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[ "1974 - What a night this was at the 46th Annual Academy Awards presentation at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles! Hosting the film industry celebration were John Huston, David Niven, Burt Reynolds, and Diana Ross. It was a banner year for 1973 flicks and the magnificent memories they created: Serpico, The Exorcist, Jonathan Livingston Seagull, The Day of the Jackal, American Graffiti, Papillon, Jesus Christ Superstar, Last Tango in Paris, Live and Let Die, Cinderella Liberty. And this list doesn�t even include The Best Picture of the Year, The Sting (producers: Tony Bill, Michael Phillips, Julia Phillips). The Sting won six additional Oscars: Director (George Roy Hill); Art Direction (Henry Bumstead)and Set Decoration (James Payne); Costume Design (Edith Head); Film Editing (William Reynolds); Scoring/Original Song Score/Adaptation: (Marvin Hamlisch); Writing/Original Story/Screenplay based on Factual Material or Material Not Previously Published or Produced (David S. Ward); plus three additional nominations. Nor does it include these Oscar winners: Best Actor: Jack Lemmon for Save the Tiger; Best Actress: Glenda Jackson for A Touch of Class; Best Supporting Actor: John Houseman for The Paper Chase; Best Supporting Actress: Tatum O�Neal for Paper Moon; and Best Music/Song: The Way We Were -- Marvin Hamlisch (music), Alan and Marilyn Bergman (lyrics) from the movie of the same title. And that�s the way it was in 1974.", "Coppola shot The Godfather Part II parallel to The Conversation and it was the last major American motion picture to be filmed in Technicolor. George Lucas commented on the film after its five-hour-long preview, telling Coppola: \"You have two films. Take one away, it doesn't work\", referring to the movie's portrayal of two parallel storylines; one of a young Vito Corleone and the other of his son Michael. In the director's commentary on the DVD edition of the film (released in 2002), Coppola states that this film was the first major motion picture to use \"Part II\" in its title. Paramount was initially opposed to his decision to name the movie The Godfather Part II. According to Coppola, the studio's objection stemmed from the belief that audiences would be reluctant to see a film with such a title, as the audience would supposedly believe that, having already seen The Godfather, there was little reason to see an addition to the original story. However, the success of The Godfather Part II began the Hollywood tradition of numbered sequels. The movie was released in 1974 and went on to receive tremendous critical acclaim, with many deeming it superior to its predecessor. It was nominated for 11 Academy Awards and received 6 Oscars, including 3 for Coppola: Best Picture, Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Director.", "The Godfather Part II (1974) - The only sequel to win a best picture Oscar. Yes, it's that good.", "De Niro (right) won a best supporting actor Oscar for his role in Francis Ford Coppola's 1974 follow up \" The Godfather: Part II ,\" playing the young Vito Corleone. It was also the first sequel to win best picture.", "Oscar winners of the decade were Patton (1970), The French Connection (1971), The Godfather (1972), The Sting (1973), The Godfather Part II (1974), One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest (1975), Rocky (1976), Annie Hall (1977), The Deer Hunter (1978), and Kramer vs. Kramer (1979).", "The Godfather, Part II (1974) - which won. [It should be noted that a second 'sequel' The Godfather, Part III (1990) was also nominated for Best Picture - and lost; similarly, the original 'sequel' The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002) was also nominated for Best Picture - and lost.]", "1974 - 'The Godfather Part II' | Al Pacino, center, stars in the first sequel to win the top prize.", "With that type of success, a sequel was sure to follow. A little over three years later, in 1974, “Airport ’75” was released. Again it featured a large ensemble cast, but this time they also secured the services of Charlton Heston. In it, a mid-air collision with a small passenger plane threatens the safety of a jumbo airliner. In order to add excitement (at the expense of realism), a substitute pilot is airlifted onto the damaged 747 mid-flight.", "It was the first R-rated movie to win the Academy Award for Best Picture since the introduction of the MPAA film rating system.Midnight Cowboy won Best Picture Oscar with an X rating. It also won Academy Awards for Best Actor (Hackman), Best Director (Friedkin), Best Film Editing, and Best Adapted Screenplay (Tidyman). It was nominated for Best Supporting Actor (Scheider), Best Cinematography and Best Sound Mixing. Tidyman also received a Golden Globe Award nomination, a Writers Guild of America Award and an Edgar Award for his screenplay. A sequel, French Connection II, followed in 1975 with Gene Hackman and Fernando Rey reprising their roles.", "Nominated for six Academy Awards, the film won two; James Stewart for Best Actor and Donald Ogden Stewart for Best Adapted Screenplay. It was remade in 1956 as a musical, retitled High Society.", "The film won six additional Academy Awards, for Best Picture, Best Director, Best Original Screenplay, Best Film Editing, Best Sound (Douglas Williams, Don Bassman), and Best Art Direction (Urie McCleary, Gil Parrondo, Antonio Mateos, Pierre-Louis Thévenet). The Best Picture Oscar is on display at the George C. Marshall Museum at the Virginia Military Institute, courtesy of Frank McCarthy.", "14. Only three films have won all of the \"Big Five\" Academy Award categories: \"It Happened One Night\" (1934), \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\" (1975), and \"The Silence of the Lambs\" (1991). The \"Big Five\" categories are: Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, and Best Screenplay (either adapted or original).", "MGM star Spencer Tracy won consecutive Best Actor Oscars in the late 30s for his appearances in Captains Courageous (1937) and Boys Town (1938) - this wouldn't happen again until Tom Hanks won back-to-back Oscars in the 90s for Philadelphia (1993) and Forrest Gump (1994)", "1976 - �And the Oscar goes to...� One Flew Over the Cuckoo�s Nest (Saul Zaentz, Michael Douglas, producers) selected as the Best Picture of 1975. The Academy Awards were spotlighted -- for the 48th time -- at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles. Hosts for the gala gala were Goldie Hawn, Gene Kelly, Walter Matthau, George Segal and Robert Shaw. One Flew Over the Cuckoo�s Nest also scored the Best Director prize for Milos Forman, the Best Actor honor for Jack Nicholson and the Best Actress Oscar for Louise Fletcher, plus the Oscars for Best Writing to Bo Goldman and Lawrence Hauben. The Best Supporting Actor nod went to eighty-year-old George Burns for The Sunshine Boys and Best Supporting Actress was Lee Grant in Shampoo. The Best Music/Song winner was Keith Carradine for I�m Easy from Nashville. Other favorite winning and nominated flicks from the year 1975 include: Dog Day Afternoon which won the Oscar for Best Writing/Original Screenplay (Frank Pierson); Jaws which was awarded gold statuettes for Best Sound (Robert L. Hoyt, Roger Heman, Earl Mabery, John R. Carter), Best Film Editing (Verna Fields); and Best Music/Original Score (John Williams); The Day of the Locust; Funny Lady; and Tommy.", "The film was a critical success, earning a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Picture, and was the highest-grossing film released in 1974. The film was nominated for eight Oscars in all, winning three.", "\"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest,\" the second film to win the Big Five Academy Awards®, was produced by Michael Douglas and Saul Zaentz for Fantasy Films and distributed by United Artists. The film was nominated for four additional Oscars®: Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Brad Dourif), Best Cinematography (Haskel Wexler and Bill Butler), Best Film Editing (Richard Chew, Lynzee Klingman, and Sheldon Kahn), and Best Music, Original Score (Jack Nitzsche).", "If you enjoyed this film you might want to check out Hill's later teaming of Newman and Redford in \"The Sting\" which earned him an Academy Award for best director in 1973.", "Then came The Getaway during which he met future wife Ali MacGraw. He worked for director Sam Peckinpah again with the leading role in Junior Bonner in 1972, a story of an aging rodeo rider. He followed this with a physically demanding role as a Devil's Island prisoner in 1973's Papillon featuring Dustin Hoffman as his character's tragic sidekick.", "The film went on to win the \"Big Five\" Academy Awards at the 48th Oscar ceremony. These include the Best Actor for Jack Nicholson, Best Actress for Louise Fletcher, Best Direction for Forman, Best Picture, and Best Adapted Screenplay for Laurence Hauben and Bo Goldman. The film currently has a 95% \"Certified Fresh\" rating at Rotten Tomatoes with an average rating of 8.9/10. Its consensus states \"The onscreen battle between Jack Nicholson and Louise Fletcher serves as a personal microcosm of the culture wars of the 1970s -- and testament to the director's vision that the film retains its power more than three decades later.\"", "Director Cecil B. DeMille didn't shy away from large-scale set pieces, over-populated crowds, and giant film productions. In 1956, he returned to his original 1923 silent epic The Ten Commandments with the intent of making a bigger and grander version. The Ten Commandments remake featured heavyweight actors including Charlton Heston, Yul Brynner, Anne Baxter, and Edward G. Robinson, but also took advantage of new filmmaking technology such as eye-popping Technicolor, sizzling sound, and award-winning special effects.", "This 1974 American crime film, starring Clint Eastwood, earned Jeff his second nomination for Best Supporting Actor.", "Columbia Pictures, 1974.  Director Ronald Neame.  Jon Voight, Mary Tamm, Maximilian Schell, and a host of international talent from the seventies.  Based on the original novel The Odessa File by Frederick Forsyth, first published in 1972.", "THE MOVIE: 1974, directed by Fred Haines and starring Max von Sydow, Dominique Sanda, and Pierre Clementi.", "This 1975 Best Picture Oscar winning film was directed by Milos Forman, produced by Michael Douglas, and based on the hugely popular 1962 novel of the same name by Ken Kesey. It was shot at Oregon State Hospital in Salem, Oregon, the exact same location as in the book. The one major change from page to screen was in the point of view of the story. Whereas the book is told from the perspective of the character Chief, the movie omits his narration and instead uses a more straightforward manner to tell Randle Patrick McMurphy's story. For years Kirk Douglas had owned the movie rights to the novel and had even starred in the 1963 stage adaptation on Broadway.", "It showed the devastating results of the accidental drowning of the older son on the upper-middle class suburban Jarrett family (led by parents Mary Tyler Moore and Donald Sutherland), and in particular, the tragedy's effects on the remaining suicidal and tormented grief-stricken son (Timothy Hutton), even with the aid of a psychiatrist (Judd Hirsch). The film's unsentimental story was adapted from Judith Guest's highly-regarded 1976 novel by Alvin Sargent. It was the last Best Picture winner without a Film Editing nomination.", "8. Which sequel to a 1971 Oscar winning film set in New York, sees its hero, Popeye Doyle, travel to Marseilles to catch the drug smuggler that eluded him in the original?", "Breaking racial barriers, Sidney Poitier plays a talented detective waylaid in a small, southern town in this 1967 film. The movie won five Oscars including Best Picture.", "A remake starring Robert Mitchum as Philip Marlowe was released in 1978. This was the second movie in three years featuring Mitchum as Marlowe. Many have noted that while it was more faithful to the novel, due to lack of restrictions on what could be portrayed on screen, it was far less successful than the original 1946 version with Bogart and Bacall.", "The original 1976 film, which starred Gregory Peck, spawned three sequels, as well as a remake in 2006.", "As the 70s drew to a close (an era when the actor believed her options were limited because of her political views), Fonda won her second Oscar for a film that was closely tied to her stance on Vietnam. In a drama she developed herself, she played a woman who starts an affair with a paralysed veteran while her husband is away at war. Fonda gives a deeply felt and restrained turn, refusing to present her performance or the film as anything resembling a lecture.", "This 1973 film won seven Oscars including Best Picture and stars Paul Newman and Robert Redford.", "Several others have won Oscars for Best Director while simultaneously nominated for Best Actor for the same film:" ]

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[ "Be afraid, be very afraid: David Cronenberg's 1986 horror flick, \"The Fly,\" has undergone a bizarre metamorphosis. It's now an opera.", "You'll be thinking of David Cronenberg's 1986 remake of 'The Fly', starring Jeff Goldblum and Geena Davis. Perhaps more notable however, is the unimaginative building on that strapline for 'The Fly II' - \"Be very very afraid.\"", "This phrase originated in the 1986 horror film The Fly, written by the Canadian David Cronenberg and starring Jeff Goldblum (as Seth Brundle) and Geena Davis (as Veronica Quaife). The shortened expression 'be very afraid' was already in use in the USA prior to 1986; for example, it was used in the television series All My Children in 1970.", "For what it's worth, the words \"Be afraid, be very afraid\" are also used for Mel Smith's 1997 film Bean, but somehow I don't suspect this is the film you were thinking of.", "In 2008, the American Film Institute distributed ballots to 1,500 directors, critics and other people associated with the film industry in order to determine the top ten American films in ten different genre categories. Cronenberg's version of The Fly was nominated under the science fiction category, although it did not make the top ten. It was also nominated for AFI's 100 Years... 100 Thrills and AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions and Veronica's warning to Tawny in the film—\"Be afraid. Be very afraid.\"—was nominated for AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movie Quotes. ", "While the proverb is used in several examples of popular media, from James Joyce's short story \"Araby\" to Jack Kerouac's Big Sur to the 1957 movie The Bridge on the River Kwai, the most famous use appears in the 1980 horror movie The Shining, directed by Stanley Kubrick, in which the main character, Jack (played by Jack Nicholson), is found to have abandoned his latest novel in favor of typing this sentence over and over onto reams of paper. Kubrick's addition of a psychotic edge to the proverb has had some effect on popular culture, inspiring several other works to include a direct homage to the scene. ", "In which movie trailer does the phrase \"Be Afraid Be Very Afraid.\" appear in? | Notes and Queries | guardian.co.uk", "A few holdover titles produced during the Golden Age were released during the genre's decline, largely due to the success of the home video market providing an outlet that the films' producers felt would generate money. Too Scared to Scream (1985) was originally filmed in 1982 but finally found distribution from Vestron Video. The Mutilator (1985) was filmed in the early 1980s, only to be released on video by Ocean King Releasing in the mid-80s. William Fruet's follow-up to Funeral Home (1980), Killer Party (1986), suffered major production problems; it was filmed partially in 1978 and not completed until 1984, then not released until 1986 when it received limited distribution from MGM. The campy Mountaintop Motel Massacre (1986) was filmed in 1983 and picked up for distribution from New World Pictures years later.", "As the years go by, the film continues to seep into our pop culture, mostly thanks to Margo’s “fasten your seatbelts” line. Anthony Hopkins has his ventriloquist dummy say the line in Richard Attenborough’s Magic (1978); Robin Williams says it both as Mork in Mork & Mindy (1979) and as the voice of Batty in FernGully: The Last Rainforest (1992); the shrunken head quotes it in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004); and Jesse Eisenberg says it in Zombieland (2009).", "143 minutes, colour, 1.85:1. Directed, produced, and co-written by Stanley Kubrick. A horror film starring Jack Nicholson and Shelley Duvall, in which the caretaker of a haunted hotel attacks his wife and son with an axe. Using the new SteadiCam to its fullest potential, Kubrick's cameras prowl menacingly around literal and metaphorical mazes, and Nicholson gives a characteristically manic performance as Jack. The voice of Charley, the radio weather announcer, was played by Kubrick himself; Kubrick's reflection is visible in an office window in the opening scene; and (like Alfred Hitchcock in Psycho) Kubrick wielded the knife himself when it was used to slash Nicholson's hand. His daughter, Vivian, directed a behind-the-scenes documentary titled", "Revenge (US, 1986), with Patrick Wayne, John Carradine, Benie Lee McGowan.  Directed by Christopher Lewis.  Devil cult in Tulsa, Oklahoma.", "A Nightmare on Elm Street is a 1984 American horror film directed and written by Wes Craven . The film features John Saxon, Heather Langenkamp, Ronee Blakley, Amanda Wyss, Jsu Garcia, Robert Englund, and Johnny Depp (his feature film debut). Set in the fictional Midwestern town of Springwood, Ohio, the plot revolves around several teenagers being terrorized in their nightmares by the ghost of a child murderer named Freddy Krueger .", "The film was released on August 2, 1985, and grossed $24.9 million at the box office. Over the years, the film gained more reappraisal by critics and has since gained a cult following. The film was followed by a sequel, Fright Night II in 1988, and a remake in 2011, which was in turn followed by Fright Night 2: New Blood in 2013.", "Joe Dante From the director of Gremlins and Piranha comes the ultimate masterpiece of primal terror. Filled with edge-of-your-seat suspense, \"genuine thrills [and] amazing special effects\" (Us), this riveting werewolf tale sinks its teeth into your deepest fears and never lets go! Severely traumatized by a near-fatal encounter with a serial killer, TV newscaster Karen White (Dee Wallace) takes time off at a secluded retreat called \"the Colony.\" But when, after nights of being tormented by bestial, bloodcurdling cries, Karen ventures into the woods seeking answers, she makes a terrifying discovery. Now she must fight not only for her life but for her soul!", "What makes \"Psycho\" immortal, when so many films are already half-forgotten as we leave the theater, is that it connects directly with our fears: Our fears that we might impulsively commit a crime, our fears of the police, our fears of becoming the victim of a madman, and of course our fears of disappointing our mothers.", "The film contains a cautionary message from the aliens. The earliest use of this concept in film was probably in The Day the Earth Stood Still (1951), and it had since seen frequent use in science fiction films. The idea was that the self-destructive behavior of humanity was the real threat, not any external source of danger.", "The Thing (also known as John Carpenter's The Thing) is a 1982 American science fiction horror film directed by John Carpenter, written by Bill Lancaster, and starring Kurt Russell. The film's title refers to its primary antagonist: a parasitic extraterrestrial lifeform that assimilates other organisms and in turn imitates them. The Thing infiltrates an Antarctic research station, taking the appearance of the researchers that it absorbs, and paranoia develops within the group.", "The film's premise is the question of where the line between dreams and reality lies. The villain, Freddy Krueger, thus exists in the \"dream world\" yet can kill in the \"real world\". Sequels to the original would continue to blur the distinction between dream and reality before finally challenging the line between art and reality by showing Heather Langenkamp, playing a fictionalized version of herself, haunted by the villain of a series of films she has starred in. Critics encouraged and praised the film's ability to rupture \"the boundaries between the imaginary and real\", [5] toying with audience perceptions. [6] Some movie historians interpreted this overriding theme as a social subtext, \"the struggles of adolescents in American society\", [7] and their overwhelming need to confront \"the harsh realities of life\". [8]", "Todd Haynes' 1995 film Safe has been described as a \"horror movie of the soul\". The film is an eerily detached study of biological paranoia and seems to be asking how one's social identity is linked to the environment surrounding the individual. Carol White, a suburban housewife who seems to have it all, is stricken with a mysterious illness that may be linked to the environment. Haynes' pace is slow and somewhat detached, mirroring his heroine's growing alienation from those around her. When the action shifts midway to a New Age desert compound that represents Carol's last hope of restoring her health, the filmmaker's distancing techniques begin to pay off in volatile, eccentric satire. Roger Ebert called Safe \"the best film of the decade\" and whether you agree or not, you will definitely be talking about this film for days to come.", "Tony Todd is terrifying as the Candyman, a ghoulish figure who is tormenting the residents of a dangerous Chicago housing project. Helen (Virginia Madsen) is researching urban legends for her thesis when she starts investigating rumors of the hook-handed man and goes into the projects to see for herself. Sure, it's a horror movie about an urban legend, but it's based on a short story by horror maestro Clive Barker, an expert at making people want to pee their pants. The bees, the bees! - Jenni Miller", "Made at a time when Aids was coming to public attention and the prospect of environmental Armageddon had become a topic in classrooms, the film seemed to tap into deep-seated fears.", "Ghoulies (US, 1985), with Peter Liapis, Lisa Pelikan, Michael Des Barres, Jack Nance. Directed by Luca Bercovici.", "Fear No Evil (US, 1981), with Stefan Arngrim, Elizabeth Hoffman, Kathleen Rowe McAllen, Frank Birney. Directed by Frank Laloggia.", "tagline “On the other side of drinks, dinner and a one night stand, lies a terrifying love story.” release date 19 September 1987", "The film at this point is teaching the child to stay in the framework of the programming for safety. To go outside of the programming is terror. The child is learning to fear the godlike demonic guardians.", "The film opens with the words read by Stanley Jones: \"On the twenty-third day of the month of September, in an early year of a decade not too long before our own, the human race suddenly encountered a deadly threat to its very existence. And this terrifying enemy surfaced, as such enemies often do, in the seemingly most innocent and unlikely of places...\"", "Scary Movie begins with a woman running away from the killer. She reaches a sign which points in two directions, one \"Safety\", the other \"Death\". Guess which one she picks.", "Meanwhile, childhood, in both movies, is a realm of fears -- fears not just of monsters in the closet, but of real-life terrors like parental abandonment, being singled out as different, or puberty. Parents, if present, can help only so much; they can assuage those fears a bit but can't banish them altogether.", "Before 1975, most humans’ animal phobias came primarily from snakes and spiders. That all changed when the film", "In the commentary during the restroom scene, when Lisa revealed that she had been raped, Wes Craven notes, \"He looks jealous.\" He sounded sort of creeped out as he said it. Let me repeat: Wes Craven was creeped out. That's Cillian Murphy for you.", "The 2003 remake of the movie strayed a bit from the Gein inspirations, but it still featured creepy things made from humans. Gein wasn’t much of a murderer anyway, he was more of a grave-robber – doesn’t make him any less terrifying!", "I was as afraid as the next man in my time and maybe more so. But with the years, fear had come to be regarded as a form of stupidity to be classed with overdrafts, acquiring a venereal disease or eating candies. Fear is a child's vice and while I loved to feel it approach, as one does with any vice, it was not for grown men and the only thing to be afraid of was the presence of true and imminent danger in a form that you should be aware of and not be a fool if you were responsible for others." ]

