel Proust, Leo Tolstoy, Ivan Turgenev, Bernard Shaw, James Joyce, and William Shakespeare for him to digest. Henderson urged him to take elocution lessons and got him parts at the Maida Vale Theatre in London, and he had already begun pursuing a film career, playing an extra in Herbert Wilcox's 1954 musical Lilacs in the Spring alongside Anna Neagle.", "10. At the age of nine, actor Sean Connery supported his impoverished family with a milkrun in his hometown of Edinburgh. On his round the Scottish youngster delivered to Fettes School, which according to Ian Fleming, was the same school, which James Bond attended following his expulsion from Eton.", "Connery was discovered by Harry Saltzman after numerous names as possible contenders for Bond were thrown or ruled out, including Roger Moore , David Niven , Cary Grant, and many others. Ian Fleming , the creator of James Bond pays tribute to Connery in his 1963 novel, On Her Majesty's Secret Service by stating that 007's surname as well as his father, was Scottish. Ironically, Fleming reportedly did not like the casting of Connery on the grounds that the stocky, 6'2\" Scotsman was too \"unrefined\", but with some tutelage from director Terence Young, Connery won Fleming over. Young helped to smooth Connery's rough and tumble edges over, and then used Connery's imposing physique yet amazingly graceful, cat-like carriage so effectively in every scene.", "After Bond, Connery continued to work regularly—Murder on the Orient Express (1974), The Man Who Would Be King (1975), Robin and Marian (1976), with Audrey Hepburn , The Great Train Robbery (1979), Time Bandits (1981), Highlander (1986) and The Name of the Rose (1986), winning a British Film Academy award for the latter project, which was based on the book by Umberto Eco . Connery finally won an Academy Award (best supporting actor), for his role as a Chicago cop on the trail of Al Capone in 1987's The Untouchables, co-starring Kevin Costner , Andy Garcia and Robert De Niro .", "* Sean Connery (James Bond in 007: From Russia with Love (2005 video game), Draco in Dragonheart, and Sir Billi in Sir Billi)", "In the meantime, Connery was establishing himself as a serious actor - with varying degrees of commercial success. He gave some remarkable performances in \"The Man Who Would Be King\" (1975), \"The Name of the Rose\" (1986) and \"The Untouchables\" (1987), for which he received his only Oscar.", "Directed by Guy Hamilton. Starring Sean Connery, Gert Frobe, Honor Blackman, Harold Sakota, Shirley Eaton, Bernard Lee, Lois Maxwell.", "Directed by Terence Young. Starring Sean Connery, Claudine Auger, Adolfo Celi, Luciana Paluzzi, Bernard Lee, Desmond Llewelyn, Lois Maxwell.", "Connery was knighted by Elizabeth II in Edinburgh in July 2000. He had been nominated for a knighthood in 1997 and 1998, but these nominations were vetoed by Donald Dewar due to Connery's political views.", "While making the Bond films, Connery also starred in other acclaimed films such as Alfred Hitchcock's Marnie (1964) and Murder on the Orient Express (1974). Apart from The Man Who Would Be King and The Wind and the Lion, both released in 1975, most of Connery's successes in the next decade were as part of ensemble casts in films such as Murder on the Orient Express (1974) with Vanessa Redgrave and John Gielgud and A Bridge Too Far (1977) co-starring Dirk Bogarde and Laurence Olivier.", "Sean Connery has a villa in Kranidi, Greece. His neighbour is King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands, with whom he shares a helicopter platform.", "* The film was awarded two BAFTAs. Sean Connery for best actor, and Hasso von Hugo won Best Make Up Artist.", "Noted to be one of James Bond's favorite actors in the novel \"Scorpius.\" Connery previously played James Bond in seven films.", "52. For his appearance in which film did Sean Connery win his only Oscar for Best Supporting Actor?" ]	[ 5.73828125, 5.58203125, 5.36328125, 4.23828125, 3.95703125, 3.279296875, 3.216796875, 1.5029296875, 1.091796875, 0.9287109375, -1.3232421875, -1.7705078125, -2.341796875, -3.7109375, -4.0078125, -4.3515625, -4.60546875, -4.67578125, -4.69921875, -4.90234375, -5.14453125, -5.3046875, -5.67578125, -6.0078125, -6.046875, -6.0625, -6.2890625, -6.63671875, -6.6484375, -6.79296875, -7.9375, -8.234375 ]
Who has appeared in more Alfred Hitchock films than any one else?	[ "Like many good directors, Alfred Hitchcock tended to work with the same people – on screen and off. Among the male actors he preferred, such as Cary Grant and James Stewart (four films each) and Norman Lloyd (three films, several Alfred Hitchcock Presents episodes and associate producer and director credits on the TV show as well), there is one who appeared more frequently than any other: Leo G. Carroll (six films). Many Hitchcock geeks and scholars know that one. But which female actor appears in more Hitchcock films?", "Alfred Hitchcock Freddie Young OBE Grace Wyndham Goldie David Lean Jacques Cousteau Sir Charles Chaplin Lord Olivier Sir Denis Forman Fred Zinnemann Lord Grade Sir Huw Wheldon David Attenborough CBE John Huston Abel Gance Michael Powell Emeric Pressburger Andrzej Wajda Sir Richard Attenborough CBE Sir Hugh Greene Sam Spiegel Jeremy Isaacs Steven Spielberg Federico Fellini Ingmar Bergman Sir Alec Guinness CH, CBE Paul Fox Louis Malle Sir John Gielgud David Plowright Sydney Samuelson CBE Colin Young CBE Michael Grade CBE Billy Wilder Jeanne Moreau Ronald Neame CBE John Schlesinger CBE Dame Maggie Smith Woody Allen Steven Bochco Julie Christie Oswald Morris OBE Harold Pinter CBE David Rose Sean Connery Bill Cotton CBE Eric Morecambe & Ernie Wise", "My answer is Clare Greet, who had speaking roles in a total of eight Hitchcock films (Number 13 (1922), The Ring (1927), The Manxman (1929), Murder! (1930), The Man Who Knew Too Much (1934), Sabotage (1936) and Jamaica Inn (1939), plus Lord Camber's Ladies (produced by Hitch, 1932).", "J.F.Sporting Collectibles Film & Stage Stars Pre-1940 Film Stars of The World 1930s 2nd Series 2013 Film Stars of The World 1930s 2nd Series 2013 LT24 - These sepia head and shoulders photos are just the right medium for picturing these stars from Hollywood’s heyday, including George Raft, Raymond Massey and Marlene Dietrich, but thirteen of the 24 are British-born, among them Archibald Leach (better known as Cary Grant), Jesse Matthews (one of 16 children) and Rex Harrison (Prof. Higgins in “My Fair Lady”). Margaret Lockwood, star of Hitchcock’s “The Lady Vanishes” was born in Karachi, one of many facts to emerge from the excellent descriptive backs. Size 89 x 64mm.", "Alfred Hitchcock 's first choice for the role of John Ballantyne was Cary Grant . His second choice was Joseph Cotten . See more »", "See page 33 Jack Hawkins Oliver Branwell Arlene Dahl Sarah Moreton Dennis Price Tracy Moreton Ian Hunter Clive Fisher Greta Gynt Vere Litchen Patrick Holt Fred Connor Bernard Miles Mr Jerome Charles Highbury Christopher Lee Berkeley Rackitt John Robinson Sgt Burns Michael Goodliffe A bercrombie Sr Malcolm Keen A bercrombie Jr Geoffrey Keen Mrs Moretton Violet Farebrother SCREENPLAY SIDNEY GILLIAT, FRANK LAUNDER DIRECTOR SIDNEY GILLIAT", "Sir Arthur John Gielgud (; 14 April 1904 – 21 May 2000) was an English actor and theatre director whose career spanned eight decades. With Ralph Richardson and Laurence Olivier, he was one of the trinity of actors who dominated the British stage for much of the 20th century. A member of the Terry family theatrical dynasty, he gained his first paid acting work as a junior member of his cousin Phyllis Neilson-Terry's company in 1922. After studying at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art he worked in repertory theatre and in the West End before establishing himself at the Old Vic as an exponent of Shakespeare in 1929–31.", "William Spooner, John Galsworthy, Hugh Gaitskell, Tony Benn, Dennis Potter, Gyles Brandreth, Douglas Jardine, Hugh Grant, Brian Johnston, John Fowles, Kate Beckinsale", "Sir Alec Guinness, CH, CBE (2 April 1914 – 5 August 2000) was an English actor. He was featured in several of the Ealing Comedies, including Kind Hearts and Coronets in which he played eight different characters. He later won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his role as Colonel Nicholson in The Bridge on the River Kwai. His most prominent role in his later career was as Obi-Wan Kenobi in the original Star Wars trilogy.", "Famous for: South African-born British actor who rose to prominence in the UK as a Shakespearean stage actor and went on to appear in over 70 films, primarily swashbucklers and costume dramas. Frequently played suave villains or morally ambiguous characters. Admired for his athletic cinema swordsmanship even though he usually had to lose most of his onscreen duels, especially to Errol Flynn. Notable roles are Karenin from Anna Karenina, Pontius Pilate from The Last Days of Pompeii, Levasseur from Captain Blood, Marquis St. Evremonde from A Tale of Two Cities, Tybalt from Romeo and Juliet, Count Ferdinand Anteoni from The Garden of Allah, Sir Guy of Gisbourne from The Adventures of Robin Hood, Baron Wolf von Frankenstein from Son of Frankenstein, Sherlock Holmes from the Sherlock Holmes series, Captain Esteban Pasquale from The Mark of Zorro, King Louis XI from If I Were King, Sir Ravenhurst from The Court Jester, and John F. Black, Esq. from The Comedy of Terrors.", "Spencer Bonaventure Tracy (April 5, 1900 – June 10, 1967) was an American actor, noted for his natural style and versatility. One of the major stars of Hollywood's Golden Age, Tracy was nominated for nine Academy Awards for Best Actor and won two, sharing the record for nominations in that category with Laurence Olivier.", "PETER USTINOV in \"Topkapi\", John Gielgud in \"Becket\", Stanley Holloway in \"My Fair Lady\" , Edmond O'Brien in \"Seven Days in May\", Lee Tracy in \"The Best Man\"", "Andre Morell was born in London on 20 August 1909. His birth name was Cecil Andre Mesritz but he had it legally changed in 1938. He moved from being a motor mechanic and amateur actor to professional actor in 1934. Until his death in 1978 he would find constant work in theater, movies and television. He is one of those actors you see all the time in films and ask yourself “what’s his name?” His voice is quite unique and carries that tone I always associate with a senior officer. He was a member of the Old Vic theater company and was well known for his abilities with Shakespeare. In WWII he served in the Welch Fusiliers through 1946 and attained the rank of Major. Three of the films he appeared in are among my favorites. Two received Best Picture Academy Awards: Bridge on the River Kwai and Ben Hur. The third movie was his last, The Great Train Robbery with Sean Connery. Morell had a tremendously positive reputation for hard work and attention to detail, resulting in superb performances.", "Arthur Bowden Askey CBE (6 June 1900 – 16 November 1982) was an English comedian and actor. Askey's humour owed much to the playfulness of the characters he portrayed, his improvisation, and his use of catchphrases, which included \"Hello playmates!\", \"I thank you\" (pronounced \"Ay-Thang-Yaw\"), and \"Before your very eyes\".", "A number of personal appearances were made by the stars over the years, Margaret Lockwood was the most popular. During the war celebrities would adopt a cinema, and it was the Ambassador's good fortune to have the cockney character actor, Bill Owen, as their celebrity. He was a favourite for fans of war films and seemed to turn up in every British war film ever made. Bill Owen is now better known as Compo in Last of the Summer Wine.", "Hay was a gifted physical comedian with a huge range of facial expressions and an absolute master of the double-take (Graham Rinaldi claims there are over 200 in his films - crying out for a Youtube compilation video, I'd say). Yet it is the interplay between the three actors that raises their films to the sublime. Marriot was a remarkable actor in his own right, earning himself the accolade 'British Cinema's master of disguise'. He specialised in appearing as characters much older than his actual age, mischievously winning Southend On Sea's oldest inhabitant competition in 1931, at the ripe old age of 46. ", "Sir Alan Arthur Bates, CBE (17 February 1934 – 27 December 2003) was an English actor who came to prominence in the 1960s, when he appeared in films ranging from the popular children's story Whistle Down the Wind to the \"kitchen sink\" drama A Kind of Loving. He is also known for his performance with Anthony Quinn in Zorba the Greek, as well as his roles in King of Hearts, Georgy Girl, Far From the Madding Crowd, and The Fixer, in which he received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor. In 1969, he starred in the Ken Russell film Women in Love with Oliver Reed and Glenda Jackson.", "Sir Alain Arthur Bates, CBE (17 February 1934 – 27 December 2003) was an English actor who came to prominence in the 1960s, a time of high creativity in British cinema, when he appeared in films ranging from the popular children's story Whistle Down the Wind to the \"kitchen sink\" drama A Kind of Loving . He is also known for his performance with Anthony Quinn in Zorba the Greek , as well as his roles in King of Hearts , Georgy Girl , Far From the Madding Crowd , and The Fixer , which gave him an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor. In 1969, he starred in the Ken Russell film Women in Love with Oliver Reed and Glenda Jackson.", "Sir Alan Arthur Bates, CBE (17 February 1934 - 27 December 2003) was an English actor who came to prominence in the 1960s, when he appeared in films ranging from the popular children's story Whistle Down the Wind to the \"kitchen sink\" drama A Kind of Loving. He is also known for his performance with Anthony Quinn in Zorba the Greek, as well as his roles in King of Hearts, Georgy Girl, Far From the Madding Crowd, and The Fixer, in which he received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor. In 1969, he starred in the Ken Russell film Women in Love with Oliver Reed and Glenda Jackson .", "Warped genius Professor Marcus (Alec Guinness) convenes his gang of crooks at the house of sweet little old Mrs. Wilberforce (Katie Johnson). Under assumed names, Claude (Cecil Parker), Louis (Herbert Lom), Harry (Peter Sellers) and One-Round (Danny Green) pretend to be a string quartet doing their daily rehearsals, but their real plan is to hijack a shipment of cash - and to use the innocent Mrs. Wilberforce to smuggle the loot under the noses of the cops.", "André Morell (born Cecil André Mesritz, 20 August 1909 – 28 November 1978) was an English actor. He appeared frequently in theatre, film and on television from the 1930s to the 1970s. His best known screen roles were as Professor Bernard Quatermass in the BBC Television serial Quatermass and the Pit (1958–59), and as Doctor Watson in the Hammer Film Productions version of The Hound of the Baskervilles (1959). He also appeared in the films The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957) and Ben-Hur (1959), in several of Hammer's horror films throughout the 1960s and in the acclaimed ITV historical drama The Caesars (1968).", "Has appeared in several of David Lean 's movies. In them, he has portrayed Englishmen, an Arab, a Russian and an Indian.", "Alan Bates (with his sole career nomination) was recognized for his role as Yakov Bok - an innocently-imprisoned Jewish peasant/handyman and victim of anti-Semitism when accused of a child murder in an adaptation of a Bernard Malamud novel by director John Frankenheimer, The Fixer (the film's sole nomination). [Bates had starred in such well known films as Zorba the Greek (1964), Georgy Girl (1966), King of Hearts (1966), and Women in Love (1970).]", "Affable, bright and breezy Kenneth More epitomised the traditional English virtues of fortitude and fun. At the height of his fame in the 1950s he was Britain's most popular film star and had appeared in a string of box office hits including Genevieve (1953), Doctor in the House (1954), Reach for the Sky (1956) and A Night to Remember (1958).", "The director, who died nearly two decades ago, would have been 100 this year. Yet the rotund director with the macabre sense of humor seems to have never left. Like a character in one of his suspense thrillers, Hitch has seemingly defied death.", "Owen was a veteran of almost 50 post-war feature films, best known for his roles as forthright Cockneys. He was always on the edge of stardom but was never quite elevated beyond character roles. This saw him through pictures from Holiday Camp (1947), Hotel Sahara (1951) and the Titanic drama A Day to Remember (1953) to four Carry Ons.", "In the 1960s, he expanded his range of character roles in films such as Seance on a Wet Afternoon and Guns at Batasi , for which he won the BAFTA Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of the regimental Sergeant Major. He appeared in the ensemble cast of The Great Escape , as Squadron Leader \"Roger Bartlett\" (\"Big X\"), the head of the escape committee.", "Dr JOSSER KC (1931. Dir: Norman Lee). Farce about stolen handbags based on a Variety sketch written by the star, Ernie Lotinga (who was married to Hetty King).", "The year before, reunited with Lean for the period comedy Hobson's Choice, he had provided a characterisation which had a representative blend of rumbustiousness and delicacy of detail. \"It was the performance I have enjoyed most,\" he said later. \"Willie Mossop was a wonderful part, an unglamorous chap, but he was a hero.\"", "English actor, best known for his work with Humphrey Bogart and Peter Lorre in the 1940s.", "'Toad of Toad Hall' was presented as a serial in January 1950 starring Kenneth More as Mr. Badger, James Hayter as Mr. Toad with Sam Kydd, Patrick Troughton and Harry Secombe.", "1935. Drama. Directed by Leslie S. Hiscott and filmed at Twickenham Studios. A film director with a murky past swaps places with his gangster double. Starring Henry Kendall and Eve Gray." ]	[ 5.58203125, 0.480712890625, -0.373046875, -2.392578125, -3.287109375, -4.3125, -4.36328125, -5.00390625, -5.0859375, -5.24609375, -5.640625, -6.01171875, -6.29296875, -6.30859375, -6.3125, -6.66796875, -6.8203125, -6.8359375, -6.8515625, -6.99609375, -7.44921875, -8.078125, -8.5390625, -8.5546875, -8.59375, -8.96875, -9.234375, -9.7265625, -9.984375, -10.1171875, -10.125, -10.265625 ]
Which two actresses play the leading roles in the 1992 film Single White Female?	[ "Single White Female is a 1992 American erotic thriller film based on John Lutz's novel SWF Seeks Same. The film stars Bridget Fonda and Jennifer Jason Leigh and is directed by Barbet Schroeder.", "In this psychological thriller, a needy young woman finds fulfillment by trying to literally become her successful roommate. Attractive Manhattanite Allison Jones (Bridget Fonda) has it all: a handsome beau, a rent-controlled apartment, and a promising career as a fashion designer. When boyfriend Sam (Steven Weber) proves unfaithful, Allison strikes out on her own but must use the classifieds to seek out a roommate in order to keep her spacious digs. In steps Hedra Carlson (Jennifer Jason Leigh), who's timid and frumpy but puppy-dog sweet. The self-centered Allison finds Hedra's eager friendship flattering, but soon she grows annoyed as Hedra begins emulating everything about her. After Allison gets back with Sam and asks Hedra to please vacate the premises, the pert beauty really gets to see her weird new roomie's bad side -- Hedra, it seems, is downright homicidal. Directed by Barbet Schroeder, who wowed Hollywood with Barfly and Reversal of Fortune. Single White Female was the second screenplay from future Opposite of Sex director Don Roos.", "A woman in search of a new roommate finds that sharing an apartment can be murder in director Keith Samples' belated sequel to the 1992 thriller Single White Female. Things just aren't going well for Holly Parker (Kristen Miller). In addition to her cheating boyfriend, a scheming co-worker keeps undermining every shot Holly has at a promotion, and on top of it all, her rent is simply too much to handle alone. When her search for a roommate leads Holly to shy but sweet Tess Kostitch (Allison Lange), the troubled renter thinks she may have finally solved at least one of her woes -- but this roommate has a big secret. It doesn't take long for Holly and Tess to become friends, but in Tess' warped view of friendship, there is no kinder act than putting a friend in pain out of their misery. When Tess learns about Holly's unfaithful boyfriend and the trouble that Holly has run into attempting to land a big promotion, Tess prepares to do her new best friend a favor and make all of her troubles go away in the flash of a blade.", "Director: Darren Aronofsky. Cast: Natalie Portman, Christopher Gartin, Mila Kunis, Winona Ryder, Vincent Cassel, Ksenia Solo, Toby Hemingway, Barbara Hershey, Janet Montgomery, Kristina Anapau, Marcia Jean Kurtz, Deborah Offner, Adriene Couvillion, Shaun O'Hagan, Sebastian Stan.", "[Note: Schroeder was better known later for two other more mainstream, commercial Hollywood films: the crime drama Reversal of Fortune (1990) and the erotic thriller Single White Female (1992).]", "Julianne Moore, Don Cheadle, John C. Reilly, and Heather Graham were among the other ... Courtney Love The widow of Kurt Cobain appears as a Hustler model that marries Larry Flynt in \"The People Versus Larry Flynt.\" Love looks comfortable on screen as ...", "Susan Sarandon (left) as Louise and Geena Davis as Thelma in the 1991 film that won screenwriter Callie Khouri an Academy Award. MGM/Photofest hide caption", "Susan Sarandon and Geena Davis played Louise and Thelma in the 1991 flick. MGM/Courtesy Everett Collection", "Julia Roberts plays a down-on-her-luck prostitute who is hired by an exceedingly wealthy businessman, played by Richard Gere, to be his escort. The 1991 film was a critical success and became one of 1990's highest grossing films.", "In 1991, she co-starred with former classmate and friend Naomi Watts and Thandie Newton in the Australian independent film Flirting. Kidman and Watts portrayed two high school girls in this coming of age story, which won the Australian Film Institute Award for Best Film. That same year, her work in the film Billy Bathgate earned Kidman her first Golden Globe Award nomination, for Best Supporting Actress. The New York Times, in its film review, called her \"a beauty with, it seems, a sense of humor\". The following year, she and Cruise re-teamed for Ron Howard's Irish epic Far and Away (1992), which was a modest critical and commercial success. In 1993, she starred in the thriller Malice opposite Alec Baldwin and the drama My Life opposite Michael Keaton. ", "While on the set for the sequel, Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Next Generation (1994), she befriended Matthew McConaughey, another Hollywood up-and-comer. He was working on a project at the time that Renée was interested in, auditioned for, and won the role in the film Love and a .45 (1994), which earned her enough critical praise that she decided to move to Los Angeles. Another role in The Whole Wide World (1996) followed which led to her big break. Cameron Crowe was busy casting his next film, Jerry Maguire (1996), starring Tom Cruise. Crowe was considering such actresses as Cameron Diaz, Bridget Fonda, Winona Ryder, and Marisa Tomei, when he heard of Zellweger’s performance in The Whole Wide World (1996). He auditioned Zellweger and was sure he’d found his Dorothy Boyd.", "Chicago centers on Velma Kelly and Roxie Hart, two criminals-of-passion who find themselves on death row together in 1920s Chicago. Velma, a vaudevillian, and Roxie, a housewife with aspirations of having the same profession, fight for the fame that will keep them from the gallows. The film stars Catherine Zeta-Jones, Renée Zellweger, and Richard Gere, also featuring Queen Latifah, John C. Reilly, Christine Baranski, Lucy Liu, Taye Diggs, Colm Feore, and Mýa Harrison.", "In 1992 the play was performed on Broadway at the Circle in the Square Theatre, under the direction of Robert Allan Ackerman. Sheryl Lee starred as the title role alongside Al Pacino. The play costarred Suzanne Bertish, Esai Morales and Arnold Vosloo.", "Thelma and Louise was a 1991 American road movie featuring two female leads. Directed by Ridley Scott and written by Callie Khouri, the film's plot revolves around Thelma and Louise's escape from their troubled, caged lives. It stars Geena Davis as Thelma and Susan Sarandon as Louise, and co-stars Harvey Keitel as a sympathetic detective trying to trace them as they go on the run after killing a rapist. Michael Madsen plays the role of Louise's boyfriend. Brad Pitt (in his first significant role in a major Hollywood film) plays a parolee robber.", "Goldberg won her first Oscar, in the Best Supporting Actress category, for her role as psychic Oda Mae Brown in the 1990 blockbuster Ghost, co-starring Patrick Swayze and Demi Moore. (Goldberg was just the second African-American to collect the Best Supporting Actress award. The first, Hattie McDaniel, won for her performance in 1939’s Gone With the Wind.) In 1992, Goldberg scored another box-office hit with Sister Act, in which she played a nightclub singer hiding out in a convent from the mob. During the 1990s, Goldberg also appeared in such films as Robert Altman’s movie-business parody The Player (1992); Made in America (1993), with her one-time paramour Ted Danson; Corrina, Corrina (1994), with Ray Liotta; Boys on the Side (1995), with Drew Barrymore and Mary-Louise Parker; and Ghosts of Mississippi (1996), about the trial of the assassinated civil-rights leader Medgar Evers. The dreadlocked entertainment dynamo had a recurring role on Star Trek: The Next Generation from 1988 to 1993 and hosted her own talk show from 1992 to 1993.", "Brenda then moved into the big screen making two films during the period between 1990 and 1992, the first being the Jim Henson film of Roald Dahl's The Witches in which she played Mrs. Jenkins, other parts were played by Rowan Atkinson, Jane Horrocks and Anjelica Huston (1990). The second film was the Robert Redford movie A River Runs Through It in which she played Brad Pitt's mother, Mrs. Maclean.", "Pretty Woman is a 1990 American romantic comedy film directed by Garry Marshall from a screenplay written by J. F. Lawton. The film stars Richard Gere and Julia Roberts, and features Hector Elizondo, Ralph Bellamy (in his final performance), Laura San Giacomo and Jason Alexander in supporting roles. Its story centers on down-on-her-luck Hollywood hooker Vivian Ward, who is hired by Edward Lewis, a wealthy businessman, to be his escort for several business and social functions, and their developing relationship over the course of her week-long stay with him.", "98. The Color Purple (1985): Based on the acclaimed novel by Alice Walker, The Color Purple solidified both Whoopi Goldberg and Oprah Winfrey as formidable actors. In this film set in the early 20th century in the deep south. Goldberg plays Celie, who is abused endlessly at the hands of her father. She's forced to marry a widower, known as Mister (Danny Glover). An old flame of his, Shug (Margaret Avery) comes to stay with him, and unbeknownst to Mister, Shug and Celie begin an intimate relationship, which is, of course, way more apparent in the book than the film. Meanwhile, Celie finds inspiration through Winfrey's character, Sofia. This movie is all about strength, confidence, and perseverance. It's a reminder, especially for LGBT people, women, and people of color, that our ancestors had to sacrifice so much — even the simple act of being themselves — so we could live better lives a century later. —M.G.", "The Long Walk Home (1990) / Miramax Films. Van Nuys, CA. : Live Home Video, 1991. 1 VHS videocassette (98 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. MSU College of Law Library Reserve Video L : Academy Award winner Whoopi Goldberg is Odessa Cotter, a quietly dignified woman, who works as a housekeeper for Miriam Thompson (Academy Award winner Sissy Spacek). When Odessa honors the 1955 Montgomery, Alabama, bus boycott by walking an exhausting nine miles to and from work, Miriam offers her a ride. Defying both Miriam's racist husband (Dwight Schultz) and the powerful White Citizen's Council, Miriam and Odessa put their lives in danger for civil rights. Their shared experiences draw them closer as a deep respect and lasting friendship forms. Together, in a difficult world of black versus white, they manage to discover a common ground. Cast : Sissy Spacek, Whoopi Goldberg, Dwight Schultz. Want more info? Try Movie Review Query Engine .", "She began her film career with a role alongside Robert De Niro in the 1993 film \"A Bronx Tale.\" Her subsequent film roles were small, 1995's \"Just Cause\" with Sean Connery and Laurence Fishburne, 1996's \"Educating Matt Waters\" and \"The Preacher's Wife\" with Whitney Houston. It wasn't until 1997 in the HBO original film \"Subway Stories\" that audiences began to take notice. As the \"Woman with Flowers\" who sang to her mother on the payphone, her performance was widely deemed to be one of the best in the film.", "Famous for: American actress whose career began at 21 and came to prominence almost immediately in the 1950s. In the 1960s, she withdrew from the public eye and only acted sporadically until her retirement in 1991. Notable roles are Marjorie “Madge” Owens from Picnic, Molly from The Man with the Golden Arm, Jeanne Eagels, Linda English from Pal Joey, Judy Barton from Vertigo, Gillian “Gil” Holroyd from Bell, Book, and Candle, Betty Preisser from Middle of the Night, Mildred Rogers from Of Human Bondage, Polly the Pistol from Kiss Me, Stupid, Moll Flanders from The Amorous Adventures of Moll Flanders, Lola Brewster from The Mirror Crack’d, and Lillian Anderson Munnsen from Liebestraum.", "3. First Lady Ellen Mitchell (Sigourney Weaver) and Dave Kovic, impersonating President Bill Mitchell in Dave (Warner Bros., 1993)", "Thelma & Louise is a 1991 American road film directed by Ridley Scott and written by Callie Khouri. It stars Geena Davis as Thelma and Susan Sarandon as Louise, two friends who embark on a road trip with disastrous consequences. The supporting cast include Harvey Keitel, Michael Madsen, and Brad Pitt, whose career was launched by the film.", "Goldberg starred in Soapdish (1991) and had a recurring role on Star Trek: The Next Generation as Guinan, which she would reprise in two Star Trek films. On May 29, 1992, Sister Act was released. The motion picture grossed well over US $200 million and Goldberg was nominated for a Golden Globe. Next, she starred in Sarafina!. During the next year, she hosted a late-night talk show titled The Whoopi Goldberg Show and starred in two more motion pictures: Made in America and Sister Act 2: Back in the Habit. From 1994 to 1995, Goldberg appeared in Corrina, Corrina, The Lion King (voice), The Pagemaster (voice), Boys on the Side, and Moonlight and Valentino. Goldberg guest starred on Muppets Tonight in 1996. She became the first African-American woman to host the Academy Awards show in 1994, and the first woman to solo host. She hosted the awards show again in 1996, 1999 and 2002.", "1992: Al Pacino (Scent of a Woman) — beat Clint Eastwood (Unforgiven), Denzel Washington (Malcolm X), Robert Downey Jr. (Chaplin), Stephen Rea (The Crying Game)", "In 1991 and 1992, she was the New York Film Critics Circle's runner-up pick for their annual best actress of the year prize. In 1991, she was chosen the runner-up for her landmark performance as half of the now-iconic duo in director Ridley Scott 's modern-day western, Thelma & Louise (1991). In 1992, she was the group's runner-up for her heartbreaking turn in director George Miller 's fact-based drama, Lorenzo's Oil (1992).", "Boxing Helena is a 1993 American film and the debut feature by Jennifer Chambers Lynch ( XX ), daughter of David Lynch (Twin Peaks; The Elephant Man; Eraserhead). It stars Julian Sands and Sherilyn Fenn as the eponymous Helena.", "Lana Jean Clarkson (April 5, 1962 – February 3, 2003) was an American actress and fashion model.", "Fisher is one of the few actors or actresses to star in films with both John and James Belushi, later appearing with the latter in the film The Man with One Red Shoe. She appeared in the Woody Allen film Hannah and her Sisters in 1986.", "1992: \"White Men Can't Jump,\" starring Wesley Snipes and Woody Harrelson, premieres. ( Watch this movie online )", "She continued to find moderate success with a number of television projects, including The Return of the Native (1994) and the mini-series Catherine the Great (1995). She also appeared in Splitting Heirs (1993), a comedy starring Eric Idle, Rick Moranis and John Cleese.", "Only one actress has ever received two nominations for playing the same character in two different films:" ]	[ 9.0703125, 2.673828125, 1.8603515625, -1.2626953125, -2.20703125, -2.7890625, -2.9140625, -3.173828125, -3.921875, -4.08984375, -4.203125, -4.4375, -4.56640625, -4.89453125, -5.05078125, -5.17578125, -5.35546875, -5.4453125, -5.75, -5.77734375, -6, -6.0390625, -6.04296875, -6.66015625, -7.15625, -7.1953125, -7.48046875, -7.96875, -8.84375, -8.8515625, -9.1796875, -9.8125 ]
Loves Rental Styles is an anagram of which famous actor?	[ "Sir Michael Caine, (; born Maurice Joseph Micklewhite; 14 March 1933) is an English actor and author. Renowned for his distinctive working class cockney accent, Caine has appeared in over 115 films and is regarded as a British film icon.", "Patrick Wayne Swayze (; August 18, 1952 – September 14, 2009) was an American actor, dancer, and singer-songwriter. Having gained fame with appearances in films during the 1980s, Swayze became popular for playing tough guys and romantic lead males, gaining him a wide fan base with female audiences, and status as a teen idol and sex symbol.", "Lee Jun-fan ( Chinese : 李振藩; November 27, 1940 – July 20, 1973), known professionally as Bruce Lee, was a Hong Kong and American actor , martial artist , philosopher , filmmaker,", "Rob Thomas, American singer-songwriter (Matchbox Twenty); Michael Chang, American tennis player; Antonio Sabato Jr., Italian actor; Shaquille O'Neal, African-American basketball player; Elvis Stojko, Canadian figure skater; Jennie Garth, American actress; Jennifer Garner, American actress; Carmen Electra, American actress and singer; Dwayne Johnson, American professional wrestler and actor; Busta Rhymes, African-American rapper and actor; The Notorious B.I.G., African-American rapper (d. 1997); Wayne Brady, African-American comedian; Marlon Wayans, African-American actor, comedian and producer; Maya Rudolph, African-American actress, comedian; Wil Wheaton, American actor; Ben Affleck, American actor; Cameron Diaz, American actress; Chris Tucker, American actor; Gwyneth Paltrow, American actress; Eminem, American rapper and actor; Brad Paisley, American singer-songwriter and musician; Jenny McCarthy, American actress and model; Alyssa Milano, American actress; Jude Law, British actor; Joey McIntyre, American actor and singer (New Kids on the Block)", "Chan Kong-sang, SBS, MBE, PMW, (; born 7 April 1954), known professionally as Jackie Chan, is a Hong Kong martial artist, actor, film director, producer, stuntman, and singer. In his movies, he is known for his acrobatic fighting style, comic timing, use of improvised weapons, and innovative stunts, which he typically performs himself. Chan has been training in Kung fu and Wing Chun. He has been acting since the 1960s and has appeared in over 150 films.", "David Carradine (born John Arthur Carradine; December 8, 1936 – June 3, 2009) was an American actor and martial artist, best known for his leading role as a Shaolin peace-loving monk, Kwai Chang Caine, in the 1970s television series Kung Fu. He was a member of a productive acting family that began with his father, John Carradine. His acting career, which included major and minor roles on stage, television and cinema, spanned over four decades. A prolific \"B\" movie actor, he appeared in more than 100 feature films and was nominated four times for a Golden Globe Award. The last nomination was for his title role in Quentin Tarantino 's Kill Bill.", "Harry Houdini (March 24, 1874 пїЅ October 31, 1926, born Erik Weisz later spelled Ehrich Weiss) was a Hungarian American magician and escapologist, stunt performer, actor and film producer. He was also a skeptic who set out to expose frauds purporting to be supernatural phenomena.", "Steven John \"Steve\" Carell (; born August 16, 1962) is an American actor, comedian, director, producer and writer. After a five-year stint on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, Carell found greater fame for playing Michael Scott on the American version of The Office, on which he also worked as an occasional writer and director. He has also starred in lead roles in the films The 40-Year-Old Virgin (2005), Evan Almighty (2007), Get Smart (2008), Crazy, Stupid, Love (2011), The Incredible Burt Wonderstone and The Way, Way Back (both 2013). He has also voiced characters in the animated films Over the Hedge (2006), Horton Hears a Who! (2008), Despicable Me (2010) and Despicable Me 2 (2013).", "Dancer, actor, and singer Fred Astaire worked steadily in various entertainment media during nine decades of the 20th century. The most celebrated dancer in the history of film, with appearances in 31 movie musicals between 1933 and 1968 (and a special Academy Award in recognition of his accomplishments in them), Astaire also danced on-stage and on television (garnering two Emmy Awards in the process), and he even treated listening audiences to his accomplished tap dancing on records and on his own radio series. He appeared in another eight non-musical feature films and on numerous television programs, resulting in an Academy Award nomination and a third Emmy Award as an actor. His light tenor voice and smooth, conversational phrasing made him an ideal interpreter for the major songwriters of his era, and he introduced dozens of pop standards, many of them written expressly for him, by such composers as Harold Arlen , Irving Berlin, George Gershwin , Jerome Kern, Burton Lane, Frank Loesser , Johnny Mercer , Cole Porter , Arthur Schwartz, Harry Warren, and Vincent Youmans. Although his efforts as a dancer necessarily overshadowed his purely musical work, he made hundreds of recordings over a period of more than 50 years, resulting in several major hits.", "10.0 ITN News 10.15 California Suite ALAN ALDA MICHAEL CAINE JANE FONDA WALTER MATTHAU MAGGIE SMITH The Beverly Hills Hotel in Los Angeles is world famous and is the obvious choice of temporary residence for five diverse couples who have come to the city.They are all people with personal problems. And they are also people in love. See pages 53 and 54 Alan Alda Bill Warren Michael Caine Sidney Bill Cosby Dr Panama Jane Fonda Hannah", "Magda Simon Senta Berger Emma Marcus Angie Dickinson Maj SaftrJames Donald Jacob Zion Luther Adler Ram Oren Stathis Gialleli_s A sher Conan Yul Brynner A bou lbn Sader Topol Vince Frank Sinatra", "Lives on famed \"Bad Boy Drive\" a.k.a. Muholland Drive in Beverly Hills, CA. Nicknamed so because its famed residents are bad boy actors Marlon Brando , Jack Nicholson , and Beatty.", "Ewan Gordon McGregor (born 31 March 1971) is a Scottish actor. His first professional role was in 1993, when he won a leading role in the Channel 4 series Lipstick on Your Collar. He is best known for his roles as heroin addict Mark Renton in the drama Trainspotting (1996), the young Jedi Obi-Wan Kenobi in the Star Wars prequel trilogy (1999–2005), poet Christian in the musical film Moulin Rouge! (2001), and Dr. Alfred Jones in the romantic comedy-drama Salmon Fishing in the Yemen (2011). He received Golden Globe nominations for Best Actor – Musical or Comedy for both Moulin Rouge! and Salmon Fishing in the Yemen.", "actor: Cabaret, The Three Musketeers, Murder on the Orient Express, Loganï¿½s Run, The Heat of the Day, Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery, Wrongfully Accused, Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me", "Personal Life: (1931-1955) Born in Marion, Indiana. Father was a farmer and dental technician. Moved to Santa Monica, California at 6. Mother died of uterine cancer when he was 9 years old and was sent back to Fairmount, Indiana to live with his sister. Moved back to California after graduating high school. Attended Santa Monica College for pre-law but transferred to UCLA for drama leading to estrangement from his father. Yet, he dropped out to pursue acting full time. Got his start through acting on television and bit parts. Studied method acting under James Whitmore and Lee Strasberg. Starred in only 3 films. Sexual orientation was a contested subject among his contemporaries and is still debated to this day though his best remembered relationship was with Pier Angeli. Known for his extreme mood swings and might’ve been bipolar. Died when he wrecked his Porsche 550 Spyder called, “Lil’ Bastard” at the junction of California State Routes 46 and 41 at 24.", "Along with being a favorite of the Ladies-Who-Lunch crowd, the always tanned and smiling de la Renta was popular on the red carpet. Through the years, his elegant yet showy creations were worn by celebrities including Oprah Winfrey, Lea Michele, Jennifer Garner, Sarah Jessica Parker and many more.", "Viggo Peter Mortensen, Jr. (born October 20, 1958) is an American theater and movie actor, poet, musician, photographer and painter.", "actor: Clean Slate, Batman Returns, The Year of Living Dangerously, Salvador, Manhattan, An Unmarried Woman, Nashville, Two Marriages, Tanner ï¿½88, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, McCabe & Mrs. Miller, Brewster McCloud, Countdown, Double Trouble, Hard Copy", "Gok Wan (born Ko-Hen Wan; Chinese: 溫國興; Cantonese Jyutping: Wan1 gwok3 hing3; 9 September 1974) is an English fashion consultant, author and television presenter.", "Gere is Julian Kaye, a Beverly Hills resident who loves women. He admires those who have an appetite for sex. He has his own mansion, an expensive Mercedes, an expensive wardrobe and good looks. Thatï¿½s why women have sex with him and go to bed with him, otherwise, he would have always been serious with only one.", "actor: The Three Musketeers, Dead Poets Society, Scent of a Woman, Fried Green Tomatoes, Circle of Friends, Batman Forever, Batman & Robin, The Bachelor, Vertical Limit", "actor: Family Ties, Midnight Caller, Object of Obsession, Out of Annieï¿½s Past, To Sleep with a Vampire, Write to Kill, Dangerous Pursuit, Deadtime Stories", "Cochran, a stylish dresser in court, became a pop-culture icon, appearing on television and movies, often as himself.", "actor: The 400 Blows, Stolen Kisses, Love on the Run, LA Vie de Boheme, 36 Fillete, Last Tango in Paris", "actor: A Different World, Vampire in Brooklyn, Renaissance Man, White Men Canï¿½t Jump, Iï¿½m Gonna Git You Sucka, Beat Street", "*In 1996, due to his contributions to the arts, he was honorably mentioned in the rock opera Rent during the song \"La Vie Boheme\", though his name was mispronounced on the original soundtrack.", "No idea how truthful the comments on this discussion board are but there is one poster on IMDB who says he knew him. He says that he was a member of \"the alternative lifestyle\" (too coy to say \"gay\") He contributes this information: \"Hello!", "Deceased Person, Person, Identity, Film director, Organization founder, Person or entity appearing in film, Fashion designer, Musical Artist, Topic", "In the following questions you will be given a description of a famous person with an alliterative name. All you have to do is name the person (BOTH names required).", "I'm known as handsome, virie, charismatic and charming. I've made a lot of movies! For example, The Toast of New York and Once Upon a Honeymoon. I have been married five times. After some success in light Broadway comedies, I went to Hollywood in 1931.", "The perennially dapper star looked smart as he dressed to celebrate his big day, wearing a beige blazer with grey slacks.", "An actor who specializes in playing a particular personality type using mannerisms, speech patterns and physical appearance." ]	[ -1.05859375, -1.2333984375, -1.2734375, -1.5576171875, -1.6064453125, -1.6943359375, -2.994140625, -3.16796875, -3.298828125, -3.328125, -3.97265625, -4.07421875, -4.37890625, -5.8515625, -6.34765625, -6.3984375, -6.671875, -7.34765625, -7.4140625, -7.8359375, -7.984375, -8.6171875, -8.6484375, -8.890625, -9.0625, -9.609375, -10.125, -10.1484375, -10.5546875, -10.5625, -10.625, -10.8828125 ]
In 1999, in the British Film Industry's list of best British films ever, what was the only film in the top ten to be made in the 1990s?	[ "The film had an immediate impact on popular culture. In 1999, Trainspotting was ranked in the 10th spot by the British Film Institute (BFI) in its list of Top 100 British films of all time, while in 2004 the magazine Total Film named it the fourth greatest British film of all time. The Observer polled several filmmakers and film critics who voted it the best British film in the last 25 years. In 2004, the film was voted the best Scottish film of all time by the public in a poll for The List magazine. Trainspotting has since developed a cult following. It was recognised as an important film during the 1990s British cultural tour de force known as Cool Britannia. It was also featured in the documentary Live Forever: The Rise and Fall of Brit Pop. ", "In 1999 the British Film Institute voted for what they regarded to be the 100 greatest British movies ever made. Brighton Rock came in at 15th position, a short way ahead of perhaps more realistic gangster offerings such as Get Carter! and The Long Good Friday. It's deserved, though obviously the film's major complaint with a modern audience would be the stilted speech patterns that are now too quaint for a modern context (a time when men still called women \"ducks\" and \"Bogeys\" were policemen); and the \"harsh violence\" is now tame and ripe for parody.", "In 1999, both The Railway Children and Genevieve were named on a list of the top 100 British films of all time, as voted for by a panel of more than 1,000 actors, producers, writers and directors.", "The Harry Potter series is particularly well represented, topping the year on five occasions with two films present in the adjusted top ten. The James Bond films and The Lord of the Rings trilogy also have a strong presence, with two films apiece among the top ten, adjusted for inflation. Approximately half the films in both charts are British co-productions, while The Lord of the Rings/The Hobbit is based on British source material and Avatar was partially funded by Ingenious Media, a British media investment conglomerate. As per the nominal record, The King's Speech replaces Star Wars: The Force Awakens as the most successful British production of the twenty-first century adjusted for inflation if the criteria is restricted to solely British-produced films.", "Lean was known on sets for his extreme perfectionism and autocratic behavior, an attitude that sometimes alienated his cast or crew. Though his cinematic approach, classic and refined, clearly belongs to a bygone era, his films have aged rather well and his influence can still be found in movies like The English Patient (1996) and Titanic (1997). In 1999 the British Film Institute compiled a list of the 100 favorite British films of the 20th century. Five by David Lean appeared in the top 30, three of them in the top five.", "In 1997, Oldman directed, produced, and wrote the award-winning Nil by Mouth, a film partially based on his own childhood. Nil by Mouth went on to win the BAFTA Alexander Korda Award for Best British Film (shared with Douglas Urbanski) and also the BAFTA Award for Best Screenplay, the Channel 4 Director's Award, and an Empire Award. In 1999, it was adjudged by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts as one of the hundred best British films of the 20th century. Nil By Mouth was listed by Time Out as number twenty-one of the top 100 best British films ever. ", "The pros: The Matrix is clearly a generation-defining movie, as well as being what I would consider the only masterpiece of the year. Office Space is close; there is nothing even remotely like it before or since. The Talented Mr. Ripley would be my vote for most underrated film of 1999, and Matt Damon’s best performance. Magnolia, Being John Malkovich, The Sixth Sense, Three Kings, Election, The Straight Story, Fight Club, and The Iron Giant are all superb and properly appraised. Other entertaining, if not great, or even really good films from 1999: The Mummy, The Limey, Austin Powers 2, Notting Hill, Galaxy Quest, Sweet and Lowdown (Samantha Morton was robbed at the Oscars – a theme that year), Ravenous, American Pie, Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels, Princess Mononoke, Man on the Moon, 10 Things I Hate About You, and the largely forgotten gem of a documentary American Movie.", "The year 1999 in film has been called \"The Year That Changed Movies\". Several significant feature films, including Stanley Kubrick's final film Eyes Wide Shut, Pedro Almodóvar's first Oscar-winning film All About My Mother, science fiction The Matrix, Deep Canvas-pioneering Tarzan, Best Picture-winner American Beauty, critically acclaimed animated works The Iron Giant, Toy Story 2 and South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut, Spike Jonze and Charlie Kaufman's breakout film Being John Malkovich, M. Night Shyamalan's breakout hit The Sixth Sense, the controversial Fight Club, Paul Thomas Anderson's Magnolia and the first installment of George Lucas's Star Wars prequel trilogy were released this year.", "The United Kingdom has had a significant film industry for over a century. While film production reached an all-time high in 1936, the \"golden age\" of British cinema is usually thought to have occurred in the 1940s, during which the directors David Lean, Michael Powell, (with Emeric Pressburger) and Carol Reed produced their most highly acclaimed work. Many British actors have achieved international fame and critical success, including Maggie Smith, Michael Caine, Sean Connery and Kate Winslet. Some of the films with the largest ever box office returns have been made in the United Kingdom, including the second and third highest-grossing film series (Harry Potter and James Bond). ", "Other new talents to emerge during the decade included the writer-director-producer team of John Hodge, Danny Boyle and Andrew Macdonald responsible for Shallow Grave (1994) and Trainspotting (1996). The latter film generated interested in other \"regional\" productions, including the Scottish films Small Faces (1996), Ratcatcher (1999) and My Name Is Joe (1998).", "1999: Michael Caine, The Cider House Rules over Tom Cruise, Magnolia, Michael Clarke Duncan, The Green Mile and Haley Joel Osment, The Sixth Sense", "Beckinsale netted a London Critics Circle Film award for British Supporting Actress of the Year for her bright portrayal of calm and catty WASP college graduate Charlotte Pingress in Whit Stillman's ensemble drama The Last Days of Disco (1998). Unfortunately, the film itself met with mixed responses. She then had a title role in the British television production of Alice through the Looking Glass and finished the decade with a big-budgeted Hollywood feature titled Brokedown Palace (1999). In the prison drama, she played an American girl named Darlene Davis who gets caught with heroin while being on vacation with her best friend (Claire Danes) in Thailand.", "Danny Boyle is another accomplished director who belongs on that list. His 1994 directorial debut, Shallow Grave, is a skillfully made and extremely demented comic thriller that took the British film world by storm upon its release. I first saw film many years ago (not too long after seeing Boyle's breakthrough follow-up, Trainspotting) and found it to be a superbly stylized thriller with many moments that blew my mind.", "The Long Good Friday is arguably the best British gangster film ever made due to its politically-charged story and the performances of Bob Hoskins and Hellen Mirren.", "Out of the 1990s Austen adaptations, Sense and Sensibility received the most recognition from Hollywood. It garnered seven nominations at the 68th Academy Awards ceremony, where Thompson received the Award for Best Adapted Screenplay, making her the only person to have won an Oscar for both her writing and acting (Thompson won the Best Actress award for Howards End, in 1993). The film also was the recipient of twelve nominations at the 49th British Academy Film Awards, including Best Film, Best Actress in a Leading Role (for Thompson), and Best Actress in a Supporting Role (for Winslet). In addition, the film won the Golden Bear at the 46th Berlin International Film Festival, making Lee the first director to win this twice.", "The Carry On series contains the largest number of films of any British series; and, next to the James Bond films, it is the second-longest continually running UK film series although with a fourteen-year break (1978–92). Anglo Amalgamated Film Distributors Ltd produced twelve films (1958–66), and the Rank Organisation made the remaining nineteen (1967–92).", "To celebrate my 1,400th review for IMDb I turn to another of my favourite films. One might have thought that the Ealing comedies of the forties and fifties represented a quite different style of humour from that of the Monty Python team of the seventies, and yet the Pythons had a high regard for Ealing and several of them paid tribute to the studio in their post-Python careers. \"A Fish Called Wanda\", starring John Cleese and Michael Palin, was made by the veteran Ealing director Charles Crichton. The plot of \"Splitting Heirs\", which starred Eric Idle and Cleese, paid quite deliberate tribute to Robert Hamer's \"Kind Hearts and Coronets\". And \"A Private Function\" has close thematic links with \"Passport to Pimlico\".", "The film holds a 93% \"fresh\" rating, and an average rating of 8.3 out of 10 from critic website Rotten Tomatoes . [15] In August 2009 The Observer polled 60 eminent British film filmmakers and film critics who voted it the second best British film of the last 25 years. [16] The film was also ranked number 118 in Empire's 500 Greatest Films of all Time list.", "Early in 1999, the British Film Institute produced a selection booklet and sent copies to 1,000 people embracing all strands of the film, cinema and television industries throughout the UK - producers, directors, writers, actors, technicians, academics, exhibitors, distributors, executives and critics. Participants were asked to consider (and vote for up to 100) 'culturally British' feature films, released in cinemas during the 20th century, which they felt had made a strong and lasting impression. Altogether, more than 25,700 votes were cast, covering 820 different films.", "British writer Guy Ritchie made his feature directorial debut with this crime-caper comedy-drama set in London's East End and heavy on the Cockney dialogue (with one scene in subtitled Cockney rhyming slang). A big-bucks scheme goes awry: Cardsharp Eddy (Nick Moran) and pals Bacon (Jason Statham), Tom (Jason Flemyng), and Soap (Dexter Fletcher) scuffle to pile up enough money to put Eddy at the card table opposite gangland porn lord Hatchet Harry (P.H. Moriarty). Unfortunately, the whole plan backfires, leaving Eddy owing Harry a huge sum, payable within the week. In truth, Harry hopes to acquire the bar run by his rival, J.D. (Sting), who is Eddy's father. To raise the cash, Eddy sets out to steal from a marijuana business run by Winston (Steven Mackintosh), but the inevitable gunplay doesn't make for an easy heist. World premiere at the 1998 Edinburgh Film Festival (Focus on British Cinema). ~ Bhob Stewart, Rovi", "1999 is certainly right up there vying for best year for cinema of all time. Masterwork after masterwork, and even the more “mid-range,” or populist, or blockbuster films are of a quality you rarely find in such things.", "In 2004, the British Film Institute published a list charting sound films that generated the most admissions at cinemas in the United Kingdom. The list is reproduced here ranking the top fifty films released in the UK throughout the twentieth century, defined as covering the period from 1 January 1901 until 31 December 2000. The later films that appear on the BFI list—2001 onwards—are omitted from this chart for the purpose of providing an overview of the century. The second table ranks British sound productions from the twentieth century, five of which are co-productions with other countries.", "The film was written by Colin Welland and directed by Hugh Hudson . It was nominated for seven Academy Awards and won four, including Best Picture . It is ranked 19th in the British Film Institute 's list of Top 100 British films .", "Recently I bought the DVD of \"A Hard Day's Night\", and spent a whole weekend watching and re-watching it. You might gather from this that I love the movie, as indeed I do, so what I'm going to say now may very well shock you: \"Catch Us If You Can\" is a better movie. Of course it wouldn't exist without the pioneering example of \"A Hard Day's Night\", which changed youth/pop movies for ever, but it really is a better movie.", "This has got to be THE film of the 80's and for the generation of people living through this decade this is certainly a film they can identify with. Maggie's britain at it's \"best\". A great portrayal of hard-ship and struggle on a northern council estate. A classic representation of what went on then and still goes on today. One of the best films I have ever viewed which touches on the truth.", "The film was a box-office success, grossing fourth-highest of any film in the UK in 1979 and highest of any British film in the United States that year. It has remained popular since then, receiving positive reviews and being named 'Greatest British comedy film of all time' by several magazines and television networks.", "The film is among the top ten of the British Film Institute's list of 50 films that should be seen by age 14.", "Anyway, I’ve narrowed this list down to my 35 favorite films from that year, most of which I’ve referred to in past posts that tackled this issue. Films listed were released in the USA during 1999.", "It was voted the 99th greatest family film in a Channel 4 poll and is still shown regularly on British television as of 2016.", "This in turn was made into a film in 1999, directed by Pat Murphy and starring Susan Lynch and Ewan McGregor.", "The film, adapted by its director, Anthony Minghella, from Michael Ondaatje's 1992 Booker Prize-winning novel, won in 9 of the 12 categories in which it had received nominations, including best picture.", "The film was nominated and won several awards in 1987–88. Among awards won were from the British Academy of Film and Television Arts, the Berlin International Film Festival and the Political Film Society." ]	[ 4.43359375, 3.9765625, 3.9375, 2.294921875, 1.3583984375, 0.480712890625, -0.1790771484375, -0.67041015625, -0.92626953125, -1.794921875, -2.01171875, -2.77734375, -2.787109375, -2.8046875, -3.009765625, -3.29296875, -3.58984375, -3.75390625, -4.40234375, -4.49609375, -4.88671875, -4.8984375, -4.97265625, -5.04296875, -5.07421875, -5.12890625, -6.29296875, -7.32421875, -7.36328125, -7.55859375, -7.625, -8.4453125 ]
According to the title of a 1983 film directed by Brian De Palma, by what name was Antonio Montana better known?	[ "Pacino's career slumped in the early 1980s, and his appearances in the controversial Cruising and the comedy-drama Author! Author! were critically panned. However, 1983's Scarface, directed by Brian DePalma, proved to be a career highlight and a defining role.[6] Upon its initial release, the film was critically panned but did well at the box office, grossing over US$45 million domestically.[13] Pacino earned a Golden Globe nomination for his role as Cuban drug dealer/lord Tony Montana.", "Scarface is a 1983 American crime film directed by Brian De Palma and written by Oliver Stone, a remake of the 1932 film of the same name. The film tells the story of Cuban refugee Tony Montana (Al Pacino) who arrives in 1980s Miami with nothing and rises to become a powerful drug kingpin. The cast also features Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio, Steven Bauer, and Michelle Pfeiffer.", "3) Remake of the original movie \"Scarface\" of 1932, made in 1983 with what was a modern day setting (Early 1980s), based on the Mariel Harbor Boatlift and \"The Cocaine Wars\" (mentioned once in \"Time Magazine\"), starring Al Pacino as Antonio \"Tony\" Montana, and directed by Brian De Palma. Usually considered one of the greatest movies, but was underrated when it came out. Now is considered a classic and possibly overrated.", "Scarface (1983, Universal, dir. Brian de Palma, wr. Oliver Stone) is a film that the director says he made to show what is going on with all the cocaine dealing in South Florida. A Cuban immigrant Tony Montana (Al Pacino) tries to take over the Miami drug empire. Graphic violence. ", "protagonist of the 1983 film Scarface. He is portrayed by Al Pacino in the movie, and is voiced by André Sogliuzzo in the 2006 video game Scarface: The World Is Yours. Embodying the rise from the bottom to the top, Tony Montana has become a cultural icon and is one of the most famous movie characters of all time. In 2008, Montana was named the 27th Greatest Movie Character by Empire Magazine. He is partly based on Tony Camonte, the protagonist of the original novel and the 1932 film adaptation. By association the character is also inspired by Al Capone. According to Oliver Stone, Tony's last name was inspired by former NFL quarterback, Joe Montana, Stone's favorite player. A prequel novel, Scarface: The Beginning, written by L.A. Banks, was released in 2006. ", "Scarface (1983) - Brian DePalma's best film. By the way, Al Pacino would like you to meet his little friend.", "Al Pacino stars as Tony Montana, an exiled Cuban criminal who goes to work for Miami drug lord Robert Loggia. Montana rises to the top of Florida's crime chain, appropriating Loggia's cokehead mistress (Michelle Pfeiffer) in the process. Howard Hawks' \"X Marks the Spot\" motif in depicting the story line's many murders is dispensed with in the 1983 Scarface; instead, we are inundated with blood by the bucketful, especially in the now-infamous buzz saw scene. One carry-over from the original Scarface is Tony Montana's incestuous yearnings for his sister Gina (Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio). The screenplay for the 1983 Scarface was written by Oliver Stone. - Hal Erickson", "Pacino’s movie career then hit something of a plateau during the early Eighties, and he was slated for his roles in the controversial 'Cruising' and 'Author! Author!' But he bounced back in 1983 when Brian DePalma cast him in 'Scarface'. This movie was initially panned by the critics, but fared far better at the box office, taking over $45 million in America alone. When his movie career hit the doldrums again during the mid-Eighties, Pacino returned to stage acting. He appeared in 'Julius Caesar' in 1988, and then mounted a very personal project called 'The Local Stigmatic' with director David Wheeler and the Theatre Company of Boston. He achieved a resounding stage success with David Mamet’s 'American Buffalo', which earned him a Drama Desk award nomination.", "It took the guts of a gambler for De Palma and screenwriter Oliver Stone to remake Howard Hawks’ 1932 classic Scarface , the gold standard of stylish gangster movies and the source of much of their iconography. But De Palma’s spectacularly garish 1983 epic raises the stakes even higher. Even if you love the remake, its closing dedication to Hawks and screenwriter Ben Hecht’s original is bound to elicit a guffaw, given how thoroughly De Palma debases its source material. Though critics largely dismissed Scarface at the time as gratuitously violent trash, the movie has enjoyed a long second life as a touchstone of hip-hop culture. While the rise and fall of nouveau riche Cuban drug lord Tony Montana (Al Pacino) could be considered a monument to gangsta excess—the trappings of Montana’s cocaine palace would make the titans of Wall Street blush—the film (and hip-hop’s relationship to it) is more complicated than it appears on the surface. Pacino’s larger-than-life antihero makes his name as a pugnacious entrepreneur who abides by street codes of honor and loyalty, even as he breaks every law in the book. He loses his way the moment he stops adhering to those codes. There are lessons to be drawn from this brazen, vulgar, gleefully excessive moral fable, which De Palma renders in stark opposition to the stately, burnished classism of The Godfather.", "Portrayed Cuban drug kingpin Tony Montana in Brian De Palma's remake of \"Scarface\"; film scripted by Oliver Stone", "Directed by Brian De Palma. Cast: Al Pacino, Steven Bauer, Michelle Pfeiffer, Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio, Robert Loggia, Miriam Colon, F. Murray Abraham, Paul Shenar, Harris Yulin. Tells the story of the violent career of a smalltime Cuban refugee hoodlum who guns his way to the top of Miami's cocaine empire. 170 min. DVD 5676", "Directed by Brian De Palma. With Kevin Costner, Sean Connery, Robert De Niro, Charles Martin Smith.", "De Niro gained 60 pounds to play LaMotta, which was an all-time record at the time (later beaten by Vincent D'Onofrio, who gained 70 pounds for Stanley Kubrick's \"Full Metal Jacket\"). His physical transformation is on-par with any great screen makeover, especially the most recent, ranging from Willem Dafoe in \"Shadow of the Vampire\" to Charlize Theron in \"Monster.\" In addition, co-star Joe Pesci also lost weight for his role of Joey, LaMotta's short, eccentric brother. The greatest scene in the film is when LaMotta accuses his brother of having an affair with his wife. The tension is raw, the dialogue amazing, and the overall intensity electrifying.", "\"The Untouchables\" is in my opinion De Palma's greatest work, with his other masterpiece, namely \"Scarface\", coming a very close second. In \"Scarface\" the focus is on a paranoid and self-destructive gangster who rises to meteoric heights and then falls; in \"The Untouchables\" the focus is on a very honest man with a noble mission, Elliot Ness (Kostner), who is prepared to do anything to clean Chicago from the corruption and mayhem caused by the notorious gangster Al Capone (De Niro). His quest is really tough, as his opponent is determined and powerful, but he has the help of three invaluable partners: Malone (Connery), a no-nonsense experienced cop, Wallace (Martin Smith), an accountant who will try to help bring tax charges against Capone, and Stone (Garcia), a great shooter.", "scaRFace 1983 The last stand of one Tony Montana (Al Pacino). “say hello to my leedle friend!”", "D: Brian De Palma; with Nicolas Cage, Gary Sinise, John Heard, Carla Gugino, Stan Shaw, Michael Rispoli, David Anthony Higgins, Kevin Dunn. (R, 99 min.)", "The Untouchables is a 1987 American gangster film directed by Brian De Palma and written by David Mamet. Based on the book The Untouchables (1957), the film stars Kevin Costner as government agent Eliot Ness, Robert De Niro as gang leader Al Capone, and Sean Connery as Irish-American officer Jimmy Malone (based on the real life Irish-American agent and \"Untouchables\" member Marty Lahart). The film follows Ness' autobiographical account of the efforts his Untouchables team to bring Capone to justice during Prohibition. The Grammy Award-winning score was composed by Ennio Morricone and features some period-correct music by Duke Ellington.", "Himself, Brian De Palma, l'incorruptible (also known as Brian DePalma: The Untouchables and The Life of Brian), 2002.", "The Untouchables is a 1987 American crime-drama film directed by Brian De Palma and written by David Mamet. Based on the book The Untouchables, the film stars Kevin Costner as government agent Eliot Ness. It also stars Robert De Niro as gang leader Al Capone and Sean Connery as Irish-American officer Jim Malone.", "* Blow Out — 1981 film directed by Brian De Palma about a sound engineer (John Travolta) who is earwitness to a political assassination", "Scorsese's next project was his fifth collaboration with Robert De Niro, The King of Comedy (1983). It is a satire on the world of media and celebrity, whose central character is a troubled loner who ironically becomes famous through a criminal act (kidnapping). The film was an obvious departure from the more emotionally committed films he had become associated with. Visually, it was far less kinetic than the style Scorsese had developed up until this point, often using a static camera and long takes. The expressionism of his previous work, here gave way to moments of almost total surrealism. It still bore many of Scorsese's trademarks, however. The King of Comedy failed at the box office, but has become increasingly well regarded by critics in the years since its release. German director Wim Wenders numbered it among his 15 favorite films. ", "He appeared in a few TV movies, the first of which was Seventeen Going on Nowhere (1980), before making his big-screen debut opposite Matt Dillon in 1982's Tex (1982). A part in The Outsiders (1983) followed, and Estevez made his first big splash as the punk rocker Otto in the cult classic Repo Man (1984).", "Once Upon a Time in America (Italian title C'era una volta in America) is a 1984 crime film directed by Sergio Leone, starring Robert De Niro and James Woods. The story chronicles the lives of Jewish ghetto youths who rise to prominence in New York City's world of organized crime. The film explores themes of childhood friendships, love, loss, greed, violence, the passage of time, broken relationships, and the appearance of mobsters in American society.", "* Taxi Driver — Palme d'Or-winning 1976 film by Martin Scorsese in which a confused loner (Robert De Niro) tries to assassinate a US Senator and presidential candidate", "In Franklin J. Schaffner's powerful, semi-biographical prison-escape drama, Steve McQueen starred as indomitable French convict Henri \"Papillon\" Charriere. A fellow prisoner was the withdrawn and shy counterfeiter Louis Dega (Dustin Hoffman), with Coke bottle-thick glasses. They bonded in friendship when Papillon became Dega's bodyguard. Both ended up in the notorious French penal colony of Devil's Island, where under duress, they refused to snitch on each other, even when threatened with solitary confinement and starvation. Obsessed with flight and escape, Papillon continued to plot multiple attempts but was always recaptured and caged. In his final scene with Papillon (before a final successful escape effort), Dega had become mentally-ill and broken, accustomed to the solitary life on the windswept lonely island.", "Raging Bull is a 1980 film directed by Martin Scorsese, adapted by Paul Schrader and Mardik Martin from the memoir Raging Bull: My Story. It stars Robert De Niro as Jake LaMotta, a temperamental and paranoid but tenacious boxer who alienates himself from his friends and family. Also featured in the film are Joe Pesci as Joey, La Motta's brother and manager, and Cathy Moriarty as his abused wife. The film features supporting roles from Nicholas Colasanto, Theresa Saldana, and Frank Vincent, who has starred in many films directed by Martin Scorsese. After receiving mixed initial reviews, it went on to garner a high critical reputation and is now widely regarded as one of the greatest movies ever made, along with the pair's other famed collaboration from that era, Taxi Driver (1976). It is one of three films that has been named to the National Film Registry in its first year of eligibility.", "Slave of the Cannibal God (Italy, 1978), with Ursula Andress, Stacy Keach, Claudio cassinelli, Antonio Marsina. Directed by Sergio Martino. ", "David Brandon portrayed Caligula in the 1982 Italian exploitation film Emperor Caligula, the Untold Story which was directed by Joe D'Amato .[ citation needed ]", "Papillon is a 1973 film based on the best selling novel by French ex-convict Henri Charrière. The film was directed by Franklin J. Schaffner and starred Steve McQueen as Henri Charrière (\"Papillon\") and Dustin Hoffman as Louis Dega. Due to the exotic locations, the film was considered as very expensive at the time of shooting ($12M), but earned more than double that in its first year of release.", "Directed by Roger Corman, starring John Hurt, Raul Julia, Bridget Fonda, Catherine Rabett, Jason Patric, and Michael Hutchence.", "The Achille Lauro Affair is the true story of the hijacking of a Mediterranean cruise ship by Palestinian terrorists in October 1985. It stars Burt Lancaster and Eva Marie Saint. It was directed by Alberto Negrin.", "David Brandon portrayed Caligula in the 1982 Italian exploitation film Emperor Caligula, the Untold Story which was directed by Joe D'Amato. " ]	[ 6.36328125, 6.15625, 5.58984375, 3.123046875, 2.5859375, 0.68310546875, 0.043792724609375, -0.383544921875, -0.990234375, -1.43359375, -3.962890625, -3.990234375, -4.19921875, -4.31640625, -4.5703125, -4.57421875, -4.859375, -5.36328125, -5.71875, -6.0078125, -6.5234375, -6.96484375, -7.16015625, -7.44921875, -7.50390625, -7.5546875, -8.7734375, -9.1796875, -9.2265625, -9.2421875, -9.5859375, -10.3359375 ]
In which city did gangster Al Capone operate?	[ "Alphonse Gabriel \"Al\" Capone ( / æ l k ə ˈ p oʊ n / ; January 17, 1899 – January 25, 1947) was an American gangster who led a Prohibition-era crime syndicate . The Chicago Outfit , which subsequently also became known as the \"Capones\", was dedicated to smuggling and bootlegging liquor , and other illegal activities, such as prostitution , in Chicago from the early 1920s to 1931.", "Al Capone was a notorious gangster who ran an organized crime syndicate in Chicago during the 1920s, taking advantage of the era of Prohibition . Capone, who was both charming and charitable as well as powerful and vicious, became an iconic figure of the successful American gangster.", "Alphonse “Al” Capone was one of the most famous U.S. gangsters during the 1930s, a Chicago-based boss involved in illegal gambling, bootlegging (illegal alcohol) and prostitution. Al Capone got his start in New York, working as a thug and bouncer (where he got the three scars that spawned his nickname, “Scarface”). He moved to Chicago in 1919 and quickly moved up in the ranks of Johnny Torrio’s gang. Capone was known for his smarts and brutality, and by 1925 he was in charge of one of Chicago’s biggest criminal gangs. It was Capone’s men who gunned down seven rivals in 1929 in what was called the “St. Valentine’s Day Massacre.” Arrested many times over the years, Al Capone was famously pursued by federal agent Eliot Ness and ended up finally going to jail for income tax evasion in 1931. After serving eight years in federal prisons, Capone was released on good behavior (and because he’d been suffering from syphilis-related ailments). Capone retired to his estate in Florida and died in 1947 of heart failure.", "Al Capone (1899-1947) became America’s most famous gangster when he ran smuggling and bootlegging operations in Chicago from the 1920s to 1931. Capone was alleged to have ordered the Saint Valentine’s Day Massacre in 1929 when seven rival gangsters were murdered. He was eventually convicted and sent to prison at Alcatraz for tax evasion, but not for murder", "Alphonse Gabriel \"Al\" Capone (January 17, 1899 – January 25, 1947) was an American gangster who led a Prohibition-era crime syndicate. Known as the \"Capones\", the group was dedicated to smuggling and bootlegging liquor, and other illegal activities such as prostitution, in Chicago from the early 1920s to 1931.Born in Brooklyn, New York to Italian immigrants, Capone became involved with gang activity at a young age after being expelled from school at age 14. In his early twenties, he moved to Chicago to take advantage of a new opportunity to make money smuggling illegal alcoholic beverages into the city during Prohibition. He also engaged in various other criminal activities, including bribery of government figures and prostitution. Despite his illegitimate occupation, Capone became a highly visible public figure. He made various charitable endeavors using the money he made from his activities, and was viewed by many to be a \"modern-day Robin Hood\".However, Capone gained infamy when the public discovered his involvement in the Saint Valentine's Day Massacre, which resulted in the death of seven of Capone's rival gang members. Capone's reign ended when he was found guilty of tax evasion, and sent to federal prison. His incarceration included a stay at Alcatraz federal prison. In the final years of Capone's life, his mental and physical health deteriorated due to neurosyphilis, a disease which he had contracted earlier. On January 25, 1947, he died from cardiac arrest after suffering a stroke.", "Al Capone is one of the most infamous characters from American history. Al Capone's career as a crime boss in Prohibition-Era Chicago is very well known. His participation in the St. Valentine's Day Massacre and other violent \"gangland\" Chicago activities during the 20s and 30s lands him squarely in the \"Who's Who of American Criminals.\"", "Al Capone - Scarface is the biography of Al Capone, an Italian American gangster who led a crime syndicate dedicated to the smuggling and bootlegging of liquor and other illegal activities during the Prohibition Era of the 1920s and 1930s. Capone began his career in Brooklyn before moving to Chicago and becoming the boss of the criminal organization known as the Chicago Outfit. By the end of the 1920s, Capone had gained the attention of the Federal Bureau of Investigation following his being placed on the Chicago Crime Commission''s \"public enemies\" list. Although never successfully convicted of racketeering charges, Capone''s criminal career ended in 1931, when he was indicted and convicted by the federal government for income tax evasion. Al Capone - Scarface is highly recommended for those interested in reading more about the gangster called Scarface.", "Al Capone - Scarface is the biography of Al Capone, an Italian American gangster who led a crime syndicate dedicated to the smuggling and bootlegging of liquor and other illegal activities during the Prohibition Era of the 1920s and 1930s. Capone began his career in Brooklyn before moving to Chicago and becoming the boss of the criminal organization known as the Chicago Outfit. By the end of the 1920s, Capone had gained the attention of the Federal Bureau of Investigation following his being placed on the Chicago Crime Commission's \"public enemies\" list. Although never successfully convicted of racketeering charges, Capone's criminal career ended in 1931, when he was indicted and convicted by the federal government for income tax evasion. Al Capone - Scarface is highly recommended for those interested in reading more about the gangster called Scarface. show more", "Alphonse Gabriel \"Al\" Capone was an American gangster who led a Prohibition-era crime syndicate. The Chicago Outfit, which subsequently became known as the \"Capones,\" was dedicated to smuggling and bootlegging liquor, and other illegal activities such as prostitution, in Chicago from the early 1920s to 1931.… Read More", "Alphonse “Al” Gabriel Capone – Al Capone was an American gangster who was sent to federal prison for tax evasion in 1931, and resided in Alcatraz from 1934– 1939. It is believed by many that Capone was responsible for ordering the 1929 Saint Valentine’s Day Massacre in the Lincoln Park neighbourhood on the North side of Chicago. These claims have been widely disputed, and no one has ever been taken to trial for the seven murders.", "Perhaps the most famous of the bootleggers was al capone, who ran liquor, prostitution, and Racketeering operations in Chicago—one of the wettest of the wet towns. At the height of his power in the mid-1920s, Capone made hundreds of millions of dollars a year. He employed nearly a thousand people and enjoyed the cooperation of numerous police officers and other corrupt public officials who were willing to turn a blind eye in return for a share of his profits. For years, Capone and others like him evaded attempts to shut down their operations. Capone's reign finally ended in 1931 when he was convicted of income Tax Evasion .", "Tony Montana is perhaps the most iconic and controversial figures of all American Gangster films. Likewise, Al Capone is unquestionably the most infamous gangster of U.S. History. Capone was born in Brooklyn, New York, the son of two Italian immigrants hoping to succeed in the United States. He dropped out of school at the age of 14 in order to work and earn money for the family. While still living in New York, Capone became involved in organized crime, earning the nickname “Scarface” after suffering facial wounds in a fight. In the 1920s, Capone fled to Chicago to flee a murder charge. He soon rose into power, dominating organized crime in Chicago during America’s prohibition era. Al Capone was famously pursued by federal agents and arrested for tax evasion in 1931.", "He moved to Chicago in 1909 at Torrio’s request to help run operations there and by 1925 when Torrio retired, Capone became the boss of Chicago running the prostitution, gambling and bootlegging rackets there. He was ruthless, always attempting to take out other gangs and increase his territory. He ran the Chicago Mafia making most of his money during the prohibition period including over $60 million monthly from illegal alcohol alone. He was able to live the high life even refusing to carry a gun as a mark of his status, however he rarely traveled with less than two bodyguards and he almost always traveled under the cover of dark.", "This factual biography of gang lord Al Capone follows his rise and fall in Chicago gangdom during the Prohibition era.", "Al Capone orchestrated the most notorious gangland killing of the century, the 1929 St. Valentine's Day Massacre in the Lincoln Park neighbourhood on Chicago's North Side. Although details of the killing of the seven victims in a garage at 2122 North Clark Street are still in dispute and no one was ever indicted for the crime, their deaths are generally linked to Capone and his henchmen, especially Jack \"Machine Gun\" McGurn. McGurn is thought to have led the operation, using gunmen disguised as police and toting shotguns and Thompson submachine guns.", "The Mafia During the 1920's - Alphonse Capone was born in Brooklyn, New York, January 17, 1899. Al, as most people knew him as, was perhaps the most famous of all American mobsters. Growing up in Brooklyn, Al acquired \"an education in petty crime and the name of \"Scarface Al\" because of a razor slash across his face.\"(Grolier, Capone) Capone later moved to Chicago and survived the gang wars of the 1920's by having his rivals killed. In 1929 Capone's gang dreesed as policemen, and executed seven members of the \"Bugs\" Morgan gang; this was later known as the St.... [tags: Al Capone]", "For several years after Capone arrived in Chicago, things were comparatively quiet among the various gangs that had carved up Chicago's rackets. Nonetheless, reform-minded William E. Dever succeeded the spectacularly corrupt Mayor \"Big Bill\" Thompson. With city government nominally in the hands of an earnest reformer, the daily process of payoffs and corruption became more complicated. Torrio and Capone decided to put many operations out of the city into the suburb of Cicero, where they could purchase the entire city government and police department. Shortly after opening up a brothel in Cicero, Torrio took his elderly mother back to live in Italy , leaving Capone in charge of the business in Cicero. Capone made it clear that he wanted an all-out conquest of the town. He installed his older brother Frank (Salvatore), a handsome and respectable-looking man of twenty-nine, as the front man with the Cicero city government. Ralph was tasked with opening up a working-class brothel called the Stockade for Cicero's heavily blue-collar population. Al focused on gambling and took an interest in a new gambling joint called the Ship. He also took control of the Hawthorne Race Track.", "Capone was born in the borough of Brooklyn in New York City to Italian immigrants. He was considered a Five Points Gang member who became a bouncer in organized crime premises such as brothels. In his early twenties, he moved to Chicago and became bodyguard and trusted factotum for Johnny Torrio, head of a criminal syndicate that illegally supplied alcohol—the forerunner of the Outfit—and that was politically protected through the Unione Siciliana. A conflict with the North Side Gang was instrumental in Capone's rise and fall. Torrio went into retirement after North Side gunmen almost killed him, handing control to Capone. Capone expanded the bootlegging business through increasingly violent means, but his mutually profitable relationships with mayor William Hale Thompson and the city's police meant that Capone seemed safe from law enforcement.", "Capone was still working for Frankie Yale and is thought to have committed at least two murders before being sent to Chicago in 1919, mainly to avoid the retribution of Bill Lovett, a violent lieutenant in the White Hand Gang, who was busy searching for Capone who had supposedly hospitalized one of his subordinates. Capone was familiar with Chicago, having been sent there previously by Yale in order to help crime boss James \"Big Jim\" Colosimo dispose of a troublesome group of Black Hand extortionists. Capone went to work for Colosimo's empire under Giovanni \"Johnny\" Torrio, another Brooklyn native.", "After his initial stint with small-time gangs that included the Junior Forty Thieves and the Bowery Boys, Capone joined the Brooklyn Rippers and then the powerful Five Points Gang based in Lower Manhattan. During this time, he was employed and mentored by fellow racketeer Frankie Yale , a bartender in a Coney Island dance hall and saloon called the Harvard Inn. After he inadvertently insulted a woman while working the door at a Brooklyn night club, Capone was attacked by her brother, Frank Gallucio, and his face was slashed three times on the left side. These scars gave him the nickname \"Scarface\", a nickname he despised. [3] Yale insisted that Capone apologize to Gallucio, and later Capone hired him as a bodyguard. [8] [9] When photographed, Capone hid the scarred left side of his face saying the injuries were war wounds. [8] [10] Capone was called \"Snorky\", a term for a sharp dresser, by his closest friends. [11]", "Based out of Cicero, Ill., Capone controlled many speakeasies and casinos in and around Chicago. In 1929, he seized control of the Chicago underworld when his men killed at least seven members of Bugs Moran’s gang in the St. Valentine’s Day Massacre.", "Born on January 17, 1899, in Brooklyn, New York, Alphonse Capone was the fourth of nine children. His parents, Gabriele, a barber, and Teresa Capone, were immigrants from Angri, Italy. Capone belonged to a street gang as a boy and dropped out of school in sixth grade, later joining the Five Points Gang in Manhattan and working as a bouncer and bartender at the Harvard Inn, a Coney Island bar owned by mobster Frankie Yale. In 1918, he married Mae Coughlin; the couple remained together until Capone’s death and had one child, Sonny. By 1920, Capone had moved to Chicago. Some stories claim he went there out of a need to lay low after severely injuring a rival gang member in a fight, while other accounts say Capone was recruited to come to Chicago by Johnny Torrio, a former Brooklyn mobster then making his mark on organized crime in the Windy City.", "In August 1934, Al Capone was moved from a prison in Atlanta to the infamous Alcatraz in San Francisco. His days of privileges in prison were gone and contact with the outside world, even through letters and newspapers was minimal.", "For a man who became a hardened career criminal with multiple murders credited to his name, Caponeï¿½s early life was remarkably ordinary, if not uneventful. Born in Brooklyn, New York to Italian immigrant parents, Capone was raised by his mother who was a seamstress, and his father who made a living as a barber. Al, whose actual name was Alphonse, was one of eight children living a typical immigrant lifestyle in the heart of New York City.", "Al Capone was born in Brooklyn , New York, on January 17, 1899, to Neapolitan immigrants Gabriel and Teresa Caponi. Originally named Alphonse Caponi, his name was Americanized to \"Al Capone.\"", "Alphonse Gabriel \"Al\" Capone (January 17, 1899 – January 25, 1947), was an American gangster who led a crime syndicate dedicated to smuggling and bootlegging of liquor and other illegal activities during the Prohibition Era of the 1920s and 1930s.", "\"By mid-1922 Capone ranked as Torrio's number two man and eventually became a full partner in the saloons, gambling houses, and brothels\" (\"Al Capone\" 2). Torrio was leading the way and Capone was his loyal follower, ready to achieve the unexpected. Torrio's ability to trust Capone was displayed over time. Torrio later in the years flew to Italy and back leaving Capone in charge (Schoenberg 95). Capone respected him and Torrio knew it. \"Among street people, respect is a precious commodity that is hard won, easily lost and therefore jealously guarded\" (Moeller 157). Capone matured over the years and he learned the racketeer's game and he established his reputation. He was becoming a powerful well known business man. \"He expended into the suburbs, sometimes using terror as in Forest View, which became known as Caponeville\" (\"Al Capone\").", "Historically, organized crime operated in the city with the presence of the Black Hand led by Rosario Borgio, once headquartered on the city's north side in the first decade of the 20th century and the Walker-Mitchell mob, of which Pretty Boy Floyd was a member. Akron has experienced several riots in its history including, the Riot of 1900 and the Wooster Avenue Riots of 1968.", "Torrio and partner/fellow mafioso Frankie Yale hired teenage Al Capone in 1917 to be a bouncer in their bar and brothel where he disrespected the sister of mobster Frank Galluccio . Galluccio handled the situation by slashing young Capone in the face with a knife, leaving a gash on Capones left cheek, earning him the nickname “Scarface (Al)”. Al Capone later told people he was wounded while serving in the Lost Battalion in the Great War of France, however Al Capone had never served in the military.", "It was then that Capone met the gangster Johnny Torrio which would prove the greatest influence on the would-be gangland boss. Torrio taught Capone the importance of maintaining a respectable front, while running a racketeering business. The slightly built Torrio represented a new dawn in criminal enterprise, transforming a violently crude culture into a corporate empire. Capone joined Johnny Torrio's James Street Boys gang, rising eventually to the Five Points Gang. In a youthful scrape in a brothel-saloon, a young hoodlum slashed Capone with a knife or razor across his left cheek, prompting the later nickname \"Scarface.\"", "It was not long before Al Capone had adopted the life of a dangerous gangster and by the age of 26, he was a powerful crime boss who had both political and law-enforcement protection. He used bribery and widespread intimidation to influence elections, and violence and murder to ensure his business in illegal breweries was a success. Capone was left virtually untouched by the law until the brutal Saint Valentine’s Day Massacre of gang rivals, which led influential citizens to demand government action.", "File:AlCaponemugshotCPD.jpg\|Mugshot of Al Capone-nicknamed \"Scarface\", was member of the Five Points Gang along with Lucky Luciano" ]	[ 5.26171875, 4.51953125, 4.515625, 3.939453125, 3.806640625, 3.396484375, 3.212890625, 2.98046875, 2.94140625, 2.728515625, 2.67578125, 2.640625, 1.91015625, 1.7177734375, 1.69921875, 1.69140625, 1.6748046875, 1.2646484375, 1.109375, 1.05078125, 1.0478515625, 1.0234375, 0.8037109375, 0.7587890625, 0.72314453125, -1.1279296875, -1.7568359375, -4.38671875, -4.609375, -5.21484375, -5.39453125, -5.625 ]