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[ "Aladdin is a centuries-old Arabic folk tale that got the animated Disney treatment in 1992 in a film featuring Robin Williams as the voice of the blue-skinned Genie.", "Aladdin is a 1992 American animated musical fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures. Aladdin is the 31st animated feature in the Walt Disney Animated Classics series, and was part of the Disney film era known as the Disney Renaissance. The film was directed by John Musker and Ron Clements, and is based on the Arab-style folktale Aladdin and the Magic Lamp from One Thousand and One Nights. The voice cast features Scott Weinger, Robin Williams, Linda Larkin, Jonathan Freeman, Frank Welker, Gilbert Gottfried, and Douglas Seale.", "Based on an Arabic folk tale, Disney’s 1992 animated feature Aladdin followed a street urchin who picks up a lamp containing a friendly Genie (famously voiced by Robin Williams) with the power to grant wishes. With the Genie’s help he wins the heart of Princess Jasmine, and he uses his final wish to set the Genie free.", "Aladdin (US, animated, 1992), with Voices of Scott Weinger, Robin Williams, Linda Larkin, Jonathan Freeman. Directed by John Musker. ", "   The fun is mostly provided by James Monroe Iglehart as the hyperactive genie, who grants Aladdin’s three wishes while reeling off contemporary pop culture references. In the film, Robin Williams voiced this magical maniac, and the animators had a field day transforming his image into thousands of different likenesses of the celebrities Williams impersonated. Iglehart, a burly guy with the infectious spirit of Fats Waller, comes close as any flesh-and-blood performer can to re-creating these zany cartoon antics. The shenanigans reach their zenith in Act 1 near-finale “Friend Like Me,” in which the genie displays his awesome powers along with Bob Crawley’s dazzling sets and Gregg Barnes’s fabulous costumes. Director-choreographer Casey Nicholaw pulls out all the stops as Iglehart and a hardworking chorus parody game shows, reality TV, and previous Disney shows with wild glee. At the preview performance attended, the number earned a prolonged ovation with several fans standing.", "Aladdin is based on a tale from the Arabian Nights, and included, most notably, the voice of Robin Williams as the genie.", "As the blue skinned Genie in Aladdin, Williams not only entertained but set a precedent in voice acting that would go on to influence future animated classics such as Toy Story, Finding Nemo and a tonne of others. In short, Robin Williams as the Genie is a thing of immeasurable influence.", "Vocal doubles were used for the singing voices of the three major characters--Brad Kane for Scott Weinger (Aladdin), Lea Salonga for Linda Larkin (Jasmine), and Bruce Adler for Robin Williams (The Merchant), although Williams did do his own singing voice for the Genie.", "Vocal doubles were used for the singing voices of the three major characters—Brad Kane for Scott Weinger (Aladdin), Lea Salonga for Linda Larkin (Jasmine), and Bruce Adler for Robin Williams (The Merchant), although Williams did do his own singing voice for the Genie.", "The successful casting of American actor and comedian Robin Williams as the Genie inspired the studio to recruit other similarly talented voice actors who were capable of matching his pace. The filmmakers had originally envisioned the princess' voice as similar to that of American actress Lauren Bacall. Jasmine is voiced by American actress Linda Larkin; the role was only one of several auditions Larkin had scheduled for the week in which she auditioned for Aladdin, and originally underestimated the scope of the project, joking, \"I thought it was going to be something like Duck Tales (sic)\". Initially presented with only a few pages of the screenplay, Larkin was particularly drawn to Jasmine's \"spirit of activism”, in addition to the ways in which the character was both similar to and different from previous Disney heroines. ", "Robin Williams , the voice of the Genie, also voiced the Merchant. This is because the Merchant was originally supposed to return at the end, revealing that he himself was at one time the Genie but had transformed into a human, but this was changed and the Merchant reappeared during the ending of Aladdin and the King of Thieves .", "Vocal doubles were used for the singing voices of the three major characters--Brad Kane for Scott Weinger (Aladdin),Lea Salonga for Linda Larkin (Jasmine), and Bruce Adler for Robin Williams (The Merchant), although Williams did do his own singing voice for the Genie.", "Princess Jasmine is a fictional character in Disney's 1992 animated feature film Aladdin. She subsequently appears in the film's two direct-to-video sequels, The Return of Jafar (1994) and Aladdin and the King of Thieves (1996), and in the animated television series based on the film. In the first film, Jasmine's speaking voice is provided by American actress Linda Larkin, who also voices the character in the sequels and television series, while her singing voice is provided by Filipina-American singer and actress Lea Salonga.", "\"Prince Ali\" is another flamboyant number sung by the Genie ( Robin Williams ) as he introduces Agrabah to Aladdin's royal alter ego, Prince Ali Ababwa with a giant caravan. During the song, Robin Williams imitates a Thanksgiving Parade commenter (\"Don't they look lovely, June?\"), Walter Brennan, and Ethel Merman . The film version cut a conceived intro for the song and two extra verses in the middle.", "The critical success of Good Morning, Vietnam was followed by a voice role as the Genie in Disney’s cartoon Aladdin (1992), in which left in the studio with a microphone Williams spun off into imitations of everyone from Robert De Niro and Jack Nicholson to Carol Channing. Disney ended up with 30 hours of his improvisations, to which the animation was adapted later to synch with his voice-over. What started as a small cameo role eventually stole the show and helped make Aladdin the biggest earner in Disney’s history. By the time of Mrs Doubtfire in 1993 Williams was one of the biggest box office draws in the world.", "Princess Jasmine is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Pictures' 31st animated feature film Aladdin (1992). Voiced by American actress Linda Larkin – with a singing voice provided by Filipina singer Lea Salonga on her behalf – Jasmine is the spirited Princess of Agrabah who has grown weary of being confined to palace life and regulations. Despite an age-old law that requires the princess to marry a prince in time for her next birthday, Jasmine wishes to marry someone she loves for who he is as opposed to what he owns.", "Voice actors included Robin Williams as the Genie . Although this was not the first time in which a major actor provided voice-over work for an animated film, it was the first major American animated feature film in which particular attention was paid to a celebrity cast member - such as a major movie star - in the film as part of its promotion. This action by Disney caused an argument between them and Williams, as Williams agreed to be paid a smaller sum if his name and fame were not used to directly promote the film. This has led to a subsequent increased attention to the casts of later productions, such as Toy Story and Shrek, as a major element of animated film marketing.", "Jasmine is the main female protagonist of Aladdin , its two sequels, and the television series. Linda Larkin provides Jasmine's voice in all animated iterations of Aladdin, Lea Solanga provides the singing voice for Jasmine in the original Aladdin, Liz Callaway provides the singing voice for Jasmine in the sequels. Jasmine is the daughter (and only child) of the Sultan of Agrabah, the traditional title styled \"Shahzadi Sultana\" (Princess). When she marries Aladdin , a commoner (the son of the self-styled \"King of Thieves\" notwithstanding), he gains the title Prince Consort. Upon the death or abdication of her father in favor of Aladdin (as was stated to be the Sultan's wish), Aladdin would become the Sultan of Agrabah and Jasmine would acquire the title of Sultana. She is the first princess to not be the titular character in her film and is the first non-white and the first Middle Eastern/southwest Asian princess.", "Princess Jasmine (الأميرة ياسمين) is the deuteragonist of Disney's 1992 animated feature Aladdin , its two sequels and animated TV series .", "* Gilbert Gottfried (Iago in Aladdin and its TV series, the AFLAC duck, the talking snake in What a Girl Wants, Digit and Widgit in Cyberchase)", "It was produced and directed by Ron Clements  and  John Musker . The original songs were written by Alan Menken  &  Howard Ashman  and Menken &  Tim Rice after Ashman's death. Menken received the 1992 Academy Award for Original Music Score of Aladdin. The main soundtrack song \" A Whole New World \" (sung in the closing credits by Peabo Bryson & Regina Belle) won a Grammy Award as well as the Academy Award for Best Song in 1992.", "Aladdin - Hero with a Thousand Feathers and Heads You Lose (1994) TV episodes (voice) - Caliph Kapok/Amok Mon-Ra", "38..In Aladdin, another actor was suggested to do the voice of the parrot Iago, who was it??", "John Musker, Ron Clements Soar away on a magic carpet ride of nonstop thrills and fun in the most spectacular adventure of all time! Now meticulously restored and enhanced experience the wonders of ALADDIN like never before, from the Academy Award(R)-winning music (Best Original Song, Best Original Score, 1992) to the unforgettable moments of sidesplitting comedy and soaring adventure. In the heart of an enchanted city, a commoner named Aladdin and his mischievous monkey, Abu, battle to save the free-spirited Princess Jasmine. Aladdin's whole life changes with one rub of a magic lamp as a fun-loving, shape-shifting Genie appears and grants him three wishes, setting him on an incredible journey of discovery. Through his adventures, Aladdin proves that he is a prince where it truly matters most on the inside!", "At the end of Aladdin and the King of Thieves , Genie is seen exiting the mouth of the giant turtle on a small boat similar to Steamboat Willie, with Genie himself appearing as Mickey whistling \"Turkey In The Straw\".", "Aladdin was released on November 25, 1992 and was the most successful film of 1992, earning over $217 million in revenue in the United States, and over $504 million worldwide. The film also won many awards, most of them for its soundtrack. The film is considered by many as the best film that came out during the Disney Renaissance. success led to other material inspired by the film, including two direct-to-video sequels, The Return of Jafar and Aladdin and the King of Thieves, an animated television series of the same name, toys, video games, spin-offs, including a live-action remake about the genie titled Genies, Disney merchandise, and a Broadway adaptation that debuted in 2014.", "Arabian Knight (a.k.a., “The Thief and the Cobbler”, US, animated, 1995), with voices of Vincent Price, Matthew Broderick, Jennifer Beals, Eric Bogosian. Directed by Richard Williams. ", "In 1998, Osmond was chosen to be the singing voice of Shang in Disney's Mulan. He sang \"I'll Make a Man Out of You\".", "Discusses the attraction of the Aladdin story to filmmakers and its representation of Arabs, with particular reference to the 1992 Disney production.", "\"Aladdin.\" (movie reviews) The New York Times Nov 11, 1992 v142 pB1(N) pC15(L) col 3 (26 col in)", " 1992 Newsies (performer: \"CARRYING THE BANNER\", \"SANTA FE\", \"THE WORLD WILL KNOW\", \"KING OF NEW YORK\", \"SANTA FE (REPRISE)\", \"ONCE AND FOR ALL\")", "The genie's appearance is similar to that of the genie in the 1940 movie The Thief of Bagdad . This film also featured an evil vizier named Jafar, and a (human) sidekick to the main character named Abu." ]

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[ "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang is a 1968 musical film with a script by Roald Dahl and Ken Hughes, and songs by the Sherman Brothers, loosely based on Ian Fleming’s novel Chitty Chitty Bang Bang: The Magical Car.[1] It starred Dick Van Dyke as Caractacus Potts and Sally Ann Howes as Truly Scrumptious. The film was directed by Ken Hughes and produced by Albert R. Broccoli (co-producer of the James Bond series of films, also based on Fleming’s novels). Irwin Kostal supervised and conducted the music, and the musical numbers were staged by Marc Breaux and Dee Dee Wood.[2]", "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang is a 1968 feature film with a script by Roald Dahl and Ken Hughes, and songs by the Sherman Brothers, based on Ian Fleming's novel Chitty Chitty Bang Bang: The Magical Car. It starred Dick Van Dyke as Caractacus Potts and Sally Ann Howes as Truly Scrumptious. The film was directed by Ken Hughes and produced by Albert R. Broccoli (co-producer of the James Bond series of films, also based on Fleming's novels). Irwin Kostal supervised and conducted the music, and the musical numbers were staged by Marc Breaux and Dee Dee Wood.", "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang is a 1968 British musical film based on Ian Fleming's novel Chitty-Chitty-Bang-Bang: The Magical Car. The film's script is by Roald Dahl and Ken Hughes and its songs by the Sherman Brothers. The song \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\" was nominated for an Academy Award. The film stars Dick Van Dyke as Caractacus Potts, Sally Ann Howes as Truly Scrumptious, Lionel Jeffries as Grandpa Potts, James Robertson Justice as Lord Scrumptious and Robert Helpmann as the Childcatcher. The film was directed by Ken Hughes and produced by Albert R. Broccoli (co-producer of the James Bond series of films, also based on Fleming's novels).", "The 1968 Chitty movie has notable changes from Fleming’s book. There’s a different ending, a kidnapper called the Child Catcher and Truly Scrumptious, a hottie love interest for Van Dyke’s widowed, nutty inventor, Commander Caractacus Potts. The family’s name was \"Pott\" in Fleming’s book, which includes a wife for Caractacus and mother for their 8-year-old twins.", "A film loosely based on the novel was made in 1968, with a screenplay written by Roald Dahl and Ken Hughes. It was produced by Albert R. \"Cubby\" Broccoli, who had made five James Bond films previously. The film starred Dick Van Dyke as Caractacus Potts and Sally Ann Howes as Truly Scrumptious, an additional character who was not in Fleming's novel. Two actors from the Bond franchise were involved in the film: Desmond Llewelyn and Gert Fröbe, who played the parts of scrap-dealer Coggins and Baron Bomberst, respectively. A novelisation of the film was published by Pan Books in 1968, written by author John Burke. ", " 1968 Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (performer: \"You Two\", \"Toot Sweets\", \"Hushabye Mountain\", \"Me Ol' Bamboo\", \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\", \"Doll On a Music Box/Truly Scrumptious\" - uncredited)", "It stars Dick Van Dyke as Caractacus Potts and Sally Ann Howes as Truly Scrumptious . The film was directed by Ken Hughes and produced by Albert R. Broccoli (co-producer of the James Bond series of films , also based on Fleming's novels). John Stears supervised the special effects. Irwin Kostal supervised and conducted the music, while the musical numbers were staged by Marc Breaux and Dee Dee Wood .", "In the film the character is portrayed by Sally Ann Howes, after it was declined by Julie Andrews. Truly Scrumptious develops a romantic relationship with the widower Caractacus Potts (played by Dick Van Dyke). The character does not appear in the original book, in which Caractacus is married to Mimsie Pott (the surname as spelled in the book). The filmmakers felt that a budding romantic relationship would serve the film better than the marriage shown in the book, and so Caractacus was portrayed as a widower.", "While truant from school, young siblings Jeremy and Jemima meet the beautiful Truly Scrumptious (Sally Ann Howes), who falls for their widowed father, Caractacus Potts (Dick Van Dyke), and his various oddball inventions, including the family's noisy rebuilt car, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang. One day at the beach, Caractacus tells Truly and the children a fanciful fable about the villainous Baron Bomburst (Gert Frobe) and his evil designs on the Potts family car.", "Truly Scrumptious (1969) This doll, based on Sally Anne Howes' character from the movie Chitty Chitty Bang Bang , was made from the Francie face sculpt, but used the Barbie body. There was a Talking Truly Scrumptious doll, as well as a basic version known as Standard Truly Scrumptious to collectors.", "In the book, Caractacus Potts was married. In the movie he is a widower and the character \"Truly Scrumptious\" is created to be his love interest.", "Michael Ball is fine as Caractacus, Brian Blessed plays Bomblast aka Prince Vultan of course, Nicola McAuliffe is great as Baroness Bomblast but real stars of the show are newcomer Emma Williams as Truely Scrumptious who's Doll on a Music Box is as jaw-droppingly good as Sally Ann Howes film version and the marvellouse Anton Rogers who plays Lionel Jeffries grandpa Potts to a tee. The children (Jemima and Jeremy) on the night we saw the show were Kimberley Fletcher and Harry Smith were also a real delight.", "Cast: Raúl Esparza (Caractacus Potts), Erin Dilly (Truly Scrumptious), Philip Bosco{Grandpa Potts}, Marc Kudisch (Baron Bomburst), Jan Maxwell (Baroness Bomburst), Chip Zien (Goran), Robert Sella (Boris), Kevin Cahoon (Childcatcher), Frank Raiter (Toymaker), Henry Hodges (Jeremy Potts), Ellen Marlow (Jemima Potts), JB Adams (Chicken Farmer/Inventor), Dirk Lumbard (Phillips/Coggins/Inventor), Ken Kantor (Lord Scrumptious), Kurt Von Schmittou (Sid/Inventor), Robyn Hurder (Violet), Michael Herwitz (Toby), Robert Creighton, Rick FaugnoWilliam Ryall (Inventors).", "One day, Caractacus discovers that the sweets produced by a machine he has invented can be played like a flute. He tries to sell the \"Toot Sweets\" to Truly's father, Lord Scrumptious (James Robertson Justice), a major confectionery manufacturer. He is almost successful until the whistle attracts a pack of dogs responding to the whistle who overrun the factory, resulting in Caractacus getting fired. He takes his automatic hair-cutting machine to a carnival to raise money, but his invention accidentally ruins the hair of a large, angry customer. He eludes the man by joining a song-and-dance act, accidentally stealing the show; he earns enough in tips to buy the car. Potts rebuilds the car in his own eccentric way, using such materials as an old boat hull and a chimney breast. He nicknames the car \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\" for the noises its engine makes. In the first trip in the car, Potts, the children, and Truly go for a picnic on the beach, where Truly becomes very fond of the Potts family and vice versa. Caractacus tells them a tale about nasty Baron Bomburst (Gert Fröbe), the tyrant of fictional Vulgaria, who wants to steal Chitty Chitty Bang Bang for himself.", "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang is a 1968 British musical film loosely based on Ian Fleming's novel Chitty-Chitty-Bang-Bang: The Magical Car. The film's script is by Roald Dahl and Ken Hughes and its songs by the Sherman Brothers. The song \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\" was nominated for an Academy Award. ", "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang is a 1968 British musical film loosely based on Ian Fleming's novel Chitty-Chitty-Bang-Bang: The Magical Car. The film's script is by Roald Dahl and Ken Hughes and its songs by the Sherman Brothers. The song \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\" was nominated for an Academy Award.", "Funny Girl is a 1968 American biographical romantic musical comedy-drama film directed by William Wyler. The screenplay by Isobel Lennart was adapted from her book for the stage musical of the same title. It is loosely based on the life and career of Broadway and film star and comedian Fanny Brice and her stormy relationship with entrepreneur and gambler Nicky Arnstein.", "The Sherman Brothers' numerous other Disney and non-Disney top box office film credits include The Jungle Book (1967), The Aristocats (1970), The Parent Trap (1961), The Parent Trap (1998), Charlotte's Web (1973), Huckleberry Finn (1974),The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1977), Snoopy, Come Home (1972), Bedknobs and Broomsticks (1971), and Little Nemo: Adventures in Slumberland (1989).", "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, also known as Chitty the Musical, is a stage musical based on the 1968 film produced by Albert R. Broccoli . The music and lyrics were written by Richard and Robert Sherman with book by Jeremy Sams .", "Shrek is the a 2001 American computer-animated fantasy-comedy film produced by PDI / DreamWorks , released by DreamWorks Pictures , directed by Andrew Adamson and Vicky Jenson , featuring the voices of Mike Myers , Eddie Murphy , Cameron Diaz , and John Lithgow . It is loosely based on William Steig 's 1990 fairy tale picture book Shrek!, and somewhat serves as a parody film, targeting other films adapted from numerous children's fantasies (mainly animated Disney films). The film made notable use of popular music; the soundtrack includes music by Smash Mouth , Eels, Joan Jett, The Proclaimers, Jason Wade, Baha Men, and John Cale (covering Leonard Cohen).", "Beetlejuice is a 1988 American comedy fantasy film directed by Tim Burton, produced by The Geffen Film Company and distributed by Warner Bros. The plot revolves around a recently deceased young couple (Alec Baldwin and Geena Davis) who become ghosts haunting their former home, and an obnoxious, devious ghost named Betelgeuse (pronounced Beetlejuice, portrayed by Michael Keaton) from the Netherworld who tries to scare away the new inhabitants (Catherine O'Hara, Jeffrey Jones, and Winona Ryder) permanently.", "In 1969 a musical film version appeared, starring Peter O’Toole and Petula Clark, with songs by Leslie Bricusse and an underscore by John Williams. In this version the character of Katherine is greatly expanded, and the time setting of the story is moved forward several decades, with Chips’ career beginning in the early 20th century and later career covering World War II, rather than World War I. O’Toole and Clark's performances were widely praised. At the 42nd Academy Awards, O’Toole was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor, and he won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy.", "Similarly, where Phil Harris’ Baloo kept children giggling and singing for nearly half-a-century, seeing what appears to be a real sloth bear (voiced by Bill Murray) on screen makes the character’s zany antics, moments of heroism, and honey addiction, especially endearing. In keeping with a bar set by the 1967 animated classic, Baloo is once again the stand out in a film brimming with great characters.", "Who Framed Roger Rabbit is a 1988 American live-action/animated fantasy comedy film directed by Robert Zemeckis, produced by Frank Marshall and Robert Watts, and written by Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman. The film is based on Gary K. Wolf's 1981 novel Who Censored Roger Rabbit?. The film stars Bob Hoskins, Christopher Lloyd, Charles Fleischer, Stubby Kaye (in his final film role before his retirement and death), and Joanna Cassidy. Set in Hollywood during the late 1940s, the film tells the story of Eddie Valiant, a private detective who must exonerate animated character Roger Rabbit, who is accused of murdering a wealthy businessman.", "Although Disney originally wanted Barry Fitzgerald for the role of Darby, he plucked Albert Sharpe out of retirement and it couldn’t have been a better choice. Although I like Fitzgerald's work, I can’t picture anyone but Sharpe being able to do what he does here which is to make you believe there are not only Leprechauns but that he has a personal relationship with each and every one of them. Sharpe was seventy four years old when the film was made, but he shows no signs of having slowed down in this film. He's one irrepressible old codger.", "The Aristocats is a 1970 American animated feature film produced and released by Walt Disney Productions and features the voices of Eva Gabor , Hermione Baddeley , Phil Harris , Dean Clark , Sterling Holloway , Scatman Crothers , and Roddy Maude-Roxby . The 20th animated feature in the Walt Disney Animated Classics series , the film is based on a story by Tom McGowan and Tom Rowe, and revolves around a family of aristocratic cats, and how an alley cat acquaintance helps them after a butler has kidnapped them to gain his mistress' fortune which was intended to go to them. It was originally released to theaters by Buena Vista Distribution on December 11, 1970.", "Spencer Tracy as Manuel the Portugese fisherman was absolutely fantastic. Just looking at the sparkle in his eyes when mentoring Harvey (Freddie Bartholomew) was beautiful. I have shown this film to my senior class in Strategic Management and they all loved it. And what a supporting cast, Lionel Barrymore, Melvin Douglas, Mickey Rooney, John Caradine. It was also one of the first Hollywood movies to treat a black character with dignity and respect. The ship's cook was even bilingual, speaking both English and Portugese, and was a respected member of the crew, not just an Uncle Tom.", " 1967 The Jungle Book (performer: \"The Bare Necessities\" (1967), \"I Wanna Be Like You (The Monkey Song)\" (1967) (uncredited), \"The Bare Necessities (Reprise)\" (1967))", "Directed by Alexander Mackendrick. Cast: Alec Guinness, Joan Greenwood, Cecil Parker. Sir Alec Guinness is Sidney Stratton, an eccentric chemist who invents a fiber that never wrinkles, wears out, or gets dirty. But when mill owners and workers realize this miracle fiber will destroy their industry, Sidney becomes the most hunted man in the nation. 85 min. DVD 8123", "This Annette Funicello and Frankie Avalon movie, about a millionaire who sets out to prove his theory that his pet chimpanzee is as intelligent as the teenagers who hang out on the local beach where he is intending to build a retirement home but ends in hilarious results, also included two of The Marcels, Gene Bricker and Cornelius Harp. They provided backing vocals for two songs, Avalon's \"Gimme Your Love Yeah Yeah Yeah\" and Little Stevie Wonder's \"(Happy Feelin') Dance And Shout\".", "Thoroughly Modern Millie, a musical film starring Julie Andrews is released in 1967. It is a jolly pastiche of the 1920s flapper girl attitude and continues the late 1960s love affair with 1920s style and culture.", "There are actually two characters called Wanda in the film. One is a fish. The other is Jamie Lee Curtis." ]