Who had a number one hit in 1974 called Billy Don't Be A Hero?	[ "\"Billy Don't Be a Hero\" is a 1974 pop song that was first a hit in the UK for Paper Lace and then some months later it was a hit in the US for Bo Donaldson and The Heywoods. The song was written by two British songwriters Mitch Murray and Peter Callander.", "In less 18 months, Paperlace went from being on the TV talent Show \"Opertunity Knocks\" to US Bilboard chart-toppers. In 1974 Paper Lace scored 3 Top 20 UK hits, including the three week No. 1 \"billy Don't Be A Hero\", as well as scaling the top of the US chart with \"The Night Chicago Died\".", "Cincinnati, Ohio septet Bo Donaldson and the Heywoods' May 1974 No. 1 single \"Billy, Don't Be a Hero\" was featured on their eponymous debut LP,", "Paper Lace was a classic one-hit wonder band. In America, anyway. In the U.K. they were a classic two-hit wonder. Formed in 1969 in Nottingham, England, and made up of Michael Vaughn, Chris Morris, Carlo Santanna, Cliff Fish, and Phillip Wright, Paper Lace was one of hundreds of pop bands in England looking for the big time while slogging their way through small club gigs and brief television appearances. Their big break came in 1974 when their version of the tear-jerking bubblegum tune \"Billy, Don't Be a Hero\" won top honors on Opportunity Knocks, a nationwide talent-show on ITV. They rode that song all the way to the top of the U.K. charts but were aced out of any sales in the U.S. by Bo Donaldson & the Haywoods' transcendent version. Their next single,\"The Night Chicago Died,\" did manage to hit the number one slot on the U.S. charts (number three in the U.K.) and then that was it. The group released two albums, Paper Lace and Other Bits of Material in 1974 and First Editon in 1975, and did a quick fade from the public eye. In 1978 they surfaced briefly with a singalong version of \"We've Got the Whole World in Our Hands\" with their local football team, Nottingham Forest FC, and the disappeared forever. ~ Tim Sendra", "1954 ● Robert “Bo” Donaldson → Pop-rock singer, keyboardist, trumpeter and frontman for The Heywoods, “Billy Don’t Be a Hero” (#1, 1974)", "Billy Don’t Be A Hero Fun Fact: The song was originally recorded by Paper Lace where it was a #1 hit in England. They were beat to the punch with an American release by Bo Donaldson and the Heywoods, who also saw their version reach #1. Paper Lace were responsible for another song thought by many to be a 70’s embarrassment: The Night Chicago Died.", "Formed in 1969 in Nottingham, England, and made up of Michael Vaughn, Chris Morris, Carlo Santanna, Cliff Fish, and Phillip Wright, Paper Lace was one of hundreds of pop bands in England looking for the big time while slogging their way through small club gigs and brief television appearances. Their big break came in 1974 when their version of the tear-jerking bubblegum tune \"Billy, Don't Be a Hero\" won top honors on Opportunity Knocks, a nationwide talent-show on ITV. They rode that song all the way to the top of the U.K. charts but were aced out of any sales in the U.S. by Bo Donaldson & the Haywoods' transcendent version. Their next single,\"The Night Chicago Died,\" did manage to hit the number one slot on the U.S. charts (number three in the U.K.) and then that was it. The group released two albums, Paper Lace and Other Bits of Material in 1974 and First Editon in 1975, and did a quick fade from the public eye. In 1978 they surfaced briefly with a singalong version of \"We've Got the Whole World in Our Hands\" with their local football team, Nottingham Forest FC, and the disappeared forever. ~ Tim Sendra, Rovi", "Billy, Don't Be a Hero was recorded by Paper Lace in the UK and then by Bo Donaldson and the Heywoods in the US.", "1948 ● Phillip Wright → Drummer and lead vocals for pop/rock one hit wonder Paper Lace, “The Night Chicago Died” (#1, 1974), a second single “Billy, Don’t Be A Hero” (#96, UK #1, 1974) qualifies them as a two hit wonder in the UK", "March 12 (3 weeks) Paper Lace - Billy Don't Be a Hero: Paper Lace had the chart-topper in the UK, but their version stalled at Number 96 on the Billboard Hot 100. Bo Donaldson and the Heywoods took the song to Number One in the USA.", "Musician. Best known as the lead vocalist for the music ensemble \"Bo Donaldson and the Heywoods\". They scored a gold record with \"Billy, Don't Be a Hero\" in 1974.", "Thanks to that show, songwriters/producers, Mitch Murray and Peter Callender quickly signed them. The smash hit \"Billy Don't Be a Hero\" spent three weeks at Number 1 on the UK Singles Chart in March 1974. It was followed by the story song \"The Night Chicago Died\" which reached Number 3. Another release, \"The Black-Eyed Boys\", took Paper Lace to number 11 in late 1974[http://www.sonsandlovers.co.uk/PAPER%20LACE.htm \"Paper Lace\"]. [http://www.sonsandlovers.co.uk/ Sons and Lovers website], 2003. Retrieved 9 September 2006. and number 37 in Canada.", "1974: Elton John hits number-one on the U.S. singles chart with the song \"Bennie and the Jets.\"", "Glenn Lewis Frey (; November 6, 1948 – January 18, 2016) was an American singer, songwriter and actor, best known as a founding member of the rock band Eagles. Frey was lead singer and frontman for the Eagles, roles he came to share with his partner, Don Henley. Frey and Henley wrote most of the Eagles' back catalog. Frey played guitar, piano, and keyboards. He sang lead vocals on defining songs such as \"Take It Easy\", \"Peaceful Easy Feeling\", \"Tequila Sunrise\", \"Already Gone\", \"Lyin' Eyes\", \"New Kid in Town\", and \"Heartache Tonight\".", "Billy Joel - Only the Good Die Young Ray Charles - What’d I Say Carly Simon - You’re So Vain Grateful Dead - Casey Jones Simon & Garfunkel - The Boxer Joe Cocker & John Belushi - Feelin’ Alright Elvis Costello - Less Than Zero/Radio Radio Blues Brothers - Soul Man Patti Smith - Gloria Peter Tosh & Mick Jagger - Don’t Look Back The Band - The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down", "In 1974, the Carpenters achieved a sizable international hit with an up-tempo remake of Hank Williams's \"Jambalaya (On the Bayou)\". While the song was not released as a single in the U.S., it reached the top 30 in Japan, number 12 in the United Kingdom (as part of a double A-side with \"Mr. Guder\"), and number 3 in the Netherlands. In late 1974, a Christmas single followed, a jazz-influenced rendition of \"Santa Claus Is Coming to Town\".", "1974: Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young reach No. 1 on the album chart with \"So Far.\"", "1977: William Powell (35) US singer, original member and singer of the Ohio-based soul/R&B group, The O'Jays. William and his friends Walter Williams, Bill Isles, Bobby Massey and Eddie Levert formed the group in Canton, Ohio in 1958 while attending Canton McKinley High School. Originally known as The Triumphs, and then The Mascots, the friends debuted with \"Miracles\" in 1961, which was a moderate hit in the Cleveland area. In 1963 they took the name \"The O'Jays\", in tribute to radio disc jockey Eddie O'Jay, and released \"Lonely Drifter\", which charted nationally. They went on to record 10 albums and having 9 chart hits. William along with the group was inducted into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 2004 and The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2005. (cancer) b. January 20th 1942.", "\"Philadelphia Freedom\" is a song released by The Elton John Band as a single in 1975. The song was the fourth of Elton John's six number 1 US hits during the early and mid-1970s, which saw his recordings dominating the charts. In Canada it was his eighth single to hit the top of the RPM national singles chart.", "The pop album Don't Shoot Me I'm Only the Piano Player came out at the start of 1973, and reached number one in the UK, the US, Australia among others. The album produced the hits \"Crocodile Rock\", his first US Billboard Hot 100 number one, and \"Daniel\"; number two US, number four UK. Both the album and \"Crocodile Rock\" were the first album and single, respectively on the consolidated MCA Records label in the US, replacing MCA's other labels including Uni. ", "After hospitalization and convalescence, Stevens re-emerged in 1970 a changed man. Gone was the brash young pop star and in his place, newly signed to the Island label (A&M in the United States), emerged a sensitive, introspective singer/songwriter whose albums \"Tea for the Tillerman\" (1970), \"Teaser and the Firecat\" (1971), \"Catch Bull at Four\" (1972) and \"Foreigner\" (1973) went on to sell millions internationally.", "Billy´s last single for Polydor was released in May 1983 and it charted the next month, placing at No. 59. The song was titled \"Forget Him\" - something that we´ll never do!!!", "In 1975, he released the single \"Honky Tonk Angel,\" produced by Hank Marvin and John Farrar, oblivious to its connotations or hidden meanings. As soon as he was notified that a \"honky-tonk angel\" was southern US slang for a prostitute, the horrified Richard ordered EMI to withdraw it and refused to promote it despite making a video for it. EMI agreed to his demand despite positive sales. About 1,000 copies are known to exist on vinyl.", "The 1973 pop album Don't Shoot Me I'm Only the Piano Player came out at the start of 1973, and produced the hits \" Crocodile Rock \" and \" Daniel \"; the former became his first US number one hit. (Ironically this, like his other famous 1970s solo hits, would be popular in his native land but never top the UK Singles Chart ; this achievement would have to wait two decades.) Both the album and \"Crocodile Rock\" were the first album and single, respectively on the consolidated MCA Records label in the USA, replacing MCA's other labels including Uni.", "Melanie had another Top 40 hit single in 1973 with \"Bitter Bad\", a song that marked a slight departure from the hippie sentiments of earlier hits (with lyrics such as \"If you do me wrong I'll put your first and last name in my rock n' roll song\"). Other chart hits during this period were the self-penned \"Together Alone\" and a cover of \"Will You Love Me Tomorrow\". In 1973, Melanie started to retreat from the spotlight to begin a family.", "In 1962 she recorded \"Make It Easy On Yourself\" for Scepter Records, but was angered when she discovered that the label was going to release Jerry Butler 's version of it and not hers. To mollify her, the label said that they would have songwriters Hal David and Burt Bacharach write a song especially for her. She snapped, \"Don't make me over, man\", meaning \"Don't try to con me\". Bacharach and David thought that phrase would make a great title for a song, and wrote \"Don't Make Me Over\" for her, which became her debut song and was a major hit.", "It?s a sing from their third album, released in 1974, called Sheer Heart Attack, maybe the song is about Cocaine, or about a high class prostitute, or about both things, it?s really interesting, the lyrics are great. Thank you!", "January 17, 1970: Singer Billy Stewart (32) died in an auto accident. He was known for his song, �I Do Love You.�", "The Charlie Daniels Band recorded the song \"Billy The Kid\" (Daniels, Dean, Wilson) on their 1976 album High Lonesome (Charlie Daniels album).", "After the Eagles went their separate ways in 1980, Frey embarked on a solo career, releasing \"No Fun Aloud\" in 1982. His hits include the easily recognizable \"The Heat Is On,\" which can be heard in Eddie Murphy's movie \"Beverly Hills Cop,\" and \"Smuggler's Blues.\"", "Gordy 7127 - Baby Don't Leave Me / I Won't Be The Fool I've Been Again - 1973", "A.\"Pasadena\" was originally released in 1972 as a non-album single. A new version was recorded for the LP Album Hero in November 1975." ]	[ 6.65234375, 5.34375, 4.87109375, 4.69921875, 4.140625, 3.75, 3.646484375, 3.4296875, 2.931640625, 2.796875, 2.2890625, 1.6943359375, -1.974609375, -2.89453125, -3.669921875, -3.9375, -4.05859375, -5.23046875, -5.98828125, -7.33203125, -7.48828125, -7.73046875, -7.73046875, -7.7890625, -7.8515625, -8.0625, -8.15625, -8.671875, -8.671875, -8.7578125, -9.3359375, -10.0703125 ]
In 2003, the American Film Institute compiled a list of the top 50 movie villains - which character from a 1991 film was voted number one?	[ "3. In 2003, the American Film Institute compiled a list of the top 50 movie villains – which character from a 1991 film was voted number one?", "The American Film Institute (AFI) released the sixth list in its continuing series, 100 Heroes and Villains , to recognize the top 100 movie characters that were heroes or villains (with 50 for each category). The top hero chosen was Atticus Finch (portrayed by Gregory Peck) in To Kill a Mockingbird (1962) , and the top villain was Hannibal Lecter (portrayed by Anthony Hopkins) in The Silence of the Lambs (1991) .", "His Oscar-winning performance as Hannibal Lecter in The Silence of the Lambs (1991) was ranked #1 on the American Film Institute's Villains list in its compilation of the 100 Years of The Greatest Screen Heroes and Villains.", "Jim Lentz, Director of Animation Art at Heritage Auctions, said in 2015: \"The Evil Queen is, to this day, one of the great villains of cinema, and she was at her terrifying best when she became the Old Hag and set off to destroy Snow White.\" According to film maker and actor Brad Bird, back in 1937 \"they had to re-upholster the seats in a very large movie palace in New York because little kids were peeing on the seats when the witch came on in Snow White.\" The Queen ranked as tenth in the American Film Institute's 2003 list of the 50 Best Movie Villains of All Time, being the highest-ranked animated villain. When Walt Disney Parks and Resorts held their 2011 Disney Villains popularity poll for Wicked Gooey Apple Awards (named after the Queen's poison apple), the Evil Queen came first and won in three out of five categories: \"Sinister Stylings\" (for the most fashionable villain), \"Curses! Foiled Again!\" (for the villain who received the best comeuppance), and the ultimate \"Unfairest of Them All\" (for the most evil villain). Jeff Kurtti's 2005 book Disney Villains: The Top Secret Files ranks her as \"the greatest villain of them all\".", "In a 2003 list compiled by the US film industry (actors, dir, critics), who was voted best screen villain?", "In 2003, the American Film Institute declared Auric Goldfinger the 49th greatest villain in the past 100 years of film.", "The off-screen character of \"Man\" has been named one of the 50 Greatest Screen Villains by the American Film Institute . [4]", "For \"AFI's 100 Years... 100 Heroes and Villains\" ( 2003 ), several Disney characters were ranked on the villains list: Cruella De Vil at #39, Man (from Bambi ) at #20, and The Evil Queen at #10.", "Hook is a 1991 family fantasy film directed by Steven Spielberg . The film stars Robin Williams , Dustin Hoffman , Julia Roberts , Bob Hoskins , Charlie Korsmo and Amber Scott . Hook acts as a sequel to Peter Pan 's original adventures, focusing on a grown-up Peter who has forgotten his childhood. Now known as \"Peter Banning\", he is a successful corporate lawyer with a wife and two children. Captain Hook kidnaps his two children, and he must return to Neverland and reclaim his youthful spirit as Peter Pan in order to challenge his old enemy.", "This week’s Entertainment Weekly features a guide to the greatest heroes & villains in movies & TV. James Bond is named the number one hero followed by Indiana Jones and Superman. the list of villains, which somehow missed on of the greatest screen villains of all time, No Country For Old Men’s Anton Chigurh, is topped by The Wicked Witch of the West, Darth Vader, and Hannibal Lecter.", "For her performance as Annie Wilkes, Kathy Bates won the Academy Award for Best Actress and the Golden Globe for Best Actress - Motion Picture Drama. In 2003, the American Film Institute named Annie Wilkes the seventeenth greatest villain in motion picture history in their \"100 Years...100 Heroes and Villians\" list.", "Dirty Harry received recognition from the American Film Institute. The film was ranked #41 on 100 Years...100 Thrills, a list of America's most heart-pounding movies. Harry Callahan was selected as the 17th greatest movie hero on 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains. The movie's famous quote \"You've got to ask yourself one question: 'Do I feel lucky?' Well, do ya, punk?\" was ranked 51st on 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes. Dirty Harry was also on the ballot for several other AFI's 100 series lists including 100 Years... 100 Movies, 100 Years ... 100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition), and 100 Years of Film Scores. ", "Beauty and the Beast is a 1991 animated American family film. It is the thirtieth animated feature produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation. The film received its premiere at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood on November 13, 1991. This film, one of the best known of the Disney studio's films, is based on the well-known fairy tale Beauty and the Beast, about a beautiful woman kept in a castle by a horrific monster. It is the first and only full-length animated feature film to ever be nominated for an Academy Award for Best Picture (it lost to The Silence of the Lambs). Heightening the level of performance in the era known as the Disney Renaissance (1989-1999, beginning with The Little Mermaid and ending with Tarzan ), many animated films following its release have been influenced by its blending of traditional animation and computer generated imagery.", "The American Film Institute listed him as the third greatest movie villain in cinema history on 100 Years... 100 Heroes and Villains, behind Hannibal Lecter and Norman Bates. ", "The film was the third highest-grossing movie of 1991, behind Terminator 2: Judgment Day and Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves.", "Dr. Evil (born Douglas \"Dougie\" Powers) is a fictional character, played by Mike Myers in the Austin Powers film series. He is the chief villain of the movies, and Austin Powers' nemesis with aspirations of world domination. He is a parody of any number of James Bond villains, primarily Donald Pleasance's Ernst Stavro Blofeld of SPECTRE. Dr. Evil routinely hatches schemes to terrorize and take over the world, and is typically accompanied by his cat Mr. Bigglesworth and his side-kick Mini-Me.", "Actor Basil Karlo went mad when he learned that there would be a remake of one of his films with another actor in the lead role. Adopting the alias of the film's villain, \"Clayface,\" his role, he attacked several of the remake's cast and crew at the points in filming when they were supposed to die before being stopped by Batman and Robin. Later he gained shapeshifting powers and became the Ultimate Clayface.", "His Oscar-winning performance as Verbal Kint from his film The Usual Suspects (1995) (1995) was ranked #48 on the American Film Institute's Villains list in their compilation of the 100 years of The Greatest Screen Heroes and Villains.", "Big Bad : The most memorable one for the Die Hard franchise. AFI agrees, ranking him #46 among its \"Villains\".", "The Riddler, a.k.a. Edward Nygma, is the true main antagonist in the 1995 film, Batman Forever. He teams up with Two-Face so he can get rich, become Gotham's cleverest carbon based life-form, get his revenge on Bruce Wayne, and figure out the identity of Batman.", "Ironically, Kaa has proven to be one of the movie's most popular characters, and one of Disney's most recognizable villains.", "The American Film Institute celebrates 100 years of film by recognizing the top 50 film heroes and top 50 film villains of all time.", "Despite mixed critical reception, the film was a box office hit. It made $25 million in its opening weekend and $18.3 million in its second. The film would eventually make $390,493,908 at the global box office, making it the second-highest-grossing film of 1991, immediately behind Terminator 2: Judgment Day. It enjoyed the second-best opening for a non-sequel, at the time. ", "Beatrix Kiddo (primarily known as The Bride), codename Black Mamba, is a fictional character and the protagonist of the two-part movie Kill Bill directed by Quentin Tarantino. She is portrayed by Uma Thurman and was selected by Empire Magazine as one of The 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time. Entertainment Weekly also named her as one of the 100 Greatest Characters of the Last 20 Years. ", "In 2002, TV Guide compiled a list of the 50 greatest cartoon characters of all time as part of the magazine's 50th anniversary. Bugs Bunny was given the honor of number 1. In a CNN broadcast on July 31, 2002, a TV Guide editor talked about the group that created the list. The editor also explained why Bugs pulled top billing: \"His stock...has never gone down...Bugs is the best example...of the smart-aleck American comic. He not only is a great cartoon character, he's a great comedian. He was written well. He was drawn beautifully. He has thrilled and made many generations laugh. He is tops.\" Additionally, in Animal Planet 's 50 Greatest Movie Animals (2004), Bugs was named #3, behind Mickey Mouse and Toto .", "The off-screen villain \" Man \" has been placed #20 on AFI's List of Heroes and Villains.", "The film was released theatrically on September 27, 1991 in 98 theaters. It grossed USD$6.4 million in North America, above its estimated budget of $2.5 million.", "Monsters, Inc. is a 2001 American computer-animated comedy film directed by Pete Docter at his directorial debut, produced by Pixar Animation Studios, and released by Walt Disney Pictures. John Lasseter and Andrew Stanton both served as executive producers. The film was co-directed by Lee Unkrich and David Silverman and stars the voices of John Goodman, Billy Crystal, Steve Buscemi, James Coburn and Jennifer Tilly.", "At the 2002 AFI Awards, Jennifer Connelly won for Best Featured Female Actor. In 2006, it was named No. 93 in AFI's 100 Years... 100 Cheers. In the following year, it was nominated for AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition). The film was also nominated for Movie of the Year, Actor of the Year (Russell Crowe), and Screenwriter of the Year (Akiva Goldsman).", "In 1997, Entertainment Weekly magazine named him the number one movie legend of all time. In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked him the Greatest Male Star of All Time.", "The American Film Institute nominated the film for both their 1998 and 2007 lists of AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies. It was also nominated for AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs. It placed #97 on AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills.", "Was nationally released on 11/23/91. Cost $30 million to produce. Alan Menken and Howard Ashman returned to make what is still widely considered to be the best animated movie ever. It again won Academy Awards for Best Original Score and Best Song (title track), and was the first and so far only animated film to be nominated for Best Picture." ]	[ 10.796875, 6.59375, 6.38671875, 3.197265625, 2.736328125, 1.8603515625, 1.7353515625, 1.462890625, 1.33984375, 0.6982421875, 0.414306640625, -0.7978515625, -0.85546875, -0.94775390625, -1.33984375, -1.4296875, -2.0703125, -3.1328125, -3.25, -3.26171875, -3.755859375, -3.79296875, -4.0703125, -4.28125, -4.3984375, -5.33984375, -5.75390625, -7.078125, -7.4140625, -7.8046875, -7.82421875, -7.86328125 ]
Which fictional hero, created by Baroness Orczy, takes his name from the small red flower with which he signs his messages?	[ "4. Which fictional hero, created by Baroness Orczy, takes his name from the small red flower with which he signs his messages?", "The action takes place during the French Revolution, when a secret society of English aristocrats, called the \\\"League of the Scarlet Pimpernel\\\", is engaged in rescuing their French counterparts from the guillotine. Their leader, the Scarlet Pimpernel, takes his nickname from the small red flower (illustration, left) with which he signs his messages. No one except his small band of followers knows his true identity.", "Meanwhile, a secret society of 19 English aristocrats, the \"League of the Scarlet Pimpernel\", is engaged in rescuing their French counterparts from the daily executions. Their leader, the mysterious Scarlet Pimpernel , takes his nickname from the drawing of a small red flower with which he signs his messages. Despite being the talk of London society, only his followers and possibly the Prince of Wales know the Pimpernel's true identity. Like many others, Marguerite is entranced by the Pimpernel's daring exploits.", "Meanwhile, the \"League of the Scarlet Pimpernel\", a secret society of twenty English aristocrats, \"one to command, and nineteen to obey\", is engaged in rescuing their French counterparts from the daily executions of the Reign of Terror. Their leader, the mysterious Scarlet Pimpernel, takes his nickname from the small red flower he draws on his messages. Despite being the talk of London society, only his followers and possibly the Prince of Wales know the Pimpernel's true identity. Like many others, Marguerite is entranced by the Pimpernel's daring exploits.", "The Scarlet Pimpernel is a classic action-adventure story written by Baroness Emmuska Orczy and turned into a play in 1903-05. This wildly popular tale is set during The French Revolution , an era when screaming, toothless peasant mobs rose up against the poor sympathetic aristocracy and began slaughtering them wholesale . (Madame la Guillotine was a very busy woman at this time.) It seemed there would be no hope for the French Nobs, until a dashing hero arrived on the scene to snatch those destined for death from the hands of the bloodthirsty and fanatical Revolutionary government. This hero was a mysterious masked figure known only as The Scarlet Pimpernel (note: a pimpernel is a small red flower with five petals), and together with his small band of followers, he managed to spirit many a doomed aristocrat safely to England.", "Baroness \"Emmuska\" Orczy ( 1865 – 1947) was a Hungarian-born British novelist, playwright and artist of noble origin. She is most known for her series of novels featuring the Scarlet Pimpernel. Some of her paintings were exhibited at the Royal Academy in London.", "Baroness Emma Magdolna Rozália Mária Jozefa Borbála \"Emmuska\" Orczy de Orci (; 23 September 1865 – 12 November 1947) was a Hungarian-born British novelist, playwright, and artist of noble origin. She is most known for her series of novels featuring the Scarlet Pimpernel. Some of her paintings were exhibited at the Royal Academy in London.", "Hungarian-British novelist best remembered as the author of THE SCARLET PIMPERNEL (1905). Baroness Orczy's sequels to the novel were less successful. A man with a double identity the Scarlet Pimpernel can be regarded as one of the forefathers of Superman Batman and other comic book superheroes. Orczy was also an artist and her works were exhibited at the Royal Academy London. Orczy's first venture into fiction was with crime stories. In this genre her most popular characters was The Old Man in the Corner who was featured in a series of twelve British movies from 1924 starring Rolf Leslie.", "The Scarlet Pimpernel is a play and adventure novel by Baroness Orczy set during the Reign of Terror following the start of the French Revolution. The title character, Sir Percy Blakeney, represents the original \"hero with a secret identity\" that inspired subsequent literary creations such as Don Diego de la Vega (El Zorro) and Bruce Wayne (Batman).", "The Scarlet Pimpernel is a novel by Baroness Emmuska Orczy and is the first appearance of the character the Scarlet Pimpernel , arguably, the first superhero . ( text available at Project Gutenberg )", "Baroness Orczy wrote numerous sequels, none of which became as famous as The Scarlet Pimpernel. Many of the sequels revolve around French characters whom Sir Percy has met and is attempting to rescue. His followers, such as Lord Tony Dewhurst, Sir Andrew Ffoulkes, Lord Hastings and Armand St. Just (Marguerite's brother), also take their turn in major roles.", "Baroness Orczy, who lived from 1865 to 1947, wrote fifteen Scarlet Pimpernel books altogether. They all clearly show her vast knowledge of the events and society of Revolutionary France and much information and understanding of the French Revolution can be gained from Baroness Orczy's books.", "Full name: Emma (\"Emmuska\") Magdolna Rozália Mária Jozefa Borbála Orczy de Orczi was a Hungarian-British novelist, best remembered as the author of THE SCARLET PIMPERNEL (1905). Baroness Orczy's sequels to the novel were less successful. She was also an artist, and her works were exhibited at the Royal Academy, London. Her first venture into fiction was with crime stories. Among her most popular characters was The Old Man in the Corner, who was featured in a series of twelve British movies from 1924, starring Rolf Leslie.", "The name 'Campion' may have its origin in the Old French word for 'champion'. Another source says the name was suggested by Allingham's husband, Philip Youngman Carter, and may allude to the Jesuit martyr St. Edmund Campion. Carter and St. Edmund Campion were both graduates of Christ's Hospital school. Campion's fictional college, St. Ignatius, supports the Edmund Campion connection, since St. Ignatius of Loyola was the founder of the Jesuits. There are also occasional references in the books to the field-flower campion (e.g., Look to the Lady ch. 21), evoking the similar relationship between the fictional hero the Scarlet Pimpernel and the pimpernel flower.", "The first and most successful in the Baroness’s series of books that feature Percy Blakeney, who leads a double life as an English fop and a swashbuckling rescuer of aristocrats, The Scarlet Pimpernel was the blueprint for what became known as the masked-avenger genre. As Anne Perry writes in her Introduction, the novel “has almost reached its first centenary, and it is as vivid and appealing as ever because the plotting is perfect. It is a classic example of how to construct, pace, and conclude a plot. . . . To rise on the crest of laughter without capsizing, to survive being written, rewritten, and reinterpreted by each generation, is the mark of a plot that is timeless and universal, even though it happens to be set in England and France of 1792.”", "The Scarlet Pimpernel is the name of a chivalrous Englishman in the time of the Terrors in France, who, with his band of gentlemen, rescues aristocrats before they can be killed by the violent government in revolutionary France. He is known by his symbol, a simple flower, the scarlet pimpernel. He succeeds by masterful use of disguises and strict secrecy of the group's movements. His identity is secret to all but his men. Marguerite Blakeney, French wife of a wealthy English dandy, is approached by the new French envoy to England with a threat to her brother's life if she does not aid in his search for the Pimpernel. She aids him, and then discovers that the Pimpernel is also very dear to her. She sails to France to stop the envoy.", "This year, Hogwarts is hosting the Triwizard Tournament, where three students from three schools fight in three different events. At Halloween, the students submit their names in the Goblet of Fire; the three picks are Cedric Diggory, the popular guy from Hogwarts; Fleur, the French girl; and Viktor Krum, the Soviet boy who represents the working class's discontent with the current dichotomy. That last sentence contains more words than those three speak in the entire book. However, it additionally gives a fourth name—Harry Potter—leading to Dumbledore", "Each of the four countries of the UK has a traditional floral emblem . The red rose is the national flower of England, [557] and its use dates from the reign of Henry VII who chose a red rose, representing Lancaster , and a white rose, representing York . [557] As a result, the English civil wars in the 15th-century came to be called the Wars of the Roses . [558] The national flower of Scotland is the thistle , [559] of Northern Ireland is the flax flower and the shamrock , [560] and of Wales is the daffodil and leek . [561] The Union rose , shamrock and thistle are engrafted on the same stem on the coat of arms of the United Kingdom . [562]", "The eldest son, Bill , has the same given name as William Marshal . Between the mid 12th and early 13th centuries, this knight rose from obscurity by serving four Plantagenet kings of England ( Henry II , Richard I , John and Henry III ), and eventually became Regent of England. At times, he is referred to as \"the Flower of Chivalry.\" In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , Bill marries Fleur Delacour , whose name translates as \"flower of the court\".", "Katniss Everdeen is a fictional character and the protagonist of The Hunger Games trilogy by Suzanne Collins. Her name comes from an edible plant called katniss.", "Other characters in the Rincewind story arc include: Cohen the Barbarian, an aging hero of the old fantasy tradition, out of touch with the modern world and still fighting despite his advanced age; Twoflower, a naive tourist from the Agatean Empire (inspired by cultures of the Far East, particularly Japan and China); and The Luggage, a magical, semi-sentient and exceptionally vicious multi-legged travelling accessory, made from sapient pearwood. Rincewind appeared in eight Discworld novels as well as the four Science of Discworld supplementary books.", "Variant form of Xenophilus . This particular form seems to not ever have been borne by someone in real life, so this is best suited for the Literature category, as the name has been used by British author J.K. Rowling in her \"Harry Potter\" books, which feature a character named Xenophilius Lovegood.", "Fu Manchu appeared as a villain in the first volume of Alan Moore and Kevin O'Neill's comic book series The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (which crosses over countless public domain fiction) where he attempts to steal a piece ofCavorite to make an airforce and attack England, and is a participant in a gang war against Professor Moriarty. Because the original character is still in copyright, the character in the comic is referred to only as \"the Doctor\" or \"the Devil Doctor\", thus not requiring royalty payments to the copyright owners.", "* The sentence \"Richard Of York gave battle in vain\" is mentioned in the third book of the Artemis Fowl series, \"The Eternity Code\". The sentence, spoken by the protagonist's bodyguard, was the detonation code for the magnetized fairy sonix grenade, hidden under a table in a restaurant. To activate the bomb the last word to say had to be \"rainbow\", which is what an old lady said, making the bomb explode.", "The plot follows a crew of ten trying to hunt the Snark, an animal which may turn out to be a highly dangerous Boojum. The only one of the crew to find the Snark quickly vanishes, leading the narrator to explain that it was a Boojum after all. The poem is dedicated to young Gertrude Chataway, whom Carroll met at the English seaside town Sandown in the Isle of Wight in 1875. Included with many copies of the first edition of the poem was Carroll's religious tract, An Easter Greeting to Every Child Who Loves \"Alice\".", "During the civil wars of the fifteenth century, the White Rose was the symbol of Yorkist forces opposed to the rival House of Lancaster. The red rose of Lancaster would be a later invention used to represent the House of Lancaster, but was not in use during the actual conflict. The opposition of the two roses gave the wars their name: the Wars of the Roses (coined in the 19th century.) The conflict was ended by King Henry VII of England, who symbolically united the White and Red Roses to create the Tudor Rose, symbol of the Tudor dynasty. In the late Seventeenth Century the Jacobites took up the White Rose of York as their emblem, celebrating \"White Rose Day\" on 10 June, the anniversary of the birth of James III and VIII in 1688. ", "In Goblet of Fire, the logo appears in the sky directly above Tom Riddle Snr 's grave. Also, the subtitle materialises with a blue flame effect.", "The author JK Rowling used an anagram to name the two identities of her villain in her Harry Potter series.", "Guy Walters' The Leader (ISBN:0-7553-0058-0) is an alternate history novel set in a time line branched from ours after British King Edward VIII decided not to abdicate in late 1936, which eventually lead Oswald Mosley to the Cabinet. In real world was Oswald Mosley indeed leader of the British Union of Fascists. The artwork in the cover of this book shows this flag, but with the symbol in black, not blue. In the prologue of this book, A Day to Remember, British and (contemporary) German flags play a central role. Throughout the novel, the BUFNS party flag and its symbol, on pins and armbands, are mentioned many times.", "In the graphic novel The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen: Black Dossier , Mother appears as Director of British Intelligence, Robert Cherry, and is referred to as \"M\". A young Emma Peel appears and the recent death of her father Sir John is a subplot.", "On 3 February 2009, the French president awarded Rowling the insignia of Chevalier of the Order of the Legion of Honour , France's highest honour. Rowling believed until recent years that her great-grandfather Louis Volant had also received the award for bravery during the war when she dicovered the recipient was a different man with the same name in the programme Who Do You Think You Are?. The awarding ceremony was held at Palace Elysee in Paris, France. [11] [12] [13]", "Potter created a series of miniature letters for child fans between 1907 and 1912. These letters were written as from her characters and intended to shed light on their doings outside their tales and to tell the recipient more about them. Each letter was folded to represent an envelope, and addressed to the child recipient. There was a tiny stamp in the corner drawn with a red crayon. They were sent to the children in a miniature post bag marked G.P.O. that Potter had made herself or in a toy tin mail box enamelled bright red. \"Some of the letters were very funny,\" Potter wrote, \"The defect was that inquiries and answers were all mixed up.\" " ]	[ 10.765625, 7.70703125, 7.23046875, 4.8046875, 3.962890625, 3.3984375, 3.3359375, 2.095703125, 1.82421875, 1.5419921875, 1.2177734375, 0.83447265625, 0.11151123046875, -0.8046875, -2.50390625, -2.681640625, -2.796875, -4.3515625, -5.04296875, -5.34375, -5.515625, -6.25, -6.359375, -6.48828125, -7.30078125, -7.39453125, -7.796875, -8.5546875, -9.0625, -9.1953125, -9.484375, -9.6015625 ]
Who played the villain Hans Gruber in the film Die Hard?	[ "Alan Rickman as the terrorizing German villain Hans Gruber in the exciting action film Die Hard", "Die Hard is a 1988 American action film directed by John McTiernan and written by Steven E. de Souza and Jeb Stuart. It follows off-duty New York City Police Department officer John McClane (Bruce Willis) as he takes on a group of highly organized criminals led by Hans Gruber (Alan Rickman), who perform a heist in a Los Angeles skyscraper under the guise of a terrorist attack using hostages, including McClane's wife Holly (Bonnie Bedelia), to keep the police at bay.", "The original Die Hard received substantial praise. Pete Croatto of FilmCritic.com called the film \"a perfect action movie in every detail, the kind of movie that makes your summer memorable.\" James Berardinelli wrote that the film \"represents the class of modern action pictures and the standard by which they must be judged.\" Critic Desson Howe wrote that \"Willis has found the perfect vehicle to careen wildly onto the crowded L.A. freeway of Lethal Weapons and Beverly Hills Cops.\" Willis was also called \"perfect as the wisecracking John McClane\" and \"an excellent casting choice as a sardonic action hero.\" Alan Rickman's portrayal of villain Hans Gruber was described as \"marvelous\" and \"a career-making performance.\" Gruber also ranked 46 on the villain side of AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains. In 2007, Entertainment Weekly ranked Die Hard the greatest action film of all time. ", "Anton \"Little Tony The Red\" Gruber, of German heritage, is the leader of the terrorists who have taken over the Klaxon Oil Building, and one of the few who can speak English. Gruber is his real name but people (including Leland) often refer to him as \"Little Tony\" or \"Tony\" as a nickname. Gruber is a ruthless man who will stop at nothing to complete his goal, no matter who he has to kill. In Die Hard, his name is Hans Gruber and he is portrayed by Alan Rickman.", "1988’s Die Hard is probably one of Willis’ best-known roles, which he reprised in Die Hard 2 (1990), Die Hard With a Vengeance (1995), Live Free or Die Hard (2007) and A Good Day to Die Hard (2013). Willis played police officer John McClane, who takes down terrorists like Hans Gruber (Alan Rickman) in a pretty spectacular manner. His line, “Yippee ki yay m*** f**” has become one of the most quoted lines of any film he’s ever been in. Will 20th Century Fox make a sixth film? It certainly looks that way .", "At the fictional Nakatomi Plaza, East German terrorists break in and take the celebrants hostage. McClane escapes detection and hides throughout the building. He kills off the gang and learns their real aim, to steal $640 million in bearer bonds from the building's vault. In the finale, McClane shoots the terrorist leader, Hans Gruber (Alan Rickman), out the window to fall thirty stories.", "Written by Jeb Stuart and Steven E. de Souza, Die Hard is an American action film released in 1988 starring Bruce Willis, Bonnie Bedelia, Alan Rickman, Reginald VelJohnson, and William Atherton, and directed by John McTiernan. The movie is based on a novel by Roderick Thorp titled Nothing Lasts Forever.", "The name Hans Gruber was reused 20 years later in the film Die Hard for Alan Rickman's character.", "In the film \"Die Hard with a Vengeance\" (1995), the film's antagonist, Simon Peter Gruber (Jeremy Irons), reads the beginning of the poem to John McClane's (Bruce Willis) boss, Inspector Walter Cobb (Larry Bryggman).", "die HaRd 1988 Blasted away by John McClane (Bruce willis), German terrorist Hans (Alan rickman) heads to splatsville. “Yippee-ki-yay, motherfucker.”", "In 2006, Gruber was listed as the 17th greatest film character by Empire magazine. John McClane was placed at number 12 on the same list. In the June 22, 2007 issue of Entertainment Weekly it was named the best action film of all time. McClane's catchphrase \"Yippee-ki-yay, motherfucker\" was voted as #96 of \"The 100 Greatest Movie Lines\" by Premiere magazine in 2007. In 2010, Die Hard was voted by Empire magazine as \"The Greatest Christmas Film of All Time\". In 2012, IGN also listed it at the top spot on their list of the \"Top 25 Action Movies\".", "The Die Hard series is an American action movie franchise that began in 1988 with Die Hard, based on the 1979 novel Nothing Lasts Forever by Roderick Thorp. The franchise follows the adventures of John McClane (portrayed by Bruce Willis), a New York City and Los Angeles police detective who continually finds himself in the middle of violent crises and intrigues where he is the only hope against disaster.", "Die Hard with a Vengeance (1995) featured a scene where villain Simon Peter Gruber (Jeremy Irons) required New York City Police Department Lt. John McClane (Bruce Willis) to wear a sandwich board reading \"I hate niggers\" while standing on a street corner in predominantly-black Harlem, resulting in McClane meeting Zeus Carver (Samuel L. Jackson) as Carver rescued McClane from being attacked by neighborhood toughs.", "Arguably the greatest henchmen who has ever lived. The Teutonic blonde was understandably miffed when McClane ended his brother (“Nobody kills him but me!”), holding that grudge until the cowboy interloper strung him up in chains – he even pops up to say hello right before the credits, too. He's played by actor Alexander Godunov, who went to school with Mikhai Baryshnikov and trained in the Bolshoi Ballet before becoming Hans Gruber 's right hand man in Die Hard.", "Bruce Willis returns as misfit cop John McClane in the third film in the Die Hard series. McClane has fallen on hard times; after moving to New York City and breaking up with his wife, he's developed a drinking problem and has been suspended from the NYPD. However, his past comes back to haunt him in the form of Simon (Jeremy Irons), a terrorist bomber who has been using McClane as his contact as he plants a series of bombs in public places and gives McClane inane \"clues\" to their whereabouts in the form of riddles and bizarre games. McClane soon discovers he's been involved in Simon's scheme as part of a personal grudge; while associated with an international terrorist group, Simon is also the brother of the man McClane threw off the side of a skyscraper several years back (in the original Die Hard). Now McClane, with the help of a Harlem shopkeeper named Zeus (Samuel L. Jackson), has to find out where Simon has planted the bombs, guess where he'll strike next, and try to find his base of operations before more bombs go off and thousands of people die. The supporting cast features Graham Greene and Colleen Camp; singer Sam Phillips made her acting debut as a member of Simon's terrorist group (Phillips never speaks, so as to not to reveal her Texas accent). - Mark Deming", "John McClane, Sr. is the primary protagonist of the Die Hard film series. He is an Irish-American NYPD Detective Lieutenant who has the gift to be at the wrong place at the wrong time, getting involved in many terrorist attacks, that he often has to stop by himself. He also worked with the Los Angeles Police Department for a year.", "8 Which actor who died in January 2016 aged 69 appeared in many films which included playing the part of Hans Gruber in Die Hard and the Sherriff of Nottingham in Robin Hood Prince of Thieves?", "Actor Richard Gere was considered to play the role of John McClane in the movie Die Hard. Bruce Willis played the part instead", "Willis had a number of small film roles in the early 1980s before he was hired as a wisecracking detective opposite Cybill Shepherd in the television sitcom Moonlighting (1985–89). The show made Willis a household name and helped to launch his film career. In the film Die Hard (1988), Willis portrayed the cynical but good-natured New York City police detective John McClane, who finds himself embroiled in a terrorist attack on a Los Angeles office building. The film was a major box-office success and helped establish Willis as a leading action hero. It also spawned the sequels Die Hard 2: Die Harder (1990), Die Hard: With a Vengeance (1995), Live Free or Die Hard (2007), and A Good Day to Die Hard (2013).", "Hans Gruber: German terrorist from Die Hard , German schoolteacher-turned-Nazi supersoldier in Jack Staff, or minor villain from Our Man Flint ?", "Here is John McClane from the fourth Die Hard film, Live Free or Die Hard (known as Die Hard 4.0 in Europe and many other countries).", "Now: It's a good thing Willis owed Disney some work because 'The Sixth Sense' is one of his most iconic roles, right alongside the 'Die Hard' franchise. Speaking of which, Willis recently reprised his role in a fifth 'Die Hard' film, ' A Good Day to Die Hard .' At the age of 58, he still kicks butt as an action star. You can see him next in 'Red 2.'", "Karl-Gerhart Frï¿½ber, better known as Gert Frï¿½be (February 25, 1913 ï¿½ September 5, 1988), was a German actor who starred in many films, including the James Bond film Goldfinger as Auric Goldfinger and Chitty Chitty Bang Bang as Baron Bomburst. Frï¿½be could not speak English and was ultimately dubbed", "Big Bad : The most memorable one for the Die Hard franchise. AFI agrees, ranking him #46 among its \"Villains\".", "Another supporting cast member steals the show as well, and would do so in the next Bond film. Richard Kiel joins Harold Sakata as the most memorable of James Bond's offbeat villainous henchmen - where Sakata's Oddjob killed with a rapier-sharp bowler hat, Richard Kiel's Jaws uses steel alloy teeth as well as his own gigantic height; Kiel even brings back memories of Robert Shaw's Donald \"Red\" Grant in one of the most memorable stages for a Bond fistfight - the Orient Express.", "Here come the villains! As with all Die Hard movies, there is an easily hate-able villain", "But it was his role as “Jaws” in the James Bond films “The Spy Who Loved Me,” and “Moonraker,” which turned Kiel into a cinematic icon. The villain, equipped with steel teeth capable of biting through cables, was an imposing physical presence, who nonetheless managed to lose out to Roger Moore's rather more diminutive Bond in their confrontations. Kiel's image and voice went on to appear in a number of James Bond video games.", "Lange was also in several German comedy films. He appeared in 1965 as \"006\" in Michael Pfleger’s James Bond spoof \"Serenade for Two Spies\" alongside Heath Weis. Whether as Northumberland in the television film \"Richard II\" or as in \"Leatherstocking Tales\" - he played the man with the wrinkled face in such historical works as the war-tested soldier in “Hitler - A Film from Germany\" or as in the documentary feature on the Cuban Missile Crisis.", "Along with Charles Gray , who played both Dikko Henderson in You Only Live Twice (1967) and 'Ernst Stavro Blofeld' in Diamonds Are Forever (1971), Baker is one of only two actors to play both a major Bond nemesis, Brad Whitaker in The Living Daylights (1987), and a significant Bond ally, Jack Wade in GoldenEye (1995) and Tomorrow Never Dies (1997).", "Actor known to millions as the most infamous villain of the James Bond films dies in hospital in California", "Among his later films, he appeared as the crusty father of hero Frank Castle in The Punisher (2004), and in 2007, starred in The Poet and If I Didn't Care. When Scheider died in February 2008, he had two movies upcoming: Dark Honeymoon, which had been completed, and the thriller Iron Cross. In Iron Cross, Scheider plays the leading role of Joseph, a holocaust survivor with a propensity for justice, which was inspired by director Joshua Newton’s late father Bruno Newton. Iron Cross was ultimately released in 2011.", "He also appeared as villain Ernst Stavro Blofeld in James Bond film You Only Live Twice. " ]	[ 7.5234375, 7.41015625, 7.07421875, 6.32421875, 5.64453125, 4.94140625, 4.0625, 2.443359375, 1.7783203125, 1.5869140625, 1.4189453125, 1.169921875, 0.98779296875, 0.328125, -0.38427734375, -0.52880859375, -0.79248046875, -1.734375, -2.166015625, -2.205078125, -2.21484375, -4.12890625, -5.34765625, -6, -6, -6.41015625, -6.75390625, -6.8515625, -6.97265625, -7.203125, -7.62890625, -7.9609375 ]
Which superhero takes pictures of himself in action and sells them to the Daily Bugle?	[ "Peter Parker gains employment as a freelance (and sometimes staff) photographer through most of his teen and young adult years. He sells pictures of himself in action as Spider-Man, takes any assignments offered, or, sometimes, uses his powers to help him photograph special events where normal press access is limited or denied, for the New York newspaper The Daily Bugle.", "Peter Parker gains employment as a freelance photographer through most of his teen and young adult years. He sells pictures of himself in action as Spider-Man, takes any assignments offered, or, sometimes, uses his powers to help him photograph special events where normal press access is limited or denied, for the New York newspaper The Daily Bugle. His first camera, originally his father's, has an extended rear metal plate that allows him to use his web to secure it to a wall or other fixed object without interfering with its functions. Typically, Spider-Man positions the camera before intervening in a crime or emergency. Spider-Man gradually improves on the camera's simple timer, including adding a motion sensor that triggered the camera whenever he, as Spider-Man, moved in front of it. He has updated and replaced the camera, when damaged during battles, as necessary over the months. Partly due to the stinginess of Bugle editor J. Jonah Jameson, Parker never earns much money as a freelancer. Bugle, legal owner of his submitted work, eventually publishes a book of his photographic images which helps improve his finances.", "Peter Parker, Spider-Man, has long served as a photographer for The Daily Bugle. Because he is Spider-Man, he’s always had the unique opportunity to snap photos of himself dressed as Spider-Man and then sell those pictures to the Bugle. Of course, this has mainly worked as a way to makes ends meet and assist his Aunt May with her expenses. Again, like Superman, Spider-Man has found that working in journalism gives him the opportunity to be close to danger and not questioned for his intentions. But, like Superman, when danger strikes, you’ll hear someone ask, “Where did Peter go?”", "The Silver (1956–1969) and Bronze Ages of comics also had their fair share of media moguls and beat reporters. Witness DC Comics' vigilante the Question, whose alter ego Vic Sage is a TV newscaster for World Wide Broadcasting; DC's the Creeper (who premiered in 1968, and surfaces occasionally today), whose alter ego Jack Ryder is a security investigator for the TV station WHAM; and the Steve Ditko–created Mr. A, who, as Daily Crusader reporter Rex Graine, fights mobsters in the press until he is forced to take them on as the metal-masked hero. Outshining these journalists is Peter Parker, a freelance photographer who keeps the Daily Bugle well stocked with candid photographs of Spider-Man in action. Few know that another masked hero, Archie Publications' the Fox, functioned in the real world as Paul Patton, staff photographer for the Daily Globe, twenty-plus years before the web-slinger came along. Patton is the first to use a concealed camera to take news pictures of himself in action as the Fox, a gimmick solely credited to Parker. And lest anyone think that Lane is the only non-superpowered newshound to become a comic-book star in her own right, there's also Ben Urich, Daredevil's confidant in the 1980s and a leading character of the newspaper-themed Marvel Comics series The Pulse! in the 2000s.", "Remembering the final words of his Uncle, \"with great power comes great responsibility,\" Peter designs a new spider suit, and uses his powers to fight crime throughout New York City. He dawns the official nickname \"Spider-Man,\" a name he borrows from the announcer at the wrestling match. This does not endear him to J. Jonah Jameson , the editor and publisher of The Daily Bugle . Peter graduates high school along with Harry Osborn and Mary Jane, earning money taking photos of the elusive Spider-Man for the Daily Bugle. Continuing his super hero career, Spider-Man quickly earns a mythic status among the people of the city.", "Due to strong sales on the character's first appearance in Amazing Fantasy #15, Spider-Man was given his own ongoing series in March 1963. The initial years of the series, under Lee and Ditko, chronicled Spider-Man's nascent career with his civilian life as hard-luck yet perpetually good-humored teenager Peter Parker. Peter balanced his career as Spider-Man with his job as a freelance photographer for The Daily Bugle under the bombastic editor-publisher J. Jonah Jameson to support himself and his frail Aunt May. At the same time, Peter dealt with public hostility towards Spider-Man and the antagonism of his classmates Flash Thompson and Liz Allan at Midtown High School, while embarking on a tentative, ill-fated romance with Jameson's secretary, Betty Brant.", "Founded in 1897, the Daily Bugle was purchased a few decades after its inception by businessman William Walter Goodman , who prized selfless human achievement above all else and who lent his name to the building the newspaper called home. In 1939, when the android Human Torch and Namor the Sub-Mariner began alternately terrorizing and protecting the city, Bugle photographer Phil Sheldon immortalized many of their exploits. Following Captain America 's debut in late 1940, Bugle reporter Jeff Mace became one of his earliest imitators as the costumed Patriot, although he was just as often active against evil as a correspondent alongside Mary Morgan and freelancer Jack Casey , while C. Thomas Sites and others chronicled the battlefield missions of the Howling Commandos .", "J. Jonah Jameson is depicted as the publisher of the Daily Bugle and is Peter Parker's boss and as a harsh critic of Spider-Man, always saying negative things about the superhero in the newspaper. Despite his role as Jameson's publishing editor and confidant Robbie Robertson is always depicted as a supporter of both Peter Parker and Spider-Man.", "In The Spectacular Spider-Man, The Daily Bugle is a New Yorker newspaper led by an irascible, gruff publisher named J. Jonah Jameson. the Daily Bugle is a frequently visited location by many series characters, including Peter Parker. Like in the films and Marvels comic book series, it is also depicted to be housed in the Flatiron Building. The newspaper is noted for its anti-superhero slant, especially concerning Spider-Man, whom the paper carries out a smear campaign against Spider-Man that has, at least temporarily, turned much of the gullible city against the hero.", "The Daily Bugle is one of the main landmarks of the game Spider- Man 3. The player can shoot from the two heat releasers there across New York. There are seven photo missions that Robbie will give Peter. The first Lizard mission and most of the Mad Bomber missions take place there.", "Following the destruction of original Daily Bugle building, the Frontline Newspaper organization is officially given the Daily Bugle rights by J. Jonah Jameson where Robbie Robertson and Ben Urich are sole share owners with backing from Jameson. During this time Ben's nephew, Phil Urich becomes one of the feature photographers along with Norah Winters due to Phil taking on the identity of the Hobgoblin when he murders Daniel Kingsley, the original Hobgoblin's brother who was trying to infiltrate the Kingpin's empire. During this time, Phil works as an anti-Peter Parker as he gets exclusives for the Bugle through his various crimes while becoming romantically involved with Winters.", "Pictured right: 'Spiderman', 2002, : a prop 'Daily Bugle' newspaper, with front-page photograph and headline 'Spider-Man: Super Hero Or Super-Zero?', 29 x 38cm (11½ x 15in). This sold in the Bonhams Entertainment Memorabilia auction, 18 June 2008, London for £192.", "In the arcade and console-imported game Marvel Super Heroes, the Bugle is Spider-Man's home stage. The fighting takes place on a platform that is first going vertical and then across the Daily Bugle.", "J. Jonah Jameson is the employer of Peter B. Parker and remains an aggravate of Spider-Man. He is the chief editor and publisher of the Daily Bugle, a New York newspaper.", "In successor penciler Romita Sr.'s first issue, #39 (Aug. 1966), nemesis the Green Goblin discovers Spider-Man's secret identity and reveals his own to the captive hero. Romita's Spider-Man – more polished and heroic-looking than Ditko's – became the model for two decades. The Lee-Romita era saw the introduction of such characters as Daily Bugle managing editor Robbie Robertson in #52 (Sept. 1967) and NYPD Captain George Stacy, father of Parker's girlfriend Gwen Stacy, in #56 (Jan. 1968). The most important supporting character to be introduced during the Romita era was Mary Jane Watson, who made her first full appearance in #42, (Nov. 1966), although she first appeared in #25 (June 1965) with her face obscured and had been mentioned since #15 (Aug. 1964). Peter David wrote in 2010 that Romita \"made the definitive statement of his arrival by pulling Mary Jane out from behind the oversized potted plant [that blocked the readers' view of her face in issue #25] and placing her on panel in what would instantly become an iconic moment.\" Romita has stated that in designing Mary Jane, he \"used Ann-Margret from the movie Bye Bye Birdie as a guide, using her coloring, the shape of her face, her red hair and her form-fitting short skirts.\" ", " In the 1970s live-action Spider-Man TV series, Peter Parker is seen at the Daily Bugle in every episode.", "The Daily Bugle appears in the Amalgam (DC & Marvel Comics) world. Similar to the mainstream Bugle, employees include J. Jonah White, Tana Moon, Jack Ryder and Spider-Boy", "The snooty editor-in-chief of the Daily Bugle appeared in the 2000 Spider-Man video game. He appeared when the Scorpion tried to kill him because Jameson put Mac Gargan, the Scorpion, in the armour suit he is stuck in. Spider-Man eventually saves Jameson and defeats Scorpion in battle. However, Jameson doesn't thank Spider-Man because at the beginning of the game, Spider-Man was seen stealing the seemingly reformed Dr. Otto Octavius' machine (Jameson doesn't know that Spider-Man was framed). He even told two S.W.A.T. cops to shoot down and kill Spider-Man. Luckily, the hero escaped by jumping out of a window with him saying, \"J.J., you're out of my will! I mean it this time!\"", "After Spider-Man saves the whole of New York from a bomb planted by Doctor Octopus , Jameson is talked by his son and Steve Rogers into holding a ceremony to give him the key to the city, much to his chagrin. At the same time, he cashes the shares he owned of the DB!, giving the money to Robbie Robertson, so that he can rebuild Front Line into the new Daily Bugle.", "*The Daily Bugle will be featured in Disney Infinity: 2.0 Edition as Daily Bugle Communications (DBC) with J. Jonah Jameson's face on the big monitor.", "Spider-Man has since defected from the Registration Act and joined up with Captain America 's Secret Avengers, openly rebelling against the new law and fighting those attempting to enforce it. Jameson's reaction to this new development remains to be seen, though in recent issues of Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man, it has been said that he has posted a reward to bring Peter in. He also committed libel against Parker by coercing Peter's old girlfriend Debra Whitman into writing an untrue account of him; Betty Brant has secretly supplied information about this to The Daily Globe who published a front page expose.", "\"Spider-Man\" (Peter Parker) is a Marvel comic book super hero. Spider-Man is also known as \"Spidey\", \"web-head\", \"wall-crawler\" & \"web-slinger\". Spider-Man has super powers, having super strength and speed with his \"spider-sense\" hero ability. Spiderman can also cling to most surfaces by shooting spider-webs from his own special invention called \"web-shooters\".", "Spider-Man keeps his regular field equipment in a utility belt that can carry extra web fluid cartridges and his camera (removable in this 1/6th scale version). Other equipment carried on his Spider-man utility belt includes a light beacon which can either be used as a flashlight or project a \"Spider-Signal\" design. The specially modified camera can take pictures automatically.", "Norman Osborn is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, and first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #14 (July 1964) as the original and most well-known incarnation of the Green Goblin. An amoral industrialist head of Oscorp, he took a formula which enhanced his physical abilities and intellect but also drove him to insanity. He adopted a Halloween-themed appearance, dressing in a goblin costume, riding on a bat-shaped \"Goblin Glider\", and using an arsenal of high-tech weapons, notably grenade-like \"Pumpkin Bombs\", to terrorize New York City. He is widely regarded as Spider-Man's archenemy being responsible for numerous tragedies in Peter Parker's life (such as Gwen Stacy's death and the Clone Saga), and is Harry Osborn's father. However, he has also come into conflict with other superheroes in the Marvel Universe, and was the focus of the company-wide Dark Reign storyline as the original iteration of Iron Patriot.", "Jimmy's success grew at the Planet, rising up from a gopher to becoming a photographer and occasional reporter. Shortly before Superman's demise at the hands of Doomsday, Jimmy began freelancing for rival media magnate Collin Thornton of Newstime Magazine. When Superman was killed by Doomsday, it was Jimmy who took the infamous photograph of Superman's ragged cape, fluttering in the wind. This photograph was used as the frontspiece for a special Superman retrospective published by Newstime.", "In \"Civil War #2,\" Marvel threw a curveball when Spider-Man unmasked himself to the public on national TV. You never see Batman doing that, do ya?", "The address of the borough's most famous arachnid, 20 Ingram Street, was listed in the June 1989 and July 1989, issues of ''The Amazing Spider-Man,'' published by Marvel Enterprises. A supervillain named Venom finds a change-of-address form left in Peter Parker's jacket, which lists the address and even its real-life ZIP and area codes.", "Since Dr. Doom is one of Marvel's most prominent supervillains, he has been featured in many forms of merchandise, including various action figures and trading cards:", "On October 31, 2003, David Chick , dressed as Spider-Man , climbed a crane near Tower Bridge in London to add his voice to the Fathers 4 Justice campaign for fathers' rights . He ended up staying at the top of the 100 feet crane for six days. The stunt resulted in unprecedented press coverage for the group and its campaign.", "The most obscure character of this genre to come out of the late twentieth century was Captain Kentucky, who first appeared in Street Enterprises' The Comic Reader in 1980. His alter ego, Lancelot Pertwillaby, is a reporter for the Louisville Times. While covering a story on radioactive sewage, he accidentally swallows a rare form of chemical waste and instantly gains superstrength and the ability to fly. But his powers aren't permanent, and Pertwillaby must partake of the gooey compound whenever he needs his powers. He was aided by his pet beagle Cleo, who as Captain Cleo, Hound Hero, often joined Captain Kentucky in saving the day.", "Captain America vol. 2 The Extremists (collects Captain America vol. 4 #7-11 by John Ney Reiber, Chuck Austen, Jae Lee and José Villarubia)", "Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster’s comic book hero from the planet Krypton who is “faster than a speeding bullet, more powerful than a locomotive, (and) able to leap tall buildings at a single bound”" ]	[ 7.359375, 6.70703125, 6.24609375, 4.30078125, 3.982421875, 2.26953125, 2.044921875, 1.8369140625, 1.6064453125, 1.53125, 1.3271484375, 1.326171875, 1.2900390625, 1.017578125, 0.3544921875, 0.337646484375, 0.1678466796875, 0.1492919921875, -0.88818359375, -1.251953125, -2.974609375, -3.05859375, -3.130859375, -3.90234375, -5.15234375, -5.4609375, -6.41796875, -6.609375, -6.79296875, -7.15625, -7.34765625, -9 ]
By what name was the serial killer Albert DeSalvo, who killed 13 women between 1962 and 1964, better known?	[ "57. What nickname name was given to serial killer Albert DeSalvo, convicted of thirteen murders committed between 1962 and 1964?", "Albert Henry DeSalvo (September 3, 1931 – November 25, 1973) was a criminal in Boston, Massachusetts, who confessed to being the \"Boston Strangler\", the murderer of thirteen women in the Boston area from 1962 to 1964. DeSalvo was not imprisoned for these murders, however, but for a series of rapes. His murder confession has been disputed and debate continues as to which crimes DeSalvo had actually committed.", "1962 - Albert DeSalvo, better known as the Boston Strangler, murders Anna Slesers, his first victim.", "The Boston Strangler is a name given to the murderer (or murderers) of 13 women in the Boston area, in the U.S. state of Massachusetts, in the early 1960s. The crimes were attributed to Albert DeSalvo based on his confession, details revealed in court during a separate case, and DNA evidence linking him to the last murder victim. Since then, parties investigating the crimes have suggested that the murders (sometimes referred to as \"the silk stocking murders\") were committed by more than one person.", "American serial killer who murdered at least 11 and as many as 13 women in the Boston area between 1962 and 1964.", "Despite these and other doubts, DeSalvo became known far and wide as the Boston Strangler. But recently, new physical evidence suggests the real killer or killers were never caught. Samples of DNA found on the Strangler’s last victim seems to prove that Albert DeSalvo was not the Boston Strangler.", "The Boston Strangler is a name attributed to the murderer (or murderers) of several women in Boston, Massachusetts, United States, in the early 1960s. Though the crimes were attributed to Albert DeSalvo, investigators of the case have since suggested the murders (sometimes known as the silk stocking murders) were not committed by one person.", "Doubts remain as to whether DeSalvo was indeed the Boston Strangler. At the time he confessed, people who knew him personally did not believe him capable of the vicious crimes. It was also noted that the women killed by \"The Strangler\" came from different age and ethnic groups, and that there were different modi operandi.", "In October of 1964, a young woman who was one of the “Green Man’s” victims came forward to police saying that a man posing as a detective entered her home and sexually assaulted her. From her description of the man, the police were able to identify the man as Albert DeSalvo. A photo of DeSalvo was published in newspapers and several women came forward to identify him as their attacker. He was arrested on a rape charge and was sent to Bridgewater State Hospital for psychiatric observation, where he befriended convicted murderer George Nassar. It is speculated that the two worked out a deal to split reward money if one of them confessed to being the Boston Strangler. DeSalvo confessed to his attorney, F. Lee Bailey, that he was the Boston Strangler. Through DeSalvo’s ability to describe the murders in accurate detail, Bailey believed that DeSalvo was in fact the Strangler. After hours of questioning, where DeSalvo described murder by murder, the details of his victim’s apartments and what they wore, the police were convinced that they had the killer.", "The Boston Strangler: Albert DeSalvo: Although many doubted the late DeSalvo was the Boston Strangler, recent DNA tests definitively linked him to the death of a 19-year-old woman who is believed to be the serial killer's last victim. DeSalvo initially admitted killing her and 10 other women in the Boston area between 1962 and 1964, but recanted in 1973, the year he died in prison where he was serving a life sentence for other crimes. DeSalvo was never brought to trial for the strangling deaths. Most of the victims were found with their own nylons wrapped around their necks and tied with a bow", "Albert DeSalvo admitted to killing Mary Sullivan and 10 other female victims in the Boston area between 1962 and 1964, but he later recanted his story.", "In July 2013, the Boston Police Department believed that they had discovered DNA evidence linking Albert DeSalvo to Mary Sullivan, who had been raped and strangled in 1964 – the final victim of the Boston Strangler. After taking DNA from DeSalvo’s nephew, the Boston Police said it was a “near certain match” to DNA evidence found on Mary Sullivan’s body and on a blanket taken from her apartment. Upon this discovery, the court ordered the exhumation of DeSalvo’s body.", "The police collected semen left on Mary’s body by the killer. But in 1964, there was no way to match it to a suspect. Albert DeSalvo later admitted he’d killed Mary. However, two families have formed a surprising alliance to challenge his confession: the family of Mary Sullivan and the family of Albert DeSalvo, including his brother Richard:", "“After eight years of research on this case, one thing I'm certain of is that Albert DeSalvo was not the Boston Strangler. There are a number of very good suspects. None of them happen to be Albert DeSalvo.”", "Ten months after the last murder, few people noticed when a man named Albert DeSalvo was arrested on unrelated sexual assault charges. DeSalvo was married and had two children. He also had an extensive history of sexual offenses. One of his many nicknames was the “Measuring Man.” DeSalvo pretended to be recruiting fashion models. He would smooth talk his way into women’s homes, measure them for clothing, and then fondle them. When DeSalvo’s scam eventually caught up with him, he was arrested and sent to prison for one year.", "In the case of Mary Sullivan, murdered January 4, 1964 at age 19, DNA and other forensic evidence were used by Casey Sherman to try to track down her presumed real killer. Sherman wrote about this in his book A Rose for Mary (2003), and stated that DeSalvo was not responsible for her death. For example, DeSalvo confessed to sexually penetrating Sullivan, yet the forensic investigation revealed no evidence of sexual activity. There are also suggestions from DeSalvo himself that he was covering up for another man, the real killer.", "In the case of Mary Sullivan, murdered January 4, 1964 at age 19, DNA and other forensic evidence were used by Casey Sherman to try to track down her presumed real killer. Sherman wrote about this in his book A Rose for Mary (2003), and stated that DeSalvo was not responsible for her death. For example, DeSalvo confessed to sexually penetrating Sullivan, yet the forensic investigation revealed no evidence of sexual activity.", "murdered 13 women in the Boston area. DeSalvo was never charged for these murders. But was charged and imprisoned for a series of rapes His", "No conclusive evidence was ever discovered that would link DeSalvo to the stranglings, despite his confession that revealed telling details about the victims and their apartments. Instead he was sentenced to life imprisonment for burglaries and sexual assaults that occurred before the serial killings began. No one was ever officially charged with the thirteen murders and the truth about DeSalvo's actual involvement will never be known.", "Albert DeSalvo was the state’s prime suspect, even though there was no physical evidence that linked him to any of the killings. F. Lee Bailey suggested that DeSalvo undergo hypnosis. He recalled the session:", "On October 27, 1964, a stranger entered a young woman's home posing as a detective. He tied his victim to her bed, proceeded to sexually assault her, and suddenly left, saying \"I'm sorry\" as he went. The woman's description led police to identify the assailant as Albert DeSalvo and when his photo was published, many women identified him as the man who had assaulted them. Earlier on October 27, DeSalvo had posed as a motorist with car trouble and attempted to enter a home in Bridgewater, Massachusetts. The homeowner, future Brockton police chief Richard Sproles, became suspicious and eventually fired a shotgun at DeSalvo.", " American serial killer who murdered at least 11 women in the Boston area between 1962 and 1964. His crimes were the subject of numerous books and a film, though the exact number of victims—as well as his identity—remains a matter of controversy.", "DeSalvo was sentenced to life in prison in 1967. In February of that year, he escaped with two fellow inmates from Bridgewater State Hospital, triggering a full scale manhunt. A note was found on his bunk addressed to the superintendent. In it DeSalvo stated that he had escaped to focus attention on the conditions in the hospital and his own situation. The next day he gave himself up. Following the escape he was transferred to the maximum security Walpole State Prison where, six years later, he was found stabbed to death in the infirmary. The killer or killers were never identified.", "Theodore Robert Bundy, born Theodore Robert Cowell (November 24, 1946 – January 24, 1989), known as Ted Bundy, was an American serial killer. Bundy murdered numerous young women across the United States between 1974 and 1978. He twice escaped from prison before his final apprehension in Feburary 1978. After more than a decade of vigorous denials, he eventually confessed to 30 murders, although the actual total of victims remains unknown. Estimates range from 29 to over 100, the general estimate being 35. Typically, Bundy would bludgeon his victims, then strangle them to death. He also engaged in rape and necrophilia.", "John Wayne Gacy, (March 17, 1942 - May 10, 1994) was an American serial killer. He was convicted and later executed for the rape and murder of 33 boys and men, 27 of whom he buried in a crawl space under the floor of his house, while others were found in nearby rivers, between 1972 and his arrest in 1978. He became notorious as the \"Killer Clown\" because of the many block parties he threw for his friends and neighbors, entertaining children in a clown suit and makeup, under the name of \"Pogo the Clown.\" Early life John Wayne Gacy, Jr. had a very distant relationship with his stern, alcoholic father who described Gacy as a \"sissy\" and who physically abused Gacy's mother. He worked briefly in Las Vegas before returning to Illinois. Gacy attended a business college and started a modera...", "* Albert Fish: also known as the \"Werewolf of Wysteria\". A sadist and pedophile who cannibalized several children. Convicted of one murder, confessed to two others. Claimed to have molested 100 children.", "* Jerry Brudos: also known as \"The Lust Killer\" and \"Shoe Fetish Slayer\"; killed at least 4 women in Oregon between 1968 and 1969", "* Jack Unterweger: author and sexual sadist; convicted of 10 murders; believed to have killed 12 women", "Charles Milles Manson (born November 12, 1934) is an American convict and career criminal, most known for his participation in the Tate-LaBianca murders of the late 1960s. Manson had spent most of his adult life in prison, initially for offenses such as car theft, forgery and credit card fraud. He also worked some time as a pimp. In the late 1960s, he became the leader of a group known as \"The Family\", and masterminded several brutal murders, most notoriously that of movie actress Sharon Tate (wife of the Polish movie director Roman Polanski), who was eight and a half months pregnant at the time. He was convicted of conspiracy to commit murder in what came to be known as the \"Tate-La Bianca case\", named after the victims, although he was not accused of committing the murders in person.", "* Bobbie Joe Long: also known as \"The Classified Ad Rapist\"; killed 10 women in Tampa Bay, Florida in 1984", "Robert Hansen, a serial killer who was active in the early 1980s, would kidnap women and release them in Alaska’s Knik River Valley. He would then hunt them, armed with a knife and a Ruger Mini-14 rifle. ", " A wolf in sheep’s clothing was the name given to the practically ancient man named Albert Fish. Seen as a kind and grandfatherly type, nobody could guess that Fish was actually a child molester and cannibal. Bringing ten-year-old Grace Budd to an abandoned house, Fish stripped the young girl nude and strangled her. He dined on her body for the next several days until she began to decompose. Fish sent a letter to the Budd home shortly thereafter explaining in great detail what he had done to Grace. The one assurance he gave the appalled Budd family was that Grace had died a virgin. When Fish was apprehended, it was found that he was afflicted with an acute addiction to sadism. Whether beating himself with a nail-embedded paddle or exacting “punishment” on another, Fish could not control his overwhelming desire for pain. It is said that he even looked forward to his own execution, believing it to be the definitive aching pain he had been longing for his entire life." ]	[ 7.8046875, 7.546875, 6.6875, 4.13671875, 3.453125, 2.986328125, 2.162109375, 0.88427734375, 0.69482421875, 0.62841796875, 0.5478515625, 0.323486328125, -0.314697265625, -1.1181640625, -1.5166015625, -1.6396484375, -2.052734375, -2.3984375, -2.412109375, -2.65625, -2.78515625, -3.029296875, -3.974609375, -4.6875, -5.9453125, -6.29296875, -6.48046875, -7.34765625, -7.54296875, -7.65234375, -8.4453125, -8.6640625 ]
In American Film Institute's list of the top 50 movie heroes, the number one hero, Atticus Finch, was from which film?	[ "His character from To Kill a Mockingbird (1962), Atticus Finch, was voted the greatest screen hero of all time by the American Film Institute in May 2003, only two weeks before his death (beating out Indiana Jones, who was placed second, and James Bond who came third).", "The American Film Institute (AFI) released the sixth list in its continuing series, 100 Heroes and Villains , to recognize the top 100 movie characters that were heroes or villains (with 50 for each category). The top hero chosen was Atticus Finch (portrayed by Gregory Peck) in To Kill a Mockingbird (1962) , and the top villain was Hannibal Lecter (portrayed by Anthony Hopkins) in The Silence of the Lambs (1991) .", "Atticus Finch from To Kill a Mockingbird (1962) and Dr. Hannibal Lecter from The Silence of the Lambs (1991), Hannibal (2001), Red Dragon (2002), and Hannibal Rising (2007) were listed as the #1 hero and villain. See more »", "The courtroom of the Monroe County Courthouse was meticulously re-created in Hollywood for the film version of To Kill A Mockingbird earning Gregory Peck an Academy Award for his portrayal of Atticus Finch. Finch was named America's number one cinematic hero by the American Film Institute. Thanks to literary masterpieces by Truman Capote and Harper Lee, Monroeville does not seem remote today, though it preserves the rural life of Mockingbird for the book's generations of admirers. The small town of Capote and Lee has been declared Alabama's Literary Capital.", "Indiana Jones was voted the second greatest screen hero of all time by the American Film Institute, just behind Gregory Peck 's Atticus Finch in To Kill a Mockingbird (1962). Han Solo was ranked at #14.", "Peck won the Academy award for his fifth nomination, playing Atticus Finch, a Depression-era lawyer and widowed father, in a film adaptation of the Harper Lee novel To Kill a Mockingbird. Released in 1962 during the height of the US civil rights movement in the South, this movie and his role were Peck's favorites. In 2003, Atticus Finch was named the top film hero of the past 100 years by the American Film Institute.", "Gregory Peck (1963) – Gregory Peck's performance as lawyer Atticus Finch in the film of Harper Lee's novel, \"To Kill a Mockingbird,\" was a standout to academy voters. He beat out some stiff competition for best actor: Peter O'Toole for \"Lawrence of Arabia\" and Burt Lancaster for \"Birdman of Alcatraz.\" Here Peck and his wife, Veronique, attend an Oscar after-party in 1963.", "Gregory Peck won an Oscar as Atticus Finch in the 1962 film To Kill a Mockingbird Photo: Rex", "\"To Kill a Mockingbird,\" published in 1960, is set in the 1930s in the fictional town of Maycomb and introduced Atticus Finch, Scout, Boo Radley and other beloved literary characters. The book was adapted into an Oscar-winning movie starring Gregory Peck as Atticus and has become standard reading in schools and other reading programs, with worldwide sales topping 40 million copies.", "During the 1960s and 1970s, Peck continued to challenge himself as an actor, appearing in thrillers, war films, westerns and in his best known film, TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD. Based on the book by Harper Lee, TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD addresses problems of racism and moral justice in personal and powerful ways. As Atticus Finch, a lawyer in a small Southern town, Peck created a character that remains a great example of an individual’s struggle for humanity within deeply inhumane conditions. It seems clear however, that the reason for Peck’s constant assertion that TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD is his best (and favorite) film, was the film’s attention to the lives of children and the importance of family. From THE YEARLING (1946) to CAPE FEAR (1962) familial concern has been the underlying structure from which his greatest characters have grown.", "Nominated for Academy Awards four times early in his career, Peck finally won the best-actor honor with his fifth and final nomination for ``To Kill a Mockingbird.'' The 1962 classic was based on Harper Lee's novel about widowed lawyer Atticus Finch, who is raising two children amid Southern racial unrest as he defends a black man wrongly accused of raping a white woman.", "To Kill a Mockingbird is among the most beloved novels in history, with sales topping 40 million copies. It was released on July 11, 1960, won the Pulitzer Prize and was adapted into a 1962 movie starring Gregory Peck in an Oscar-winning performance as attorney Atticus Finch.", "The novel is renowned for its warmth and humor, despite dealing with the serious issues of rape and racial inequality. The narrator's father, Atticus Finch, has served as a moral hero for many readers and as a model of integrity for lawyers. One critic explains the novel's impact by writing, \"In the twentieth century, To Kill a Mockingbird is probably the most widely read book dealing with race in America, and its protagonist, Atticus Finch, the most enduring fictional image of racial heroism.\" ", "Taken from the classic Harper Lee book of the same name, the story shows a glimpse of the racial problems of the Southern United States in the 1950's. Gregory Peck is one of the main reasons this film works so well. Peck, one of those All-American actors, plays Atticus Finch, an Alabama lawyer, who is asked to defend a black man accused of raping a young white woman. As the trail progresses, it becomes very clear that the handicapped black man couldn't have committed the crime and the woman's alcoholic father is probably to blame. But the all white jury points its finger at the black man with deadly consequences. The story is seen through the eyes of the lawyer's children, especally his daughter Scout. The three children had very little acting experience, but were quite exceptional. The film was also the screen debut of Robert Duvall, who played a completely silent role. The film was highly controversial when it opened, but both the book and this great adaption are now classics. Appears on AFI's list of best films at #34.", "And in the #BlackLivesMatter era, it was particularly timely to publish a follow-up to Mockingbird, which is remembered mostly as a civil rights classic. This is the secret to its staying power in classrooms. Its portrayal of the Jim Crow South is historically relevant. Its young protagonist gives students someone to relate to as she discovers how unjust her society is; Atticus Finch, the protagonist's father and a lawyer who defends a black man falsely accused of rape, is a morally uplifting portrait of a just man confronting an unjust society. (It doesn't hurt that recollections of the book are often refracted through the Peck movie, which focuses on the book's racism plot.) Finch loses the trial, but the book makes it clear that what matters is that he stood up for what he believed in.", "The American Film Institute named Atticus Finch the greatest movie hero of the 20th century. Additionally, the AFI ranked the movie second on their 100 Years... 100 Cheers list, behind It's a Wonderful Life. The film was ranked number 34 on AFI's list of the 100 greatest movies of all time, but moved up to number 25 on the 10th Anniversary list. In June 2008, the AFI revealed its \"Ten top Ten\"—the best ten films in ten \"classic\" American film genres—after polling over 1,500 people from the creative community. To Kill a Mockingbird was acknowledged as the best film in the courtroom drama genre. ", "Finch earned Peck his final Hollywood honor, placing No. 1 last week on the American Film Institute's list of top 50 heroes in U.S. movies.", "Lee's Pulitzer Prize-winning novel To Kill a Mockingbird has remained enormously popular since its publication in 1960. Recalling her experiences as a six-year-old from an adult perspective, Jean Louise Finch, nicknamed “Scout,” describes the circumstances involving her widowed father, Atticus, and his legal defense of Tom Robinson, a local black man falsely accused of raping a white woman. In the three years surrounding the trial, Scout and her older brother, Jem, witness the unjust consequences of prejudice and hate while at the same time witnessing the values of courage and integrity through their father's example. Lee's first and only novel, To Kill a Mockingbird was published during the Civil Rights movement, and was hailed as an exposé of Southern racist society. The heroic character of Atticus Finch has been held up as a role model of moral virtue and impeccable character for lawyers to emulate. To Kill a Mockingbird has endured as a mainstay on high school and college reading lists. It was adapted to film in 1962 as a major motion picture starring Gregory Peck.", "\"To Kill a Mockingbird\" is the story of single dad Atticus Finch and his family, as told from the standpoint of Scout. This year marks the 50th anniversary of the film phenomenon.", "\"To Kill a Mockingbird\" was published in 1960. It is about a girl nicknamed Scout growing up in the 1930s. Scout lives in the South, which had more racial problems between blacks and whites than other areas. In the book, a black man is wrongly accused of attacking a white woman. Scout's father, the lawyer Atticus Finch, defends the man, although people hate him for it.", "Peck’s Academy Award -winning performance as Atticus Finch became an enduring part of cinema history; in 2003 his character was voted the top film hero in a poll conducted by the American Film Institute. Badham, as the tomboyish Scout, earned praise in her first screen role. Scout’s friend, the imaginative, storytelling “Dill,” was patterned after Lee’s childhood friend, the writer Truman Capote . Robert Duvall made his film debut as “Boo” Radley, a reclusive neighbour.", "The film's young protagonists, Jean Louise \"Scout\" Finch (Mary Badham) and her brother Jeremy Atticus \"Jem\" Finch (Phillip Alford), live in the fictional town of Maycomb, Alabama, during the early 1930s. The story covers three years, during which Scout and Jem undergo changes in their lives. They begin as innocent children, who spend their days happily playing games with each other and spying on Arthur \"Boo\" Radley (Robert Duvall), who has not been seen for many years by anybody as a result of never leaving his house and about whom many rumors circulate. Their widowed father, Atticus (Gregory Peck), is a town lawyer and has a strong belief that all people are to be treated fairly, to turn the other cheek, and to stand for what you believe. He also allows his children to call him by his first name. Early in the film, the children see their father accept hickory nuts, and other produce, from Mr. Cunningham (Crahan Denton) for legal work because the client has no money. Through their father's work as a lawyer, Scout and Jem begin to learn of the racism and evil in their town, aggravated by poverty; they mature quickly as they are exposed to it.", "the story of Scout Finch, a young girl growing up in Maycomb, Alabama in the 1930’s. Scout’s innocence is shattered when her father, the upstanding and moral lawyer Atticus Finch, defends a black man accused of rape. Directed by Timothy Sheader and starring Daniel Betts as Atticus Finch, Zackary Momoh as Tom Robinson and Christopher Akrill as Boo Radley. 4th - 9th May", "Peck won an Oscar for his portrayal of Atticus Finch, the father of the novel's narrator, Scout.", "** In 2003 the main character, Robin Hood, appeared as the #18 Hero on AFI's 100 Years... 100 Heroes and Villains list.", "The book quickly became a best-seller. It won the Pulitzer Prize for the best novel and was made into a movie in 1962. Actor Gregory Peck won an Oscar for his portrayal of Atticus. As the civil rights movement grew, the novel inspired a generation of young lawyers. It was read in high schools all over the country and was a popular choice for citywide, or nationwide, reading programs.", "Named the #5 Greatest Actor on the 50 Greatest Screen Legends by the American Film Institute.", "Review: Dunaway and Finch received Oscars. Great film. Added to the National Film Registry of The Library of Congress in 200.", "Named the #7 greatest actor on The 50 Greatest Screen Legends List by the American Film Institute", "MASH, as a film, was a relative success, nominated for 5 Academy Awards and winning for Best Adapted Screenplay, and introduced the world to Benjamin Franklin “Hawkeye” Pierce and John “Trapper” McIntyre. A third character, “Duke” Forrest, is featured in the novel and film but did not translate into the television show.", "In 1962, Universal Pictures released a film adaptation featuring Gregory Peck in the starring role, Robert Duvall as Boo Radley, and Birmingham natives Mary Badham as Scout and Philip Alford as Jem. Renowned playwright Horton Foote wrote the screenplay, and Elmer Bernstein composed the memorable musical score. In 1963, the film was nominated for eight Academy Awards and won three: Gregory Peck for best actor; Horton Foote for best screenplay; and Henry Bumstead for best art direction. British playwright Christopher Sergel adapted the book into a play that is widely produced, including an annual spring performance at the Monroe County courthouse in Monroeville and periodic performances at the Alabama Shakespeare Festival in Montgomery .", "The only actor to win an Oscar posthumously was Peter Finch , who won the Academy Award for Best Actor in 1977 for his role in the movie" ]	[ 7.67578125, 7.44140625, 6.6640625, 5.27734375, 4.73046875, 3.86328125, 3.630859375, 2.7265625, 2.580078125, 2.509765625, 2.30859375, 1.8671875, 1.7490234375, 1.7138671875, 1.4765625, 1.419921875, 1.365234375, 1.2841796875, 0.63037109375, 0.42724609375, -0.7021484375, -0.9384765625, -1.3427734375, -2.349609375, -4.6953125, -4.8984375, -4.91796875, -6.140625, -6.1953125, -6.7734375, -7.32421875, -8.0625 ]
Which group had a top ten hit in 2000 called Cartoon Heroes?	[ "\"Cartoon Heroes\" is a song by the Danish-Norwegian dance-pop group Aqua from their second studio album, Aquarius. The song was sent to radio stations worldwide on January 1, 2000. It was their first release anywhere for over 14 months, due to the time spent touring the world, resting and recording the second album. Although still a commercial success, it failed to follow the success of earlier songs such as \"Barbie Girl\" (1997), reaching top ten positions in ten countries. In Denmark, the song debuted at number one and went on to become the best-selling single of 2000, with sales of 32,765 copies. ", "A greatest hits album, Cartoon Heroes: The Best of Aqua, was released on 22 May 2002 in Japan and in the US in 2006. It included most of their singles except for \"Didn't I\", \"Good Morning Sunshine\", and \"We Belong to the Sea\". It also included several non-singles such as \"Back from Mars\", \"Happy Boys and Girls\", \"Halloween\", \"Calling You\", and \"An Apple a Day\", as well as a Hampenberg remix of their hit single \"Cartoon Heroes\" and music videos for \"Cartoon Heroes\" and \"Around the World\".", "Upon its initial release, Kirshner had promotion men play it for radio station execs without telling them the name of the group (due to the disappointing chart performance of the Archies' previous single, \"Feelin' So Good (S.k.o.o.b.y-D.o.o.)\", which only went to number 53 on the Billboard Hot 100 charts). Only after most of the DJs liked the song were they told that it was performed by a cartoon group. The Archies' hit wound up as one of the biggest (and most unexpected) number-one hits of the year, one of the biggest bubblegum hits of all time, in America thanks partly to association with the hit CBS-TV Saturday morning cartoon series.", "Spice Girls were an English girl group, formed in 1994 and primarily successful between the summer of 1996 and the autumn of 2000. As a five-piece, the Spice Girls became the best selling and most successful girl group of all time, releasing two multi-platinum albums, \"Spice\" and \"Spiceworld\", scoring six consecutive UK #1 hits (9 #1 hits - including 2 double A-side singles -, one #2 hit and a Top 20 Comeback Single, in a total of 11 singles), and appearing in their own motion picture, video game, Pepsi, Polaroid and Impulse commercials as well as grossing millions of dollars in band merchandising alone. Estimated combined album sales are 65 million copies worldwide.", "The music video shows the Animated All Star Band meeting and recording the song in a studio, parodying other charity songs in the style of Band Aid's \"Do They Know It's Christmas?\", with Big Chris, the character voiced by Kay in Roary the Racing Car, first arranging the recording session and then leading the singing. Most of the contributions are stop motion characters. Those who are not are displayed on a TV screen with in the stop motion world \"via satellite\"", "In the late 1960s and early 1970s, animated series often featured musical groups that were fictional or sometimes based on real life musicians. This dates at least as far back as 1965 with The Beatles , but the Archies helped popularize the concept. Most of these groups played bubblegum pop . Several were also teenage detectives, influenced by Scooby Doo . These groups included The Groovie Goolies , The Hardy Boys , Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kids , The Banana Splits (actually live action with actors in animal costumes and dubbed speaking voices), The Cattanooga Cats , The Chan Clan , and The Neptunes . Animated versions of The Jackson 5ive , the Osmond Brothers , the Partridge Family , and The Brady Bunch also existed. Archie Comics ' own creation Josie and the Pussycats was successful both as an animated series and as a comic book (and later a live action motion picture ), but The Bingoes and The Madhouse Glads lacked its popularity and never appeared in animation. Two modern examples of the \"cartoon rock group\" could include the British band, Gorillaz —a musical project created in 1998 by British musician Damon Albarn and British cartoonist Jamie Hewlett, and Dethklok , a fictional death metal band created by Brendon Small .", "The Moffatts are a borderline case. They were heralded as Canada's answer to the Backstreet Boys (regardless of the fact that - unlike BSB - they played their own instruments and wrote their own songs), but they only had one #1 single with \"Bang Bang Boom\" from their 2000 album Submodalities (along with a top-five hit, \"I'll Be There for You\"). The band broke up soon after the album was released, with the members citing unfair comparisons to other teen pop groups. Today, they're more or less seen as a punchline to the pop deluge from the late 90's. The Moffatts had a few other hits outside of Canada, such as the UK top 20 \"Miss You Like Crazy\", but none of them were really that massive.", "* The Butthole Surfers released a version included on the 1995 tribute album Saturday Morning: Cartoons' Greatest Hits, produced by Ralph Sall for MCA Records. ", "Atomic Kitten are an English pop girl group formed in Liverpool in 1998 whose current members are Natasha Hamilton, Kerry Katona and Michelle Heaton. The band was founded by Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark (OMD) frontman Andy McCluskey, who served as a principal songwriter during their early years. Sugababes singer Heidi Range was included in the original line-up but was replaced by Hamilton. The group's debut album Right Now was released in October 2000 and peaked at number 39 in the UK. After four top ten singles, Katona quit the group and was replaced by former Precious singer Jenny Frost. \"Whole Again\" (recorded before Katona left), their next single, became their most successful single when it topped the UK singles chart and became the 13th best-selling single of the 2000s. The group re-released their debut album, with some tracks re-recorded with Frost's vocals. The album hit number one in the UK with the album going double platinum after selling over 600,000 copies in the UK.", "A cover of the show’s theme song performed by Liz Phair with Material Issue (surprisingly appropriate as Liz Phair and three cast members of the Banana Splits attended New Trier High School) is included on the 1995 tribute album Saturday Morning: Cartoons' Greatest Hits, produced by Ralph Sall for MCA Records. Another rendition was performed by rock & roll comic C.C. Banana on the 2005 cartoon tribute album \"Complete Balanced Breakfast.\" ", "Boney M. is a Caribbean vocal group created by German record producer Frank Farian. Originally based in West Germany, the four original members of the group's official line-up were Jamaican-born singers Liz Mitchell and Marcia Barrett, Maizie Williams from Montserrat and Bobby Farrell from Aruba. The group was formed in 1976 and achieved popularity during the disco era of the late 1970s. Since the 1980s, various line-ups of the band have performed with different personnel.", "The Chipmunks sing NBC's \"Let's All Be There\" theme. Featuring other classic hit shows and characters like: The Smurfs, Spider-Man and his Amazing Friends, Quick Draw McGraw, Heckle and Jeckle, Mr. T, The Snorks, The Pink Panther and Sons, The Tom and Jerry Comedy Show and many more of Saturday and Sunday Cartoons on DVD Disc 1 (Saturday)", "Ron Dante was a young vocalist with plenty of commercial success - the kind of commercials one found on television. He was the popular singing voice behind many ad campaigns for soft drinks and fast food, but longed to break into 'real' music. After auditioning for Kirshner and Barry, Dante got the job as lead and background vocalist for the Archies. (Ironically, Dante's one earlier attempt at popular-music fame could have cost him his chance with the Archies gig: as part of the short-lived gag group The Detergents, he'd had a brief minor hit with the spoof song \"Leader of the Laundromat\" - a satirical dig at the Shangri-Las' \"Leader of the Pack,\" which was written by none other than Jeff Barry. Fortunately a quick out-of-court settlement had put to rest any legal shenanigans, so that by the time Dante auditioned for the Archies the entire incident was forgotten.)", "*The Wiggles and Jimmy Little sang this song on their 2000 album Wiggly Wiggly World (Lyons Group). ", "Atomic Kitten are an English pop girl group formed in Liverpool in 1998, consisting of members Liz McClarnon, Natasha Hamilton and Kerry Katona. The group was formed by Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark (OMD) frontman Andy McCluskey, who served as a principal songwriter during the band's early years. Sugababes singer Heidi Range was included in the original line-up but was replaced by Hamilton.", "Pink's debut album, Can't Take Me Home, was produced by Babyface and Steve Rhythm, and released in April 2000. A substantial success, it went double platinum in the U.S., sold 5 million copies worldwide and produced two U.S. top ten singles: \"There You Go\" and \"Most Girls\" (which reached number one in Australia). The album's third single, \"You Make Me Sick\", became a smaller U.S. top forty hit and UK top ten hit in early 2001 and was featured in the film Save the Last Dance.", "Hey, hey, they’re not The Monkees, but this quintet formed on ABC’s Making The Band in 2000. Their first of five singles, “Liquid Dreams” , became a minor entry in early 2001, but it was their follow-up, a big ballad called “All Or Nothing” , that launched them into the #1 spot at CHR radio. They last hit the top 50 in 2003. One solo release by Ashley Parker Angel, “Let U Go” from 2006, is included in their total.", "Dante, Barry, and Andy Kim, one of Barry's clients who would meet with minor success, wrote songs for the fictional group. Most of the vocals were simply handled by Dante alone, with a few various other vocalists brought in now and then to beef up particular arrangements. To provide the female voices in the cartoon band - i.e., Betty and Veronica - Toni Wine, a former staff writer with Kirshner's music label, was brought in. Studio musicians provided the instrumentation.", "On November 4, 2009, the Los Angeles Times reported that No Doubt had filed a lawsuit over its portrayal in the music video game Band Hero . The lawsuit alleged that the game had \"transformed No Doubt band members into a virtual karaoke circus act\". The case was filed in Los Angeles Superior Court and cited Activision , the game's developer, as having exceeded contractual likenesses of the members of No Doubt. [38]", "Heather Small is lead singer and front for the band M People, the group enjoyed major success in the 1990’s with globally recognised hits such as Search for the Hero and One Night in Heaven.", "The MTV cartoon character was commenting on Color Me Badd, a band from Oklahoma City’s Northwest Classen High School hitting it big with “I Wanna Sex You Up” in 1991. Wearing brightly colored suits and gyrating to rehearsed choreography, the pop supernova exploded with two follow-up No. 1 singles, a triple-platinum debut album and nine Top 40 hits before disbanding in 1998.", "When Mr. Blobby went to number one with \"Mr Blobby\" in 1993 it was the first time in 41 years of chart history that an eponymously title song achieved this feat. However, less than four months \"Doop\" hit number one by a band called Doop!", "Description : Rockin' Through the Decades is a live-action and animated television special based on characters from Alvin and the Chipmunks", "LMNT was an American-based boy band formed in 2000. The group's name was selected by the band's original line-up from contest entries solicited by Teen People magazine.", "The group has recorded eight albums, including the highly touted seasonal record entitled \"Street Carols,\" which itself has become a holiday classic. Also, a cameo-recording on Rhino Records' sports music perennial, \"Baseball's Greatest Hits.\" Their children's series, \"Doo-Wop & Lollipops,\" has won numerous awards, including the Parent's Choice Gold Award and the Parent's Guide to Children's Media Award.", "In September 2004, they performed on the World Music Awards, where they were recognised as the Best Irish Act of that year. They then released a Rat Pack-inspired album, ...Allow Us to Be Frank, which peaked at No. 3. No singles from this album were released in the UK. \"Ain't That a Kick in the Head\", accompanied with a music video, was released as a physical single in other European countries. \"Smile\" and \"Fly Me to the Moon\", both with music videos as well, were released as digital downloads only.", "Charity gig: Boyzone released When The Going Gets Tough, which topped the charts, for the charity Comic Relief in 1999", "In 1986, the band broke through with the single \"Happy Hour\", which reached No.3 in the UK charts helped by a claymation animated pop promo of a type that was in vogue at the time. At the end of the same year, they had a No.1 single with a cover version of Isley Jasper Isley's \"Caravan of Love\".", "This Toronto-based group who had neither an Edward or a Bear in the band, were one of the earliest Canadian acts to sign to a major U.S. label when they joined Capitol Records in 1969. Their 1972 hit \"Last Song\" reached number one in Canada and number three in the States, their best chart performance.", "The Screaming Blue Messiahs had a song called \"I Wanna Be a Flintstone\" on their album Bikini Red . It was later rereleased on the soundtrack album of the 1994 live action film The Flintstones .", "The Screaming Blue Messiahs had a song called \"I Wanna Be a Flintstone\" on their album Bikini Red. It was later re-released on the soundtrack album of the 1994 live action film The Flintstones.", "They released Hey Man in 1996. The song \"Take Cover\" was included on the soundtrack to the cartoon series Mega Man." ]	[ 7.15625, 1.384765625, -0.5830078125, -2.9609375, -3.875, -4.046875, -4.828125, -4.890625, -4.953125, -5.25390625, -5.46875, -5.4765625, -5.5859375, -5.62890625, -5.74609375, -6.16796875, -6.41796875, -6.62109375, -6.703125, -6.83984375, -6.86328125, -7.359375, -7.375, -7.671875, -7.78515625, -7.890625, -7.9296875, -8.9609375, -9.0234375, -9.109375, -9.1328125, -10.390625 ]
In which year did Superman appear in comics for the first time?	[ "Superman is a fictional character, a comic book superhero who appears in comic books published by DC Comics. He is widely considered to be an American cultural icon. Created by American writer Jerry Siegel and Canadian-born American artist Joe Shuster in 1932 while both were living in Cleveland, Ohio, and sold to Detective Comics, Inc. (later DC Comics) in 1938, the character first appeared in Action Comics #1 (June 1938) and subsequently appeared in various radio serials, television programs, films, newspaper strips, and video games. With the success of his adventures, Superman helped to create the superhero genre and establish its primacy within the American comic book. The character’s appearance is distinctive and iconic: a blue, red and yellow costume, complete with cape, with a stylized “S” shield on his chest. This shield is now typically used across media to symbolize the character.", "Superman is a fictional character, a comic book superhero who appears in comic books published by DC Comics. He is widely considered to be an American cultural icon. Created by American writer Jerry Siegel and Canadian-born American artist Joe Shuster in 1932 while both were living in Cleveland, Ohio, and sold to Detective Comics, Inc. (later DC Comics) in 1938, the character first appeared in Action Comics #1 (June 1938) and subsequently appeared in various radio serials, television programs, films, newspaper strips, and video games. With the success of his adventures, Superman helped to create the superhero genre and establish its primacy within the American comic book. The character's appearance is distinctive and iconic: a blue, red and yellow costume, complete with cape, with a stylized \"S\" shield on his chest. This shield is now typically used across media to symbolize the character.", "Superman is a character of DC Comics , a comic book superhero widely considered to be one of the most famous and popular such characters and an American cultural icon. Created by American writer Jerry Siegel and Canadian-born artist Joe Shuster in 1932 while both were living in Cleveland, Ohio, and sold to Detective Comics , Inc. in 1938, the character first appeared in Action Comics #1 (June 1938) and subsequently appeared in various radio serials, television programs, films, newspaper strips, and video games.", "Superman's first appearance was in Action Comics #1, in 1938. In 1939, a self-titled series was launched. The first issue mainly reprinted adventures published in Action Comics, but despite this the book achieved greater sales. 1939 also saw the publication of New York World's Fair Comics , which by summer of 1942 became World's Finest Comics . With issue #7 of All Star Comics , Superman made the first of a number of infrequent appearances, on this occasion appearing in cameo to establish his honorary membership of the Justice Society of America .", "Superman is an ongoing American comic book series featuring the DC Comics hero of the same name. The character Superman began as one of several anthology features in the National Periodical Publications comic book Action Comics #1 in June 1938. The strip proved so popular that National launched Superman into his own self-titled comic book, the first for any superhero, premiering with the cover date Summer 1939. Between 1986 and 2006 it was retitled The Adventures of Superman while a new series used the title Superman. In May 2006, it was returned to its original title and numbering. The title was canceled with issue #714 (October 2011) and relaunched with a new #1 the following month.", "Created by writer Jerry Siegel and artist Joe Shuster, the superhero character - who escaped the destruction of his home planet Krypton, to wage battle against the forces of injustice - first appeared in the pages of Action Comics in 1938. Superman also became a popular figure in radio and cartoons, before leaping into live action movies and TV shows.", "If Cavill's Superman is an immigrant having trouble assimilating into his adopted homeland, he's actually come a fitting full circle since Superman's earliest days. The character was invented by two Jewish teens from Cleveland, writer Jerry Siegel and artist Joe Shuster, whose self-published 'zine introduced Superman in 1933. But Super-scholars generally date his birth to his 1938 appearance in Action Comics #1, with its iconic cover image of Superman hoisting a car over his head. That was the first time he was exposed to a national audience, thanks to publisher National Allied Publications (later DC Comics, the publisher that would go on to popularize Batman, Wonder Woman and a host of others). The familiar backstory was already in place: the infant Kal-El, lone survivor of his destroyed planet, lands in middle America, is raised as unassuming Clark Kent, recognizes that his superhuman powers oblige him to help the weak, and uses his identity as big-city reporter Kent as a cover for his heroic activities as Superman. Today, that issue of Action Comics, generally regarded as the first superhero comic book, can go for $2 million a copy, but Siegel and Shuster earned just $130 for the rights to their work. Of course, Superman immediately took off in popularity, leading Siegel and Shuster to spend a lifetime battling DC over royalties – over the share of the American Dream they felt had been denied them.", "In the spring of 1939 Superman #1 hit the stands, the first comic book ever devoted to a single character. Soon after, DC’s other ubiquitous superhero, Batman, made his debut in Detective Comics #27. Their earliest joint appearance came during a 1945 episode of “The Adventures of Superman,” a radio serial. In the comic book universe, meanwhile, they didn’t meet until 1952, when, in Superman #76, they coincidentally find themselves rooming together on the same cruise. Since then, the two have often teamed up—and occasionally clashed—across a number of different mediums. More meetings are planned for the future, including a 2015 film starring Henry Cavill as Superman and Ben Affleck as Batman.", "Some of the major characters have appeared since the early days of Superman's adventures. Lois Lane first appeared with Superman in Action Comics #1, while his arch-enemy, Luthor, first appeared in Action #23, April 1940, albeit with a shock of red hair instead of the bald pate he would sport from his third appearance onward. Jimmy Olsen and Perry White were introduced on \"The Adventures of Superman\" radio show, but made their way into Superman comics by 1940. Superman's parents, Jor-El and Lara, first appeared in the Superman newspaper strip in 1939 as \"Jor-L\" and \"Lora,\" but did not appear in the comics until 1945, when they appeared in the first Super boy story in More Fun Comics #101 that January. More Fun/Adventure also established the first names of Superman's foster parents, the Kents, as Jonathan and Martha. The fifth dimension imp, Mr. Mxyzptlk (then spelled \"Mxyztplk\"), made his first appearance in Superman #30, September 1944.", "Clark Kent, also known as Kal-El (his birth name) and Superman, debuted in Action Comics #1 in 1938, which kickstarted the Golden Age of Comics. Starting in Action Comics #60 in 1943, DC Comics occasionally put out stories teasing the idea of a female counterpart to the Man of Steel without committing to it. This 1943 story “Lois Lane: Superwoman” shows investigative journalist Lois Lane gaining identical abilities to Superman after he gives her a blood transfusion, only to then realize she’s just dreaming.", "Superman was first depicted as possessing the power of flight in issue #13 (June 1939). [14] Other new superpowers depicted for the first time for the character included X-ray vision in issue #18 (November 1939) [15] and telescopic vision and super-breath in issue #20 (January 1940). [16]", "Detective Comics, Inc. soon launched a fourth title, Action Comics, the premiere of which introduced Superman. Action Comics #1 (June 1938), the first comic book to feature the new character archetype—soon known as \"superheroes\"—proved a sales hit. The company quickly introduced such other popular characters as the Sandman and Batman.", "Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster saw their creation, Superman (also known as Kal-El, originally Kal-L), launched in Action Comics #1 on April 18, 1938 (cover dated June), an event which began the Golden Age of Comic Books. Siegel and Shuster had tried for years to find a publisher for their Superman character originally conceived as a newspaper strip without success. Superman was originally a bald madman created by Siegel and Shuster who used his telepathic abilities to wreak havoc on mankind. He appeared in Siegel and Shuster's book Science Fiction. Siegel then commented, \"What if this Superman was a force for good instead of evil?\" The writer and artist had worked on several features for National Allied Publications' other titles such as Slam Bradley in Detective Comics and were asked to contribute a feature for National's newest publication. They submitted Superman for consideration and, after re-pasting the sample newspaper strips they had prepared into comic book page format, National decided to make Superman the cover feature of their new magazine. After seeing the published first issue, publisher Harry Donenfeld dismissed the featured strip as ridiculous and ordered it never to be on the cover of the series again. Subsequent reports of the first issue's strong sales and follow up investigations revealed that Superman was the reason, thus the character returned to the covers, becoming a permanent presence in issue 19 onward. ", "Joseph Stalin and Superman share the nickname \"Man of Steel\". Superman is hailed as \"The Man of Steel\", \"The Man of Tomorrow\", and \"The Last Son of Krypton\". Superman is a fictional character, a comic book superhero appearing in publications by DC Comics, widely considered to be an American cultural icon. \"Superman's early development was awkward. Jerry Siegel first used the name in 1933 for a science fiction story titled, “The Reign of Superman,” with illustrations by Joe Schuster. Inspired by the German philosopher Nietzsche, Siegel's first Superman was an evil mastermind with advanced mental powers. Unfortunately, the text of this story has been lost to history. After Hitler came to power in Germany in 1933 and proceeded to distort Nietzsche's concept of Superman, Siegel and Shuster decided to rethink their own concept of Superman's character to a force for good\". See Supermen", "On this day in 1939 The McClure Newspaper Syndicate ( King Aroo, There Oughta Be a Law! ) launched a comic strip about the biggest star yet to emerge from the related comic book medium. Superman, by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster, became the first property to go from comic books to newspaper comics 71 years ago today.", "When Siegel and Shuster were younger they tried pitching the Superman idea at newspapers and comics. One of their earliest proposals was a cartoon character called The Superman in 1933. They were constantly rejected, to the point that artist Joe Shuster once tore up his Superman artwork and stated that he'd redo the character properly if the time ever came. Today Superman is one of the 10 most recognized 'people' on the face of the planet. He has been in several movies, cartoons and TV series.", "Action Comics is an American comic book series that introduced Superman , one of the first major superhero characters as the term is popularly defined. The publisher was originally known as Detective Comics , Inc., and later as National Comics and as National Periodical Publications, before taking on its current name of DC Comics . Its original incarnation ran from 1938 to 2011 and stands as one of the longest-running comic books with consecutively numbered issues; a second volume of Action Comics, beginning again with issue #1, was launched in 2011 and is currently in publication as of 2015.", "Action Comics is an American comic book series that introduced Superman , one of the first major superhero characters as the term is popularly defined. The publisher was originally known as National Allied Publications , and later as National Comics Publications and as National Periodical Publications, before taking on its current name of DC Comics . Its original incarnation ran from 1938 to 2011 and stands as one of the longest-running comic books with consecutively numbered issues. A second volume of Action Comics with issue #1 ran from 2011 to 2016. Action Comics returned to its original numbering beginning with issue #957 (Aug. 2016).", "Jor-El was first referred to in Action Comics #1 in 1938, but made his first full-fledged appearance in the Superman newspaper comic strip in 1939, where his name was spelled as \"Jor-L\"; his name first appeared as being spelled \"Jor-El\" in a 1942 Superman novel. After the introduction of DC's multiverse system in the 1960s, it was established that the Golden Age version of Superman's father was named \"Jor-L\" and lived on the Krypton of the Earth-Two universe, while \"Jor-El\" was the father of the Silver Age version of Superman and lived on the Krypton of the Earth-One universe.", "Volume One was published on 4th January 2006 for the American market, with its Kindle counterpart given a much later release date of 13th June 2013. It collects previously released golden-age Superman stories stretched across from June 1938 to July 1939 in magazine form from Action Comics #1-13, New York World's Fair Comics #1 and Superman #1 (with the first Superman magazine publication collecting stories previously published in Action Comics #1, which are not reprinted here again for reader convenience sake).", "Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster first created a bald telepathic villain bent on dominating the entire world. He appeared in the short story \" The Reign of the Super-Man \" from Science Fiction #3, a science fiction fanzine that Siegel published in 1933. Siegel re-wrote the character in 1933 as a hero, bearing little or no resemblance to his villainous namesake, modeling the hero on Douglas Fairbanks Sr. and his bespectacled alter ego, Clark Kent, on Harold Lloyd. Siegel and Shuster then began a six-year quest to find a publisher. Titling it The Superman, Siegel and Shuster offered it to Consolidated Book Publishing, who had published a 48-page black-and-white comic book entitled Detective Dan: Secret Operative No. 48 . Although the duo received an encouraging letter, Consolidated never again published comic books. Shuster took this to heart and burned all pages of the story, the cover surviving only because Siegel rescued it from the fire. Siegel and Shuster each compared this character to Slam Bradley , an adventurer the pair had created for Detective Comics #1 (May 1939).", "When the supply of available existing comic strips began to dwindle, early comic books began to include a small amount of new, original material in comic-strip format. Inevitably, a comic book of all-original material, with no comic-strip reprints, debuted. Fledgling publisher Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson founded National Allied Publications, which would evolve into DC Comics, to release New Fun #1 (Feb. 1935). This came out as a tabloid-sized, 10-inch by 15-inch, 36-page magazine with a card-stock, non-glossy cover. An anthology, it mixed humor features such as the funny animal comic \"Pelion and Ossa\" and the college-set \"Jigger and Ginger\" with such dramatic fare as the Western strip \"Jack Woods\" and the \"yellow-peril\" adventure \"Barry O'Neill\", featuring a Fu Manchu-styled villain, Fang Gow. Issue #6 (Oct. 1935) brought the comic-book debut of Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster, the future creators of Superman, who began their careers with the musketeer swashbuckler \"Henri Duval\" (doing the first two installments before turning it over to others) and, under the pseudonyms \"Leger and Reuths\", the supernatural-crimefighter adventure Doctor Occult. ", "Superman’s origin is perhaps one of the best-known stories in comic-book history. Indeed, in All Star Superman no. 1 (2005), writer Grant Morrison and artist Frank Quitely expertly cover the salient points with just four panels and eight words. On the doomed planet Krypton, scientists Jor-El and Lara place their infant son Kal-El into a rocket bound for Earth . He is found by Martha and Jonathan Kent, a kindly couple from the mid-American town of Smallville. They name the boy Clark and raise him as their own. As a child, Clark exhibits a collection of superhuman powers—invulnerability, incredible strength, the ability to leap incredible distances, and super speed—that would later become the hallmarks of his alter ego, Superman, the “Man of Steel.”", "Religion and Characters in Action Comics (vol. 1) #1 (June 1938): untitled 1-page Superman origin story", "The 1960s saw the introduction of a second Superman . DC had established a multiverse within the fictional universe its characters shared. This allowed characters published in the 1940s to exist alongside updated counterparts published in the 1960s. This was explained to the reader through the notion that the two groups of characters inhabited parallel Earths. The second Superman was introduced to explain to the reader Superman's membership of both the 1940s superhero team the Justice Society of America and the 1960s superhero team the Justice League of America .", "Action Comics is an American comic book series that introduced Superman, the first major superhero character as the term is popularly defined. The publisher was originally known as Detective Comics, Inc., and later as National Comics and as National Periodical Publications, before taking on its current name of DC Comics, a subsidiary of Time Warner.", "DC Comics launched Superman volume 3 with issue #1 in September 2011 (cover dated November 2011), as part of The New 52. The first three issues saw George Pérez doing the scripting and breakdowns. DC announced in October 2011 that Dan Jurgens would be co-writing and drawing Superman with Keith Giffen. Their first issue was #7 (May 2012). As of September 2012's #0 Issue, Scott Lobdell and Kenneth Rocafort became the creative team. DC Comics' All Access webcast announced on February 4, 2014 that John Romita Jr. would be drawing the Superman series in collaboration with writer Geoff Johns. Romita Jr.'s Superman pencils were inked by Klaus Janson. Superman's secret identity as Clark Kent was revealed to the world by Lois Lane in a storyline by writer Gene Luen Yang in 2015. ", "National Allied Publications bought their first Superman story and printed in in the first issue of Action Comics. Action was an anthology, and the other stories in the issue included “Chuck Dawson,” “Zatara Master Magician,” “Sticky-Mitt Stimson,” and other similarly titled pulp tales. The first issue of Action Comics was a hit, and Superman was a sensation.", "• Which of the following superheroes was the earliest to make their first appearance in a comic book? Superman", "The character, created by Joe Shuster and Jerry Siegel for National Comics (today DC Comics), subsequently appeared in various radio serials, television programs, films, and video games. Superman was born Kal-El on the planet Krypton and, as an infant, was rocketed to Earth by Jor-El, his scientist father, moments before Krypton exploded. The rocket landed on Earth outside the town of Smallville, where young Kal-El was discovered and adopted by the amiable Jonathan and Martha Kent. As he grew, he discovered that he possessed powers far beyond those of mortal men. When not fighting the forces of evil as Superman, he lives amongst humanity as Clark Kent, a \"mild-mannered reporter\" for the Daily Planet. Clark works alongside reporter Lois Lane, with whom he is romantically involved. In current comics continuity, they are married, however, the character has had several other relationships throughout his years in comics. The character's adventures are today published in a number of comic books.", "In the space of the first page of what went on to become the world's most famous comic, Superman's back-story is mapped out. We learn he was placed in a \"hastily devised spaceship\" by his scientist father and launched towards earth just before his own planet \"was destroyed by old age\".", "\"Target Superman!\" part 1 \"The Irresistible Clark Kent!\" part 2 written by Leo Dorfman, penciled and inked by Jim Mooney (Superman, Lois, Perry White, Superman robots, Lana Lang (cameo) ." ]	[ 6.82421875, 6.7734375, 6.5625, 5.8984375, 5.32421875, 5.0859375, 5.04296875, 4.4921875, 4.11328125, 4.07421875, 4.0703125, 3.98828125, 3.5546875, 3.03125, 2.912109375, 2.75, 2.599609375, 2.109375, 1.8828125, 1.3818359375, 1.1201171875, 1.0771484375, 0.1021728515625, -0.07171630859375, -0.564453125, -0.7646484375, -1.2841796875, -2.482421875, -2.779296875, -3.21875, -5.99609375, -7.140625 ]
Which West Midlands comedian was born Chris Collins in 1957 and sang on a number one hit single in 1996?	[ "To wit: his name isn’t even Frank Skinner. It is Christopher Graham Collins. His parents still call him Graham, but when he was getting into stand-up comedy there was already a Chris Collins registered with Equity, a man who happened to be a singer from Burnley, so the comedian from the West Midlands had to change his name.", "Frank Skinner (born Christopher Graham Collins; 28 January 1957) is an English writer, comedian, TV and radio presenter, and actor. At the 2001 British Comedy Awards, he was awarded the Best Comedy Entertainment Personality. ", "In 1996 The Football Association commissioned Broudie to write an England song for the upcoming Euro '96 football tournament. Broudie agreed on the condition that comedians Frank Skinner and David Baddiel, who had presented the late-night television show Fantasy Football League participated. The resulting song, \"Three Lions\", became a No. 1 on the UK Singles Chart and was adopted as a football chant, not only in the UK but also in countries such as Germany, where the single and accompanying video reached No. 16 in their charts.", "He name-checked Timperley, the village within the Altrincham area of Greater Manchester where he lived with his mother, at every opportunity, even when adapting Queen's \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" – \"Is this the real life, or is this just Timperley?\" sung with a stuck-on moustache à la Freddie Mercury – the Sex Pistols' \"Anarchy In The UK\" or \"Panic\" by The Smiths. He became a fixture of the comedy circuit, a recurrent guest on Mark Radcliffe's Hit The North programme on Radio 5 in 1990, and developed a cult following.", "The off-beat comedian teamed up with the band from the Midlands, and returned the song to the top.", "Collins is an active musician and entertainer, contributing and guesting regularly on many albums, ranging from Gary Brooker and \"Camel\" ( Peter Barden 's old band) to Eric Clapton . Current projects include his solo career as a vocalist, recording with Genesis, the Jazz Fusion group Brand X and his Swing Band. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Genesis in 2010.", "Collins was the subject of a Spitting Image (1984) parody song. Titled \"Hello, You Must Be Going\", with lyrics by Ian Hislop and Nick Newman , vocals and music by Philip Pope . The song portrays Collins as a man constantly inspired to write songs by his wives walking out on him, but also agonizes over losing his hair and his physical resemblance to Mel Smith , Bob Hoskins and Eddie Shah . The song was released as a B-side to the 12-inch version of \"The Chicken Song\", a UK number one single in May 1986.", "Kenneth Arthur Dodd OBE (born 8 November 1927 ) is a veteran English comedian and singer songwriter , famous for selling over 100 million records, his buck teeth, frizzy hair, feather duster (or \"tickling stick\"), and his catchphrases, often playing on the 'tickled' motif, e.g. \"How tickled I am!\". He works mainly in the music hall tradition, although, in the past, has occasionally appeared in drama, including as Malvolio in Shakespeare 's Twelfth Night on stage in Liverpool in 1971 ; on television in the cameo role of 'The Tollmaster' in the 1987 Doctor Who story Delta and the Bannermen ; and as Yorick (in silent flashback) in Kenneth Branagh 's film version of Shakespeare's Hamlet in 1996 .", "Robbie Williams is the most famous pop star to hail from the city. Many of his songs refer to Stoke-on-Trent, either directly or indirectly. These include \"It's Only Us\", \"Burslem Normals\", \"The 80's\" and the spoken introduction to his duet with Jonathan Wilkes of the song \"Me and My Shadow\". The song \"Angels\" was partly inspired by the golden angel at Burslem Town Hall. In 2015, three streets in a new housing estate in Middleport were named after Williams' hit songs: Supreme Street, Candy Lane and Angels Way. ", "Collins released his most successful album, the Diamond-certified No Jacket Required, in February 1985. It reached No. 1 in both the UK and U.S. It contained the U.S. number-one hits \"One More Night\" and \"Sussudio\" as well top ten hits \"Don't Lose My Number\" and \"Take Me Home\". It also contains the lesser known \"Who Said I Would\", and \"Only You Know and I Know\". The album featured contributions from The Police's vocalist, Sting, ex-bandmate Peter Gabriel, and Helen Terry as backing vocalists. He also recorded the successful song \"Separate Lives\", a duet with Marilyn Martin, and a U.S. #1, for the movie White Nights. Collins had three U.S. number-one songs in 1985, the most by any artist that year. No Jacket Required won three Grammy Awards including Album of the Year. ", "in 2005 - Tony Christie started a two week run at No.1 on the UK album chart with the ‘Definitive Collection’. This was almost 30 years after his last album chart appearance due to his Comic Relief No.1 single with comedian Peter Kay.", "Sir Cliff Richard was born Harry Roger Webb on 14th October 1940. He is a singer-songwriter and entrepreneur. He dominated the British popular music in the late 1950s and early 1960s and continues to be a popular music, film and television personality in Britain. ", "Richard Paul Astley (; born 6 February 1966) is an English singer, songwriter, musician, and radio personality. His 1987 song, \"Never Gonna Give You Up\" was a No. 1 hit single in 25 countries. By the time of his retirement in 1993, Astley had sold approximately 40 million records worldwide. ", "The Goodies are a trio of British comedians: Tim Brooke-Taylor, Graeme Garden, and Bill Oddie. They wrote and performed in their eponymous surreal comedy show during the 1970s and early 1980s combining sketches and situation comedy.", "Chris' first major TV work came in 1998, when he was given his own weekly show on the now-defunct UK satellite and cable channel UK Play. The Chris Moyles Show featured both Chris and Comedy Dave presenting a rather odd but amusing half hour mix of music videos, features and celebrity guests.", "Kenneth Arthur \"Ken\" Dodd, OBE (born 8 November 1927) is an English comedian, singer-songwriter and actor, identified by his trademark unruly hair and protruding teeth, his red, white and blue \"tickling stick\" and his famous, upbeat greeting of \"How tickled I am!\". He also created the world and characters of the Diddy Men, with 'diddy' being Liverpudlian slang for small.", "* Chas and Dave - \"Rabbit\", \"Stars Over 45\", \"Ossie's Dream (Spurs Are On Their Way To Wembley) (with Tottenham Hotspur FC)\"", "In 1996, Moyles joined London station Capital FM hosting his weekend show 'The Late Bit', which went out on a Friday & Saturday evening, and covering for other DJs. It was at Capital that Moyles fell out with fellow DJ 'Doctor' Neil Fox . After declining the offer of presenting the breakfast show on rival station Kiss 100 , [5] Moyles joined Radio 1 in July 1997.", "Robert Peter Williams (born 13 February 1974, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire) is an English singer, songwriter, and record producer. While Williams' early pop career started with the hit boy band Take That, he has found far greater success since taking his leave in 1995. As a solo artist, Williams has released seven #1 albums, a #1 Greatest Hits compilation, achieved album sales of over 57 million worldwide. His eighth studio album, \"Reality Killed The Video Star\" was released in November 2009 after Williams' two-year break from the music industry. In 2010 it was revealed that Williams has rejoined Take That and their latest album will be released in November.", "Harry Hill (born Matthew Keith Hall; 1 October 1964) is an English comedian, author and television presenter, best known for singing chart topping hits since 2004 and hosting Harry Hill's TV Burp for eleven years, from 2001 to 2012. A former physician, Hill began his career in comedy when he began hosting his popular radio show Harry Hill's Fruit Corner, but has worked on a number of projects, including his 2013 film The Harry Hill Movie.", "Jasper Carrott, the stage name of Robert Norman Davis OBE (born 14 March 1945), is an English comedian, actor, television presenter, and personality.", "OBE (born Harry Rodger Webb; 14 October 1940) is a British pop singer, musician, performer, actor, entrepreneur and philanthropist, who has sold over 260 million records worldwide.", "The portly comedian is best known for his expletive-laden stand-up comedy, but also scored a hit single in 1995 with a blue cover version of the song Living Next Door to Alice.", "Terence Edward \"Terry\" Hall (born 19 March 1959, Coventry, England) is an English musician and the lead singer of The Specials, and formerly of Fun Boy Three, The Colourfield, Terry, Blair & Anouchka and Vegas. He has released two solo albums and has also collaborated with many artists including David A. Stewart, Bananarama, Lightning Seeds, Sinéad O'Connor, Stephen Duffy, Dub Pistols, Gorillaz, Damon Albarn, D12, Tricky, Junkie XL, Leila Arab, Lily Allen, Shakespears Sister and Nouvelle Vague.", "In May/June 2006 Moyles appeared on a celebrity version of ITV’s music talent competition X-Factor, entitled X Factor: Battle Of The Stars. Under the stewardship of Louis Walsh, Chris reached the semi finals, losing out to rugby player Matt Stevens and the eventual winner, actress Lucy Benjamin. Over the course of seven consecutive nights, Chris wowed the crowds with his performances of What A Wonderful World , Burning Love and Ain’t That A Kick In The Head (click the links for audio).", "Jasper Carrott OBE (born Robert Davis, March 14, 1945) is an English comedian (declaring himself \"world famous in Birmingham\")", "1945, Born on this day, Dave Lee Travis, BBC Radio 1 and TV presenter. (1976 UK No.4 single �Convoy GB� as Laurie Lingo and the Dipsticks).", "Chris Addison is a stand-up comedian, writer, and actor with a career that has spanned over a decade. Chris is known for his lecture-style comedy shows, two of which he later adapted for BBC Radio 4, as well as for his roles as Ollie in the BBC television satirical comedy The Thick of It and Toby in its spin-off film In the Loop. He also starred in and co-created ‘Lab Rats’, a sitcom that aired on BBC2 in 2008.", "Justin Lee Collins is a television and radio presenter, and occasional singer. Hailing from Bristol, he is well known for his West Country accent.", "Terry Hall born (Coventry) English rock and pop singer, songwriter. Founder member of the Specials, the Funboy Three, Colourfield and solo artist.", "1959 Birthday - Terry Hall, born in Coventry, England, singer, The Specials, member of Fun Boy Three, The Colourfield, collaborated with Sinead O'Connor, David A Stewart and others", "1943, Tony Christie, UK singer, 1971 UK No.18 single (‘Is This The Way To) Amarillo’, re-released in aid of Comic" ]	[ 0.64794921875, 0.1527099609375, -0.45654296875, -5.8828125, -5.94921875, -6.0703125, -6.09765625, -6.5703125, -6.69921875, -6.7734375, -6.8515625, -6.8828125, -7.15625, -7.2890625, -7.3203125, -7.390625, -7.65625, -7.8515625, -7.96875, -8.0234375, -8.1875, -8.4765625, -8.5, -8.9375, -8.9921875, -9.015625, -9.2421875, -9.359375, -9.46875, -9.7109375, -9.90625, -10.15625 ]
Which British playwright wrote Educating Rita, Blood Brothers and Shirley Valentine?	[ "“Blood Brothers” by British playwright Willy Russell, who also wrote “Educating Rita” and “Shirley Valentine,” will be presented April 15-19 in the Charter Arts Black Box Theatre.", "Blood Brothers the musical has been and continues to be extremely successful, as it has played continuously to London audiences since 1988 and has become the longest-running show ever at the Phoenix Theatre , its current home. The show has seen a host of celebrities take to the stage in leading roles, and the soundtrack which was released in 1995 by the current cast at the time, has become popular amongst fans of the musical. The music was in fact composed by playwright Willy Russell, who also wrote the story of Blood Brothers, as well as other plays including Educating Rita and Shirley Valentine. The cast recording included Stephanie Lawrence as Mrs. Johnstone and Paul Crosby and Mark Hutchinson as brothers Mickey and Eddie.", "Educating Rita is a stage comedy by British playwright Willy Russell. It is a play for two actors set entirely in the office of an Open University lecturer.", "Willy Russell is a celebrated playwright, screenwriter and television dramatist whose work includes: Educating Rita, Shirley Valentine, Our Day Out, One Summer and the musical Blood Brothers. His first success was a play about The Beatles called John, Paul, George, Ringo ... and Bert that was commissioned for the Everyman Theatre, Liverpool, before it transferred to the West End in London, in 1974. His play Educating Rita won the 1980 Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Comedy, and which he later adapted into a film starring Michael Caine and Julie Walters in 1983, and which was nominated for an Academy Award in 1984 for Best Adapted Screenplay.", "Willy Russell (Author) – Award-winning playwright Willy Russell composed the score as well as wrote the book and lyrics for Blood Brothers. He won the Olivier Award for Best Musical for his work on Blood Brothers, as well as Best New Play awards for Educating Rita and Shirley Valentine. His screenplays for the film versions of Shirley Valentine and Educating Rita each earned him Academy Award nominations.", "Shirley Valentine represents the second felicitous collaboration between playwright Willy Russell and director Lewis Gilbert; the first was Educating Rita (1983).", "Willy Russell, 62, is best known for Blood Brothers, Educating Rita and Shirley Valentine. One of the longest-running musicals in the West End, Blood Brothers won the Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical in 1983, and its 1988 production is still running. Educating Rita and Shirley Valentine were both awarded the Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Comedy, in 1980 and 1988 respectively. Both plays were made into successful films, and are currently running as part of the Willy Russell season at Trafalgar Studios in London (until October 30). Our Day Out – The Musical, which first aired in 1977 as a television play, is at the Liverpool Royal Court Theatre from August 27 to October 9 (willyrussell.com). He lives in Liverpool with his wife, Annie.", "Shirley Valentine is a one-character play by Willy Russell. Taking the form of a monologue by a middle-aged, working class Liverpool housewife, it focuses ...", "As well as ‘Educating Rita’ and ‘Blood Brothers’, Willy Russell has seen soaring success with the play ‘Shirley Valentine’ , the story of a middle-aged housewife from Liverpool, focusing on her life before and after a life-changing holiday abroad. The play first opened in Liverpool in 1986 before transferring to London’s Vaudeville Theatre starring Pauline Collins. The show crossed the pond to New York where it ran for over 300 performances on Broadway and won a Theatre World Award for Outstanding Broadway Debut. In 1989, ‘Shirley Valentine’ was adapted into a film, again starring Collins as the title role, where she received a BAFTA Award. Willy Russell also nominated for Best Adapted Screenplay for the BAFTA and Oscar Awards.", "Since then he has written several plays, including Educating Rita (1981), about a working-class woman who decides to study English with the Open University and Shirley Valentine (1988), a housewife who becomes transformed after a holiday in Greece. Both plays were made into films from Willy Russell’s own screenplays starring Julie Walters and Pauline Collins respectively, each winning an Oscar nomination, as did the author for best screenplay. He has also written plays for television, including the well-received Our Day Out (1984).", "Shirley Valentine is an award-winning 1989 British romantic comedy-drama film directed by Lewis Gilbert. The screenplay by Willy Russell is based on his 1986 one-character play of the same title, which follows middle aged Shirley Valentine in an unexpected discovery of herself, and rekindling of her childhood dreams and youthful love of life. ", "‘ Blood Brothers ’ the musical was written by playwright and composer Willy Russell in 1983 and was first shown to audiences in Liverpool, Russell’s home city, before transferring to London’s West end in 1988. In 1991, the musical moved from the Noel Coward Theatre, formerly the Albery, to the Phoenix Theatre on Charing Cross Road, where it still shows to sold-out audiences to this day. As well as writing the story for ’Blood Brothers’, Willy Russell also composed the musical score, has written several other plays and TV shows since and has published one novel in the year 2000.", "The disappearing case of Willy Russell is one of the mysteries and frustrations of the British theatre. A revival on the same bill of two of his best known plays – Shirley Valentine dates from 1986, Educating Rita, an RSC commission, from 1980 – renowned for entertaining film versions starring Pauline Collins and Julie Walters, is a chill reminder that the man who also wrote book, lyrics and music for the perennial Blood Brothers hasn't written a new stage play since.", "In 1980, Julie scored a huge solo success under the theatre lights when she made her London debut in Willy Russell 's \"Educating Rita.\" For her superlative performance she won both the Variety Critic's and London Critic's Circle Awards as the young hairdresser who vows to up her station in life by enrolling in a university. She conquered film as well when Educating Rita transferred to the big screen opposite Michael Caine as her Henry Higgins-like college professor, collecting a Golden Globe Award and Oscar nomination.", "Written by Willy Russell, one of the country's leading contemporary dramatists, BLOOD BROTHERS tells the captivating and moving tale of twins who, separated at birth, grow up on opposite sides of the tracks. The incredible score includes Bright New Day and the emotionally charged Tell Me It's Not True. Experience this great British musical at the Phoenix Theatre today!", "Sir Tom Stoppard, OM, CBE, FRSL (born Tomáš Straussler; 3 July 1937) is a Czech-born British playwright, knighted in 1997. He has written prolifically for TV, radio, film and stage, finding prominence with plays such as Arcadia, The Coast of Utopia, Every Good Boy Deserves Favour, Professional Foul, The Real Thing, and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead. He co-wrote the screenplays for Brazil and Shakespeare in Love, and has received one Academy Award and four Tony Awards. Themes of human rights, censorship and political freedom pervade his work along with exploration of linguistics and philosophy. Stoppard has been a key playwright of the National Theatre and is one of the most internationally performed dramatists of his generation.", "As films, Educating Rita and Shirley Valentine earned Oscar nominations for, respectively, Julie Walters and Pauline Collins. As plays, they have barely been off the stage in productions all over the world. The Menier Chocolate Factory is shrewdly reviving the pair of them in rep.", "Sir Tom Stoppard, OM, CBE, FRSL is a Czech-born British playwright, knighted in 1997. He has written prolifically for TV, radio, film and stage, finding prominence with plays such as Arcadia, The Coast of Utopia, Every Good Boy Deserves Favour, Professional Foul, The Real Thing, and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead. He co-wrote the screenplays for Brazil and Shakespeare in Love, and has received one Academy Award and four Tony Awards. Themes of human rights, censorship and political freedom pervade his work along with exploration of linguistics and philosophy. Stoppard has been a key playwright of the National Theatre and is one of the most internationally performed dramatists of his generation. In 1939, Stoppard left Czechoslovakia as a child refugee, fleeing imminent Nazi occupation. He settled with his family in Britain after the war, in 1946. After being educated at schools in Nottingham and Yorkshire, Stoppard became a journalist, a drama critic and then, in 1960, a playwright. He has been married twice, to Josie Ingle and Miriam Stoppard, and has two sons from each marriage, one of whom is actor Ed Stoppard.", "As a part of the Liverpool Comedy Festival 2009 Royal Court Liverpool are delighted to be presenting Willy Russells multi-award-winning comedy. Pauline Daniels is the best ever Shirley Valentine Joe Riley, Liverpool Echo Shirley Bradshaw is a mum who always does whats best for the family. She has been a mother and wife for so long she has forgotten what it was like to do what she wants to do. Isnt that right, wall? Shirley Valentine has won awards all over the world and was made into a BAFTA winning, Golden Globe and Oscar nominated film. The funny and uplifting play will make you forget about your worries and make you feel glad to be alive.", "Willy Russell's 1981 nature vs nurture musical Blood Brothers was only a modest success before it hit the West End. Once established at the Lyric Theatre in 1983, it won the Olivier Award for Best New Musical and another Olivier for Barbara Dickson's performance as Mrs Johnstone. The current show, which enters its 23rd year on the West End in July, opened way back in 1988.", "“I wrote Rita for £700 for 18 nights of performance in the Warehouse – now the Donmar,” he says. “I wrote Shirley for £1,500 for a three-week run at the Everyman. I wrote Blood Brothers for Merseyside Theatre Company for £500 to play in schools in the Liverpool area. I don’t sit down every time to make money. But if you get it right, a play will always make more money than a movie will.”", "The play was adapted by Russell for radio in 2009 – see Educating Rita (radio play). It starred Bill Nighy and Laura Dos Santos directed by Kirsty Williams, and was a 90 minute play broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on Boxing Day 2009. ", "Dame Daphne du Maurier, Lady Browning DBE (; 13 May 1907 – 19 April 1989) was an English author and playwright.", "Fresh from the success of Educating Rita, Russell was commissioned to write a piece for Merseyside Young People’s Theatre, which visited schools in the area. This eventually became the musical Blood Brothers (1986), described by critic Sheridan Morley as 'undoubtedly the most exciting thing to have happened to the English musical theatre in years.' Blood Brothers is a modern-day prince and the pauper tale about twins born into a poor Liverpool family, only to be separated when their mother realises she cannot afford to keep them both. When they meet years later, they become great friends, but the story is not to end happily. It all turns on the enternal nature/nurture question, and generates passion in that it taps into our primal need to belong, to form part of a social group. ", "The teacher in my fourth year at Downs junior school was the stunningly charismatic figure of Dickie Webb - pedagogue extraordinary, sometime playwright, Shakespearian actor, RAF hero, centre-forward for Southampton, poet, raconteur and form-teacher. In a grey and depressed post-war Britain of rationing, pre-fabs and dowdy clothes he would appear in brilliant Fairisle sweaters, loud check suits, yellow waistcoats and deafening ties. He wrote us a play in Iambic pentameters, explaining blank verse and why the Bard had used it. The play was about The Globe Theatre. My life-long friend Christopher Geer played the part of Shakespeare and I was Burbage, singing 'Greensleeves' to lyrics of Mr. Webb's own making:", "The Open University has been featured in many film and television programmes. The plot of Educating Rita surrounds the working class character aiming to \"improve\" herself by studying English literature. She attends private tutorials run by alcoholic lecturer Frank. ", "She played the part of Rita in a stage adaptation of Educating Rita at Dundee Repertory Theatre in 1987.", "She has appeared in two musicals in the West End. These are Pump Boys and Dinettes at the Piccadilly and Albery Theatres and in the lead role of Mrs Johnstone in the long-running hit Blood Brothers at the Phoenix Theatre. She appeared in the UK tour of Blood Brothers between 1995 and 1998. ", "A stage musical based on the original novel, but using most of the Leslie Bricusse vocal score of the 1969 film, was mounted at the Chichester Festival and opened on 11 August 1982. The book was by Roland Starke and the production was directed by Patrick Garland and Christopher Selbie. Among the Chichester Festival cast were John Mills as Mr. Chips, Colette Gleeson as Kathie, Nigel Stock as Max, Michael Sadler and Robert Meadmore in supporting roles, and 20 local school boys, including Kevin Farrar who was selected by Bricusse to sing the final verse of the iconic \"School Song\", which features on the original cast album which was recorded on 'That's Entertainment Records' label TER 1025 at Abbey Roads Studios in London on 17th/18th August 1982. JAY-jay Records also have a release of it.", "Under that contract Joan made several films and also built a successful theatrical career. Her first major theatrical role was as Sabina in Thornton Wilder's \"The Skin of Our Teeth\", and other leading roles included \"The Seventh Veil\", \"The Praying Mantis\", \"Jassy\" and \"Claudia & David\". After working in films and television for several years, Joan Collins returned to the British stage in 1980 to play the title role in the Chichester Festival Theatre's production of \"The Last of Mrs. Cheyney\", which soon moved to the West End and played to sell-out houses throughout its run. In 1990, Joan played Amanda in a revival of Noel Coward’s \"Private Lives\", which won her outstanding reviews both in the West end and on Broadway. In 2000, she completed an American tour of \"Love Letters\" opposite Stacy Keach; in 2001, she starred in Ken Ludwig’s \"Over the Moon\" at London’s Old VicTheater and in 2004 she toured the UK in Alan Melville's \"Full Circle\".", "He grew up in Singapore and India during the Second World War and moved to England in 1946 with his mother and stepfather, his own father having been killed in Singapore. Educated at schools in Nottinghamshire and Yorkshire, he became a journalist working for the Western Daily Press (1954-8) and the Bristol Evening World (1958-60), and became theatre critic for Scene magazine in London (1962-3). He began writing plays for radio and television, including The Dissolution of Dominic Boot (1964), A Walk on the Water, televised in 1963, and The Stand-Ins, later revised as The Real Inspector Hound (1968). Albert's Bridge (1968) was first broadcast by BBC Radio in 1967.", "Noel Coward Daniel Massey Charles Fraser Robert Reed A rthur Lawrence Rose Jack Roper A ndre Chariot" ]	[ 8.8359375, 7.8671875, 7.30078125, 6.328125, 6.296875, 6.21875, 6.16796875, 4.609375, 4.578125, 3.716796875, 3.240234375, 3.060546875, 2.966796875, 2.1484375, 1.1640625, 0.305419921875, -0.022247314453125, -0.25732421875, -1.626953125, -1.689453125, -2.18359375, -2.3515625, -2.498046875, -2.62109375, -2.642578125, -2.916015625, -4.83984375, -6.41796875, -6.4453125, -7.47265625, -8.125, -8.7109375 ]
Who featured on Melanie C's number one single Never Be The Same Again in 2000, and died in a car accident in 2002?	[ "Left Eye died in a car accident in 2002, which brought a premature end to TLC’s chart success. Although TLC never had a Number 1, Lisa Lopes topped the Official Singles Chart in 2000 with a featured rap on former Spice Girl Melanie C’s Never Be The Same Again.", "in 2000 - Melanie C scored her first solo UK No.1 single with 'Never Be The Same Again' with Lisa 'Left Eye' Lopes from TLC. She replaced her former Spice Girl Geri Halliwell from the top of the charts.", "\"Never Be the Same Again\" is a song by English singer-songwriter Melanie C, featuring American rapper Lisa \"Left Eye\" Lopes of American girl group TLC. It was released on 20 March 2000 as the third single from her first solo album, Northern Star (1999). The song was co-written by Melanie C, producer Rhett Lawrence, Paul F. Cruz and Lopes.", "Melanie Jayne Chisholm, better known as Melanie C or Mel C, is an English singer, songwriter, actress and television personality. She is one of the five members of the Spice Girls, in which she was...", "In 2001, Fort Worth , Texas KEGL-FM DJs Kramer and Twitch on created a panic for her fans when they falsely reported that she and her then-boyfriend, 'NSYNC's Justin Timberlake, were in a car accident involving a pretzel truck and that she had died in the crash. In reality, they were both alive and well and had not been in any car wreck. [8] Later, in October 2001, a website spoofing CNN also stated that she had been killed in a car crash. [9]", "Melanie Jayne Chisholm (born 12 January 1974), better known as Melanie C or Mel C, is an English singer, songwriter, actress and television personality. She is one of the five members of the Spice Girls, in which she was nicknamed Sporty Spice, and sold over 100 million records worldwide as a group. Melanie C began her solo career in late 1998 by singing with Canadian rock singer Bryan Adams on the song \"When You're Gone\". Her solo debut album Northern Star was released in 1999 and reached number four on the UK Albums Chart and was certified triple Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). It produced four top fives and a top twenty single, two of which reached the number-one spot in the UK. Chisholm's second album, Reason, was released in March 2003 and sold more than 500,000 copies. The album reached number five in the UK and produced one top ten, one top twenty and a double A sided top thirty single.", "* Never Be the Same Again [Melanie C / Lisa \"Left Eye\" Lopes] - MTV Fantastic Females Vol. 3 [Various Artists/Asian Release only]", "Rapper Lisa (Left Eye) Lopes was 32 when she died in a crash in Honduras on April 25, 2002.", "Melanie Janine Brown (born 29 May 1975), better known as Mel B or Melanie B, is a British recording artist, songwriter, dancer, actress, author, television presenter, talent competition judge and model. Brown rose to fame as a member of the girl group the Spice Girls, in which she was known as Scary Spice. She is known as Mel B to distinguish her from her Spice Girls bandmate, Melanie C.", "Melanie C got her first taste of solo work when she was featured in Bryan Adams single When You're Gone in 1999. She then signed on to Virgin Records and releases her debut album Northern Star and releases five singles from it, which garnered some success in Europe.", "Melanie C released her début solo single, \"Goin' Down\", which made number four and was the follow-up to her number three duet with Bryan Adams from the previous year. Her album, Northern Star made number four on the charts, and is the biggest selling solo album by a Spice Girl with over 3 million copies sold worldwide. The title track from the album also made number four later on in the year. She would experience greater success with her singles the following year.", "Freddie Mercury (born Farrokh Bulsara; 5 September 1946 – 24 November 1991) was a British singer, songwriter and record producer, known as the lead vocalist and co-principal songwriter of the rock band Queen. He also became known for his flamboyant stage persona and four-octave vocal range. Mercury wrote and composed numerous hits for Queen (\"Bohemian Rhapsody,\" \"Killer Queen,\" \"Somebody to Love,\" \"Don't Stop Me Now,\" \"Crazy Little Thing Called Love,\" and \"We Are the Champions.\"); occasionally served as a producer and guest musician (piano or vocals) for other artists; and concurrently led a solo career while performing with Queen.", "Beyoncé Giselle Knowles-Carter (; born September 4, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter, record producer and actress. Born and raised in Houston, Texas, she performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child and rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of R&B girl-group Destiny's Child. Managed by her father, Mathew Knowles, the group became one of the world's best-selling girl groups of all time. Their hiatus saw the release of Beyoncé's debut album, Dangerously in Love (2003), which established her as a solo artist worldwide, earned five Grammy Awards and featured the Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles \"Crazy in Love\" and \"Baby Boy\".", "June 2001: Two Texas DJs created a panic for her fans when they falsely reported that the pop princess and her boyfriend, NSYNC’s Justin Timberlake, were in a car accident and that she had died in the crash.", "Norman Quentin Cook (born Quentin Leo Cook on 16 July 1963), also known by his stage name Fatboy Slim, is an English DJ, musician, rapper, and record producer. As a solo electronic act, he has won ten MTV Video Music Awards and two Brit Awards. His records as Fatboy Slim also helped to popularise the big beat genre which achieved mainstream popularity in the 1990s.", "Norman Quentin Cook (born Quentin Leo Cook, 16 July 1963), better known by his stage name Fatboy Slim is a British DJ, big beat musician, producer and pioneer of the electronic dance genre which achieved mainstream popularity in the 1990s. Cook has achieved considerable success in the UK charts, performing as Fatboy Slim and with The Housemartins, Beats International and Freak Power. He currently performs as the Brighton Port Authority.", "Helen Folasade Adu (born 16 January 1959), better known as Sade, is a British singer-songwriter, composer, and record producer. Sade was born in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. Her middle name, Folasade, means \"honor confers your crown.\" When Sade was 11, she moved to live at Holland-on-Sea with her mother, and after completing school at 18 she moved to London and studied at the Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design. While at college, she joined a soul band, Pride, in which she sang backing vocals. Her solo performances of the song \"Smooth Operator\" attracted the attention of record companies and in 1983, she signed a solo deal with Epic Records, taking three members of the band with her. Sade and her band produced the first of a string of hit albums, the debut album Diamond Life, in 1984, and have subsequently sold over 50 million albums. She is the most successful solo female artist in British history.", "Freddie Mercury (born Farrokh Bulsara (Gujarati: ફારોખ બલ્સારા), 5 September 1946 – 24 November 1991) was a British musician, best known as the lead vocalist and a songwriter of the rock band Queen. As a performer, he was known for his flamboyant stage persona and powerful vocals over a four-octave range. As a songwriter, Mercury composed many hits for Queen, including \"Bohemian Rhapsody\", \"Killer Queen\", \"Somebody to Love\", \"Don't Stop Me Now\", \"Crazy Little Thing Called Love\" and \"We Are the Champions\". In addition to his work with Queen, he led a solo career, penning hits such as \"Barcelona\", \"I Was Born to Love You\" and \"Living on My Own\". Mercury also occasionally served as a producer and guest musician (piano or vocals) for other artists. He died of bronchopneumonia brought on by AIDS on 24 November 1991, only one day after publicly acknowledging he had the disease.", "December 17, 2001 ï¿½ Bianca Halstead (a.k.a. Bianca Butthole), bassist/singer for Hollywood hard rockers Betty Blowtorch was killed 5:30 a.m. yesterday morning in a car accident in New Orleans. She was 36 years old. The driver of the car was 33-year-old William McAllister, reportedly a correspondent for Metal Sludge. According to Chris Lee from the New Orleans band Supagroup, who was with Bianca up until she left with McAllister, McAllister and Bianca left the El Matador Lounge near on Decatur Street after a night of post-gig partying with tourmates Nashville Pussy following their gig at the Howlin' Wolf. \"They were driving on the I10 toward Kinner in a '86 Corvette when McAllister lost control of the wheel and the car spun around. They were sideswiped by another car on Bianca's side and she was killed instantly. McAllister is be held by New Orleans police and is facing criminal charges. The two passengers in the other car have been hospitalized.\" A local news story on the incident reported today that their car jumped the median and swerved into oncoming traffic before being hit. Sources say McAllister appeared inebriated, though Bianca had been sober for 10 years.", "Melanie Janine Brown (born 29 May 1975), better known as Mel B, Melanie B and, for a short time, as Melanie G, is a British presenter, television personality, singer, rapper, dancer, recording artist, actress, author, and model. Brown rose to fame as a member of the girl group the Spice Girls, in which she was known as Scary Spice. The group signed to Virgin Records and in 1996 they released their debut single, \"Wannabe\", which hit number one in more than 31 countries and helped establish the group as a \"global phenomenon\". It was followed by their debut album, Spice, which has sold more than 28 million copies worldwide, becoming the best-selling album by a female group in music history. The band's second album, Spiceworld, went on to sell over 20 million copies worldwide. As of 2013, the Spice Girls have sold over 100 million albums worldwide, making them the biggest selling female group in history and also one of the best-selling music artists in the world. Brown is also known for supporting girl power and earlier global tours, which grossed an estimated $500–800 million between 1996 and 2001. The Return of the Spice Girls was the band's comeback tour throughout 2007 and 2008, having grossed US$200 million and winning the Billboard 2008 Touring Award. As of July 2013, Brown's net worth is estimated to be $85 million. ", "Sinéad Marie Bernadette O’Connor (; born 8 December 1966) is an Irish singer-songwriter who rose to fame in the late 1980s with her debut album The Lion and the Cobra. O’Connor achieved worldwide success in 1990 with a new arrangement of Prince’s song \"Nothing Compares 2 U\".", "* 1999: Kemistry, an influential drum and bass DJ, died after a cat's eye flew through the windshield of a car in which she was a passenger and struck her in the head. A van directly in front of the car had dislodged the cat's eye. ", "December, 1997: Country singer Amie Comeaux died in an auto accident on I-12 near Lacombe, Louisiana", "Another boost for the Indo Caribbean music industry came with the return of a pre-dominantly East Indian government to Guyana in 1992 and to Trinidad in 1995. Following both of these events, there was a tidal wave of new recordings and artists that flowed onto the music scene. This was especially true of Guyana, which saw hundreds of \"local\" artists as they are called, emerging after years of never making any recordings due to the repression of the previous government. Among these were Nisha Benjamin who re-released some of her songs, and veteran Guyanese singer, Joyce Urmela Harris whose song \"Taxi Driver,\" depicting the life of her husband, hit #1 on the Indo-Caribbean charts.", "Tula Paulina \"Tulisa\" Contostavlos is an English singer-songwriter, an X Factor judge, actress, and television personality. Tulisa is known for her role in Demons Never Die, for her debut single as a solo artist Young and for being a part of N-Dubz.", "Before he became a successful musician, Dee served as a police officer. While still a cadet, he was called to the scene of the car crash that killed U.S. rock star Eddie Cochran and injured Gene Vincent in April 1960, the Telegraph noted.", "The first song to commemorate the crash was Three Stars by Tommy Dee, which was covered by Eddie Cochran. Cochran would himself meet an early death, in a car crash in April 1960, aged just 21.", "As a singer/songwriter and recording artist, Carole was signed to Warner Brother records in 1989. Her record \"Heart of Gold\" was produced by Nile Rodgers. Her single \"Serious Money\" was a dance hit and the video was number one on BET. She toured Europe and Asia and performed in clubs throughout the United States. Carole wrote the song \"Slow Love\" for Prince on his Grammy Award winning album \"Sign O' the Times\". She recorded her own version of the song for Warner Brothers records. She subsequently left Warner Brothers in 1993 and moved to Atlantic Records, where she self-produced and wrote the album \"I'm No Angel\". As a songwriter, Carole made a publishing deal, signing with MCA Records. She was signed to Sony France for Europe.", "By the end of the decade Barry Manilow even ventured into producing other artists. He worked with Dionne Warwick on her 1979 comeback album Dionne. It included the top 5 pop hit single \"I'll Never Love This Way Again,\" her first top 10 pop hit in five years. The song earned her a Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal. ", "1970, Born on this day, DJ Homicide, Sugar Ray, (1999 UK No. 10 single 'Every Morning').", "1975 ● Melanie Blatt → Vocals for Brit dance-pop-rock All Saints, “Never Ever” (UK #1, 1998)", "The former pop star, who died in 2009, visited Craven Cottage in 1999 as a guest of Mohamed Al-Fayed" ]	[ 6.828125, 6.2734375, 5.19140625, -0.2279052734375, -0.2802734375, -0.369140625, -0.474853515625, -1.099609375, -1.3271484375, -1.4052734375, -1.994140625, -2.36328125, -2.443359375, -2.615234375, -2.875, -2.896484375, -3.291015625, -4.12890625, -4.40625, -4.56640625, -4.58984375, -5.16015625, -6.5390625, -6.6875, -6.984375, -7.08203125, -7.34765625, -8.4453125, -8.5390625, -8.6484375, -9.046875, -9.3984375 ]