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[ "1940 Rebecca - Manderlay's housekeeper Mrs. Danvers is 31st on AFI's Top Villain list in this movie about expectations & disillusionment. It was the first film Alfred Hitchcock made in Hollywood, his only one to win Best Picture; he never won a Best Director Oscar! David O. Selznick's second straight BP Oscar and the first of only THREE Hitchcock films he produced after initially luring him to Hollywood with a FOUR picture, $800,000 contract. The other two were Spellbound (1945) and The Paradine Case (1947), which both starred recently deceased Gregory Peck. In case you care, Notorius (1946) (produced by Hitchcock himself) was counted as the fourth picture in the contract.", "3 Which was the only film directed by Alfred Hitchcock to win an Oscar for Best Picture?", "Of the many classic movies directed by Alfred Hitchcock during his forty years in Hollywood, only his debut film in Tinseltown, Rebecca, won the Best Picture Academy Award (for producer extraordinaire David O. Selznick). This screen adaptation of English author Daphne du Maurier's popular 1938 novel was a huge hit both commercially and critically. It earned an impressive eleven total Oscar nominations, including one for Hitch's direction and three of the four acting awards: Actor, Actress, and Supporting Actress for Olivier, Fontaine, and Anderson, respectively. Besides the big one its only other win was for B&W Cinematography (back in the days when they gave out separate awards for color movies) for George Barnes.", "Alfred Hitchcock was born in 1899 to a middle-class London family. In 1914 he found a job with the Famous Players—Lasky Corporation as a title card designer, beginning his long career in the film industry. Within a few years he had moved up in the company to directing films. Working with the Lasky Corporation in Berlin, Hitchcock made his first two pictures. A few years later Hitchcock made the film he would note as the beginning of his career. THE LODGER (1926), a retelling of the story of Jack the Ripper, began a string of suspense films that would bring him to the top of the English cinema. Among the other well-known films of his English period were BLACKMAIL (1929), THE MAN WHO KNEW TOO MUCH (1934), and THE THIRTY-NINE STEPS (1935). The English cinema had little money, and Hitchcock longed to be in Hollywood, where the world’s best films were being made.", "A 1938 novel written by Daphne du Maurier (who also wrote Jamaica Inn , and the story that became The Birds ). In 1940, Alfred Hitchcock directed the film version, his first American project, which starred Joan Fontaine and Laurence Olivier . It won the Oscar for Best Picture. It was the only Hitchcock film to win Best Picture, and Hitchcock didn't win Best Director—he never did, in fact, and had to settle for a lifetime achievement Oscar late in life. A musical version debuted in Vienna, Austria in 2006.", "Hitchcock did not rank highly with film critics of his own day. Except for Rebecca, none of his films won an Academy Award for Best Picture. As a producer, Hitchcock received one Best Picture nomination for Suspicion. He was nominated Best Director for five of his films: Rebecca, Lifeboat, Spellbound, Rear Window, and Psycho. Still, the only Academy Award that he ever received was the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award in 1968. Hitchcock would be knighted in January 1980 by Queen Elizabeth II just four months before his death in in Los Angeles. Alfred Hitchcock was cremated.", "Rebecca [120] was the only Hitchcock film to win the Academy Award for Best Picture [43] (though the award did not go to Hitchcock); four other films were nominated. In 1967 he was awarded the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award [121] for lifetime achievement. He never won an Academy Award for direction of a film.", "Alfred Hitchcock's first American film, Rebecca (1940) , won Best Picture at the awards ceremony in 1941. It competed against another Hitchcock film, his second American film - Foreign Correspondent .", "Rebecca, which Hitchcock directed, won the 1940 Best Picture Academy Award for its producer David O. Selznick. In addition to Rebecca and Suspicion, two other films Hitchcock directed, Foreign Correspondent and Spellbound, were nominated for Best Picture. Hitchcock is considered the Best Film Director of all time by The Screen Directory website. Sixteen films directed by Hitchcock earned Oscar nominations, though only six of those films earned Hitchcock himself a nomination. The total number of Oscar nominations (including winners) earned by films he directed is fifty. Four of those films earned Best Picture nominations. Spellbound won the Academy Award for Best Original Music Score. Actress Joan Fontaine won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in Suspicion , the only Academy Award–winning performance under Hitchcock's direction.", "By now contracted to Gaumont British, Alfred Hitchcock had settled on the thriller genre by the mid-1930s with The Man Who Knew Too Much (1934), The 39 Steps (1935) and The Lady Vanishes (1938). Lauded in Britain where he was dubbed \"Alfred the Great\" by Picturegoer magazine, Hitchcock's reputation was beginning to develop overseas, with a New York Times feature writer asserting; \"Three unique and valuable institutions the British have that we in America have not. Magna Carta, the Tower Bridge and Alfred Hitchcock, the greatest director of screen melodramas in the world.\" Hitchcock was then signed up to a seven-year contract by Selznick and moved to Hollywood.", "young Englishman, still in his twenties, directed his first feature film.  It was the start of a career that would, fifteen years later, take him to Hollywood, where he became one of the very few directors whose reputation often eclipsed that of his stars.  Although Alfred Hitchcock achieved his greatest success and fame in America, he was inescapably English, and the films that he made in his native country before taking up a contract with David O. Selznick are very much more than apprentice work. The Lodger, Blackmail, The Man Who Knew Too Much, The 39 Steps and The Lady Vanishes are films of enormous wit and sophistication - masterworks in their own right. However, Hitchcock's critical reputation has so far been firmly founded on the American films, while his English period has been underestimated and", "David O. Selznick pursued Hitchcock to make some Hollywood films. With Rebecca in 1940, Hitchcock made his first American film, and he worked in America for the rest of his career. Rebecca evokes the fears of a naive young bride who enters a great English country home and must grapple with the legacy of the dead woman who was her husband's first wife. The droll touches of humor are still there in his American work, but suspense became his trademark.", "The Selznick picture Rebecca (1940) was Hitchcock's first American film, set in a Hollywood version of England's Cornwall and based on a novel by English novelist Daphne du Maurier. The film stars Laurence Olivier and Joan Fontaine. The story concerns a naïve (and unnamed) young woman who marries a widowed aristocrat. She goes to live in his huge English country house, and struggles with the lingering reputation of the elegant and worldly first wife, whose name was Rebecca and who died under mysterious circumstances. The film won the Academy Award for Best Picture of 1940. The statuette was given to Selznick, as the film's producer. Hitchcock was nominated for the Best Director award, his first of five such nominations, but did not win.", "Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock, KBE (13 August 1899 – 29 April 1980) was an Anglo-American director and producer. He pioneered many techniques in the suspense and psychological thriller genres. After a successful career in his native United Kingdom in both silent films and early talkies, Hitchcock moved to Hollywood. In 1956 he became an American citizen while remaining a British subject.", "Arguably the earliest masterpiece among Hitchcock’s Hollywood films, Shadow of a Doubt engagingly states one of the great themes of his oeuvre: the idea that evil is not something foreign and distant, but close and familiar. This theme emerges naturally from the story of young Charlie and her love for her charming uncle, also named Charlie, who also happens to be a serial killer. Bored by her humdrum existence in all-American Santa Rosa, California, Charlie is thrilled when her uncle shows up; she understands him so well that she becomes the only one to notice he is not what he seems. The contributions of playwright Thornton Wilder – author of Our Town – further intensified the small-town ambiance so crucial to Hitchcock. Throughout his career, the director would count Shadow of a Doubt his own favorite.", "With the prestigious Selznick picture Rebecca in 1940, Hitchcock made his first American movie, although it was set in England and based on a novel by English author Daphne du Maurier and starred Sir Laurence Olivier and Joan Fontaine. This Gothic melodrama explores the fears of a naïve young bride who enters a great English country home and must grapple with the problems of a distant husband, a predatory housekeeper, and the legacy of her husband's late wife, the beautiful, mysterious Rebecca. The film won the Academy Award for Best Picture of 1940. However, the statuette went to Selznick as the film's producer, and the film failed to win the Best Director award for Hitchcock.", "Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock, KBE, (13 August 1899 – 29 April 1980) was an English film director and producer, at times referred to as \"The Master of Suspense\". He pioneered many elements of the suspense and psychological thriller genres. He had a successful career in British cinema with both silent films and early talkies and became renowned as England's best director. Hitchcock moved to Hollywood in 1939 and became a US citizen in 1955. ", "Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock, KBE ( August 13, 1899 – April 29, 1980) was a highly influential British director and producer who pioneered many techniques in the suspense and thriller genres. He directed more than fifty feature films in a career spanning six decades, from the silent film era, through the invention of talkies, to the colour era. Hitchcock was among the most consistently successful and publicly recognizable directors in the world during his lifetime, and remains one of the best known and most popular directors of all time, famous for his expert and largely unrivaled control of pace and suspense throughout his movies. Entertainment Weekly went so far as to give him the title of the greatest film director ever.", "Rebecca C4, 2.00pm-4.30pm Hitchcock's first Hollywood film. It won Oscars for Best Film and for George Barnes' fine camerawork. Joan Fontaine made her", "Alfred Hitchcock was a British film director and producer, best known for his suspense thrillers 'Psycho' and 'The Birds'.", "Fontaine won her first Oscar, probably as consolation for the previous year's loss. Both roles were as a victimized young bride. [Her win was the only Best Actress award ever for a Hitchcock film. De Havilland would win twice in the 1940s for: To Each His Own (1946) and The Heiress (1949) .]", "Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock, KBE (13 August 1899 – 29 April 1980) [1] was an English filmmaker and producer who pioneered many techniques in the suspense and psychological thriller genres. After a successful career in his native United Kingdom in both silent films and early talkies , Hitchcock moved to Hollywood . In 1956 he became an American citizen while retaining his British citizenship.", "Part I: Alfred the Great. This first program traces the early years of Hitchcock's life and career, looking at his upbringing, education, and rise as a director. Details his apprenticeship with Fritz Lang, his production of the first British \"talkie,\" his move to Hollywood and his tumultuous collaboration with David O. Selznick and the formation of his own short-lived studio. Features extensive film clips, interviews, commentary, and previously unavailable materials, including outtakes, filmed auditions, and Hitchcock's own home movies. 1999. 52 min. DVD 2337", "Capra's films in the 1930s enjoyed immense success at the Academy Awards. It Happened One Night (1934) became the first film to win all five top Oscars (Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, and Best Screenplay). Written by Robert Riskin, it is one of the first of the \"screwball comedies\", and with its release in the Great Depression, critics considered it an escapist story and a variation of the \"American Dream\". The film established the names of Capra, Columbia Pictures, and stars Clark Gable and Claudette Colbert in the movie industry. The film has been called \"picaresque\", and was one of the earliest \"road movies\" which inspired variations on its theme by other filmmakers. ", "Alfred Hitchcock was born on 13 August 1899 in Leytonstone, Essex, the second son and the youngest of three children of William Hitchcock (1862–1914), a greengrocer and poulterer, and Emma Jane Hitchcock (née Whelan; 1863–1942), named after his father's brother. Hitchcock was brought up as a Roman Catholic and was sent to Salesian College and the Jesuit Classic school St Ignatius' College in Stamford Hill, London. His parents were both of half-English and half-Irish ancestry. He often described a lonely and sheltered childhood worsened by his obesity. Around age five, Hitchcock said that he was sent by his father to the local police station with a note asking the officer to lock him away for five minutes as punishment for behaving badly. This incident implanted a lifetime fear of policemen in Hitchcock, and such harsh treatment and wrongful accusations were frequent themes in his films.", "Carey, Patricia Collinge, Hume Cronyn, Wallace Ford.  Hitchcock's personal favorite of all his films.  Wealthy Charles Oakley travels by train to Santa Rosa, Northern California, to stay with his sister Emma and her family.  Emma's husband, Joe, works in the local bank.  His hobby is reading detective stories, which he discusses with  next-door neighbor Herb.  Emma's daughter, the girl Charlie, feels that her", "Alfred Hitchcock directed the first talking film ever made in England. It was called Blackmail and was made in 1931.", "Foreign Correspondent — Hitchcock had two films nominated for Best Picture this year. That’s gotta be a pretty exclusive list, huh? This is definitely the lesser of his two nominees, but it’s still a really good film.", "Produced and Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. Screnplay by John Michael Hayes, based on a story by Cornell Woolrich. Photographed by Robert Burks. Art Direction by Hal Pereira, Joseph McMillan Johnson, Sam Comer, and Ray Mayer. Edited by George Tomasini. Music by Franz Waxman.", "Opening dedication: This film is dedicated to the Master of Suspense Alfred Hitchcock See more »", "Hitchcock is considered the Best Film Director of all time by The Screen Directory. Hitchcock was knighted in 1980.", "Directed by Alfred Hitchcock . Written by John Michael Hayes , based on the novel by David Dodge ." ]

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[ "Chicken Run is a 2000 stop-motion comedy-drama film produced by the British studio Aardman Animations. As the studio's first feature-length film, it was directed by Peter Lord and Nick Park. It was co-financed by DreamWorks Pictures and Pathé, with the former distributing the film worldwide except for Europe, where it was handled by Pathé. The plot centres on a band of chickens who see a smooth-talking Rhode Island Red named Rocky as their only hope to escape from certain death when the owners of their farm decide to move from selling eggs to selling chicken pot pies. The film features the voices of Julia Sawalha, Mel Gibson, Timothy Spall, Phil Daniels, Tony Haygarth, and Miranda Richardson. Chicken Run received positive reviews from critics, and grossed over $224 million, becoming the highest-grossing stop motion animated film ever. ", "* Chicken Run, directed by Peter Lord and Nick Park with the voices of Mel Gibson, Julia Sawalha, Timothy Spall and Miranda Richardson", "Aardman co-founder and Chicken Run co-director Peter Lord is directing the film, which is animated in the now-classic Aardman clay figure style, and he’s got Hugh Grant making his clay debut as the chap you see above. There are a bunch of other great names on hand to provide voices as well, and you can get the full list after the break.", "Chicken Run was Aardman’s first full-length theatrical feature film to be funded by DreamWorks. Directed by both Peter Lord and Nick Park it was released in June 2000 in the US and UK to excellent reviews and outstanding box office receipts. Chicken Run has grossed over $220M at the worldwide box office.", "The film has received critical acclaim from critics upon its release and currently garners a 96% “Certified Fresh” rating on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, based on 140 reviews, with an average rating of 8/10 and the critical consensus: “Chicken Run has all the charm of Nick Park’s Wallace & Gromit, and something for everybody. The voice acting is fabulous, the slapstick is brilliant, and the action sequences are spectacular.”[5] The film also holds a score of 88 based on 34 reviews on Metacritic, indicating “universal acclaim.”[6]", "Robert \"Rocky\" Balboa, Sr. is a fictional southpaw boxer portrayed by Sylvester Stallone who has appeared in the Rocky series from 1976 to 2006. During the series, he wins the Heavyweight Championship of the World twice. He remains one of cinema's most beloved movie characters.", "14. Rocky, played by Peter Hinwood, was an underwear model with no acting experience. All of his speaking lines were cut, and his singing voice was dubbed by singer Trevor White.", "* The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle (2000) is a theatrical film starring Rocky and Bullwinkle. It was a mix of live-action with Rocky and Bullwinkle appearing as computer animated cartoon characters created by Industrial Light & Magic. June Foray returned to voice Rocky, while Bullwinkle was voiced by Keith Scott. Robert De Niro, Jason Alexander and Rene Russo played the live-action versions of Fearless Leader, Boris and Natasha, respectively. This film takes place in 35 years, after the show's cancellation.", "In the 2000 film Chicken Run , Rocky is a rooster who is fired into the air by a cannon as part of a circus act.", "André Lauren Benjamin (born May 27, 1975), better known by his stage name André 3000 (formerly known as André), is an American rapper, singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, record producer and actor, best known for being part of hip hop duo Outkast alongside fellow rapper Big Boi. As an actor, Benjamin has made appearances in a number of TV series and films, including Families, The Shield, Be Cool, Revolver, Semi-Pro, Four Brothers, and the leading role of Jimi Hendrix in All Is by My Side. In addition to music and acting, Benjamin has also been an active entrepreneur. In the spring of 2008, he launched a clothing line called Benjamin Bixby. He has also been an advocate for animal rights. He is also known for his work on the Cartoon Network animated series Class of 3000.", "In the movie, he sounds younger, his over-use of \"like\" is altered a bit, and he is a pool hustler. He has his longest speaking role in the movie, when he tells the gang about his friend who may be able to help them break Top Cat out of jail. Benjamin Diskin voices him in the movie.", "Fisher, Freeman, Gibson, and Candy were cast in non-musical supporting roles. The film is also notable for the number of cameo appearances by established celebrities and entertainment-industry figures, including Steve Lawrence as a booking agent, Twiggy as a \"chic lady\" in a Jaguar convertible whom Elwood propositions at a gas station, Steven Spielberg as the Cook County Assessor's clerk, John Landis as a state trooper in the mall chase, Paul Reubens (before Pee-wee Herman) as a waiter in the Chez Paul restaurant scene, Joe Walsh in a cameo as the first prisoner to jump up on a table in the final scene, and Chaka Khan is the soloist in James Brown's choir. Muppet performer Frank Oz plays a corrections officer, and in the scene where the brothers crash into Toys R Us, a Grover and Kermit the Frog toy can be spotted. Right before the brothers crash into the Toys R Us, a customer (played by stunt coordinator Gary McLarty) asks the cashier if they have a Miss Piggy doll, a Muppet character that is voiced by Oz. The character portrayed by Cab Calloway is named Curtis as an homage to Curtis Salgado, a Portland, Oregon, blues musician who inspired Belushi while he was in Oregon filming Animal House.", "Burton Milo \"Burt\" Reynolds, Jr. (born February 11, 1936) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, director, voice artist, and comedian. Some of his memorable roles include Bo 'Bandit' Darville in Smokey and the Bandit, Lewis Medlock in Deliverance, Bobby \"Gator\" McCluskey in White Lightning and sequel Gator, Paul Crewe and Coach Nate Scarborough in The Longest Yard and its 2005 remake respectively, Billy Clyde Puckett in Semi-Tough, J.J. McClure in The Cannonball Run, the voice of Charlie B. Barkin in All Dogs Go to Heaven, and Jack Horner in Boogie Nights.", "Two of the birds in Chicken Run (2000), Ginger and Rocky, were the names of pet chickens he had as a boy.", "* The 1985 film \"The Heavenly Kid\" features a chicken run with a similar outcome as this film.", "The film features several cameos from real-world video game characters including: Root Beer Tapper (Maurice LaMarche), the bartender from Tapper; Sonic the Hedgehog (Roger Craig Smith); Ryu (Kyle Hebert), Ken Masters (Reuben Langdon), M. Bison (Gerald C. Rivers), and Zangief (Rich Moore) from Street Fighter II; Clyde (Kevin Deters) from Pac-Man; and Yuni Verse (Jamie Sparer Roberts) from Dance Dance Revolution. ", "Tony Burton as Tony \"Duke\" Evers , Rocky's trainer who has been his head cornerman since Balboa's second fight with James \"Clubber\" Lang in Rocky III . Duke previously trained Apollo Creed , who was Rocky's nemesis in the first two films and later became his friend and head trainer in the third and fourth films.", "Green, along with the rest of the Goodie Mob, had a cameo in the 1999 film Mystery Men, as a member of the Not So Goodie Mob, in which he was credited as \"Thomas Burton aka Cee lo\". He also has done voice acting work, voicing Prime Cut Miggity-Mo' Macdaddy Gizzabang Doggy Dog Dog on the Brak Show episode \"Brakstreet\" in 2002, Frank and Buddy Z Class of 3000s Christmas special and as Godzilla in the Robot Chicken episode \"Squaw Bury Shortcake\" in 2007, and Rev. Rollo Goodlove in the Boondocks episodes \"The S-Word\" and \"The Hunger Strike\" in 2008. In 2010, he appeared in T-Pain's Freaknik: The Musical as Light Skin.", "Michael Keaton as Chick Hicks (Cars)/Ken (Toy Story 3)/Beetlejuice (live-action)/Jack Frost (archive from the 1998 film)/Walter Nelson (Minions)", "In this 2005 film, Chicken Little (voice of Zach Braff) tries to redeem his \"sky is falling\" reputation, but it's not his fault that things just keep bonking him on the head. (Walt Disney Pictures) Share Back to slideshow navigation", "* Bill Murray as the voice of Peter Venkman in 2009's Ghostbusters: The Video Game, Title character in the Garfield movies", "In 1984, Weird Al Yankovic recorded a parody of this song called \"The Rye or the Kaiser (theme from Rocky XIII),\" which finds Rocky working at a deli in his old age, still punching slabs of meat from time to time. Yankovic was a bit prescient, as there ended up being six Rocky movies, although none of them featured Rocky working in a deli. >>", "Longtime actor who won the Academy Award for Best Actor in 1995 for his role in Leaving Las Vegas. He has also starred in such films as Gone in Sixty Seconds, Con Air, The Rock, National Treasure, Face/Off, Raising Arizona, Kick-Ass, Matchstick Men, Moonstruck, and Adaptation, and he provided the voice for Grug in The Croods.", "He is one of the best-selling music artists of all time, with worldwide sales of more than 80 million records. He has also appeared in over 50 movies and television shows, sometimes as himself or as characters resembling his stage persona. His most notable roles include Eddie in the The Rocky Horror Picture Show (1975), Robert \"Bob\" Paulson in David Fincher's Fight Club (1999) and \"The Lizard\" in The 51st State (2002). He has also appeared in several television shows such as Monk, Glee, South Park, House, M.D. and Tales from the Crypt as a guest actor.", "In 1990, he starred in the film Keaton's Cop, and had recurring roles in Tour of Duty and the short-lived 1992 series, Raven. He also had supporting roles in the films Trojan War (1997), Out Cold (2001), Big Fat Liar (2002), and The Brothers Solomon (2007). He voiced the character of \"Big\" Mitch Baker in the 2002 video game Grand Theft Auto: Vice City. He played Jaret Reddick's disconnected father in Bowling For Soup's 2007 video, \"When We Die.\" That same year, he played Grandpa Max in Ben 10: Race Against Time, and voiced a character on the APTN animated children's program Wapos Bay: The Series that was named \"Steve from Austin\". He also played a minor role in Stephen King's The Mist.", "The cast convened again when Haskins, Diamond, Gosselaar, Voorhies, and Lopez did their own voices in a Saved by the Bell Saw parody, called \"Sawed by the Bell\", on \"Boo Cocky\", a season three episode of Robot Chicken. Gosselaar also provided audio commentary for the episode on the DVD.", "After spending most of two seasons voicing the robot Twiki in Buck Rogers in the 25th Century, Blanc's last original character was Heathcliff, in the early 1980s. Blanc continued to voice his famous characters in commercials and TV specials for most of the decade. His final performance of his \"Looney Tunes\" roles was in \"Bugs Bunny's Wild World of Sports\" (1989).", "Often portrays sinister people in the movies he's in. He played the Penguin, a mutant crime boss, in \"Batman Returns\", a cynical gambler in \"Space Jam\" and \"Mars Attacks!\", a sleazy talent agent in \"Death to Smoochy\" and ruthless and greedy businessmen in \"Ruthless People\", \"What's the Worst That Could Happen?\", \"Matilda\" and \"Other People's Money\".", "Most recently he filmed the short film \"Candybar\" and the feature film \"Lovesick\" and \"Charlie: Toy Story\" in the lead role. He has also done many voice overs which include feature films and the voice of Dash in the video game Disney-Pixar Rush for X-Box Kinect.", "He also starred in the Masters of the Universe Golden Book video as He-Man. In 1985, he voiced Louie and Snichey in The Pound Puppies TV Special, in 1988, he had an uncredited role as the Pimp of the Year pageant announcer on I'm Gonna Git You Sucka, and he returned to his role of Benton Quest on The New Adventures of Jonny Quest (1986-1987).", "In 1999, Rush took the lead role as Steven Price in the horror film House on Haunted Hill. In 2000, he received his third Academy Award nomination, for Quills, in which he played the Marquis de Sade and He role the voice of Bunyip Bluegum in The Magic Pudding.", "The second video game, Disney's Chicken Little: Ace in Action, is a multi-platform video game, for the Wii, Nintendo DS, Xbox, Nintendo GameCube, and PlayStation 2 inspired by the \"superhero movie within the movie\" finale of the film. It features Ace, the superhero alter ego of Chicken Little, and the Hollywood versions of his misfit band of friends: Runt, Abby and Fish-Out-of-Water." ]