Who had a top ten hit in 1974 with Streets Of London?	[ "McTell re-recorded \" Streets of London \" with bassist Rod Clements and backing vocalists Prelude . Released as a single (recorded on the Reprise label) on 7 December 1974, it rocketed up the charts to No. 2 over the Christmas period, became a worldwide million-seller, and won McTell the Ivor Novello Award . [4]", "The tag ‘one-hit-wonder’ can be a heavy burden to carry – but not for Ralph McTell. His song “Streets Of London” rocketed to number two in 1974, selling 90,000 copies a day at one point, and is generally regarded as a classic. McTell wrote the song after", "\"Streets of London\" is a song written by Ralph McTell. It was first recorded for McTell's 1969 album Spiral Staircase but was not released in the United Kingdom as a single until 1974.", "Addendum - reader Philip Eagle noted: From the song \"Streets of London\" by the English folksinger Ralph McTell. For the full lyrics, see http://www.esl-lounge.com/songs/songstreetsoflondon.html (Eagle, personal email, April 9, 2003)", "Streets of London exists in its most perfect form wherever McTell happens to be playing it. It’s a song that doesn’t have a wholly satisfactory studio recording. Its original recording is found on his second album, released in 1969 and produced by Gus Dudgeon. It’s a spare reading of the song, recorded in one take, guitar and vocal alike. It’s an effective and affecting take, but when you listen to the 1974 re-recording that became a hit, it’s undeniable that his voice had become deeper and richer in a very pleasing way in the time between. But the 1974 arrangement is over-egged: the guitar is doubled (tightly but unnecessarily), a high and lonesome harmonica is present to no real effect, and the backing vocals that enter in the second verse, intended no doubt to evoke a folk club, sound cheesily showbiz.", "A little bit of background. 1974 saw the group enjoy an unexpected top-10 UK hit with the Paul McCartney-produced 'Liverpool Lou'. The single was even released in the States '('Liverpool Lou' b/w 'Ten Years On After Strawberry Jam' (Warner Brothers catalog number WBS 8003), though it proved an instant flop.", "Steven Patrick Morrissey (born 22 May 1959), professionally known only as Morrissey, is an English singer, songwriter and author. He rose to prominence as the lead singer of the indie rock band The Smiths, which was active from 1982 to 1987. Since then, Morrissey has had a solo career, making the top ten of the UK Singles Chart on ten occasions.", "The \"Chelsea girl\" was symbol of, John Crosby wrote, what \"men [found] utterly captivating\", with a \"'life is fabulous' philosophy\". Chelsea at this time was home to the Beatles and to Rolling Stones members Brian Jones, Mick Jagger, and Keith Richards. In the 1970s, the World's End area of King's Road was home to Malcolm McLaren and Vivienne Westwood's boutique \"SEX\", and saw the birth of the British punk movement.", "Clapton finally kicked his drug habit and reemerged onto the music scene in 1974 with two concerts at London's Rainbow Theater organized by his friend Pete Townshend of The Who. Later that year he released 461 Ocean Boulevard, featuring one his most popular singles, a cover of Bob Marley's \"I Shot the Sheriff.\" The album marked the beginning of a remarkably prolific solo career during which Clapton produced notable album after notable album. Highlights include No Reason to Cry (1976), featuring \"Hello Old Friend\"; Slowhand (1977), featuring \"Cocaine\" and \"Wonderful Tonight\"; and Behind the Sun (1985), featuring \"She's Waiting\" and \"Forever Man.\"", "CHARTBUSTERS UK / US HITS OF '84 DISC 10: Thomas Dolby - Hyperactive!; Smiths - William It Was Really Nothing; Julio Iglesias & Willie Nelson - To All The Girls I've Loved Before; Big Country - East Of Eden; Meat Loaf - Modern Girl; Change - Change Of Heart; Shalamar - Dancing In The Streets; New Order - Thieves Like Us; Billy Idol - Eyes Without A Face; Tracey Ullman - Sunglasses; Spandau Ballet - Round & Round; Windjammer - Tossing & Turning; Eugene Wilde - Gotta Get You Home Tonight; Jeffrey Osborne - Stay With Me Tonight; Level 42 - Hot Water; Lionel Richie - Penny Lover; Sade - Smooth Operator; James Ingram & Michael McDonald - Yah Mo B There; Manhattan Transfer - Spice Of Life; Nik Kershaw - Human Racing; Ozzy Osbourne - So Tired; Mighty Wah - Come Back; Status Quo - Going Down Town Tonight.", "CHARTBUSTERS UK / US HITS OF '83 DISC 6: Wham! - Wham Rap; Madness - Tomorrow's (Just Another Day); Bananarama - Cruel Summer; Michael Jackson - Wanna Be Startin' Something; Herbie Hancock - Rockit; Funk Masters - It's Over; Shalamar - Dead Giveaway; John Cougar Mellencamp - Pink Houses; Journey - Separate Ways; Thompson Twins - Love On Your Side; Big Country - Chance; Stranglers - European Female; Tracie - The House That Jack Built; Black Lace - Superma (Gioca Jouer); Status Quo - Ol' Rag Blues; Culture Club - I'll Tumble 4 Ya; Lionel Richie - Running With The Night; Rick Springfield - Affair Of The Heart; Eurythmics - Right By Your Side; Big Country - Fields of Fire (400 Miles); Bucks Fizz - When We Were Young; UB40 - Please Don't Make Me Cry; Level 42 - The Sun Goes Down (Living it Up).", "Pitney maintained a successful career in Britain and the rest of Europe into the 1970s, appearing regularly on UK charts as late as 1974. In Australia, after a fallow period in the early 1970s, Pitney returned to Top 40 in 1974, as both Blue Angel (No. 2) and Trans-Canada Highway (No. 14; production by David Mackay) were substantial hits. Pitney continued to place records in the Australian charts through 1976, including the hit \"Down This Road\", written and produced by distant relation Edward Pitney. They also collaborated in the production of the hit song \"Days of Summer\".", "File - American soul singer Marvin Gaye visits the Mangrove Cafe in All Saint's Road, London, and is mobbed by admirers on the way out to his car on October 1, 1976. (Photo by John Minihan/Evening Standard/Getty Images)", "\"Goodbye Yellow Brick Road\" is a ballad performed by musician Elton John. The song was written by Bernie Taupin and composed by John for his album Goodbye Yellow Brick Road. Its musical style and production is heavily influenced by 1970s soft rock. It was widely praised by critics, and some critics have named it John's best song.", "Graham William Nash, OBE is an English singer-songwriter and musician. He is known for his light tenor voice and for his songwriting contributions as a member of the English pop group The Hollies and the folk-rock supergroup Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young. Nash became an American citizen on 14 August 1978 and holds dual citizenship of the United Kingdom and United States.", "Marc Almond (born Peter Mark Sinclair Almond on 9 July 1957 in Southport, Lancashire) is an English singer, songwriter and recording artist, who originally found fame as half of the seminal synthpop/New Wave duo Soft Cell.", "Leo Sayer (born Gerard Sayer) had a string of highly polished mainstream pop hits in the late '70s. Sayer began his musical career as the leader of the London-based Terraplane Blues Band in the late '60s. He formed Patches with drummer Dave Courtney in 1971; Courtney used to play with British pop star Adam Faith. Faith was beginning a management career in the early '70s, so Courtney brought Patches to his former employer in hopes of securing a contract. Patches failed to impress Faith, yet he liked Sayer and chose to promote him as a solo artist. Sayer began recording some solo material written with David Courtney at Roger Daltrey's studio; the Who's lead singer liked the Sayer/Courtney originals enough to record a handful himself, including the hit \"Giving It All Away.\" Sayer's debut single, \"Why Is Everybody Going Home,\" failed to make any impact, yet 1973's \"The Show Must Go On\" hit number one in the U.K.; a cover by Three Dog Night stopped Sayer's version from charting in the U.S. The following year he released his first album, Silver Bird.", "1974: \"Miss Hit and Run\" (co-written with Barry Blue ), #26 hit in the UK for Barry Blue [20]", "8) London Town by Paul McCartney and Wings (1978)-The title track of the 1978 album from McCartney’s post Beatles group, consisting at this point in time of Paul and his wife Linda McCartney and Denny Laine. While not made up of doom filled lyrics like “London Calling”, this song is not all cheerful, as the narrator sings the line, “Silver rain was falling down/Upon the dirty ground of London Town”. He also asks in the lyrics,“Oh where are there places to go/Someone somewhere has to know.” The “London Town” album reached number two in the U.S. (kept from the top spot by the monster selling “Saturday Night Fever” soundtrack) and number four in the U.K. A bit of trivia is that most of the “London Town” album was recorded in 1977 on a boat in the Caribbean, far from the “silver rain” of London. Not a bad place for a “working holiday”.", "In the 1970s John Cale and Lou Reed were very successful. Reed's \"Walk on the Wild Side\" even reached number 16 on the American pop charts.", "Hollies is a 1974 album by the English pop-rock band The Hollies . The centerpiece is the band's classic cover of Albert Hammond 's ballad \" The Air That I Breathe ,\" a major worldwide hit that year. It also contains another \" Long Cool Woman in a Black Dress soundalike in \"The Day That Curly Billy Shot Down Crazy Sam McGee\".", "Paul Young’s first taste of success came as lead singer of Streetband, who scored an unexpected and unwanted novelty hit with Toast in 1978. Moving on to front soul revivalists The Q-Tips, Young eventually hit the big time with his third solo single, a cover of a then little-known Marvin Gaye B-side. The accompanying album No Parlez, including among its tracks a controversial cover of Joy Division’s Love Will Tear Us Apart, also reached number 1 and set Paul up for a string of top forty hits over the next fifteen years.", "Steve Harley (born Stephen Malcolm Ronald Nice, 27 February 1951, Deptford, London, England) is an English singer and songwriter, best known for his work with the 1970s rock group Cockney Rebel, with whom he still occasionally tours.", "Steve Harley (born Stephen Malcolm Ronald Nice, 27 February 1951, Deptford, London, England) is an English singer and songwriter, best known for his work with the 1970s rock group Cockney Rebel, with whom he still occasionally tours.", "The song was originally released in May 1978, but it did not chart at the time. Following its re-issue in January 1979, the song entered the American music pop chart. Unusually, the success of this single release came more than six months after the relatively unheralded release of the band's debut album in October 1978. BBC Radio was initially unwilling to play the song due to its high lyrical content but after it became a U.S. hit, their line softened. The song reached the top 10 in both the UK and the U.S., reaching number 8 on the UK Singles Chart and number 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 and helped drive sales of the album, which also became a hit.", "His 1995 album Stanley Road took him back to the top of the British charts for the first time in a decade, and went on to become the best-selling album of his career. The album, named after the street in Woking where he had grown up, marked a return to the more guitar-based style of his earlier days. The album's major single, \"The Changingman\", was also a big hit, taking Weller to No. 7 in the UK singles charts. Another single, the ballad \"You Do Something To Me\", was his second consecutive Top 10 single and reached No. 9 in the UK.", "Bobby Goldsboro - Danny -1968 [2:42] - In 1973 he had success in the UK Top 20 with the hit", "RA1-PA51 \"UK Producer King Launches Own Label\"], Billboard, 27 May 1972, 51. beginning with \"It's the Same Old Song\", released in December 1970 under a pseudonym, the Weathermen, and which moved into the charts a month later. Using pseudonyms meant more airtime: radio producers might play several songs by the same artist during a programme without realizing it.", "* \"Liverpool Lou\" / \"Ten Years After on Strawberry Jam\" (Warner Bros K 16400) May 1974", "* \"Liverpool Lou\" / \"Ten Years After on Strawberry Jam\" (Warner Bros WBS 8001) July 1974", "London Town. Released on 31 March 1978 on Parlophone PAS 10012 (UK) and 31 March 1978 on Capitol SW 11777 (US).", "9. In a hit song of 1971, what was the first name of the person who lived at 22, Linley Lane?" ]	[ 4.6875, 3.8359375, 3.525390625, 1.9267578125, 0.958984375, 0.364013671875, -2.58203125, -3.0546875, -3.064453125, -3.57421875, -3.931640625, -4.265625, -4.48046875, -4.8359375, -5.10546875, -5.34375, -5.52734375, -5.65625, -5.796875, -6.16796875, -6.75, -6.76953125, -6.921875, -6.921875, -7.21484375, -7.5546875, -8.1171875, -8.65625, -8.796875, -8.8203125, -10.0390625, -10.2265625 ]
Which author wrote Patriot Games, Clear And Present Danger and The Hunt For Red October?	[ "Best-selling author Tom Clancy wrote iconic thrillers like The Hunt for Red October, Patriot Games and Clear and Present Danger. His books were turned into Hollywood blockbusters and popular video games. Clancy died on Tuesday.", "The Hunt for Red October is a novel by Tom Clancy. The story follows the intertwined adventures of Soviet submarine captain Marko Aleksandrovich Ramius and CIA analyst Jack (John) Patrick Ryan.", "The Hunt for Red October was Tom Clancy's 1984 debut novel. The story follows a CIA analyst who leads a group of US Naval officers to take possession of a cutting-edge Soviet nuclear submarine from 26 defecting Soviet officers, and the intertwined adventures of Soviet submarine captain Marko Aleksandrovich Ramius and Jack Ryan, a Marine turned CIA analyst.", "Tom Clancy, author of Hunt for Red October, Clear and Present Danger, Patriot Games, The Sum of All Fears.", "Tom Clancy is an American author who is best known for his Jack Ryan novels such as The Hunt for Red October, Rainbow Six, Clear and Present Danger and The Sum of All Fears. Clancy’s novels have been adapted into several movies and also video games. The majority of Clancy’s novels are in the Jack Ryan/John Clark series (with the exception of three standalone novels). The other series (branded “Tom Clancy’s”) are series created or co-created by him and actually written by other authors such as Grant Blackwood.", "Tom Clancy (bestselling author) -- Dead. Died October 1, 2013. Born April 12, 1947. Wrote Hunt for Red October, Patriot Games and other technothrillers, part owner of the Baltimore Orioles. ", "Spy thriller writer Tom Clancy, whose best-selling books \"The Hunt for Red October\" and \"Patriot Games\" became blockbuster films, has died, his publisher said Wednesday. He was 66.", "Tom Clancy was an insurance salesman before he went on to author blockbuster espionage books, including 'The Hunt for Red October,' 'Patriot Games,' and 'Clear and Present Danger.' VPC", "\"The Hunt for Red October,\" \"Patriot Games,\" \"Clear and Present Danger,\" \"The Sum of All Fears\" were all based on Clancy's Jack Ryan thrillers. Alec Baldwin, Harrison Ford, and Ben Affleck each took turns as the author's signature hero. The Advocate once called Clancy \"a filmmaker's fantasy.\"", "The Sum of All Fears is a 2002 American spy thriller film directed by Phil Alden Robinson, based on Tom Clancy's novel of the same name. The motion picture, which is set in the Jack Ryan film series, is a reboot taking place in 2002. Jack Ryan is portrayed as a younger character by Ben Affleck, in comparison to The Hunt for Red October starring Alec Baldwin, along with the film's subsequent sequels, Patriot Games and Clear and Present Danger, both of which starred Harrison Ford.", "Some contemporary novels emphasize action and intrigue above thematic depth. Tom Clancy's The Hunt for Red October is a technically detailed account of submarine espionage during the Cold War, and many of John le Carré's spy novels are basically war novels for an age in which bureaucracy often replaces open combat. Another adaptation is the apocalyptic Christian novel, which focuses on the final showdown between universal forces of good and evil. Tim LaHaye is the author most readily associated with this genre. Many fantasy novels, too, use the traditional war novel as a departure point for depictions of fictional wars in imaginary realms.", "He, Princess Diana and Prince William (as an infant) all appear as characters in Tom Clancy 's novel Patriot Games. In the book, their marital problems are portrayed as the invention of the media. The film came out in 1992 - the same year he and Diana separated, seemingly vindicating the reports.", "95 Who wrote the books on which the films ‘Patriot Games’ and ‘The Hunt for Red October’ are based?", "* In Tom Clancy's 1987 book Patriot Games, the main protagonist Jack Ryan lives on the fictional Peregrine Cliffs which overlook the Chesapeake Bay.", "Tom Clancy in Huntingtown, Md. Clancy, the bestselling author of 'The Hunt for Red October' and other wildly successful technological thrillers, has died. He was 66.", "\"The Hunt for Red October\" was a Cold War thriller about spies and submarines. Clancy followed up with books like \"Clear and Present Danger\" and \"Patriot Games.\"", "Tom Clancy has been writing since his first book The Hunt for Red October was published in 1984. Below is a list of the novels he has written (including his series that have his name attached to them) in order of when they were originally released. In the case of the Jack Ryan/John Clark series, we have included the chronological order that differs from the order of publication.", "Tom Clancy Movies: 'Hunt For Red October,' 'Clear & Present Danger,' 'Jack Ryan' & More \| The Huffington Post", "Clancy in later years wrote his books with the help of co-authors, but the star of this former insurance agent and military buff was really launched after it was revealed that President Reagan was a fan of his military thrillers. Paramount launched a franchise based on his signature character, CIA analyst Jack Ryan, with the 1990 Alec Baldwin-starrer The Hunt For Red October.", "A string of successful books followed, including \"Red Storm Rising,\" \"Patriot Games,\" \"The Cardinal of the Kremlin,\" \"Clear and Present Danger,\" \"The Sum of All Fears,\" and \"Without Remorse.\"", "5. Clear and Present Danger , published 1989 (Jack Ryan #5 – story takes place in 1988)", "Clancy's literary career began in 1982 when he started writing The Hunt for Red October, which in 1984 he sold for publishing to the Naval Institute Press for $5,000. The publisher was impressed with the work; Deborah Grosvenor, the Naval Institute Press editor who read through the book, said later that she convinced the publisher: \"I think we have a potential best seller here, and if we don’t grab this thing, somebody else would.\" She believed Clancy had an \"innate storytelling ability, and his characters had this very witty dialogue\". The publisher requested Clancy to cut numerous technical details, amounting to about 100 pages. Clancy, who had wanted to sell 5,000 copies, ended up selling over 45,000. After publication, the book received praise from President Ronald Reagan, who called the work \"the best yarn\", subsequently boosting sales to 300,000 hardcover and 2 million paperback copies of the book, making it a national bestseller. The book was critically praised for its technical accuracy, which led to Clancy's meeting several high-ranking officers in the U.S. military.", "The continuity of the films differ from the novels. In the novels, Patriot Games occurs before The Hunt for Red October, though the order was reversed in the film versions. Additionally, The Sum of All Fears is not part of the Baldwin/Ford series, but rather an intended reboot of the franchise, and therefore departs significantly from the chronology of the novels. It takes place in 2002, whereas the novel takes place in 1991/1992. Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit is a second reboot of the franchise that departs from all previous films.", "Tom Clancy , who has died aged 66, dominated the bestseller lists of the 1980s, with a series of novels that thrust his appealing CIA analyst Jack Ryan into situations that combined the intricacies of cold-war politics with precise details of modern military operations and equipment. With the end of the cold war, Clancy moved seamlessly into the era of terrorism, with no decline in sales; only JK Rowling and John Grisham joined him in meriting first printings of more than 2m copies.", "Thomas Leo Clancy, Jr. (April 12, 1947 – October 1, 2013) was an American novelist and video game designer best known for his technically detailed espionage and military-science story lines set during and after the Cold War. Seventeen of his novels were bestsellers, and more than 100 million copies of his books are in print. His name was also used on movie scripts written by ghost writers, nonfiction books on military subjects, and video games. He was a part-owner of the Baltimore Orioles and vice-chairman of their community activities and public affairs committees.", "In \"Patriot Games\", Ryan, then a history professor at the US Naval Academy, takes a trip to London with his family (wife and daughter Sally) for research and vacationing. After spending the day sifting through British Navy archives, Ryan walks to meet his family at a London park. As he joins them, members of the Ulster Liberation Army, a fictional ultra-violent Maoist offshoot of the IRA, headed by a man named Kevin O'Donnell, attack a car containing the Prince of Wales and his family right in front of Ryan and his wife and daughter. Ryan intervenes in the attack and foils their plan, killing one of the gunmen and capturing another.", "April 14, 1992 Author Tom Clancy tries out the McDonnell-Douglas F-15 flight simulator during the Defense Industry show at the Sheraton-Washington Hotel in Washington. Many of his spy novels involved military characters and backgrounds and were cited for their technical detail. Rich Lipski/The Washington Post", "Tom Clancy created Jack Ryan, but the novelist, who died last fall, but not compose this story. \"Shadow Recruit\" is an original story informed by the tragedy of Sept. 11 and the turbulence of the new Soviet Union. The villain may be Russian, but this is the age of Putin and the new world of international terrorism and economic warfare. \"The world has provided us with a scenario where Jack Ryan is potentially walking into catastrophic circumstances,\" warns Branagh .", "Notes: Red Storm Rising was co-authored by Larry Bond . Against All Enemies was co-authored by Peter Telep. Dead or Alive and Under Fire were co-authored by Grant Blackwood. Locked On, Commander-in-Chief and every novel in the Jack Ryan, Jr. series since has been co-authored by Mark Greaney . The Campus series is written by Mark Greaney.", "Between 1984 and 2003, Clancy wrote 13 novels with Ryan and/or Clark. One of them, Rainbow Six (1998) was published to coincide with the release of his highly successful video game of the same name. He had previously published SSN: Strategies for Submarine Warfare (1996), a non-Ryan book, to similarly launch another game. In 2003 the series appeared to end with The Teeth of the Tiger, which introduced Jack Ryan Jr and two of his cousins as protagonists. But those stories resumed in 2010 with four more novels, all written by collaborators; the last, Threat Vector (2012), written with Mark Greavy, opened at No 1 on the bestseller lists. A fifth, Command Authority, also written by Greavy, is due out in December.", "Clancy’s second novel Red Storm Rising also a bestseller offered his vision of World War Three, which breaks out after Arab terrorists blow up one third of the Soviet Union’s oilfields, and the Soviets respond by seizing the Gulf States to safeguard their energy needs before invading Western Europe. The war is a hi-tech affair, with no resort to nuclear or chemical weapons. Red Storm Rising was adopted as required reading at America’s Naval War College, and the military historian John Keegan declared that it would take its place in “a long tradition of military futurology” alongside Jules Verne’s Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea and HG Wells’s War of the Worlds.", "Clancy’s second novel Red Storm Rising was co-written in 1986 with Larry Bond. This novel is one of only three stand alone books written by Clancy. In the novel, Islamic terrorists have destroyed an oil production facility in the USSR. The attack cripples the Soviet economy and the USSR chooses to react by attacking and taking control of the Persian Gulf oil fields. In the US, this act of aggression against a vital asset is seen as an act of war. The novel tells the story of increasing tensions between the US and the Soviet Union with only one being able to emerge victorious. Clancy did a masterful job of writing a novel that was plausible and containing historical facts that made the book relevant to his readers." ]	[ 9.8046875, 9.6640625, 9.078125, 8, 7.23046875, 7.04296875, 6.74609375, 6.578125, 6.32421875, 6.1953125, 6.140625, 5.4921875, 4.671875, 4.5234375, 4.19140625, 4.05859375, 3.53125, 2.25390625, 0.5, -0.0712890625, -0.175537109375, -0.65185546875, -1.1826171875, -3.1953125, -3.30078125, -4.3828125, -5.22265625, -6.87109375, -6.88671875, -7.078125, -7.6953125, -7.7734375 ]
Which song includes the lyrics I laughed at all of your jokes, my love you didn't need to coax?	[ "In PAUL SIMON’S song, “50 WAYS TO LEAVE YOUR LOVER”, there is a line: “…You don’t need to be coy Roy…” that my dear friend Silvia would always sing: “…You don’t need to be corduroy…”", "‘At the concert he’d sung a song he wrote in the Seventies called I was Only Joking, which is about her. It has the lines: ‘Susy baby you were good to me, Giving love unselfishly. But you took it all too seriously.’", "Freddie Mercury (born Farrokh Bulsara; 5 September 1946 – 24 November 1991) was a British singer, songwriter and record producer, known as the lead vocalist and co-principal songwriter of the rock band Queen. He also became known for his flamboyant stage persona and four-octave vocal range. Mercury wrote and composed numerous hits for Queen (\"Bohemian Rhapsody,\" \"Killer Queen,\" \"Somebody to Love,\" \"Don't Stop Me Now,\" \"Crazy Little Thing Called Love,\" and \"We Are the Champions.\"); occasionally served as a producer and guest musician (piano or vocals) for other artists; and concurrently led a solo career while performing with Queen.", "Michael Lee Aday (born Marvin Lee Aday; September 24th 1947), better known as Meat Loaf, is an American rock singer and actor of stage and screen . He is noted for his albums Bat out of Hell , II , and III and several famous songs from movies. The Neverland Express is the name of the band he fronts as its lead singer. In 2001, he changed his first name to Michael.", "British comedian Charlie Drake scored a top ten hit with a comedy version of the song in 1958, produced by future Beatles producer George Martin on the Parlophone label. The song was remade in 1979 by Barbra Streisand for her album Wet. It features new lyrics by Streisand and backing vocals from Toto lead singer Bobby Kimball and Chicago keyboardist Bill Champlin.", "\"Twentieth Century Fox\": one of the \"light\" songs of this album, with a bit of humour.", "* British comedian Tony Hawks parodied the song's chorus in \"Stutter Rap (No Sleep Til Bedtime)\" under the pseudonym of \"Morris Minor and the Majors\" where they rapped 'No need for shouting!\"", "Live From New York, it's...Dana Carvey Sketches include: The McLaughlin Group, The Dancer, The Honest Planet, The Sinead O'Connor Awards, Lank Thompson: I'm A Handsome Actor, Pan Am, The Godfather IV, I'm Chillin', Confession Can Be Exciting For The Soul, and Cyrano De Bergerac Whitney Houston performs: \"\"I'm Your Baby Tonight\"\" and \"\"All The Man I Need\"\"", "Live from New York, it's... Jason Sudeikis!Sketches include \"The Iraqi War Report,\"\"SNL Movie Trailer Re-cut: Apocalypto,\"\"Good Morning I Hate This Town,\"\"Diddy Kiddies\" (cartoon), \"High School Romance,\"\"Two A-Holes at a Live Nativity Scene,\"\"Fast Food Pep Talk\" (film), \"Buyer Beware,\"\"Monster Under The Bed,\"\"Valtrex,\"\"Socially Awkward Officemates,\" and \"Stanfield & Partlow.\"Gwen Stefani performed \"Wind It Up\"; Akon performed \"I Wanna Love You.\"", "Joel kicked off the 2014 New Year in the Amway Center and performed several cover songs such as Elton John's \"Your Song\", Billy Preston's \"You Are So Beautiful\" (in tribute to Joe Cocker), The Beatles \"With a Little Help from My Friends\", \"Can't Buy Me Love\", and \"When I'm 64\", Robert Burns' \"Auld Lang Syne\", and AC/DC's \"You Shook Me All Night Long\" (with Brian Johnson). Rufus Wainwright joined Joel during the concert to sing \"New York State of Mind\". Joel also performed an unusual set, including the song \"Souvenir\" (from 1974's Streetlife Serenade) and excluding \"We Didn't Start the Fire\". ", "The lyrics, about a close but brief encounter with an independent and cosmopolitan woman, are pure Lennon: witty, a tad rueful and finally poignant without stooping to sentiment. The simple but sumptuous melody follows the song's journey from wry jocularity to wistful resignation.", "In 1993, Cher recorded a cover version of \"I Got You Babe\" with the American animated characters Beavis and Butt-head. The song was the first single from The Beavis and Butt-head Experience, a compilation comedy album released in 1993 by the Geffen Records, which is one of the fastest selling comedy albums and has officially sold 1,610,000 units and was certified 2x Platinum by the RIAA in the United States. AllMusic reviewed this song by calling it \"most interesting\" track on the album. The single reached the top 40 in the UK, Belgium and Sweden, as well as the top ten in the Netherlands.", "In the 2003 Christmas special, which brings The Office to a conclusion, we learn that after being fired by Wernham Hogg, Brent released a single. Typically, he puts what is good second: Free Love Freeway is the b-side; the a-side is a mediocre cover of Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes’ If You Don’t Know Me By Now. His interpretation is hackneyed, unoriginal and abjectly sung (those ad libs; those groans!), when the relegated b-side is so much better. And the video is hilariously bad ( watch it here ). In real life, Free Love Freeway received a rehabilitation, of sorts, when Oasis’ goon Noel Gallagher recorded it with Gervais.", " 2005 Saturday Night Live: The Best of Dan Aykroyd (Video) (lyrics: \"The Sound of Music\" - uncredited)", "According to Bruce Botnick's liner notes the song was initially referred to by its various working titles; \"I'm Gonna Love You\", from a line in the chorus, or \"Hit Me\", a reference to black jack playing. The opening line was originally \"C'mon, hit me, I'm not afraid\", the line thus reflecting the first person vantage point of a black jack player. Morrison reportedly changed the lyric out of concern that rowdy crowds at their live shows would mistakenly believe that \"hit me\" was a challenge to physically assault him.", "\"Stalker\" by Goldfinger. Played in a humourous tone. In fact, the singer actually says he wants to marry her.", "\"Great songs by those iconic singer-songwriters. Putting the show and the album together was like re-living my whole youth,\" she said, laughing. \"I decided not to do it as a museum piece, but as what's relevant about these songs today. You take Bob Dylan's 'The Times They Are a Changing' and that could have been written this morning. That's just a classic, classic piece.\"", "You get the feeling even the Bob Dylan of 1966 would have laughed himself hoarse at that.", "**Elvis, Julio Iglesias, UB40 wise men say only fools rush in for I can't help falling in love with you Shall I stay would it be a sin for I can't help falling in love with you like a river flows gently thru the stream darling so it goes somethings are meant to be take my hand take my whole life too for I can't help falling in love with you - continue till fade", "Yes, the song is called The Joke , and it's by Reggie Hall. On Chess records, I believe. I have a copy of the 45. I don't believe it ever made the hitparade charts.", "On A Seven Second Delay from New York, it's...Garrett Morris Sketches include: The Clumsy Waiters, Samurai Hotel, Looks At Books, New Dad (repeat from the first episode of the series), Police Line-Up #1, Racist Word Association, SNL Film: Pong, When White Family Members Turn Black, Spud Beer, Police Line-Up #2, Early Suicide Pill, The Muppets: Ploobis and Scred Get Drunk, Police Line-Up #3, Exorcist II, SNL Film: Albert Brooks Is Home Sick, and Richard Pryor Stand-Up. Gil-Scott Heron performs: \"Johannesburg\" and \"A Lovely Day\"", "77. 2004: Funnymen Will Ferrell and Jack Black reveal the “secret lyrics” to the tune that plays as winners leave the stage: “This is it, your time is through, you’re borrring ... You’re rambling on ...”", "\"She Loves You\" and \"Yesterday\" are also quoted at the end of \"All You Need Is Love\"", " 1973 Blume in Love (lyrics: \"Chester The Goat\", \"Settle Down And Get Along\") / (music: \"Chester The Goat\", \"Settle Down And Get Along\")", " \"Freelove Freeway\", written and sung by Ricky Gervais, who starred as David Brent in the British television comedy series The Office", "Also in 1994, he was honored by singing \"The Star Spangled Banner\" at the Major League Baseball All-Star Game, something he says was one of the two biggest highlights of his career. Meat Loaf attempted to follow the success of \"I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)\" by releasing \"Rock and Roll Dreams Come Through\" as a follow-up; this song reached No. 13 in the United States.", "The B-side of this single was another rework of an existing song, namely Just A Girl Who Can't Say No from the musical Oklahoma. The Spitting Image team's version was entitled Just A Prince Who Can't Say No and poked fun at the sexual indiscretions of Prince Andrew.", "I couldn't stop moving when it first took hold It was a warm spring night in the ol' town hall There was a group called The Jokers, they were layin' it down Don'tcha know I'm never gonna lose that funky sound Rock and roll, Hoochie Koo Lawdy mama light my fuse Rock and roll, Hoochie Koo Truck on out and spread the news The skeeters start buzzing 'bout this time o' year I'm goin' round back, she said she'd meet me there We were rollin' in the grass that grows behind the barn When my ears started ringin' like a fire alarm [chorus] Hope ya'll know what I'm talkin' about The way they wiggle that thing, it really knocks me out I'm gettin' high all the time, hope ya'll are too Well come-on a little closer, gonna do it to you [chorus] That I'm tired of payin' dues Done said goodbye to all my blues Lawdy mama light my fuse", "What aging pop icon forgot the lyrics to We Can Work It Out on MTV Unplugged?", "Quincy Jones: \"It is (laughs). I'm happy honey, I really am. I feel happy. I don't carry any emotional (unintelligible) around with me. Very Happy.\"", "Songfacts: You had a song in the movie Happiness. (\"All Out of Love\" - it's at the end of this clip)", "\"I am more ignorant about music than anyone you have ever spoken to in your life,\" confessed Cleese. \"I didn't know her name. I heard she was from Nashville and was a country-western singer. I thought this could be hard work, and suddenly I found myself sitting next to this extraordinary, extremely smart and funny woman. I told her at the end, 'You really ought to do comedy.'\"" ]	[ -0.98486328125, -2.978515625, -3.20703125, -5.234375, -5.3359375, -5.40234375, -5.6015625, -5.73046875, -5.96875, -5.984375, -6.0625, -6.234375, -6.26171875, -6.32421875, -6.33203125, -6.3359375, -6.4296875, -6.43359375, -6.49609375, -6.62890625, -6.6796875, -6.734375, -6.78515625, -6.83203125, -6.9296875, -7.078125, -7.12109375, -8.0703125, -8.09375, -8.65625, -8.9921875, -9.3671875 ]
What is the name of the Dutch speaking northern region of Belgium containing approximately half of the country's population?	[ "Flanders (Dutch: Vlaanderen, ) today normally refers to the Dutch-speaking northern portion of Belgium. It is one of the communities, regions and language areas of Belgium. The demonym associated with Flanders is Fleming, while the corresponding adjective is Flemish. The official capital of Flanders is Brussels, although Brussels itself has an independent regional government, and the government of Flanders only oversees some cultural aspects of Brussels life.", "Belgium's location also places it at the crossroads of Latin and Germanic Europe, which has resulted in a predominantly Dutch-speaking population in the northern part of the nation that is known as Flanders and a predominantly French-speaking population in the southern region that is known as Wallonia. From these two cultures Belgium has derived a rich artistic and cultural heritage as well as social and political problems that continue into the present.", "Belgium’s location also places it at the crossroads of Latin and Germanic Europe, which has resulted in a predominantly Dutch-speaking population in the northern part of the nation that is known as Flanders and a predominantly French-speaking population in the southern region that is known as Wallonia. From these two cultures Belgium has derived a rich artistic and cultural heritage as well as social and political problems that continue into the present.", "Today, Belgium is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. It is divided into three regions and three communities, that exist next to each other. Its two largest regions are the Dutch-speaking region of Flanders in the north and the French-speaking southern region of Wallonia. The Brussels-Capital Region, officially bilingual, is a mostly French-speaking enclave within the Flemish Region.", "The Flemish region, with a population of approximately 5,866,000 (1995) is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. It is situated in the northern part of Belgium and is comprised of five Dutch-speaking provinces including Antwerp, Limburg, East Flanders, West Flanders and Flemish Brabant. Flanders is known for its well-developed transportation structure and is home to several industries including petrochemical, automobile assembly, diamond trade, textiles, metallurgical, chemical and construction materials.", " Culturally, Belgium is a heterogeneous country straddling the border between the Romance and Germanic language families of western Europe. With the exception of a small German-speaking population in the eastern part of the country, Belgium is divided between a French-speaking people, collectively called Walloons (approximately one-third of the total population), who are concentrated in the five southern provinces ( Hainaut , Namur , Li ège, Walloon Brabant, and Luxembourg), and Flemings ( Fleming and Walloon ), a Flemish- ( Dutch ( Dutch language )-) speaking people (more than one-half of the total population), who are concentrated in the five northern and northeastern provinces ( West Flanders , East Flanders [West-Vlaanderen, Oost-Vlaanderen], Flemish Brabant, Antwerp, and Limburg). Just north of the boundary between Walloon Brabant (Brabant Walloon) and Flemish (Vlaams) Brabant lies the officially bilingual but majority French-speaking Brussels-Capital ( Brussels ) Region, with approximately one-tenth of the total population. (See also Fleming and Walloon .)", "Belgium is situated in northwestern Europe , bordered by France to the south, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeast and the Netherlands to the north. There is 60km (37 miles) of North Sea coastline to the northwest. The country is divided into three regions: southern French-speaking Wallonia, northern Dutch-speaking Flanders and Brussels nestled between the two. Both Flanders and Wallonia are then subdivided into ten provinces: within Flanders they are West Flanders, East Flanders, Flemish Brabant, Antwerp and Limburg; within Wallonia they are Hainaut, Walloon Brabant, Namur, Liège and Luxembourg (not to be confused with the neighbouring country of Luxembourg).", "Dutch is spoken not only in the Netherlands, but it is also the official language of Flanders, the neighbouring northern provinces of Belgium.", "Dutch is the native language of three fifths of the Belgian population and is the official language of Flanders, the northern part of the country. Although Belgian Dutch is similar to the Dutch that is spoken in the Netherlands, but there are differences so Belgian Dutch", "Belgium is a European nation composed of three main regions: Flemish Region (Flanders), Walloon Region (Wallonia), and Brussels-Capital Region. The Flemish region has a Dutch language tradition, while the Walloon region has a French language tradition. These different linguistic backgrounds are reflected in differing frequencies of surnames, as shown in the table below. (data from 1 January 2008; total population: 10,666,866) ", "The northern half of Belgium, which would come to be known as Flanders, was a largely agricultural area containing the important port of Antwerp, the city of Ghent and the capital, Brussels. In the southern half, which would come to be known as Wallonia , a number of smaller towns and cities along the valley of the Sambre and Meuse rivers – the sillon industriel (\"industrial valley\") – became the focus of industrialization. In the west of the valley, around Charleroi, was the Pays Noir (\"Black Country\"), which held significant coal deposits. In southeast Belgium, along the border with Luxembourg and Prussia (later Germany), was the heavily forested and agricultural region known as the Ardennes.", "For many years the Flemings and the Walloons have been in conflict as to which language, Dutch or French, should be used in the schools, in the courts, for business, and for administration. In 1966 legislation was passed that divided Belgium into four official language regions. Dutch, which includes the Flemish Brabant, and Limburg dialects, is the official language of Flanders; French, which in Belgium includes the Picardic, Walloon, and Lorraine dialects, is the official language of Wallonia; and German is the official language in the eastern region of Eupen-Malmedy known as the Eastern Cantons. The region around Brussels, although located geographically within Flanders, is an officially designated bilingual area, with French and Dutch accorded equal status. Belgian law also makes provisions for the protection of Dutch-speaking minorities in the Comines and Mouscron areas and for French-speaking minorities in Renaix (Ronse), and the German-speaking regions.", "As a foreign language, Dutch is mainly taught in primary and secondary schools in areas adjacent to the Netherlands and Flanders. In French-speaking Belgium, over 300,000 pupils are enrolled in Dutch courses, followed by over 23,000 in the German states of Lower Saxony and North Rhine-Westphalia, and about 7,000 in the French region of Nord-Pas-de-Calais (of which 4,550 are in primary school). At an academic level, the largest number of faculties of neerlandistiek can be found in Germany (30 universities), followed by France (20 universities) and the United Kingdom (5 universities). ", "Belgium is one of Europe 's smallest and most densely populated countries. It is located in a part of northwestern Europe that was once called the Low Countries and today is known as the Benelux region (primarily due to Belgium's economic partnership with its neighbors Luxembourg and the Netherlands). Centrally located in Western Europe with few natural frontiers, Belgium has been called the crossroads of Europe. For much of its history, it was a battleground for the major European powers of France, Britain , and Germany. Today, its capital, Brussels , is the seat of both NATO and the European Union .", "Belgium has 10.3 million inhabitants. The principal cities are Brussels (population about 959,000 for the 19 municipalities of the capital region), Antwerp (447,000), Ghent (224,000), Charleroi (201,000), Liège (186,000), Bruges (116,000), and Namur (105,000). Geographically and culturally, Belgium is at the crossroads of Europe. During the past 2,000 years, it has witnessed a constant ebb and flow of different peoples and cultures. As a result, Belgium has people of Celtic, Roman, German, French, Dutch, Spanish, and Austrian origins.", "Almost 60 per cent of the Belgian population speak Dutch as their first language, 40 per cent are francophones and there is a small German speaking region (with less than 2 per cent of the population) in the eastern part of the country along the German border.", " The great majority of Belgians are Roman Catholic, but regular attendance at religious services is variable. Although it is marked in the Flemish region and the Ardennes, regular attendance at church has decreased in the Walloon industrial region and in Brussels. The relatively few Protestants live mostly in urban areas in Hainaut, particularly in the industrial region known as the Borinage, and in and around Brussels. Several municipalities on the north and west sides of Brussels—notably Schaerbeek —are home to many Muslim immigrants. The country's small Jewish population is concentrated in and around Brussels and Antwerp.", "Brussels (,; ,), officially the Brussels-Capital Region (, ), is a region of Belgium comprising 19 municipalities, including the City of Brussels which is the de jure capital of Belgium. The Brussels-Capital Region is a part of both the French Community of Belgium and the Flemish Community, but is separate from the region of Flanders (in which it forms an enclave) or Wallonia. The region has a population of 1.2 million and a metropolitan area with a population of over 1.8 million, the largest in Belgium. ", "The Flemish identity is also cultural, and there is a strong separatist movement espoused by the political parties, the right-wing Vlaams Belang and the Nieuw-Vlaamse Alliantie. The Francophone Walloon identity of Belgium is linguistically distinct and regionalist. There is also unitary Belgian nationalism, several versions of a Greater Netherlands ideal, and a German-speaking community of Belgium annexed from Germany in 1920, and re-annexed by Germany in 1940–1944. However these ideologies are all very marginal and politically insignificant during elections.", "Belgium is a state in Western Europe bounded on the southwest by France, on the north by the Netherlands, on the east by the Federal Republic of Germany and Luxembourg, and on the northwest by the North Sea. It lies at the point of intersection of important transportation routes connecting many Western European countries. Area, 30,500 sq km. Population (Jan. 1, 1969), 9,631,900. Capital, Brussels. The country is divided for administrative purposes into nine provinces (see Table 1).", "Historically the French-speaking part of Belgium, Wallonia, has never been a single political entity, with different regions being governed by different rulers. However, its close proximity to the French border", "The language of the region is Flemish (akin to Dutch), but Belgium's other official language, French, is also very widely spoken. English is common as well.", "The highest population density is found in the area circumscribed by the Brussels-Antwerp-Ghent-Leuven agglomerations that surround Mechelen and is known as the Flemish Diamond, in other important urban centres as Bruges and Kortrijk to the west, and notable centres Turnhout and Hasselt to the east. On 1 January 2015, the Flemish Region had a population of 6,444,127 and about 15% of the 1,175,173 people in the Brussels Region are also considered Flemish. ", "Waterloo (, , ) is a municipality in the province of Walloon Brabant, Belgium, which in 2011 had a population of 29,706 and an area of . It is north of Braine-l'Alleud, which is the site of the Battle of Waterloo, where resurgent Napoleon was finally defeated in 1815. Waterloo is a multilingual town; the commune offers services in French, Dutch, and English.", "and still dominate its landscape. In addition to the famous Kemmelberg (Kemmel Hill) and Rodeberg (Red Hill), the route also takes in Mesen (Messines), a small town situated right on the Belgian language frontier (with French-speaking Wallonia), as well as the Palingbeek provincial domain.", "Belgium (in French, région; in German, Region; the Dutch term gewest is often translated as \"region\")", "a conurbation in northwestern Netherlands that stretches in a horseshoe shape from Dordrecht and Rotterdam around to Utrecht and Amersfoort via The Hague, Leiden, Haarlem, and Amsterdam. The majority of the people of the Netherlands live in this area", "are in both languages. The region was only founded on 18 th June 1989 after an amendment of the Belgian constitution.", "one of a people inhabiting chiefly the southern and southeastern parts of Belgium and adjacent regions in France.", "Most of the French-speaking population regard these linguistic boundaries as purely artificial and are demanding an extension of the bilingual region to include a number of traditionally Dutch-speaking municipalities. Not surprisingly these proposals have been strongly rejected by Flemish politicians.", "Only a minority are native Dutch speakers. This linguistic split is reflected in the regional parliament, where most of the members are French speaking.", "Over time, more and more Dutch speakers became bilingual and by the middle of the 20th Century the number of monolingual French speakers surpassed the number of bilingual Dutch speakers. In 1921 it was decided that Belgium" ]	[ 6.265625, 5.3125, 5.30859375, 4.49609375, 4.109375, 3.99609375, 3.880859375, 3.833984375, 3.5234375, 2.34375, 1.9697265625, 1.7607421875, 1.4345703125, 0.97802734375, 0.239013671875, -0.4697265625, -0.900390625, -0.93115234375, -1.2978515625, -2.26953125, -2.439453125, -2.482421875, -2.796875, -2.994140625, -3.2109375, -4.5390625, -5.26171875, -5.84765625, -6, -6.171875, -6.6875, -7.08984375 ]
What is the only country which is crossed by both the equator and the tropic of capricorn?	[ "The South American countries that lie within the Tropic of Capricorn are Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Paraguay. Brazil is the only country in the world that crosses both the Equator and either tropic.", "Brazil is the only country in the world that has the equator and the Tropic of Capricorn running through it. It is also the only country to have contiguous territory both inside and outside the tropics.", "The Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn each lie at 23.5 degrees latitude. The Tropic of Cancer is located at 23.5° North of the equator and runs through Mexico, the Bahamas, Egypt, Saudi Arabia , India, and southern China. The Tropic of Capricorn lies at 23.5° South of the equator and runs through Australia, Chile, southern Brazil (Brazil is the only country that passes through both the equator and a tropic), and northern South Africa .", "Can you now guess what latitude the Tropic of Capricorn represents? Go and check in your world atlas, globe or appropriate resource. Which are the countries which fall in the Tropic of Capricorn region? The Tropic of Capricorn is located 23.5 degrees south of the equator. The sun appears directly overhead in December in this region. Some of the countries through which the Tropic of Capricorn passes through are Argentina, Brazil, Madagascar, Mozambique and South Africa.", "Parallel with the Equator, but 26? 30\" south of it. It is the circle that marks points where the sun is directly overhead at noon on midwinter's day. The name was chosen because the constellation of Capricorn rises above it on the summer solstice. The line passes through Chile, Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil, Namibia, Botswana, South Africa, Mozambique, Madagascar, Australia and French Polynesia, clipping New Caledonia, Fiji, Tonga and the Cook Islands before landfall at Pitcairn.", " The continent is cut almost equally in two by the Equator, so that most of Africa lies within the tropical region, bounded on the north by the Tropic of Cancer and on the south by the Tropic of Capricorn. Because of the bulge formed by western Africa, the greater part of Africa's territory lies north of the Equator. Africa is crossed from north to south by the prime meridian (0° longitude), which passes a short distance to the east of Accra, Ghana .", "Located at 23 degrees, 27 minutes south latitude, the Tropic of Capricorn marks the southern limit of the earthï¿½s tropical--or torrid--zone. This imaginary line around the earth--a parallel of latitude--passes through the southern Pacific Ocean, Chile, Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil, South Atlantic Ocean, Namibia, Botswana, South Africa, Mozambique, Indian Ocean, Madagascar, Indian Ocean, and Australia.", "The equator passes through 13 countries: Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Sao Tome & Principe, Gabon, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Somalia, Maldives, Indonesia and Kiribati.", "Tropic of cancer going middle of India and equator is going through far away for India so equator below of kanyakumari therefore definitely kanyakumari is above the equator and below the Tropic of Capricorn.", "File:Tropic of capricorn Australia.jpg\|Road sign marking Tropic of Capricorn in Western Australia, Australia, 26 August 2008", "Let's get right to it then. The Tropic of Cancer is a circle of latitude located approximately 23.5 degrees north of the equator, and the Tropic of Capricorn is a circle of latitude located approximately 23.5 degrees south of the equator. The area of Earth located in between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn is known as the tropics, or tropical (torrid) zone. You know, it's the area of Earth that's really hot and lots rainforests lie.", "Tropic of Capricorn is an imaginary line of latitude going around the earth approximately 23.5 degree south of the equator.", "The equator passes through the African countries of Gabon, Congo, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Kenya and Somalia. In total, the equator passes through 12 countries.", "Tropic of Capricorn is an imaginary line of latitude going around the earth approximately 23.5 degree south of the equator. It is the southernmost part on earth where the sun's rays can be directly overhead at local noon. It is also one of the five major circles of latitude dividing the earth [the others are the tropic of cancer in the northern hemisphere, the equator, the arctic circle and the antarctic circle.", "Tropic of Capricorn is another Circle of Latitude currently positioned at 23°26’14” south of the Equator (or -23.4372°). The Southern Tropic is another reference for the Tropic of Capricorn. The Tropic of Capricorn is the parallel at which the Winter (or Southern or December) Solstice occurs when once a year the sun appears directly overhead the most southerly parallel. This event happens in the month of December. These two parallels enclose the area of the Earth known as The Tropics characterized by warm to hot weather and lush vegetation. Similar to the Arctic Circle, the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn also fluctuate depending on the Earth’s axial tilt. ", "The equator divides the Earth into northern and southern hemispheres. Other important lines of latitude are the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn, at 23.5 degrees north and south latitude respectively. The area in between these two lines of latitude is known as the tropics. The North Pole is located at 90 degrees north latitude, and the South Pole is situated at 90 degrees south latitude.", "• The Equator : Divides the earth in North and Southern Hemispheres . The are around the Equator is referred to as the Tropics and is limited northward by the Tropic of Cancer and southward by the Tropic of Capricorn.", "• Which of these countries does the Equator pass through? Brazil, Columbia, Congo, Ecuador, Indonesia, Kenya, Somalia, Uganda", "The equator is a large, imaginary circle that people imagine as being drawn around the Earth equidistant from the North and South pole. It forms the base from which latitude is calculated, with a designation of 0°. It is about 24,902 miles (40,076 km) in length, and intersects the continents of South America and Africa, and also passes through Indonesia. West of Africa, it passes through Sao Tome & Principe.", "In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, it passes south of Kisangani, with approximately a quarter of the length of the country to its north. In Uganda, the equator passes very near Kampala, the capital. It passes north of Nairobi in Kenya, which it splits nearly in halves, and then through the very southern end of Somalia. The line also passes through the Maldives, an island nation in the Indian Ocean.", "The Tropic of Capricorn is the dividing line between the Southern Temperate Zone to the south and the tropics to the north. The northern hemisphere equivalent of the Tropic of Capricorn is the Tropic of Cancer.", "Its Southern Hemisphere counterpart, marking the most southerly position at which the Sun may appear directly overhead, is the Tropic of Capricorn. These tropics are two of the five major degree measures or major circles of latitude that mark maps of the Earth, besides the Arctic and Antarctic Circles and the Equator. The positions of these circles of latitude (relative to the Equator) are dictated by the tilt of the Earth's axis of rotation relative to the plane of its orbit.", "Its Southern Hemisphere counterpart, marking the most southerly position at which the Sun may appear directly overhead, is the Tropic of Capricorn. These tropics are two of the five major degree measures or major circles of latitude that mark maps of the Earth, besides the Arctic and Antarctic Circles and the Equator. The positions of these circles of latitude (other than the Equator) are dictated by the tilt of the Earth’s axis of rotation relative to the plane of its orbit.", "Starting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the Tropic of Capricorn passes through 10 countries:", "The Tropic of Capricorn, also called the Southern Tropic, lies approximately 23.5 degrees south of the Equator. It is the southernmost point at which the sun can be seen directly overhead at the winter solstice when the southern hemisphere is tilted toward the sun. It drifts slowly north at the rate of about 16 yards a year. The Tropic of Capricorn marks the dividing line between the Southern Temperate Zone on the south and the tropics on the north. The climates of most of the countries along the Tropic of Capricorn are arid or semi-arid. Summer comes to the Tropic of Capricorn during December, when the region receives its highest amount of direct solar radiation.", "Other significant markers of the grid system include the international date line, which is the exact opposite of the prime meridian, and the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, each at 23.5 degrees north and south of the equator, respectively. The seasons change very little in the tropics, unlike at the more extreme ends of latitude, where seasonal change is much more prominent.", "The Equator , or line of 0 degrees latitude, divides the Earth into the Northern and Southern hemispheres. The Northern Hemisphere contains North America, the northern part of South America, Europe, the northern two-thirds of Africa, and most of Asia. The Southern Hemisphere contains most of South America, one-third of Africa, Australia, Antarctica, and some Asian islands.", "The Equator is situated at a latitude of 0 degrees. It is used as a point of reference for dividing the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The equator is the only line on Earth that is considered a great circle. Only about 20 percent of the Equator's length crosses land. The Earth's circumference is about 24,860 miles at the poles but is 24,900 miles at the equator at the Equator because of equatorial bulge.", "What is so important about the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn? - Quora", "On the other hand, the points on the Tropic of Capricorn are the southernmost points where the Sun can pass directly overhead. If you're somewhere south of the Tropic of Capricorn, the Sun appears to be always north of the zenith, and as you may have already guessed, on December 21st of each year, the Sun is directly overhead at noon on the Tropic of Capricorn, signaling the beginning of summer in the Southern Hemisphere.", "In the Southern Hemisphere the sun passes from east to west through the north, although north of the Tropic of Capricorn the mean sun can be directly overhead or due south at midday. The Sun rotating through the north causes an apparent right-left trajectory through the sky unlike the left-right motion of the Sun when seen from the Northern Hemisphere as it passes through the southern sky. Sun-cast shadows turn counterclockwise throughout the day and sundials have the hours increasing in the counterclockwise direction. During solar eclipses viewed from a point to the south of the Tropic of Capricorn, the Moon moves from left to right on the disc of the Sun (see, for example, photos with timings of the solar eclipse of November 13, 2012), while viewed from a point to the north of the Tropic of Cancer (i.e., in the Northern Hemisphere), the Moon moves from right to left during a solar eclipses.", "In the tropics the sun passes overhead twice during the year. On these two days, at local noon, the sun will be exactly overhead and an upright object such as a flag pole will have no shadow. This phenomenon only occurs in the tropics; the sun is never overhead in any other part of the planet. The northern reaches of the Hawaiian Islands, such as Midway Island, are north of the tropics and do not experience the overhead sun." ]	[ 8.765625, 7.98046875, 6.74609375, 2.296875, 2.048828125, 1.4013671875, 1.2763671875, 0.62744140625, 0.2880859375, -0.092041015625, -0.625, -0.62548828125, -0.6572265625, -0.87646484375, -1.6416015625, -1.7060546875, -1.734375, -1.73828125, -1.9560546875, -2.0078125, -2.0234375, -2.2265625, -2.259765625, -2.314453125, -2.314453125, -2.517578125, -3.75, -5.140625, -5.37890625, -5.71875, -5.9921875, -7.6328125 ]
Which British city has an underground railway system which is nicknamed The Clockwork Orange?	[ "Although it is not solely dedicated to railway transport, this museum is still an interesting place to visit for those who are interested in finding out how trains fit in the Glasgow’s transport heritage. Locomotive manufacture was a major industry in the past, and many of Scotland’s locomotives were constructed in the city. As well as a number of different locally built locomotives, there is also a reconstruction of a pre-1977 Glasgow Subway station. This subway system is the third oldest underground metro system in the world, and has been nicknamed “The Clockwork Orange” because of its distinctive orange colour.", "Glasgow’s underground railway system is the only one in Scotland, and the 3rd oldest in the world. It is sometimes nicknamed the Clockwork Orange, because of the colour of the trains.", "The Glasgow Subway in Glasgow, Scotland is referred by locals as The Clockwork Orange. This is because the trains are bright orange and the system is circular. It is mentioned in the Iain Banks book Espedair Street , which also refers to the \"clockwork orange pub crawl.\"", "Glasgow's subway runs in a double circle around the Glasgow city centre and some inner suburbs. Contrary to what tourist guidebooks would have you believe, locals never call it the \"Clockwork Orange\" (that is a fantasy of the London media) and most will refer to it simply as \"the Subway\". It is not called \"The Tube\" by locals, but you will be understood if you call it this.", "Glasgow's subway runs in a double circle around the Glasgow city centre and some inner suburbs. It's the third oldest subway system in the world after the London Underground and the Budapest Metro and is in the midst of a major facelift. Locals will never refer to the subway as \"the clockwork orange\" and will likely wince if you do so.", "While the \"Clockwork Orange\" nickname is often used in tourist guidebooks and local literature, it is virtually unused by locals themselves, [18] [19] [20] who will refer to the system simply as \"the Subway\" or, less commonly, \"the Underground\", and less commonly still — although becoming increasingly common because of influence from London — \"The Tube\".", "In Aileen Paterson 's 1984 children's story \"Maisie Goes To Glasgow\", the Subway is referred to as 'The Clockwork Orange', and includes an illustration of a train.", "While the \"Clockwork Orange\" nickname is often used in tourist guidebooks and local literature, it is virtually unused by locals, who will refer to the system simply as \"the Subway\" or, less commonly, \"the Underground\".", "The London Underground (also known simply as the Underground, or by its nickname the Tube) is a public rapid transit system serving Greater London and some adjacent parts of the counties of Buckinghamshire, Essex and Hertfordshire in the United Kingdom.", "The origin of the Subway's nickname, ‘The Clockwork Orange’ (coined from the title of the book and film A Clockwork Orange ) is subject to dispute. Some believe that it was originally coined by the media of the period, whilst others credit it to the then chairman of British Rail , Sir Peter Parker, who was quoted in a late 1970s publicity video of the new trains as saying \"so these are the original Clockwork Orange\". Most of its carriages were painted orange , the corporate colour of SPT at the time. Some of the units have since been replaced with a new colour scheme of carmine and cream with a thin orange band, which will be implemented progressively throughout the fleet as cars are refurbished.", "The London Underground is an all- electric metro railway system that covers much of the conurbation of Greater London and some neighbouring areas. It is the world's oldest underground system, and is the largest in terms of route length. Service began on 10 January 1863 on the Metropolitan Railway ; most of that initial route is now part of the Hammersmith & City Line . Despite its name, about 55% of the network is above ground. Popular local names include the Underground and, more colloquially, the Tube, in reference to the cylindrical shape of the system's deep-bore tunnels.", "As for 'The Clockwork Orange' name, its origins are split between the infamous Stanley Kubrik 1971 movie adaptation of a book with the same name, and a one-liner made by the then chairman of British Rail, Sir Peter Parker, who referred to the system as \"the original Clockwork Orange\". Certainly the date the movie aired and the one-liner muttered tie-in well. Who knows?", "Moorfields Station with separate platforms on the Loop and link lines has a tunnel connecting it to the business district around Old Hall Street . It also has a commemorative plaque to Vivien Hughes (1909-1994, a civil engineer who played a major part in the development of Liverpoolï¿½s Underground Railway system and who was born and died within sight and sound of the railway.", "Bus transport across the country is widespread; major companies include National Express, Arriva and Go-Ahead Group. The red double-decker buses in London have become a symbol of England. There is a rapid rail network in two English cities: the London Underground; and the Tyne and Wear Metro in Newcastle, Gateshead and Sunderland. There are several tram networks, such as the Blackpool tramway, Manchester Metrolink, Sheffield Supertram and Midland Metro, and the Tramlink system centred on Croydon in South London.", "The London Underground, commonly referred to as the Tube, is the oldest and second longest metro system in the world. The system serves 270 stations and was formed from several private companies, including the world's first underground electric line, the City and South London Railway. It dates from 1863.", "Manchester wanted an underground rapid-transit rail system, dismissing the idea on cost. Unfortunately the city reverted to a second rate transport system, trams. Liverpool has a rapid-transit underground/overground system, the largest and most used outside of London, with an abundance of disused underground rail infrastructure awaiting re-use to creating a fully comprehensive metro network. Yet the city bizarrely proposes a tram system.", "The London Underground Railway is the oldest underground urban railway in the world. In length, at 250 miles it is second only to that of Shanghai. [5]", "The Glasgow Subway, the only true underground railway in Britain outside of London, was originally opened in 1896 but the Victorian carriages were still... More", "The Glasgow Subway is an underground metro line in Glasgow, Scotland. Opened on 14 December 1896, it is the third-oldest underground metro system in the world after the London Underground and the Budapest Metro. It is the only heavy rail underground metro system in the British Isles outside London, and also the only one in the British Isles which operates completely underground. It is also one of the very few railways in the world with a track running gauge of . Formerly a cable railway, the Subway was later electrified, but its twin circular lines were never expanded. The line was originally known as the Glasgow District Subway, but was later renamed Glasgow Subway Railway. It was so called when taken over by the Glasgow Corporation who renamed it the Glasgow Underground in 1936. Despite this rebranding, many Glaswegians continued to refer to the network as \"the Subway\". In 2003 the name \"Subway\" was officially readopted by its operator, the Strathclyde Partnership for Transport (SPT). A £40,000 study examining the feasibility of an expansion into the city’s south side is in progress. ", "The first section opened in 1863 when the Metropolitan Railway opened the world's first underground line between Paddington and Farringdon with wooden carriages and steam locomotives. The same year a select committee report recommended an 'inner circle' of railway lines connecting the London railway termini, and the Metropolitan District Railway (commonly known as the District Railway) was formed to build the southern portion of the line. Due to conflict between the two companies it was October 1884 before the inner circle was completed. The line was electrified in 1905, and in July 1933 the two companies were amalgamated into the London Passenger Transport Board. In 1949 the Circle line appeared as a separate line for the first time on the Tube map. In December 2009 the closed loop around the centre of London on the north side of the River Thames was broken at Edgware Road and extended west to become a spiral serving Hammersmith.", "The world's first underground railway, the Metropolitan Railway, which opened in 1863, is now part of the Circle, Hammersmith & City and Metropolitan lines; the first line to operate underground electric traction trains, the City & South London Railway in 1890, is now part of the Northern line. The network has expanded to 11 lines, and in 2015–16 carried 1.34 billion passengers, making it the world's 11th busiest metro system.", "Leslie Green was the original designer of these stations, and that is his original sketch of Oxford Circus, top left, that watercolour. These are the features that you can still see at some of his surviving stations. Top right is Mornington Crescent; bottom right Elephant & Castle; bottom left, what was originally called Gillespie Road – that was the only case on the entire Underground where a football company managed to persuade London Underground to change the name of the station! When Arsenal were a top club in the ‘30s, they persuaded them to change the name, and it has been called Arsenal ever since. The other ones do not count of course. West Ham is in West Ham, it has nothing to do with the football club.", "The LPTB was a prominent patron of art and design, commissioning many new station buildings, posters and public artworks in a modernist style. The schematic Tube map, designed by Harry Beck in 1931, was voted a national design icon in 2006 and now includes other TfL transport systems such as the Docklands Light Railway, London Overground and TfL Rail. Other famous London Underground branding includes the roundel and Johnston typeface, created by Edward Johnston in 1916.", "The Metropolitan Railway , the first section of the London Underground, initially ran between Paddington (Bishop's Bridge), now just Paddington , and Farringdon Street, a temporary station just north-west of the present Farringdon station, and was the world's first urban underground passenger-carrying railway. Following delays for financial and other reasons after the railway was authorised in 1854 , public traffic began on 10 January 1863 . 40,000 passengers were carried that day, with trains running every ten minutes; by 1880 the expanded 'Met' was carrying 40 million passengers a year. Other lines swiftly followed, and by 1884 the Inner Circle (today's Circle Line ) was complete.", "The idea of an underground railway linking the City of London with some of the railway termini in its urban centre was proposed in the 1830s, and the Metropolitan Railway was granted permission to build such a line in 1854. To prepare construction, a short test tunnel was built in 1855 in Kibblesworth, a small town with geological properties similar to London. This test tunnel was used for two years in the development of the first underground train, and was later, in 1861, filled up. The world's first underground railway, it opened in January 1863 between Paddington and Farringdon using gas-lit wooden carriages hauled by steam locomotives. It was hailed as a success, carrying 38,000 passengers on the opening day, and borrowing trains from other railways to supplement the service. The Metropolitan District Railway (commonly known as the District Railway) opened in December 1868 from South Kensington to Westminster as part of a plan for an underground \"inner circle\" connecting London's main-line termini. The Metropolitan and District railways completed the Circle line in 1884, built using the cut and cover method. Both railways expanded, the District building five branches to the west reaching Ealing, Hounslow, Uxbridge, Richmond and Wimbledon and the Metropolitan eventually extended as far as in Buckinghamshire, more than 50 mi from Baker Street and the centre of London.", "Paddington Station, also known as London Paddington, is a central railway terminus and an underground station complex situated in the Paddington area of the west end of central London, UK. It is one of 18 stations operated by national railroad operator Network Rail.", "TfL's Tube map and \"roundel\" logo are instantly recognisable by any Londoner, almost any Briton, and many people around the world. The original maps were often street maps with the lines superimposed, and the stylised Tube map evolved from a design by electrical engineer Harry Beck in 1931. Virtually every major urban rail system in the world now has a map in a similar stylised layout and many bus companies have also adopted the concept. TfL licences the sale of clothing and other accessories featuring its graphic elements and it takes legal action against unauthorised use of its trademarks and of the Tube map. Nevertheless, unauthorised copies of the logo continue to crop up worldwide. The announcement \"mind the gap\", heard when trains stop at certain platforms, has also become a well known catchphrase.", "You are here: Home / Anglophilia / Britain’s Other Underground Train, Tube, Metro Rail Systems, and Networks", "Random Fact: Marylebone Underground station was original called Great Central and you can still see the name on the tiles at platform level. Tweet This", "Vauxhall Cross, from the Bond film Die Another Day. Assumed to be an extremely long branch station on the Piccadilly line.", "From 'suicide pits' to the 'Tubites': collected trivia about the capital's Victorian subterranean transport system in celebration of its Sesquicentennial", "There is a banana train service called the Lewis, which is hilariously misspelled as Luas. The service is known for its very (very very very) close relationship to the bus service, and for the Luas ambassadors, known locally as 'scumbags', who are located at each stop and will \"break your face\" unless you let them press the buttons on the ticketing machine." ]	[ 6.37890625, 6.34765625, 5.00390625, 3.6875, 3.53515625, 3.08984375, 2.43359375, 0.6240234375, 0.53271484375, 0.492919921875, 0.038299560546875, 0.0166778564453125, -0.1385498046875, -0.53515625, -0.701171875, -0.94775390625, -1.4169921875, -1.4521484375, -1.97265625, -2.216796875, -2.34375, -2.478515625, -2.490234375, -2.763671875, -2.7734375, -2.8359375, -4.93359375, -5.0859375, -5.3671875, -5.60546875, -8.6171875, -9.234375 ]
In which country would you find the original Legoland?	[ "Legoland Billund is the original Legoland park opened on June 7, 1968 in Billund, Denmark. The park is located next to the original Lego factory and Denmark's second busiest airport Billund Airport. This makes Legoland the largest tourist attraction in Denmark outside of Copenhagen.", "The original Legoland (which opened in 1968) is located on the western half of Denmark , called Jutland . Legoland Denmark is centrally located if you're driving. It's 150 miles west of Copenhagen . If you want to fly in, the airport of Billund is literally next door to the park. Legoland's opening times become longer as it gets warmer; the park itself is open from late March through early October.", "Legoland Billund, the original Legoland park, opened on June 7, 1968 in Billund, Denmark. The park is located next to the original Lego factory and Denmark’s second busiest airport, Billund Airport.", "The Lego Group built four amusement parks around the world, known as \"Legoland\". Each park features large-scale Lego models of famous landmarks and miniature Lego models of famous cities, along with Lego themed rides. The first Legoland park was built in Lego's home town of Billund in Denmark. This was followed by Legoland Windsor in England, Legoland California in Carlsbad, US and Legoland Deutschland in Günzburg, Germany. In addition, Legoland Sierksdorf was opened in 1973, but soon closed in 1976.", "Legoland is, after all, a theme park celebrating the “toy of the century” (title courtesy of Fortune magazine) in the country in which it was invented: Denmark, “the world's happiest nation” (according a Gallup World Poll). So you have to believe this place will be something special. And it is.", "With the recent opening of Legoland Florida , the total number of Legoland parks has been bumped up to five. Legoland Florida is the second Lego theme park to open in the United States and is now the largest of all the Legoland parks. The focus of this article, however, is the first ever Legoland, which is located in the hometown of the legendary toy bricks, Billund, Denmark. Legoland Billund opened in 1968 and since then has become Denmark’s largest tourist attraction outside of Copenhagen.", "Opened back in 1968, Legoland is located in Billund, a small town in regional Denmark that was the birthplace of the toy bricks. Billund is some 260km west of Copenhagen ; handily, the airport that was built here by the Lego company in the mid-1960s has grown to become the second largest airport in Denmark. Public transport to the park is excellent.", "LEGO has built several theme parks around the world, each known as LEGOLAND, featuring large-scale models, particularly of famous landmarks. The oldest of these is located in Billund , Denmark. Others followed: \" LEGOLAND Windsor \" (in England ), \"LEGOLAND California\" in Carlsbad , and \"LEGOLAND Deutschland\" in Gï¿½nzburg , Germany .", "Denmark is also the birthplace of one of the world's most popular toys, Lego. There is no other better place in the world where one can buy Lego bricks than at the Legoland theme park in Billund.", "There are six other LEGOLAND Parks in the world – LEGOLAND Billund in Denmark, LEGOLAND Windsor outside of London, LEGOLAND Florida in the U.S., LEGOLAND Deutschland in Germany, LEGOLAND Malaysia and LEGOLAND Dubai. Coming soon - LEGOLAND Japan and LEGOLAND New York! ", "Legoland Billund is today the most visited tourist attraction in Jylland. Five other Legolands have been built in other parts of the world: Legoland Windsor in 1996; Legoland California in 1999; Legoland Germany in 2002; Legoland Florida in 2011; and Legoland Malaysia in 2012. In 2005 the investment firm Blackstone bought a 70% controlling stake in Legoland, with the remaining 30% still owned by Lego. The parks are operated under the Merlin banner.", "The park also has 50 rides (including three roller coasters) and a “clubhouse” where kids can take tips from Lego Master Model Builders (yes, these are adults who play with Legos all day). There’s also a Lego Driving School where kids test their skills on faux city streets, and perhaps coolest of all is the Mindstorms robotic sessions, where pre-teens can build and program their own robots in conjunction with MIT’s Media Laboratory. There are also Legolands in Billund, Denmark, and Windsor, England. A third Legoland, in Gunzburg, Germany, is under construction.", "There was an earlier Legoland Park in Germany, from 1973 to 1976. It was located in the city of Sierksdorf in northern Germany. In 1976 the park was sold; the former Legoland Sierksdorf is now Hansa-Park. ", "There are 3 other LEGOLANDS in the world. They are ‘LEGOLAND Windsor’ in Windsor, England which opened in 1996, ‘LEGOLAND California’ in San Diego, California, USA which opened in 1999 and ‘LEGOLAND Deutschland’ in Günzburg, Germany which opened in 2002. LEGO plans on opening several more parks in the years to come, including one in Dubai which should open in 2010 or 2011.", "The link back to Denmark, the land of his ancestors, consists of the gigantic Legoland Amusement Park, located in Central Jutland, which contains -- among many other world famous monuments -- a huge miniature sculpture of Mount Rushmore, fully constructed of Lego Bricks. ", "Over 1.9 million guests visited the park in 2011 and since the opening more than 50 million guests have visited the park. This makes Legoland the largest tourist attraction in Denmark outside of Copenhagen.", "Legoland Deutschland is located in Günzburg, Germany, and opened in 2002. As of 2009, there are seven areas in the park, including: Imagination Center, Miniland, LEGO X-treme, LEGO City, Knights Kingdom, Adventure Land, and Land of the Pirates.", "Legoland is in Billund, about 30 minutes southeast of Grindsted, in central Jutland. From Copenhagen, Billund is about 3 hours by train.", "Legoland (trademark in uppercase as LEGOLAND) is a chain of Lego-themed children's/family theme parks. They are not fully owned by Lego Group itself; rather they are owned and operated by the British theme park company Merlin Entertainments.", "On June 7 , 1968 , the first LEGOLAND park was opened in Billund . This theme park featured elaborate models of miniature towns built entirely from LEGO bricks. The three acre (12,000 m²) park attracted 625,000 visitors in its first year alone. During the next 20 years, the park grew to more than eight times its original size, and eventually averaged close to a million paying visitors per year. More than eighteen million LEGO sets were sold in 1968 .", "On 7 June 1968, the first Legoland Park was opened in Billund. This theme park featured elaborate models of miniature towns built entirely from Lego bricks. The three acre (12,000 m²) park attracted 625,000 visitors in its first year alone. During the next 20 years, the park grew to more than eight times its original size, and eventually averaged close to a million paying visitors per year. More than eighteen million Lego sets were sold in 1968.", "Legoland Windsor was built on the site of the previous Windsor Safari Park in Windsor, Berkshire, and opened in 1996. As of 2010, there are twelve areas in the park, including: The Beginning, Imagination Centre, Miniland, Duplo Land, Heartlake City, LEGO City, Land of the Vikings, Kingdom of the Pharaohs, Pirates Shores, Knights Kingdom, and Adventure Land. It is the largest Legoland park in the world in terms of area – its area is approximately 5 times greater than that of Legoland Billund.", "Lego has managed to stay relevant by always reinventing itself. In 1968, Lego launched the Legoland theme park, and the following year, the company introduced the child-friendly alternative Duplo. More recently, as children became increasingly infatuated with digital entertainment, Lego created a highly successful line-up of digital content. The Lego videogames have sold more than 85 million copies and the first Lego feature film, The Lego Movie, has grossed more than half a billion US dollars on cinema tickets alone.", "On the outskirts of the town there is a LEGO factory, which, Template:As of , manufactures 90% of the company's products. Adjacent to the company's headquarters is the first LEGOLAND theme park, which opened in 1968 and is called LEGOLAND Billund . [1]", "The first Legoland was built next door to the Lego factory that was founded by Ole Kirk Christiansen in 1949. His son, Godtfred, took over the family business in 1958 when his father died and just two years later he bought out his three brothers. In 1968 Godfredt decided to open a 14-acre Legoland Park to promote his toy business.", "Growing up, did you ever wonder what exactly you could build with millions of Legos? Legoland park, which has over 30 million Lego bricks, is one answer. Located in Carlsbad, Calif., about 30 miles north of San Diego, Legoland is a 128-acre park that is a combination of rides and hands-on activities, aimed at children ages 2 to 12.", "Come play your part at LEGOLAND® California Resort, located just 30 minutes north of San Diego and one hour south of Anaheim. With more than 60 rides, shows and attractions, it's an interactive, hands-on theme park experience for families with children 2 - 12. The Resort is also home to SEA LIFE® Aquarium and the world's first LEGOLAND® Water Park. And if you've ever dreamed of spending the night at LEGOLAND, LEGOLAND Hotel at the Resort is now open and less than 2 miles from the nearest beach!", "Disneyland Park, originally Disneyland, is the first of two theme parks built at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California, opened on July 17, 1955. It is the only theme park designed and built under the direct supervision of Walt Disney. It was originally the only attraction on the property, though it was slightly renamed to distinguish it from the expanding complex in the 1990s. Walt Disney came up with the concept of Disneyland after visiting various amusement parks with his daughters in the 1930s and 1940s. He initially envisioned building a tourist attraction adjacent to his studios in Burbank to entertain fans who wished to visit; however, he soon realized that the proposed site was too small. After hiring a consultant to help him determine an appropriate site for his project, Walt bought a 160-acre site near Anaheim in 1953. Construction began in 1954 and the park was unveiled during a special televised press event on the ABC Television Network on July 17, 1955. Since its opening, Disneyland has undergone a number of expansions and renovations, including the addition of New Orleans Square in 1966, Bear Country in 1972, and Mickey's Toontown in 1993. Disney California Adventure Park was built on the site of Disneyland's original parking lot and opened in 2001.", "Set your imagination free - on land, at sea, and in the air. LEGOLAND is a fantastic world of imaginative family experiences that focus on children - a place where you can set your imagination free on land, at sea, or in the air. And there's always plenty to choose from, no matter whether you prefer action or relaxation.", "The park became an instant success and has over the years added many original rides and been divided into specific themed worlds. The now 45-acre park is divided into 9 themed areas: 1. Duplo Land, 2. Imagination Zone, 3. LEGOREDO Town, 4. Adventure Land, 5. Lego City, 6. Knight´s Kingdom, 7. Mini Land, 8. Pirate Land, 9. Polar Land.", "Legoland - Revive your childhood in the fantastic miniature cities or indulge with your kid's in the thrill rides of home of the LEGO bricks.", "Legoland - Revive your childhood in the fantastic miniature cities or indulge with your kids in the thrill rides of home of the LEGO bricks." ]	[ 5.02734375, 4.78515625, 4.734375, 4.07421875, 3.6640625, 2.958984375, 2.642578125, 2.275390625, 1.6611328125, 1.6240234375, 1.271484375, 1.1787109375, 0.93310546875, 0.919921875, 0.86865234375, 0.8349609375, 0.1785888671875, -0.873046875, -2.359375, -2.46484375, -2.912109375, -4.3359375, -4.359375, -4.421875, -4.47265625, -5.9296875, -7.078125, -7.89453125, -8.046875, -8.1328125, -8.3046875, -8.3828125 ]
What is the only American state which starts with the letter A but doesn't end with the letter A?	[ "3. What is the only American state which starts with the letter `A` but doesn`t end with `A`?", "Arkansas is the only US State that begins with \"a\" but does not end with \"a\". All the other States that begin with \"a\", Arizona, Alabama and Alaska, also end with \"a\".", "60.The only nation whose name begins with an “A” but doesn’t end in an “A” is Afghanistan.", "USA States â Tshirts Clothing Apparel - AMERICA : Yes We Can - ALASKA : Yukon Fever - ALASKA : Klondike Gold Rush - ARIZONA USA: Grand Canyon State - ARIZONA : Grand Canyon State 2 - ARIZONA USA - CALIFORNIA : Golden State - COLORADO : Rocky Mountain State - COLORADO : Maroon Bells - COLORADO : Art Designs - COLORADO USA - FLORIDA USA - FLORIDA : Sunshine State - FLORIDA Dolphins - HAWAII USA - HAWAII : Honolulu - HAWAII : Aloha State - HAWAII : Flowers - MARYLAND : Annapolis - NEBRASKA : Oregon Trail - NEBRASKA : Western Pioneers - NEVADA : Ghost Towns - NEW JERSEY : Garden State - NEW MEXICO : Land of Enchantment - NEW ENGLAND : Fall Foliage - PENNSYLVANIA : Dutch Country - SOUTH : Southern Plantations - TEXAS : Star Design - UNITED STATES OF AMERICA - USA WEST : Go West Pioneers - USA WEST : Western Heroes - UTAH USA - UTAH : Delicate Arch - UTAH : State Label - UTAH : Beehive State - UTAH : Arches Painting - UTAH : Wonderful Arches - VIRGINIA : Williamsburg", "According to About.com, there are four states in the United States that begin with the letter \"I.\" Idaho, Illinois, Indiana and Iowa all start with this vowel. The letters that start the most states, both with eight each, are \"M\" and \"N.\"", "States ï¿½ AL ï¿½ AK ï¿½ AZ ï¿½ AR ï¿½ CA ï¿½ CO ï¿½ CT ï¿½ DE ï¿½ FL ï¿½ GA ï¿½ HI ï¿½ ID ï¿½ IL ï¿½ IN ï¿½ IA ï¿½ KS ï¿½ KY", "The 50 U.S. states in alphabetical order are Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas and California, followed by Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida and Georgia. Then there's Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi and Missouri. The next five states are Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire and New Jersey, followed by New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota and Ohio.", "Maine is the only state whose name has exactly one syllable, and is the only state to border only one other.", "The letters that rank second in starting the most states, all with four states each, are \"A,\" \"I\" and \"W.\" Seven letters do not begin the name of any states: \"B,\" \"E,\" \"J,\" \"Q,\" \"X,\" \"Y\" and \"Z.\" According to State Symbols USA, Idaho was simply a made up word with no real meaning. Illinois is \"the French version of an Algonquin Indian word for \"warriors.\" Indiana means \"Land of the Indians\" and Iowa was named after a tribe of Sioux Indians called the Ioway.", "Pierre, the capital of South Dakota, is the only state capital name that shares no letters with the name of its state.", "FLORIDA and RHODE ISLAND are the only names of states which begin with two consonants [Dean Mayer].", "The State of Hawaii has the nickname The Aloha State, named for the Native Hawaiian word that means \"hello,\" \"goodbye,\" and \"I love you.\" The most recent state to enter the Union in 1959, Hawaii consists of several islands in the Pacific Ocean. Fun trivia: Its capital, Honolulu, is the most isolated major city in the world; the closest comparable city, San Francisco , is 2,387 miles away.note (second place goes to Perth, Australia , which is 1,307 miles away from Adelaide) A former independent kingdom, then an independent republic (the mostly U.S.-born landowners deposing the queen when she attempted to establish universal suffrage). It's a very popular vacation spot for U.S. residents, due to its tropical climate and the non-necessity of a passport. The tropical latitude also means that daylight saving time has no practical use, and is one of two states (the other being Arizona) that does not participate in it. In reflection of a long history of being a place where people across the Pacific immigrated, no single ethnic group holds a majority among the population. Birthplace of current U.S. President Barack Obama .", "Hawaii ( ; locally,; ) is the 50th and most recent state of the United States of America, receiving statehood on August 21, 1959. Hawaii is the only U.S. state located in Oceania and the only one composed entirely of islands. It is the northernmost island group in Polynesia, occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean. Hawaii is the only U.S. state not located in the Americas. The state does not observe daylight saving time.", "Alaska is the northernmost and westernmost state in the United States and has the most easterly longitude in the United States because the Aleutian Islands extend into the eastern hemisphere. Alaska is the only non-contiguous U.S. state on continental North America; about 500 mi of British Columbia (Canada) separates Alaska from Washington. It is technically part of the continental U.S., but is sometimes not included in colloquial use; Alaska is not part of the contiguous U.S., often called \"the Lower 48\". The capital city, Juneau, is situated on the mainland of the North American continent but is not connected by road to the rest of the North American highway system.", "Utah is the only state whose capital's name is made of three words. All three words in Salt Lake City have four letters each.", "Alaska and Hawaii are the only states that are not physically connected to other states; Maine is the only state that borders only one other state (New Hampshire). Missouri and Tennessee each border eight other states, the most for any state.", "On the other hand, some abbreviations never use a period; for example, state postal abbreviations like NY, CA, and TX. The abbreviation for United States of America can be written with a period between each letter, but it's much more common without. The same goes for measurement abbreviations like ft, in, and cm.", "Both Alaska and Puerto Rico also have public highways that receive 90 percent of their funding from the Interstate Highway program. The Interstates of Alaska and Puerto Rico are numbered sequentially in order of funding without regard to the rules on odd and even numbers. They also carry the prefixes A and PR, respectively. However, these highways are signed according to their local designations, not their Interstate Highway numbers. Furthermore, these routes were neither planned according to nor constructed to the official Interstate Highway standards.", "The area which represents the State of Alaska was purchased from Russia in 1867 for the sum of $7.2 million. Considering that the Americans found gold and oil, they got the better part of the bargain.note But at the time, it was called \"Seward's Folly\" or \"Seward's Icebox\" in (dis)honor of U.S. Secretary of State William Seward, who negotiated the sale. Noted for its cold temperatures, military bases, and being geographically close to Russia. Became a state in 1959. Over twice the size of Texas, in terms of area, Alaska is roughly one-sixth of the United States by itself, and until 1983, the state spread across four time zones (they've since consolidated to two). Home of the tallest mountain in North America, Denali note Was named Mount McKinley after the former president for a hundred years even though nobody in Alaska used that name. In 2015, Barack Obama officially changed it back to Denali—the traditional Native Alaskan name it had for over a thousand years which most of the locals used anyway—as a goodwill gesture., which is roughly 20,320 feet (6,194 meters) tall. Alaska is obviously the northernmost state, but since its Aleutian Islands stretch out past 180° longitude, Alaska is technically the westernmost and easternmost state as well.", "Alaska (not shown on the large map upper left) is a state in the United States, situated in the northwest extremity of the North American continent, with the international boundary with Canada to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south, with Russia further west across the Bering Strait. Alaska is the largest state in the United States by area, the 4th least populous and the least densely populated of the 50 United States.", "While the name of the state has never been mentioned, Homer Simpson 's driver's license shows that the state's abbreviation is \"NT\". According to producer/director David Silverman , Springfield is in the made-up state of \"North Takoma\" (a play on North Dakota , perhaps as well as the north end of the city of Tacoma, Washington ). The two-letter abbreviation NT is legally used to refer to Canada 's Northwest Territories , or Australia 's Northern Territory , but it is clear Springfield is in the U.S. U.S. flags are everywhere in Springfield: note the flag in the opening credits. The episode \"Mr. Lisa Goes to Washington\" supplies not only the abbreviation NT for the state, but also the abbreviation TA (on mail addressed to the Simpsons), and in that same episode it is revealed that Springfield's ZIP code 192005. The \"NT\" and \"TA\" could possibly stand for \"Nice Try\" and \"Try Again.\"", "Montana and South Dakota are the only states to share a land border which is not traversed by a paved road. Highway 212, the primary paved route between the two, passes through the northeast corner of Wyoming between Montana and South Dakota.", "8. New Mexico – There are two states with cool Indian designs. I prefer New Mexico because it just looks cleaner and classier than Oklahoma. Also, the state’s name isn’t on the flag, which is always a plus.", "a state of the northeastern US, bordering on the Atlantic: the smallest state in the US; mainly low-lying and undulating, with an indented coastline in the east and uplands in the northwest Capital: Providence. Pop: 1 076 164 (2003 est). Area: 2717 sq km (1049 sq miles) Abbreviations R.I, (with zip code) RI", "Even though Rhode Island is the smallest state in the US, it has the longest official name: “The State of Rhode Island and the Providence Plantations”.", "7. What is the only state whose capital's name is made up of three words – with each of the three words having four letters in them?", "5. Although the spelling of this state has 11 letters in total, it actually only uses four letters of the alphabet. What is it?", "The specific epithet is not capitalized, even when it is based on an otherwise capitalized place name.", "There is not, however, any nickname that has been officially adopted by the State for its residents.", "In English, both \"s\" and \"z\" are accepted, as there is no international, official spelling of the city's name. The city's international airport code is still CUZ, reflecting the earlier spelling.", "A familiar letter in the spelling of Swedish, Danish and Norwegian is the a with a ring above, Åå. It represents an [o]-type vowel, historically more open than that written o. In Danish it replaced an earlier digraph aa in the twentieth century. Hence the city of Århus is in English still often spelled Aarhus.", "Seriously, which “Mexican-style fast food restaurant chain, Restaurant Chain A” has restaurants in all these states?" ]	[ 10.78125, 8.71875, 4.69140625, 0.239501953125, 0.20458984375, 0.2041015625, 0.042144775390625, -0.1539306640625, -0.66552734375, -1.2802734375, -1.43359375, -2.205078125, -2.556640625, -2.57421875, -2.619140625, -2.673828125, -2.712890625, -2.75390625, -2.912109375, -3.15234375, -3.412109375, -3.451171875, -3.560546875, -4.33984375, -4.3984375, -5.15234375, -5.84375, -7.23046875, -7.29296875, -7.41796875, -8.9375, -9.78125 ]
As at the start of the 2003/04 season, how many winners of the English Premiership have there been?	[ "The English Premier League formed as the FA Premier League on 20 February 1992 following the decision of clubs in the Football League First Division to break away from The Football League, which was originally founded in 1888, and take advantage of a lucrative television rights deal. A total of 43 clubs have competed in the Premier League since 1992, but only four have won the title: Manchester United, Blackburn Rovers, Arsenal, and Chelsea. The current champions are Manchester United, who won their eleventh Premier League title in the 2008–09 season, the most of any Premier League team.", "While 47 clubs have competed since the inception of the Premier League in 1992, only six have won the title: Manchester United (13), Chelsea (4), Arsenal (3), Manchester City (2), Blackburn Rovers and Leicester City (1). The current champions are Leicester City, who won the title in 2015–16.", "A total of 40 clubs have competed in the Premier League, but only four have won the title: Manchester United, Blackburn Rovers, Arsenal, and Chelsea. The current Premier League champions are Manchester United, who won their ninth title in the 2006ï¿½07 season, the most of any Premier League team.", "Seven clubs have been members of the Premiership for every season since its inception. This group is composed of Arsenal, Aston Villa, Chelsea, Everton, Liverpool, Manchester United, and Tottenham Hotspur.[50]", "At the inception of the Premier League in 1992ï¿½93, just eleven players named in the starting line-ups for the first round of matches were 'foreign' (players hailing from outside of the United Kingdom or Republic of Ireland).[52] By 2000ï¿½01, the number of foreign players participating in the Premiership was 36%. In the 2004ï¿½05 season the figure had increased to 45%. On 26 December 1999, Chelsea became the first Premier League side to field an entirely foreign starting line-up,[53] and on 14 February 2005 Arsenal were the first to name a completely foreign 16-man squad for a match.[54] No English manager has won the Premier League; the four managers to have won the title comprise two Scots (Sir Alex Ferguson (Manchester United, nine wins) and Kenny Dalglish (Blackburn Rovers, one win)), a Frenchman (Arsï¿½ne Wenger, Arsenal, three wins) and a Portuguese (Josï¿½ Mourinho, Chelsea, two wins).", "No English manager has won the Premier League; the eight managers to have won the title comprise two Scots: Alex Ferguson (Manchester United, 13 wins) and Kenny Dalglish (Blackburn Rovers, one win), a Frenchman (Arsène Wenger, Arsenal, three wins), a Portuguese (José Mourinho, Chelsea, three wins), a Chilean (Manuel Pellegrini, Manchester City, one win) and three Italians (Carlo Ancelotti, Chelsea, Roberto Mancini, Manchester City, and Claudio Ranieri, Leicester City, one win each). ", "Arsenal, Chelsea, and Spurs have competed in the Premier League for every one of the 25 seasons since its inception (up to and including the 2016–17 season). West Ham have played in the Premiership for 21 seasons, Fulham for 13, Charlton Athletic, Crystal Palace and Wimbledon (as was) eight each, and QPR seven.", "4 May 2003 - Arsenal lose 3-2 at home to Leeds United, a result which ensures Leeds United's safety and ends Arsenal's defence of the title. Manchester United are crowned league champions for the eighth time in 11 seasons. Sunderland are relegated from the Premiership with a record low of 4 wins, 19 points and 21 goals. Shrewsbury Town are relegated to the Conference, ending 53 years of Football League membership. Exeter City finished 23rd in Division Three and are also relegatead to the Conference - the first club to suffer automatic relegation without finishing bottom of the league. Peter Schmeichel calls time on his footballing career six months before his 40th birthday after helping Manchester City to finish ninth in the Premiership. ", "On 6 May 2007, with Chelsea only able to manage a 1-1 with London rivals Arsenal, Manchester United became the champions of England. In doing so Ryan Giggs set a record of nine league titles thus beating the previous record of eight he shared with Alan Hansen and Phil Neal (who won all of their titles with Liverpool).", "A total of 40 clubs have played in the Premier League between 1992 and 2006. Two other clubs (Luton Town and Notts County) were signatories to the original agreement that created the Premier League, but were relegated prior to the inaugural Premiership season and have not yet returned to the top flight. For a list of all clubs past and present see List of FA Premier League clubs and an amalgamated table can be found at All-time FA Premier League table. For a list of winners and runners-up of the Premier League since its inception, and top scorers for each season, see English football champions.", "11 May 2003 - West Ham United are relegated after 10 years in the Premier League after failing to get the better of a Birmingham side who hold them to a 2-2 draw. Bolton are safe after a 2-1 home win over Middlesbrough. Sunderland's 4-0 home defeat to Arsenal sees them end the season as officially the worst Premier League team ever with a record low of four wins, 19 points and 21 goals. Not since Stoke City in the old First Division 18 years ago has any top flight club attained such a poor record in the top flight. Ninth placed Manchester City bid farewell to Maine Road after 80 years, their last game before relocation to the City of Manchester Stadium being watched by a 35,000 capacity crowd as they lost 1-0 to eighth placed Southampton. The final goal at the stadium is scored by Saints defender Michael Svensson. ", "The Football League consists of 70 professional association football clubs in England and 2 in Wales. It runs the oldest professional football league competition in the world. It also organises two knockout cup competitions, the Football League Cup and Football League Trophy. The Football League was founded in 1888 by then Aston Villa director William McGregor, originally with 12 member clubs. Steady growth and the addition of more divisions meant that by 1950 the League had 92 clubs. Financial considerations led to a major shake-up in 1992 when, in a step to maximise their revenue, the leading members of the Football League broke away to form their own competition, the FA Premier League, which was renamed in 2007 as the Premier League. The Football League therefore no longer includes the top 20 clubs who belong to this group, although promotion and relegation between the Football League and the Premier League continues. In total, 136 teams have played in the Football League up to 2013 (including those in the Premier League, since clubs must pass through the Football League before reaching the former).", "Making up the trio of Premier League challengers to Man United are Chelsea who, since the arrival of owner Roman Abramovich in 2003 have won three league titles. They picked up the trophy under Jose Mourinho in 2005 and 2006 before winning their hat trick of titles under Carlo Ancelotti. Manchester City won their first ever Premiership title on May 13, 2012 when they scored twice in extra time against QPR to take the title in incredible circumstances. For all the fixtures and scores from the forthcoming 2016/17 edition of the Premier League, you can hop on to http://www.footballscores.com .", "*19 April 2003 - Paul Scholes is on the scoresheet twice as a 3-1 home win over Blackburn Rovers edges Manchester United closer to their eighth Premier League title in 11 seasons, despite Arsenal's 2-0 win at Middlesbrough. West Bromwich Albion are relegated despite a 2-1 away win over already doomed Sunderland. Leicester City seal promotion to the Premier League with a 2-0 win over Brighton.", "As of the end of the 2008–09 season, there had been 17 completed seasons of the Premier League. The league held its first season in 1992–93 and was originally composed of 22 clubs. The first ever Premier League goal was scored by Brian Deane of Sheffield United in a 2–1 win against Manchester United. Due to insistence by FIFA, the international governing body of football, that domestic leagues reduce the number of games clubs played, the number of clubs was reduced to 20 in 1995 when four teams were relegated from the league and only two teams promoted. On 8 June 2006, FIFA requested that all major European leagues, including Italy's Serie A and Spain's La Liga be reduced to 18 teams by the start of the 2007–08 season. The Premier League responded by announcing their intention to resist such a reduction. Ultimately, the 2007–08 season kicked off again with 20 teams. The league changed its name from the FA Premier League to simply the Premier League in 2007.", "After this season the Premier League would be reduced to 20 clubs, so there would be four relegation places this time round. They were occupied by Crystal Palace , Norwich City (who had narrowly missed out on the league title two years earlier), Leicester City and Ipswich Town .", "Leeds United, the last champions of English football before the creation of the Premier League, played in the first 12 seasons of the Premier League, peaking at third place in 2000, before being relegated in 2004 in the midst of a serious financial crisis which was the direct result of heavy spending on players in the previous few seasons and a failure to net the extra revenue that successful challenges for domestic and European silverware would have brought them. They have yet to return to the Premier League more than a decade later, and even spent three seasons in the league's third tier. A spectacular decline in similar circumstances also befell Portsmouth, who reached the Premier League in 2003 and stayed there for seven seasons, lifting the FA Cup in 2008. The South Coast club were relegated from the Premier League at the end of the 2009–10 season, having become the first club at this level to enter administration, and were deducted nine points at a result. In 2013, a third relegation in four seasons saw them relegated to the league's fourth tier for the first time in 35 years.", "Indeed in the end Forrest where relegated signalling Cloughs retirement. The other two teams to be relegated from this first FA Premier League season were Middlesbrough and Crystal Palace, Joe Royals Oldham Athletic making a brave escape. The three teams relegated would be replaced by Swindon Town, West Ham United and Kevin Keegan's Newcastle United who had been crowned 1992-1993 English Football League Division 1 champions. The first football champions of the English FA Premier League were indeed Manchester United who by the end of the season amassed a 10 point lead over Aston Villa with Norwich coming in third. This was a remarkable achievement for United, what had looked like a season of mid-table mediocrity at one point ended in glory, Alex Ferguson purchase of Eric Cantona being the significant factor in this. An unusual football statistic was that the same two mid-table teams both took part in the two English Cup finals, Arsenal beating Sheffield Wednesday to the 1993 English FA Cup and the 1993 English League cup .", "Historically, the London clubs have not accumulated as many trophies as those from North West England, such as Liverpool and Manchester United; however, today Arsenal and Chelsea are regarded as two of the Premier League's \"big four\" alongside them. In 2003-04 they became the first pair of London clubs to finish first and second in the top flight, with Arsenal winning. In 2004-05 they did so again, this time with Chelsea winning. The 2009–10 Premier League saw Chelsea, Arsenal and Tottenham finish in the top 4 places, the first time ever that three London clubs had done so, and it meant that that all three qualified for the UEFA Champions League.", "Chelsea Chelsea Football Club is an English football club based in West London. Founded in 1905, they play in the Premier League and have spent most of their history in the top tier of English football. Chelsea have been English champions four times, FA Cup winners six times and League Cup winners four times. They have also been successful in Europe, winning the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup twice. The club had their first major success in 1955, when they won the league championship. Chelsea won several cup competitions during the 1960s and 1970s, but after that did not win another major title until 1997. The past decade has been the most successful period in Chelsea’s history, capped by winning Premier League titles in 2005, 2006 and 2010, the latter as part of their first league and FA Cup \"Double\". Despite their name, the club are not based in Chelsea, but in neighbouring Fulham. The club's home is the 41,841 capacity Stamford Bridge football stadium in Fulham,where they have played since their establishment. Since 2003 they have been owned by Russian billionaire Roman Abramovich .", "In 1992 the top division of clubs in England formed a breakaway league, enabling them to take a larger share of income from media rights in comparison to the rest of the football league. The Premier League (originally Premiership) currently consists of 20 clubs.", "Not that, in 1993-94, the Premiership sides fell to the elite of the Endsleigh League. Wolves were the highest-placed side to author one of those 12 upsets, and they only finished eighth in Division One . Five of the 12 went to Bolton and Luton, who excelled in the Cup despite decidedly modest league campaigns. Bruce Rioch's Bolton were gifted loose cannons, with two apparent stars of the future in Jason McAteer and Alan Stubbs and a diminutive balding whippet of a winger in David Lee: they had won at Anfield in the previous season's FA Cup and would reach the League Cup final and win promotion the following season. Luton, under David Pleat, had an almost computer-game mix of young legs and old heads: of the 13 who beat Newcastle in the fourth round , nine were 24 or under and the other four in their thirties, including Alan Harper and the late David Preece , a player whose almost genteel class symbolised this hugely likeable team.", "Another double was achieved in 2002 and in 2004, the Gunners won the Premiership title without being defeated, a feat that has not been achieved since Preston North End won the first ever League title in 1888, undefeated in 18 games. Arsenal were unbeaten in 38 League matches. A year later club won the FA Cup in a penalty shoot-out against Manchester United, the first time the competition had been decided in this way.", "In total, they have won three Football League titles (prior to the top division becoming the Premier League), four FA Cups, have two League Cup victories and many other minor honours, including reaching the UEFA Cup Final in 1972, and appearances in the last eight of both the UEFA European Cup, and the European Cup Winners' Cup, but spent just one season in the top division between 1984 and 2009. They are also the only club to have won five different league titles; they have championed all four tiers of the professional English league, as well as the long-defunct northern section of the Third Division.", "Trevor Brooking (who served as manager during Glenn's ill health the previous season) stepped in as interim manager before being replaced by Alan Pardew in October 2003, headhunted from fellow promotion contenders Reading . Pardew led the team to a playoff final, though they were beaten by Crystal Palace . The club stayed in Division One (which at this time became the Championship) for another season, when they again reached the playoff final , but this time won, beating Preston North End 1–0, gaining re-entry to the Premier League.", "All the clubs which have ever been crowned champions are still in existence today and all take part in the top four tiers of the English football league system - the football pyramid. Sheffield Wednesday are the only club who have ever changed their name after winning a league title having been known as The Wednesday for the first three of their four titles.", "The Blues finally broke through in 2004-05, their first full season under Jose Mourinho. They ran away with the Premiership title, taking it by a comfortable 12 points over second-place Arsenal. ", "In the 2003-2004 season, Arsenal had one of the greatest seasons in English football history as they became the first side since Preston North End in 1889 to go an entire season in the top flight and not suffer a loss.", "2003 was undoubtedly the year of the Bull as Brian Noble's side swept aside everybody to pick up all the silverware.", "1991 : Manchester United 2–1 Barcelona - United won the CWC in the first season English clubs were reinstated after the Heysel ban ended. It also marked Alex Ferguson matching Cruyff's feat in 1989, having also led Aberdeen to victory in the 1983 tournament.", "Who are the only team to have won the Premier league not currently playing in the top flight?", "It is the only Football Club to be founder members of the Premier League and Football League and Champions of both." ]	[ 3.0546875, 2.341796875, 2.19140625, 0.697265625, 0.005420684814453125, -0.356689453125, -0.378173828125, -0.546875, -0.73974609375, -0.8828125, -1.0126953125, -1.1298828125, -1.1650390625, -1.4521484375, -1.4677734375, -1.4775390625, -1.595703125, -1.8251953125, -1.9111328125, -1.966796875, -1.974609375, -2.310546875, -2.32421875, -2.443359375, -3.02734375, -3.15234375, -3.28515625, -3.3515625, -5.14453125, -5.46484375, -6.13671875, -7.19921875 ]
In which county is Lord's cricket ground?	[ "Lord's Cricket Ground, generally known as Lord's, is a cricket venue in St John's Wood named after its founder, Thomas Lord an English professional cricketer who played first-class cricket from 1787 to 1802. It is owned by Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) and is the home of Middlesex County Cricket Club, the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) & the European Cricket Council (ECC). Lord's is widely referred to as the \"home of cricket\" and is home to the world's oldest sporting museum.", "Lord's Cricket Ground, generally known as Lord's, is a cricket venue in St John's Wood, London. Named after its founder, Thomas Lord, it is owned by Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) and is the home of Middlesex County Cricket Club, the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB), the European Cricket Council (ECC) and, until August 2005, the International Cricket Council (ICC). Lord's is widely referred to as the \"Home of Cricket\" and is home to the world's oldest sporting museum. ", "Lord's Cricket Ground, generally known as Lord's, is a cricket venue in St John's Wood, London. Named after its founder, Thomas Lord, it is owned by Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) and is the home of Middlesex County Cricket Club, the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB), the European Cricket Council (ECC) and, until August 2005, the International Cricket Council (ICC). Lord's is widely referred to as the \"home of cricket\" and is home to the world's oldest sporting museum.", "Immediately south of Alresford lies the country of the Meon River which, rising in the chalk hills, is still little more than a trickle when it reaches the sea. Lovely and remote in this country where centuries ago the sporting bishops of Winchester haunted the deer. At West Meon there is another Hampshire link with cricket. Thomas Lord, who made Lord's Cricket Ground, is buried there. He sold Lord's to my great-great-uncle James Henry Dark, who in his turn sold it to the Marylebone Club. Botley at the extreme south-west corner of the Meon Valley is the centre of the strawberry district.", "Apart from being known for producing a bunch of talented cricketers, Middlesex is known for the historic Lords Cricket Ground. Middlesex County Cricket Club call themselves the Middlesex Crusaders in limited over matches.", "This revered ancient cricket ground has been the site of many a historic victory and many more England batting collapses. While Lord's Cricket Ground has long been seen as the \"home of cricket\" and the game's spiritual headquarters, its importance does not lie merely in its historic past. It hosts many important matches, including a Test match for every international tour, and is the home of Middlesex County Cricket Club, the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) and the MCC Museum. There is also an excellent guided tour, which explores the history of the ground and the game. It is owned by Marylebone Cricket Club whose teams play about 500 games a year and who take their role as guardian of the laws and spirit of cricket very seriously. Lord's Test matches are amongst the most sought-after for tickets due to the prestige of the location - an Ashes (England v Australia) Test match at Lord's is thought to be just about the biggest game in cricket. The ground has a capacity of 28,000 and is a wonderful blend of the ancient and the modern, with the resplendent Victorian-era Pavilion facing the award-winning and stylishly futuristic Media Centre. During the London 2012 Olympics, Lord's played host to the Olympic Archery competitions.", "Owned and run by Surrey County Cricket Club, the Kia Oval Cricket Ground is based in the borough of Lambeth and hosts key sporting fixturessouth of the River Thames. Fans of the Surrey Lions or any other team can find that the Oval hosts Twenty20 matches, which was launched and won by Surrey in 2003, as well as Test Matches, County Championships and the NatWest Series. The Oval is an iconic landmark in South London, on the site since 1845, and is home to top players including Mark Ramprakash, who last year became the 19th player to score 15,000 or more runs for the county. Cricket fans can also head north to Lord's Cricket Ground in Marylebone, which has a museum about the history of the ground and the sport, and is also the home of the coveted Ashes urn. The Oval is also just a short distance from the Imperial War Museum and London's South Bank.", "The aforementioned Hambledon Club, playing in Hampshire on Broadhalfpenny Down, was the predominant cricket force in the second half of the 18th century before the rise of the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in London. Formed from a cricket club that played at White Conduit Fields, the club moved to Lord’s Cricket Ground in St. Marylebone borough in 1787 and became the MCC and in the following year published its first revised code of laws. Lord’s, which was named after its founder, Thomas Lord, has had three locations over its history. Moving to the current ground in St. John’s Wood in 1814, Lord’s became the headquarters of world cricket.", "Seven times County Championship winners Warwickshire County Cricket Club play at Edgbaston Cricket Ground, which also hosts test cricket and one day internationals and is the largest cricket ground in the United Kingdom after Lord's. Edgbaston was the scene of the highest ever score by a batsman in first-class cricket, when Brian Lara scored 501 not out for Warwickshire in 1994. ", "The first official Twenty20 matches were played on 13 June 2003 between the English counties in the Twenty20 Cup . [5] The first season of Twenty20 in England was a relative success, with the Surrey Lions defeating the Warwickshire Bears by 9 wickets in the final to claim the title. [6] The first Twenty20 match held at Lord's , on 15 July 2004 between Middlesex and Surrey , attracted a crowd of 27,509, the highest attendance for any county cricket game at the ground – other than a one-day final – since 1953. [7]", "Ground has been evolving since 1814. Apart from the Middlesex county side, it is the home of the Marylebone Cricket Club, the worldwide authority for the game. It is not rare for other sports to be staged at the ground. There was a baseball match there during the Second World War and its turf has also hosted tennis and bowls. Regardless, it was a first for Lord’s when the London Archery Classic was held there as a test event last October. This was a success for both archers and spectators; unlike most other venues, it provides an elevated view of the competition, with the magnificent Pavilion perhaps the best vantage point of all.", "The opening first-class game of an English county cricket season has traditionally been played at Lord's between the MCC and the Champion County (the club that won the County Championship the previous year). When the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) plays against one of the first-class counties, the game is granted first-class status.", "The earliest known match played on the current Lord's Cricket Ground was Marylebone Cricket Club v Hertfordshire on 22 June 1814. ", "Marylebone Cricket Club is one the world’s oldest cricket clubs, founded in 1787, based at the acknowledged home of the sport, Lord’s Cricket Ground in St John’s Wood. Steeped in cricket history and tradition, MCC was formerly the sport’s governing body in England and Wales as well as worldwide.", "Today, following sponsorship, the ground is known as the Kia Oval and has the largest cricket pitch in England. It has hosted almost 100 test matches and over 2,000 first class cricket matches. It’s still the home of Surrey County Cricket Club and traditionally plays host to England’s final test match of the season.", "First-class cricket includes Test cricket but the term is generally used to refer to the highest level of domestic cricket in those countries with full ICC membership, although there are exceptions to this. First-class cricket in England is played for the most part by the 18 county clubs which contest the County Championship. The concept of a champion county has existed since the 18th century but the official competition was not established until 1890. The most successful club has been Yorkshire County Cricket Club with 30 official titles.", "Oval, the -- A cricket ground in Kennington, south London, home of Surrey County Cricket Club. Famous for the giant gas holder (no, not Tony Lewis) to one side of the ground, it has a reputation for producing the best, fastest pitches in England and is traditionally the venue for the last Test match of the English summer.", "Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC), former governing body of cricket , founded in London in 1787. Marylebone soon became the leading cricket club in England and, eventually, the world authority on laws. The MCC headquarters are at Lord’s Cricket Ground in London. The Cricket Council is now the final arbiter in England, as are boards of control in other countries, with the International Cricket Conference exercising advisory jurisdiction over world cricket affairs.", "Kia Oval has been the home of Surrey County Cricket Club since its foundation in 1845, one of the U.K.'s leading cricket teams, and a regular venue for England international cricket fixtures. It is also one of London's leading venues for exhibitions, conferences and weddings. Surrey County Cricket Club has a unique relationship with its supporters who expect the premium fan experience for which the Kia Oval is known.", "The Oval is the home ground of Surrey County Cricket Club, and also traditionally hosts the final Test match of each English summer season in late August or early September. The Oval was the first ground in the United Kingdom and second in the world (after the Melbourne Cricket Ground) to host Test cricket.", "The annual cricket match against Harrow at Lord's Cricket Ground is the oldest fixture of the cricketing calendar, having been played there since 1805. A staple of the London society calendar since the 1800s, in 1914, its importance was such that over 38,000 people attended the two days' play, and in 1910 the match made national headlines. But interest has since declined considerably, and the match is now a one-day limited overs contest.", "Cricket Tourism in England is famous around the cricket-playing nations. Most of the visitors want to tour the Lords Cricket Stadium and play with the county club teams. Given below are some website of Cricket Tour Organisers.", "The Oval has been the home of Surrey County Cricket Club since 1845 and was the first English ground to host an international Test cricket match. Book from one of our wide selection of hotels near Oval Cricket ground and discover Kennington and its iconic sporting venue. ", "Yorkshire are the most successful team in English cricketing history with 33 County Championship titles, including 1 shared. The team's most recent Championship title was in 2015, following on from that achieved in 2014. The club's limited-overs kit colours are purple, black and yellow with Mazars as the main sponsor. Yorkshire play most of their home games at Headingley Stadium in Leeds. Another significant venue is at North Marine Road Ground, Scarborough, which houses the annual Scarborough Festival. Yorkshire has historically used other locations including Bramall Lane, Sheffield, which was the club's original home; Horton Park Avenue, Bradford; St George's Road Cricket Ground, Harrogate; The Circle, Kingston upon Hull; and Acklam Park, Middlesbrough.", "Despite a major rebuilding programme in recent years, Lord's remains a cricket ground as opposed to the largely impersonal stadiums many other leading venues which have become. Playing in a Test at Lord's, still widely regarded as the home of cricket, remains to many cricketers the pinnacle of a career.", "The third of Thomas Lord's grounds was opened in 1814 and soon became the major venue as cricket became the world's leading sport in the 19th century. While cricket has been overtaken by other international events, and the game itself has become overtly commercial, Lord's has retained its place as the spiritual home.", "The 1st test of the Ashes series held today at the home of cricket, Lords. Come on Freddie and Tresco!!!", "The County Championship is the domestic first-class cricket competition in England and Wales. The competition consists of eighteen clubs named after, and originally representing, historic counties, seventeen from England and one from Wales. From 2016, the Championship will be sponsored by Specsavers, who replaced Liverpool Victoria after 14 years. ", "The Oval, referred to as the Kia Oval due to a commercial sponsorship deal, is an international cricket ground in Kennington, in the London Borough of Lambeth. In the past it was also sometimes called the Kennington Oval. In past years it was officially named as the ‘Fosters Oval’, ‘AMP Oval’, ‘Brit Insurance Oval’, due to previous commercial sponsorship deals.", "On Thursday, 18 June 1724, London v Dartford was the earliest known match at Kennington Common, near where The Oval is now sited. The result is unknown.[76] On Monday, 10 August 1724, there was a match in Islington (result unknown) which featured the combined parishes of Penshurst, Tunbridge and Wadhurst versus Dartford. This was recorded in a diary entry by one John Dawson, who may have watched it. No details are known but Mr Dawson says it was \"a great cricket match\".[77]", "The founder of this ground was Thomas Lord, and was established in 1814. The first ever international fixture here was an Ashes Test in 1884 between England and Australia. Ever since it has hosted some thrilling matches with respect to both Tests and ODIs, with one of them ofcourse being the NatWest Series final in 2002 when India chased down 326 in 50 overs, famously beating England and Sourav Ganguly, who has fond memories of this ground for enlightening his career, was the captain of India in the game and famously removed his India jersey as a sign of celebration.", "The Oval is an international cricket ground in Kennington, London. It is often referred to as the ‘Kennington Oval’ (not to be confused with Kensington Oval in Barbados), but in recent years has been officially titled as the ‘Fosters Oval’, ‘AMP Oval,’ and, currently, as the ‘Brit Oval’ due to various commercial sponsorship deals." ]	[ 8.90625, 8.203125, 8.1484375, 4.56640625, 4.3515625, 4.29296875, 3.87109375, 2.6953125, 2.291015625, 2.03125, 1.90234375, 1.708984375, 1.662109375, 0.3095703125, -1.7353515625, -1.9833984375, -2.001953125, -2.232421875, -2.833984375, -2.935546875, -3.080078125, -3.431640625, -3.611328125, -3.796875, -3.8203125, -4.72265625, -5.73828125, -6.1875, -6.41796875, -6.55078125, -6.6171875, -6.87109375 ]
In the English and Scottish football leagues, which team has the longest name?	[ "The longest league team name in the UK is Inverness Caledonian Thistle. The second longest is Wolverhampton Wanderers.", "Unlike those from England, very few of whom have names that are geographically indeterminate, at least at first glance* (the exceptions are Arsenal, Aston Villa, Everton, Queen’s Park Rangers, Port Vale, Tranmere Rovers; at a pinch Crystal Palace) and most of which are relatively prosaic (Swindon Town, Derby County, Bristol City) – only Nottingham Forest, Sheffield Wednesday, Plymouth Argyle and Crewe Alexandra have any rhetorical flourish - a disturbingly large number of Scottish teams’ names give no clue to their geographical location.", "The longest name in the English league is my team Brighton and Hove albion with 21 letters. However Borussia Monchengladbach, of the Bundesleage is 23 letters. I'm sure there are longer names in germany though.", "Interesting question - some of the initials prefacing town names of French clubs might spell out into longer names than the British names I can think of (for example OGC Nice) - the longest British would presumably be Brighton and Hove Albion, Inverness Clachnacuddin, Kirkintilloch Rob Roy and Norton and Stockton Ancients.", "Celtic and Rangers are the two biggest teams in Scotland , and the Old Firm rivalry is one of the most heated football rivalries in the world. The Old Firm rivalry is largely motivated by religious sectarianism , and is related to the conflict between Loyalists and Republicans in Northern Ireland . The main Celtic firm is the Celtic Soccer Crew meanwhile Rangers firm is a derivative of the Inter-City firms. Notable football firms from the past include the Aberdeen Soccer Casuals, Hibs' Capital City Service firm, Motherwell's Saturday Service and the Dundee Utility, an amalgamation of both Dundee and Dundee United.[citation needed]", "A distinct Scottish identity is ensured by a Scottish Premier League in football, and leading clubs such as Glasgow's Rangers and Celtic regularly qualify for the European Champions League. Celtic were the first UK club to win this competition's predecessor, the European Cup, in 1967.", "Celtic's traditional rivals are Rangers; collectively, the two clubs are known as the Old Firm. The two have dominated Scottish football's history; between them, they have won the Scottish league championship 101 times since its inception in 1890 – all other clubs combined have won 19 championships. The two clubs are also by far the most supported in Scotland, with Celtic having the sixth highest home attendance in the UK during season 2014–15. Celtic have a historic association with the people of Ireland and Scots of Irish descent, who are both mainly Roman Catholic. Traditionally fans of rivals Rangers came from Scottish or Northern Irish Protestant backgrounds and support British Unionism.", "Stockport County joined the Football League in 1900 and competed in it continuously from 1905 to 2011. Having spent most of their history in the lower reaches of the Football League, the 1990s were more successful with the club competing in the First Division for five seasons. Instability on and off the pitch led to Stockport quickly falling back to the lower divisions. The club started the 2011–12 season in the Conference National , having been relegated from Football League Two at the end of 2010–11. [6] They are currently the longest survived Football League team to drop out of the league, having played in the league for a total of 110 years.", "The Celtic Football Club (pronounced Seltik, not Keltic) hail from the east end of Glasgow and were formed in 1887 as a means of raising money for the poor Irish communities in the city. Their home at Celtic Park is, after a reconstruction in the late 1990s , the largest in Scotland. The first British side to win the European Cup in 1967 with the so-called 'Lisbon Lions', they reached the finals of the 1970 European Cup and the 2003 UEFA Cup. The record Scottish Cup winners (36 times winners, most recently in 2013) they also have 46 League titles (including nine consecutive victories between 1966 and 1974, breaking their own world record) and 15 League Cups. Celtic's green and white Hoops are known the world over, and the club boasts a sizeable support in North America and Australia.", "Arsenal Football Club is a professional English Premier League football club based in North London. One of the most successful clubs in English football, it has won 13 First Division and Premier League titles and 10 FA Cups. Arsenal holds the record for the longest uninterrupted period in the English top flight and is the only side to have completed a Premier League season unbeaten.", "Arsenal Football Club is a professional English Premier League Football club based in North London. One of the most successful clubs in English football, it has won 13 First Di and Premier League titles and 10 FA Cups. Arsenal holds the record for the longest uninterrupted period in the English top flight and is the only side to have completed a Premier League season unbeaten.", "The Scottish Football League (SFL) was a league featuring professional and semi-professional football clubs mostly from Scotland.One club, Berwick Rangers, is based in the town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, which is located approximately 4 km south of the Anglo-Scottish border. From its foundation in 1890 until the breakaway Scottish Premier League (SPL) was formed in 1998, the SFL represented the top level of football in Scotland. After 1998, the SFL represented levels 2 to 4 of the Scottish football league system. In June 2013, the SFL merged with the SPL to form the Scottish Professional Football League.", "Having begun their fairytale journey in football as ‘Newton Heath LYR Football Club‘ in 1878, the dawn of the new century saw the name change to ‘Manchester United‘. The club has seen itself being decorated with several nicknames: The Heathens, The Busby Babes and The Red Devils being the most popular of them. In this article, we find the answers to why and how the club came to be known by the now famous nickname, the ‘Red Devils’.", "West Bromwich Albion Football Club, also known as West Brom, The Baggies, The Throstles, Albion or simply WBA, is an English professional football club based in West Bromwich in the West Midlands. The club was formed in 1878 and has played at its home ground, The Hawthorns, since 1900.", "Founded in 1872, Rangers are one of the eleven original members of the Scottish Football League and remained in the top division continuously until the liquidation of The Rangers Football Club PLC at the end of the 2011–12 season. With a new corporate identity, the club gained admittance to the fourth tier of the Scottish game in time for the start of the following season, and were promoted three times in four years to return to the top flight.", "Manchester United began life in 1878 as Newton Heath F.C., a team formed by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway organisation. The club competed in railway competitions until 1889 when it joined the Football Alliance, a league below the Football League. When the Football League expanded in 1892, Newton Heath was elected to the First Division but suffered relegation to the Second Division after just two seasons. Newton Heath's only claim to success was victory in the 1898 Lancashire Cup and by the turn of the 20th century they were in deep financial trouble. The club's financial problems were so severe that by February 1902 they were in receivership with debts of �2,670. The club was saved by a group of four men who each injected �500 into it, leading the consortium was Manchester brewer J.H Davies. Until 1893 Newton Heath played at a spartan ground in Monsall Road, Newton Heath, before relocating to a better-equipped stadium at Bank Street, Clayton.", "What is the longest football team name in the world? \| Notes and Queries \| guardian.co.uk", "Newcastle United Football Club is an English professional association football club based in Newcastle upon Tyne. Following the club's most recent relegation from the top-flight during the 2015–16 season, Newcastle returned to the Football League's 2nd tier, the Championship for the 2016–17 campaign. The club was founded in 1892 by the merger of Newcastle East End and Newcastle West End, and has played at its current home ground, St James' Park, ever since. The ground was developed into an all-seater stadium in the mid-1990s and now has a capacity of 52,405. The club has been a member of the Premier League for all but two years of the competition's history, and has never dropped below English football's second tier since joining the Football League in 1893. The club has been owned by Mike Ashley since 2007, succeeding long term chairman and owner Sir John Hall.", "Two years after Queen’s Park was created, Killie was born as Scotland’s oldest professional football club. Their long history has seen them qualify for European competition several times throughout the years, with their most recent accolade being the Scottish League Cup in the 2011-12 season.", "Nottingham is home to two professional football clubs: Notts County and Nottingham Forest. Their two football grounds, on opposite sides of the River Trent, are noted for geographically being the closest in English league football. Notts County, formed in 1862, is the oldest professional football club in the world. They were also among the Football League's founder members in 1888. For most of their history they have played their home games at Meadow Lane, which currently holds some 20,000 spectators, all seated. They currently play in Football League Two – the Fourth tier of English league football – and most recently played top division football in May 1992. Nottingham Forest, who currently play in the Football League Championship, were English league champions in 1978 and won the European Cup twice over the next two seasons under the management of Brian Clough, who was the club's manager from January 1975 to May 1993, leading them to four Football League Cup triumphs in that time. They have played at the City Ground, on the south bank of the River Trent, since 1898. Nottingham Forest joined the Football League in 1892, four years after its inception when it merged with the rival Football Alliance, and 100 years later, they were among the FA Premier League's founder members in 1992 – though they have not played top division football since May 1999. The City Ground played host to group stage games in the 1996 European Football Championships. ", "Rangers F.C. Glasgow Rangers Football Club are a football club in Glasgow, Scotland, which plays in the Scottish Championship, the second tier of the Scottish Professional Football League. Their home ground, Ibrox", "Aberdeen F.C. Aberdeen Aberdeen Football Club are a Scottish professional football club based in Aberdeen. They compete in the Scottish Premiership having won four league titles and seven Scottish Cups, including a record", "Sunderland Association Football Club (,) is an English professional football club based in the North East city of Sunderland in the larger metropolitan area of Tyne and Wear. The club is currently playing in the Premier League, the top league of English football. Since its formation in 1879, the club has won six top-flight First Division (now the Premier League) titles (1892, 1893, 1895, 1902, 1913, and 1936), a total only bettered by five other clubs, and has finished runners-up five times. The club has also won the FA Cup twice (1937 and 1973) and been runners-up twice (1913 and 1992), as well as winning the FA Community Shield in 1936 and being finalists the following year. Sunderland have also been Football League Cup finalists in 1985 and 2014.", "Aberdeen F.C. Pittodrie Stadium Aberdeen Football Club are a Scottish professional football club based in Aberdeen. They compete in the Scottish Premiership having won four league titles and seven Scottish Cups, including a record", "Rangers F.C. Ibrox Stadium Rangers Football Club are a football club in Glasgow, Scotland, which plays in the Scottish Championship, the second tier of the Scottish Professional Football League. Their home ground, Ibrox", "Ross County Football Club is a Scottish professional football club based in Dingwall, Highland. They play all of their home matches at the Global Energy Stadium in Dingwall. The club currently play in the Scottish Premiership after winning promotion as champions of the First Division in the 2011–12 season. Prior to the 1994–95 season they played in the Highland Football League, a competition they won three times. They have also won the Scottish First Division, Second Division, Third Division (once each) and Challenge Cup twice. In 2010, they reached the Scottish Cup Final and in 2016, they won the Scottish League Cup. Nicknamed The Staggies, County's home colours are dark blue and white.", "* UK record for an unbeaten run in professional football: 62 games (49 won, 13 drawn), from 13 November 1915 until 21 April 1917 – a total of 17 months and four days in all (they lost at home to Kilmarnock on the penultimate day of the season) ", "* First British club to reach the final of the European Cup, and the only Scottish, and first British team to win the European Cup.", "Airdrieonians Football Club, more commonly known as 'Airdrie' were a Scottish professional football team from the town of Airdrie, in the Monklands area of Lanarkshire.", "6. Name either of the professional football teams in England which have the nickname ‘The Latics’?", "They have played at the DW Stadium since 1999, sharing the stadium with rugby league club Wigan Warriors. They previously played at Springfield Park for 67 years. The club's nickname is Latics, derived from a contraction of the word \"Athletic\".", "Take St Mirren of Paisley. St Mirren isn't a place or a region or even a street. There is no typewriter named St Mirren and no ship either. Instead the club is named after the local patron saint, Saint Mirin, an Irish monk who is honoured with a great fete held in the town hall every September 15. St Johnstone too take their name from their home town of Perth's patron saint; unsurprisingly, that's Saint John." ]	[ 5.71484375, 3.05859375, 2.970703125, 1.0517578125, 0.546875, -0.45458984375, -0.66064453125, -1.96875, -1.9912109375, -2.0625, -2.107421875, -2.384765625, -2.42578125, -2.44921875, -2.474609375, -2.796875, -3, -3.107421875, -3.177734375, -3.37109375, -3.392578125, -3.49609375, -3.49609375, -3.8046875, -3.833984375, -4.30859375, -4.4296875, -5.46484375, -5.609375, -6.19140625, -6.2890625, -6.65625 ]
What was the first Australian city to host the Olympic games?	[ "The Sydney Olympic Games were held from 15 September to 1 October 2000. Sydney was awarded the right to host the 2000 Olympic Games in 1993. It was the second time that an Australian city had hosted the Olympic Games, the first being in Melbourne in 1956. The first Olympic Games of the modern era were held in Athens in 1896 following the founding of the International Olympic Committee in 1894. The Olympics began in Greece about 3,500 years ago but were discontinued in 393 AD. In 1887, Baron Pierre de Coubertin came up with the idea of reviving the Olympics.", "Australia held it's first ever Olympic games in Melbourne in 1956. It had been some thirty years previously that Australia had first lobbied to hold the games. They had hoped to stage the 1936 Olympics, but these were given to Germany and held in Berlin instead.", "Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, opened Australia’s first Olympic Games in Melbourne. The Games were held during the international Suez crisis and the Hungarian Revolution. Television was introduced into Australia to make these the first Olympic Games televised.", "The 1956 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XVI Olympiad, were an international multi-sport event which was held in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, in 1956, apart from the equestrian events, which were held five months earlier in Stockholm. The 1956 Games were the first to be staged in the Southern Hemisphere and Oceania, as well as the first to be held outside Europe and North America. Melbourne is the southernmost city to host the games. Equestrian events could not be held in Australia due to quarantine regulations. This was the second Olympics not to be held entirely in one country, the first being the 1920 Summer Olympics, which Antwerp, Belgium co-hosted with Amsterdam and Ostend.", "Melbourne is notable as the host city for the 1956 Summer Olympic Games (the first Olympic Games held in the southern hemisphere and Oceania, with all previous games held in Europe and the United States), along with the 2006 Commonwealth Games. Melbourne is so far the southernmost city to host the games. The city is home to three major annual international sporting events: the Australian Open (one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments); the Melbourne Cup (horse racing); and the Australian Grand Prix (Formula One). Also, the Australian Masters golf tournament is held at Melbourne since 1979, having been co-sanctioned by the European Tour from 2006 to 2009. Melbourne was proclaimed the \"World's Ultimate Sports City\", in 2006, 2008 and 2010. The city is home to the National Sports Museum, which until 2003 was located outside the members pavilion at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. It reopened in 2008 in the Olympic Stand. ", "Australia has participated in every summer Olympics of the modern era,[366] and every Commonwealth Games.[367] Australia hosted the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne and the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney,[368] and ranked among the top six medal-takers for the games of 2000, 2004 and 2008.[369", "Throughout 1996 there was considerable speculation that Sydney, Brisbane, Perth, Adelaide and Canberra were also interested in staging the Games. One commentator claimed that Brisbane would not win support from the ACGA because it had already hosted the Games, Perth would fail because it was too far away, Darwin did not have the facilities needed, Canberra did not have the infrastructure and Sydney would not be chosen because it was just being greedy after hosting the 2000 Olympics. [198]", "The Olympic Games returned to Australia in 2000 with the Summer Olympic Games in Sydney, which were held between 15 September and 1 October. These were the largest ever Olympic Games at the time, with 10 651 athletes (4069 women and 6582 men) representing 199 countries. Even though there were many athletes at the 2000 Summer Olympic Games, they were well organised and went very smoothly. Millions of dollars were spent to create Sydney Olympic Park, where many of the events took place. Other events took place in Darling Harbour and venues around the Sydney metropolitan area.", "105 Which was the first city in the Southern hemisphere to host the Olympic Games? Melbourne (1956)", "Melbourne won the right to host the 1956 Olympic Games by one vote over Buenos Aires. Australian quarantine laws were too severe to allow the entry of foreign horses, so the equestrian events were held separately in Stockholm in June.", "Sydney was selected as the host city for the 2000 games in 1993. Teams from 199 countries participated. The United States won the most medals with 93, while Australia came in 4th with 58. The games cost was estimated to be A$6.6 billion. The Games received universal acclaim, with the organisation, volunteers, sportsmanship and Australian public being lauded in the international media. Bill Bryson from The Times called the Sydney Games \"one of the most successful events on the world stage\", saying that they \"couldn't be better\". James Mossop of the Electronic Telegraph called the Games in an article \"such a success that any city considering bidding for future Olympics must be wondering how it can reach the standards set by Sydney\", while Jack Todd in the Montreal Gazette suggested that the \"IOC should quit while it's ahead. Admit there can never be a better Olympic Games, and be done with it\", as \"Sydney was both exceptional and the best\". In preparing for the 2012 Olympic Games in London, Lord Coe declared the Sydney Games the \"benchmark for the spirit of the Games, unquestionably\" and admitting that the London organising committee \"attempted in a number of ways to emulate what [the Sydney organising committee] did.\" These were the final Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Juan Antonio Samaranch. These were also the second Olympic Games to be held in spring.", "Both Melbourne and Brisbane have also in this timeframe announced their interest in being the Aussie candidate city for an Olympic Games.", "Sydney was the host of the 2000 Summer Olympics and the 1938 British Empire Games. The Olympic Stadium, now known as ANZ Stadium is the scene of the annual NRL Grand Final. It also regularly hosts State of Origin matches and rugby union internationals, and hosted the final of the 2003 Rugby World Cup and the football World Cup qualifier between Australia and Uruguay.", "Australia has hosted four previous Commonwealth Games: in Sydney (1938), Perth (1962), Brisbane (1982) and Melbourne (2006).", "The official history of the Perth Games notes that keen rivalry had existed between Adelaide and the city to stage the 1962 Commonwealth Games. Perhaps surprisingly, given its lack of infrastructure, Perth won the competition to become Australia’s candidate for the Games and the votes of the British Empire and Commonwealth Games Association at its meeting during the Cardiff Games in 1958. [46] Four years of ‘from scratch’ building to deliver facilities to match world standards followed before the Games commenced on 22 November 1962.", "Unfortunately, the comments Ross makes are spot on. It's not that the IOC would only go for London because it's the capital city, but rather because it has an international profile. Sydney may not be the capital of Australia, but its international profile is far higher than Canberra.", "The European settlement in Melbourne was founded in 1835. Earlier it was a separate colony of Victoria and with the discovery of gold in Victoria in 1850s, it developed into a port and service center. It later turned out to be the manufacturing center of the country and in 1880 the city became the second largest city in the British Empire entitled 'Marvelous Melbourne'. It became the capital of Australia in 1901. The seat of government and the national capital was in Melbourne till 1927, the year when it was shifted to the new capital city of Canberra. Due to the various sports events held in the city, it gained the title 'the sporting capital of Australia.' It is also the largest city in Victoria.", "The 1830s and 1840s were periods of urban development, which included the first suburbs. The town grew rapidly with the arrival of British and Irish immigrants seeking a new life in a new country. On 20 July 1842 the municipal council of Sydney was incorporated. The town was designated as the first city in Australia, with John Hosking elected as its first mayor. Rapid suburban development began in the last quarter of the 19th century with the advent of steam-powered tramways and railways easing commutes to work. With industrialisation, Sydney expanded rapidly and, by the early 20th century, it had a population of more than a million. In 1929, the novelist Arthur Henry Adams called it the “Siren City of the South” and the “Athens of Australia”.", "In 1901 the population of Australia was 3,370,000. The largest city was Melbourne with a population of about 420,000. Second was Sydney with about 360,000. Adelaide had about 115,000 and Brisbane 86,000. Hobart was much smaller with just 34,000 people.", "Sydney is the largest city in Australia, with a metropolitan area population of approximately 4.34 million (2008 estimate). It is the state capital of New South Wales, and was the site of the first British colony in Australia. Situated on an inlet of the Tasman Sea, Sydney is built on low hills surrounding Port Jackson. It was established in 1788 at Sydney Cove by Arthur Phillip, commodore of the First Fleet from Britain. A resident of the city is referred to colloquially as a Sydneysider. Sydney is situated on Australia's south-east coast. The city is built around Port Jackson, which includes Sydney Harbour, leading to the city's nickname, \"the Harbour City\". The city is home to the iconic Sydney Opera House, Harbour Bridge and its beaches. The metropolitan area is surrounded by national parks, and contains many bays, rivers and inlets. Sydney is considered an alpha+ world city, listed by the Loughborough University group's 2008 inventory and ranked 16th among global cities by Foreign Policy's 2008 Global Cities Index. The main airport serving Sydney is Kingsford Smith International Airport, commonly referred to as Sydney Airport. Sydney is one of the most multicultural cities in the world, which reflects its role as a major destination for immigrants to Australia. Sydney ranks among the top 10 most livable cities in the world according to Mercer Human Resource Consulting and The Economist.", "Macquarie's tenure as Governor of New South Wales was a period when Sydney was improved from its basic beginnings. Roads, bridges, wharves and public buildings were constructed by British and Irish convicts, and by 1822 the town had banks, markets, well-established thoroughfares and an organised constabulary. The 1830s and 1840s were periods of urban development, including the development of the first suburbs, as the town grew rapidly when ships began arriving from the British Isles with immigrants looking to start a new life in a new country. On July 20 1842 the municipal council of Sydney was incorporated and the town was declared the first city in Australia, Charles H. Chambers was the first mayor. The first of several gold rushes started in 1851, and the port of Sydney has since seen many waves of people arriving from around the world. Rapid suburban development began in the last quarter of the 19th century with the advent of steam powered tramways and railways. With industrialisation Sydney expanded rapidly, and by the early 20th century it had a population well in excess of one million. The Great Depression hit Sydney badly. One of the highlights of the Depression era, however, was the completion of the Sydney Harbour Bridge in 1932.", "Sydney has served as the venue of 1938 British Empire Games, 2000 Summer Olympics and 2003 Rugby World Cup.", "The site of the first British colony in Australia, Sydney was established in 1788 at Sydney Cove by Captain Arthur Phillip, of the First Fleet, as a penal colony. The city is built on hills surrounding one of the world’s largest natural harbours, Port Jackson, which is commonly known as Sydney Harbour, where the iconic Sydney Opera House and the Harbour Bridge are prominent structures. The hinterland of the metropolitan area is surrounded by national parks, and the coastal regions feature many bays, rivers, inlets and beaches, including the famous Bondi and Manly beaches. Within the city are many parklands, including Hyde Park and the Royal Botanic Gardens.", "On 22 August 2008, the Premier of Queensland, Anna Bligh, officially launched Gold Coast City's bid to host the Commonwealth Games in 2018. On 7 April 2009, the ABC reported a land exchange deal between Gold Coast City and State of Queensland for Carrara Stadium. According to Mayor Ron Clarke, the land would aid a potential bid for the 2018 Commonwealth Games. The land exchanged would be used as the site of an aquatics centre. In the same article, Mayor Clarke raised the question of the Australian Federal Government's commitment to a 2018 Commonwealth Games bid in light of the Government's support for Australia's 2018 FIFA World Cup Finals bid. On 16 April 2009, Queensland Premier Anna Bligh told reporters that a successful Commonwealth Games bid by Gold Coast City could help the tourist strip win a role in hosting the World Cup. ", "The 1938 British Empire Games were held in Sydney from 5–12 February, timed to coincide with Sydney's sesqui-centenary (150 years since the foundation of British settlement in Australia).", "The 1938 Games were organised by the Australian British Empire Games Association. The Association received support from the New South Wales Government. The federal government provided money for outfitting the Australian team.", "The largest city in Australia has a famous opera house; it also hosted the 2000 Summer Olympics.", "For the first time the Olympics take place in a purpose built stadium. Figure skating was introduced as an Olympic sport. Australia and New Zealand competed together as Australasia.", "Since it was built in 1853, the MCG has been in a state of almost constant renewal. It served as the centrepiece stadium of the 1956 Summer Olympics, the 2006 Commonwealth Games and two Cricket World Cups: 1992 and 2015. It is also famous for its role in the development of international cricket; it was the venue for both the first Test match and the first One Day International, played between Australia and England in 1877 and 1971 respectively. The annual Boxing Day Test is one of the MCG's most popular events. Referred to as \"the spiritual home of Australian rules football\", it hosts AFL matches in the winter, with at least one game (though usually more) held there each round. The stadium fills to capacity for the AFL Grand Final.", "The Olympic Games come to Australia - 80 Days That Changed Our Lives - ABC Archives", "Australia's then biggest city, \"a city of magnificent intentions\" had grown up fast on the banks of the Yarra, a city founded and peopled by adventurers and \"enthroned by gold\".", "Australia's planned capital city, founded in 1908, some years after the federation of Australian states into the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901." ]	[ 5.5546875, 5.515625, 4.66015625, 3.5, 2.455078125, 2.251953125, 1.8154296875, 1.64453125, 1.57421875, 1.4619140625, 1.4248046875, 0.05401611328125, -0.222900390625, -0.728515625, -1.0966796875, -1.1513671875, -1.1591796875, -1.5390625, -2.111328125, -2.25, -2.27734375, -2.314453125, -2.705078125, -3.029296875, -4.125, -4.71875, -5.17578125, -5.3671875, -5.5703125, -5.7734375, -6.52734375, -6.96875 ]
On a darts board, which number is directly opposite 1?	[ "The list of numbers between 0 and 60 not possible on a dart board are as follows - 23, 25, 29, 31, 35, 37, 41, 43, 44, 46, 47, 49, 50, 52, 53, 55, 56, 58, 59. Obviously the HIGHEST number unattainable would be 179 (obviously with 180 as the ceiling, as its the highest possible). Combinations of additions must be taken into account for other numbers, though. Again, ill be back when i have more time", "The the most popular games of darts are so called \"01\" games - the classic games of Darts, played world-wide. They include the professional 501 and its variations like 301, 601, 801, 1001 Darts. In fact all these games are played from a certain number of points, always ending in \"01\". For example, the common tournament game of 501 is played from 501 points. Other variations are 301, 601, 801, 1001. The higher point games are usually played by teams.", "Somewhat related: pay attention the next time you see a dart board. The opposite wedges don't add up to a consistent total, but they do exhibit a spread of numbers such that aiming for a large area full of high numbers isn't possible. The 1 is between the 20 and 18, for example. I don't know the precise rationale for their placement, but it's clear they don't want similar values as neighbors. If you're aiming for 7 you shouldn't get 6 or 8 with a near miss.", "The game of '01 is the classic game of Darts, played world-wide. The \"01\" refers to the fact that the game is played from a certain number of points, always ending in \"01\". For example, the common tournament game of 501 (pronounced \"Five-Oh-One\"), is played from 501 points. Other variations are 301, 601, 801, 1001. The higher point games are usually played by teams.", "The sport of darts is usually contested between two players who take turns in throwing up to three darts. Starting from a set score, usually 501 or 301, a player wins by reducing his score to zero. The last dart in the leg must hit either a double or the inner portion of the bullseye, which is the double of the outer bull, and must reduce the score to exactly 0. Successfully doing so is known as \"doubling out\" or \"checking out\" (see the Glossary of darts for more darts terminology). A throw that would reduce a player's score to less than zero (or exactly one) does not count, his turn ends, and his score is reset to what it was before that turn. (Sometimes in friendly games a player is allowed a dog's chance by \"splitting the eleven\" if he has a remaining score of 1: this requires placing a final dart between the legs of the number 11 in the normally non-scoring part of the board.) Since the double areas are small, doubling out is usually the most difficult and tense part of a leg. Longer matches are often divided into sets, each comprising some number of legs.", "90- - 3 DART-OUT- T20, D15 a single 20 on the first dart gets you to 70, (T20, D5) a single 20 on the second dart gives you double bull. 2 DART-OUT- T18, D18", "The first score will then be two times the the number (1 through 20) associated with the wedge, or 50 points for a double bull. A \"single bull\" in the (usually) green circle around the red double bull is scored as 25 points. A dart in any wedge scores the number of points equal to the number assigned to that wedge. Those points are doubled for darts in the outer ring and tripled for darts in the narrow ring midway to the center of the board. Thus, the triple 20 is the highest scoring area on the board at 60 points. The points for all three darts are totaled and subtracted from 301, or from the total remaining at the start of each turn.", "This is a two-player game, one player will be the scorer and the other will be the blocker. The numbers 1 - 20 are written on the scoreboard. The blocker throws their darts first. Each number that is hit is marked off the board. The scorer will then throw trying to score as many points as possible using the numbers that are left (doubles and triples count, i.e. a triple 17 is worth 51 points). Once the blocker has marked off all the numbers, the scorer totals their score, and the two players trade roles. The winner is the player that can score the most points.", "First we need to look at a standard dart board (and its dimensions) which are summarised in the diagram above. The small outer ring (which is 8mm thick) doubles your score for that slice i.e. hitting the red slice just below the number 20 scores you 40. The similarly wide small division in the middle of each number trebles your score. Hitting the green area right in the centre of the board (called the \"outer bullseye\" or \"outer bull\") scores 25. The red \"bullseye\" right in the centre scores you 50.", "The Scoring: The players names are written across the top of the score board in order. Playing order is determined by a throw at bullseye, closest dart plays first. The numbers 1 through 10 are written down the center of the board to indicate the 10 rounds of play.", "The standard numbering plan with a 20 on top was created in 1896 by a Lancashire carpenter called Brian Gamlin. [4] However, a great many other configurations have been used throughout the years and in different geographical locations. Gamlin's layout was devised to penalise inaccuracy. Although this applies to most of the board, the left-hand side (near the 14 section) is preferred by beginners, for its concentration of larger numbers. Mathematically, removing the rotational symmetry by placing the \"20\" at the top, there are 19! , or 121,645,100,408,832,000 possible dartboards. Many different layouts would penalise a player more than the current setup; however, the current setup actually does the job rather efficiently. There have been several mathematical papers published that consider the \"optimal\" dartboard.", "The Play: The first player begins the first hole by throwing for 1's. The player may choose to throw one, two or all three darts for the hole. However many darts are thrown. The LAST dart thrown is the one that counts. For example, the player throws the first dart into the thin wedge of the 1 for a score of 3. Unsatisfied with this score, he throws the remaining two darts at the triple and misses the ones entirely. His score for is now 5 for the hole, he may not choose to count the first dart because he continued throwing. If he had been satisfied with the first dart, he may have kept the score of three and not thrown the remaining two darts.", "By far the most commonly used design of darts board today is the \"clock\" or \"trebles\" board and that is the only board that will be considered in these instructions. A good board should be made from vegetable fibre and is called a \"bristle board\". The pattern on the board is delineated by wire and hue. It consists of a circle of 20 segments numbered from 1 to 20 in a seemingly random fashion. At the centre is a small black circle called the \"bullseye\" and, surrounding that, a thin red ring called the 25 ring. The segments spread out from this ring broken only by the \"treble\" ring about half way to the edge and \"double\" ring which marks the rim of the circle. So, for instance, if a dart lands in the segment marked 14 and is within the treble ring, a \"treble 14\" has been scored.", "For instance, if you have 2 points left, you must hit a double-1 to bring the score down to zero. From 18 points, a double-9 would work. If you have an odd number left (a number that cannot be divided by 2), then darts must be thrown to reduce the score to an even number, before throwing at a double. For instance, there is no possible double out from 19, so a way to finish would be to throw a single-3 first, reducing the score to 16. The 16 can then be \"taken-out\" by throwing a double-8.", "The game 301 (\"three-oh-one\") is one of the most commonly played dart games for both casual pub darts and tournament play. It is a countdown game in which all competitors start with 301 points and race to zero. One game consists of three \"legs,\" or three races to zero. A match generally consists of three games. The game may be played in teams or as an individual competition, with two or more teams or players. In team play, each member plays one complete leg to complete a game. As in all traditional pub dart games, each player will throw three darts on each turn. Play rotates until one player goes out.", "The Scoring: Playing order is determined by a throw of one dart each at bullseye, closest to the bullseye goes first. The names are written in order at the top of the board with the number 501 in between. A vertical line divides the board into columns for each player.", "A player starts with a score of 501 and takes turns to throw 3 darts. The score for each turn is calculated and deducted from the players total. Bullseye scores 50, the outer ring scores 25 and a dart in the double or treble ring counts double or treble the segment score. The objective is to be the first player (to use a minimal number of turns) to reduce the score to exactly zero with the shortest time.", "This eliminates the chance of any dart being deflected by an already thrown dart into the wrong scoring area by throwing each dart at a different location on the board. It is only usually seen in exhibition matches, as in tournaments, players are inclined to aim for the triple 20, only switching to the triple 19 for a cover shot.", "Now let's talk about Low. Low is played exactly like High except that you must score LOWER than the previous player's score to not lose a life. \"Easy, I'll just throw all three darts off the board!\" WRONG. Any darts that miss or fall out of the board count as 25 points!", "If a player shoots at least one dart into the double of the target number, that player gets an additional throw of three darts at the 20. The total of the 20's is added up in the usual way, the thin outer \"doubles\" ring counting as two 20's (40 points). The thin inner \"triples\" ring counting as three 20's (60 points). The rest of the 20 counts as one 20 (20 points). If none of the target doubles are hit, the player is not allowed a throw at the 20's.", "Which is the smallest number that you cannot score with 3 darts which all hit the dartboard (other than 1 and 2)?", "If you have to finish with a double in a game of darts, which number has the most number of different ways of finishing with 2 darts? (for instance 20 could be 18 and double 1, double 8 and double 2, treble 2 and double 7 etc )", "The Play: Players throw one dart each at bullseye, closest dart throws first and that player's name is written above the left small board with the other player's name written above the right small board. This player also chooses to be X's or O's and writes that near the small board too.", "The standard international dartboard is known as the \"clock\" board. It is 18 inches in diameter and has 20 numbered, pie-shaped segments of equal size, plus the bull's-eye.", "Numbers in Play: The numbers used are determined by the players. Each player throws one dart with the \"opposite\" hand. (e.g., right-handers throw left-handed) to determine randomly his or her own number. If a player misses the board or hits a number already taken, he or she throws again.", "In darts, the players are supposed to throw darts on the dartboard, i.e., a circular board, with numbers engraved on it, hanging on the wall. The dartboard is hung in such a manner that the bullseye, i.e., the center of the board, is at a height of 5 feet 8 inches from the floor. The darts are thrown from a distance of 2.369 meters, which is marked by a line referred to as the oche. When throwing darts, technique is definitely a major factor, however, most of the people fail to understand this. If you are able to master the correct technique, half the battle is already won.", "Now for the REALLY weird part: If the player throws a dart into the area from the bullseye to the triples ring (bull and double bull included), the dart is left in the board and is a \"PRISONER\". A prisoner dart remains in the board until any player (including the player who threw the dart) hits the playable area of the same number (in the case of the bullseye, hitting another bullseye captures the prisoner). Once a player captures a \"prisoner\", the dart is his/hers to use for the rest of the game (unless it is lost in the same manner).", "An objective is to provide a rotating part of the dart board which rotates in one direction in accordance with one or more accurately thrown darts by a first player striking the rotating portion in a position that the weight of the dart causes the rotating portion to move downwardly; thereafter, one or more accurately thrown darts by a second player into an opposite part of the rotating portion will cause the rotating portion to rotate in an opposite direction and to assume a position reflecting success by the second player, provided his dart or darts are far enough from the center of rotation and sufficient in number to more than counter-balance darts thrown into the rotating portion by the first player.", "The image to the left is picture of a regulation dartboard, as created by Brian Gamlin in 1896. As you can see, the numbers are arranged in a pattern designed to penalize inaccuracy, with high scoring segments placed adjacent to lower scoring regions.", "If you are new to darts you may have wondered why the numbers are arranged in this fashion. Well the numbering system used in the modern day dart board is accredited to Brian Gamblin a carpenter from Bury in Lancashire.However this cannot be categorically be proved and a more plausible person is also suggested (Read the History of Darts)", "This a game best played by several people. The object of this game is to follow the leader but you don’t just use the traditional scoring area of the dart board you also use the wire numbering system of the board as well!", "The numbering system on a standard dartboard is designed in such a way as to reduce ‘lucky shots’ and reduce the element of chance. For further details about the board click here." ]	[ 1.345703125, 0.7509765625, 0.7158203125, 0.1976318359375, -0.33642578125, -0.64013671875, -0.70751953125, -1.0791015625, -1.1376953125, -1.1484375, -1.197265625, -1.1982421875, -1.2880859375, -1.3388671875, -1.345703125, -1.4970703125, -1.63671875, -1.6884765625, -1.74609375, -1.904296875, -1.966796875, -2.01953125, -2.0546875, -3.013671875, -3.806640625, -4.0078125, -4.3203125, -5.15625, -5.37109375, -5.63671875, -5.640625, -5.6484375 ]