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[ "When Walt Disney’s seven dwarfs went off to work in the mines, what were they mining?", "The Dwarfs' Mine is the workplace of the seven dwarfs in Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs . Every morning, the dwarfs leave their cottage and march to the mine, where they dig for diamonds. The reason for this is never explained (this is made reference to in \" Heigh-Ho \", in which the dwarfs sing that they \"don't know what we dig 'em for\"). Each dwarf has a specific job: Grumpy , Happy , Bashful and Sneezy dig; Sleepy transports the diamonds to Doc , who determines which diamonds should be kept; rejected diamonds are swept up and thrown away by Dopey . The dwarfs return home late every evening. As they leave for, and return from, work, the dwarfs sing \" Heigh-Ho \".", "The animals lead her to the Cottage of the Seven Dwarfs , which she finds empty and dirty. Thinking that cleaning the house may persuade the owners to let her stay, Snow White and the animals clean the cottage and its contents while singing \" Whistle While You Work \". The seven dwarfs, meanwhile, are working in their mine , digging for diamonds. When it is time for them to go home for the day, they march through the forest, singing \" Heigh-Ho \".", "The Seven Dwarfs come from the European classic fairy tale Snow White and appeared in Disney 's animated film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs . When Snow White runs away from the Evil Queen at the huntsman's admonition, she later finds a cottage in the woods, thinking it to be owned by seven children. As she sleeps inside, the Dwarfs return home after a day of diamond mining, only to find something in their bedroom. The Dwarfs think she is a monster until she wakes up to reveal a princess. At that point on, the Dwarfs accept Snow White as a mother figure as she cooks soup, does chores, and shows the utmost affection that even reverses Grumpy's ways. When the Evil Queen visits the cottage with the poison apple, disguised as an old woman, the Dwarfs are away at work. After Snow White falls under the curse of the poison apple, the forest animals alert the Dwarfs, taking them to the Evil Queen. As the Evil Queen is pursued, she attempts to crush the Dwarfs with a rock, only to be crushed by one herself. The Dwarfs return to their cottage, mourning the princess' death until the Prince comes and revives her, leaving the Dwarfs in a happy ending.", "The Dwarves were some of the greatest miners ever to exist in Middle-earth . The Dwarves dug immense halls under mountains where they built their cities. Dwarven miners dug for precious minerals such as gold, iron, copper, and silver from all over mountains in Middle-earth, though the Dwarves considered coal mining degrading. In ancient times, the Dwarves found Mithril in the mines of Khazad-dûm . While mining beneath the Lonely Mountains, they discovered the Arkenstone at the Heart of the Mountain.", "As the dwarfs leave to the mine in the morning, Snow White kisses each dwarf on the forehead, though Grumpy initially resists. He warns her not to let any strangers into the house. After the dwarfs have left the cottage, the Queen in disguise goes to Snow White and offers her the poisoned apple, which Snow White is about to accept until the forest animals, sensing danger, try to attack her. This causes Snow White to take pity on the old woman and takes her into the cottage. The animals then rush to the mine and try to tell the dwarfs of the danger. The dwarfs eventually realize what is happening, thanks to Sleepy, and, led by Grumpy, hurry back to the cottage with the animals. The Queen persuades Snow White to take a bite from the apple by telling her that it is a 'wishing apple', which will make any wish of hers come true; after biting the fruit, the princess falls into the Sleeping Death, as the Queen cackles in triumph. The dwarfs arrive and chase the Queen, eventually cornering her up a cliff, where she attempts to crush them with a boulder, but is sent over the cliff by a bolt of lightning, crushed by the boulder, and eventually devoured (off-screen) by vultures.", "These rosy-cheeked, apple-faced dwarfs stand about knee high to Donald Duck and made their living at their own mine where they daily hauled gold, rubies, emeralds, diamonds, sapphires and other precious gems.  Nice work if you can get it!", "The danger at the cottage is cross cut with the scene at the mine. Sleepy casually says: \"Maybe the Queen's got Snow White.\" All the dwarfs realize what he has said is true. Grumpy cries out: \"The Queen'll kill her! We've got to save her!\" The dwarfs are carried on the backs of deer to rush back to save Snow White.", "8. Each of the dwarfs has its own character. Doc looks the oldest and is always considered to be the leader of the dwarfs. He wears glasses and tends to jumble up his words. At the mine, his job is to check the gems to make sure they are authentic.", "18. Each of the dwarfs has its own character.  Doc looks the oldest and is always considered to be the leader of the dwarfs.  He wears glasses and tends to jumble up his words.  At the mine, his job is to check the gems to make sure they are authentic.", "The Seven Dwarfs Mine Train queue begins with guests walking through the forest outside of the mine. After making their way through the outdoor portion of the queue, guests reach the first interactive area. In this covered section, guests can play a digital game where they sort gems which are floating along a trough. In another nearby interactive area, guests can place their hands under water spouts, creating a colored stream of water that also plays a musical note. Using the twelve notes, guests can play a tune from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. Entering the interior part of the queue, guests reach the third interactive area. Here they can spin barrels of jewels to reveal projections of Doc and the other dwarfs on the ceiling. The faster guests spin the barrels, the more active the projections on the ceiling become. After traveling through the indoor section of the queue, guests reach the loading area.", "So, hop aboard Seven Dwarfs Mine Train with fellow miners and begin collecting your magical memories with your MagicBand and Memory Maker.", "Americans fell in love with the Grimms' tales when Walt Disney in 1937 released his animated film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, the first of three wildly popular Disney adaptations. In converting a short story into an 80-minute musical, the Disney studio sweetened the material, giving the dwarfs names like Sneezy and Happy. In Cinderella (1950) Disney frosted the plot by adding a carriage that turns into a pumpkin at the stroke of midnight. Top", "In Snow White and the Huntsman, the Seven Dwarfs started out as eight dwarfs when they are encountered by Snow White and Eric the Huntsman while fleeing Queen Ravenna. The Seven Dwarfs are:", "In 1934, Walt Disney gathered several key staff members and announced his plans to make his first feature animated film. Despite derision from most of the film industry, who dubbed the production \"Disney's Folly,\" Disney proceeded undaunted into the production of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, which would become the first animated feature in English and Technicolor. Considerable training and development went into the production of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, and the studio greatly expanded with established animators, artists from other fields, and recent college graduates joining the studio to work on the film. The training classes, supervised by the head animators such as Les Clark, Norm Ferguson, and Art Babbit and taught by Donald W. Graham, an art teacher from the nearby Chouinard Art Institute, had begun at the studio in 1932 and were greatly expanded into orientation training and continuing education classes. In the course of teaching the classes, Graham and the animators created or formalized many of the techniques and processes that became the key tenets and principles of traditional animation. Silly Symphonies such as The Goddess of Spring (1934) and The Old Mill (1937) served as experimentation grounds for new techniques such as the animation of realistic human figures, special effects animation, the use of the multiplane camera, an invention which split animation artwork layers into several planes, allowing the camera to appear to move dimensionally through an animated scene. ", "Seven Dwarfs Mine Train Literally Puts a New Face on the Disney Theme Park Experience | The Huffington Post", "And because they wanted the Dwarfs to look just as they did in Disney's first full-length animated feature... Well, that's why the Imagineers reached out to Dave Bossert . Who's a Producer, Creative Director and Head of Special Projects at Walt Disney Animation Studios .", "Development on Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs began in early 1934, and in June 1934, Walt Disney announced the production of his first feature, to be released under Walt Disney Productions, to The New York Times. One evening that same year, Disney acted out the entire story of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs to his staff, announcing that the film would be produced as a feature-length film.", "Development on Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs began in early 1934, and in June 1934, Walt Disney announced the production of his first feature, to be released under Walt Disney Productions, to The New York Times. One evening that same year, Disney acted out the entire story of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs to his staff, announcing that the film would be produced as a feature-length film. ", "One of the dwarfs in Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was called Sleepy, another was called Dopey.", "Deciding to push the boundaries of animation even further, Disney began production of his first feature-length animated film in 1934. Taking three years to complete, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , based upon the Grimm Brothers' fairy tale, premiered in December 1937 and became highest-grossing film of that time by 1939. Snow White was released through RKO Radio Pictures , which had assumed distribution of Disney's product in July 1937, after United Artists attempted to attain future television rights to the Disney shorts.", "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs premiered at the Carthay Circle Theatre on December 21, 1937, and the film was released to theaters nationwide by RKO Radio Pictures on February 4, 1938. The story was adapted by storyboard artists Dorothy Ann Blank, Richard Creedon, Merrill De Maris, Otto Englander, Earl Hurd, Dick Rickard, Ted Sears and Webb Smith. David Hand was the supervising director, while William Cottrell, Wilfred Jackson, Larry Morey, Perce Pearce, and Ben Sharpsteen directed the film’s individual sequences.", "In 1934, Disney started production on their first feature animation, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs . It took three years to produce, but when it was released during the Christmas of 1937, it was a spectacular success. It held the record for highest grossing film until the release of Gone With the Wind.", "The Mine has been brought into three-dimensions in the Disney theme parks in Snow White's Scary Adventures . The original Disneyland version placed the mine as the opening of the attraction, while many other versions have utilized it as a lead-up to the climax.", "Deciding to push the boundaries of animation even further, Disney began production of his first feature-length animated film in 1934. Taking three years to complete, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , premiered in December 1937 and became highest-grossing film of that time by 1939. Snow White was released through RKO Radio Pictures , which had assumed distribution of Disney's product in July 1937, after United Artists attempted to attain future television rights to the Disney shorts.", "    One night in 1934, Walt brought his animators together to tell them they were going to make an animated feature film, and proceeded to act out the story of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. At the time, this was a radical concept. Most people thought that a cartoon couldn't hold an audience's attention beyond the usual eight-minute running time. ", "“See for yourself what the genius of Walt Disney has created in his first full length feature production,” proclaimed the original trailer for Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, released on this day in 1938.", "An adventurous quest for a treasure hidden in King Solomon's mines, based on H. Rider Haggard's timeless tale.", "Most of the animation of the forest animals in \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\" was done by Eric Larson, Milton Kahl and James Algar (later a director of Disney's True Life Adventure Films).", "âSnow White and the Seven Dwarfsâ opened to public in February 1938. The film was a blockbuster at the box office and went on to become the most successful film of 1938. In its initial release, the film had grossed $8 million.", "So Staggs wondered: Was there a way to make the Audio-Animatronic versions of the Seven Dwarfs actually look more like these character did back in that 1937 Walt Disney Pictures release? And as it turned out, there was.", "When Dorothy and Toto safely returned home again, the Tin Woodman returned to the Winkie Country to rule as emperor. He had himself nickel-plated and later had his subjects construct a palace made entirely of tin — from the architecture all the way down to the flowers in the garden. The grounds also feature tin statues of the Emperor's personal friends. ( The Road to Oz )" ]

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[ "Paramount Pictures is an American film production and distribution company, located at 5555 Melrose Avenue in Hollywood, California . Founded in 1912 and currently owned by media conglomerate Viacom , it is America's oldest existing film studio; it is also the last major film studio still headquartered in the Hollywood district of Los Angeles. Paramount is consistently ranked as one of the top-grossing movie studios. [1]", "Paramount traces its history when it was originally founded on May 8, 1912 by the Hungarian-born Adolph Zukor, who had been an early investor in nickelodeons (film theaters that cost 5 cents admission), saw that movies appealed mainly to working-class immigrants. With partners Daniel Frohman and Charles Frohman, he planned to offer feature-length films that would appeal to the middle class by featuring the leading theatrical players of the time (leading to the slogan \"famous players in famous plays\"). By mid-1913, Famous Players had completed five films and Zukor was on his way to success. That same year, another aspiring producer, Jesse L. Lasky opened his Lasky Feature Play Company with money borrowed from his brother-in-law, Samuel Goldfish, who was later known as \"Samuel Goldwyn\". The Lasky company hired as their first employee a stage director with no virtually film experience, Cecil B. DeMille, who would find a suitable location site in Hollywood, near Los Angeles for his first film called, The Squaw Man.", "Paramount is the fifth oldest surviving film studio in the world, and America's oldest running studio, founded in 1912. ", "It was in 1927 that Famous Players-Lasky would finally incorporate \"Paramount\" into its name. That year the company was formally renamed \"Paramount-Famous-Lasky.\" Three years later it would be renamed the Paramount-Publix Corporation (Publix Corporation was the name of the company's theatre chain). It was easily the most successful studio in the United States, if not the world. Many of the most successful films of the Silent Era were made by Paramount, including The Sheik (1921), Blood and Sand (1922), The Ten Commandments (1923), Beau Geste (1926), and Wings (1927).  The company had virtually invented the concept of the \"movie star\" and many of the biggest names of the day had worked for Paramount at some point in their careers, including Mary Pickford, Lillian Gish, Gloria Swanson, Rudolph Valentino, Douglas Fairbanks, John Barrymore, Clara Bow, Ronald Colman, and Gary Cooper. Some of the best known directors had worked for Paramount as well, including Cecille B. DeMille,  William Wellman, Erich von Stroheim, and Ernst Lubitsch.", "Almost exactly one century later, the Harvard Film Archive launches a centennial tribute to Paramount Pictures, the name Zukor gave to his company in 1916 when he joined forces with producer Jesse Lasky and a distribution company named Paramount.  The sensation created by Bernhardt’s Queen Elizabeth had helped lure famous stage performers into film studios and re-oriented moviemakers towards feature films. Meanwhile, Jesse Lasky sent Cecil B. DeMille to Los Angeles to shoot a Western in 1913, The Squaw Man, whose popular success ensured the careers of both men and led to the relocation of the US film industry to Hollywood.", "The Famous Players-Lasky Corporation became Paramount studios in 1927, and was officially named Paramount Pictures in 1935.", "Paramount is the fifth oldest surviving film studio in the world after the French studios Gaumont Film Company (1895) and Pathé (1896), followed by the Nordisk Film company (1906), and Universal Studios (1912). It is the last major film studio still headquartered in the Hollywood district of Los Angeles.", "Beginning in 1914, the former company was renamed Paramount Pictures Corporation, as the oldest running movie studio in Hollywood, beating Universal Studios by a month. On March 24, 1966, Paramount was acquired by Gulf+Western Industries, which later became Paramount Communications on June 5, 1989. On March 11, 1994, Paramount Communications was merged with Viacom. Viacom on December 31, 2005, split into two companies: one retaining its original name (that owns the BET Networks, MTV Networks and Paramount Pictures) and the other what was once the old Viacom but currently known as the \"CBS Corporation\" (which owns Paramount's television production and distribution arms, currently known as CBS Television Studios, CBS Television Distribution, and CBS Studios International, respectively); both companies are owned by National Amusements, Inc.", "With the separation of production and exhibition forced by the U.S. Supreme Court, Paramount Pictures Inc. was split in two. [12] Paramount Pictures Corporation was formed to be the production distribution company, with the 1,500-screen theater chain handed to the new United Paramount Theaters on December 31, 1949. Leonard Goldenson , who had headed the chain since 1938, remained as the new company's president. The Balaban and Katz theatre division was spun off with UPT; its trademark eventually became the property of the Balaban and Katz Historical Foundation. The Foundation has recently acquired ownership of the Famous Players Trademark. Cash-rich and controlling prime downtown real estate, Goldenson began looking for investments. Barred from film-making by prior anti-trust rulings, he acquired the struggling ABC television network in February 1953, leading it first to financial health, and eventually, in the mid-1970s, to first place in the national Nielsen ratings, before selling out to Capital Cities in 1985 (Capital Cities would eventually sell out, in turn, to The Walt Disney Company in 1996). United Paramount Theaters was renamed ABC Theaters in 1965 and was sold to businessman Henry Plitt in 1974. The movie theater chain was renamed Plitt Theaters. In 1985, Cineplex Odeon Corporation merged with Plitt. In later years, Paramount's TV division would develop a strong relationship with ABC, providing many hit series to the network.", "With the separation of production and exhibition forced by the U.S. Supreme Court, Paramount Pictures Inc. was split in two. Paramount Pictures Corporation was formed to be the production distribution company, with the 1,500-screen theater chain handed to the new United Paramount Theaters on December 31, 1949. Leonard Goldenson , who had headed the chain since 1938, remained as the new company's president. The Balaban and Katz theatre division was spun off with UPT. The Balaban and Katz trademark is now owned by the Balaban and Katz Historical Foundation. Cash-rich and controlling prime downtown real estate, Goldenson began looking for investments; barred from film-making, he acquired the struggling ABC television network in February, 1953.", "The Paramount name first materialized in 1914, during the company's early years as a distribution company. Paramount would become a wholly owned division of Famous Players at around 1916.", "As a matter of fact, the building is still there. Paramount built the Fleischer Studio in Miami in 1938 (photos above from Leslie Cabarga’s THE FLEISCHER STORY).", "As always, Paramount films continued to emphasize stars; in the 1920s there were Swanson, Valentino, and Clara Bow. By the 1930s, talkies brought in a range of powerful new draws: Miriam Hopkins, Marlene Dietrich, Mae West, W.C. Fields, Jeanette MacDonald, Claudette Colbert, the Marx Brothers (whose first two films were shot at Paramount's Astoria, New York, studio), Dorothy Lamour, Carole Lombard, Bing Crosby, band leader Shep Fields, famous Argentine tango singer Carlos Gardel, and Gary Cooper among them. In this period Paramount can truly be described as a movie factory, turning out sixty to seventy pictures a year. Such were the benefits of having a huge theater chain to fill, and of block booking to persuade other chains to go along. In 1933, Mae West would also add greatly to Paramount's success with her suggestive movies She Done Him Wrong and I'm No Angel. However, the sex appeal West gave in these movies would also lead to the enforcement of the Production Code, as the newly formed organization the Catholic Legion of Decency threatened a boycott if it was not enforced. ", "* March 1 - Paramount Pictures unveils a new opening logo after 16 years of the previous one. The official logo was used from 2002 until December 21st, 2011, and featured a temporary 90th Anniversary byline from March 1st to December 27th. The logo was slightly changed in 2010 and used until late 2011.", "Paramount Pictures had been an early backer of television, launching experimental stations in 1939 in Los Angeles (later to become KTLA ) and Chicago (which was sold off as part of UPT and eventually became WBBM-TV ). It was also an early investor in the pioneer DuMont Laboratories and through that, the DuMont Television Network , but because of anti-trust concerns after the 1948 ruling, and station ownership issues (DuMont owned three stations in New York, Washington, D.C. and Pittsburgh; but because of Paramount's involvement, KTLA and WBBM were also recognized by the FCC as network O&O stations, even though the former was only an affiliate in 1947 and the latter never carried a DuMont program) proved to be a timid and obstructionist partner, refusing to aid DuMont as it sank in the mid-1950s. [8] [9]", "The distinctively pyramidal Paramount mountain has been the company's logo since its inception and is the oldest surviving Hollywood film logo. The logo appeared at the start of many cartoons. In the sound era, the logo was accompanied by a fanfare called Paramount on Parade after the film of the same name, released in 1930. The words to the fanfare, originally sung in the 1930 film, were \"Proud of the crowd that will never be loud, it's Paramount on Parade.\"", "^ Pryor, Thomas M. \"Seven Arts Unit Joins Paramount.\" The New York Times. July 18, 1958.", "By the early 1960s, Paramount's future was doubtful. The high-risk movie business was wobbly; the theater chain was long gone; investments in DuMont and in early pay-television came to nothing; and the Golden Age of Hollywood had just ended, even the flagship Paramount building in Times Square was sold to raise cash, as was KTLA (sold to Gene Autry in 1964 for a then-phenomenal $12.5 million). Their only remaining successful property at that point was Dot Records, which Paramount had acquired in 1957, and even its profits started declining by the middle of the 1960s. Founding father Adolph Zukor (born in 1873) was still chairman emeritus; he referred to chairman Barney Balaban (born 1888) as \"the boy.\" Such aged leadership was incapable of keeping up with the changing times, and in 1966, a sinking Paramount was sold to Charles Bluhdorn's industrial conglomerate, Gulf + Western Industries Corporation. Bluhdorn immediately put his stamp on the studio, installing a virtually unknown producer named Robert Evans as head of production. Despite some rough times, Evans held the job for eight years, restoring Paramount's reputation for commercial success with The Odd Couple, Rosemary's Baby, Love Story, The Godfather, Chinatown, and 3 Days of the Condor. ", "The logo began as a somewhat indistinct charcoal rendering of the mountain ringed with superimposed stars. The logo originally had twenty-four stars, as a tribute to the then current system of contracts for actors, since Paramount had twenty-four stars signed at the time. In 1952, the logo was redesigned as a matte painting created by Jan Domela . The current mountain style debuted in 1954. In 1974 the logo was simplified, adopting the design of the then-current television version, and the number of stars was changed to twenty-two; this version of the logo is still in use as Paramount's current print logo. The visual logo was replaced in 1987, Paramount's 75th Anniversary, by a version created by Apogee, Inc. with a computer generated lake and stars. For Paramount's 90th anniversary in 2002, a new, completely computer-generated logo was created. [32] [33]", "This film was the first feature to use the VistaVision Paramount logo. A new logo, created especially for wide-screen, this logo appears more realistic and features a shot of a canyon with trees around it. The sky is more distant in depth and is full of contrast. The Paramount logo is pretty much the same as before here. The screen credit \"Paramount (with the \"P\" written in their corporate font) proudly presents the first picture in\" first appears over the mountain, and then the VistaVision logo appears, then the Paramount logo plays as usual (with the final notes of the Paramount on Parade march, followed by a bell sound). The Paramount mountain, with minor variations until 1986, served as the basis for the company logo for more than 30 years. See more »", "Paramount is the fifth oldest surviving film studio in the world behind Universal Studios , Nordisk Film , Pathé , and Gaumont Film Company . It is the last major film studio still headquartered in the Hollywood district of Los Angeles.", "Paramount Pictures was founded in Los Angeles as a start-up company in order to release the films of Jesse Lasky and Adolph Zukor's Famous Players Film Company. It soon became the first successful nation-wide film distributor.", "In the decades following World War II, Hollywood's glitz and glamour began to fade as most of the leading film studios moved to other places. By the 1980s, Hollywood was considered one of the worst neighborhoods in Los Angeles. The 1990s, however, saw the beginning of community redevelopment efforts, and today Hollywood is once again one of the region's most vibrant areas. Paramount is the only major film studio still headquartered in Hollywood, but the area nonetheless remains an important center of the entertainment industry with its myriad production and broadcast facilities. Smaller studios still in Hollywood include Sunset-Gower Studios, Hollywood Center Studios, Raleigh Studios, Jim Henson Studios, and Sunset Bronson Studios (housed on the original Warner Bros. lot).", "In March 2012, Paramount licensed their name and logo to a luxury hotel investment group which subsequently named the company Paramount Hotels and Resorts. The investors plan to build 50 hotels throughout the world based on the themes of Hollywood and the California lifestyle. Among the features are private screening rooms and the Paramount library available in the hotel rooms. On April 2013, Paramount Hotels and Dubai-based DAMAC Properties announced the building of the first resort: \"DAMAC Towers by Paramount.\" ", "Those wishing to visit Paramount can take studio tours, which are offered seven days a week. Reservations are required, and can be made by visiting the tour website. The tour offers a behind-the-scenes look at the current operations of the studio, and what can be seen varies day to day. Most of the buildings on the tour are named for historical Paramount executives or the artists that worked at Paramount over the years. Many of the stars' dressing rooms have been converted into working offices. The stages where Samson and Delilah, Sunset Blvd., White Christmas, Rear Window, Sabrina, Breakfast at Tiffany's, and many other classic films were shot are still in use today. The studio's backlot set, \"New York Street\", features numerous blocks of façades that depict a number of New York locales: \"Washington Square\", (where some scenes in The Heiress, starring Olivia de Havilland, were shot) \"Brooklyn\", \"Financial District\", and others. Led by a guide on a golf cart, the tour takes approximately two hours.", "During this time period, Paramount Pictures went under the guidance of Jonathan Dolgen, chairman and Sherry Lansing, president. During their administration over Paramount, the studio had an extremely successful period of films with two of Paramount's ten highest grossing films being produced during this period. The most successful of these films, Titanic, a joint production with 20th Century Fox, became the highest grossing film up to that time, grossing over $1.8 billion worldwide. Also during this time, three Paramount Pictures films won the Academy Award for Best Picture; Titanic, Braveheart, and Forrest Gump.", "True to its dramatic origins, Paramount has been of the most storied companies in American film history with Zukor and his successors amassing a dazzling stable of stars that upheld Zukor’s slogan of the original company —“Famous players in famous films.” Indeed, Paramount had one of the most robust rosters of movie stars of any of the major studios: Marlene Dietrich, Gary Cooper, W.C. Fields, Miriam Hopkins and Fredric March, and later Barbara Stanwyck, William Holden, Alan Ladd and Veronica Lake.", "The Paramount logo appears as a transparency over the opening shot. The words \"Sunset Blvd.\" are shown stenciled on the curb of that street. See more »", "At the bottom of the screen is a box. On either side of the box, there are two Paramount pseudo-logos. Each has a ring of stars inside a ring. On the pseudo-logo on the right, we see the words \"Paramount Pictures\". On the pseudo-logo on the left, we see some writing. At the top of the box, we see \"COPYRIGHT [YEAR]\". Inside the box, we see the words \"FAMOUS PLAYERS-LASKY CORPORATION\" in a large font. Below this, in a slightly smaller font, we see the words \"ADOLPH ZUKOR, PRESIDENT\". Below Zukor's name, we see the words \"NEW YORK CITY\". Below the box, we see, in a large font, \"ALL RIGHTS RESERVED\".", "Paramount's purchase by Gulf & Western marked the beginning of a trend toward studio ownership by diversified, multi-national conglomerates. It was the first instance of a Hollywood studio being acquired by a corporate conglomerate.", "Across 7th Avenue you’ll see the distinctive marquee on the Art Deco Paramount Building, which is topped by a four-sided clock and globe (both were painted black during WWII to maintain blackout conditions).  The marquee now belongs to the Hard Rock Cafe , but once fronted the historic Paramount Theater, a premiere movie palace that also hosted performances by Benny Goodman, Glenn Miller, Tommy Dorsey, and Frank Sinatra.", "The logo began as a somewhat indistinct charcoal rendering of the mountain ringed with superimposed stars. The logo originally had twenty-four stars, as a tribute to the then current system of contracts for actors, since Paramount had twenty-four stars signed at the time." ]

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[ "James Earl Ray is the man who shot and killed civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. on 4 April 1968 in Memphis, Tennessee. King was killed while standing on the balcony of the Lorraine Motel, and police determined that Ray had shot him with a rifle from the window of a rented room across the street. Ray, who had a record as a petty criminal and was an escapee from a Missouri prison, disappeared but was captured in England two months later and charged with killing King. Ray pled guilty to the charge in 1969 and was sentenced to 99 years in prison. However, he soon tried to take back his guilty plea, claiming to be innocent. By the 1990s his continued requests for a new trial had gained fresh life; a Memphis bar owner named Loyd Jowers even claimed that he participated in a plot to kill King. King’s son Dexter met with Ray in 1997 and publicly supported him, and the next year Attorney General Janet Reno ordered a full review of the case. That review ended in 2000 with a finding that “no credible evidence” existed to support the claims of Jowers or the various other conspiracy theories. Ray died in prison in 1998.", "The US saw the deaths of several historically important political figures. One was James Earl Ray , jailed for killing black civil rights leader Martin Luther King in 1968. He died still protesting his innocence and with a number of questions still hanging over his conviction.", "In the accepted version of the assassination—one which no credible historian, or federal or state investigation has disputed—James Earl Ray, a career criminal and open racist, murdered Martin Luther King on April 4, 1968. An escaped convict, Ray rented a room in Memphis across from the Lorraine Motel where King was staying while mediating a sanitation workers' strike. Using a rifle with a sniper scope, he shot King from his bathroom window as King stood on the balcony of the motel. The single bullet severed King's spinal cord and killed him.", "The 1960s was an era of unrest in the United States. Civil rights, women's rights, the war in Vietnam , the student movement, and the ecology controversy were major issues. Malcolm X , who advocated black nationalism and armed self-defense as a means of fighting the oppression of African Americans, was murdered on February 21, 1965, by Talmadge Hayer, Norman Butler, and Thomas Johnson, alleged agents of Malcolm's rival Elijah Muhammud of the Nation of Islam . Martin Luther King Jr . was killed on April 4, 1968, in Memphis, Tennessee by James Earl Ray, who later retracted his confession and claimed to be a dupe in an elaborate conspiracy. Robert F. Kennedy, then representing New York State in the U.S. Senate, was shot by a Palestinian, Sirhan Sirhan, on June 5, 1968, in Los Angeles , shortly after winning the California presidential primary.", "* On 8 June 1968, James Earl Ray, the man convicted of the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., was captured and arrested at Heathrow Airport while attempting to leave the United Kingdom on a false Canadian passport. ", "James Earl Ray, here in a 1968 jail booking photo, later recanted killing the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr.", "* James Earl Ray, assassin of Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Remanded from 8 June to 19 July 1968. ", "James Earl Ray, the convicted killer of civil rights leader Martin Luther King, shown here in a 1968 photo released by the FBI. ((U.S. National Archives))", "Over the years, the assassination has been re-examined by the House Select Committee on Assassinations, the Shelby County, Tennessee, District Attorney's office, and three times by the U.S. Justice Department. The investigations all ended with the same conclusion: James Earl Ray killed Martin Luther King. The House committee acknowledged that a low-level conspiracy might have existed, involving one or more accomplices to Ray, but uncovered no evidence to definitively prove this theory. In addition to the mountain of evidence against him – such as his fingerprints on the murder weapon and his admitted presence at the rooming house on 4 April – Ray had a definite motive in assassinating King: hatred. According to his family and friends, he was an outspoken racist who informed them of his intent to kill Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. He died in 1998.", "Ray has been known as the man who shot and killed Dr. Martin Luther King on his hotel veranda in Memphis, Tennessee, in 1968. Belonging to a white supremacy group, he exposed a philosophy of hate crime. Although not established, it is conjectured he was part of a conspiracy group. While serving time for King's assassination, he escaped from prison in Tennessee. Authorities were able to locate and arrest him. Ray has made several attempts at the appeal process. He died of liver cancer.", "At 6:05 P.M. on Thursday, 4 April 1968, Martin Luther King was shot dead while standing on a balcony outside his second-floor room at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee. News of King’s assassination prompted major outbreaks of racial violence, resulting in more than 40 deaths nationwide and extensive property damage in over 100 American cities. James Earl Ray, a 40-year-old escaped fugitive, later confessed to the crime and was sentenced to a 99-year prison term. During King’s funeral a tape recording was played in which King spoke of how he wanted to be remembered after his death: ‘‘I’d like somebody to mention that day that Martin Luther King Jr. tried to give his life serving", "Posner, Gerald. Killing the Dream: James Earl Ray and the Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.. New York: Random House, 1998.", "* June 8 – James Earl Ray is arrested for the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr..", "** In Memphis, Tennessee, James Earl Ray pleads guilty to assassinating Martin Luther King Jr. (he later retracts his guilty plea).", "James Earl Ray, a 40-year-old convicted armed robber who had escaped from the Missouri State Penitentiary in Jefferson City, Mo., on April 23, 1967, pleaded guilty on March 10, 1969, in Shelby County (Tenn.) Criminal Court to the first degree murder of Dr. King. He was sentenced to 99 years at the State penitentiary.", "Prior to his death, Ray was transferred to the Lois M. DeBerry Special Needs Facility in Nashville, a maximum security prison with hospital facilities. Ray died at the Columbia Nashville Memorial Hospital in Nashville on April 23, 1998, at the age of 70, from complications related to kidney disease and liver failure caused by hepatitis C. Ray was survived by seven siblings. His brother Jerry Ray told CNN that his brother did not want to be buried or have his final resting place in the United States because of \"the way the government has treated him.\" Ray was cremated and his ashes were flown to Ireland, the home of his family's ancestors. Ten years later, Ray's other brother, John Larry Ray, co-authored a book with Lyndon Barsten, titled Truth At Last: The Untold Story Behind James Earl Ray and the Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. revealing what the former author knew about the assassination.", "          On March 10. 1969 the official curtain closed on the assassination of Martin Luther King. James Earl Ray pleaded guilty to a technical plea of murder \"as explained to you by your lawyers,\" and was sentenced to 99 years in prison (Ray has always maintained that he killed no one). Thus the State of Tennessee, by an arrangement that had the advance blessings of the Federal Government, dispensed with the formality of a trial for the accused assassin of Dr. King.", "Martin Luther King was the face and voice of the civil rights movement. Martin would serve as a martyr for the movement after he was killed in Memphis in 1968, while supporting striking black sanitary public works employees. King would be shot while outside his hotel room in Memphis. Escaped convict, James Earl Ray would confess to killing King but would later recant his confession. While their have been allegations of a conspiracy, no charges were ever made.", "Martin Luther King, Jr. was an American clergyman, activist, and prominent leader of the African-American civil rights movement and Nobel Peace Prize laureate who became known for his advancement of civil rights by using civil disobedience. He was assassinated at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee on April 4, 1968, at the age of 39. King was rushed to St. Joseph's Hospital, where he was pronounced dead at 7:05PM that evening. The King family and others believe that the assassination was carried out by a conspiracy involving the US government, as alleged by Loyd Jowers in 1993, and that James Earl Ray was a scapegoat. In a 1999 civil trial that did not name the US government as a defendant and sought $100 from Jowers, with both the family and Jowers cooperating together and the only presenting parties, the jury ruled against Jowers and Unidentified Conspirators", "5. King’s assassin pleaded guilty before eventually withdrawing the plea: James Earl Ray pleaded guilty to King’s death in 1969 to avoid execution in the electric chair, and was instead sentenced to 99 years behind bars. It took him three days to withdraw the plea, saying he was only part of a conspiracy. He requested new trials for the next 29 years, all of which were denied. He died in 1998.", "Two months after King's death, escaped convict James Earl Ray was captured at London Heathrow Airport while trying to leave the United Kingdom on a false Canadian passport in the name of Ramon George Sneyd on his way to white-ruled Rhodesia.[203] Ray was quickly extradited to Tennessee and charged with King's murder. He confessed to the assassination on March 10, 1969, though he recanted this confession three days later.[204] On the advice of his attorney Percy Foreman, Ray pled guilty to avoid a trial conviction and thus the possibility of receiving the death penalty. He was sentenced to a 99-year prison term.[204][205] Ray later claimed a man he met in Montreal, Quebec, with the alias \"Raoul\" was involved and that the assassination was the result of a conspiracy.[206][207] He spent the remainder of his life attempting, unsuccessfully, to withdraw his guilty plea and secure the trial he never had.[205]", "April 4, 1968. Martin Luther King Jr. is assassinated in Memphis. He is 39; Ray is 40", "In the late 1960s, King openly criticized U.S. involvement in Vietnam and turned his efforts to winning economic rights for poor Americans. By that time, the civil rights movement had begun to fracture, with activists such as Stokely Carmichael rejecting King's vision of nonviolent integration in favor of African American self-reliance and self-defense. In 1968, King intended to revive his movement through an interracial \"Poor People's March\" on Washington, but on April 4 he was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee, by escaped white convict James Earl Ray, just a few weeks before the demonstration was scheduled to begin.", "Dr. King organized the massive March on Washington (August 28, 1963), which brought more than 200,000 people together and where, at the Lincoln Memorial, King delivered the “ I Have A Dream ” speech. In 1964 he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. On April 4, 1968, he was shot and killed on the balcony of the motel where he was staying. James Earl Ray was later convicted of his murder. His birthday is an American national holiday, celebrated on the third Monday in January.", "Circuit Court Judge Arthur Hanes Jr . of Birmingham, Alabama, had been Ray’s attorney in 1968. (On the eve of his trial, Ray replaced Hanes and his father, Arthur Hanes Sr., by Percy Foreman, a decision Ray told the Haneses one week later was the biggest mistake of his life .) Hanes testified that in the summer of 1968 he interviewed Guy Canipe, owner of the Canipe Amusement Company. Canipe was a witness to the dropping in his doorway of a bundle that held a trove of James Earl Ray memorabilia, including the rifle, unfired bullets, and a radio with Ray’s prison identification number on it. This dropped bundle, heaven (or otherwise) sent for the State’s case against Ray, can be accepted as credible evidence through a willing suspension of disbelief. As Judge Hanes summarized the State’s lone-assassin theory (with reference to an exhibit depicting the scene), “James Earl Ray had fired the shot from the bathroom on that second floor, come down that hallway into his room and carefully packed that box, tied it up, then had proceeded across the walkway the length of the building to the back where that stair from that door came up, had come down the stairs out the door, placed the Browning box containing the rifle and the radio there in the Canipe entryway .” Then Ray presumably got in his car seconds before the police’s arrival, driving from downtown Memphis to Atlanta unchallenged in his white Mustang.", "Elvis Aaron Presley ( 8 January 1935 – 16 August 1977 ) was an American singer , musician , and actor , one of the most popular of the 20th century. Among the century's most significant cultural icons, he is widely known by the single name Elvis. He is often referred to as the \"King of Rock and Roll\" or simply \"the King\" and is the best-selling individual recording artist of all time.", "His career and untimely death has grouped him with Janis Joplin and Jim Morrison as one of contemporary music's tragic \"three J's\", iconic 1960s rock stars that suffered drug-related deaths at age 27 within months of each other, leaving legacies in death that have eclipsed the popularity and influence they experienced during their lifetimes. The other rock star who died in that period at age 27 was Brian Jones .", "The King of Rock 'n' Roll (8 Jan 1935 - 16 Aug 1977) was born in Tupelo, Mississippi, USA.  He started his recording career at Sun Records in Memphis, USA.  After a move to RCA records in 1956, he rose to be arguably the biggest music star of the 20th century, with world-wide record sales of over one billion.  He was also a movie star during the late 1950s and throughout the 1960s, making 31 films in total.  His home in Memphis, \"Graceland\", is now a museum and major tourist attraction.  His recordings continue to be heard throughout the world.", "The King of Rock 'n' Roll (8 Jan 1935 - 16 Aug 1977) was born in Tupelo, Mississippi, USA.  He started his recording career at Sun Records in Memphis, USA.  After a move to RCA records in 1956, he rose to be arguably the biggest music star of the 20th century, with world-wide record sales of over one billion.  He was also a movie star during the late 1950s and throughout the 1960s, making 31 films in total.  His home in Memphis, \"Graceland\", is now a museum and major tourist attraction.  His recordings continue to be heard throughout the world.", "The King of Rock 'n' Roll (8 Jan 1935 - 16 Aug 1977) was born in Tupelo, Mississippi, USA.  He started his recording career at Sun Records in Memphis, USA.  After a move to RCA records in 1956, he rose to be arguably the biggest music star of the 20th century, with world-wide record sales of over one billion.  He was also a movie star during the late 1950s and throughout the 1960s, making 31 films in total.  His home in Memphis, \"Graceland\", is now a museum and major tourist attraction.  His recordings continue to be heard throughout the world.", "1943-1964 - James Earl Chaney - Civil rights worker. Murdered by Klu Klux Klan near Philadelphia, Mississippi, with Andrew Goodman & Michael (Mickey) Schwerner.", "Jimmy Ray Dean (August 10, 1928 – June 13, 2010) was an American country music singer, television host, actor and businessman. Although he may be best known today as the creator of the Jimmy Dean Sausage brand, he first rose to fame for his 1961 country crossover hit \"Big Bad John\"; and became a national television personality in the 1960s. His acting career included a supporting role in the 1971 James Bond movie, Diamonds Are Forever. He lived near Richmond, Virginia and was announced into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 2010, though died before formally inducted." ]

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[ "1938 - Orson Welles broadcasts his radio play of H. G. Wells's The War of the Worlds, causing a nationwide panic in the United States.", "\"The War of the Worlds\" is an episode of the American radio drama anthology series The Mercury Theatre on the Air . It was performed as a Halloween episode of the series on October 30, 1938, and aired over the Columbia Broadcasting System radio network. Directed and narrated by actor and future filmmaker Orson Welles , the episode was an adaptation of H. G. Wells 's novel The War of the Worlds (1898). It became famous for allegedly causing mass panic, although the reality of this mass panic is disputed since the program had relatively few listeners. [3]", "1938: The novel \"The War of the Worlds\" written by H.G. Wells is read over a radio broadcast. The broadcast causes a mass panic across the country.", "\"The War of the Worlds\" is an episode of the American radio drama anthology series The Mercury Theatre on the Air. It was performed as a Halloween episode of the series on Sunday, October 30, 1938, and aired over the Columbia Broadcasting System radio network. Directed and narrated by actor and future filmmaker Orson Welles, the episode was an adaptation of H. G. Wells' novel The War of the Worlds (1898). It became famous for allegedly causing mass panic, although the reality of the panic is disputed as the program had relatively few listeners. ", "Though what the radio listeners heard was a portion of Orson Welles ' adaptation of the well-known book, War of the Worlds by H. G. Wells, many of the listeners believed what they heard on the radio was real.", "On October 30, 1938, CBS gained a taste of infamy when The Mercury Theatre on the Air broadcast a radio adaptation of H. G. Wells's The War of the Worlds, performed by Orson Welles. Its unique format, a contemporary version of the story in the form of faux news broadcasts, had panicked many listeners into believing invaders from Mars were actually invading and devastating Grover's Mill, New Jersey, despite three disclaimers during the broadcast that it was a work of fiction. The flood of publicity after the broadcast had two effects: an FCC ban on faux news bulletins within dramatic programming, and sponsorship for The Mercury Theatre on the Air – the former sustaining program became The Campbell Playhouse to sell soup.Barnouw, Golden, p. 88 Welles, for his part, summarized the episode as \"the Mercury Theater's own radio version of dressing up in a sheet and jumping out of a bush and saying 'Boo!'\"Bergreen, p. 96", "In our very first live hour, we take a deep dive into one of the most controversial moments in broadcasting history: Orson Welles' 1938 radio play about Martians invading New Jersey. \"The War of the Worlds\" caused panic when it originally aired, and it's continued to fool people since--from Santiago, Chile to Buffalo, New York to a particularly disastrous evening in Quito, Ecuador.", "1938 - Widespread panic in the USA when Orson Welles's adaptation of War of the Worlds was broadcast", "Their October 30, 1938 radio adaptation of The War of the Worlds by H. G. Wells brought Welles instant fame. The combination of the news bulletin form of the performance with the between-breaks dial spinning habits of listeners from the rival and far more popular Edgar Bergen/Charlie McCarthy program was later reported in the media to have created widespread confusion among listeners who failed to hear the introduction, although the extent of this confusion has recently come into question. Panic was reported to have spread (after citation from rumors) among many listeners who believed the news reports of a Martian invasion. The myth of the result created by the combination was reported as fact around the world and disparagingly mentioned by Adolf Hitler in a public speech a few months later. The 1975 docudrama The Night That Panicked America was based on events centering on the production of, and events that resulted from, the program.", "1938: Orson Welles triggers national panic with radio dramatization of Martian invasion, based on H.G. Wells' \"War of the Worlds\"", "Sunday, October 30, 1938, will forever be remembered as a seminal event in the history of American mass media and their potential impact on our collective consciousness. Just one day before Halloween, an utterly unanticipated event occurred on the radio, then the primary medium of information and entertainment. An audacious and brilliant artist by the name of Orson Welles broadcast a radio dramatization of H. G. Wells' famous fantasy, “The War of the Worlds.” Produced by Welles' Mercury Theatre, the program was broadcast over WABC and the Columbia Broadcasting System Network.", "George Orson Welles (May 6, 1915 � October 10, 1985) was an Academy Award-winning American screenwriter, a radio, film and theatre director, a radio and film producer and an actor in film and theatre, as well as a Grammy Award-winning radio personality. Welles first gained wide notoriety for his October 30, 1938 radio broadcast of H. G. Wells' The War of the Worlds. Adapted to sound like a contemporary news broadcast, it caused a large number of listeners to panic. Welles and his biographers subsequently claimed he was exposing the gullibility of American audiences in the tense preamble to the Second World War. In the mid-1930s, his New York theatre adaptations of a voodoo Macbeth and a contemporary Julius Caesar became legendary. Welles was also an accomplished magician, starring in tr...", "Welles worked extensively in film, theatre, television and radio. His best known feat is his radio broadcast of H.G. Wells’ “War of the Worlds” that was so realistic that audiences actually believed it was happening. Date: 1937. Photographer: Carl Van Vechten.", "Orson Welles (arms raised) rehearses his radio depiction of H.G. Wells' classic, The War of the Worlds. The broadcast, which aired on October 30, 1938, and claimed that aliens from Mars had invaded New Jersey, terrified thousands of Americans. (© Bettmann/CORBIS)", "Orson Welles was only 23 years old when his Mercury Theater company decided to update H.G. Wells’ 19th-century science fiction novel War of the Worlds for national radio. Despite his age, Welles had been in radio for several years, most notably as the voice of “The Shadow” in the hit mystery program of the same name. “War of the Worlds” was not planned as a radio hoax, and Welles had little idea of the havoc it would cause.", "Orson Welles was only 23 years old when his Mercury Theater company decided to update H.G. Wells' 19th-century science fiction novel War of the Worlds for national radio. Despite his age, Welles had been in radio for several years, most notably as the voice of \"The Shadow\" in the hit mystery program of the same name. \"War of the Worlds\" was not planned as a radio hoax, and Welles had little idea of the havoc it would cause.", "On Sunday, October 30, 1938 at 8 p.m., the broadcast began when an announcer came on the air and said, \"The Columbia Broadcasting System and its affiliated stations present Orson Welles and the Mercury Theatre on the Air in The War of the Worlds by H. G. Wells.\"", "Halloween, 1938. It did'nt seem to dawn on people listening to this radio broadcast that it was only a phony hoax and Halloween prank being pulled on everyone. Why ? In the wake of World War 2, the most convincing form of communication and media was not television, but radio. Over the radio, an elaborate and powerfully charged broadcast like this could easily fool hundreds. And it did. Orson Welles, a familiar icon of cinema, narrated the events, in nearly journalistic fashion. His voice and his attention to details of the alien invasion frightened people and assured them that indeed they were being invaded by flying saucers.", "The technical brilliance of the broadcast aside, how could an event as seemingly unlikely as a Martian invasion be readily interpreted as real? Part of the answer to this question lies in the fact that the monsters were never clearly identified as Martians until several minutes after Carl Phillips's segment of the broadcast. It is likely that some people who became confused and frightened was Frank Readick's interpretation of an on-the-scene news reporter. Readick was inspired by the eyewitness description of the explosion of the zeppelin Hindenburg, which had occurred on May 6, 1937, at Lakehurst, New Jersey. In this world-famous broadcast, the reporter was describing the uneventful landing of the Hindenburg when it suddenly exploded with spectacular and deadly force. The reporter struggled to remain coherent, and his tearful, second-by-second description was heard by millions. The day of the War of the Worlds broadcast, Readick spent hours listening to the Hindenburg recording (Houseman 1948). His interpretation of the Martian attack created a sense of deja vu. The emotion, the stammering, and even the tempo of Carl Phillips's narration reminds one of the Hindenburg disaster. Frank Readick's blending of the real and imaginary must have been very disconcerting for those who had heard the Hindenburg broadcast eighteen months earlier.", "Radio programming charts in Sunday newspapers listed the CBS drama, \"The War of the Worlds\". The New York Times for October 30, 1938, also included the show in its \"Leading Events of the Week\" (\"Tonight — Play: H. G. Wells's 'War of the Worlds'\") and published a photograph of Welles with some of the Mercury players, captioned, \"Tonight's show is H. G. Wells' 'War of the Worlds'\".", "For the Mercury group's Halloween show that was to air on October 30, 1938, Welles decided to adapt H. G. Wells's well-known novel, War of the Worlds , to radio. Radio adaptations and plays up to this point had often seemed rudimentary and awkward. Instead of lots of pages as in a book or through visual and auditory presentations as in a play, radio programs could only be heard (not seen) and were limited to a short period of time (often an hour, including commercials).", "Orson Welles issued the following statement: “In behalf of the Mercury theater of the air, it is deeply regretful to learn that the H. G. Wells fantasy, “War of the Worlds,” which was designed as entertainment, has caused some apprehension among listeners. Far from expecting the radio audience to take the program as fact rather than as a fictional presentation, we feared that the classic H. G. Wells story, which has served as inspiration for so many moving pictures, radio serials, and even comic strips might appear too old fashioned for modern consumption. We can only suppose that the special nature of radio, which is often heard in fragments, or in parts disconnected from the whole, has led to this misunderstanding.”", "*The Mercury Theatre on the Air presented a radio adaptation of Around the World in 80 Days on October 23, 1938, one week before its famous production of The War of the Worlds. Orson Welles played Fogg.", "It has been suggested War of the Worlds was a psychological warfare experiment. In the 1999 documentary, Masters of the Universe: The Secret Birth of the Federal Reserve , writer Daniel Hopsicker claims the Rockefeller Foundation funded the broadcast, studied the panic, and compiled a report available to a few. A variation has the Radio Project and the Rockefeller Foundation as conspirators. [8] In a theatrical trailer for his film F For Fake , Welles joked about such theories, jesting that the broadcast indeed \"had secret sponsors\".", "On December 14, 1988, the original radioplay typescript for \"The War of the Worlds\" was sold at auction at Sotheby's in New York by author Howard Koch . The typescript bears the handwritten deletions and additions of Orson Welles and producer John Houseman. The auction catalog describes it as \"the only extant copy of the script known\". [55]", "H. G. Wells' novel is about an alien invasion of Earth, set in Woking, England at the end of the 19th century. The radio play's story was adapted by and written primarily by Howard Koch , with input from Orson Welles and the staff of CBS 's Mercury Theatre On The Air. The action was transferred to contemporary Grover's Mill , an unincorporated village in West Windsor Township, New Jersey in the United States. The program's format was to simulate a live newscast of developing events. To this end, Welles played recordings of Herbert Morrison 's radio reports of the Hindenburg disaster for actor Frank Readick and the rest of the cast, to demonstrate the mood he wanted.", "Gosling, John (2009). Waging The War of the Worlds: A History of the 1938 Radio Broadcast and Resulting Panic. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. ISBN   0-7864-4105-4 . ", "In 2005, Danish radio station P2 announced a plan to broadcast a remake of \"The War of the Worlds\" on September 3 of that year. As the broadcast was about to start, an announcer interrupted the show to report a fake story about a biological terrorist attack on Copenhagen .[ citation needed ]", "The radio production of War of the Worlds was broadcast on CBS radio as an episode of the anthology series", "Famous Actor, producer, writer and director who created a radio broadcast intended to entertain audiences, but was taken literally that aliens were invading. Many people were terrified ", "The War of the Worlds (radio drama) | Open Access articles | Open Access journals | Conference Proceedings | Editors | Authors | Reviewers | scientific events", "The most significant event of the last century was the global conflict referred to as the Second World War. Nearly every nation on Earth participated in or was affected by WWII. Although the Mass Media of the time seems primitive by the modern standards of the Internet and 24-hour Cable News Coverage, old time WWII radio shows brought the war home to the American people in a way that had never been imagined before this time." ]