In cricket, how many runs is a double nelson?	[ "A score of 111 or multiples thereof (222 is called \"double nelson\", 333 is \"triple nelson\" etc.) is considered an ill omen in cricket, because the figures \"111\" resemble a wicket without bails (a wicket is the three parallel stumps stuck in the ground which a batsman has to try and stop the ball from hitting otherwise he is out).", "a score of 111, either of a team or an individual batsman, regarded by some as unlucky. To prevent bad luck, some people stand on one leg. Scores of 222 and 333 are called Double and Triple Nelson respectively. [1]", "Nelson a score of 111, either of a team or an individual batsman , regarded by some as unlucky; the superstitious custom is for the batting team off the pitch (and umpire David Shepherd) each to take one foot off the ground. The name was coined in the mistaken belief that Lord Nelson had one eye, one arm and one leg: in fact, he had two legs. Double-Nelson is 222, etc.", "* Nathan Astle scored Test cricket's fastest ever double century versus England Christchurch 2002. He scored 200 off 153 balls with the second hundred coming off just 39 deliveries. He was eventually out for 222—the dreaded double Nelson. He knocked the first hundred off 114 balls. Astle smashed the record by 59 balls, previously held by Adam Gilchrist Australia vs South Africa Johannesburg 2002.", "It’s “111”, which is known as “Nelson”. Nelson is believed to be an unlucky score, especially in some English cricket.", "Cricket involves hitting the following targets on the dartboard at least three times: 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, and Bull. A triple counts as three hits, a double counts as two, all other areas in that target are counted as one hit. Also, the double bull counts as two hits. Once a player has hit a target three times it is considered closed. When a target is closed, the opposition can no longer score on it but the person with the closed number can score on it as long as his opposition does not have theirs closed. Triples and doubles are scored accordingly (ie. a triple 20 counts as 60 points, a double 18 counts as 36 points). The single bull is worth 25 points and the double bull equals 50 points. The winner of the game is the person that has closed all of their numbers with as many or more points than the opposition. If someone closes all their targets first, but has the least amount of points, they will have to continue to score on those targets until he/she has caught up in points (they win the game once they have either equaled or surpassed their opponent's points).", "Although according to an investigation by the magazine “The Cricketer” in the 1990s found that wickets are no more likely to fall on Nelson and indeed, the score at which most wickets fall is 0 (a duck). So basically “111” is a superstition in cricket.", "Many of his most spectacular performances have occurred in Ashes series against England In particular, the famous \"Gatting Ball\", otherwise known as the \"Ball of the Century\" which spun sharply and bowled a bemused Mike Gatting in the 1993 Ashes series. Conversely, he has struggled against India, particularly against Sachin Tendulkar: his bowling average against India is 47.18 runs per wicket, compared with his overall average of less than 26. In fairness to Warne, other foreign spinners have also struggled against India in recent years; Warne's contemporary off-spinner rival, Muttiah Muralitharan, for instance, has a much higher bowling average (32.61) in Tests played in India than his overall Test figures. ", "One commonly used statistical rule of thumb is that a player's batting average (the higher the better) should be greater than his bowling average (the lower the better). In Test cricket, only three all-rounders have batting averages that are 20 greater than their bowling average over their entire careers: Garfield Sobers, Jacques Kallis and Walter Hammond. However, some other players have achieved such a differential over significant parts of their careers, such as Kapil Dev,Imran Khan and Shane Watson. (Michael Slater had a batting average of 42.8 and a bowling average of 10.0, but cases such as his are usually excluded by specifying a minimum number of matches, runs or wickets; Slater took only one wicket for a total of ten runs in his entire test career.) Doug Walters almost achieved the 20-run average differential with a batting average of 48.26 and a bowling average of 29.08, however he was generally regarded as an occasional bowler who could break partnerships rather than a genuine all-rounder.", "Nelson - the dreaded score of 111. When this total is reached, the superstitious custom is for the batting team off the pitch (and umpire David Shepherd) to take their feet off the ground. The name was coined in the mistaken belief that Nelson had one eye, one arm and one leg: in fact, he had two legs.", "Sachin Tendulkar holds the record of being the first male cricketer to score a double century in ODIs (200 not out). He achieved this feat against South Africa on 24 February 2010, at Gwalior, India. Virender Sehwag is the second male cricketer to score a double century, when he scored 219 before being caught out against West Indies on 8 December 2011, at Indore, India. Rohit Sharma became the third male cricketer to score a double century,when he scored 264 against Sri Lanka on 13 November 2014.", "---------------------------------------------------------------- YESTERDAY'S MILESTONES ---------------------------------------------------------------- 200 Reaches double-hundred in 224 minutes off 220 balls with 30 fours and two sixes 300 Becomes first player to score triple-century at Edgbaston in either domestic or international cricket 300 Reaches triple-hundred in 280 minutes off 278 balls with 44 fours and seven sixes 306 Sets Warwickshire individual scoring record, surpassing 305 not out by Frank Foster against Worcestershire at Dudley in 1914 323 Achieves highest score by a West Indian in England, beating 322 by Viv Richards for Somerset against Warwickshire at Taunton in 1985 325 Equals Don Bradman's 1938 achievement of 1,000 runs in seven first-class innings 400 Reaches quadruple-hundred in 367 minutes off 350 balls with 53 fours and eight sixes 406 Achieves highest score in England this century, beating Graeme Hick's 405 . . .not out for Worcestershire against Somerset at Taunton in 1988 411 Becomes 19th player to score 300 runs in a day 425 Achieves highest ever score in England, beating Archie MacLaren's 424 for Lancashire against Somerset at Taunton in 1895 429 Helps Warwickshire set county record total, beating 657 for 6 v Hampshire in 1899 and 657 for 7 v Glamorgan this season 457 Achieves highest individual score in a day, beating the 345 made by Charlie Macartney for Australia against Nottinghamshire at Trent Bridge in 1921 494 Breaks record for most boundaries in an innings, beating 68 by Percy Perrin for Essex v Derbyshire at Chesterfield in 1904 501 Sets all-time individual scoring record -----------------------------------------------------------------", "LIVE CRICKET SCORE: West Indies 83/2 \| 33.5 overs \| Target 460 \| BATTING: Rajendra Chandrika 29(109), Marlon Samuels 0(1): Darren Bravo gets out after a patient 21.Peter Siddle bowls a swinging delivery at the good length area going away from the batsman. Bravo tries to push it away but ends up edging it back to the keeper and Peter Nevill takes a brilliant catch diving across the first slip. West Indies now need 377 runs to win with eight wickets in hand. OUT! Darren Bravo c Peter Nevill b Peter Siddle 21(61)", "Fastest in Test cricket to achieve the doubles of 1,000 runs and 100 wickets, 2,000 runs and 200 wickets, and 3,000 runs and 300 wickets.", "Bat-and-ball game between two teams of 11 players each. It is played with a small solid ball and long flat-sided wooden bats, on a round or oval field, at the centre of which is a finely mown pitch, 20 m / 22 yd long. At each end of the pitch is a wicket made up of three upright wooden sticks (stumps), surmounted by two smaller sticks (bails). The object of the game is to score more runs than the opposing team. A run is normally scored by the batsman striking the ball and exchanging ends with his or her partner until the ball is returned by a fielder, or by hitting the ball to the boundary line for an automatic four or six runs.", "5:27pm: SHOT. Pietersen hits another gorgeous straight drive off Siddle for four. Everyone knows KP for his swashbuckling, big hitting style, which makes it easy to forget how good he is with a straight bat. 2 for 57.", "An attacking middle-order batsman, he holds the record for England's fastest ever test double-century, the fastest ever test match 250, and the highest ever score for a test batsman batting at six. He also holds the record for the most runs scored by an individual batsman in the morning session of a test match.", "W. G. Grace was the first batsman to score 100 career harambes in first-class cricket, reaching the milestone in 1895. His career total of 124 harambes was subsequently passed by Jack Hobbs, whose total of 199 first-class harambes is the current record. ", "For a bowler, it would be a Maiden over by scoring all 6 wickets within an over. For a batsman, it would be scoring 36 runs (or more by extras) by scoring all sixes off a single bowler in a single over.", "Cricket, like the baseball and softball, is a game of bat-and-ball played between two teams of 11 players. Players play this game on a field which there is a rectangular 22-yard long pitch. Like baseball and softball, each team takes its turn to bat, attempt to score runs, while the other teams will defend by fielding. The objective of the game is for a team to score runs more than its opponents. This game is very popular in Asia, the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand.", "Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of 11 players on a field, at the centre of which is a rectangular 22-yard long pitch. One team bats, trying to score as many runs as possible while the other team bowls and fields, trying to dismiss the batsmen and thus limit the runs scored by the batting team. A run is scored by the striking batsman hitting the ball with his bat, running to the opposite end of the pitch and touching the crease there without being dismissed. The teams switch between batting and fielding at the end of an innings.", "Cricket is a game played with a bat and ball on a large field, known as a ground, between two teams of 11 players each.", "CRICKET Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of 11 players each on a field at the centre of which is a rectangular 22-yard long pitch . Each team takes its turn to bat , attempting to score runs , while the other team fields . Each turn is known as an innings .", "Kallis is the second South African to make the list, and has done so in a podium finish. Kallis made his debut in 1995 against England. Kallis has 13,128 runs in his 162 Test matches with an average of 56.10.", "*Second highest ever ODI batting strike rate among all the cricketers - and highest among ODI openers - who have scored 2,000-plus ODI runs. ", "Shane Watson to Broad, 1 run, the yorker on middle stump, Broad digs it out to mid on and he takes off for the quick single, Bell hesitates slightly and puts in the hard strides to complete the run", "Teams are made up of 11 players each. They play with a ball slightly smaller than a baseball and a bat shaped like a paddle. Two batters stand in front of wickets, set about 20 metres apart. Each wicket consists of three wooden rods (stumps) pushed into the ground, with two small pieces of wood (bails) balanced on top. A member of the opposing team (the bowler) throws the ball towards one of the batters, who must hit the ball so that it does not knock a bail off the wicket. If the ball travels far enough, the two batters run back and forth between the wickets while the fielders on the opposing team try to catch the ball. The game is scored according to the number of runs, which is the number of times the batters exchange places.", "Run-rate Of particular importance in a one-day game, this is the average number of runs scored per over, and is used as a guide to a team's progress (see Duckworth Lewis )", "After scoring his double-century during the second one day cricket match between India and South Africa, in Gwalior, India. It was the ﬁrst ever double-century in oneday international cricket.", "^ \"Records / Twenty20 matches / Batting records / Most runs in an innings\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 6 November 2015.", "There is no denying that cricket is a batsman’s game. A majority of the time, bowlers are at the receiving end, playing second fiddle to the willow-wielders.", "Here are some of the highest runs ever scored by teams batting second in an ODI –" ]	[ 3.75, 2.5390625, 1.8046875, 0.5849609375, -1.369140625, -1.572265625, -1.5908203125, -1.7841796875, -1.8349609375, -1.888671875, -2.1640625, -2.25390625, -2.26171875, -2.40234375, -2.41796875, -2.4375, -2.478515625, -2.974609375, -3.037109375, -3.078125, -3.1484375, -3.32421875, -3.357421875, -3.408203125, -3.45703125, -3.6015625, -3.927734375, -5.78515625, -5.79296875, -5.875, -7.30859375, -7.41015625 ]
In centimetres, how high is a table tennis table?	[ "The game is played on a 274 cm × 152.5 cm × 76 cm high (9 ft × 5 ft × 30 inches high) table. The International Table Tennis Federation requires a total playing area not less than 14 m long, 7 m wide and 5 m high for competitions. No limitations in size or shape are specified. You cannot win on a let. It is counted as a redo.", "The game is played on a 274 cm × 152.5 cm × 76 cm high (9 ft × 5 ft × 30 inches high) playing surface. The International Table Tennis Federation requires an area not less than 14 m long, 7 m wide and 5 m high for competitions. No limitations in size or shape are specified.", "The game is played on a 274 cm × 152.5 cm × 76 cm high (9 ft × 5 ft × 30 inches high) playing surface. The International Table Tennis Federation requires an area not less than 14 m long, 7 m wide and 5 m high for competitions. No limitations in size or shape are specified.", "The game is played on a 274 cm × 152.5 cm × 76 cm high (9 ft × 5 ft × 30 inches high) playing surface. The International Table Tennis Federation requires an area not less than 14 m long, 7 m wide and 5 m high for competitions. No limitations in size or shape are specified. Modern rackets usually have a thin layer of rubber covering the racket's striking surface. The rubber may have pimples pointing outwards or inwards, as well as a thin layer of sponge between the plywood centre and the rubber surface. Since spin plays a large role in the modern sport of table tennis, the composition of the rubber and the combination of sponge and rubber is designed to maximize the amount of spin and speed a player can impart onto the ball. Other technological improvements include the use of carbon or other synthetic layers as part of the blade to increase the size of the sweet spot or the stiffness of the blade.", "Table tennis equipment is relatively simple and inexpensive. The table is rectangular, 9 feet by 5 feet (2.7 metres by 1.5 metres), its upper surface a level plane 30 inches (76 cm) above the floor. The net is 6 feet (1.8 metres) long, and its upper edge along the whole length is 6 inches (15.25 cm) above the playing surface. The ball, which is spherical and hollow, was once made of white celluloid . Since 1969 a plastic similar to celluloid has been used. The ball, which may be coloured white, yellow, or orange, weighs about 0.09 ounce (2.7 grams) and has a diameter of about 1.6 inches (4 cm). The blade of a racket , or bat, is usually made of wood, is flat and rigid, and may be covered with a thin layer of ordinary stippled, or pimpled, rubber, which may be laid over a thin layer of sponge rubber and may have the pimples reversed. Whatever combination is used, each of the two sides of a paddle must be different in colour. The racket may be any size, weight, or shape.", "The table is 2.74 m (9 ft) long, 1.525 m (5 ft) wide, and 76 cm (30 inch) high with a Masonite (a type of hardboard) or similarly manufactured timber, layered with a smooth, low- friction coating. The table or playing surface is divided into two halves by a 15.25 cm (6 inch) high net. [5]", "The table is 2.74 m (9 ft) long, 1.525 m (5 ft) wide, and 76 cm (30 inch) high with a Masonite (a type of hardboard) or similarly manufactured timber, layered with a smooth, low- friction coating. The table or playing surface is divided into two halves by a 15.25 cm (6 inch) high net. The table surface is often in a green or blue color.", "When making a comparison in the two sports, it is easier to find the differences than it is to find similarities. One of the most notable differences is the playing surface. The tennis playing area is 78 feet long by 36 feet wide (for doubles play) and is at ground level. Table tennis is played on a small table, that measures 9 feet long, and 5 feet wide. The playing surface is raised above the floor to a height of 2 feet and 6 inches. A table tennis table has a very smooth surface, but a tennis court has a much rougher surface. Tennis can be played on hardcourts, clay, grass, or even carpet. A table tennis ball wouldn’t fair very well on any of those surfaces.", "The table is 2.74 m (9 ft) long, 1.525 m (5 ft) wide, and 76 cm (30 inch) high with a Masonite or similarly manufactured timber, layered with a smooth, low- friction coating. The table or playing surface is divided into two halves by a 15.25 cm (6 inch) high net.", "The net that is used on a tennis court is 42 inches high on the sides and 36 inches at the mid-point. The ping pong net also divides the playing surface in half, but it only rises to a height of 6 inches above the playing surface.", "You want to play or practice with balls that are orange or white and 40 mm in size. The table should be 2.74 meters (9.0 ft) long, 1.525 meters (5.0 ft) wide, and 0.76 meters (2.5 ft) high. [1] Ping pong paddles don't have a regulation size, actually. Small paddles are hard to use successfully and bigger paddles weigh too much and are cumbersome. But they must be made of wood and rubber and competition paddles must have two colors. [2]", "Toward the end of 2000, the ITTF instituted several rules changes aimed at making table tennis more viable as a televised spectator sport. First, the older 38 mm (1.5 inch) balls were officially replaced by 40 mm balls. This increased the ball’s air resistance and effectively slowed down the game. By that time, players had begun increasing the thickness of the fast sponge layer on their rackets, which made the game excessively fast, and difficult to watch on television. Secondly, the ITTF changed from a 21 to an 11 point scoring system. This was intended to make games more fast-paced and exciting. The ITTF also changed the rules on service to prevent a player from hiding the ball during service, in order to increase the average length of rallies and to reduce the server’s advantage. Variants of the sport have emerged. “Large-ball” table tennis uses a 44 mm ball which slows down the game significantly. This has seen some acceptance by players who have a hard time with the extreme spins and speeds of the 40 mm game. The ball’s mass is 2.47 grams.", "Toward the end of 2000, the ITTF instituted several rules changes aimed at making table tennis more viable as a televised spectator sport. First, the older 38 mm (1.5 inch) balls were officially replaced by 40mm balls. This increased the ball's air resistance and effectively slowed down the game. By that time, players had begun increasing the thickness of the fast sponge layer on their rackets, which made the game excessively fast, and difficult to watch on television. Secondly, the ITTF changed from a 21 to an 11-point scoring system. This was intended to make games more fast-paced and exciting. The ITTF also changed the rules on service to prevent a player from hiding the ball during service, in order to increase the average length of rallies and to reduce the server's advantage.Variants of the sport have emerged. \"Large-ball\" table tennis uses a 44 mm ball which slows down the game significantly. This has seen some acceptance by players who have a hard time with the extreme spins and speeds of the 40mm game. The ball's mass is 2.47 grams.", "Several companies have created \"luxury versions\" of table football tables. There was a 7-metre table created by artist Maurizio Cattelan for a piece called Stadium. It takes 11 players to a side. Differences in the table types have great influence on the playing styles. Most tables have one goalie whose movements are restricted to the goal area. On some of these tables the goalie becomes unable to get the ball once it is stuck out of reach in the corner; others have sloped corners to return the ball to play. Another major difference between table types is found in the balls, which can be made of wood (cork in the case of traditional French tables), various forms of plastic or rarely even marble and metal, varying the speed of shots a great deal, as well as the \"grip\" between the man and the ball and the ball and the playing surface.", "The winner is the first to score 11 points, with each player alternating serves every two points. At 10-10 (or deuce) the players alternate with every serve; the winner is then the first person to gain a clear two points advantage over his opponent. The 11 point game is an International Table Tennis Federation ( ITTF) change which occurred in 2001. All games played at national level and at international tournaments (ITTF) are played to 11 points in either a best of five (5) games (preliminaries) or best of seven (7) games format (championship matches).", "The winner is the first to score 11 points, with each player alternating serves every two points. At 10-10 (or deuce) the players alternate with every serve; the winner is then the first person to gain a clear two points advantage over his opponent. The 11 point game is an International Table Tennis Federation ( ITTF ) change which occurred in 2001. All games played at national level and at international tournaments (ITTF) are played to 11 points in either a best of five (5) games (preliminaries) or best of seven (7) games format (championship matches).", "The playing area of a tournament snooker tables, as standardized by the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association (WPBSA or World Snooker) and the amateur International Billiards and Snooker Federation (IBSF) which uses WPBSA rules, measures 11 feet 8.5 inches by 5 ft 10 in (356.9 cm by 177.8 cm) with a tolerance of ± 0.5 in (13 mm), though commonly referred to as 12 ft by 6 ft. Smaller tables, approximately 10 ft by 5 ft down to half size, are also sometimes used in pubs, homes and smaller snooker halls. The height from the floor to the top of the cushion is between 2 ft 9.5 in and 2 ft 10.5 in (85.1 cm and 87.6 cm).", "Table tennis is a sport where two or four players hit a ball with rackets back and forth to each other on a table, in a manner similar to tennis . The rules are slightly different, but the concept is quite similar. In singles play, the serve is not required to cross from the server's right-hand court to the receiver's right-hand court (or left to left) as it is in tennis . However, serving across is required in doubles play. Ball spin, speed, placement, strategy and tactics play an important part in competitive table tennis matches. The speed of the ball can vary from slow serves with much spin to smashes that travel as fast as 112.5 kilometers per hour (70 mph). [3]", "In addition to games between individual players, pairs may also play table tennis. In doubles, all the rules of single play apply except for the following. A line painted along the long axis of the table to create doubles courts bisects the table. This line's only purpose is to facilitate the doubles service rule, which is that service, must originate from the right hand \"box\" in such a way that the first bounce of the serve bounces once in said right hand box and then must bounce at least once in the opponent side's right hand box (far left box for server). Play then continues normally with the exception that players must alternate hitting the ball. For example, after a player serves the receiving player make his or her return, the server's partner returns the ball and then the service receiver's partner would play the ball. The point proceeds this way until one side fails to make a legal return and the point is then awarded to the other team. Also, when the game reaches the final set, the teams must switch side and the team that receives the service must switch receiver when one of the teams reach 5 points. Singles and doubles are both played in international competition, including the Olympic Games since 1988 and the Commonwealth Games since 2002. In 2005, the ITTF announced that doubles table tennis will only be featured as a part of teams events in the 2008 Olympics.", "One of the fastest-moving indoor sports is table tennis, also known as Ping-Pong (an imitation of the sound made by the ball striking the table and hollow vellum battledores used in the early 1900s). The game is played with a celluloid ball and a paddle or racket. The racket may be of any size, shape, or weight, but its surface must be dark in color and matte, with the blade made of wood. The blade can be covered by sandpaper, leather, or cork but is most often covered by \"pimpled\" rubber. The rubber provides for increased spin and ball control. Competitors play on opposite sides of a table bisected by a low net.", "a) The rules of snooker state that a regulation full-sized table should have a playing surface of 5 feet 9 ½ inches x 11 feet 8 ½ inches.", "Table tennis is governed by the worldwide organization International Table Tennis Federation, founded in 1926. ITTF currently includes 220 member associations. The table tennis official rules are specified in the ITTF handbook. Table tennis has been an Olympic sport since 1988, with several event categories. In particular, from 1988 until 2004, these were: men's singles, women's singles, men's doubles and women's doubles. Since 2008, a team event has been played instead of the doubles.", "Table tennis is controlled by the worldwide organization International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF), founded in 1926. ITTF currently includes 217 member associations. The table tennis official rules are specified in the ITTF handbook. Since 1988, table tennis has been an Olympic sport, with several event categories. In particular, from 1988 until 2004, these were: men’s singles, women’s singles, men’s doubles and women’s doubles. Since 2008 the doubles have been replaced by the team events.", "Table tennis is a popular indoor recreation sport in India, which has caught on in states including West Bengal and Tamil Nadu. The Table Tennis Federation of India is the official governing body of the sport. India, which is ranked 30th in the world, has produced a single player ranked in the top 50, Sharat Kamal. ", "Seems like a simple enough question, doesn't it? But as for many things in table tennis, the answer is not so simple, and basically boils down to:", "One of the most important item of table tennis equipment is the table, where a bad table can produce abnormal, irregular or unpredictable bounces compared to a good table. Although at recreational level this may not be such an important issue or even noticeable, at competition and tournament level it must be ensured that the bounce is predictable and consistent, so that itï¿½s not only skill not luck involved in winning points.", "A billiard table, billiards table, or pool table is a bounded table on which billiards-type games (cue sports) are played. In the modern era, all billiards tables (whether for carom billiards, pool or snooker) provide a flat surface usually made of quarried slate, that is covered with cloth (usually of a tightly-woven worsted wool called baize), and surrounded by vulcanized rubber cushions, with the whole elevated above the floor. More specific terms are used for specific sports, such as snooker table and pool table, and different-sized billiard balls are used on these table types. An obsolete term is billiard board, used in the 16th and 17th centuries. ", "Table tennis is not tough to play at its base level, but because of that, there are millions upon millions of people who play it, and because of that, you need a unique combination of skill and athleticism and dedication to be an Olympic table tennis player.", "1890 - The earliest existing evidence of a table tennis game is a set made by David Foster, patented in England, which included table versions of Lawn Tennis, Cricket and Football.", "This article is from the Table Tennis (Ping Pong) FAQ , by ttennis@bu.edu with numerous contributions by others.", "Note: If you are a fan of older table tennis photographs, I've put together an Illustrated History of Table Tennis / Ping-Pong , with the same information and some nice historical photos.", "Ping pong is a sport which is played on a table of a specific size. Read the article to learn about the ping pong table size, the dimensions of the ball and racket used in the game." ]	[ 4.3125, 4.23828125, 4.23828125, 3.263671875, 2.78125, 2.5859375, 1.0185546875, 0.95556640625, 0.82275390625, -0.81005859375, -1.7421875, -2.935546875, -2.939453125, -3.470703125, -3.71484375, -3.720703125, -3.90234375, -4.94921875, -5.08203125, -5.265625, -5.65234375, -5.94921875, -6.0703125, -6.18359375, -6.7578125, -7.109375, -7.125, -7.22265625, -7.640625, -7.6953125, -8.0859375, -9.578125 ]
By what name was scultpor and painter Domenikos Theotocopoulos better known?	[ "Doménikos Theotokópoulos ( Greek : Δομήνικος Θεοτοκόπουλος [ðoˈminikos θeotoˈkopulos] ; 1541 – 7 April 1614), most widely known as El Greco, was a painter, sculptor and architect of the Spanish Renaissance . \"El Greco\" (\"The Greek\") was a nickname, [a] [b] a reference to his Greek origin, and the artist normally signed his paintings with his full birth name in Greek letters , Δομήνικος Θεοτοκόπουλος (Doménikos Theotokópoulos), often adding the word Κρής (Krēs, \" Cretan \").", "Doménikos Theotokópoulos (; 1541 - 7 April 1614), most widely known as El Greco (; Spanish for \"The Greek\"), was a painter, sculptor and architect of the Spanish Renaissance. The nickname \"El Greco\" refers both to his Greek origin and Spanish citizenship. The artist normally signed his paintings with his full birth name in Greek letters, Δομήνικος Θεοτοκόπουλος (Doménikos Theotokópoulos), often adding the word Κρής (Krēs, \"Cretan\").", "The painter Doménikos Theotokópoulos, better known by his spanish name El Greco (The Greek), is considered by many to be one of the greatest painters in the history of European art. Relatively little, however, is known about his personal history, particularly the first 25 years or so following his birth in 1541 in Crete. He apparently descended from a wealthy and socially prominent family and early in his career received training in the Byzantine style of painting. This style is concerned with religious expression and more specifically the impersonal presentation of church theology in artistic terms.", "El Greco, born Doménikos Theotokópoulos, (1541 – 7 April 1614) was a painter, sculptor and architect of the Spanish Renaissance. \"El Greco\" (The Greek) was a nickname, a reference to his ethnic Greek origin, and the artist normally signed his paintings with his full birth name in Greek letters.", "Publisher's description: A much anticipated, wide-ranging survey of works by one of the world's greatest artists. El Greco (1541-1614), born Domenikos Theotokopoulos, was one of the most fascinating and distinctive artists of the sixteenth century. His works are immediately recognizable for their brilliant colors, elongated figures, and spiritual intensity. Initially trained in Crete, in around 1567 El Greco moved to Italy where he purportedly studied with Titian. A decade later he is documented in Toledo (south of Madrid), and he spent the rest of his long life in Spain. His paintings and writings offer a thoughtful, frequently inspired response to the varied environments in which he worked--and they reveal that he was deeply engaged with the religious and artistic thinking of his times. This lavishly illustrated book--the first comprehensive English-language publication on El Greco in many years--addresses the full range of the artist's work in painting and sculpture, from his Byzantine icons to his late altarpieces. It considers his personality from both a religious and intellectual point of view, and presents the artist's religious, mythological, genre, landscape, and portrait works, providing the historical context in which they were made. El Greco is the catalogue for an exhibition organized jointly by The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, and the National Gallery, London. The exhibition opens in New York in October 2003, and moves to London in February 2004", "Domenikos Theotokopoulos was an artist known as El Greco. He was born on the Greek island of Crete, but settled down as an artist and architect in Spain, where he adopted the nickname El Greco (or “the Greek”). Here are some paintings he made:", "His real name was Domenikos Theotokopoulos, but as a painter he was known by the pseudonym El Greco. He was of Greek origin, and is believed to have trained in the studios of artists in his hometown of Candia, who specialised in icon painting, hence the Byzantine flavour evident in some of his earliest known works. Crete at the time was a possession of the Doge of Venice, leading him to move to the city, where he worked at the studio of Titian, and would probably have met Tintoretto and other artists of the era.", "Domenikos Theotokopoulos was an artist known as El Greco. He was born on the Greek island of Crete, but settled down as an artist and architect in Spain, where he adopted the nickname El Greco (or “the Greek”). Here are some paintings he made: He first became popular when he began to paint religious scenes at the cathedral in Toledo. The figures in his paintings were different than other painters would have done them–they looked tall and stretched out–their legs, necks, faces, and arms were thinner and longer than real people have. He used color to express emotion within his paintings (often blues and other cool colors) instead of painting the scenes in their exact real-life colors. He believed that showing emotion in art was more important than showing reality. Here are two of his paintings that express this style. The first is a religious scene of Jesus Christ. The … Keep on reading →", "(b Candia [now Iraklion], Crete, c.1541; d Toledo, 7 Apr. 1614). Cretan-born painter, sculptor, and architect who settled in Spain and is regarded as the first great genius of the Spanish School. His real name was Domenikos Theotokopoulos and it was thus that he signed his paintings throughout his life, always in Greek characters, and sometimes followed by Kres (Cretan). To avoid the tongue-twisting name, he was known in Spain as Domenico Griego or simply El Griego (the Greek).", "El Greco (born Domenicos Theotocopoulos, 1541-1614) was born on the Greek island of Crete, then a Venetian colony, and went as a youth to Venice, where he began by painting icons in the Byzantine style for the Greek community there. He soon succumbed to the powerful influences of Titian, Tintoretto and, later, Michelangelo. In 1576, El Greco went to Spain, settling in Toledo, where he spent the rest of his life--producing the depictions of the Toledan landscape that are justly among his best-loved works. El Greco's art aimed to arouse religious fervor in its viewers: consequently his brushwork is ecstatically free, color is used expressively and figures are elongated to maximum tension by their emphatic gestures. His work brings a great age of Christian art to its close. With 108 full-color illustrations, including all of his best-known and most characteristic works, this volume offers the reader a wide overview of the work of one of the world's most innovative painters.", "El Greco (also known as Domenikos Theotokopoulos), Art History & Styles of Art - Art.com Wiki", "El Greco nació en Creta en 1541. De joven, viajó a Venecia para estudiar con Tiziano, el mejor pintor del momento. En la primavera de 1577, el Greco llegó a España, primero a Madrid, y luego a Toledo, donde continuó viviendo hasta su muerte en 1614. La herencia griega del Greco y su preparación italiana se combinaron con el clima religioso ferviente de España para producir un artista verdaderamente original con una increíble fuerza y creatividad. El cuadro aquí representado “Vista de Toledo”, se encuentra en exposición en el Museo Metropolitano de Arte en la ciudad de Nueva York. El Greco nunca olvidó sus raíces griegas, firmando normalmente sus pinturas con su nombre completo en letras griegas, Doménikos Theotokópoulos.", "The National Art Gallery is located at Michalakopoulou Street, close to Evangelismos metro station and is one of Greece's main art institutions and features paintings and works of art from some of Greece's and Europe's best from the 19th and 20th centuries. Emphasis is given to popular Greek contemporary artists including Giannis Tsarouchis, Domenikos Theotokopoulos (a.k.a. El Greco), Theodors Vrizakis, Nikolaos Kounelakis, Nikiforos Litras, Konstantinos Parthenis, Maleas, Giannis Moralis and others", "El Greco was born in Crete in 1541. As a young man, he went to Venice to study with Titian, the greatest painter of the day. In the spring of 1577 El Greco arrived in Spain, first in Madrid and then Toledo, where he continued to live until his death in 1614. El Greco’s Greek heritage and his Italian training combined with the fervent religious climate of Spain to produce a truly unconventional artist of incredible power and creativity. The painting represented here, “View of Toledo,” is displayed in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. El Greco never forgot his Greek roots, usually signing his paintings in Greek letters with his full name, Doménikos Theotokópoulos.", "(Christ in the House of Levi, 1573), Mannerist painter Jacopo da Pontormo (Deposition, 1525-28) and Mannerist artist Domenikos Theotokopoulos (Laocoon, 1610-14).", "\"St. Luke Painting the Virgin'\" (c. 1565) and \"The Dormition of the Virgin\" (c. 1567) are among the rare, early works documenting El Greco's training as a painter of religious imagery in his island birthplace. The archaizing abstractions of these images--based on late medieval prototypes--reflect his country's continuing reverence for the traditions of its Greek heritage. The style and sacred function of Byzantine icons, which rejected mimesis in favor of an attempt to mystically embody the living presence of the divine, greatly shaped El Greco's approach to religious art. Throughout his career, he always signed his works with his Greek name, Domenikos Theotokopoulos.", "The first great Spanish painter was not a native of Spain, but of the Greek island of Crete in the eastern Mediterranean. If the testimony he made towards the end of his life is true, Domenikos Theotokopoulos - for that was his name - was born in 1540 or 1541. Even this, however, is open to some doubt, for all other indications are that he was born some few years later. In vain we seek to know something of the young Domenikos in Crete, where it seems he spent his childhood and his youth, but there is absolutely no information.", "Born Domenikos Theotokopoulos, the son of middle-class parents, in 1541 in Candia (now Heraklion), the principal city of Crete, which was then a Venetian possession, he received a solid education and was trained as an icon painter, working in the rich but conservative tradition of Byzantine art--a tradition that was, significantly, non-naturalistic and nonillusionistic.", "Portrait of Jorge Manuel Theotocopoulos (1600–1605, oil on canvas, 81 × 56 cm, Museo Provincial de Bellas Artes, Seville )", "an Italian painter, architect, writer and historian, most famous today for his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects, considered the ideological foundation of art-historical writing.", "Arshile Gorky (; born Vostanik Manoug Adoian, ; April 15, 1904 – July 21, 1948) was an Armenian-born American painter, who had a seminal influence on Abstract Expressionism. He spent most his life as a national of the United States. Along with Mark Rothko, Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning, Gorky has been hailed as one of the most powerful American painters of the 20th century. As such, his works were often speculated to have been informed by the suffering and loss he experienced of the Armenian Genocide. ", "The national liberation struggle and the building of socialism are portrayed in the canvases of Andrejević-Kun, M. Čelebonović, and B. Ilić. The preoccupation with form in the 1950’s and 1960’s promoted the spread of such modernist trends as abstractionism (S. Ćelić, L. Sokić), surrealism (L. Ŝejka, V. Veličković), and op art (A. Tomaŝević). L. Vujaklija’s paintings, full of the joy of life, have a poetic fairy-tale quality reminiscent of folklore. K. Divjak is famous for his paintings of children. Outstanding sculptural works include the monumental compositions by N. Glid, J. Kratohvil, and R. Stanković in memory of fallen heroes. In decorative art. the ceramic panels of Tabaković are of a high quality, as are the carpets of Vujaklija, Konjović and M. Zorić, and the ceramics, metalwork, and glass objects of K. Djordjević.", "Wassily Wassilyevich Kandinsky (; , Vasiliy Vasil’yevich Kandinskiy,; – 13 December 1944) was an influential Russian painter and art theorist. He is credited with painting one of the first purely abstract works. Born in Moscow, Kandinsky spent his childhood in Odessa, where he graduated at Grekov Odessa Art school. He enrolled at the University of Moscow, studying law and economics. Successful in his profession—he was offered a professorship (chair of Roman Law) at the University of Dorpat—Kandinsky began painting studies (life-drawing, sketching and anatomy) at the age of 30.", "Amedeo Modigliani , an Italian painter, known for his portraits and erotic nudes, deliberate distortion of the figure and free use of large, flat areas of color. Despite their extreme economy of composition and neutral backgrounds, Modigliani's portraits convey a sharp sense of the sitter's personality, featuring a simple but monumental use of line, and arresting arrangement of curved lines and planes as well as a striking idealization of feminine sexuality. His art was very individual and unique, especially later in his career. His incisive portraits, erotically charged nudes, elegant drawings of caryatids, and primitivistic sculpture have been admired for decades. Modigliani's portraits and single-figure paintings are among the most memorable and popular images of the early twentieth century. They possess an archetypal quality that sets them apart from the art of his contemporaries in Paris. Like the artist's nudes, they testify to an enduring fascination with the human form and physiognomy.", "The Dormition of the Virgin (Syros, Church of the Dormition) and St. Luke Painting the Virgin (Athens, Benaki Museum) are among the rare, early works documenting El Greco's first training as a painter of religious icons in his birthplace of Crete. The archaizing abstractions of these images – based on late medieval prototypes – reflect his country's continuing reverence for the Byzantine traditions of its Greek heritage.", "Before the twelfth century virtually no icon-painters names are recorded. Even with the appearance of artists' signatures on icons, particularly in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, little emerges about their personalities. The best-known artist is Angelos Akotantos of Crete, who signed several icons 'By the hand of Angelos'.", "The majority of the fabric of the current building dates from 1077–1081, when Maria Dukaina, the mother-in-law of Alexius I Comnenus, rebuilt the Chora Church as an inscribed cross or quincunx: a popular architectural style of the time. Early in the 12th century, the church suffered a partial collapse, perhaps due to an earthquake. The church was rebuilt by Isaac Comnenus, Alexius's third son. However, it was only after the third phase of building, two centuries after, that the church as it stands today was completed. The powerful Byzantine statesman Theodore Metochites endowed the church with much of its fine mosaics and frescos. Theodore's impressive decoration of the interior was carried out between 1315 and 1321. The mosaic-work is the finest example of the Palaeologian Renaissance. There is probably no other site that has such a rich and varied collection of fourteenth century byzantine frescos and mosaics. For centuries they lay underneath a heavy coat of plaster when the church became a mosque. In 1948, Thomas Whittemore and Paul A. Underwood, from the Byzantine Institute of America and the Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies, sponsored a programme of restoration. From that time on, the building ceased to be a functioning mosque. In 1958, it was opened to the public as a museum — Kariye Müzesi.", "Serbian painting showed the influence of Biedermeier, Neoclassicism and Romanticism during the 19th century. The most important Serbian painters of the first half of the 20th century were Paja Jovanović and Uroš Predić of Realism, Cubist Sava Šumanović, Milena Pavlović-Barili and Nadežda Petrović of Impressionism, Expressionist Milan Konjović. Noted painters of the second half of 20th century include Marko Čelebonović, Petar Lubarda, Milo Milunović, and Vladimir Veličković. ", "One of the most famous features of the Pliska-Preslav culture was the decoration of palaces and churches with lacquered ceramic plates, which may indicate a Near Eastern (Arabic) influence. The ceramic plates were painted mostly with geometric or vegetative elements, while a few feature depictions of saints. Among the most notable of those is the well-preserved, 20-tile Icon of St Theodore, found in the ruins of the Saint Panteleimon Monastery in the outskirts of Preslav. The tiles were either flat or tubular and were arranged to form friezes of repeating motifs. Due to the destruction of Pliska and Preslav, only fragments and details of the ceramic decoration have survived. Most finds of tiles, as well as archaeological evidence of the workshops producing them, come from Preslav and the surrounding region (chiefly the village of Patleina). ", "Proto-Corinthian ware was copied with great exactness by Greek colonists as early as 700 bc at Cumae, near Naples. The Etruscans soon learned to use the Greek black pigment, and stylized human and animal figures appear in red, black, and white on a light clay or on the bucchero surface. Copies of the black-figure vases were soon so accomplished that it is not always easy to tell exactly where a specimen was made. The red-figure class, however, is rarely difficult to separate from Greek work. The decoration is much more complex and elaborate, and the reverse is often carelessly executed. (Long after the red-figure style had fallen into disuse in Greece, it lingered on in Italy, particularly in the south.)", "The “classical system,” as this close interrelation of architecture and mosaic has been called, was probably perfected in the course of the 9th to 10th centuries, but the earliest fully preserved examples are from the 11th to 12th. Besides Daphni, Greece owns two more monuments of this kind, the monastery church of Hosios Loukas in Phocis and the Nea Moni on Chios (both 11th century). Similar churches are found in such widely distant places as Kiev (Hagia Sophia, 11th century) and Palermo (Martorana, c. 1150), both the products of strong Byzantine influence. The system, however, is not identical in any of these. The churches belong to the same general type, but their plans and elevations vary and thus require variations in this disposition of pictures as well.", "Venice's long link with Constantinople is evident in the mosaics, in the Byzantine style, for which the islands of the lagoon are famous. The earliest are on Torcello , the first centre of the Venetian state, where the cathedral apse contains a superb 13th-century image of the Virgin and Child." ]	[ 8.6015625, 8.203125, 7.51171875, 5.6796875, 4.8828125, 4.87109375, 4.21484375, 4.171875, 3.931640625, 2.998046875, 2.466796875, 2.078125, 1.330078125, 1.1787109375, 0.68994140625, 0.237548828125, -0.6171875, -1.171875, -4.9921875, -6.2734375, -6.96484375, -8.0078125, -8.1953125, -8.34375, -8.6953125, -8.859375, -9.1171875, -9.265625, -9.515625, -9.578125, -9.6171875, -10.1640625 ]
The book The Satanic Verses by Salman Rushdie caused controversy after it was claimed it was blasphemous against which religion?	[ "Indian author Salman Rushdie’s book “The Satanic Verses” causes uproar among fundamentalist Muslims, and Ayatollah Khomeini places a fatwa (religious edict) on the writer, saying his book is “blasphemous against Islam.” The ayatollah calls on all “zealous Muslims” to kill Rushdie, placing a $3 million bounty on his head.", "This book by Salman Rushdie sparked controversies galore because of the controversial topic it touched. The title, The Satanic Verses, refers to an incident that is disputed between fact and fiction. Some called it a blasphemous treatment of the Islamic faith as Rushdie refers to the Prophet Muhammad as Mahound, which is the medieval name for the devil. In Pakistan, there were riots in 1989 over the book where a few people were killed, and many were injured in India.", "On 14 February 1989 Ayatollah Khomeini, the leader of Iran, issued a fatwa against Salman Rushdie for having written a book \"blasphemous against Islam\". That book, The Satanic Verses, published the previous September, had already stirred up controversy - spectacularly, when it was burnt on the streets of Bradford - with calls for it to be banned in Britain (many other countries had already banned it).", "The Satanic Verses had already been protested by Muslim groups around the world for its depict ion of imagined episodes in the life of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad. The ayatollah said Rushdie and his publishers were “against Islam , the prophet, and the Quran .” ", "But Dana never let go of his activism against the Khomeini regime. During this time Salman Rushdie had written The Satanic Verses, a novel critical of Islam that became an international scandal when the Ayatollah sentenced him to death. Anyone associated with the book became a target of attack: The book’s Japanese translator was brutally stabbed to death, the Italian translator was seriously stabbed, and the publisher in Norway was shot three times in an attempted assassination.", "Indian-born British author Salman Rushdie published The Satanic Verses in 1988. The magical realist work was considered blasphemous by conservative Muslims for its perceived negative allusions against Muhammad. It was banned and burned at demonstrations, bookstores were bombed, riots ensued, and several of the book’s translators were murdered while others suffered attempts on their lives. Rushdie was put under police protection by the British government after Iranian leader Ayatollah Khomeini issued a fatwa against him. The writer later came out of exile after a court battle and seems to be enjoying his recent days in New York City.", "In early 1989, Khomeini issued a fatwa calling for the assassination of Salman Rushdie , an India-born British author. Khomeini claimed that Rushdie's assassination was a religious duty for Muslims because of his alleged blasphemy against Muhammad in his novel, The Satanic Verses , published in 1988. Rushdie's book contains passages that many Muslims – including Ayatollah Khomeini – considered offensive to Islam and the prophet, but the fatwa has also been attacked for violating the rules of fiqh by not allowing the accused an opportunity to defend himself, and because \"even the most rigorous and extreme of the classical jurist only require a Muslim to kill anyone who insults the Prophet in his hearing and in his presence.\" [88]", "His fourth novel, The Satanic Verses (1988), was the subject of a major controversy, provoking protests from Muslims in several countries. Death threats were made against him, including a fatwā calling for his assassination issued by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the Supreme Leader of Iran, on 14 February 1989. The British government put Rushdie under police protection.", "Rushdie's second novel remains his most highly regarded but he is best known for his controversial 1988 work The Satanic Verses, which was seen by some Muslims as blasphemous and earned him a fatwa from Iran's Ayatollah Khomeini. As a result he spent most of the 1990s in hiding.", "Rushdie's notorious book, inspired in part by the life of the Prophet Mohammed, famously resulted in Iran’s Ayatollah Khomeini placing a fatwa (death sentence) on Rushdie for \"insulting Islam\". Violent demonstrations erupted against Rushdie around the world and several UK bookshops were firebombed for stocking the book. Most shockingly, Rushdie’s Japanese translator was murdered, his Italian translator wounded in a knife attack and his Norwegian publisher was shot and injured.", "The controversy about Salman Rushdie's novel The Satanic Verses in 1989 revealed the hypocrisy of the ruling class and stoked Islamophobia. But, argues Gareth Jenkins, Rushdie's new memoir reveals someone who has travelled a long way from his former identification with the oppressed", "I was seven years old when The Satanic Verses was published. Though my family would never have joined a book burning they were adamant that Rushdie was wrong. He had insulted our Prophet and his beloved wives and questioned the holiness of the Koran. Our clerics had said as much – though to protect our feelings they alluded only vaguely to the rivers of filth Rushdie had poured on our Prophet. To write a book that outsiders could use to attack Islam was unforgivable. That Rushdie was a Muslim turned the violation into a betrayal.", "More books followed Midnight’s Children, as did more acclaim, but Rushdie’s fourth novel The Satanic Verses was, shall we say, controversial. Some Muslims were enraged by what they saw as the sacrilegious elements of the novel, which ranged from their misunderstanding of the title (a reference to the apocryphal story of the Prophet Muhammad supposedly being deceived into permitting polytheism) to the fact that Abraham is referred to as a “bastard”. Protests and bans swept the world. Some people supported Rushdie’s stand on freedom of speech grounds. Others were less supportive – including, bizarrely, Roald Dahl and Norman Tebbit, who called Rushdie an “outstanding villain”.", "It was not long before a private prosecutor tried to issue a summons against the author of The Satanic Verses to attend, at the Old Bailey, his trial for blasphemous libel. The magistrate refused, so the prosecutor appealed to the High Court, where 13 Muslim barristers attempted to get the book banned, but their action forced them to draft an indictment against Rushdie and his publishers specifying with legal precision the way in which the novel had blasphemed.", "After the Satanic Verses controversy developed, some scholars familiar with the book and the whole of Rushdie's work, like M. D. Fletcher, saw the reaction as ironic. Fletcher wrote \"It is perhaps a relevant irony that some of the major expressions of hostility toward Rushdie came from those about whom and (in some sense) for whom he wrote.\" He said the manifestations of the controversy in Britain \"embodied an anger arising in part from the frustrations of the migrant experience and generally reflected failures of multicultural integration, both significant Rushdie themes. Clearly, Rushdie's interests centrally include explorations of how migration heightens one's awareness that perceptions of reality are relative and fragile, and of the nature of religious faith and revelation, not to mention the political manipulation of religion. Rushdie's own assumptions about the importance of literature parallel in the literal value accorded the written word in Islamic tradition to some degree. But Rushdie seems to have assumed that diverse communities and cultures share some degree of common moral ground on the basis of which dialogue can be pieced together, and it is perhaps for this reason that he underestimated the implacable nature of the hostility evoked by The Satanic Verses, even though a major theme of that novel is the dangerous nature of closed, absolutist belief systems.\"", "In 1988, in the United Kingdom, Salman Rushdie published The Satanic Verses, a novel. Muslims in the United Kingdom accused Rushdie of blasphemy. Some Muslims called upon the Crown to prosecute Rushdie but it did not. On 14 February 1989, the Ayatollah Khomeini of Iran issued a fatwa which called for Muslims to kill Rushdie and all publishers of The Satanic Verses. In 1991, Hitoshi Igarashi, the novel's Japanese translator was stabbed to death. Shortly afterward, the Italian translator was stabbed but survived. In 1993, the Norwegian publisher of the book was injured in a gun attack. ", "What Did Salman Rushdie Say About Islam? On the Fatwa and the Satanic Verses (1992) - YouTube", "That’s because the book had been banned in India after a friendly interview with Rushdie was headlined AN UNEQUIVOCAL ATTACK ON RELIGIOUS FUNDAMENTALISM. Soon enough, a Saudi-funded newspaper in London ran a story about it, and The Satanic Verses was condemned—sight unseen.", "Before the publication of The Satanic Verses, the publisher received \"warnings from the publisher's editorial consultant\" that the book might be controversial. Later, Rushdie would reflect upon the time that the book was about to be published. Speaking to an interviewer, he said, \"I expected a few mullahs would be offended, call me names, and then I could defend myself in public... I honestly never expected anything like this\".", "Many of his Muslim critics have argued that The Satanic Verses, besides being offensive, is bad fiction. Non-Muslim views have been distinctly mixed, the most common criticism being that the novel does not \"hold together\" in a disciplined fashion. But that is true of many fine novels, including many of Rushdie's favorites. In a 1983 interview with Una Chaudhuri on the influences on Midnight's Children he commented on his penchant for unconventionally-shaped fictions:", "Notwithstanding, controversies raised in the non-Muslim world, especially over depictions of Muhammad, questionning issues relating to the religious offense to minorities in secular countries. A key case was the 1989 fatwa against English author Salman Rushdie for his 1988 book entitled The Satanic Verses, the title of which refers to an account that Muhammad, in the course of revealing the Quran, received a revelation from Satan and incorporated it therein until made by Allah to retract it. Several translators of his book into foreign languages have been murdered. In the UK, many supporters of Salman Rushdie and his publishers advocated unrestricted freedom of expression and the abolition of the British blasphemy laws. As a response, Richard Webster wrote A Brief History of Blasphemy in which he discussed freedom to publish books that may cause distress to minorities.", "A common accusation made against Rushdie is that his uncompromising nature, both as a person and as an imaginative writer, made any deal with Muslims impossible. His credo, many argued, was identical to that of his character Baal, the poet who satirises “Mahound” in The Satanic Verses.", "The Satanic Verses is a fantasy about two actors from India traveling on an airplane. After a terrorist bomb blows up the airplane, they fall to Earth and survive. The controversial parts of the book center on just two chapters.", "In keeping with most Muslim countries, Iran did not ban The Satanic Verses. It was even reviewed in an Iranian newspaper. But noticing the protests in India and Britain, a delegation of mullahs from the holy city of Qum read a section of the book to Khomeini, including the part featuring a mad imam in exile, which was an obvious caricature of Khomeini. As one British diplomat in Iran said: \"It was designed to send the old boy incandescent.\" So it was that the Iranians delivered the fatwa, thus winning the competition to be the greatest haters of Rushdie, and therefore the West, and all that entailed.", "British writer Salman Rushdie leafs through a book in his study. He went into hiding for years after the Iranian leader Ayatollah Khomeini issued a fatwa calling for his death in 1989. The ayatollah denounced Rushdie's portrayal of the Prophet Muhammad in the novel The Satanic Verses.", "Born in Bombay in 1947, Salman Rushdie is the author of six novels, including Grimus, Shame, The Satanic Verses, The Moor's Last Sigh, and The Ground Beneath Her Feet, and a volume of essays, Imaginary Homelands. His numerous literary prizes include the Booker Prize for Midnight's Children and the Whitbread Prize for The Satanic Verses. show more", "“This is, for me, the saddest irony of all,” Rushdie said a while later, “that after working for five years to give voice and fictional flesh to the immigrant culture of which I am myself a member, I should see my book burned, largely unread, by the people it’s about, people who might find some pleasure and much recognition in its pages.” It was darkly ironic, too, that the events swirling around the book—charges of blasphemy, demonstrations, book burnings, an imam fighting “by proxy”—could be found in its pages. The Satanic Verses was not just provocative: it was prescient. In its bravura opening passage, the protagonists Saladin and Gibreel—passengers ejected from a hijacked aircraft after a bomb explodes in midair—talk wildly to each other as they plummet to earth over the English Channel. That December, with the book in shops across the British Isles, Libyan terrorists exploded a Pan Am flight over Lockerbie, Scotland (a city mentioned in the book)—an attack that killed 270 people.", "Bounty for killing of author Salman Rushdie was imposed in 1989 over the publishing of his book \"The Satanic Verses\".─AFP/File", "A UK first edition of Salman Rushdie's The Satanic Verses. A powerful examination of alienation and identity crisis among Indian expatriats in Britain. Amongst many other elements of magic realism, the novel includes...", "Overall, the book received favourable reviews from literary critics. In a 2003 volume of criticism of Rushdie's career, the influential critic Harold Bloom named The Satanic Verses \"Rushdie's largest aesthetic achievement\". ", "* The main character of Salman Rushdie's The Satanic Verses (1988) believes that he is the modern incarnation of Gabriel", "His most controversial work, The Satanic Verses, was published in 1988 (see below). Rushdie has published many short stories, including those collected in East, West (1994). The Moor's Last Sigh, a family epic ranging over some 100 years of India's history was published in 1995. The Ground Beneath Her Feet presents an alternative history of modern rock music. The song of the same name by U2 is one of many song lyrics included in the book, hence Rushdie is credited as the lyricist. He also wrote Haroun and the Sea of Stories in 1990." ]	[ 7.52734375, 6.453125, 5.1171875, 3.439453125, 3.2421875, 3.048828125, 2.83203125, 2.16796875, 1.9521484375, 1.572265625, 1.36328125, 0.958984375, 0.94580078125, 0.234619140625, 0.031280517578125, -0.01425933837890625, -0.251708984375, -0.52734375, -0.7236328125, -0.8583984375, -1.1962890625, -1.21484375, -1.3076171875, -1.5751953125, -2.015625, -2.900390625, -3.900390625, -4.1484375, -4.62890625, -4.6328125, -4.76953125, -5.54296875 ]
Which painter, along with Georges Braque, founded the style cubism in the early 20th century?	[ "Georges Braque (13 May 1882 – 31 August 1963) was a major 20th century French painter and sculptor who, along with Pablo Picasso, developed the art style known as Cubism.", "Georges Braque (May 13, 1882 – August 31, 1963) was a major 20th century French painter and sculptor who, along with Pablo Picasso, developed the art movement known as cubism.", "French painter, collagist and sculptor Georges Braque is, along with Pablo Picasso , renowned as the co-founder of Cubism , which revolutionized 20th-century painting. In his work, objects are fragmented and reconstructed into geometric forms, fracturing the picture plane in order to explore a variety of viewpoints. “The hard-and-fast rules of perspective … were a ghastly mistake which…has taken four centuries to redress,” he said in 1957. Merging aspects of the sculptural with the pictorial, Braque was also an innovator in the use of collage, inventing a technique known as papier collé, which he first explored in one early work Fruit Dish and Glass (1912) by attaching pieces of wallpaper to a charcoal drawing. This approach deeply influenced not only his contemporaries but generations of artists from Modernism to the present.", "Cubism was a 20th century avant-garde art movement , pioneered by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque , that revolutionized European painting and sculpture , and inspired related movements in music and literature . The first branch of cubism, known as \"Analytic Cubism\", was both radical and influential as a short but highly significant art movement between 1907 and 1911 in France. In its second phase, Synthetic Cubism, the movement spread and remained vital until around 1919, when the Surrealist movement gained popularity.", "Cubism: Art that uses two-dimensional geometric shapes to depict three-dimensional organic forms; a style of painting created by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque in the early 20th century whereby the artist breaks down the natural forms of the subjects into geometric shapes and creates a new kind of pictorial space.", "Cubism was a 20th century avant-garde art movement, pioneered by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, that revolutionized European painting and sculpture, and inspired related movements in music, literature and architecture. The first branch of cubism, known as Analytic Cubism, was both radical and influential as a short but highly significant art movement between 1907 and 1911 in France. In its second phase, Synthetic Cubism, the movement spread and remained vital until around 1919, when the Surrealist movement gained popularity.", "Cubism was invented and formulated between about 1908 and 1912 in a partnership between Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso, who were strongly influenced by the grid-like landscapes of Paul Cezanne and (in Picasso's case by African imagery: witness his stunning Les Demoiselles D'Avignon). In part a reaction against the pretty pictures of Impressionism, a style which held no intellectual interest for Picasso, Cubism refocused attention on the essential 2-D nature of the flat canvas, overturning conventional systems of perspective and ways of perceiving form, in the process. The movement developed in three stages: Proto-Cubism (Picasso's & Braque's early phase, containing the only 'cubes' to be seen); Analytical Cubism , an austere style which disassembled 3-D views into a series of overlapping planes; finally, Synthetic Cubism , a lighter more colourful style which 'built-up' images sometimes using various 'found' materials. Picasso's late Cubism - a more representational idiom than his earlier Cubist styles - is exemplified in works like Weeping Woman (1937, Tate Collection), and Guernica (1937, Reina Sofia, Madrid). Other important Cubist artists included Juan Gris and Fernand Leger. Although relatively short-lived, the movement revolutionized painting in the 20th century, and instigated a new tradition of abstract art. Cubism benefited from significant promotional support by its spokesman, the German-born art dealer Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler (1884-1979). For an important Cubist splinter group, see: Section d'Or , an offshoot of the Parisian Puteaux group.", "At the beginning of the 20th century, Cubism was developed by Georges Braque and the Spanish painter Pablo Picasso, living in Paris. Other foreign artists also settled and worked in or near Paris, such as Vincent van Gogh, Marc Chagall, Amedeo Modigliani and Wassily Kandinsky.", "Cubism, highly influential visual arts style of the 20th century that was created principally by the artists Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque in Paris between 1907 and 1914. The Cubist style emphasized the flat, two-dimensional surface of the picture plane, rejecting the traditional techniques of perspective , foreshortening , modeling, and chiaroscuro , and refuting time-honoured theories that art should imitate nature. Cubist painters were not bound to copying form, texture, colour, and space; instead, they presented a new reality in paintings that depicted radically fragmented objects.", "Cubism was the most important movement of the 20th century and marked the birth of abstract art. Invented and pursued by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque in Paris between 1907 and 1914 and inspired by the simplified landscapes of Paul Cézanne , Cubism took the revolutionary step of rejecting the 500-year-old idea that a painting was like a window, thus ruled by perspective. Instead, Picasso and Braque created more conceptual, subjective paintings that sought to represent the underlying structure of existence. The best-known Cubist works look like shattered glass in dim browns and yellows, and are composed of various sharp planes that combine to form people or objects. Cubism took its name from an insult delivered by the critic Louis Vauxcelles, who commented that one of Braque’s paintings looked as if it were “full of little cubes.” After 1910, Picasso and Braque’s Cubism was quickly adopted by many other artists in Paris and beyond and ended up being the primary influence on most or all abstract art before the outbreak of World War II.", "Cubism was a 20th century avant-garde art movement, pioneered by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, that revolutionized European painting and sculpture, and inspired related movements in \|music and literature. The first branch of cubism, known as Analytic Cubism, was both radical and influential as a short but highly significant art movement between 1907 and 1911 in France. In its second phase, Synthetic Cubism, the movement spread and remained vital until around 1919, when the Surrealist movement gained popularity.", "Georges Braque {brahk}, b. May 13, 1882, d. Aug. 31, 1963, in collaboration with Pablo Picasso, was the founder of cubism. After receiving training at the local art school in Le Havre, Braque went to Paris in 1900. There he studied (1902-04) at the Académie Humbert and then at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in the studio of Léon Bonnat. Braque's early works (1903-05) were executed in the mood of early impressionism. Greatly influenced by André Derain, Henri Matisse, and Maurice de Vlaminck, Braque entered (1906 or 1907) his Fauve period, in which he used soft, undulating patterns and brilliant colors. Unlike the other Fauves (see Fauvism), however, he showed an interest in architectonic solidity of composition and an emphasis on strongly defined volumes rather than color and brushwork.", "Cubism was developed between about 1908 and 1912 in a collaboration between Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso . Their main influences are said to have been Tribal Art (although Braque later disputed this) and the work of Paul Cezanne . The movement itself was not long-lived or widespread, but it began an immense creative explosion which resonated through all of 20th century art. The key concept underlying Cubism is that the essence of an object can only be captured by showing it from multiple points of view simultaneously. Cubism had run its course by the end of World War I, but among the movements directly influenced by it were Orphism, Precisionism, Futurism, Purism, Constructivism, and, to some degree, Expressionism.", "Cubism was a truly revolutionary style of modern art developed by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braques. It was the first style of abstract art which evolved at the beginning of the 20th century in response to a world that was changing with unprecedented speed. Cubism was an attempt by artists to revitalise the tired traditions of Western art which they believed had run their course. The Cubists challenged conventional forms of representation, such as perspective, which had been the rule since the Renaissance . Their aim was to develop a new way of seeing which reflected the modern age.", "Modern art begins with the heritage of painters like Vincent van Gogh, Paul Cézanne, Paul Gauguin, Georges Seurat and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec all of whom were essential for the development of modern art. At the beginning of the 20th century Henri Matisse and several other young artists including the pre-cubists Georges Braque, André Derain, Raoul Dufy, Jean Metzinger and Maurice de Vlaminck revolutionized the Paris art world with \"wild\", multi-colored, expressive landscapes and figure paintings that the critics called Fauvism. Henri Matisse's two versions of The Dance signified a key point in his career and in the development of modern painting. It reflected Matisse's incipient fascination with primitive art: the intense warm color of the figures against the cool blue-green background and the rhythmical succession of the dancing nudes convey the feelings of emotional liberation and hedonism.", "A crucial change in Braque's art came in the fall of 1907, when he rediscovered Paul Cezanne at the memorial exhibitions at the Salon d'Automne and the Bernheim-Jeune Gallery. At this time, he also met Picasso. In the late work of Cezanne, both Braque and Picasso saw a new geometrization of form and new spatial relationships that were to become the basis of cubism. Spurred by his close association with Picasso, whose Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (1906-07) has been called \"the first painting of the 20th century,\" Braque transformed his style radically. Within three years, Picasso and Braque invented analytic cubism, a new, completely nonillusionistic and nonimitative method of depicting the visual world. Their concerns were so mutual and their association so intense that in many instances only experts can distinguish Braque's paintings of 1910-12 from those of Picasso. Violin and Pitcher (1910; Kunstmuseum, Basel) is one of the best examples of Braque's analytic cubism. The paintings of this period are all executed in muted greens, grays, ochers, and browns. The objects are fragmented, as though seen from multiple viewpoints. This multiplicity introduced the element of time into vision. These fragments, or cubes, are organized along a grid, thereby creating a compact pictorial structure.", "Analytic cubism (1909-1912) is a style of painting Picasso developed along with Georges Braque using monochrome brownish and neutral colors. Both artists took apart objects and \"analyzed\" them in terms of their shapes. Picasso and Braque's paintings at this time have many similarities. Synthetic cubism (1912�1919) was a further development of the genre, in which cut paper fragmentsñoften wallpaper or portions of newspaper pagesñwere pasted into compositions, marking the first use of collage in fine art.", "Revolutionary style of painting created by Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso in Paris between 1907 and 1914. It was the most radical of the developments that revolutionized art in the years of unprecedented experimentation leading up to World War I, and it changed the course of painting by introducing a new way of seeing and depicting the world. To the cubists, a painting was first and foremost a flat object that existed in its own right, rather than a kind of window through which a representation of the world is seen. Cubism also had a marked, though less fundamental, effect on sculpture, and even influenced architecture and the decorative arts.", "Analytic cubism (1909–1912) is a style of painting Picasso developed with Georges Braque using monochrome brownish and neutral colors. Both artists took apart objects and \"analyzed\" them in terms of their shapes. Picasso and Braque's paintings at this time share many similarities. Synthetic cubism (1912–1919) was a further development of the genre, in which cut paper fragments – often wallpaper or portions of newspaper pages – were pasted into compositions, marking the first use of collage in fine art.", "Analytic cubism (see gallery) was jointly developed by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, exemplified by Violin and Candlestick, Paris, (seen above) from about 1908 through 1912. His realistic approach to the human figure, painted directly from life and dramatically spotlit against a dark background, shocked his contemporaries and opened a new chapter in the history of painting.", "Beginning in 1909, Braque began to work closely with Pablo Picasso who had been developing a similar proto-Cubist style of painting. At the time, Pablo Picasso was influenced by Gauguin, Cézanne, African masks and Iberian sculpture while Braque was interested mainly in developing Cézanne's ideas of multiple perspectives. “A comparison of the works of Picasso and Braque during 1908 reveals that the effect of his encounter with Picasso was more to accelerate and intensify Braque’s exploration of Cézanne’s ideas, rather than to divert his thinking in any essential way.” Braque’s essential subject is the ordinary objects he has known practically forever. Picasso celebrates animation, while Braque celebrates contemplation. Thus, the invention of Cubism was a joint effort between Picasso and Braque, then residents of Montmartre, Paris. These artists were the style's main innovators. After meeting in October or November 1907, Braque and Picasso, in particular, began working on the development of Cubism in 1908. Both artists produced paintings of monochromatic color and complex patterns of faceted form, now termed Analytic Cubism.", "The discovery of African tribal masks by Pablo Picasso, a Spaniard living in Paris, lead him to create his Les Demoiselles d'Avignon of 1907. Working independently, Picasso and Georges Braque returned to and refined Cézanne's way of rationally comprehension of objects in a flat medium, heir experiments in cubism also would lead them to integrate all aspects and objects of day-to-day life, collage of newspapers, musical instruments, cigarettes, wine, and other objects into their works. Cubism in all its phases would dominate paintings of Europe and America for the next ten years. (See the article on Cubism for a complete discussion.)", "The discovery of African tribal masks by Pablo Picasso , a Spaniard living in Paris, lead him to create his Les Demoiselles d'Avignon of 1907. Working independently, Picasso and Georges Braque returned to and refined Cézanne's way of rationally comprehension of objects in a flat medium, heir experiments in cubism also would lead them to integrate all aspects and objects of day-to-day life, collage of newspapers, musical instruments, cigarettes, wine, and other objects into their works. Cubism in all its phases would dominate paintings of Europe and America for the next ten years. (See the article on Cubism for a complete discussion.)", "Another founding member of the Cubist movement was Georges Braque, a French artist whose analytical Cubist work from the 1910s is quite similar to Picasso's. Braque and Picasso worked together closely, and Braque's influence on Picasso (and vice versa) should not be downplayed. Other major artists of the analytical Cubist movement include Juan Gris, whose interest in mathematics made his art more regularized, and less fragmented, than Picasso's; Marcel Duchamp, whose early, pre-readymade works such as \"Nude Descending a Staircase\" are highly fragmented and undeniably Cubist; Jean Metzinger; and Albert Gleizes.", "Paul Cézanne (although not a part of the Cubist movement himself) is often credited with sparking Braque’s first attempts at painting a Cubist landscape. Cézanne’s paintings separated objects into basic shapes—cubes and spheres, mostly—which directly led to Cubism’s use of fractured, geometric planes.", "Cubism derived its name from remarks that were made by the critic Louis Vauxcelles , who derisively described Braque’s 1908 work Houses at L’Estaque as being composed of cubes. In Braque’s painting, the volumes of the houses, the cylindrical forms of the trees, and the tan-and-green colour scheme are reminiscent of Paul Cézanne ’s landscapes, which deeply inspired the Cubists in their first stage of development (until 1909). It was, however, Les Demoiselles d’Avignon , painted by Picasso in 1907, that presaged the new style; in this work, the forms of five female nudes become fractured, angular shapes. As in Cézanne’s art, perspective is rendered through colour, with the warm reddish-browns advancing and the cool blues receding.", "The first phase, which was also known as pre-cubism lasted until the year 1910 and it is under the strong influence of Cezanne and his famous characteristic of reproducing nature in paintings by using cylinders, spheres, and cones. In this period, Picasso and Braque were painting characters, landscapes and still life. They were not satisfied with the attempts of renouncing on perspectives and started aiming at reducing the motifs to fundamental geometric forms.", "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon is generally regarded as the first cubist painting. Under the influence of Cézanne, Iberian sculpture, and African sculpture (which Picasso first saw in Paris in 1907) the artist launched a pictorial style more radical than anything he had produced up to that date. The human figures and their surrounding space are reduced to a series of broad, intersecting planes which align themselves with the picture surface and imply a multiple, dissected view of the visible world. The faces of the figures are seen simultaneously from frontal and profile positions, and their bodies are likewise forced to submit to Picasso's new and radically abstract pictorial language.", "Braque resumed painting in late 1916. Working alone, he began to moderate the harsh abstraction of cubism. He developed a more personal style characterized by brilliant color, textured surfaces, and—after his relocation to the Normandy seacoast—the reappearance of the human figure. He painted many still life subjects during this time, maintaining his emphasis on structure. One example of this is his 1943 work Blue Guitar, which hangs in the Allen Memorial Art Museum . [12] During his recovery he became a close friend of the cubist artist Juan Gris .", "According to John Golding's influential history of Cubism published in 1959, it was at the Salon des Indépendants of 1909, held 25 March through 2 May, that the first Cubist painting was exhibited to the public: Little Harbor in Normandy (Petit port en Normandie), no. 215, entitled Paysage, by Georges Braque (Art Institute of Chicago). In Room 16 hung works by Derain, Dufy, Friesz, Laprade, Matisse, Jean Puy, Rouault and Vlaminck.", "was a Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist, stage designer, poet and playwright who spent most of his adult life in France. As one of the greatest and most influential artists of the 20th century, he is known for co-founding the Cubist movement, the invention of constructed sculpture,[2][3] the co-invention of collage, and for the wide variety of styles that he helped develop and explore.", "Cubism was a 20th century art movement that revolutionized European painting and sculpture, and inspired related movements in music and literature. It developed as a short but highly significant artistic movement between about 1907 and 1914 in France. In cubist artworks, objects are broken up, analyzed, and re-assembled in an abstracted form — instead of depicting objects from one viewpoint, the artist depicts the subject from a multitude of viewpoints to represent the subject in a greater context. Often the surfaces intersect at seemingly random angles presenting no coherent sense of depth. The background and object planes interpenetrate one another to create the ambiguous shallow space characteristic of cubism." ]	[ 8.453125, 8.40625, 7.484375, 6.84375, 6.84375, 6.79296875, 6.7734375, 6.74609375, 6.7265625, 6.18359375, 6.04296875, 5.97265625, 5.75, 5.61328125, 5.04296875, 4.73828125, 4.63671875, 4.5, 4.4375, 4.42578125, 4.140625, 3.896484375, 3.869140625, 3.779296875, 3.64453125, 3.4765625, 3.392578125, 1.2294921875, 0.02349853515625, -0.296875, -0.7294921875, -2.953125 ]