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[ "The Times and the Sunday Times were closed down between 1st December 1978 and 12th November 1979, due to an industrial dispute between Roy Thomson and the printers union. No Times newspapers were printed during this period. In 1981 Thompson sold Times Newspaper Limited to Rupert Murdoch’s News International.", "1978 - Dec 1 : Publication of the Times and Sunday Times suspended for eleven months.", "Dec 1 1978 - publication of the Times and Sunday Times is suspended for 11 months.", "In 1978, The Sun overtook the Mirror in circulation, and in 1984 the Mirror was sold to Robert Maxwell . After Maxwell's death in 1991, David Montgomery became Mirror Group's CEO, and a period of cost-cutting and production changes ensued. The Mirror went through a protracted period of crisis before merging with the regional newspaper group Trinity to form Trinity Mirror in 1999. Printing of the Daily and Sunday Mirror moved to Trinity Mirror's facilities in Watford and Oldham.", "The Times newspaper was not printed for nearly a year between 1978 and 1979 due to an industrial dispute", "An industrial dispute prompted the management to shut the paper for nearly a year (1 December 1978 – 12 November 1979). ", "The Daily Telegraph is a broadsheet newspaper published in London by Telegraph Media Group and distributed across the United Kingdom and internationally. It was founded by Arthur B. Sleigh in 1855 as The Daily Telegraph and Courier. Since 2004, it has been owned by David and Frederick Barclay. The paper had a circulation of 523,048 in March 2014, down from 1.4 million in 1980. ", "It was owned by a subsidiary of the Berrys' Allied Newspapers from 1928 (renamed Kemsley Newspapers in 1937 when Camrose withdrew to concentrate his efforts on the Daily Telegraph). In 1946 it was merged with the Daily Graphic. In 1952 Kemsley decided to sell the paper to Associated Newspapers, the owner of the Daily Mail, who promptly revived the Daily Sketch name in 1953. The paper struggled through the 1950s and 1960s, never managing to compete successfully with the Daily Mirror, and in 1971 it was closed and merged with the Daily Mail. ", "Many pundits predicted the arrangement would not last, and two months later Boycott left to replace Richard Addis as editor of the Daily Express . Marr was sole editor again, but only for one week. Simon Kelner , who had worked on the paper when it was first launched accepted the editorship, and asked Marr to stay on as a political columnist. Kelner was not Marr's \"cup of tea\" Marr observed later, and he left the paper for the final time in May 1998. [10]", "Carried classified advertising on its front page until 1966 and on the back page until 1982. On Friday 13, 1981 it became a sister paper to the Sun, as part of Rupert Murdoch's News International. In 1986, Murdoch broke the print unions by moving to 'Fortress' Wapping, though the damage done to the paper's quality and reputation opened the door for the Independent. Led fierce price war from 1993 when it cut the cover price from 45p to 30p (and 10p on Monday). This raised sales at the expense of the Independent, Telegraph and Express.", "Ukpressonline provides text searchable access to full page facsimiles of some of the UK’s biggest selling popular newspapers of the 20th and 21st centuries. The archive is currently under construction but already complete are the Daily Mirror 1903 to date, Daily Express / Sunday Express May 2000 to date, the Daily Star May 2000 to date, and the Star Sunday September 2002 to date.", "By the beginning of the 20th century Fleet Street was the center of the British newspaper industry. However in the 1980s newspaper owners moved away from Fleet Street. At that time computer technology replaced the old labor intensive methods of printing. The Press Complaints Commission was created in 1990. Metro, a free newspaper for commuters was first published in Britain in 1999. Then in 2010 an abbreviated version of the Independent called i was launched However in 2011 The News Of The World ceased publication.", "The Independent was first published on 7 October 1986. The paper was created at a time of fundamental change and attracted staff from the two Murdoch broadsheets who had chosen not to move to the new headquarters in Wapping. Launched with the advertising slogan \"It is. Are you?\", and challenging The Guardian for centre-left readers, and The Times as a newspaper of record, it reached a circulation of over 400,000 in 1989. Competing in a moribund market, The Independent sparked a general freshening of newspaper design as well as a price war.", "News UK is behind several newspapers including The Times and The Sun, and was forced to close down News of the World back in 2011.", "In September 1978, a 96-page issue was released to mark The Spectator’s 150th anniversary. William Rees-Mogg congratulated the paper in a Times 's leading article, praising it in particular for its important part in \"the movement away from collectivism\".[ citation needed ]", "With the Evening News struggling financially and sales continuing to fall, Associated Newspapers Ltd announced in early October 1980 that the newspaper would be closing at the end of the month. A special commemorative edition of the newspaper was printed on October 30, 1980. The final issue of the Evening News was printed on October 31, 1980, after which the newspaper merged with its long-time rival the Evening Standard. For the first eight months of its existence the newly amalgamated paper was called the New Standard.", "Image caption British tabloid the News of the World closed in July 2011 after 168 years in circulation", "The government decides to close The Post and The Sunday Post because they have become media for communist viewpoints.", "I have since consulted Charles Moore, the last editor of the Telegraph before the Barclays bought the paper in 2004. Mr Moore confessed that the published accounts of Hollinger Inc, then the holding company for the Telegraph, did not receive the scrutiny they deserved. But no newspaper in history has ever given an unfavourable gloss on its owner’s accounts. Beyond that, Mr Moore told me, there had been no advertising influence on the paper’s news coverage.", "I have since consulted Charles Moore, the last editor of the Telegraph before the Barclays bought the paper in 2004. Mr Moore confessed that the published accounts of Hollinger Inc, then the holding company for the Telegraph, did not receive the scrutiny they deserved. But no newspaper in history has ever given an unfavourable gloss on its owner’s accounts. Beyond that, Mr Moore told me, there had been no advertising influence on the paper’s news coverage.  ", "1971: Britain's oldest tabloid closes. The Daily Sketch newspaper which was founded in 1909 has been published for the last time.", "(Usually when people mention the London Evening News they are actually referring to The Evening News, that was published in London from 1881 to 1980 when it was incorporated into the Evening Standard. The last issue was published on Friday 31 October 1980.)", "November 2, 1903 - Alfred Harmsworth published London's \"Daily Mirror\" newspaper as 'paper for gentlewomen'; 1904 - Hamilton Fyfe took over as editor; put more emphasis on photo-journalism; 1915 - Sunday Pictorial launched as major photo-journal (1963 - renamed the Sunday Mirror); 1953 - sold 7 million copies on Coronation Day; 1964 - circulation of 5 million, highest in Europe; 1968 - acquired by International Printing Corporation;  1970 - acquired by Reed International; 1984 -acquired by Pergamon Holdings Limited (wholly owned by Robert Maxwell); September 1999 - acquired by Trinity Mirror Group for 1.24 billion pounds.", "In British comics history, there are some extremely long-running publications such as The Beano and The Dandy published by D. C. Thomson & Co., a newspaper company based in Dundee, Scotland. The Dandy began in 1937 and The Beano in 1938. The Beano is still going today while The Dandy ceased print publication in 2012. The Boys' Own Paper lasted from 1879 to 1967.", "The paper was founded in Manchester in 1821 as the weekly Manchester Guardian but became a daily after the British government lifted its Stamp Tax on newspapers in 1855. “Manchester” was dropped from the name in 1959 to reflect the newspaper’s standing as a national daily with a positive international reputation, and its editor and editorial staff moved to London in 1964.", "The Daily Sport and Sunday Sport will not be published this weekend and face closure, after their parent company ceased trading on Friday and called in administrators.", "A short-lived national, that launched in April 1987 and shut its doors in November 1987. The idea behind it was to introduce a left-wing widely-distributed Sunday newspaper, and John Pilger was originally editor-in-chief, although he left before issue one could be published, to be replaced by Keith Sutton.", "The newspaper began a sponsorship of the English Football League at the start of 1986-87, but withdrew after a season. Today was sold to Rupert Murdoch's News International in 1987. ", "Today was a national newspaper in the United Kingdom, which was published between 1986 and 1995.", "Today was a national newspaper in the United Kingdom that was published between 1986 and 1995.", "To conclude, in the 1970s, when the nation was being held to ransom by strikes all over the country, people like me and my new wife were stocking up with provisions in case there was a shutdown, and Ross McWhirter of the \"Guinness Book of Records\" and I were looking at how we might produce a newspaper to get information out to the public when the newspapers were being closed down by trade union militants. That was the mood of the nation at the time. It is important that the country understands that. This case arose out of that mood.", "All of the major national daily newspapers in the UK published pullout sections of their Saturday morning editions ranging from four to sixteen pages with most including full colour guides of the competitors." ]

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[ "no, mariah has been named the most successful and biggest selling female artist in the 90s!, she has sold 120 million albums, and over 20 million singles in the 90s alone, selling 40 million more albums and 10 million singles than madonna.", "Mariah Carey (born March 27, 1970) is an American R&B singer, songwriter, record producer, and actress commonly dubbed as the \"Queen of Pop\". She made her recording debut in 1990 under the guidance of Columbia Records executive Tommy Mottola, and became the first recording artist to have her first five singles top the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart. Following her marriage to Mottola in 1993, a series of hit records established her position as Columbia's highest-selling act. According to Billboard magazine, she was the most successful artist of the 1990s in the United States.", "Didn’t you recognized that I wrote Mariah is the best selling female artist in the 90s???", "PLUS. MARIAH WAS THE BIGGEST SELLING ARTIST OF THE 90’S WITH A NUMBER 1 HIT SINGLE EVERY SINGLE YEAR! BEAT THAT – MADONNA!", "Who would you say was the best-selling/most popular female artist of the 1990s? - Music - Digital Spy Forums", "Mariah Carey (born March 27, 1970) is an American R&B singer, songwriter, record producer, and actress. She made her recording debut in 1990 under the guidance of Columbia Records executive Tommy Mottola, and became the first recording artist to have her first five singles top the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart. Following her marriage to Mottola in 1993, a series of hit records established her position as Columbia’s highest-selling act. According to Billboard magazine, she was the most successful artist of the 1990s in the United States.", "Female artists such as Reba McEntire , Patty Loveless , Faith Hill , Martina McBride , Deana Carter , LeAnn Rimes , Mindy McCready , Lorrie Morgan , Shania Twain , and Mary Chapin Carpenter all released platinum-selling albums in the 1990s.", "Fact 2: Mariah is the best selling artist overall in the 90s but only in case of sales.", "Mariah Carey (born Mar. 27, 1970 (47 years ago)) is an American R&B singer, songwriter, record producer, and actress. She made her recording debut in 1990 (27 years ago) under the guidance of Columbia Records executive Tommy Mottola, and became the first recording artist to have her first five singles top the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart. Following her marriage to Mottola in 1993 (24 years ago), a series of hit records established her position as Columbia's highest-selling act. According to Billboard magazine, she was the most successful artist of the 1990 (27 years ago) in the United States.", "� Is the third best-selling female artist of all time in the US, just 1 million behind Madonna. Barbra Streisand is #1.", "A self-described \"modern-day feminist\",[5] Knowles' songs are often characterized by themes of love, relationships and monogamy, as well as female sexuality and empowerment. On stage, her dynamic, highly-choreographed performances have led to critics hailing her as one of the best entertainers in contemporary popular music. Throughout a career spanning 15 years, she has won 17 Grammy Awards and sold over 118 million records as a solo artist[6] and 60 million with Destiny's Child,[7] making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time.[8][9] The Recording Industry Association of America recognized Knowles as the top certified artist in America during the 2000s decade.[10][11] In 2009, Billboard named her the Top Radio Songs Artist of the Decade,[12] the Top Female Artist of the 2000s and their Artist of the Millennium.[13][14] In 2013, she was also included in Time magazine's list of the 100 most influential people in the world.", "January 2001: Was named the second most searched Female Artist after Madonna of the previous year (2000). She beat other 'strong' female artists like Mariah Carey (3rd place), Céline Dion (4th place) and Jennifer Lopez (5th place).", "Janet Jackson's and TLC were far bigger than Madonna in the early to mid-1990s. \"Janet\" sold over 20 million copies worldwide and over 7 million in the US. \"Design of a Decade\" and \"The Velvet Rope\" both sold over 10 million copies worldwide. \"CrazySexyCool\" by TLC has sold over 23 million copies worldwide and was certified diamond in the US, the first album by a girl group to achieve this. It's also the second best-selling album worldwide by a girl group. It won two Grammy awards in 1996. Neither \"Erotica\" or \"Bedtime Stories\" reached that level of success either in the US or worldwide.", "LaDonna Adrian Gaines (December 31, 1948 - May 17, 2012), known by her stage name Donna Summer, was an American singer, songwriter, and painter. She gained prominence during the disco era of the late-1970s. A five-time Grammy Award winner, she was the first artist to have three consecutive double albums reach No. 1 on the United States Billboard 200 and charted four number-one singles in the U.S. within a 12-month period. Summer has reportedly sold over 140 million records , making her one of the world's best-selling artists of all time. She also charted two number-one singles on the R&B charts in the U.S. and one number-one in the U.K. ", "Like a Prayer, released in the spring of 1989, was her most ambitious and far-reaching album, incorporating elements of pop, rock, and dance. It was another number one hit and launched the number one title track as well as \"Express Yourself,\" \"Cherish,\" and \"Keep It Together,\" three more Top Ten hits. In April 1990, she began her massive Blonde Ambition tour, which ran throughout the entire year. \"Vogue\" became a number one hit in May, setting the stage for her co-starring role in Warren Beatty's Dick Tracy; it was her most successful film appearance since Desperately Seeking Susan. Madonna released a greatest-hits album, The Immaculate Collection, at the end of the year. It featured two new songs, including the number one single \"Justify My Love,\" which sparked another controversy with its sexy video; the second new song, \"Rescue Me,\" became the highest-debuting single by a female artist in U.S. chart history, entering the charts at number 15. Truth or Dare, a documentary of the Blonde Ambition tour, was released to positive reviews and strong ticket sales in the spring of 1991.", "LaDonna Adrian Gaines (December 31, 1948 – May 17, 2012), better known by her stage name, Donna Summer, was an American singer, songwriter, and painter. She gained prominence during the disco era of the late-1970s. A five-time Grammy Award winner, she was the first artist to have three consecutive double albums reach No. 1 on the United States Billboard album chart and charted four number-one singles in the U.S. within a 12-month period. Summer has reportedly sold over 140 million records, making her one of the world's best-selling artists of all time.", "Madonna entered the 1990s with the release of the soundtrack, I'm Breathless (1990), which contained songs inspired by the film Dick Tracy. She also released her first greatest hits compilation, The Immaculate Collection, in the same year. The album has sold more than 30 million copies, becoming the best-selling compilation album by a solo artist. It also became the second best-selling album by a female artist in the United Kingdom and her second certified diamond album in the United States. In 1991, she signed a $60 million recording contract and business deal with Warner Bros. and Time Warner. As part of this, she founded Maverick Records, which became her main record company, with Sire and Warner Bros. as distributors of her music. Her next releases under Maverick were the studio albums, Erotica (1992) and Bedtime Stories (1994), as well as Something to Remember (1995), a collection of Madonna ballads. All of them reached multi-platinum status in the US and achieved commercial success. Her third soundtrack album, from the musical Evita, was released in 1996. The double-disc endeavor was certified five times platinum by the RIAA, recognizing 2.5 million shipments throughout the United States. Madonna's seventh studio album, Ray of Light, was released in 1998 and has sold more than 16 million copies worldwide.", "Known simply as Selena, she was a Mexican American singer-songwriter. She was named the \"top Latin artist of the '90s\" and \"Best selling Latin artist of the decade\" by Billboard for her fourteen top-ten singles in the Top Latin Songs chart, including seven number-one hits. The singer had the most successful singles of 1994 and 1995, \"Amor Prohibido\" and \"No Me Queda M�s\". She was called \"The Queen of Tejano music\" and the Mexican equivalent of Madonna. Selena released her first album, Selena y Los Dinos, at the age of twelve. She won Female Vocalist of the Year at the 1987 Tejano Music Awards and landed a recording contract with EMI a few years later. Her fame grew throughout the early 1990s, especially in Spanish-speaking countries.", "Reba McEntire was the most successful female recording artist in country music in the 1980s and 1990s, during which time she scored 22 number one hits and released five gold albums, six platinum albums, two double-platinum albums, four triple-platinum albums, a quadruple-platinum album, and a quintuple-platinum album, for certified album sales of 33.5 million over the 20-year period. While she continued to sell records in healthy numbers into the 21st century, she expanded her activities as an actress in film and on the legitimate stage, and particularly on television, where she starred in a long-running situation comedy. Such diversification made her the greatest crossover star to emerge from country music since Dolly Parton.", "During the mid-1990s and onward, Dion's albums were generally constructed on the basis of melodramatic soft rock ballads, with sprinklings of up-tempo pop and rare forays into other genres.[54] She collaborated with many renowned writers and producers such as Jim Steinman and David Foster, who helped her to develop a signature sound.[17][55]While critical reviews fluctuated, Dion's releases performed increasingly well on the international charts, and in 1996 she won the World Music Award for \"World's Best-selling Female Recording Artist of the Year\" for the third time. By the mid-1990s, she had established herself as one of the best-selling artists in the world.[56]", "Ross still had success with her latter-day Motown albums and singles in the United Kingdom and Europe, however, scoring Top 10 UK hits with \"When You Tell Me That You Love Me\" (1991), \"One Shining Moment (1992), and \"Not Over You Yet\" (1999). Additionally, \"Force Behind The Power\", \"Heart (Don't Change My Mind)\" (1992), \"Your Love\" (1994), \"The Best Years of My Life\" (1994), \"Take Me Higher\" (1995), \"Gone\" (1995), \"I Will Survive\" (1996) and \"In the Ones You Love\" (1996) all reached either the UK Top 20 or Top 40, proving that while her domestic chart performance waned, overseas she was still a viable recording artist. Ross headlined the 1991 UK Royal Variety Performance and was a halftime performer at Super Bowl XXX in 1996. In 1999, Diana Ross was named the most successful female singer in the history of the United Kingdom charts, based upon a tally of her career hits. Fellow Michigan singer Madonna would eventually beat Ross out as the most successful female artist in the UK. In 2002, Diana Ross and Motown parted ways.", "Carey was named the best-selling female pop artist of the millennium at the 2000 World Music Awards. She has had the most number-one singles for a solo artist in the United States (eighteen; second artist overall behind The Beatles), where, according to the Recording Industry Association of America, she is the third best-selling female and sixteenth overall recording artist. In addition to her commercial accomplishments, Carey has earned five Grammy Awards, and is well-known for her vocal range, power, melismatic style, and use of the whistle register.", "Before Gwen Stefani was an A-list star with her own line of clothing, multiple Top 40 hits and Grammy nominations, she was \"just a girl\" fronting one of the biggest bands of the 1990s, \"No Doubt.\" The band's third studio album, \"Tragic Kingdom,\" propelled them to stardom and was released October 10, 1995. That makes it 20 years old in 2015!", "She is one of the most commercially and critically successful female entertainers in modern entertainment history and one of the best selling solo recording artists in the US, with RIAA-certified shipments of over 71 million albums. She is the highest ranking female artist on the Recording Industry Association of America's (RIAA) Top Selling Artists list.", "– World Best-Selling Artist Overall Of the 1990 Decade ( Only Female Artist With this Title )", "The Woman in Me was released in the spring of 1995. Its first single, \"Whose Bed Have Your Boots Been Under?,\" went to number 11 early in the year, quickly followed by \"Any Man of Mine,\" which became her first number one single in the spring. The album's title track went to number 14 in the fall, while the fourth single, \"(If You're Not in It for Love) I'm Outta Here!,\" rocketed to number one toward the end of the year; early in 1996 \"No One Needs to Know\" became her third number one hit. By the beginning of 1996, The Woman in Me had sold over six million copies and broken the record for the most weeks spent at number one on the country charts. During the course of 1996, it would rack another three million in sales. Come on Over followed in 1997. She spent the next two years touring the globe in support of the album; by the end of 1999, Come on Over had sold 36 million copies.", "In 1990, she rose to fame with the release of \"Vision of Love\" from her eponymous debut album. … Read More", "In late 1989, she released her best-selling album to date, Cuts Both Ways. The album included the hit singles \"Don't Wanna Lose You\" (Hot 100 No. 1 hit), \"Oye mi Canto\", \"Here We Are\", \"Cuts Both Ways\" (No. 1 on the U.S. Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart) and \"Get on Your Feet\".", "Seven more albums followed, including \"Secrets\" (15 million copies sold). Her Number 1 hit singles include \"You're Making Me High,\" \"Let It Flow\" and \"Un-Break My Heart.\"", "Is the only act to have had a number one single in the United States every year of the 1990s.", "Her music has been successful mostly in pop and adult contemporary. She has sold an estimated over 100 million albums worldwide.", "She released her first studio album as a solo artist, âCuts Both Waysâ in 1989. The album became a best seller cementing her reputation as a solo singer." ]

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[ "President Dwight David Eisenhower (1890-1969) was the only president to serve in both WWI and WWII.[8]", "While Abraham Lincoln is one president who makes the list, his service in the militia during the Black Hawk War was unremarkable and insubstantial. Seven United States presidents served during the Civil War , which was overseen by President Lincoln. Theodore Roosevelt gained fame for his role in the Spanish-American War. No president other than Harry Truman served in combat during World War I; although Dwight Eisenhower was in the Army at the time, he was never posted outside the US. There are six US presidents who are war veterans of World War II: Dwight Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, Lyndon Johnson, Richard Nixon , Gerald Ford, and George H.W. Bush.", "30. President Dwight David Eisenhower was the only president to serve in both WWI and WWII.", "When the United States entered World War I (1914–1918) by declaring war on Germany on April 6, 1917, the global conflict had been underway for more than two and a half years. Also known as the Great War, World War I started as a result of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne. What began as a skirmish between Austria-Hungary and Serbia (the archduke was killed in the Serbian city of Sarajevo) quickly snowballed into a massive conflict when these nations' more powerful allies joined the dispute. Europe 's existing alliance structure pitted the Central Powers—Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey—against the Triple Entente—France, Britain , and Russia . After provocation from Germany, whose naval fleets had begun to sink American merchant ships in British waters, President Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921) made the decision to mobilize U.S. troops.", "When World War One was going on, the US president was Woodrow Wilson, who wanted the US to stay neutral. Wilson tried everything possible for 2 years to prevent the US from entering the war. Even when the German U-boat sunk the liner, Lusitania, and caused the death of 124 Americans, the US stayed out of the war.", "Theodore Roosevelt (October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919), also known as T.R., and to the public (but never to friends and intimates) as Teddy, was the twenty-sixth President of the United States. A leader of the Republican Party and of the Progressive Party, he was a Governor of New York and a professional historian, naturalist, explorer, hunter, author, and soldier. He is most famous for his personality: his energy, his vast range of interests and achievements, his model of masculinity, and his \"cowboy\" personality. Originating from a story from one of Roosevelt's hunting expeditions, Teddy bears are named after him.", "At the outbreak of the war, the United States pursued a policy of non-intervention , avoiding conflict while trying to broker a peace. When a German U-boat sank the British liner RMS Lusitania on 7 May 1915 with 128 Americans among the dead, President Woodrow Wilson insisted that \"America is too proud to fight\" but demanded an end to attacks on passenger ships. Germany complied. Wilson unsuccessfully tried to mediate a settlement. However, he also repeatedly warned that the United States would not tolerate unrestricted submarine warfare, in violation of international law. The former president Theodore Roosevelt denounced German acts as \"piracy\". [109] Wilson was narrowly reelected in 1916 as his supporters emphasized \"he kept us out of war\".", "After the outbreak of World War II in 1939, President Franklin D. Roosevelt followed an anti‐German course. The United States became the “great arsenal of democracy,” supplying the Allies, occupying Greenland and Iceland , and patrolling the North Atlantic, even engaging in actions with German submarines. On 11 December 1941, four days after the attack on Pearl Harbor , Hitler declared war on the United States. Unlike World War I, the United States fully joined the Allies against Germany and gradually took the lead in directing Western military operations. To avoid a resurgent militarized Germany and to reassure the Soviet Union , which bore the brunt of the land war, the Allies insisted on unconditional surrender. Roosevelt considered postwar dismemberment and deindustrialization of Germany (the Morgenthau Plan of 1944), but abandoned the idea as creating a power vacuum in Central Europe.", "In foreign policy he faced greater challenges than any president since Abraham Lincoln. Determining whether or not to involve the U.S. in World War I severely tested his leadership. ", "Abraham Lincoln (; February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was the 16th President of the United States, serving from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the United States through its Civil War—its bloodiest war and its greatest moral, constitutional, and political crisis. In doing so, he preserved the Union, abolished slavery, strengthened the federal government, and modernized the economy.", "Japan's surprise attack on the American Navy at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 officially brought the United States into World War II. FDR proved a talented war-time leader and, by 1943, the United States military, along with its allies, had turned the tide against both Germany and Japan. But Roosevelt did not live to see the war's end., In April 1945, just weeks before the German surrender, the president collapsed and died of a cerebral hemorrhage.", "Theodore \"Teddy\" Roosevelt (1858 – 1919) was the 26th President of the United States. He is famous for his energetic personality, range of interests and achievements, leadership of the Progressive Movement, and his \"cowboy\" image and robust masculinity. He was a leader of the Republican Party and founder of the short-lived Progressive (\"Bull Moose\") Party of 1912. Before becoming President (1901–1909) he held offices at the municipal, state, and federal level of government. Roosevelt’s achievements as a naturalist, explorer, hunter, author, and soldier are as much a part of his fame as any office he held as a politician.", "Roosevelt developed a life-long affection for the Navy. He showed great administrative talent and quickly learned to negotiate with Congressional leaders and other government departments to get budgets approved. He became an enthusiastic advocate of the submarine and also of means to combat the German submarine menace to Allied shipping: he proposed building a mine barrage across the North Sea from Norway to Scotland. In 1918, he visited Britain and France to inspect American naval facilities; during this visit he met Winston Churchill for the first time. With the end of World War I in November 1918, he was in charge of demobilization, although he opposed plans to completely dismantle the Navy. In July 1920, Roosevelt resigned as Assistant Secretary of the Navy.", "ordered a U.S. effort to build an atomic bomb. In Spain, the forces of fascist Francisco Franco captured Madrid, ending the Spanish Civil War. While Walter Mitty, a middle-aged man, dreams of being a captain in the First World War, the dream is triggered by his reading an article intimating World War II in Liberty magazine entitled, “Can Germany Conquer the World Through the Air?” The articles contain “pictures of bombing planes and of ruined streets.” In the late 1930s and early 1940s, American men like Walter Mitty had to confront their fears of and desires for proving their manhood in battle.", "Abraham Lincoln: America’s First Commander-in-Chief - Abraham Lincoln is best remembered as being America’s first war president. In the nineteenth century, the American presidency had seen nothing like the Civil War, and war was upon Lincoln before he or anyone else considered how the position of Commander-in-Chief fit into the Constitution. This resulted in an unorganized thought process and policy. Brian Dirck, author of the article “Lincoln as Commander in Chief,” writes: He did not have the luxury of creating intellectually cohesive, internally consistent methods in the midst of the very messy business of civil war....   [tags: Biography ]", "Theodore \"Teddy\" Roosevelt (1858 – 1919) was the 26th President of the United States (1901 – 1909). Historians typically rank Roosevelt among the top five American presidents of all time. [114] [115]", "After the election of Woodrow Wilson in 1912, FDR accepted an appointment as assistant secretary of the navy, a post he held for the next seven years. A lover and student of the sea and ships from his childhood on, FDR vigorously argued within the administration for a better prepared navy and for a more militant stance in crises than Wilson was willing to take. When the United States finally entered World War I in 1917, FDR worked to ensure that the navy had a vital role to play in the war. In the making of peace at the end of the war, FDR absorbed President Wilson�s internationalist ideals, as well as the lessons of Wilson�s failure to bring the United States into the League of Nations . His experience during this period helped produce the combination of idealism and realism that he later brought to the creation of the United Nations .", "He took over the presidency during World War II with the death of Roosevelt. He was called by many the \"average man's average man\" for his appearance and personality, and he was one of the only presidents without a college education. He was an artillery officer in World War One. He was responsible for the decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japan to end World War II.", "Theodore Roosevelt was an American statesman, author, explorer, soldier, naturalist, and reformer who served as the 26th President of the United States from 1901 to 1909. As a leader of the Republican Party during this time, he became a driving force for the Progressive Era in the United States in the ... read more .", "With the onset of American participation in World War I, Truman rejoined the Guard. Before going to France, he was sent to Camp Doniphan , near Lawton , Oklahoma for training. He ran the camp canteen with Edward Jacobson , a Jewish clothing store clerk also from Kansas City. At Fort Sill he also met Lieutenant James M. Pendergast, nephew of Thomas Joseph (T.J.) Pendergast , a Kansas City politician, a connection which was to have a profound influence on Truman’s later life. [16] [17] [18] [19]", "By that time a number of US ships had been torpedoed with heavy loss of life, and on April 2, President Wilson asked Congress to agree to declare war on Germany, and on April 6 Congress complied. The United States had entered World War I on the Allied side.", "He had been to Europe only once before -- as a soldier on the western front. Now he was President of the United States, preparing to meet two of the legends of the 20th century, Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin -- \"Mr. Great Britain\" and \"Mr. Russia,\" Truman called them.", "The 34th president of the United States (1953–1961. He was previously a five-star general in the United States Army during World War II, serving as Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe. He had responsibility for planning and supervising the invasion of North Africa in Operation Torch in 1942–'43 and the successful invasions of France and Germany in 1944–'45, from the Western Front.", "32nd President of the United States, presided over America during the Great Depression and World War II.  Died just before the end of the war. ", "Beginning in June, the first troops of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF), under General John J. Pershing , arrived in France. However, U.S. intervention in World War I did not have an immediate impact on the fighting in Europe. When Congress declared war, the United States had a small volunteer army that had no experience in the kind of warfare that was being waged on the western front. In May 1917 Congress enacted conscription through the Selective Service Act to draft men into the armed forces. Within a few months over 10 million American men had registered for military duty.", "the 26th president of the United States (1901–09) and a writer, naturalist, and soldier. He expanded the powers of the presidency and of the federal government in support of the public interest in conflicts between big business and labour and steered the nation toward an active role in world politics, particularly in Europe and Asia. He won the Nobel...", "26th President of the United States, and a leader of the Republican Party and of the Progressive Movement. He led the Rough Riders in the Spanish-American War, was famous for \"speak softly and carry a big stick,\" and won the Nobel Peace Prize.", "This president is the only president to have earned a Ph.D. He was in office during World War I.", "the president of the United States in early 1900s. As president, he conducted an aggressive foreign policy, particularly in Latin was America. He summed up his policy by saying, \"Speak softly, and carry a big stick.\"", "Meanwhile, across the Atlantic, the United States was close to declaring war on Germany. [7] American public opinion was growing increasingly incensed by a long succession of high-profile U-boat attacks upon civilian shipping, starting with the sinking of RMS Lusitania in 1915 and culminating in the torpedoing of seven American merchantmen in early 1917. [7] The United States Congress finally declared war on Imperial Germany on 6 April 1917, but it would be more than a year before a suitable army could be raised, trained, and transported to France. [7]", "American Warand World War I confirmed the country's status as a military power. In 1945, the United", "At which President's home can you find a shell casing from ammunition fired by US forces in WWI?" ]

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[ "Salvador Felipe Jacinto Dal� Dom�nech, Marquis of Pubol or Salvador Felip Jacint Dal� Dom�nech (May 11, 1904 � January 23, 1989), known popularly as Salvador Dal�, was a Spanish artist and one of the most important painters of the 20th century. He was a skilled draftsman, best known for the striking, bizarre, and beautiful images in his surrealist work. His painterly skills are often attributed to the influence of Renaissance masters.[1] His best known work, The Persistence of Memory, was completed in 1931. Salvador Dal�'s artistic repertoire also included film, sculpture, and photography. He collaborated with Walt Disney on the Academy Award-nominated short cartoon Destino, which was released posthumously in 2003. Born in Catalonia, Spain, Dal� insisted on his \"Arab lineage,\" claiming that his ancestors descended from the Moors who invaded Spain in 711, and attributed to these origins, \"my love of everything that is gilded and excessive, my passion for luxury and my love of oriental clothes.\"[2]", "Salvador Felipe Jacinto Dalí Domènech, Marquis of Pubol or Salvador Felip Jacint Dalí Domènech (May 11, 1904 – January 23, 1989), known popularly as Salvador Dalí, was a Spanish artist and one of the most important painters of the 20th century. He was a skilled draftsman, best known for the striking, bizarre, and beautiful images in his surrealist work. His painterly skills are often attributed to the influence of Renaissance masters. His best known work, The Persistence of Memory, was completed in 1931. Salvador Dalí's artistic repertoire also includes film, sculpture, and photography. He collaborated with Walt Disney on the Academy Award-nominated short cartoon Destino, which was released posthumously in 2003. Born in Catalonia, Spain, Dalí insisted on his \"Arab lineage,\" claiming that his ancestors descended from the Moors who invaded Spain in 711, and attributed to these origins, \"my love of everything that is gilded and excessive, my passion for luxury and my love of oriental clothes.\"", "Salvador Dali was a Spanish painter who was an advocate of surrealism. Read this biography to know more about his life.", "Salvador Dali was a Spanish artist and an icon of Surrealism. Surrealism was an art movement known for dreamlike imagery. His most famous work is The Persistence of Memory, a painting of melting clocks.", "Dalí was an extremely productive Spanish painter, producing over 1500 paintings as well as other works. Salvador Dalí's first painting was completed in 1910, when he was only six years old. Among his most famous paintings are 'The Persistence of Memory' (La persistencia de la memoria) (1931) and 'Soft Construction with Boiled Beans (Premonition of Civil War)' (Construcción blanda con judias hervidas (Premonicion de la guerra civil)) (1936).", "Surrealism and Salvador Dali - Surrealism and Salvador Dali Salvador Dali, was born Salvador Felipe Jacinto Dali i Domenech on Monday, 11 May 1904, in the small Spanish town of Figueres, in the foothills of the Pyrenees, approximately sixteen miles from the French border in a region known as Catalonia. His parents supported his talent and built him his first studio while he was still a child in their summer home at Cadaques. Dali went on to attend the San Fernando Academy of Fine Arts in Madrid, Spain. He was married to Gala Eluard in 1934 and died on 23 January 1989 in a hospital in Figueres (Etherington-Smith, 12)....   [tags: Salvador Dali Artists Painters Paintings Essays]", "About Salvador Dali: The Spanish Catalan surrealist Artist, Salvador Dali was born in Figueres, Catalonia, Spain. In 1931, Salvador Dali painted one of his most famous paintings, The Persistence of Memory. Sometimes called Soft Watches or Melting Clocks, the painting introduced the surrealistic image of the soft, melting pocket watch. The general interpretation of the work is that the soft watches debunk the assumption that time is rigid or deterministic, and this sense is supported by other images in the work, such as the wide expanding landscape and the ants and fly devouring the other watches. Browse all Salvador Dali Paintings, or", "In 1936, Dal� took part in the London International Surrealist Exhibition. His lecture entitled Fantomes paranoiaques authentiques was delivered wearing a deep-sea diving suit.[22] When Francisco Franco came to power in the aftermath of the Spanish Civil War, Dal� was one of the few Spanish intellectuals supportive of the new regime, which put him at odds with his predominantly Marxist surrealist fellows over politics, eventually resulting in his official expulsion from this group.[18] At this, Dal� retorted, \"Le surr�alisme, c'est moi.\"[16] Andr� Breton coined the anagram \"avida dollars\" (for Salvador Dal�), which more or less translates to \"eager for dollars,\"[23] by which he referred to Dal� after the period of his expulsion; the surrealists henceforth spoke of Dal� in the past tense, as if he were dead. The surrealist movement and various members thereof (such as Ted Joans) would continue to issue extremely harsh polemics against Dal� until the time of his death and beyond. As World War II started in Europe, Dal� and Gala moved to the United States in 1940, where they lived for eight years. In 1942, he published his autobiography, The Secret Life of Salvador Dal�.", "Biography of Salvador Dali - Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dali i Domenech, Marquis of Dali de Puebol was born on May 11, 1904 in Spain. His father, Salvador Dali y Cusi, was a middle class lawyer and a notary. His father was very strict with raising his children. On the other hand his mother, Felipa Domenech Ferres allowed Salvador more freedom to express himself however he wanted, we can see this in his art and how eccentric he was throughout his life. Salvador was a bright and intelligent child, and often known to have a temper tantrum, his father punished him with beatings along with some of the school bullies....   [tags: Biography and Artwork]", "       Salvador Dali was a Surrealist painter, born May 11, 1904. He often depicted very strange images that were far from reality. Dali is one of the most well-known Surrealists. In fact, he's one of the most well-known artists period. There's even a museum just for him in St. Petersburg, Florida. People thought that Dali's work was very bizarre, and his paintings sometimes depicted strange, and somewhat disturbing images. His most famous work was The Persistence of Memory. The painting represents the rejection of the assumption that time is rigid. Salvador Dali not only painted, but he also did film, and photography. He didn't partake in the typical practice of photography though. He added his own  artistic, but bizarre twist to it. ", "A Catalan by birth, in 1921 Salvador Dal� entered the Madrid Academy of Fine Arts, from which he was expelled in 1926 for unruly behaviour. Nonetheless, this background left him with a love of great painting, heightened by his discovery of the artistic avant-gardes, in particular Italian Futurism, Cubism and the work of De Chirico. During this period he moved in anarchist circles and formed a close friendship with the poet Federico Garcia Lorca, who wrote the Ode to Salvador Dal�, and with Luis Bu�uel, who was then a student.", "Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech, 1st Marquis of Púbol (May 11, 1904 – January 23, 1989) was a prominent  Spanish Catalan   surrealist  painter born in  Figueres .", "Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech, 1st Marquis of Púbol (May 11, 1904 -- January 23, 1989), was a Spanish surrealist painter born in Figueres, Catalonia.", "However it was his paintings, in which he experimented with Cubism, that earned him the most attention from his fellow students. His only information on Cubist art had come from magazine articles and a catalog given to him by Pichot, since there were no Cubist artists in Madrid at the time. In 1924, the still-unknown Salvador Dalí illustrated a book for the first time. It was a publication of the Catalan poem Les bruixes de Llers (\"The Witches of Llers\") by his friend and schoolmate, poet Carles Fages de Climent. Dalí also experimented with Dada, which influenced his work throughout his life.", "1904 – Salvador Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech is born in Figueras, Spain on May 11th; first painting, a landscape, is dated 1910.", "Salvador Dalí is among the most versatile and prolific artists of the twentieth century and the most famous Surrealist. Though chiefly remembered for his painterly output, in the course of his long career he successfully turned to sculpture, printmaking, fashion, advertising, writing, and, perhaps most famously, filmmaking in his collaborations with Luis Buñuel and Alfred Hitchcock. Dalí was renowned for his flamboyant personality and role of mischievous provocateur as much as for his undeniable technical virtuosity. In his early use of organic morphology, his work bears the stamp of fellow Spaniards Pablo Picasso and Joan Miró. His paintings also evince a fascination for Classical and Renaissance art, clearly visible through his hyper-realistic style and religious symbolism of his later work.", "In 1928 Dali went to Paris where he met the Spanish painters Pablo Picasso and Joan Miro . He established himself as the principal figure of a group of surrealist artists grouped around Andre Breton, who was something like the theoretical \"schoolmaster\" of surrealism. Years later Breton turned away from Dali accusing him of support of fascism, excessive self-presentation and financial greediness.", "Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech, was born on May 11, 1904 , at 8:47 am GMT in the town of Figueres, in the Empordà region close to the French border in Catalonia, Spain . Dalí's older brother, also named Salvador (b. October 12, 1901 ), had died of gastroenteritis, nine months earlier, on August 1, 1903 . His father, Salvador Dalí i Cusí, was a middle-class lawyer and notary whose strict disciplinarian approach was tempered by his wife, Felipa Domenech Ferrés, who encouraged her son's artistic endeavors. When he was five, Dalí was taken to his brother's grave and told by his parents that he was his brother's reincarnation, which he came to believe. Of his brother, Dalí said: \"… [we] resembled each other like two drops of water, but we had different reflections.\" He \"was probably a first version of myself but conceived too much in the absolute.\"", "Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech was born on May 11, 1904, at 8:45 am GMT in the town of Figueres, in the Empordà region, close to the French border in Catalonia, Spain. Dalí’s older brother, also named Salvador (born October 12, 1901), had died of gastroenteritis nine months earlier, on August 1, 1903. His father, Salvador Dalí i Cusí, was a middle-class lawyer and notary whose strict disciplinary approach was tempered by his wife, Felipa Domenech Ferrés, who encouraged her son’s artistic endeavors. When he was five, Dalí was taken to his brother’s grave and told by his parents that he was his brother’s reincarnation, a concept which he came to believe. Of his brother, Dalí said, “…[we] resembled each other like two drops of water, but we had different reflections.” He “was probably a first version of myself but conceived too much in the absolute.” Images of his long-dead brother would reappear embedded in his later works, including Portrait of My Dead Brother (1963).", "The Salvador Dalí Museum, owned by the Reynolds Morse couple, was inaugurated in St. Petersburg (Florida). On 10 June Gala died in Portlligat. Spain's King Juan Carlos I appointed him Marquis of Púbol. Salvador Dalí went to live at Púbol Castle.", "An exhibitionist and eccentric who revelled in shocking people with his creative or physical outburst which often stood out of kilter with his immediate society, Dali was heavily influenced by anarchism and communism during his formative years, often making controversial statements which art historians understand to have been more about attention seeking rather than due to any deep-seated political convictions at the time. Born in Figueres in Spain in 1904 and dying in 1989, Dali crammed an awful lot into his 84 years on this planet and his legacy to art is vast and essentially, incalculable, yet precious few people knew of the real man behind the elaborate moustache, the bizarre paintings of exaggerated elephants and melting clocks, who would self-promote at any given public opportunity.", "Salvador Dali was one of the most famous artists of the 20th century - and also one of its greatest eccentrics. Renowned for his striking and provocative work, as well as his unconventional behaviour, he attracted admiration and controversy in equal measure. This stunning volume showcases more than 90 of Dali's most famous works in magnificent giant size. Arranged chronologically to reflect Dali's artistic development from ambitious young painter to reclusive artist, the images include the sensational Persistence of Memory; the finely detailed Metamorphosis of Narcissus; and his later works, such as the arresting image of Christ of St John of the Cross and The Hallucinogenic Toreador. Here too are numerous depictions of his muse and wife, Gala; and his most well-known sculptures, including Lobster Telephone and Retrospective Bust of a Woman; as well as evocative black-and-white photographs of the artist throughout his life. Accompanying the images is art historian Rachel Barnes's lively and entertaining account of Dali's life and artistic style and techniques, shedding light on the artist's influences and inspirations. Ideal for Dali enthusiasts and art lovers, these spectacular giant-size reproductions and insightful commentary reveal the extraordinary life and works of this gifted, controversial and inimitable artist.", "Dalí spent his remaining years back in his beloved Catalonia starting in 1949. The fact that he chose to live in Spain while it was ruled by Franco drew criticism from progressives and many other artists. As such, probably at least some of the common dismissal of Dalí's later works had more to do with politics than the actual merits of the works themselves. In 1959, André Breton organized an exhibit called, Homage to Surrealism, celebrating the Fortieth Anniversary of Surrealism, which contained works by Salvador Dalí, Joan Miró, Enrique Tábara, and Eugenio Granell. Breton vehemently fought against the inclusion of Dalí's Sistine Madonna in the International Surrealism Exhibition in New York the following year.", "Salvador Dalí was born in Figueres, north of Barcelona, in Catalonia. Dali attended drawing school yet it was when his family went away for the summer that he learnt most about Modern Art. This was because the Dalí family used to holiday with the family of a local artist, Ramon Pichot.", "Dalí was born in Figueres, a small town outside Barcelona, to a prosperous middle class family. The family suffered greatly before the artist's birth, because their first son (also named Salvador) died quickly. The young artist was often told that he is the reincarnation of his dead brother - an idea that surely planted various ideas in the impressionable child. His larger-than-life persona blossomed early alongside his interest in art. He is claimed to have manifested random, hysterical, rage-filled outbursts toward his family and playmates.", "During World War II, Dali and his wife lived in the United States. While he was there, the Metropolitan Musem of Art hosted a retrospective of his work. Dali wrote an autobiography, The Secret Life of Salvador Dali. He moved away from Surrealism to create scientific, historical, and religious paintings. He called this period “Nuclear Mysticism.” Those paintings were famous for their technical brilliance. They incorporated geometry, optical illusions, and holography.", "Some trends in Dalí's work that would continue throughout his life were already evident in the 1920s. Dalí devoured influences from many styles of art, ranging from the most academically classic to the most cutting-edge avant garde [19] His classical influences included Raphael, Bronzino, Francisco de Zurbaran, Vermeer, and Velázquez. [20] He used both classical and modernist techniques, sometimes in separate works, and sometimes combined. Exhibitions of his works in Barcelona attracted much attention along with mixtures of praise and puzzled debate from critics.", "1940 � 1948; As the outbreak of World War II loomed in Europe, Dali upped sticks with his wife, Gala and moved to America to avoid it, where they remained for a total of eight years, returning eventually to a new life in Paris in 1948. In America, Dali�s interest in jewellery design began, this being an enthusiasm that was to last throughout his entire artistic career. What�s more, he also began his professional relationship with the photographer Philippe Halsman, which was to continue right up to the latter�s death in 1979. During this period, the Ballets Russes de Montecarlo gave their first performance at the Metropolitan Opera House of Labyrinth, with libretto, decors and costumes by Dali, while in 1943 he designed a new ballet, El Caf� de Chinitas, which was performed in Detroit and at New York�s Metropolitan Opera House.", "Dali started living in his much loved Catalonia from the beginning of 1949. Dali’s later works were rejected by some Surrealists and art critics on solely political grounds. In 1959, André Breton organized an exhibition that was named “Homage to Surrealism” which featured the works of Dalí, Joan Miró, Enrique Tábara, and Eugenio Granell as a celebration of the fortieth anniversary of Surrealism.", "Architectural achievements include his Port Lligat house near Cadaqu�s as well as the Dream of Venus surrealist pavilion at the 1939 World's Fair which contained within it a number of unusual sculptures and statues. His literary works include The Secret Life of Salvador Dal� (1942), Diary of a Genius (1952�1963), and Oui: The Paranoid-Critical Revolution (1927�1933). The artist worked extensively in the graphic arts producing many etchings and lithographs. While his early work in printmaking is equal in quality to his important paintings as he grew older, he unfortunately looked at printmaking as a money making scheme only and would sell the rights to images but not be involved in the print-production itself. In addition, a large number of unauthorized fakes were produced in the eighties and nineties thus further confusing the Dal� print market.", "Dalí attended drawing school. In 1916, he also discovered modern painting on a summer vacation trip to Cadaqués with the family of Ramon Pichot, a local artist who made regular trips to Paris. The next year, Dalí's father organized an exhibition of his charcoal drawings in their family home. He had his first public exhibition at the Municipal Theatre in Figueres in 1919, a site he would return to decades later.", "Several of his works come from his paintings. In his Woman with a Head of Roses painting, 1935, Dalí depicts a couple of women surrounded by very strange furniture :" ]