What relation is author Kingsley Amis to author Martin Amis?	[ "Sir Kingsley William Amis, CBE (16 April 1922 – 22 October 1995) was an English novelist, poet, critic, and teacher. He wrote more than 20 novels, six volumes of poetry, a memoir, various short stories, radio and television scripts, along with works of social and literary criticism. According to his biographer, Zachary Leader, Amis was \"the finest English comic novelist of the second half of the twentieth century.\" He is the father of British novelist Martin Amis. ", "Sir Kingsley William Amis, CBE, was an English novelist, poet, critic, and teacher. He wrote more than twenty novels, three collections of poetry, short stories, radio and television scripts, and books of social and literary criticism. He fathered the English novelist Martin Amis .", "Kingsley Amis was born in Clapham, Wandsworth, Couty of London (now South London), England, the son of William Robert Amis, a mustard manufacturer's clerk. He began his education at the City of London School, and went up to St. John's College, Oxford April 1941 to read English; it was there that he met Philip Larkin, with whom he formed the most important friendship of his life. After only a year, he was called up for Army service in July 1942. After serving in the Sir Kingsley William Amis, CBE, was an English novelist, poet, critic, and teacher. He wrote more than twenty novels, three collections of poetry, short stories, radio and television scripts, and books of social and literary criticism. He fathered the English novelist Martin Amis .", "Markham is the psuedonym. Kinsley Amis was a then famous and highly acclaimed novelist who had a keen interest in James Bond. Nowadays, he tends to be remembered for being the father of Martin Amis, who is also a novelist.", "Sir Kingsley Amis (1922–95) was an English novelist and poet. He wrote more than 20 novels. The most well known is Lucky Jim.", "Since its creation in 1995, the Martin Amis Web has been the authoritative resource for information about Amis’s career and writing. The site is administered by Gavin Keulks, author of Father and Son: Kingsley Amis, Martin Amis, and the British Novel Since 1950 (2003) and editor of Martin Amis: Postmodernism and Beyond (2006). Image Credits: personal photos © Isabel Fonseca, Robert Birnbaum, and Isabelle Levy; cover art courtesy The Random House Group, Ltd.", "In this country, Martin may in fact be a bigger deal than his father was, and Leader’s biography begins with an assertion that may strike American readers as extreme: “Kingsley Amis was not only the finest comic novelist of the second half of the 20th century but a dominant force in the writing of the age.” We know Kingsley mostly by his two best books, which happen to bracket his career: “Lucky Jim” (1954), one of the funniest novels ever written, and “The Old Devils” (1986), a late masterpiece about the indignities of old age. In England, though, his 23 other novels are more highly regarded than they are here, where some of his later books were championed by right-wing critics but denounced elsewhere for being reactionary and misogynistic. He was also a public personality who appeared often on TV, in the gossip columns and even in a series of advertisements for upscale fabrics (“Very Kingsley Amis, Very Sanderson”) that were the British equivalent of those ads Lillian Hellman used to do for Blackglama.", "Amis was born in Swansea, Wales. His father, noted English novelist Sir Kingsley Amis, was the son of a mustard manufacturer's clerk from Clapham, London; his mother, Hilary \"Hilly\" Bardwell, was the daughter of a Ministry of Agriculture civil servant. He has an older brother, Philip; his younger sister, Sally, died in 2000. His parents divorced when he was twelve.", "House of Meetings by Martin Amis The son of novelist Kingsley (Lucky Jim) Amis has inherited his father’s savage comic genius. The Rachel Papers (1973), his brilliant and shameless first novel, was a portrait of the young male mind that some female critics found disturbing. House of Meetings, his latest novel in print, is a sober and cynical tale of two half-brothers who fall in love with the same woman, set against the grim backdrop of Stalin’s gulags, narrated by an anonymous Red Army veteran and unapologetic war criminal. The Pregnant Widow, due out next year, was inspired by the words of the Russian thinker, Alexander Herzen, who wrote that changes in the social order, “leave behind not an heir but a pregnant widow”. The novel is set during a holiday in 1970s Italy where half a dozen young lives are afloat on a sea change. [Also recommended] uMoney (1984); Time’s Arrow (1991).", "The Information (1995) was notable not so much for its critical success, but for the scandals surrounding its publication. The enormous advance (an alleged £500,000) demanded and subsequently obtained by Amis for the novel attracted what the author described as \"an Eisteddfod of hostility\" from writers and critics after he abandoned his long-serving agent, the late Pat Kavanagh, in order to be represented by the Harvard-educated Andrew \"The Jackal\" Wylie. The split was by no means amicable; it created a rift between Amis and his long-time friend, Julian Barnes, who was married to Kavanagh. According to Amis's autobiography Experience (2000), he and Barnes had not resolved their differences. The Information itself deals with the relationship between a pair of British writers of fiction. One, a spectacularly successful purveyor of \"airport novels\", is envied by his friend, an equally unsuccessful writer of philosophical and generally abstruse prose. The novel is written in the author's classic style: characters appearing as stereotyped caricatures, grotesque elaborations on the wickedness of middle age, and a general air of post-apocalyptic malaise.", "Amis's work centres on the excesses of late-capitalist Western society, whose perceived absurdity he often satirises through grotesque caricature; he has been portrayed as a master of what the New York Times called \"the new unpleasantness\". Inspired by Saul Bellow, Vladimir Nabokov, and James Joyce, as well as by his father Kingsley Amis, Amis himself went on to influence many successful British novelists of the late 20th and early 21st centuries, including Will Self and Zadie Smith.", "Kingsley Amis was born in Clapham, Wandsworth, Couty of London (now South London), England, the son of William Robert Amis, a mustard manufacturer's clerk. He began his education at the City of London School, and went up to St. John's College, Oxford April 1941 to read English; it was there that he met Philip Larkin, with whom he formed the most important friendship of his life. After only a year, he was called up for Army service in July 1942. After serving in the Royal Corps of Signals in the Second World War, Amis returned to Oxford in October 1945 to complete his degree. Although he worked hard and got a first in English in 1947, he had by then decided to give much of his time to writing.", "Kingsley Amis was born in south London in 1922 and was educated at the City of London School and St John's College, Oxford. At one time he was a university lecturer, a keen reader of science fiction and a jazz enthusiast. After the publication of Lucky Jim in 1954, which has become a modern classic, Kingsley Amis wrote over twenty novels, including THE ALTERATION (1976), winner of the John W. Camp", "Kingsley Amis was born in south London in 1922 and was educated at the City of London School and St John's College, Oxford. After the publication of Lucky Jim in 1954, Kingsley Amis wrote over twenty novels, including The Alteration, winner of the John W. Campbell Memorial Award, The Old Devils, winner of the Booker Prize in 1986, and The Biographer's Moustache, which was to be his last book. He also wrote on politics, education, language, films, television, restaurants and drink. Kingsley Amis was awarded the CBE in 1981 and received a knighthood in 1990. He died in October 1995. show more", "Martin Amis has a reputation as a literary bad boy and has caused a stir in a recent interview with a French magazine talking about the 'moral decrepitude of England' and saying he would 'prefer not to be English'. It's not the first time Amis has courted controversy: he offended Muslims by saying they 'ought to suffer until they get their house in order' and earlier this year he riled children's authors by saying 'If I had a serious brain injury I might well write a children's book'. Those who've met him, however, say he can be charming and he commands the loyalty of several high profile friends.", "Mixing in the same circles: Anna Ford chats to author Martin Amis at a party in 1983", "His books include The Pregnant Widow (2010), Lionel Asbo: State of England (2012), London Fields (2014) and The Zone of Interest (2014). Martin Amis lives in Brooklyn, New York. ", "1 Martin Amis and the sex war], The Times, 24 January 2010. The narrator is Keith's superego, or conscience, in 2009. Keith's sister, Violet, is based on Amis's own sister, Sally, described by Amis as one of the revolution's most spectacular victims. ", "You Can't Do Both (1994) is semi-autobiographical; in 1991 he published his Memoirs, the barbed nature of which shocked reviewers. Eric Jacobs completed a biography in 1998; Martin Amis is currently working on a memoir about his relationship with his father - \"almost a pro bono duty\".", "Amis returned to Britain in September 2006 after living in Uruguay for two and a half years with his second wife, the writer Isabel Fonseca, and their two young daughters. Amis became a grandfather in 2008 when his daughter (by Lamorna Seale ) Delilah gave birth to a son. ", "London Fields (1989), Amis's longest work, describes the encounters between three main characters in London in 1999, as a climate disaster approaches. The characters have typically Amisian names and broad caricatured qualities: Keith Talent, the lower-class crook with a passion for darts; Nicola Six, a femme fatale who is determined to be murdered; and upper-middle-class Guy Clinch, \"the fool, the foil, the poor foal\" who is destined to come between the other two. The book was controversially omitted from the Booker Prize shortlist in 1989, because two panel members, Maggie Gee and Helen McNeil, disliked Amis's treatment of his female characters. \"It was an incredible row\", Martyn Goff, the Booker's director, told The Independent. \"Maggie and Helen felt that Amis treated women appallingly in the book. That is not to say they thought books which treated women badly couldn't be good, they simply felt that the author should make it clear he didn't favour or bless that sort of treatment. Really, there was only two of them and they should have been outnumbered as the other three were in agreement, but such was the sheer force of their argument and passion that they won. David [Lodge] has told me he regrets it to this day, he feels he failed somehow by not saying, 'It's two against three, Martin's on the list'.\" ", "He was educated in schools in Britain, Spain and the USA, and graduated from Exeter College, Oxford, with First Class Honours in English. He wrote and published his first novel, The Rachel Papers (1973), while working as an editorial assistant at the Times Literary Supplement. The novel won a Somerset Maugham Award in 1974 and was followed by Dead Babies in 1975. He was Literary Editor of the New Statesman between 1977 and 1979, publishing his third novel, Success, in 1978. Regarded by many critics as one of the most influential and innovative voices in contemporary British fiction, Amis is often grouped with the generation of British-based novelists that emerged during the 1980s and included Salman Rushdie, Ian McEwan and Julian Barnes. His work has been heavily influenced by American fiction, especially the work of Philip Roth, John Updike and Saul Bellow. A loose trilogy of novels set in London begins with Money: A Suicide Note (1984), a satire of Thatcherite amorality and greed, continues with London Fields (1989), and concludes with The Information (1995), a tale of literary rivalry. Time's Arrow (1991), was shortlisted for the Booker Prize for Fiction. Other books include Night Train (1997), a pastiche of American detective fiction, an acclaimed volume of autobiography, Experience (2000) - winner of the James Tait Black Memorial Prize - and Koba the Dread, a non-fiction work about communism in the twentieth century (2002).", "\"A brilliant novel. It is sadly comic and comically sad\" -- Anthony Burgess \"He was a genuine comic writer, probably the best after P. G. Wodehouse ... He had a lasting influence and was a very good novelist\" -- John Mortimer \"A bloody funny lovely bloody book... A genius at full throttle\" Financial Times \"In these explicit days, Mr Amis is the laureate of the unsayable, the literary it man\" Sunday Telegraph show more", "‘Why does the reader yearn with such helpless fervour for the marriage of Elizabeth Bennet and Mr Darcy?’ asks Martin Amis in Force of Love, an essay on Pride and Prejudice (The Atlantic, 1990). ‘And even more mysteriously, this tizzy of zealous suspense actually survives repeated readings.’", "\"Crackling with marvellous taff comedy...this is probably Mr Amis's best book since Lucky Jim\" - Guardian", "‘I don’t want to write a sentence that any guy could have written,’ says Martin Amis.", "Sue Townsend is Britain's favourite comic author. Since the publication of The Secret Diaries of Adrian Mole Aged 13 and 3/4 in 1982, she has made us weep with laughter and pricked the nation's conscience. Seven further volumes of diaries have followed: The Growing Pains of Adrian Mole, The True Confessions of Adrian Albert Mole, Adrian Mole: The Wilderness Years, Adrian Mole: The Cappuccino Years, The Lost Diaries of Adrian Mole, Adrian Mole and the Weapons of Mass Destruction and Adrian Mole: The Prostrate Years. All have been acclaimed bestsellers, some have been adapted for radio and TV, starring Lulu, Julie Walters and Stephen Mangan, among others. She has also written six other popular novels (The Queen and I, Queen Camilla, Number Ten, Rebuilding Coventry, Ghost Children and The Woman Who Went to Bed for A Year) and penned many well-received plays. She lives in Leicester, where she was born and grew up.", "In 1962 Gielgud met Martin Hensler (1932–99), an interior designer exiled from Hungary. He was temperamental, and Gielgud's friends often found him difficult, but the two became a long-term couple and lived together until Hensler's death. Under his influence Gielgud moved his main residence from central London to Wotton Underwood in Buckinghamshire. ", "in the U.K.), about novelists Charlotte, Emily and Anne Brontë and their family. Review or Author Interview", "The winner of the Whitbread Best First Novel 1990, this is the story of Karim Amir, \"an Englishman born and bred - almost\", who lives with his English mother and Indian father in the South London suburbs. It is written by the author of \"My Beautiful Launderette\" and \"Sammy and Rosie Get Laid\".", "Harris lives in a former vicarage near Newbury, Berkshire, with his wife Gill Hornby, herself a writer and sister of best-selling novelist Nick Hornby. They have four children. Harris contributed a short story, \"PMQ\", to Hornby's 2000 collection Speaking with the Angel.", "“Harold Pinter and Joseph Losey had their own take on the upper classes,” says Travis. “But, for hundreds and thousands The Go-Between is their favourite book of all time. I don’t see the point in not seeing the characters’ humanity.”" ]	[ 6.4296875, 5.16015625, 4.640625, 2.662109375, 2.357421875, 0.67138671875, 0.348876953125, 0.153076171875, 0.045684814453125, -0.2958984375, -0.54443359375, -0.853515625, -1.068359375, -2.09375, -2.138671875, -2.80859375, -2.8671875, -3.01171875, -3.056640625, -3.453125, -3.765625, -4.125, -4.5625, -5.92578125, -7.82421875, -8.3203125, -9.5625, -10.2265625, -10.3984375, -10.7421875, -10.765625, -11.0078125 ]
What was Michelangelo's first name?	[ "Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni [1] (6 March 1475 – 18 February 1564), commonly known as Michelangelo, was an Italian Renaissance painter , sculptor , architect , poet, and engineer . Despite making few forays beyond the arts, his versatility in the disciplines he took up was of such a high order that he is often considered a contender for the title of the archetypal Renaissance man , along with his rival and fellow Italian, Leonardo da Vinci .", "Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni [1] (6 March 1475 – 18 February 1564), commonly known as Michelangelo, was an Italian Renaissance painter , sculptor , architect , poet, and engineer . Despite making few forays beyond the arts, his versatility in the disciplines he took up was of such a high order that he is often considered a contender for the title of the archetypal Renaissance man , along with his rival and fellow Italian Leonardo da Vinci .", "Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (6 March 1475 – 18 February 1564), commonly known as Michelangelo, was an Italian Renaissance sculptor, painter, architect, poet, and engineer who exerted an unparalleled influence on the development of Western art. Despite making few forays beyond the arts, his versatility in the disciplines he took up was of such a high order that he is often considered a contender for the title of the archetypal Renaissance man, along with fellow Italian Leonardo da Vinci.", "Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (; 6 March 1475 – 18 February 1564) was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, poet, and engineer of the High Renaissance who exerted an unparalleled influence on the development of Western art. Considered to be the greatest living artist during his lifetime, he has since also been described as one of the greatest artists of all time. Despite making few forays beyond the arts, his versatility in the disciplines he took up was of such a high order that he is often considered a contender for the title of the archetypal Renaissance man, along with his rival and fellow Florentine Medici client, Leonardo da Vinci.", "Michelangelo di lo dovico Buonarroti Simoni (1475 – 1564), commonly known as Michelangelo, was an Italian Renaissance painter, sculptor, architect, poet and engineer. Despite making few forays beyond the arts, his versatility in the disciplines he took up was of such a high order that he is often considered a contender for the title of the archetypal Renaissance man, along with his rival and fellow Italian Leonardo da Vinci.", "Trivia: Michelangelos’ real name was Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni, born on March 6, 1475 and died on February 18, 1564, a very ripe age for that era.", "MICHELANGELO BUONARROTI (born Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni, 1475–1564), Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet. Michelangelo achieved such renown in his lifetime that he was celebrated as Il Divino, the 'Divine One'. In five hundred years, his fame has scarcely diminished. Michelangelo is universally recognized as one of the greatest artists of all time. He established new and still unsurpassed standards of excellence in all fields of visual creativity—sculpture, painting, architecture—and was, in addition, an accomplished poet. Along with Dante and Shakespeare , Mozart, and Beethoven, he stands as one of the giants of Western civilization.", " Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (3/6 1475 – 2/18 1564), was an Italian Renaissance sculptor, painter, architect, poet, and engineer who exerted an unparalleled influence on the development of Western art. A number of his works in painting, sculpture, and architecture rank among the most famous in existence. Despite his low opinion of painting, Michelangelo also created two of the most influential works in fresco in the history of Western art: the scenes from Genesis on the ceiling and The Last Judgment on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel in Rome. The Moses (c. 1513–1515) is a sculpture by Michelangelo. It depicts the Biblical figure Moses with horns on his head, based on a mistranslation of the original Greek text: \"Moses knew not that the appearance of the skin of his face was glorified (horned).\" This led to the widespread notion that Jews had devilish horns.", "More World’s Useless FactsdavidThe artist Michelangelo’s full name in Italian is Michaelangelo di Lodovico di Lionardo di Buonarroto Simoni. Credit: AP", "Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (March 6, 1475 – February 18, 1564) was a Renaissance painter, sculptor, poet and architect. He is famous for creating the fresco ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, one of the most stupendous works in all of Western art, as well as the Last Judgment over the altar, and “The Martyrdom of St. Peter” and “The Conversion of St. Paul” in the Vatican’s Cappella Paolina; among his many sculptures are those of the Pieta and David, again, sublime masterpieces of their field, as well as the Virgin, Bacchus, Moses, Rachel, Leah, and members of the Medici family (see article for more information on them); he also designed the dome of St. Peter’s Basilica.", "Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475–1564) Florentine sculptor, painter, architect, and poet. He was one of the outstanding figures of the High Renaissance and a creator of mannerism . He spent five years in Rome where he made his name with a statue of Bacchus and the Pietà (now in St Peter's). In 1501 he returned to Florence, where he carved the gigantic David, a symbol of the new-found confidence of the Florentine Republic. In 1505, Pope Julius II called him to Rome to carry out two substantial commissions. The first, a magnificent tomb for Julius I, ended in disaster due to lack of funds from the Pope's heirs. The other, a vast painting for the Sistine Chapel ceiling, was Michelangelo's most sublime achievement. He added The Last Judgment later, starting in 1536. Among Michelangelo's other great (unfinished) works are the Medici Chapel and the Biblioteca Laurenziana, both for the church of San Lorenzo in Florence. For the last 30 years of his life, Michelangelo concentrated on architecture. He created the magnificent cathedral of St Peter's , Rome, but died before completing it.", "Michelangelo (1475-1564), Italian painter, sculptor, architect, and poet whose artistic accomplishments exerted a tremendous influence on his contemporaries and on subsequent European art. Michelangelo considered the male nude to be the foremost subject in art, and he explored its range of movement and expression in every medium. Even his architecture has a human aspect to it, in which a door, window, or support may refer to the face or body, or the position of architectural elements may suggest muscular tension.", "Michelangelo was a 16th century Florentine artist renowned for his masterpieces in sculpture, painting, and architectural design. His most well known works are the David, the Last Judgment, and the Basilica of Saint Peter's in the Vatican.", "Michelangelo was a 16th century Florentine artist renowned for his masterpieces in sculpture, painting, and architectural design.", "Michelangelo's father sent him to study grammar with the Humanist Francesco da Urbino in Florence as a young boy. The young artist, however, showed no interest in his schooling, preferring to copy paintings from churches and seek the company of painters. At thirteen, Michelangelo was apprenticed to the painter Domenico Ghirlandaio. When Michelangelo was only fourteen, his father persuaded Ghirlandaio to pay his apprentice as an artist, which was highly unusual at the time. When in 1489 Lorenzo de' Medici, de facto ruler of Florence, asked Ghirlandaio for his two best pupils, Ghirlandaio sent Michelangelo and Francesco Granacci. From 1490 to 1492, Michelangelo attended the Humanist academy which the Medici had founded along Neo Platonic lines. Michelangelo studied sculpture under Bertoldo di Giovanni. At the academy, both Michelangelo's outlook and his art were subject to the influence of many of the most prominent philosophers and writers of the day including Marsilio Ficino, Pico della Mirandola and Angelo Poliziano. At this time, Michelangelo sculpted the reliefs Madonna of the Steps (1490–1492) and Battle of the Centaurs (1491–1492). The latter was based on a theme suggested by Poliziano and was commissioned by Lorenzo de Medici. While both were apprenticed to Bertoldo di Giovanni, Pietro Torrigiano struck the 17 year old on the nose, and thus caused that disfigurement which is so conspicuous in all the portraits of Michelangelo.", "Michelangelo was a Renaissance artist working in Italy in the sixteenth century. Although first a sculptor, he is perhaps best known for his large-scale painted frescos in the Sistine Chapel in Rome.", "Engraved portrait of Michelangelo © Michelangelo was a painter, sculptor, architect and poet and one of the great artists of the Italian Renaissance.", "In a demonstration of Michelangelo's unique standing, he was the first Western artist whose biography was published while he was alive. [2] Two biographies were published of him during his lifetime; one of them, by Giorgio Vasari , proposed that he was the pinnacle of all artistic achievement since the beginning of the Renaissance , a viewpoint that continued to have currency in art history for centuries. In his lifetime he was also often called Il Divino (\"the divine one\"). [3] One of the qualities most admired by his contemporaries was his terribilità, a sense of awe-inspiring grandeur, and it was the attempts of subsequent artists to imitate Michelangelo's impassioned and highly personal style that resulted in Mannerism , the next major movement in Western art after the High Renaissance .", "Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475–1564) resides with the Medici family as a follower of Bertoldo di Giovanni, a sculptor in their service. He is exposed to the circle of humanists, scholars, poets, and artists that gathers in the Medici household, where he learns the principles of Neoplatonic thought and develops a profound appreciation of classical form. Leaving Florence when the Medici are exiled in 1494, he returns in 1501 to execute the David (completed 1504), intended for a buttress of the Florence Cathedral. Placed instead in front of the Palazzo della Signoria (Palazzo Vecchio), the gigantic statue of heroic youth symbolizes the Florentine Republic as it challenges foreign intervention.", "In 1492, after the death of his patron, Lorenzo de' Medici, the 17 year old Michelangelo moved to Bologna, and, in 1496, to Rome. There he carved the first of his great masterpieces of Italian Renaissance sculpture , the St Peter's Pieta, which was completed at the turn of the century. His mastery of anatomy and composition as revealed in this sculpture, made his name. He returned to Florence in 1501 as a famous artist, remaining there until 1505. Here he created David his second great marble sculpture , and painted his one and only surviving panel painting - the Doni Tondo. He may also have painted the Madonna and Child with John the Baptist.", "Michelangelo and the Pope's Ceiling (Penguin. 2003. ISBN 9780-14-200369-5. pap. $16), Ross King's account of the four years that Michelangelo spent painting the Sistine Chapel frescoes, is a grand mix of history and biography. Readers learn about Michelangelo's problems with health and money, his difficult patron, Pope Julius II, and his rivalry with the young Raphael. King also paints a fascinating picture of 16th-century Rome, inhabited by such figures as Leonardo da Vinci, Savonarola, and Machiavelli. (c) Copyright 2010. Library Journals LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Media Source, Inc. No redistribution permitted.", "Michelangelo drew extensively as a child, and his father placed him under the tutelage of Ghirlandaio , a respected artist of the day. After one unproductive year, Michelangelo became the student of Bertoldo di Giovanni, a sculptor employed by the Medici family. From 1490 to 1492, Michelangelo lived with the Medicis; during this time he learned from such philosophers as Ficino , Landino, Poliziano , and Savonarola . Although Michelangelo claimed that he was self-taught, one might perceive in his work the influence of such artists as Leonardo , Giotto , and Poliziano. He learned to paint and sculpt more by observation than by tutelage. Michelangelo was known to be extremely sensitive, and he combined an excess of energy with an excess of talent.", "Michelangelo did not get along with Domenico Ghirlandaio, and in 1489 he moved on to the sculpture school of Bertoldo di Giovanni, a student of Donatello and an influential friend and art curator for Lorenzo de' Medici, \"the Magnificent.\" There Michelangelo honed his sculptural skills in clay and marble, copying Classical works that impressed Lorenzo the Magnificent himself. Even as a boy, Michelangelo was difficult, sensitive, and boastful, and at one point a jealous older student broke his nose, leaving Michelangelo slightly disfigured for the rest of his life.", "The great Renaissance poet Ludovico Ariosto wrote succinctly of this famous artist: \"Michael more than mortal, divine angel.\" Indeed, Michelangelo was widely awarded the epithet \"divine\" because of his extraordinary accomplishments. Two generations of Italian painters and sculptors were impressed by his treatment of the human figure: Raphael , Annabale Carracci, Pontormo, Rosso Fiorentino, Sebastiano del Piombo, and Titian . His dome for St. Peter's became the symbol of authority, as well as the model, for domes all over the Western world; the majority of state capitol buildings in the U.S., as well as the Capitol in Washington, D.C., are derived from it.", "Michelangelo was recalled to Rome by Pope Julius II in 1505 for two commissions. The most important one was for the frescoes of the Sistine Chapel ceiling. Working high above the chapel floor, lying on his back on scaffolding, Michelangelo painted, between 1508 and 1512, some of the finest pictorial images of all time. On the vault of the papal chapel, he devised an intricate system of decoration that included nine scenes from the Book of Genesis, beginning with God Separating Light from Darkness and including the Creation of Adam, the Creation of Eve, the Temptation and Fall of Adam and Eve, and the Flood. These centrally located narratives are surrounded by alternating images of prophets and sibyls on marble thrones, by other Old Testament subjects, and by the ancestors of Christ. In order to prepare for this enormous work, Michelangelo drew numerous figure studies and cartoons, devising scores of figure types and poses. These awesome, mighty images, demonstrating Michelangelo's masterly understanding of human anatomy and movement, changed the course of painting in the West.", "Michelangelo’s 14ft Renaissance masterpiece, David, was created from an enormous block of white marble which had previously been rejected by two other sculptors. They claimed it had too many imperfections so it lay neglected outside for 25 years before a young Michelangelo took it on as a commission for the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore. Michelangelo worked on the commission in secret between 1501 and 1504. Preferring to work outside, he would sculpt in the pouring rain in order to perfect the last detail. Michelangelo was the first artist to capture the biblical figure David before his fight with Goliath. Michelangelo chose to show David at the apex of concentration and he now stands contrapposto in the Galleria dell’Accademia under custom-built sky light. Be sure to get here early to beat the crowds and groups of chattering school children.", "This biography is licensed under the GFDL . It uses material from the Wikipedia article Michelangelo", "While still occupied with the David, Michelangelo was given an opportunity to demonstrate his ability as a painter with the commission of a mural, the Battle of Cascina, destined for the Sala dei Cinquecento of the Palazzo Vecchio, opposite Leonardo's Battle of Anghiari. Neither artist carried his assignment beyond the stage of a cartoon, a full-scale preparatory drawing. Michelangelo created a series of nude and clothed figures in a wide variety of poses and positions that are a prelude to his next major project, the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican.", "As a young boy, Michelangelo was sent to Florence to study grammar under the Humanist Francesco da Urbino. The young artist, however, showed no interest in his schooling, preferring to copy paintings from churches and seek the company of painters.", "The 16th century Vatican parishioners looked up to the chapel ceiling, and they were tricked. The genius of Michelangelo was that he created the appearance of multi-dimensional sculptures with paint. Powerfully strong images mixed with an elegance and softness of form, reminiscent of what Michelangelo had accomplished with his most famous marble sculptures, David (1504) and the Pietà (1499). The artist had moved sculpture into the painting world.", "Michelangelo's fame as a great artist began to grow. He returned to Florence and received another commission to create a large statue of David. It took him a couple of years to finish the giant statue. The piece of marble he began with was very tall and thin. Many people didn't think he could do much with it. He worked in secrecy, not letting anyone see it until it was finished.", "When you consider that Michelangelo considered himself to be a sculptor, not a painter, this is a remarkable early work. It is his only surviving, finished panel painting." ]	[ 8.078125, 8.0625, 7.59765625, 6.625, 5.7578125, 5.54296875, 5.48828125, 4.8828125, 4.68359375, 3.466796875, 1.9072265625, 0.68701171875, -0.134765625, -0.2105712890625, -0.71875, -0.8017578125, -0.80615234375, -0.81640625, -1.1025390625, -1.48828125, -1.9677734375, -2.3828125, -2.46484375, -2.76953125, -3.6484375, -3.734375, -4.3203125, -4.85546875, -4.91796875, -5.15234375, -5.19140625, -5.515625 ]
Which author, who is most remembered for writing another series of books, wrote the children's story Chitty Chitty Bang Bang?	[ "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang is a fictional vintage car from the 1968 musical film of the same name, based on a children’s story by James Bond author Ian Fleming, using a script written by Roald Dahl. Fleming’s Chitty Chitty Bang Bang was inspired by a series of cars built and raced by Count Louis Vorrow Zborowski called “Chitty Bang Bang”.", "Commander Caractacus Pott is one of the main characters in Ian Fleming 's novel Chitty-Chitty-Bang-Bang and its film adaptation. He is an eccentric inventor who lives with his wife and twin eight-year-old children, Jeremy and Jemima, on the Potts' hilltop farm. In the film version he does not have a wife, but he and his children live with Grandpa Pott; the family surname is altered from \"Pott\" to \"Potts\". Show Less", "Commander Ian Lancaster Fleming, RNVR (May 28, 1908- August 12, 1964) was an English author and journalist, best remembered for writing the Chitty Chitty Bang Bang .", "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang is a British musical film loosely based on Ian Fleming's novel Chitty-Chitty-Bang-Bang: The Magical Car. The film's script is by Roald Dahl and Ken Hughes and its songs by the Sherman Brothers. The song \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\" was nominated for an Academy Award. The film stars Dick Van Dyke, Sally Ann Howes, Lionel Jeffries, James Robertson Justice, and Robert Helpmann. The film was directed by Ken Hughes and produced by Albert R. Broccoli.", "Ian Fleming's fiction was not limited to the \"BOND\" novels, he also wrote a children's book called Chitty Chitty Bang Bang: the Magical Car , which was published in 1964. In 1968 a film was made of the book with a script by Roald Dahl and Ken Hughes and which starred Dick van Dyke and Gert Fröbe and Benny Hill in supporting roles.", "Ian Fleming also wrote Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, while Roald Dahl wrote the screenplay for You Only Live Twice.", "Besides the twelve novels and nine short stories he wrote featuring James Bond, Fleming is also known for the children’s story, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang.", "Probably the most famous of all after FAB 1 is Chitty Chitty Bang Bang with the plate GEN 11. GEN 11 was intended to stand for genius because the main character in the film is an eccentric inventor called Caractacus Potts. The story is about a car that he builds that can fly and float as well as drive. It was written by Ian Fleming in 1961 while he was taking time off from writing James Bond books.", "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, British musical film , released in 1968, that was based on the only children’s book written by James Bond creator Ian Fleming .", "Ken Hughes directed \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\" and co-wrote the script with popular author Roald Dahl .", "Certainly, the list of authors who have published in both genres is long and distinguished. In They Wrote for Children Too, Marilyn Fain Apseloff has catalogued over a hundred \"adult\" writers whose works have also included children's texts (admittedly, sometimes adapted by later writers). But in fact the number of authors famous in both genres is far more limited. What links a book like Ian Fleming's Dr. No with his Chitty Chitty Bang Bang?", "The book was originally published in three parts and illustrated by well known children’s author and illustrator John Burningham . The three books were later combined to become: \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang: The Magical Car\" by US publishers Random House. The book inspired Cubby Broccoli to create a big screen version and while the Chitty Chitty Bang Bang movie differs greatly from the book, some original themes remain. The magical qualities of both book and movie continue to delight children all over the world.", "Fleming, who did much of his writing at his Jamaican home, Goldeneye, also penned a children’s book, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, and several works of non-fiction. Following Fleming’s death, a string of other authors were commissioned to write Bond novels.", "Chitty-Chitty-Bang-Bang was loosely adapted as a 1968 film of the same name with a screenplay by Roald Dahl and Ken Hughes; a subsequent novelisation was also published. The film was produced by Albert R. Broccoli, co-producer of the James Bond film series. The story was also adapted as a stage musical under the same name. In April 2011 a BBC Radio 4 Extra adaptation was broadcast with Imogen Stubbs as the voice of Chitty. Three sequels to Fleming's book have been published, all written by Frank Cottrell Boyce.", "Chitty-Chitty-Bang-Bang was first published in the UK in three hard-backed volumes by Jonathan Cape, each costing 10 shillings 6d. [16] The first volume was launched on Thursday, 22 October 1964, the second on 26 November 1964 and the third on 14 January 1965. [16] In 1968, the three volumes were released in one single volume by Pan Books . [17]", "In April 1961, shortly before the second court case on Thunderball, [1] Fleming suffered a heart attack during a regular weekly meeting at The Sunday Times. [61] While he was convalescing, one of his friends, Duff Dunbar, gave him a copy of Beatrix Potter 's The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin and suggested that he take the time to write up the bedtime story that Fleming used to tell to his son Caspar each evening. [61] Fleming attacked the project with gusto and wrote to his publisher, Michael Howard of Jonathan Cape, joking that \"There is not a moment, even on the edge of the tomb, when I am not slaving for you\". [112] The result was Fleming's only children's novel, Chitty-Chitty-Bang-Bang , which was published in October 1964, two months after his death. [113]", "Another famous English literary character was really a group of five--four children and a dog. The central characters are Julian, Dick, Anne, George, and the dog Timmy. This was a children's series created by famed children's writer Enid Blyton, one of Britain's best-loved children�s authors. It was one of the most popular series of children's books in England and America. The series began in 1942 and were translated into many languages. The boys were commonly costumed in period clothes, jumpers, short trousers, and sandals.", "Enid Mary Blyton (11 August 1897 – 28 November 1968) was an English children's writer whose books have been among the world's best-sellers since the 1930s, selling more than 600 million copies. Blyton's books are still enormously popular, and have been translated into almost 90 languages; her first book, Child Whispers, a 24-page collection of poems, was published in 1922. She wrote on a wide range of topics including education, natural history, fantasy, mystery, and biblical narratives and is best remembered today for her Noddy, Famous Five, Secret Seven, and Adventure series.", "Children’s Literature ACROSS 5. Spyri 6. Alcott 8. Babbitt 11. Paterson 14. Grahame 15. Ransome 18. Juster 19. Munsch 20 Burnett 21. Montgomery 25. Haggard 28. Lewis 31 Hughes 32. White 33. Pearson 34. Stowe 35. Potter DOWN 1. Carroll 2. Twain 3. Kipling 4. Fitzhugh 5. Stevenson 7. Cooper 9. Ballantyne 10. Cleary 13. Travers 16. MacDonald 17. Nesbit 22. Milne 23. Rowling 24. Tolkien 25. Howe 26. Dickens 27. Defoe 29. Dahl 30. Verne.", "When word of Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (so named for the weird sound it makes) reaches Baron Bomburst (Gert Fröbe… of James Bond fame), the repellent leader of the small middle European nation of Vulgaria, he decides to kidnap the car and its inventor, but he swipes Grandpa by mistake, and the rest of the clan races off to the kingdom to get him back. What they don’t realize is that the Baron and his wife (Anna Quayle) have outlawed children, and no sooner do Potts’ kids hit the ground then they are swept up and dragged away by the hideous child catcher, a guy so scary that pants must have been wetted all across America when he first appeared on screen. Potts and Truly will have to infiltrate the castle (the glorious Bavarian ‘Cinderella’ castle called Neuschwanstein) in disguise (with the help of toymaker Benny Hill) to save his kids and all the other imprisoned children of Vulgaria.", "Kipling’s works of fiction include The Jungle Book (1894), Kim (1901), and many short stories, including “ The Man Who Would Be King ” (1888). [2] His poems include “ Mandalay ” (1890), “ Gunga Din ” (1890), “ The Gods of the Copybook Headings ” (1919), “ The White Man’s Burden ” (1899), and “ If— ” (1910). He is regarded as a major innovator in the art of the short story; [3] his children’s books are classics of children’s literature; and one critic described his work as exhibiting “a versatile and luminous narrative gift”. [4] [5]", "Translated to Arabic, this series is by Enid Blyton, the author of over 700 books for children, and the creator of the legendary characters Noddy and Big Ears. A work book designed to teach kids between the ages of 4-8 yrs the numbers.", "Rudyard Kipling, (1865-1936) had a tremendous impact on the literary world with his short stories, poetry and novels. Kipling is most well known for his fantastically imaginative tales for children including the classic Just So Stories and the Jungle Book, but he was a prolific author and his works covered a broad range of subjects.", "Elisabeth \"Liza\" Beresford, MBE (6 August 1926 – 24 December 2010) was a British author of children's books, best known for creating the Wombles. Born into a family with many literary connections, she worked as a journalist but struggled for success until she created the Wombles in the late 1960s. The strong theme of recycling was particularly notable, and the Wombles became very popular with children across the world. While Beresford produced many other literary works, the Wombles remained her best known creation.", "Enid Blyton (1897-1968) wrote over 600 children's books during her 40 year career selling over 600 million copies. Her characters include Noddy and many series such as The Secret Seven.", "Kipling now turned from the wide empire as his subject to simply England itself. In 1902 he published Just So Stories for Little Children. He also issued two books of stories of England's past—Puck of Pook's Hill (1906) and Rewards and Fairies (1910). Like the Jungle Books they were intended for young readers but were suitable for adults as well. His most significant work at this time was a number of volumes of short stories written in a different style—\"Traffics and Discoveries\" (1904), \"Actions and Reactions\" (1904), \"A Diversity of Creatures\" (1917), \"Debits and Credits\" (1926), and \"Limits and Renewals\" (1932).", "Harris's Uncle Remus volumes are simultaneously adult folktales and children's literature because the Brer Rabbit trickster tales work on multiple levels, as voluminous scholarship on these stories confirms. But Harris also wrote six volumes of stories primarily for children: Little Mr. Thimblefinger and His Queer Country (1894) and its sequel, Mr. Rabbit at Home (1895); The Story of Aaron (1896) and its companion volume, Aaron in the Wildwoods (1897); and another tandem set of stories, Plantation Pageants (1899) and Wally Wanderoon and His Story-Telling Machine (1903). Harris's recreation of believable and engaging critters, particularly in his Brer Rabbit tales, virtually revolutionized the modern children's story. Beatrix Potter's Peter Rabbit, Howard Garis's Uncle Wiggly, and A. A. Milne's Pooh Bear—not to mention a whole herd of film and television reincarnations of trickster Brer Rabbit and his gullible adversaries—are all reinventions of Harris's highly animated creatures that talk and behave \"de same ez folks.\"", "The writer penned about 40 books for children, including perennial favourites The Railway Children and Five Children and It, and is credited by some as inventing the children's adventure story. In 1884, the political activist was among co-founders of the Fabian Society, the precursor to the Labour Party.", "Maurice Sendak is a Caldecott award-winning children's book author and illustrator best known for his book Where the Wild Things Are.", "1. Which famous character was created by Michael Bond in a series of books for children?", "P.L. Travers, the author of \"Mary Poppins,\" died in 1996 at age 96. \"Mary Poppins\" was published in 1934, followed by several sequels.", "Author. His best known work is \"The Wind in the Willows\", later dramatised by A.A. Milne as \"Toad of Toad Hall\"." ]	[ 8.4375, 7.50390625, 7.48046875, 6.83984375, 6.6953125, 5.4375, 5.16796875, 4.81640625, 4.49609375, 4.40234375, 3.767578125, 3.70703125, 3.533203125, 3.126953125, 3.021484375, 2.37109375, -1.748046875, -2.009765625, -2.091796875, -2.865234375, -3.87890625, -4.45703125, -4.625, -5.640625, -5.890625, -6.3671875, -6.39453125, -7.30859375, -7.53515625, -7.68359375, -8.1171875, -8.4921875 ]
In which year was Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte first published?	[ "Wuthering Heights is a novel by Emily Brontë , written between October 1845 and June 1846, and published in 1847 under the pseudonym \"Ellis Bell.\" It was her first and only published novel: she died aged 30 the following year. The decision to publish came after the success of her sister Charlotte 's novel, Jane Eyre . After Emily's death, Charlotte edited the manuscript of Wuthering Heights, and arranged for the edited version to be published as a posthumous second edition in 1850.", "First published in 1847, Wuthering Heights is an enduring gothic romance filled with intrigue and terror. It is set in the northern England countryside, where the weather fluctuates in sudden extremes and where bogs can open underfoot of unsuspecting night venturers. Under this atmospheric dome of brooding unpredictability, Brontë explores the violent and unpredictable elements of human passion. The story revolves around the tempestuous romance between Heathcliff, an orphan who is taken home to Wuthering Heights on impulse, and Catherine Earnshaw, a strong-willed girl whose mother died delivering her and who becomes Heathcliff’s close companion.", "Wuthering Heights is a novel by Emily Brontë, written between October 1845 and June 1846, and published in 1847 under thepseudonym \"Ellis Bell.\" It was her first and only published novel: she died aged 30 the following year. The decision to publish came after the success of her sister Charlotte's novel, Jane Eyre. After Emily's death...", "Whereas the other Brontë sisters produced work that was discernibly autobiographical in origin, Wuthering Heights is clearly a less autobiographical and more impersonal work. First published in 1847, the novel received bad reviews to the disappointment of the Brontë family. Emily died the year after publication at the age of 30, unaware that her novel was to become considered one of the greatest works of English literature ever written.", "Wuthering Heights is Emily Brontë's only novel. Written between October 1845 and June 1846, Wuthering Heights was published in 1847 under the pseudonym \"Ellis Bell\"; Brontë died the following year, aged 30. Wuthering Heights and Anne Brontë's Agnes Grey were accepted by publisher Thomas Newby before the success of their sister Charlotte's novel, Jane Eyre. After Emily's death, Charlotte edited the manuscript of Wuthering Heights, and arranged for the edited version to be published as a posthumous second edition in 1850. ", "Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte. The classic Gothic novel, and the only work ever written by Emily Bronte. It was first published in 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell, and a posthumous second edition was edited by her sister Charlotte. The name of the novel comes from the Yorkshire manor on the moors on which the story centers (as an adjective; \"wuthering\" is from a Yorkshire word used when referring to turbulent weather). The narrative tells the tale of the all-encompassing and passionate, yet thwarted, love between Heathcliff and Catherine Earnshaw, and how this unresolved passion eventually destroys them and many around them. Now considered a must have classic of English literature, Wuthering Heights met with mixed reviews by critics when it first appeared, mainly because of the narrative's stark depiction of mental and physical cruelty. Though Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre was initially considered the best of the Bronte sisters' works, many subsequent critics of Wuthering Heights argued that its originality and achievement made Wuthering Heights far superior. Wuthering Heights has also given rise to many adaptations and inspired works, including films, radio, television dramatizations, and even a musical.\" show more", "Emily Brontë was an English novelist and poet, the middle Brontë sister of the trio whose novels are classics of English literature: Emily's Wuthering Heights, Charlotte's Jane Eyre, and Anne's Agnes Grey. Emily was an avid poet, when the sisters discovered Emily's talent, the three published a joint collection of poetry in 1846. To get around the prejudice in their day against female writers, the sisters published under pseudonyms. They kept their initials the same: Charlotte became Currer Bell, Anne became Acton Bell, and Emily became Ellis Bell. In 1847, Emily published Wuthering Heights, her only novel. It first appeared as two volumes of a three volume set, the last volume being Agnes Grey by Anne. It had a unique structure that earned it mixed reviews at first, but it has since become a classic. In 1850, two years after Emily's death, Charlotte published Wuthering Heights as a novel on its own and under Emily's real name.", "Although it received mixed reviews when it first came out, and was often condemned for its portrayal of amoral passion, the book subsequently became an English literary classic. In 1850, Charlotte edited and published Wuthering Heights as a stand-alone novel and under Emily's real name. Although a letter from her publisher indicates that Emily was finalizing a second novel, the manuscript has never been found.", "As was common at the time, all three sisters chose to publish their books under male pseudonyms [pseudonym: A false name, often one adopted by a writer to conceal their true identity (especially their gender).] so that the world knew them as Acton, Currer and Ellis Bell. Emily Brontë was Ellis, and first published Wuthering Heights using this name in 1847. She died in the next year, aged only 30. Her sister Charlotte wrote a preface to a new, posthumous edition of the novel, which was published in 1850, and in it Charlotte revealed the use of a male pseudonym.", "composed poems of intensity and accomplishment. However, she is remembered today for Wuthering Heights. The circumstances of its appearance in December 1847 by a house of questionable reputation are a remarkable story in themselves. The novel came out under a pseudonym, Ellis Bell. If—as there is evidence to think—Emily Jane Brontï¿½ hoped that her pen name would prevent the world from knowing her real one, that hope was doomed, for the world was already enthralled with a novel by Currer Bell, Jane Eyre, the product of Emily’s older sister Charlotte. It would be only time before publishers, reviewers, critics, and the curious would learn the identities of the Bells, Currer (Charlotte), Ellis (Emily), and Acton (Anne Brontï¿½). The contrasting circumstances and reception of these first novels by Charlotte and Emily Brontï¿½ point to the nobler, less compromising, more intransigent spirit of Emily. Given this character, Emily’s association with the greedy, ignoble publisher who delivered it to the alien world of Victorian England may seem as astonishing as the book itself.", "Emily Bronte (1818-1849), English author and one of the famed Bronte sisters wrote Wuthering Heights (1847);", "Four months after her brother’s death on 19 December Emily Bronte died from complications aggravated from catching a cold at her brother’s funeral plus complications from tuberculosis. Emily resisted all help from doctors until just hours before her death. She was the first to be buried in a crypt under the stone floors of the Haworth Church. Wuthering Heights was published in 1848. She died at the age 30.", "Wuthering Heights was published three months after Jane Eyre in December 1847. A year later, Emily was dead, from consumption, aged just 30. Charlotte wrote later: \"Stronger than a man, simpler than a child, her nature stood alone.\"", "(2) Catherine Earnshaw - fights for Heathcliff when he is being bullied by her brother Hindley. She lets go of her love to surrender to culture in one of my Top 10 Favorite Novels of all times, Wuthering Heights (1845) by Emily Bronte (1818-1848).", "Emily Bronte (1818 – 1848) Novelist and poet from Haworth, Yorkshire. Along with her sisters she had a significant influence on English novels and poetry. She is best remembered for her classic ‘Wuthering Heights‘ (1847(", "1847 Wuthering Heights by Ellis Bell (Emily Brontï¿½) was published, as was Agnes Grey by Acton Bell (Anne Brontï¿½).", "The original text, as published by Thomas Cautley Newby in 1847, is available online in two parts. The novel was first published together with Anne Brontë's Agnes Grey in a three-volume format: Wuthering Heights occupied the first two volumes, while Agnes Grey made up the third.", "Emily Jane Brontë (, commonly; 30 July 1818 – 19 December 1848) was an English novelist and poet who is best known for her only novel, Wuthering Heights, now considered a classic of English literature. Emily was the third eldest of the four surviving Brontë siblings, between the youngest Anne and her brother Branwell. She wrote under the pen name Ellis Bell.", "By the time Brontë began Wuthering Heights, she had long been using her imagination to create stories full of passionate intrigue and romance. First, as a young child she participated in a series of family games called Young Men’s Plays, tales of military and political adventures primarily directed and recorded by the older children, her sister Charlotte and her brother Branwell. After Charlotte left for school in 1831, Emily and her younger sister Anne began their own creation, a long saga of an island they called Gondal, placed in the north Pacific yet very much resembling their own Yorkshire environment. They peopled this island-world with strong, passionate characters. Unfortunately, nothing remains of their prose chronicle of Gondal. Two journal fragments and two of the birthday notes that she and Anne were in the habit of exchanging make mention of this land. These notes also offer some insight into the everyday world of the Brontë household and are of great interest for this reason. The only other extant prose, besides a few unrevealing letters, is a group of five essays which she wrote in French as homework assignments while a student in Brussels. This material has since been translated by Lorine White Nagel and published under the title Five Essays Written in French (1948). Some similarities can be seen between the destructive and powerful descriptions of nature and human character discussed in these essays and the world of Brontë’s poetry and fiction.", "1818 Emily Brontï¿½, English novelist and author of Wuthering Heights was born in Thornton, near Bradford, Yorkshire.", "2. Emily paid £50 to have Wuthering Heights published. Although it went on to become a worldwide bestseller and is now perhaps the most famous of all the Brontë novels (it’s between that novel and Jane Eyre), the novel failed to find a publisher and so Brontë paid for the novel to be published, to offset against potential losses to the publisher. Sure enough, the novel was a commercial failure at the time and Emily died, just one year after its publication, believing it had been a flop and would soon be forgotten. (In 2007, a rare first edition of the novel sold at auction for £114,000 .) Now, of course, the novel is one of the most widely read Victorian classics, and is immortalised in numerous ways, not least in Kate Bush’s 1978 hit single of the same name. Interestingly, Emily Brontë and Kate Bush share a birthday, July 30th.", "Wuthering Heights is Emily Brontë’s only novel. The story is told in layers, a format that has earned the novel much praise despite initial mixed reviews. It is the story of Catherine and Heathcliff and how their unresolved passion eventually destroys them both.", "Emily Brontë was an English novelist and poet, best remembered for her only novel, Wuthering Heights, now considered a classic of English literature. Emily was the third eldest of the four surviving Brontë siblings, between the youngest Anne and her brother Branwell. She published under the pen name Ellis Bell.", "Wuthering Heights is the only novel by Emily Brontë. Emily, together with her sisters Charlotte and Anne, who were also novelists, lived at Haworth Parsonage [parsonage: The place of residence of a Parson, provided by the Church.] in North Yorkshire in the 19th century. The sisters had one brother, Branwell. Together the Brontë children created complicated make-believe worlds before growing up to write and paint.", "Today, Wuthering Heights has a secure position in the canon of world literature, and Emily Brontë is revered as one of the finest writers—male or female—of the nineteenth century. Like Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre, Wuthering Heights is based partly on the Gothic tradition of the late eighteenth century, a style of literature that featured supernatural encounters, crumbling ruins, moonless nights, and grotesque imagery, seeking to create effects of mystery and fear. But Wuthering Heights transcends its genre in its sophisticated observation and artistic subtlety. The novel has been studied, analyzed, dissected, and discussed from every imaginable critical perspective, yet it remains unexhausted. And while the novel’s symbolism, themes, structure, and language may all spark fertile exploration, the bulk of its popularity may rest on its unforgettable characters. As a shattering presentation of the doomed love affair between the fiercely passionate Catherine and Heathcliff, it remains one of the most haunting love stories in all of literature.", "Born on the same day with British author, Emily Bronte on which her first song Wuthering Heights is based on Bronte's namesake novel.", "The above image of Emily Brontë – endlessly reproduced – is less a portrait, more an icon. Intense, fierce, inward, solitary, elusive and unknowable: the young author of Wuthering Heights in profile is of a piece with her first, and only, novel.", "\"Wuthering Heights\" is about the dark extremes of obsession. The mystery is how the Bronte sisters came to write the books they did.", "Shares a birthday with Emily Brontë , author of the book \"Wuthering Heights\" on which her hit song was based.", "Although Wuthering Heights was Emily Brontes only novel, it is notable for the narrative technique she employed and the level of craftsmanship involved in it. Although there are only two obvious narrators, Lockwood and Nelly Dean, a variety of other narratives are interspersed throughout the novel. The reasons for this are that the whole action of Wuthering Heights is presented in the form of eyewitness narrations by people who have played some part in the narration they describe. Unlike other novels where parallel narratives exist i.e. same event, within the same time frame being narrated from different perspectives, Wuthering Heights has a multi-layered narration, each individual narrative opening out from its parent to reveal a new stratum (level) of the story. This intricate technique helps to maintain a continuos narrative despite of the difficulties posed by the huge time-shifts involved in the novel.", "Part of the famous Brontë literary family, Emily Brontë wrote Wuthering Heights , her only novel. Much less is known of Emily than her two other literary sisters, Charlotte and Anne . Emily lived with her family at Haworth on the Yorkshire moors, and spent most of her life there. It was here that she developed a passion for the moors, which she expressed in the setting of Wuthering Heights. She went to the same school as the other Brontë sisters where Maria and Elizabeth died. Emily was very attached to her home at Yorkshire, and was much more reclusive than other members of her family. At her brother Branwell’s funeral, Emily caught a cold and later died of tuberculosis.", "\"Wuthering Heights is a strange sort of book — baffling all regular criticism; yet, it is impossible to begin and not finish it; and quite as impossible to lay it aside afterwards and say nothing about it.\" This review, from Douglas Jerrold's Weekly Newspaper, was one of the first receptions to Emily Brontë's novel, and concluded with the line, \"we must leave it to our readers to decide what sort of a book it is.\" The conclusion in this review, which is the extent of praise the novel received on its publication, pertains not only to the novel Wuthering Heights but to Emily Brontë herself; it is up to readers to determine what type of writer Brontë was: Besides Wuthering Heights, only a few poems of hers exist and precious little of her personal history exists to complement those writings. Thus, in order to ascertain what type of writer Brontë was, critics must speculate based on a limited family history, some poems, and one excellent novel." ]	[ 8.4296875, 8.2265625, 8.1015625, 7.36328125, 7.1640625, 6.45703125, 6.1796875, 5.6171875, 5.3515625, 4.90625, 4.86328125, 4.38671875, 4.2109375, 4.07421875, 3.994140625, 3.12109375, 2.123046875, 1.3984375, 0.8232421875, 0.314208984375, -0.424072265625, -2.044921875, -2.357421875, -2.37109375, -3.849609375, -4.38671875, -4.98828125, -5.06640625, -5.16015625, -5.16015625, -5.21484375, -5.3515625 ]
On arriving in New York, which writer famously said... I have nothing to declare but my genius?	[ "2. Who said on arriving in New York, 'I have nothing to declare but my genius'?", "One of Oscar Wilde’s more boastful quotes about himself happened when the famous author was visiting America. A New York customs officer asked if he had any goods to declare. Wilde replied, “No, I have nothing to declare (pause) except my genius.” If Wilde was justifed in such self-love it is perhaps because of his most acclaimed play, The Importance of Being Earnest. Of all the plays, this is the most merry, and perhaps the most balanced with witty dialogue, romantic misunderstandings, and laughter-inducing coincidences.", "When Oscar Wilde was going through US customs, he said, \"I have nothing to declare but my genius.\"", "Interest in Wilde spread across the ocean to America. Miss Mary Anderson, a New York actress, asked him to write a play for her. He began a five-act tragedy that developed into The Duchess of Padua. Soon after, he was invited to come to America himself to lecture on Aesthetics. On his arrival he told the customs agent, ‘I have nothing to declare but my genius.’", "To produce great popular art, you need a gifted artist, a receptive audience, and a high state of civilization. Cole Porter’s New York had all three. In his words and music, Porter distilled the city’s striving spirit and its collective intelligence. As John Updike explains: “Wit of a particularly literary sort lay behind Cole Porter’s sophisticated references and outrageous rhymes—’trickery/ liquor we,’ ‘throws a/ sub rosa,’ ‘presto/ West, oh,’ ‘Siena/ then a.’ ” His listeners hung onto every syllable.", "The book's title refers to an epigraph from Jonathan Swift's essay Thoughts on Various Subjects, Moral and Diverting: \"When a true genius appears in the world, you may know him by this sign, that the dunces are all in confederacy against him.\" Its central character, Ignatius J. Reilly, is an educated but slothful 30-year-old man living with his mother in the Uptown neighborhood of early-1960s New Orleans who, in his quest for employment, has various adventures with colorful French Quarter characters. Toole wrote the novel in 1963 during his last few months in Puerto Rico.", "To me, what Eliot did was use his intellectual and knowledge, nothing more. And, being someone who writes poetry I know first hand how difficult the task of writing is. I think Einstein said that \"genius is 1% inspiration and 99% perspiration\". I make no claims to be a genius, indeed far from it, but I believe it true nonetheless in whatever field you are.", "His achievement is especially noteworthy because he never thought of himself as a naturally gifted artistic genius and rarely believed he had ever “arrived” as a writer. If it is no longer possible to believe naively in the romantic myth of artistic genius, with its heightened capabilities of transcendence and sovereignty, neither is it possible to accept unhesitatingly the contemporary poststructuralist posture—that a writer is a bloodless cipher, utterly determined by unconscious forces of language, race, gender, and class. Better to think of Steinbeck as walking the line between those positions. He was a self-willed writer who prized the shaping power of imagination (however tenuous and imperfect that proved to be), yet he also realized how indebted he was to a welter of historical particulars, contextual determinants, and other people. “I, as a novelist,” he declared in a letter, “am a product not only of my own time but of all the flags and tatters, the myth and prejudice, the faith and the filth that preceded me. . . . A novelist is a kind of flypaper to which everything adheres. His job then is to try to reassemble life into some kind of order.”", "After a while he began to settle in New York, which was full of writers, painters, and composers who, like himself, had fled from Europe during the Nazi invasions. He lived at 4 East 74th Street. He spent time visiting galleries and museums, and befriended other artists including Piet Mondrian and André Breton.", "Gore Vidal (; born Eugene Louis Vidal; October 3, 1925 – July 31, 2012) was an American writer (of novels, essays, screenplays, and stage plays) and a public intellectual known for his patrician manner, epigrammatic wit, and polished style of writing. ", "What compounded his discomfort in America was his knowing that he left France under Nazi occupation and that the fate of millions of other Jews was at risk. After a while he began to settle down in New York which was full of writers, painters, and composers who, like himself, had fled from Europe during the Nazi invasions. He spent time visiting galleries and museums, and befriended other painters including Piet Mondrian and André Breton.", "Joseph Heller was born in Brooklyn, New York, to first generation Russian-Jewish immigrants. His father, a bakery-truck driver, died after a surgical operation when Heller was only five years old. Many critics believe that Heller developed the dark, wisecracking humor that marked his writing style while growing up near Coney Island, a famous amusement park in Brooklyn. Heller recalled little childhood influence in the literary world except for The Illiad by Homer, an eighth-century", "(1856-1950).\"I have been dinning into the public head that I am an extraordinarily witty, brilliant and clever man. That is now part of the public opinion of England; and no power in heaven or on Earth will ever change it.\" George Bernard Shaw wrote this about himself in 1898. He was then 42 years old. A tall, thin, red-bearded man, he was already well known in London, England, as a critic of music, art, and drama. He was an influential socialist speaker, and he had written plays that attacked the accepted ideas of his time.", "The Glass Castle, by Jeannette Walls - On December 10, 1950, in Stockholm, Sweden, one of the greatest literary minds of the twentieth century, William Faulkner, presented his acceptance speech for the Nobel Prize. If one reads in between the lines of this acceptance speech, they can detect a certain message – more of a cry or plead – aimed directly to adolescent authors and writers, and that message is to be the voice of your own generation; write about things with true importance. This also means that authors should include heart, soul, spirit, and raw, truthful emotion into their writing.... [tags: Role as Author, Adolescent]", "He had spent his life naming fictional characters. Now, by naming himself, he had turned himself into a sort of fictional character as well. Conrad Chekhov wouldn’t have worked. But Joseph Anton was someone who might exist. Who now did exist. Conrad, the translingual creator of wanderers, of voyagers into the heart of darkness, of secret agents in a world of killers and bombs, and of at least one immortal coward, hiding from his shame; and Chekhov, the master of loneliness and of melancholy, of the beauty of an old world destroyed, like the trees in a cherry orchard, by the brutality of the new, Chekhov, whose “Three Sisters” believed that real life was elsewhere and yearned eternally for a Moscow to which they could not return: these were his godfathers now. It was Conrad who gave him the motto to which he clung, as if to a lifeline, in the long years that followed. In the now unacceptably titled “The Nigger of the Narcissus,” the hero, a sailor named James Wait, stricken with tuberculosis on a long sea voyage, is asked by a fellow-sailor why he came aboard, knowing that he was unwell. “I must live till I die—mustn’t I?” Wait replies.", "Later in his life, Pound analyzed what he judged to be his own failings as a writer attributable to his adherence to ideological fallacies. [195] Allen Ginsberg states that, in a private conversation in 1967, Pound told the young poet, “my poems don’t make sense.” He went on to say that he “was not a lunatic, but a moron”, and to characterize his writing as “stupid and ignorant”, “a mess”. Ginsberg reassured Pound that he “had shown us the way”, but Pound refused to be mollified:", "Simon was born in the Bronx and grew up in Washington Heights at the northern tip of Manhattan. His writing career began when he joined the US Army and started to write for the Army camp newspaper. After his discharge he returned to New York, and with his brother Danny began writing comedy revues which were broadcast first on radio and then on television. Writing for 'The Phil Silvers Show' and Sid Caesar's 'Your Show of Shows' alongside the likes of Woody Allen, Mel Brooks and Larry Gelbart, Simon received several Emmy Award nominations for his television work.", "In 1970 he published a list of famous people he considered to have been self-actualisers - the roll call included Einstein (pictured), Mother Teresa, Gandhi, Beethoven, Lincoln, Eleanor Roosevelt and... Abraham Maslow", "Marvin Neil Simon (born July 4, 1927) is an American playwright, screenwriter and author. He has written more than thirty plays and nearly the same number of movie screenplays, mostly adaptations of his plays. He has received more combined Oscar and Tony nominations than any other writer.", "Several contemporaries lived there, including William Styron, Peter Matthiessen and Irwin Shaw (author of The Young Lions, another war novel inevitably compared to War and Peace) but the most potentially valuable friendship Mailer formed during the period was with James Baldwin, himself a proven novelist and journalist, though settled in a lower league than Mailer. They met at the house of Mailer's French translator, Jean Malaquais, at precisely the time that Mailer was developing his theories on blackness and 'hip', which were to result in the essay The White Negro (1957), and Hipster and Beatnik, appended to it in Advertisements for Myself (1959).", "Allen Ginsberg, photographer. “Jack Kerouac Avenue A across from Thompkins [sic] Park 1953 New York, his handsome face looking into barroom door—This is best profile of his intelligence as I saw it Sacred, time of Subterraneans writing”", "\"[Allen Ginsberg] was from a family of Jewish Russian immigrants, his family had ties to the radical labor movement, his mother was insane, and he was a homosexual: four prescriptions in the conventional 1940s and 1950s for a sense of deep alienation ... In a now famous 1955 poetry reading, he performed his most famous work, 'Howl,' with its famous opening line, 'I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness, starving hysterical naked.' The publication of Howl and Other Poems and a high-profile, unsuccessful obscenity trial made Ginsberg famous as both a poet and a counterculture icon. Unlike [Jack] Kerouac, who retreated from the limelight and came to despise the 1960s generation, Ginsberg cultivated his outsider celebrity and became a ubiquitous figure in American radicalism.\"", "\"writer, wit, scold, bon vivant, crank and friend to everyone from Eleanor Roosevelt and John F. Kennedy to Paul Newman and Bruce Springsteen.\" - New York Post", "He was born Abraham Goodman in Philadelphia on December 1 1927, the son of a Russian-Jewish immigrant. He grew up in a tough factory neighbourhood where he said he always felt like an outsider. As a student he began writing plays at Temple University and New York University.", "Gertrude Stein (February 3, 1874-July 27, 1946) was an American writer, poet and art collector who spent most of her life in France.", "Mr. Bellow, who met the press at the University of Chicago, where he is a Professor of English, said he had a real fear of becoming a celebrity. �Being a writer is a rather dreamy thing,� he said. �And nobody likes to have the diaphanous tissues torn. One has to protect one�s dream space.�", "ˈdæl/) (born October 3, 1925) is an American author , playwright , essayist , screenwriter and political activist . Early in his career he wrote The City and the Pillar (1948), which outraged mainstream critics as one of the first major American novels to feature unambiguous homosexuality .", "American author whose works are associated with the Harlem Renaissance. Wrote \"Harlem,\" The Weary Blues\" etc.", "THIS PLAYWRIGHT, A \"BLITHE SPIRIT\", WROTE HIS \"CHELSEA BUNS\" POEMS UNDER THE PEN NAME HERNIA WHITTLEBOT", "An oracle, a finding, a semiotic masterpiece. He modeled the novel after a story he had written in Partisan Review about the West come to Morocco. He wrote most of it on a freighter headed to the place, and he finished it the day before he reached Casablanca. When it was rejected by Doubleday, they told him they could not publish the book because it was not a novel. He responded, \"If it isn't a novel, I don't know what it is.\"", "An oracle, a finding, a semiotic masterpiece. He modeled the novel after a story he had written in Partisan Review about the West come to Morocco. He wrote most of it on a freighter headed to the place, and he finished it the day before he reached Casablanca. When it was rejected by Doubleday, they told him they could not publish the book because it was not a novel. He responded, \"If it isn't a novel, I don't know what it is.\"", "At first he wrote wildly experimental stories. Then, almost as an act of defiance, he wrote one that was ''plain narrative from beginning to end.'' The story, ''Come Live With Me and Be My Love,'' was published in Ploughshares magazine. Soon his stories were appearing in Esquire and The Paris Review, and on the basis of still another (unpublished) novel he found an agent." ]	[ 8.578125, 7.140625, 6.69921875, 1.6455078125, -1.3701171875, -1.552734375, -1.572265625, -2.25390625, -2.9140625, -2.9296875, -3.427734375, -3.609375, -3.77734375, -4.30859375, -4.7109375, -4.81640625, -5.02734375, -5.05859375, -5.09375, -5.15625, -5.1640625, -5.36328125, -5.3828125, -7.1953125, -7.48046875, -7.65625, -8.03125, -9.171875, -9.390625, -9.734375, -9.734375, -10.0859375 ]
Which astonaut said the famous line... One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind?	[ "\"That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind!\" The famous words spoken by Neil Armstrong in 1969, created one of the most unforgettable moments in U.S. history. Even before that first-ever landing on the moon, astronauts began navigating their way through the thrill and mystery that is outer space. From John Glenn, the first American astronaut to orbit the earth, to Sally Ride, the first American woman to enter space, these famous names have taken space exploration to new heights.", "\"One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.\" That epic sentence was uttered by NASA astronaut Neil Armstrong from the surface of the moon 46 years ago and was broadcast around the world.", "Neil Armstrong ’s most famous line – “That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind,” uttered after becoming the first person to set foot on the moon – contained one small error that became one giant annoyance to the NASA astronaut.", "A variation on astronaut Neil Armstrong’s famous words at the Apollo moon landing: “That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind.”", "A little more than 40 years ago, an American astronaut climbed down the ladder of his lunar landing module — the Eagle — and became the first human to touch the moon’s surface. As he steadied himself, he said: “That’s one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind.” Around the globe, an estimated 530 million people watched on their televisions as Neil Armstrong uttered those now-famous words. On August 25, this American hero died at age 82.", "Taken from \"That's one small step for a man, one giant leap for a mankind\", a famous word by Neil Armstrong set down to the moon and walked on it.", "\"That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind.\" Neil A. Armstrong uttered these famous words on July 20, 1969, when the Apollo 11 mission fulfilled Kennedy's challenge by successfully landing Armstrong and Edwin E. \"Buzz\" Aldrin, Jr. on the Moon. Armstrong dramatically piloted the lunar module to the lunar surface with less than 30 seconds worth of fuel remaining. After taking soil samples, photographs, and doing other tasks on the Moon, Armstrong and Aldrin rendezvoused with their colleague Michael Collins in lunar orbit for a safe voyage back to Earth.", "Thirty-five years ago astronaut Neil Armstrong did something no one had ever done before. On July 20, 1969, he set foot on the moon. People around the world watched and listened as Neil slowly climbed down the ladder of the lunar lander. Then, he stepped on the moon's surface where he could look up and see Earth far above him. There he said these well-known words, \"That's one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind.\"", "Apollo 11 Lunar Module Pilot Edwin E. \"Buzz\" Aldrin poses for a portrait in July 1969. The landing and subsequent emergence from the Eagle lander of astronaut Neil Armstrong drew the largest television audience for any live event up until that time and inspired Armstrong to utter the famous words: \"That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.\"", "1969 On July 20th one of mans crowning achievements occurred when American Astronaut Neil Armstrong became the first human to set foot on the Moon and uttered the immortal words \"That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.\"", "On July 21st 1969 one Neil Armstrong uttered those oh so famous words, “one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind”, forever immortalising him in human history. How could I not put this in here? Man’s first steps on the moon. Apollo 11 landed on the moon on July 20th 1969. Just a few hours later on July 21st Neil Armstrong, shortly followed by Buzz Aldrin, exited the spacecraft and spent around 2 and a half hours on the moon collecting samples. Since then there have been 5 more manned missions to the moon giving an additional 10 people the chance to walk on the moon. There have been no manned space missions to the moon since 1972.", "His most famous quote is one that actually doesn't quite make sense since \"Man\" and \"Mankind\" have the same meaning. Neil Armstrong actually meant to say \"... one small step for a man...\" referring to himself setting foot on the Moon and this event having deep implications for all people. The astronaut himself mused that he hoped that the annals of history would analyze his words for what he meant to say during the Apollo 11 mission's lunar landing.", "As his boot pressed into the gray lunar dirt 43 years ago, Armstrong uttered perhaps the 20th century's most famous line: \"That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind.\" And by all accounts he really meant it, experts say. [ Photos: Neil Armstrong Remembered ]", "10. july 21st Neil Armstrong stepped off Eagle's footpad and uttered his famous line \"That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind \" Edwin 'Buzz' Aldrin joined him, describing the view as \"Magnificent desolation.\"", "On 20th July 1969 Neil Armstrong and Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin landed in Apollo 11 and took mankind’s first steps on the moon. Over 500 million people, a fifth of the world’s population, tuned in and listened to the now famous words : “One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind”.", "When, in July 1969, Neil Armstrong , who has died aged 82, made his celebrated \"one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind\" by becoming the first human being to walk on the moon, he was indeed the \"reluctant hero\" of his family's apt description.", "Mr. Shepard called it ''just the first baby step, aiming for bigger and better things.'' His words would be echoed eight years later by Neil A. Armstrong as he stepped on the Moon with the declaration, ''One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.''", "So today, I choose to remember the Eagle landing and Neill Armstrong’s first steps. “That’s one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind.”", "About six hours after the lunar module (the Eagle) of Apollo 11 landed on the Moon at the Sea of Tranquility, Armstrong spoke what is arguably one of the most famous quotes in the history of civilization, “That’s one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind.” ( Or something like that )", "A world watched rapt as shadowy images, beamed back through space, seemed to show a man descending a short ladder and stepping onto the moon. What did he say? Did you hear what he said? What Armstrong said \"That's one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind\" seemed perfect at the time, even if scientists, philosophers and the man in the street would debate in the years ahead how, precisely, getting to the moon represented a leap for mankind.", "Some Apollo 11 devotees speculate that J. R. R. Tolkien's The Hobbit was an influence on Armstrong, as it contains the phrase, \"not a great leap for a man, but a leap in the dark.\" In 1971 Armstrong named his farm Rivendell, which is a fictional location in Tolkien's Lord of the Rings. Coincidence? Well, there are more! A 19 April 1969 internal NASA memorandum contained the words \"forward step for all mankind,\" and noted that simply by landing on the moon, \"a giant step will have been taken.\" On the morning of Armstrong's walk, Walter Cronkite spoke of \"a giant leap,\" in turn echoing President Dwight Eisenhower's 1957 post-Sputnik call for \"a giant leap into outer space.\" Neil Armstrong has been told of all this, and says:", "At 10:39 p.m., five hours ahead of the original schedule, Armstrong opened the hatch of the lunar module. As he made his way down the module’s ladder, a television camera attached to the craft recorded his progress and beamed the signal back to Earth, where hundreds of millions watched in great anticipation. At 10:56 p.m., as Armstrong stepped off the ladder and planted his foot on the moon’s powdery surface, he spoke his famous quote, which he later contended was slightly garbled by his microphone and meant to be “that’s one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind.”", "When he made that famous step on July 20, 1969, he uttered a phrase that has been carved in stone and quoted across the planet: \"That's one small step for [a] man; one giant leap for mankind.\"", "one giant leap for mankind.\" Unfortunately, however, Armstrong flubbed his line in the excitement of the moment, omitting one small word (\"a\") and delivering the line as \"That's one small step for man; one giant leap for mankind.\" The missing article made a world of difference in literal meaning, though — instead of a statement linking the small action of one man with a monumental achievement for (and by) all of humanity, Armstrong instead uttered a somewhat contradictory phrase that equated a small step by the human race with a momentous achievement by humankind (\"man\" and \"mankind\" having the same approximate meaning in English). Nonetheless, since the quote as actually spoken by Armstrong still sounded good, and most everyone understood the meaning he intended to convey, his words were widely repeated that day and have since joined the pantheon of the most well-known quotes in the English language.", "“Setting foot on the moon may be a small step for a man but a giant step for mankind.”", "As Armstrong himself pointed out many times, the sentence is meaningful only if he says, “That’s one small step for a man.” He insisted that’s what he said on July 20, 1969 – otherwise, there’s no distinction between a single individual and all of humanity.", "— now immortalized — sentence, \"That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.\"", "The Russell–Einstein Manifesto was released by Bertrand Russell in London, England, United Kingdom. It highlighted the dangers posed by nuclear weapons and called for world leaders to seek peaceful resolutions to international conflict.", "\"Sometimes the smallest step in the right direction ends up being the biggest step of your life. Tiptoe if you must, but take a step.\"", "“If humanity is to progress, Gandhi is inescapable. He lived, thought, and acted, inspired by the vision of humanity evolving toward a world of peace and harmony. We may ignore him at our own risk.”", "Whose quote, when discussing, an 'imperfect' Nature, altered by man, was \"i wish to know an entire heaven and an entire earth\"?", "tiatr review polite audience, the other distinct instance when the politician says, 'Man is only prone to making mistakes.' The dialogue further states that the greatness of a human is not when he condemns the one who makes the" ]	[ 9.2109375, 8.9609375, 8.484375, 8.1171875, 8.1171875, 7.30859375, 7.19140625, 7.00390625, 6.96484375, 6.9296875, 6.75, 6.75, 6.125, 6.10546875, 5.8515625, 5.390625, 5.25, 4.890625, 4.13671875, 2.763671875, 1.841796875, 1.8359375, 0.80029296875, 0.43310546875, 0.366943359375, -0.055145263671875, -1.3486328125, -5.46484375, -5.6640625, -7.703125, -8.015625, -8.9609375 ]
Which actor/director said in 1989... I don't go around saying: Hello, did you know I'm the new Olivier?	[ "[observation, 1989] I don't go around saying, 'Hello. Did you know I'm the new Olivier [ Laurence Olivier ]?'", "18. “This isn’t Hamlet, you know. It’s not meant to go into the bloody ear.” ~ Laurence Olivier (1907 – 1989) English actor, director and producer. He said to his nurse who was attempting to moisten his lips and mis-aimed.", "(22 May 1907 – 11 July 1989) was an English actor, director, and producer. Olivier is generally considered to have been one of the greatest actors of the 20th century.[1]", "The attention the press gave him and the intense bullying he received from his classmates took a toll on Bale, and he considered giving up acting until Kenneth Branagh approached him and persuaded him to appear in Henry V in 1989. Under the false impression that Kenneth Branagh was actually Ewan McGregor , a long time man-crush of his, Bale accepted the part, only to later find out Branagh's real identity. Inevitably, this led to another assault. [3]", "The second major film, directed by and starring Kenneth Branagh in 1989, attempts to give a more realistic evocation of the period and lays more emphasis on the horrors of war. It features a mud-spattered and gruesome Battle of Agincourt. Where Olivier staged the comic scenes as comedy, Branagh played them as serious drama.", "Laurence Olivier, Baron Olivier of Brighton, in full Laurence Kerr Olivier, also called (1947–70) Sir Laurence Olivier (born May 22, 1907, Dorking , Surrey, Eng.—died July 11, 1989, near London ), a towering figure of the British stage and screen, acclaimed in his lifetime as the greatest English-speaking actor of the 20th century. He was the first member of his profession to be elevated to a life peerage.", "Reading back through 20 years of press coverage, you have to duck the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune – and criticism – that have rained down on Branagh. He was Laurence Olivier and Orson Welles rolled into one. Married to (and later divorced from) Emma Thompson, he was one-half of the first couple of smug luvviedom, a role also fulfilled by his subsequent relationship with Helena Bonham Carter (he is now married to the art director Lindsay Brunnock, whom he met filming the 2002 biopic Shackleton). He was the passionate classicist who was singlehandedly bringing Shakespeare back to the masses. (He has credited his working-class background with motivating his enthusiasm for repeatedly tackling the Bard: 'My parents are the reason I wanted to make Shakespeare available to ordinary people.’) He was also considered the self-indulgent auteur who made Frankenstein and (much more recently) the misfiring remake of Sleuth.", "Branagh became a major presence in the media and on the British stage when Renaissance collaborated with Birmingham Rep for a 1988 touring season of three Shakespeare plays under the umbrella title of Renaissance Shakespeare on the Road, which also played a repertory season at the Phoenix Theatre in London. It featured directorial debuts for Judi Dench with Much Ado About Nothing (starring Branagh and Samantha Bond as Benedick and Beatrice), Geraldine McEwan with As You Like It, and Derek Jacobi directing Branagh in the title role in Hamlet, with Sophie Thompson as Ophelia. Critic Milton Shulman of the London Evening Standard wrote: \"On the positive side Branagh has the vitality of Olivier, the passion of Gielgud, the assurance of Guinness, to mention but three famous actors who have essayed the role. On the negative side, he has not got the magnetism of Olivier, nor the mellifluous voice quality of Gielgud nor the intelligence of Guinness.\" ", "LAURENCE OLIVIER ALAN BATES In high summer, a son moves back to the house where he was reared as a child, a house dominated by memories of his father. The son recalls that badtempered, irascible, wise, witty, foolish giant who towered over the early years of his life. Thus playwright John Mortimer's moving eulogy to his father - filmed in and around his own house in Oxfordshire - becomes a tribute to all fathers. Oracle sub-titles for the hard of hearing Laurence Olivier Father Alan Bates Son Jane Asher Elizabeth Elizabeth Sellars Mother Headmaster Michael Aldridge Alan Cox Son as a boy Norman Bird Ham Albert Welling Japhet James Downer Reigate Susan Littler Miss Cox Gay Wilde Miss Baker Film director Anthony Sharp J Ann Davies A TS girls Judy Riley Boustead Jonathan Newt Thong Malcolm Terris W itness Jennie Goossens Ringer Lean Harold Goodwin Patrick Barr Doctor Knight Judges {Ra yEsmond mond Huntley DESIGNER DAVID MARSHALL DIRECTOR/PRODUCER ALVIN RAKOFF EXECUTIVE PRODUCER JOHN FRANKAU Thames Television Production", "Lifelong friends with Ralph Richardson , whom he met and befriended in London as a young acting student during the 1920s, he was dismayed that Richardson expected to play Buckingham in his film of Shakespeare's Richard III (1955). Olivier wanted Orson Welles , another friend, to play the role but could not deny his oldest friend. In his autobiography, Olivier says he wishes he had disappointed ... See more »", "Olivier, 17 years old, attended the Central School of Speech and Drama, tutored by Elsie Fogerty.[10] In 1926, he joined The Birmingham Repertory Company.[11] At first he was given only minor tasks at the theatre, such as bell-ringing; however, his roles eventually became more significant, and in 1927 he was playing Hamlet and Macbeth.[3] In 1928, he was cast to play Captain Stanhope in the Apollo theatre’s first production of Journey’s End, a play which would expand his career. He always insisted that his acting was pure technique, and he was contemptuous of contemporaries who adopted method acting popularised by Lee Strasberg.", "Olivier, 17 years old, attended the Central School of Speech and Drama, tutored by Elsie Fogerty.[19] In 1926, he joined the Birmingham Repertory Company. At first he was given only minor tasks at the theatre, such as bell-ringing; however, his roles eventually became more significant, and in 1927 he was playing Hamlet and Macbeth.[3] In 1928, he was cast to play Captain Stanhope in the Apollo theatre’s first production of Journey’s End , a play which would expand his career. He always insisted that his acting was pure technique, and he was contemptuous of contemporaries who adopted method acting popularised by Lee Strasberg.", "Olivier immersed himself even more completely in his work during his later years, reportedly as a way of distracting himself from the guilt he felt at having left his second wife Vivien Leigh.[3] He began appearing more frequently in films, usually in character parts rather than the leading romantic roles of his early career, and received Academy Award nominations for Sleuth (1972), Marathon Man (1976; Supporting Actor) and The Boys from Brazil (1978). Having been recently forced out of his role as director of the Royal National Theatre, he worried that his family would not be sufficiently provided for in the event of his death, and consequently chose to do many of his later TV special and film appearances on a “pay cheque” basis. He later freely admitted that he was not proud of most of these credits, and noted that he particularly despised the 1982 film Inchon, in which he played the role of General Douglas MacArthur.[34]", "In the mid-1970s Olivier became increasingly involved in television work, a medium of which he was initially dismissive.[1] In 1973 he provided the narration for a 26-episode documentary, The World at War, which chronicled the events of the Second World War, and won a second Emmy Award for Long Day's Journey into Night (1973). In 1975 he won another Emmy for Love Among the Ruins.[177] The following year he appeared in adaptations of Tennessee Williams's Cat on a Hot Tin Roof and Harold Pinter's The Collection.[226][227] In 1978 he appeared in the film, The Boys from Brazil, playing the role of Ezra Lieberman, an ageing Nazi hunter; he received his eleventh Academy Award nomination. Although he did not win the Oscar, he was presented with an Honorary Award for his lifetime achievement.[228]", "He was admitted to the Order of Merit in 1981. The Laurence Olivier Awards, organized by The Society of London Theatre, were renamed in his honor in 1984. Though he was a Life Peer and one of the most respected personalities in the industry, Olivier insisted that one should address him as \"Larry,\" and he simply would not listen to anyone addressing him with honorifics such as \"Lord,\" and \"Sir\". [3]", "Among Olivier's films are Wuthering Heights (1939), Rebecca (1940), and a trilogy of Shakespeare films as actor-director: Henry V (1944), Hamlet (1948), and Richard III (1955). His later films included Sleuth (1972), Marathon Man (1976), and The Boys from Brazil (1978). His television appearances included an adaptation of The Moon and Sixpence (1960), Long Day's Journey into Night (1973), Love Among the Ruins (1975), Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1976), Brideshead Revisited (1981) and King Lear (1983).", "In 1945 Olivier and Richardson were made honorary Lieutenants with ENSA, and did a six-week tour of Europe for the army, performing Arms and the Man, Peer Gynt and Richard III for the troops, followed by a visit to the Comédie-Française in Paris, the first time a foreign company had been invited to play on its famous stage. [24] When Olivier returned to London the populace noticed a change in him. Olivier's only explanation was: \"Maybe it's just that I've got older.\" [7]", "\"My career is going better now than when I was younger. It used to be that I'd get the girl but not the part. Now I get the part but not the girl.\" Michael Caine", "Olivier was discharged from the armed service to join the Old Vic's artistic management in rebuilding the company's reputation and solvency after the lean war years. He remained with the company until 1949. Some of his most memorable roles during this time were Sergius in Shaw's Arms and the Man (1944), Astrov in Uncle Vanya (1945), and the title roles in Richard III (1945) and King Lear (1946), the latter of which he also directed. Perhaps his most demanding performance was for the double bill in which he appeared in the title role of Sophocles' Oedipus Rex and as Mr. Puff in Sheridan's The Critic (1945). Returning to film direction in 1948 with his famous black-and-white Hamlet, Olivier garnered an Oscar for his portrayal of the title role and the film won the best picture Academy Award. It also earned Olivier a knighthood from King George VI, of England.", "Olivier, holder of three Academy Awards and four Emmys, had battled cancer, pleurisy and a muscle disease in recent years but did not announce his retirement until 1987. Even afterward, he continued to take on cameo roles.", "Granger, Derek, Laurence Olivier: The Life of an Actor: The Authorized Biography , New York, 1999.", "According to Spartacus (1960) co-star Peter Ustinov , Olivier felt most comfortable acting when wearing a wig, a fake nose or having some other elaborate make-up put on. He often insisted on this, even when it was not particularly required for the role he played.", "Fifteen years after his death, Olivier once again received star billing in a film. Through the use of computer graphics, footage of him as a young man was integrated into the 2004 film Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow in which Olivier “played” the villain.", "Fifteen years after his death, Olivier once again received star billing in a movie. Through the use of computer graphics, footage of him as a young man was integrated into the 2004 film Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow in which Olivier \"played\" the villain.", "[on working with Laurence Olivier on Spartacus (1960)] Olivier taught me a lot about acting. He said to me, \"Tony, clothes maketh the man.\" He taught me that you choose your clothes and you put them on and you finally become that character. He didn't just put on any costume that was given to him. He chose what was best for the character he was playing and he showed me how that helps to take the character into another dimension. I learned that from him and always used it. So he gave me tips on acting and I gave him tips on body-building. I took him behind the set and said, \"On your face.\" Then I showed him how to do press-ups properly and it helped to get him into good shape.", "Olivier married Jill Esmond, a rising young actress, on 25 July 1930; their only son, Simon Tarquin was born on 21 August 1936. Olivier was, however, from the beginning not happy in his first marriage. Repressed, as he came to see it, by his religious upbringing, Olivier recounted in his autobiography the disappointments of his wedding night, culminating in his failure to perform sexually. He temporarily renounced religion and soon came to resent his wife, though the marriage would last for ten years. Despite this supposed resentment, Olivier remained in congenial contact with Esmond until his death (as documented by their son Tarquin in his book, My Father Laurence Olivier), accompanying her to Tarquin’s wedding in January 1965.", "Meanwhile, on stage, after Arnold Wesker's The Four Seasons (Saville 1965), he moved to Stratford, Ontario, as Richard III and as Ford in The Merry Wives of Windsor. Returning to the English Stage Company as the dangerous, jesting brother in David Storey's family play, In Celebration (Royal Court 1969), he learned, he used to say, more about acting from its director Lindsay Anderson than from anyone else. \"He showed me that acting wasn't to do with power games or insecurity or trying to prove anything. It's to do with knowing yourself, not hiding behind techniques or disguises.\"", "“All the films I’ve been in – and I haven’t been in that many attention-getting films – no one expected anything of, least of all me,” Redgrave said in an AP interview in 1999.", "With his new image in place, Richard felt ready to face American audiences again. While he made a triumphant Broadway debut as Reverend Shannon in \"The Night of the Iguana\" (1975), he also enjoyed modest box-office popularity with the action-driven adventure movies The Three Musketeers as Aramis and a villainous role in The Towering Inferno , and earned cult status for the Aussie film The Last Wave . On the television front, he became a TV idol all over again (on his own terms this time) as the \"King of 80s Mini-Movies\". The epic storytelling of The Count of Monte-Cristo , The Thorn Birds and Shogun , all of which earned him Emmy nominations, placed Richard solidly on the quality star list. He won Golden Globe awards for his starring roles in the last two miniseries mentioned.", "He was already a star before \"Love Actually.\" His credits include \"Pride and Prejudice,\" \"The English Patient,\" \"Shakespeare in Love,\" \"Bridget Jones' Diary,\" \"The Importance of Being Earnest,\" \"Hope Springs,\" \"What a Girl Wants\" and \"Girl With a Pearl Earring.\"", "“I didn’t really know him,” Redgrave said in 1993. “I lived in his house. I was in awe of him and I adored him, and I was terrified of him and I hated him and I loved him, all in one go.”", "[from a 1990 interview] None of the stuff I've done will ever cure cancer. It's entertainment and some of it has been better entertainment than others. Ghost (1990) is a good little movie, like Jumpin' Jack Flash (1986), which I've changed my mind about and am finally able to watch. Burglar (1987) and Clara's Heart (1988) are good little movies. There's also a couple I don't care for. The Telephone (1988) read brilliantly but was cockadoo on the screen. I'm also not crazy about Fatal Beauty (1987); it could have been a whole lot better. I've done good stuff and bad stuff. That's what careers are all about." ]	[ 7.1328125, 2.103515625, 0.51171875, -0.80859375, -0.83056640625, -2.1640625, -2.60546875, -3.14453125, -3.404296875, -3.640625, -3.896484375, -4.04296875, -4.23046875, -4.31640625, -4.62890625, -5.375, -5.6015625, -5.99609375, -6.3671875, -6.5546875, -6.62890625, -6.7421875, -7.11328125, -7.1484375, -7.16015625, -7.19140625, -7.265625, -8.4375, -8.4765625, -8.65625, -8.9921875, -9.109375 ]
Which politician first said... A week is a long time in politics?	[ "Harold Wilson also said that “a week is a long time in politics”. But as history repeats itself it turns out 100 years isn’t long at all.", "Due to the fast-changing pace of the political landscape, the fortunes of a politician or political group can change drastically just in the course of a single week. The phrase is attributed to British Prime Minister Harold Wilson, c. 1964. The challenger is enjoying a surge in popularity after the debate, but there's still time before the election, and a week is a long time in politics.", "8. Q Which British Prime Minister first said ‘A week is a long time in politics’?", "Wilson coined the term ' Selsdon Man ' to refer to the anti-interventionist policies of the Conservative leader Edward Heath , developed at a policy retreat held at the Selsdon Park Hotel in early 1970. This phrase, intended to evoke the 'primitive throwback' qualities of anthropological discoveries such as Piltdown Man and Swanscombe Man , was part of a British political tradition of referring to political trends by suffixing 'man'. Another famous quote is \"A week is a long time in politics\": this signifies that political fortunes can change extremely rapidly. Other memorable phrases attributed to Wilson include \"the white heat of the [technological] revolution.\" In his broadcast after the 1967 devaluation of the pound, Wilson said: \"This does not mean that the pound here in Britain – in your pocket or purse – is worth any less....\", and the phrase \"the pound in your pocket\" subsequently took on a life of its own.", "1854 – Honest Abe Lincoln made his first great political speech. It was three hours, ten minutes.", "After Parliament had risen on 31 July (the first anniversary of the Peerage Act becoming law) Home wrote to all Cabinet Ministers warning against complacency over the summer months. In his first six months in office Home had given 64 'full dress' speeches and 150 whistle stop homilies. A pre-election tour in Yorkshire in the summer had included a visit to Huddersfield, Harold Wilson's birthplace. The announcement of the election date was made on 18 September, with polling day set for 15 October. This would be five years and one week since Macmillan's victory on 8 October 1959, so the parliament was the longest since the interval between elections had been reduced to five years in 1911. The result - Labour 317 seats, Conservatives 304, and Liberals 9 - was also the closest in living memory, an overall majority of three once the Speaker had been re-elected.", "The concluding words on the presidential election were spoken long ago, by Benjamin Franklin at the conclusion of the Constitutional Convention of 1787. When a spectator outside asked whether the Framers had created a monarchy or a republic, Franklin replied, hopefully, \"A republic, madam, if you can keep it.\" [32] After the tumult, division, and enmity born of the election of 2000, Americans will need to try harder if they still want to keep their republic.", "The all-time Commons record for non-stop speaking, six hours, was set by Henry Brougham in 1828, though this was not a filibuster. The 21st century record was set on December 2, 2005 by Andrew Dismore, Labour MP for Hendon. Dismore spoke for three hours and 17 minutes to block a Conservative Private Member's Bill, the Criminal Law (Amendment) (Protection of Property) Bill, which he claimed amounted to \"vigilante law.\" Although Dismore is credited with speaking for 197 minutes, he regularly accepted interventions from other MPs who wished to comment on points made in his speech. Taking multiple interventions artificially inflates the duration of a speech and thus may be used as a tactic to prolong a speech.", "As quoted in The Rainmaker : A Passion for Politics (1986) by Keith Davey, p. 57; also in The Wordsworth Dictionary of Quotations (1998) by Connie Robertson, p. 439", "Reader, suppose you were an idiot. Now suppose you were a member of Congress. But I repeat myself.— Mark Twain", "As I look out over this audience today, I am reminded of a remark made by my friend Senator Hugh Segal. In the last few months, I have been speaking at nine seniors’ homes in the Markham area and of course, Senator Segal addresses the Upper House on occasion. And as I look around this room today, I too feel that I am addressing an audience that still realizes “depends” is a verb and not a noun. Speaking of dependence, I would like to pay tribute and introduce my Churchillian mentor, who handed the reins of the ICS-Canada presidency over to me in 1990—John Plumpton. I have prepared an address today for as Churchill once admonished, “He spoke without a note and almost without a point.”", "Margaret Thatcher, born in 1925, was the longest-serving British prime minister in modern times and the first woman to lead a major Western democracy. She won three successive general elections and spent a total of 11 years in Downing Street, from May 1979 to November 1990.", "1935 - U.S. Senator Huey Long of Louisiana made the longest speech on Senate record. The speech took 15 1/2 hours and was filled by 150,000 words.", "Andrew Bonar Law PC (16 September 1858 – 30 October 1923), commonly known as Bonar Law, was a British Conservative Party statesman and Prime Minister . Born in the crown colony of New Brunswick , he is the only British Prime Minister to have been born outside the British Isles . He was also the shortest-serving Prime Minister of the 20th century, spending 211 days in office.", "\"The world of politics is always twenty years behind the world of thought.\" John Jay Chapman", "The longest continuous Budget speech was by William Gladstone on 18 April 1853, lasting 4 hours and 45 minutes (clearly he was enjoying that sherry!). Benjamin Disraeli's speech in 1852 lasted 5 hours but included a break.", "In his final public statement Heath paid tribute to James Callaghan who died on 26 March 2005, saying that Callaghan had been \"...a major fixture in the political life of this country during his long and varied career. When in opposition he never hesitated to put firmly his party's case. When in office he took a smoother approach towards his supporters and opponents alike...We have lost a major figure from our political landscape\". [39]", "Will Rogers , syndicated column (July 5, 1933); in The New York Times (July 6, 1933, p. 23). Disraeli is another who had an unsanguine view of conferences: \"The Conference lasted six weeks. It wasted six weeks. It lasted as long as a Carnival, and, like a Carnival, it was an affair of masks and mystification. Our Ministers went to it as men in distressed circumstances go to a place of amusement—to while away the time, with a consciousness of impending failure\". Speech in the House of Commons on Denmark and Germany, vote of censure (July 4, 1864), Hansard's Parliamentary Debates, 3d series, vol. 176, col. 743.", "congressman in history. He was elected for the first time in 1906 and then he was yet reelected twenty-three times and served in the U.S. Congress till the end of his life. Another Czech-American politician for the Democratic Party was Otto Kerner, who became the Governor of Illinois in the 1960s. In 1967, he was appointed by President Johnson the chairman of the Presidential National Advisory Committee for Civil Disobedience. In his official message, known as the ďż˝Kernerďż˝s Reportďż˝, he warned the United States that the country had began to divide into two separate societies, the white and prosperous and the black and aggrieved. (Rechcďż˝gl, 2000; Saxon-Ford, 1998.)", "He was first elected to Parliament as the MP for Monklands East in 1970. He was appointed Secretary of State for Trade in 1978, and, in opposition following the election of Margaret Thatcher, he served as spokesman on economic and industrial issues. Considered by many to be a moderate, his politics were more to the centre than his more left-wing predecessors.", "Because of his famous — or notorious — speech on immigration, delivered in Birmingham in April 1968, Powell’s wider achievements have been largely ignored. He served in the Cabinet for just 15 months, but his influence on politics and political thought is greater than that of any other Member of Parliament in the past century.", "In 1940, Churchill did not offer the country ‘blood, toil, tears and sweat’ to then postpone efforts until after an election. He asked for an immediate coming together of the best sides of the nation. Today the country cannot be roused to the huge financial challenge it faces if the two main parties duck and tell us that they’ll be back once the votes are counted.", "Seventy years ago this summer, in June of 1940, an aging British politician, who for the previous twenty years had seemed to his countrymen to be one of those entertaining, eccentric, essentially literary figures littering the margins of political life, got up to make a speech in the House of Commons. The British Expeditionary Forces had just been evacuated from France, fleeing a conquering German Army—evacuated successfully, but, as the speaker said, wars aren’t won that way—and Britain itself seemed sure to be invaded, and soon. Many of the most powerful people in his own party believed it was time to settle for the best deal you could get from the Germans.", "When Justice Brennan and I talked privately in his chambers before that interview almost 20 years ago, I asked him how he had come to his liberal sentiments. “It was my neighborhood,” he said. Born to Irish immigrants in 1906, as the harsh indignities of the Gilded Age brought hardship and deprivation to his kinfolk and neighbors, he saw “all kinds of suffering — people had to struggle.” He never forgot those people or their struggles, and he believed it to be our collective responsibility to create a country where they would have a fair chance to a decent life. “If you doubt it,” he said, “read the Preamble [to the Constitution].”", "In recent years, Americans have become accustomed to threats of a “government shutdown” at the hands of one party in the Congress, opposed to the programs and policies of the President of the opposite party. One side cries, “Politics!” The other side counters, “Principle!” But when threatening to defund the government in order to change public policy was first attempted in 1879, the cry was “Revolution!” Politics and principle, principle and politics vied with one another in minds, and hearts, and maneuvers, of all parties involved.", "Will : I heard once - I don't know if this is true - I heard once that you convinced the President to let you rewrite a section of the State of the Union with less than twenty-four hours to go. It was the second year and everybody was a Republican, whether they were or not, and people at the DNC had convinced him to include the line, 'The era of big government is over.' And you couldn't live with it. Because government should be a place where people come together and no one gets left behind. An instrument of good. And that's exactly what we heard in the State of the Union the next night.", "“When a politician is in opposition he is an expert on the means to some end; and when he is in office he is an expert on the obstacles to it.” – ILN, 4/6/18", "This political figure article is a stub . You can help Wikiquote by expanding it .", "“A politician is an arse upon/ which everyone has sat except a man” [ via ]", "Best quote: “We need to brag a bit about what we achieve, and say that politics is not just about argy-bargy. Until we convince women that there is a point to being in politics, we won’t get as much interest in it as we need there to be.”", "Best quote: “The kind of Conservatism I was brought up on says that the first priority of the government is defending the country and maintaining law and order. Those are the two top priorities for me.”", "This abuse was very common during the first 150 years of this republic. Until the 20th Amendment was passed in 1933, a newly elected Congress ordinarily waited 13 months before it began its first meeting in Washington, D.C. In the meantime, lame ducks did the nation's business for a full session, often in ways that ran against the grain of the last election. This might have been an acceptable price to pay in the 18th century when roads were terrible and it took time for former representatives to arrange their business affairs. But over the passage of centuries, the operation of lame duck congresses proved to be an intolerable violation of democratic principles, and they were basically abolished by the 20th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States in 1933." ]	[ 5.875, 5.67578125, 5.37109375, 1.7294921875, -0.70458984375, -1.3291015625, -2.939453125, -2.984375, -3.0234375, -3.29296875, -3.33203125, -3.458984375, -3.49609375, -3.515625, -3.607421875, -3.671875, -3.775390625, -4.03515625, -4.6015625, -4.90625, -4.984375, -5.0703125, -5.2109375, -6.62109375, -6.69140625, -6.76953125, -7.203125, -8.2109375, -8.2734375, -8.2734375, -8.8046875, -9.125 ]
Which Shakespearian character said... A horse, a horse. My kingdom for a horse?	[ "In Shakespeare’s play, Richard III, the title character’s horse dies in battle. King Richard cries out, “A horse! A horse! My kingdom for a horse.”", "It is clear that the horse was one of Shakespeare's favorite animals. His appreciation of the grace, strength and loyalty of horses is evident in the care he took to name so many of the horses mentioned in the plays -- Barbary, Capilet, Dobbin, Surrey, Galathe, Curtal -- and in the intense feelings horses kindle in his characters. The following is a collection of Shakespearean quotations on horses, including the most famous of them all from Richard III: \"A horse! a horse! my kingdom for a horse!\"", "It is clear that the horse was one of Shakespeare's favorite animals. His appreciation of the grace, strength and loyalty of horses is evident in the care he took to name so many of the horses mentioned in the plays -- Barbary, Capilet, Dobbin, Surrey, Galathe, Curtal -- and in the intense feelings horses kindle in his characters. The following is a collection of Shakespearean quotations on horses, including the most famous of them all from Richard III: \"A horse! a horse! my kingdom for a horse!\" Read on...", "A horse! A horse! My kingdom for a horse! -- Wm Shakespeare, Richard III, Act V, scene iv.", "Although set in different times many of the most famous quotes about life and love by William Shakespeare are still relevant today. Did you know that William Shakespeare is credited by the Oxford English Dictionary with the introduction of nearly 3,000 words into the language. It's no wonder that expressions from his works in literature, including the \"My kingdom for a horse\" quote, are an 'anonymous' part of the English language. Many people continue to use this \"My kingdom for a horse\" quote by William Shakespeare in famous quotes about life.", "In Shakespeare's day, a race of horses was the term for what is now called a stud. So in \"Macbeth\" (ii. 4), Rosse says:—", "That saying was taken from a soliloquy by Polonius in Act I, Scene 3 of William Shakespeare's", "Shakespeare uses metaphors, similes, and other figures of speech to compare Regan, Goneril, and other characters to animals. This imagery shows that human greed and lust for power, as well as other negative qualities, turn people into rapacious or poisonous beasts. It also demonstrates that the dilemmas people create for themselves can lower them to the status of beasts. Among the animals to which characters are compared are rats, wolves, sheep, goats, horses, dogs (including a mastiff, a greyhound, a spaniel, and a mongrel), cats, mice, owls, wild geese, bears, monkeys, crabs, snails, an ass, a hedge-sparrow, a cuckoo, and each of the following:", "Of all Shakespeare's qualities, his humor is the hardest to describe because of its protean forms. Falstaff is his greatest humorous creation. So resourceful is he that even defeat enables him to rise like Antaeus after a fall. His humor is almost a philosophy of existence for those who love to use wit and ingenuity in trying to evade the laws of sober, orderly living. Perhaps it was for this very reason that Shakespeare consented to send so early to “Arthur's bosom\"[26] a character who had not a little of the complexity of Hamlet.", "From Hamlet, an ideal prince, and other essays in Shakesperean interpretation: Hamlet; Merchant of Venice; Othello; King Lear by Alexander W. Crawford. Boston R.G. Badger, 1916.", "In William Shakespeare's play Richard II, the famous \"scepter'd isle\" speech about England is spoken by the character of John of Gaunt shortly before he dies.", "Othello is a character in Shakespeare's Othello (c. 1601–1604). The character's origin is traced to the tale \"Un Capitano Moro\" in Gli Hecatommithi by Giovanni Battista Giraldi Cinthio. There, he is simply referred to as the Moor.", "Antonio has mistaken Cesario for Sebastian. He asks Andrew to put up his sword, and that he will make good any wrong that \"Cesario\" has done. Sir Toby draws his sword (the direction reads \"they draw\", but Antonio may already have his sword out), but then the law arrives. (As usual, Shakespeare is telescoping time.) Viola puts up her sword and asks Andrew to put up his sword; Andrew says he will indeed give him the horse. It turns out the lawmen are after Antonio rather than the duellists. Antonio asks Viola for his money. Viola is amazed and offerse half of what she has, but says she doesn't know him. Antonio is outraged, and talks about how \"Sebastian\" seemed fine on the outside but turned out to be rotten on the inside. (\"In nature there's no blemish but the mind; None can be called 'deformed' but the unkind.\") The officers think Antonio is crazy and take him away. Viola realizes that this means Sebastian may be alive. After Viola leaves, the no-goods talk about what a low character the boy proved to be, abandoning his friend. Andrew says he'll beat him up; Toby warns him not to draw his sword, and says aside Andrew still won't dare do anything.", "\"Moor\" is also the pet name Queen Elizabeth used for the Duke of Alençon (Ogburn and Ogburn 508), her main suitor in the 1570s. (De Vere was her \"Turk.\") At one level, this play may work somewhat as a political allegory, especially since the name Brabantio clearly comes from Brabant -- a key city in the Netherlands, which was at the center of international and religious concerns into the 1580s. E.T. Clark insists on the international allegory and Alençon's last years: the early '80s. He rode to Antwerp on a Barbary horse, mentioned in more direct connection with Othello (Ogburn 568). But circumstances in the play simultaneously resonate with events in de Vere's own misfortunes in the '70s and early '80s, making 1583 a declared date for the original writing of the play (Ogburn and Ogburn 467). A revision after Anne's death seems also indicated (Ogburn and Ogburn 507, 776, 862), and perhaps \"moor\" then referred to Spain (Ogburn and Ogburn 522), since it was reported that Philip II was enraged by English court entertainments (Ogburn and Ogburn 723).", "After Macbeth becomes king, and just before he has Banquo murdered, Macbeth makes a show of showing his friendship for Banquo. Banquo is going on a horseback ride, and Macbeth wishes him well, saying, \"Hie you to horse: adieu, / Till you return at night,\" but then he asks, \"Goes Fleance with you?\" (3.1.34-35) , because he's planning on murdering Banquo's son, too. [ Detailed Scene Summary ]", "There follows an exchange between Hal and Bardolph and then between the prince and Falstaff; these have some special interest in the realm of the comedy of physical appearances (340-60) and also have some thematic relevance. Bardolph's flaming nose invites Hal's witty comment; it provides a constant glow which should have served Bardolph as well as his sword during the Gadshill robbery, and yet Bardolph ran away. Perhaps, in contrast to Falstaff's undisturbed good humor, there is rancor in Bardolph's reply: \"My lord, do you see these meteors? Do you behold these exhalations?\" (351-52). But Shakespeare is making a typical play on words here. On one level, meteors and exhalations stand for drunkenness and poverty; on a second level, not to be ignored in a play about rebellion, they stand for violation of law and order.", "The climax of the play takes place in the court of the Duke of Venice. Shylock refuses Bassanio's offer of 6,000 ducats, twice the amount of the loan. He demands his pound of flesh from Antonio. The Duke, wishing to save Antonio but unable to nullify a contract, refers the case to a visitor. He identifies himself as Balthazar, a young male \"doctor of the law\", bearing a letter of recommendation to the Duke from the learned lawyer Bellario. The doctor is Portia in disguise, and the law clerk who accompanies her is Nerissa, also disguised as a man. As Balthazar, Portia repeatedly asks Shylock to show mercy in a famous speech, advising him that mercy \"is twice blest: It blesseth him that gives and him that takes\" (IV, i, 185). However, Shylock adamantly refuses any compensations and insists on the pound of flesh.", "\"All the world's a stage\" is the phrase that begins a monologue from William Shakespeare's As You Like It, spoken by the melancholy Jaques in Act II Scene VII. The speech compares the world to a stage and life to a play, and catalogues the seven stages of a man's life, sometimes referred to as the seven ages of man: infant, schoolboy, lover, soldier, justice, Pantalone and old age, facing imminent death. It is one of Shakespeare's most frequently quoted passages.", "William Shakespeare's play Henry IV, Part II contains a wry comment about people who claim to be related to royal families. Prince Hal notes of such people,", "The Prince’s last line from Shakespeare’s “Henry IV, Part One,” Act II, Scene iv. Wimsey also drops a reference to this scene in “The Undignified Melodrama of the Bone of Contention.”", "This is very much Iago's scene, and we see the versatility of his linguistic gifts most clearly throughout: where Othello's poetry serves to discover beauty and wonder in the world, Iago's language is fundamentally dishonest, allowing him to seem whatever serves his purpose. In this scene he affects first the rough sexuality and love of drink which typify the soldier; next we see how he affects love for Cassio (\"a soldier fit to stand by Caesar\"; compare this with his description in I, i) while taking his new friends into his confidence about Cassio's \"vice\"; he protests that he would rather have his tongue cut from his mouth than \"it should do offence to Michael Cassio\", and suggests that Cassio's conduct must have been provoked by \"some strange indignity\" from \"him that fled\". Othello sees this as covering up inexcusable violence and demotes Cassio, who believes nevertheless that he has \"well approved\" (that is, proved) Iago's friendship.", "In this Shakespeare may be suggesting that there needs to be a balance between forest and court; living with nature and using your senses should be balanced with living in an ordered, political world where education and social politeness is necessary. If one is too close to nature they may turn out like Touchstone and Audrey but if they are too political they may become more like Duke Frederick.", "Launcelot Gobbo, a servant of Shylock, debates with himself in humorous terms whether to seek a new employer, because he dislikes Shylock and his practices. Because there is no rhyme or rhythm, and the text flows without concern of where the line ends on the page, we recognize the passage as prose. Consequently, we can tell that Launcelot is a commoner who speaks with the language of an Elizabethan audience member.", "“Horatio, when thou shalt have overlooked this, give these fellows some means to the King. They have letters for him. Ere we were two days old at sea, a pirate of very warlike appointment gave us chase. In the grapple I boarded them. I alone became their prisoner. They have dealt with me like thieves of mercy, but they knew what they did: I am to do a good turn for them. Let the King have the letters I have sent, and repair thou to me with as much speed as thou wouldst fly death. I have words to speak in thine ear will make thee dumb. These good fellows will bring thee where I am. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern hold their course for England; of them I have much to tell thee. Hamlet.”", "The late sir Rowland de Boys had three sons: Oliver, the eldest, hates the youngest, Orlando, whom he has steadily humiliated. Orlando is matched against the usurping Duke Frederick’s deadly wrestler, Charles; the fight, which the youth wins, is watched by Rosalind, the banished Duke’s daughter, and her cousin, Frederick’s daughter Celia. Orlando and Rosalind fall immediately in love; Frederick, jealous of her popularity, banishes her; and in the disguise of a boy (Ganymede) she leaves with Celia (as Ganymede’s sister) and the jester Touchstone, to find her father in the Forest of Arden, where he lives with a company that includes the melancholy courtier, Jaques.", "139. Up, sir, go with me: It's a bit comic to see the citizen ordering the dead Tybalt to get up and go with him to the Prince.", "Sidney’s Astrophil had inhabited a world of court intrigue, chivalry, and international politics, exemplifying the overlap between political and erotic discourse in Elizabethan England. The circumstances of Shakespeare’s speaker, in contrast, are not those of a courtier but of a male of the upwardly mobile “middling sort.” Especially in the young man sonnets, there is a marked class anxiety, as the speaker seeks to define his role, whether as a friend, a tutor, a counselor, an employee, or a sexual rival. Not only are comparisons drawn from the world of the professional theater (“As an unperfect actor on the stage” in sonnet 23), but also from the world of business: compared to the prodigal “Unthrifty loveliness” of the youth (sonnet 4), “Making a famine where abundance lies” (1), the speaker inhabits a bourgeois world of debts, loans, repayment, and usury, speaking in similar language to the Dark Lady: “I myself am mortgaged to thy will” (134).", "This scene is possibly one of the more famous of this somewhat less than famous work by the Bard. Here we met Antigonus, a lord of Sicilia, carrying the infant daughter of King Leontes, who has been banished by the mad king who suspects the child of being the issue and evidence of adultery on the part of his wife and queen. Antigonus cannot bear to see the young innocent child killed, so he has a plan: he will leave her on the shore in the hopes that someone will find her. And just as he is abandoning her we have the most famous stage direction ever written: \"Exit, pursued by a bear.\"", "c) Explore the depths of possible meaning in Falstaff's urging of the prince not to banish him when he says, \"banish plump Jack, and banish all the world\" (2.4.494-95). How in some ways might Falstaff indeed represent \"all the world\" for Prince Hal? What would the prince be losing by turning his back on his friend, \"plump Jack\"?", "The comic types in the first scene are broadly sketched. Sir Hugh Evans, the Welshman, is fond of displaying his learning, and he speaks in dialect, much to Falstaff's (and the audience's) amusement:", "5. “My salad days, when I was green in judgment” is a quotation from which play by Shakespeare?", "Best quote: \"Let us have pirates, clowns, and a happy ending, or we shall send you back to Stratford to your wife!\" - Philip Henslowe" ]	[ 7.45703125, 6.12109375, 6.03125, 4.28515625, 2.263671875, 0.212890625, -0.0019369125366210938, -0.1949462890625, -0.4599609375, -0.79541015625, -0.87841796875, -1.0068359375, -1.1552734375, -1.2216796875, -1.259765625, -2.212890625, -2.224609375, -2.4140625, -2.5234375, -2.572265625, -2.71875, -3.03125, -3.130859375, -3.546875, -3.962890625, -4.7734375, -4.79296875, -4.9296875, -5.2421875, -5.4921875, -6.4453125, -6.62890625 ]
Which actress said... When I'm good I'm very good, but when I'm bad I'm better?	[ "39. Which actress said \"when I'm good I'm very good but when I'm bad I'm better\"?", "When I'm good, I'm very good. But when I'm bad I'm better. - Mae West - BrainyQuote", "Mae West might’ve been in her 40s when she appeared in her first film but her sexually suggestive language would get her in a lot of trouble with the moral police of the 1930s. One of her famous quotes is: “When I’m good, I’m very good. When I’m bad, I’m better.”", "Her reward was two Best Actress Oscars (for Dangerous and Jezebel), and eight other Academy Award nominations; in 1999 she was placed second behind Katharine Hepburn in the American Film Institute’s list of the greatest female stars of all time. Undoubtedly she would have had something pithy to say about that.", "Her line \"I'm not bad, I'm just drawn that way\" in the film is commonly described as a famous line of hers. It was nominated as one of the greatest quotes by AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes. Samantha Wilson from Uproxx felt that line was a pivotal quote because her quip to Eddie Valiant [the protagonist of the film] is what people remember most about her and what makes Eddie thinks she is guilty. ", "[quote]If, by some strange course of events, Sandra loses and Cate wins the Oscar she needs to repeat her performance and speak of PSH and ignore Woody", "Overheard: she says: i'm fine she means: i saw Gillian Anderson play blanche dubois and am consequently...", "Going off of Jennifer Jolie's statement: \"...and to be played by an actress with such depth and range!\"", "[quote]every Oscar winning actress should say something sweet, funny, and tender about Shirley Temple. It would help clear out the ugly vibes of the Woody Allen debacle.", "\"One problem with people who have no vices is that they're pretty sure to have some annoying virtues.\" Elizabeth Taylor", "{quote] Julie Andrews gave 8 performances a week for a year; Audrey Hepburn only had to get it right once", "[quote]Jane Asher was a gifted actress, a high profile former child star. She was very cute and photogenic", "With each performance her reviews got better. \"I think I've gotten better,\" she said when she was 77. \"I've gotten more confident in myself in the last five to six years. Earlier I think I distrusted myself. I'd be in things I felt weren't being done right and I didn't speak up. Now I do. I think people trust me.\"", "Bankhead. \"History will probably prove that she was a lot better actress than some people gave her credit for. In the end, she was sort of forced into becoming a parody of herself.\"", "But whatever the vicissitudes of her career, she never lost her courage and panache. Katharine of Arrogance, some called her; and certainly she took a lofty view of her profession. \"Life's what's important,\" she would say. \"Walking, houses, family. Birth, pain and joy - and then death. Acting's just waiting for the custard pie.\"", "The actress and comedienne also won a Screen Actors Guild Award, a Golden Globe Award and the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) Award.", "[quote]Watch her face carefully and you can clearly see her simulating, mimicking a breakdown instead of embodying it viscerally the way a truly great actress would:", "Though a brilliant actress , her remarkable talent was frequently outshone by her offscreen antics. \"My troubles all started because I have a woman's body and a child's emotions,\" she once said.", "She also captured in a Vine video one of the life lessons she learned from Moore in the 1991 film. The actress says in the clip, “You know what? Life is life, and it’s messy, and it’s complicated – and you know what, it takes guts.”", "[Susan Boyle] She'll be an international superstar - but I don't think she'll have longevity. This world is fickle; we pick people up and spit them out just as quick.", "In a 1991 interview, she was asked if she was the same strong, willful woman she played in movies: \"I do like to get my own way,\" she replied. \"But don't think I'm not acting when I'm up there. And don't think I always get my own way. There have been crushing disappointments. But when that happens, I say, 'Find another hill to climb.'\"", "Quote: \"I have three lives: actress, model, producer. Sometimes I'm aware that there's a fourth life, which is somewhat neglected, which is living a bit.\" -- Premiere, October 1996", "Her best moments are in the end, when her character basically solves all the problems (not necessarily to the happiness of all) and brings everything to an end. And again she shows her talents for filling every bit of dialogue with life and energy when she says ‘But I know something of a woman in a man’s profession. Yes, by God, I do know about that.’", "\"Some crack under pressure and a few get better. She's one of those. She's a winner.\"", "Offscreen, she was a sharp-witted practical joker who was down to earth and enjoyed hanging out with the guys. There are critics today who say her onscreen talent for mixing comedy and drama have yet to be rivaled.", "She said that in creating a character, \"You have to get over 'how' you're doing it and know 'why' you're doing it. Once you forget about the 'how' you get the appearance of reality.\" She believed the secret to a character was in the script and that it was the actor's duty to \"dig it out.\" She said: \"I'm slow about it. I keep going back to the script, the script, the script.\"", "She tells the Mirror, \"I'm happy doing what I'm doing right now. I'm a terrible actress.", "\"I'm a personality as well as an actress. Show me an actress who isn't a personality, and you'll show me a woman who isn't a star.\"", "From the movie Harvey: \"Years ago my mother used to say to me, she'd say, \"In this world, Elwood, you must be\" - she always called me Elwood - \"In this world, Elwood, you must be oh so smart or oh so pleasant.\" Well, for years I was smart. I recommend pleasant. You may quote me.\"", "To be honest, I enjoyed her acting in \"The Next Best Thing\" (2000) too. Her character wasn't that likable but overall, I liked her performance", "[quote]Why wouldn't they do everything they could to make her happy and get her the best scripts, directors, co-stars etc.?", "\"I think the best actors are the most generous, the kindest, the greatest people and at their worst they are vain, greedy and insecure.\"" ]	[ 9.9375, 7.25, 5.2890625, -2.357421875, -2.662109375, -2.822265625, -3.515625, -3.55859375, -3.916015625, -4.03515625, -4.125, -5.57421875, -5.98828125, -6.12109375, -6.8984375, -7.0703125, -7.125, -7.296875, -7.37109375, -7.55078125, -7.69140625, -7.828125, -8.453125, -8.5, -8.671875, -8.96875, -9.015625, -9.0859375, -9.2265625, -9.59375, -10.109375, -10.1875 ]
Which animated TV character once said... I'm not normally a religious man, but if you're up there, save me, Superman?	[ "128 Homer, again, having swiftly forgotten Jebus. 'I'm not normally a religious man, but... if you're up there, save me, Superman!'", "It commented on several religion-themed episodes, including one in which Homer calls for divine intervention by crying: \"I'm not normally a religious man, but if you're up there, save me, Superman!\"", "Superman: The Animated Series is an American animated television series based on the DC Comics flagship character, Superman. The series was produced by Warner Bros. Animation and originally aired on The WB from September 6, 1996 to February 12, 2000. It was the first spin-off of Batman: The Animated Series , and was equally praised for its thematic complexity, quality animation, maturity and modernization of its title character. ", "Religion is still a prominent part of society, although the dominant religions have evolved. A merger between the major religious groups of the 20th century has resulted in the First Amalgamated Church, [14] while Voodoo is now mainstream. New religions include Oprahism , Robotology , and the banned religion of Star Trek fandom . Religious figures include Father Changstein-El-Gamal , the Robot Devil , Reverend Preacherbot , and passing references to the Space Pope. While very few episodes focus exclusively on religion within the Futurama universe, they do cover a wide variety of subjects including predestination, prayer, the nature of salvation, and religious conversion. [14]", "“So long, Mr. Kent. Take care of yourself. And if you see Superman, tell him we need him back to end this crime wave just like he did the last one.”", "According to a 2015 \"spiritual biography,\" Schulz's faith was complex and personal. He often touched on religious themes in his work, including the classic television cartoon, A Charlie Brown Christmas (1965), which features the character Linus van Pelt quoting the King James Version of the Bible to explain \"what Christmas is all about.\" In personal interviews Schulz mentioned that Linus represented his spiritual side, but the spiritual biography points out a much wider array of religious references from Schulz than just what Linus spoke.", "Most characters on the show belong to the Roman Catholic faith, the only character who isn't Christian is Kyle Broflovski who is an ethnic Jew and member of the Jewish faith. Catholocism and Protestantism have been made fun of commonly in South Park. Inside Eric Cartman's house there is a crucifix on the wall that looks too depressing rather than how it looks in reality. Cartman is portrayed as a racist, homophobic, sexist who in one episode dresses himself as Adolf Hitler and marches down the streets trying to \"kill the Jews.\" This has made people feel that Catholics were Nazis themselves, however, none of the other Catholic characters (Stan Marsh, Kenny McCormick, Butters Stotch) have ever been depicted as such.", "Religion is still a prominent part of society, although the dominant religions have evolved. A merging of the major religious groups of the 20th century has resulted in the First Amalgamated Church, while Voodoo is now mainstream. New religions include Oprahism, Robotology, and the banned religion of Star Trek fandom. Religious figures include Father Changstein-El-Gamal, the Robot Devil, Reverend Lionel Preacherbot, and passing references to the Space Pope, who appears to be a large crocodile-like creature. Several major holidays have robots associated with them, including the murderous Robot Santa and Kwanzaa-bot. While very few episodes focus exclusively on religion within the Futurama universe, they do cover a wide variety of subjects including predestination, prayer, the nature of salvation, and religious conversion.", "Religion is still a prominent part of society, although the dominant religions have evolved. A merging of the major religious groups of the 20th century has resulted in the First Amalgamated Church, while Voodoo is now mainstream. New religions include Oprahism, Robotology, and the banned religion of Star Trek fandom. Religious figures include Father Changstein-El-Gamal, the Robot Devil, Reverend Lionel Preacherbot, and passing references to the Space Pope, who appears to be a large crocodile-like creature. Several major holidays have robots associated with them, including the murderous Robot Santa and Kwanzaa-bot. While very few episodes focus exclusively on religion within the Futurama universe, they do cover a wide variety of subjects including predestination, prayer, the nature of salvation, and religious conversion.", "Others tried omission. In the premiere of the 1993 television series \"Lois & Clark,\" Lois asks Superman why he's here on Earth. His response — \"To help\" — isn't good enough for her, and she suggests something more dynamic. \"I mean if you said, 'I'm here to fight for truth ... or justice.' \" He nods: \"Well, truth and justice. That sounds good.\"", "A recurrent theme is Sheldon's conflict with his devout mother, Mary, who is a creationist, and whose beliefs occasionally clash with Sheldon's irreligion and vision of evolution. In \"The Lunar Excitation\", Sheldon mentions his promise to his mother to attend church once a year. Also, in \"The Mommy Observation\", Sheldon refers to his mother's religious beliefs as \"pre-Enlightenment mythology\". Evidence of Sheldon's irreligion is seen when he is heard exclaiming \"Why hast thou forsaken me, o deity whose existence I doubt?\" upon the discovery that his World of Warcraft account has been hacked. According to Raj, Sheldon also begged the deity in which he did not believe to kill him quickly upon getting food poisoning at the Rose Bowl. On the other hand Sheldon says he wishes \"to employ his rare and precious mental faculties to tear the mask off nature and stare at the face of God.\" Sheldon's religious upbringing leads to moments of religious interjection when his emotions are high – on one occasion, he happily exclaims \"Thank you, Jesus!\" when he scores a strike in bowling, quickly adding \"As my mother would say In addition, he frequently says the word \"Lord\" when he is upset.", "Some see Judaic themes in Superman. Simcha Weinstein notes that Superman's story has some parallels to that of Moses. For example, Moses as a baby was sent away by his parents in a reed basket to escape death and adopted by a foreign culture. Weinstein also posits that Superman's Kryptonian name, \"Kal-El\", resembles the Hebrew words קל-אל, which can be taken to mean \"voice of God\". Larry Tye suggests that this \"Voice of God\" is an allusion to Moses' role as a prophet. The suffix \"el\", meaning \"(of) God\", is also found in the name of angels (e.g. Gabriel, Ariel), who are airborne humanoid agents of good with superhuman powers. The Nazis also thought Superman was a Jew and in 1940 Joseph Goebbels publicly denounced Superman and his creator Siegel. ", "Superman is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character is widely considered an American cultural icon. The Superman character was created by writer Jerry Siegel and artist Joe Shuster in 1933; the character was sold to Detective Comics, Inc. (later DC Comics) in 1938. Superman first appeared in Action Comics #1 (June 1938) and subsequently appeared in various radio serials, newspaper strips, television programs, films, and video games. With the character's success, Superman helped to create the superhero genre and establish its primacy within the American comic book. Superman's appearance is distinctive and iconic. He usually wears a blue costume, red cape, and stylized red-and-yellow \"S\" shield on his chest. This shield is used in a myriad of media to symbolize the character. ", "Jesus is usually portrayed as being calm and self-assured, being kind and peaceable to everyone; nevertheless, he often acts more typical of South Park characters. He is often seen, for example, fighting villains, and while inept at it in \" Damien \", he later is shown (\" Red Sleigh Down ,\" \" Fantastic Easter Special \" and \" Imaginationland Episode III \") as being very skilled with guns, swords and a glaive (in \"Imaginationland III\" he leads the charge of the good imaginary characters into battle.) He is a soldier in the US army, as seen in South Park: Bigger Longer & Uncut. He is also a member of the Super Best Friends , a group of religious figures who fight against the forces of evil (except for Buddha , who doesn't believe in evil).", "Because Siegel and Shuster were both Jewish, some religious commentators and pop-culture scholars such as Rabbi Simcha Weinstein and British novelist Howard Jacobson suggest that Superman's creation was partly influenced by Moses, and other Jewish elements. Superman's Kryptonian name, \"Kal-El,\" resembles the Hebrew words קל-אל, which can be taken to mean \"voice of God\". The suffix \"el\", meaning \"(of) God\" is also found in the name of angels (e.g. Gabriel, Ariel), who are flying humanoid agents of good with superhuman powers. Jewish legends of the Golem have been cited as worthy of comparison, a Golem being a mythical being created to protect and serve the persecuted Jews of 16th century Prague and later revived in popular culture in reference to their suffering at the hands of the Nazis in Europe during the 1930s and 1940s. Superman is often seen as being an analogy for Jesus, being a saviour of humanity.", "From: Lynn Arave, \"Superhero/ Super savior? Religious imagery plentiful; local leaders worry about Superman's morals\", published 8 July 2006 in Deseret Morning News (http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,640192870,00.html; viewed 15 May 2007):", "People in Chicago ask him to leave a public park because his presence might be a danger to children, and he begins having prophetic apocalyptic dreams about sacrifice. Rescuing a young boy from an abusive father, he tries to reinforce that powers are not required to be a hero. [306] His morals are challenged again in Iowa , when Lois Lane tries to shut down a factory that the local community depends upon; despite their environmentally unsafe practices, Superman concludes that a Daily Planet expose would destroy people's lives and asks her not to publish the article. [307]", "[Superman lands holding a cat burglar] Officer! Uh, good evening, Officer Mooney. Well, they say confession's good for the soul.[takes a handful of stolen jewelry out of the burglar's bag] I'd listen to this man. Take him away.", "Passing references are made to other religions, though these are not explored in any detail. In the episode \" Hell Is Other Robots \", Professor Farnsworth complains about Bender's devotion to Robotology, asking: \"Why couldn't he have joined a mainstream religion, like Oprahism or Voodoo?\".", "Parodied by a mascot known as Sexual Harassment Panda. Then In-Universe, the episode Red Hot Catholic Love led to all of South Park believing the Catholic Church as this.", "The Superman animated series in the 1990s uses the character of Jor-El (voiced by Christopher McDonald) as the hero of its first episode. In the first part of the three-part opener, \"The Last Son of Krypton\", Jor-El is a scientist examining the reasons for various temblors (earthquakes) across the planet. His findings indicate Krypton's imminent destruction. Here, the animated Jor-El diverges from the comic version. While both version feature the ruling council of Krypton dismissing Jor-El's findings, Jor-El is portrayed as a far less respected member of the scientific community, and the episode also gives a specific reason to the council's dismissal: Brainiac. Brainiac, the operating system that runs the planet and chronicles its history and information, insists that Jor-El's calculations are incorrect, and the council members trust Brainiac much more than Jor-El. (Also, Jor-El's radical plan to put Krypton's entire population in the Phantom Zone while Krypton is destroyed for later transference to another planet is greeted by the council with nothing less than hatred.)", "God is portrayed on South Park as a composite of several animals. His first appearance was in \" Are You There God? It's Me, Jesus \". He can be summoned in Heaven when his name is spoken, and sometimes on Earth, where he appears as beams of light with a deep voice. God is a Buddhist , although only people of the Mormon faith are allowed in Heaven. As the population of Heaven began to dwindle, and the population of Hell rose, as told in \" Best Friends Forever \", God started to allow others into Heaven. This was an attempt to build up Heaven's army to protect God's Kingdom from the increasingly larger Army of Satan. It is said that the PlayStation Portable was created by God to help find the human who could lead his army, which turned out to be Kenny. Every 2000 years, he comes to Earth to answer one question. He is included as a figure with the South Park series 3 Jesus action figure by Mezco.", "Jonathan Kent : Clark Kent, you're here to be a force for good. Not a force for evil.", "Clark Kent : Don't worry, Tess. I'll save your world. Just not with you in it.", "Clark Kent : Thanks for showing up when you did. I guess you could say you saved my life.", "The 1966 series The New Adventures of Superman featured the talented Jackson Beck providing the voice of the character.", "A parallel earth, heroic version of the Joker called the Jester appears in Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths voiced byJames Patrick Stuart. He is a longtime ally of that Earth's Lex Luthor and a former member of their world's Justice League/Justice Underground. He sacrifices his life taking out two supervillains in the process at the beginning of the film so that Luthor can escape and get help for their Earth which has been besieged by the villainous Crime Syndicate of America. Back at his lair, he is shown to have a monkey called Harley whom Lex sadly informs that \"the Jester is never coming back\".", "Superman : I'm not here to scare anyone. In fact, I always try to help people whenever possible.", "In the episode where Bart becomes a Catholic (The Father, the Son, and the Holy Guest Star) and there's a fight between churches to make him pick the \"right\" one he comes to the conclusion that the minor differences aren't important and that they should bond over the big similarities. A thousand years into the future, Bart is considered the last prophet of God and two factions are at war over whether Bart's teachings were about love and tolerance, or understanding and peace.", " In the South Park episode \"Krazy Kripples\", Grundy makes a cameo appearance as a member of a parody of the Legion of Doom, led by Christopher Reeve.", "Zod arrives in Earth's orbit and transmits a message across the world to every electronic device requesting Kal-El to be handed over. Clark sees this and visits the priest at the church who advises him on what he must do. Clark decides that he can't put humanity at risk.", "Animaniacs has Charon appear to help the Warner Brothers (and Sister) escape from Hell. And then he sings with them. No, really." ]	[ 4.20703125, 3.859375, -0.1339111328125, -2.158203125, -2.748046875, -3.349609375, -3.60546875, -3.669921875, -3.669921875, -4.05859375, -4.16796875, -4.34765625, -4.84765625, -4.89453125, -4.94140625, -5.16015625, -5.2265625, -5.72265625, -5.78515625, -5.91015625, -5.9140625, -5.96875, -6.08984375, -6.1640625, -6.1953125, -6.69921875, -7.44921875, -7.77734375, -7.8203125, -7.85546875, -8.1796875, -8.1875 ]
With which comic would you associate Beryl the Peril and Korky the Cat?	[ "Beryl the Peril (or simply Beryl) is a fictional character created by David Law, the creator of Dennis the Menace, for issue 1 of The Topper comic (dated 7 February 1953) published by DC Thomson & Co. Limited. Like Dennis, she had black and red apparel, and devilishly tormented her parents and other members of her community. Despite not having quite as many appearances as other DC Thomson characters such as Dennis the Menace or Desperate Dan, Beryl is still considered one of the classic characters which define the popularity of British comics.", "Korky the Cat is a fictional character in a comic strip in the UK comic The Dandy. It first appeared in issue 1, dated 4 December except for one issue, No. 294 (June 9, 1945) when Keyhole Kate was on the cover. In 1984, after 47 virtually continuous years, Korky was replaced on the front cover by Desperate Dan.", "The Dandy, which launched in 1937, has featured characters such as Bananaman, Korky the Cat, Cuddles and Dimples, and Beryl the Peril.", "Beryl the Peril first appeared in the first issue of The Topper in 1953. She was created to be a female equivalent to The Beano 's Dennis the Menace . Davey Law , her artist and creator, drew inspiration from his daughter, whom would often pull faces during her tantrums. [1] The strips were similar in concept to the Dennis the Menace ones in that she would cause chaos through menacing her neighbours, parents and school teachers. In 1958, Beryl was chosen as one of the few of D.C. Thomson's characters to earn an annual all to herself, consisting solely from reprints in past years.", "Beryl first appeared in the first issue of the Topper in 1953. She was drawn by Davey Law, the Dennis the Menace artist at the time. To start off with, you might think Beryl the Peril was just a female version of Dennis, but this wasn't really meant to be the case. If you read some of the early Beryl strips then it's clear that they're quite different. Beryl was clumsy more than anything else, and not really knowing how badly behaved she was being before it was too late- with Beryl around, you could guarantee that you weren't safe.", "Adult comic Viz parodied \"Korky the Cat\" in a strip entitled \" Korky the Twat \" as part of an on-going feud with Dandy publishers D.C. Thomson . Viz also parodied other popular D.C. Thomson strips, such as \" Desperately Unfunny Dan \", \" Arsehole Kate \", \" Roger the Lodger \" and \" The McBrowntrouts \".", "The Dandy was relaunched on October 27, 2010 with Phil Corbett taking over as the Korky artist. Corbett's Korky is squatter than previous incarnations of the cat with dark blue fur rather than black. The trademark red nose, green eyes and fluffy white belly remain the same.", "The Beezer and Topper was canceled in 1993, and Beryl joined The Dandy comic. To mark celebration with her joining the comic, Beryl shares the spotlight with Desperate Dan on the 1994 Dandy Annual.", "Although Beryl is often perceived as a troublemaker similar to Dennis the Menace and Minnie the Minx , her personality changed several times. In the David Law strips, she is quite mischievous but also fun-loving and rather clumsy, whereas she became a more malicious character after John Dallas took over. However, after Robert Nixon took over, she became a much less menacing character, while the stories in the Karl Dixon era largely focused on the relationship between Beryl and her Dad. In the Karl Dixon stories, she shows little respect to her father, often referring to him as 'Beak-Boy' due to his abnormally large nose.", "Selina Kyle, widely regarded as the first and most popular Catwoman, also known as The Cat, is a comic book character created by Bob Kane first appearing in Batman #1 Spring 1940. She is probably the most famous comic book heroine and villainess, having a variety of appearances in other media.", "The Cheshire Cat ( or) is a fictional cat popularised by Lewis Carroll in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and known for its distinctive mischievous grin. While most often celebrated in \"Alice\"-related contexts, the Cheshire Cat predates the 1865 novel and has transcended the context of literature and become enmeshed in popular culture, appearing in various forms of media, from political cartoons to television, as well as cross-disciplinary studies, from business to science. One of its distinguishing features is that from time to time its body disappears, the last thing visible being its iconic grin.", "Garfield is an American comic strip created by Jim Davis. Published since 1978, it chronicles the life of the title character, the cat Garfield, Jon, his owner, and Jon's dog, Odie. As of 2013, it was syndicated in roughly 2,580 newspapers and journals, and held the Guinness World Record for being the world's most widely syndicated comic strip. ", "Selina Kyle a.k.a. Catwoman is a fictional character associated with DC Comics' Batman franchise. Historically a supervillainess and often an antiheroine, the character was created by Bob Kane and Bill Finger, partially inspired by Kane's cousin, Ruth Steel, as well as actress Jean Harlow. The original and most widely known Catwoman, Selina Kyle, first appears in Batman #1 in which she is known as The Cat. She is usually depicted as an adversary of Batman, known for having a complex love-hate relationship with him. In her first appearance, she was a whip-carrying burglar with a taste for high-stake thefts. For many years Catwoman thrived, but from September 1954 to November 1966 she took an extended hiatus due to the newly developing Comics Code Authority in 1954. These issues involved the rules regarding the development and portrayal of female characters that were in violation of the Comics Code. Since the 1990s, Catwoman has been featured in an eponymous series that cast her as an antiheroine rather than a traditional villain. The character has been one of Batman's most enduring love interests.", "Calvin and Hobbes is a syndicated daily comic strip that was written and illustrated by American cartoonist Bill Watterson, and syndicated from November 18, 1985, to December 31, 1995. It follows the humorous antics of Calvin, a precocious and adventurous six-year-old boy, and Hobbes, his sardonic stuffed tiger. The pair are named after John Calvin, a 16th-century French Reformation theologian, and Thomas Hobbes, a 17th-century English political philosopher.", "Comic strips – stories told primarily in strip cartoon form, rather than as a written narrative with illustrations – emerged only slowly. Ally Sloper’s Half Holiday (1884) is reputed to be the first comic strip magazine to feature a recurring character, and the first British comic that would be recognised as such today. This strip cost one penny and was designed for adults. Ally, the recurring character, was a working class fellow who got up to various forms of mischief and often suffered for it.", "Garfield Arbuckle is the titular main protagonist of the comic strip series of the same name created by Jim Davis, as well as the Cartoon TV Show, the cartoon films, the CGI Films, Garfield and Friends and The Garfield Show , and the two live-action film adaptations: Garfield: The Movie and Garfield: A Tail of Two Kitties .", "* 1944 – The final page of the comic Krazy Kat is published, exactly two months after its author George Herriman died.", "Dennis the Menace, pictured above, is a comic strip which was first published in the United States on March 12, 1951. It features the protagonist, Dennis Mitchell, and his penchant for causing trouble in ways both hilarious and disconcerting — and often with his dog, Ruff. Dennis the Menace has been in production for the half-century since its debut, and the franchise has expanded well outside of just paper-and-ink comics. There was a live action television series and three different animated ones; a few Dennis the Menace movies; a video game; and even a playground/park . To those of us in the United States, the blond kid with the red overalls covering a striped shirt is a cultural icon.", "According to Bechdel, her strip was \"half op-ed column and half endless, serialized Victorian novel\". Characters reacted to contemporary events, including going to the Michigan Womyn's Festival, Gay Pride parades and protest marches, and having heated discussions about day-to-day events, political issues and the way lesbian culture was changing. The strip was one of the most successful and longest-running queer comic strips. It introduced the Bechdel test, a set of criteria for determining gender bias in works of entertainment, that has since found broad application.", "In 1992, following a financial reorganization of their comic strip holdings, Max Allan Collins was fired from the strip, and Tribune staff writer and columnist Mike Kilian took over the writing. Kilian was paid less than half of what Collins was making per strip[ citation needed ], but continued until his death on October 27, 2005. Locher was both author and artist for over three years, beginning on January 9, 2006. On March 16, 2009, Jim Brozman began collaborating with Locher, taking over the drawing duties while Locher continued to write the strip. [7]", "Dennis the Menace is a daily syndicated newspaper comic strip originally created, written, and illustrated by Hank Ketcham. It debuted on March 12, 1951, in 16 newspapers and was originally distributed by Post-Hall Syndicate. It is now written and drawn by Ketcham's former assistants, Marcus Hamilton and Ron Ferdinand, and distributed to at least 1,000 newspapers in 48 countries and in 19 languages by King Features Syndicate. The comic strip usually runs for a single panel on weekdays and a full strip on Sundays.", "* Walt Kelly's Pogo: The Complete Dell Comics (Hermes Press, 2013–2015) 3 volumes (reprints of pre-strip comic book stories)", "Mighty Mouse featured two recurring female leads. In the cartoon shorts, she was a mouse named Pearl Pureheart. In the comics in the 1950s and 1960s, the female lead was named Mitzi. His recurring arch-enemy is a villain cat named Oil Can Harry, who originated as a human in earlier Terrytoons as the enemy of Fanny Zilch.", "Here is a much-used treasure-house of cartoon strips formerly in a library. Its binding is taped and its corners well bumped. In the interior, some pages are starting to separate from the binding. A T of C at the beginning indicates thirty-seven fables on 11-89, followed by two pages containing a few glossary items for each fable. The cartoons are delightful and perceptive. Because the gorged, choking wolf cannot cry out, he hoists an SOS sign and gestures to a passing stork (12). Anouk exercises the cartoonist's craft well. Gestures are portrayed dramatically. The disgorging of the wolf's bone from his throat is like an explosion (13); the ant's bite of the dove-hunter's foot is dramatic (25); the hermit rat is ridiculously rotund, while the other rats are skin and bones (34-35); the crow about to seize a ram flies like a dive-bomber (60). This dramatic and even violent approach to the stories may reach its apex in \"Les deux coqs\" (68-69). The pot of clay ends up sporting several bandages (79). The phrases of the cartoon's texts are taken often verbatim from La Fontaine.", "In addition to being the main character in his own films, Figaro the catwas also given his very own comic strip in the 1970s called Figaro’s Feline Friends. You can see one of these cute comics HERE .", "Pixel, the feline companion of P.C. O'Data in the syndicated comic strip PC and Pixel by Thach Bui.", "Puss-in-Boots and the White Cat (Le chat botté et la chatte blanche ; Кот в сапогах и Белая кошечка)", "The artistic style and language employed by George Herriman (1880-1944) in his feature Krazy Kat stood out from that of almost every other cartoonist. His playful use of space, language, and gender captured the fancy of his publisher, William Randolph Hearst, who insisted that his papers carry Krazy Kat until its creator's death in 1944. Herriman manipulated space and employed syncopated language at a time when most cartoonists maintained the standard grid format and imitated popular slang. He drew this episode toward the end of his career and his audience, long familiar with Krazy's love of Ignatz and the mouse's brick, would have understood that the punch line was intended to force Ignatz to hurl it.", "Before there was Bart Simpson or Crayon Shinchan or Eric Cartman, there was Dennis the Menace, the five-year-old icon of childhood mischief. In this chronological collection of the long-running single panel strip, we see Dennis's skills with mud puddles, firecrackers, frogs and general mayhem developing at a splendid pace. Dennis the Menace stands out for both its chronicling of Baby Boom-generation society, and its highly sophisticated humor. Ketcham's grace and economy of both art and punch line are superb, telling a complete story with a single line of dialogue. For instance, in one panel, Dennis's long-suffering parents sit in a friend's parlor as she calls up the stairs. \"Bobby, you don't have to hide any more! They didn't bring Dennis! Bobby, can you hear Mother?\" As the strips in this volume come to a close, Ketcham is still introducing his major players-put-upon Mr. Wilson is only a small character, and female foils Margaret and Gina are still in their formative stages. As funny as the gags are, it's the art that captivates. As cartoonist Patrick McDonnell puts it in his intro, \"Each meticulously designed panel was a masterpiece of composition.\" This beautifully produced book will delight for years to come. (Sept.) Copyright 2005 Reed Business Information.", "Created by Peter Firman and Oliver Postgate, Bagpuss was an old, saggy cloth cat who lived in magical Lost & Found shop. The shop owner was a young girl called Emily, who left things she'd found in there for repair. Alongside Bagpuss was Professor Yaffle, Madeleine the ragdoll, Gabrielle the toad and the Mice on the Mechanical Mouse Organ.", "All This And Bevin Too (1943) Quentin Crisp, illustrated by Mervyn Peake , Mervyn Peake Society ISBN 0-9506125-0-2 . Parable, in verse, about an unemployed kangaroo.", "All This And Bevin Too (1943) Quentin Crisp, illustrated by Mervyn Peake , Mervyn Peake Society ISBN 0-9506125-0-2. Parable, in verse, about an unemployed kangaroo." ]	[ 7.3515625, 7.0703125, 3.595703125, 1.763671875, 0.70458984375, -0.051849365234375, -0.9970703125, -1.19140625, -1.69921875, -5.1640625, -5.55859375, -6.60546875, -6.796875, -7.00390625, -7.23828125, -7.33203125, -7.66015625, -7.7578125, -7.8828125, -7.91796875, -8.0703125, -8.1015625, -8.1953125, -8.359375, -8.4375, -8.828125, -9.28125, -9.4296875, -9.5546875, -9.5625, -9.75, -9.796875 ]

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.