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[ "The name Wendy was made up for the book ‘Peter Pan’. It came from the author’s friends, whom he called his “fwendy” (friend)", "The name Wendy was made up for the book Peter Pan. There was never a recorded Wendy before it.", "The name Wendy was made up for the book 'Peter Pan'. It came from the author's friends, whom he called his \"fwendy\" (friend)", "Sir James Matthew Barrie, 1st Baronet, OM (9 May 1860 – 19 June 1937) was a Scottish author and dramatist . He is best remembered for creating Peter Pan , the boy who refused to grow up, whom he based on his friends, the Llewelyn Davies boys . He is also credited with popularising the name Wendy , which was very uncommon before he gave it to the heroine of Peter Pan. [1]", "The first appearance of Peter Pan came in The Little White Bird , which was serialised in the United States, then published in a single volume in the UK in 1901. Barrie's most famous and enduring work, Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up , had its first stage performance on 27 December 1904. This play introduced audiences to the name Wendy, which was inspired by a young girl, Margaret Henley, who called Barrie 'Friendy', but could not pronounce her Rs very well and so it came out as 'Fwendy'. It has been performed innumerable times since then, was developed by Barrie into the 1911 novel Peter and Wendy , and has been adapted by others into feature films, musicals, and more. The Bloomsbury scenes show the societal constraints of late Victorian middle-class domestic reality, contrasted with Neverland , a world where morality is ambivalent. George Bernard Shaw 's description of the play as 'ostensibly a holiday entertainment for children but really a play for grown-up people', suggests deeper social allegories at work in Peter Pan. In 1929 Barrie specified that the copyright of the Peter Pan works should go to the nation's leading children's hospital, Great Ormond Street Hospital in London. The current status of the copyright is somewhat complex.", "The first appearance of Peter Pan came in The Little White Bird, which was serialised in the United States, then published in a single volume in the UK in 1901. Barrie's most famous and enduring work, Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up, had its first stage performance on 27 December 1904. This play introduced audiences to the name Wendy, which was inspired by a young girl, Margaret Henley, who called Barrie 'Friendy', but could not pronounce her Rs very well and so it came out as 'Fwendy'. It has been performed innumerable times since then, was developed by Barrie into the 1911 novel Peter and Wendy, and has been adapted by others into feature films, musicals, and more. The Bloomsbury scenes show the societal constraints of late Victorian middle-class domestic reality, contrasted with Neverland, a world where morality is ambivalent. George Bernard Shaw 's description of the play as 'ostensibly a holiday entertainment for children but really a play for grown-up people', suggests deeper social allegories at work in Peter Pan. In 1929 Barrie specified that the copyright of the Peter Pan works should go to the nation's leading children's hospital, Great Ormond Street Hospital in London. The current status of the copyright is somewhat complex.", "The first book version, in 1911, was Barrie's Peter and Wendy. It contained much that is not in the play, and much of it is in the cloying, whimsical style associated with Barrie. An example is to be found in the first chapter where, we are told, Mrs. Darling nightly goes through her children's minds after they go to sleep, tidying up their thoughts. This is really more fey than the average child (and many adults) can handle. Barrie allowed reductions in this text. The first was Peter Pan and Wendy, published in 1915, which was called an \"authorized school edition.\" May Byron did a complete retelling for young children in 1935. Following editions have used one of these three versions or a combination of all three for their text.", "The truth is that the name Wendy existed earlier as a short-form of Gwendolyn, Guenevere, and other ancient Welsh names. (Merlin’s sister was named Gwendydd.) The name Wendy can be found, though rarely, in various census data from the 1800s. Barrie did, however, do much to popularize the name, especially in Britain, where it became extremely popular and common following the great fame of Peter Pan.", "* The Wendy Trilogy, a feminist-minded retelling of the Peter Pan story as a three-song cycle, shows Wendy accepting, rather than refusing, Captain Hook's offer to make her a pirate, and subsequently becoming mistress of the Jolly Roger.", "Wendy is the most developed character in the story of Peter Pan, and is often considered the central protagonist. (In early drafts of the play, Peter Pan was the antagonist.) She is proud of her own childhood and enjoys telling stories and fantasizing. She has a distaste for adulthood, acquired partly by the example of it set by her practical, serious father, whom she loves but fears due to his somewhat violent fits of anger. Her ambition early in the story is to somehow avoid growing up. She is granted this opportunity by Peter Pan, who takes her and her brothers to Neverland , where they can remain children indefinitely.", "Peter Pan quickly overshadowed his previous work, although he continued to write successfully, and it became his best-known work, credited with popularising the name Wendy , which was very uncommon previously. [1] Barrie unofficially adopted the Davies boys following the deaths of their parents.", "A misspelling of \"Tinker Bell\". She is a fictional character from J. M. Barrie's 1904 play 'Peter Pan' and its 1911 novelization 'Peter and Wendy'. In the play and novel she is described as a fairy who mends pots and kettles, like a 'tinker' and her speech consists of the sounds of a tinkling bell, hence her name.", "Wendy . Wendy looks like a nickname, and may have occasionally been used as one. But we know it today entirely via Peter Pan. Author J.M. Barrie named his Wendy after a childhood nickname \"fwendy-wendy\" (\"friend\").", "Although the character appeared previously in Barrie's book The Little White Bird, the play and its novelisation contain the story of Peter Pan mythos that is best known. The two versions differ in some details of the story, but have much in common. In both versions Peter makes night-time calls on the Darlings' house in Bloomsbury, listening in on Mrs. Mary Darling's bedtime stories by the open window. One night Peter is spotted and, while trying to escape, he loses his shadow. On returning to claim it, Peter wakes Mary's daughter, Wendy Darling. Wendy succeeds in re-attaching his shadow to him, and Peter learns that she knows lots of bedtime stories. He invites her to Neverland to be a mother to his gang, the Lost Boys, children who were lost in Kensington Gardens. Wendy agrees, and her brothers John and Michael go along.", "In the novel Peter and Wendy, and its mostly faithful adaptations, she is an Edwardian-era schoolgirl on the brink of (or during) adolescence. She belongs to a middle class London household of that era, and is the daughter of George Darling , a short-tempered and pompous bank/office worker, and his sweet domestic wife Mary. She shares the nursery (essentially the bedroom and playroom for the children in a family during those days) with her two brothers, Michael and John. However, in the Disney version, her father decides that \"it's high time she found a room of her own\" and kicks her out of the nursery for \"stuffing the boys' heads with her lot of silly stories\", but changes his mind at the end of the film after he returns home with his wife after the party. Thus, despite her assertion that she's ready to mature, Wendy stays in the nursery to take care of her two brothers.", "Wendy is introduced as the eldest child of George and Mary Darling. According to the narrator, she is an expert on Peter Pan, and the source of stories about him. However, when the practical George learns that she is once again telling stories to John and Michael, he disciplines her. He angrily tells her that it's time for her to grow up, and that night will be her last one in the nursery ; the next, she will be forced to have a separate room. (Dialogue between them strongly suggests that this has been going on for a while now, and him punishing her is an indication that he is fed up with her childish stories.) As Mary is tucking her into bed, Wendy tells her that she does not want to grow up. As Mary goes to close the window, Wendy warns her not to lock it. According to Wendy, she has Peter's shadow , and she is certain that he will come back for it.", "*Wendy Darling – Wendy is the eldest child, their only daughter, and the protagonist of the novel. She loves the idea of homemaking and storytelling and wants to become a mother; her dreams consist of adventures in a little woodland house with her pet wolf. She bears a bit of (mutual) animosity toward Tiger Lily because of their similar affections toward Peter. She does not seem to feel the same way about Tinker Bell, but the fairy is constantly bad-mouthing her and even has attempted to have her killed. At the end of the novel, she has grown up and is married with a daughter (Jane) and a granddaughter (Margaret), although we are not told who her husband is. She is portrayed variously with blonde, brown, or black hair in different stories. While it is not clear whether or not she is in love with Peter, one can assume that she does have some feelings toward him. Wendy is often referred to as the \"mother\" of the Lost Boys and, while Peter also considers her to be his \"mother\", he takes on the \"father\" role, hinting that they play a married couple in their games.", "Wendy reappears as an adult in the sequel. By this time, she has married a man named Edward and has two children, Jane and Danny . She still tells them stories about Peter Pan. However, when World War II hits, Edward leaves with the British army, leaving her alone with them. Eventually, the war takes its toll on Jane, and she stops believing in her mother's stories. One day, Wendy reveals to her and Danny that they must be sent to the countryside for safety, and asks Jane to tell stories to Danny. An angry Jane ridicules Wendy's stories and their faith in them, in very much the same way as her grandfather did in the first film. Wendy appears again at the end of the film when Jane returns with Peter. While she is with Danny, Wendy is able to meet Peter again. He is distraught that she has grown up, but she assures him that she hasn't changed. She is last seen reuniting with Edward, who has returned home from the war.", "Barrie's short play When Wendy Grew Up - An Afterthought was first staged in 1908, and the story line included in the novel published in 1911. It was published in 1957 and sometimes incorporated into productions of the play. In this Afterthought Wendy has grown up and married, although it's not known whom she married, and has a daughter, Jane. When Peter returns looking for Wendy, he does not understand at first that Wendy is no longer a young girl, as he has no notion of time when in Neverland. He meets Jane and invites her to fly off with him to Neverland. Wendy lets her daughter go, trusting her to make the same choices as her. The narrator states that Jane has a daughter, Margaret, who will one day also go to Neverland with Peter Pan, and \"in this way, it will go on for ever and ever, so long as children are young and innocent\". ", "As an adult (seen in Return to Never Land ) Wendy hasn't lost her belief in Peter Pan, and tells stories about him to her two children, Jane and Danny . She has grown into a caring, smart, kind, and beautiful woman.", "The first name Wendy was very uncommon in the Anglosphere before J. M. Barrie's work and its subsequent popularity has led some to credit him with \"inventing\" it. Although the name Wendy was used to a limited extent as the familiar-form of the Welsh name Gwendolyn, it is thought that Barrie took the name from a phrase used by Margaret Henley, a five-year-old girl whom Barrie befriended in the 1890s, daughter of his friend William Henley. She called Barrie her \"friendy-wendy\", which she pronounced as \"fwendy-wendy\". She died at the age of five and was buried, along with her family, in Cockayne Hatley.", "The Tale of Peter Rabbit is a British children's book written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter that follows mischievous and disobedient young Peter Rabbit as he is chased about the garden of Mr. McGregor. He escapes and returns home to his mother who puts him to bed after dosing him with camomile tea. The tale was written for five-year-old Noel Moore, son of Potter's former governess Annie Carter Moore, in 1893. It was revised and privately printed by Potter in 1901 after several publishers' rejections but was printed in a trade edition by Frederick Warne & Co. in 1902. The book was a success, and multiple reprints were issued in the years immediately following its debut. It has been translated into 36 languages and with 45 million copies sold it is one of the best-selling books of all time. ", "Wendy made a special appearance in the special. In it, Captain Hook learned of Wendy's beloved stories revolving Peter and his adventures, which inevitably end with Hook's defeat and humiliation. Embarrassed by his betrayal in the book, Hook, Smee , and his crew traveled to London and steal it in an attempt to destroy it. However, more urgently, it served as the connection between Wendy and Never Land, and as a result, the more it is damaged, the more Wendy's memories of Peter and Never Land as a whole are obliterated, prompting Peter to rally a crew of wholesome Never Land pirates to help battle Hook and save Wendy's memories. To help further the success, Wendy, John, Michael, and Nana tag along on the adventure as well.", "As to the origins of said name, websites here and here make the claim that Wendy is a derivative of the name Gwendolen or maybe Gwendolyn. Looking further, I chanced upon World Wide Wendy , a site dedicated to, well, all things Wendy. On this site, Doctor of Folklore Leslie Ellen Jones discusses the possible Welsh origins of the name Gwendolyn and its derivative Wendy. In both the English and U.S. Census, however, the name Wendy is also used as a male first name, so I suspect further research may be required.", "When they reach there, they are attacked by Captain Hook. Tinker Bell is asked to lead Wendy, John, and Michael to safety, but soon leaves them behind. By the time Wendy catches up, she is shot at by the Lost Boys , mistaking her as a bird (also called a Wendy-Bird by the Lost Boys). Though she is not hit, she falls towards the ground before being saved by Peter. After scolding the boys, Peter introduces Wendy as their new mother.", "Wendy is an English girl living in London during the Edwardian era . While her age isn't specified, she is usually portrayed as a preteen on the brink of adolescence. Throughout her childhood, she lived with her parents, George and Mary , her brothers, Michael and John , as well as their dog Nana , who doubled as the children's daily caretaker when their parents were absent on their dates or parties.", "BONUS: these books provided the world with some of the most memorable literary characters. Name the notable character from each book.", "The story was inspired by a pet rabbit Potter had as a child, which she named Peter Piper. Through the 1890s, Potter sent illustrated story letters to the children of her former governess, Annie Moore, and, in 1900, Moore, realizing the commercial potential of Potter's stories, suggested they be made into books. Potter embraced the suggestion, and, borrowing her complete correspondence (which had been carefully preserved by the Moore children), selected a letter written on 4 September 1893 to five-year-old Noel that featured a tale about a rabbit named Peter. Potter biographer Linda Lear explains: \"The original letter was too short to make a proper book so [Potter] added some text and made new black-and-white illustrations...and made it more suspenseful. These changes slowed the narrative down, added intrigue, and gave a greater sense of the passage of time. Then she copied it out into a stiff-covered exercise book, and painted a coloured frontispiece showing Mrs. Rabbit dosing Peter with camomile tea\". ", "Meaningful Name : Cruella de Vil is cruel and the villain of the book. How unforeseen.", "So who's the name inventor, the author who fell in love with a \"real\" name he thought he made up, or the author who made up a name she thought was \"real\"?", "It may be that she exaggerated, or completely fabricated, this story. Even during her lifetime, not everyone accepted her version as true. A popular belief is that she instead acquired it as a result of her warnings to men that to offend her was to \"court calamity\". It appears possible that Jane was not part of her name until the nickname was coined for her.", "She appears in several of the books and is friends with Margaret. She never appeared in the TV Series." ]

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[ "The Modern Scholar lectures on The World of George Orwell give this explanation for the book that was originally going to be called The Last Man In Europe.", "\"Of all the writers in his generation, Orwell was probably blessed with the most intelligent wife and I can see them discussing this poem and it sticking in Orwell's mind. The book was originally called The Last Man in Europe but Orwell changed it at the request of his publisher in America. Perhaps this was his way of paying a silent tribute to Eileen after her death for all the help she provided with Animal Farm.\"", "The Last Man in Europe was one of the original titles for the novel, but in a letter dated 22 October 1948 to his publisher Fredric Warburg , eight months before publication, Orwell wrote about hesitating between The Last Man in Europe and Nineteen Eighty-Four.[14] Warburg suggested changing the main title to a more commercial one.[15]", "One of the original titles for the novel was The Last Man in Europe, but in a letter to publisher Frederic Warburg dated 22 October 1948 (eight months before the book was published), Orwell stated that he was \"hesitating\" between that and Nineteen Eighty-Four, although Crick mentions that it was Warburg who suggested changing it to a marketable title.", "Would the novel have achieved such fame if it had been called The Last Man In Europe? Somehow, one doubts it. On such toss-of-the-coin decisions does literary immortality depend.", "1948/--/-- 0 - American writer Norman Mailer publishes the war novel The Naked and the Dead.", "* James Herbert's 1996 novel '48 features a protagonist who is hunted by BUF Blackshirts in a devastated London after a biological weapon release in the Second World War. The history of the BUF and Mosley is recapitulated.", "In March 1945 Orwell was in Paris working as a war correspondent for the Observer and the Manchester Evening News. He there met Joseph Czapski, a survivor of Soviet concentration camps and the Katyn Massacre. Despite the latter’s experiences and his opposition to the Soviet regime, he explained to Orwell (as Orwell wrote to Arthur Koestler) that ‘it was the character of Stalin... the greatness of Stalin’ that saved Russia from the German invasion. ‘He stayed in Moscow when the Germans nearly took it, and his courage was what saved the situation.’ In Animal Farm, although parallels to historical personages are not exact, Stalin is certainly represented by Napoleon", "A Most Wanted Man by John Le Carré The greatest living master of the spy novel, who draws on his experience in British Intelligence but eschews the heroic James Bond image with enduring characters (such as George Smiley) who are damaged, complex and intensely human. In a career spanning four centuries, he has written 21 novels which have inspired films and TV series, including The Spy Who Came In from the Cold (1963) and The Constant Gardener (2001). His most recent novel, A Most Wanted Man (2008) explores themes of money laundering and terrorism through a young Chechen ex-prisoner who arrives illegally in Hamburg, uneducated and destitute, but with a claim to a fortune held in a private bank. [Also recommended] uTinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy (1974); The Tailor of Panama (1996).", "James Bond, also known as 007 (pronounced \"double-oh seven\"), is a fictional British spy introduced by writer Ian Fleming in 1953.", "Ian Fleming (May 28, 1908 - August 12, 1964) was a British author, best remembered for the James Bond series of novels.", "THE CLASSIC ACCOUNT OF THE FINAL OFFENSIVE AGAINST HITLER'S THIRD REICH The Battle for Berlin was the culminating struggle of World War II in the European theater, the last offensive against Hitler's Third Reich, which devastated one of Europe's historic capitals and marked the final defeat of Nazi Germany. It was also one of the war's bloodiest and most pivotal battles, whose outcome would shape international politics for decades to come. The Last Battle is Cornelius Ryan's compelling account of this final battle, a story of brutal extremes, of stunning military triumph alongside the stark", "One of the most important European novels of the 20th century was left unfinished by its author, Austrian Robert Musil, at his death in 1942. Musil worked on the three-volume \"story of ideas,\" which takes place in Vienna at the onset of World War I, for more than 20 years—eventually producing a manuscript that stretched close to 2000 pages. Two of the volumes were published in the 1930s, and the last volume was published posthumously with the help of Musil's wife, Martha. Though it brought Musil little attention during his life, it's now considered a seminal work of literary modernism. ", "Ian Lancaster Fleming (May 28, 1908 – August 12, 1964) was a British author, best remembered for the James Bond series of novels.", "Keneally was known as \"Mick\" until 1964 but began using the name Thomas when he started publishing, after advice from his publisher to use what was really his first name. He is most famous for his Schindler's Ark (1982) (later republished as Schindler's List), which won the Booker Prize and is the basis of the film Schindler's List (1993). Many of his novels are reworkings of historical material, although modern in their psychology and style.", "Writes a novella that becomes the basis for the Alfred Hitchcock film Lifeboat. Travels in Europe and North Africa as war correspondent for New York Herald Tribune.", "It is 1944: Daniel, a soldier, legendary among the Norwegians fighting the advance of Bolshevism on the Russian front, is killed. Two years later, a wounded soldier wakes up in a Vienna hospital. He becomes involved with a young nurse, the consequences of which will ripple forward to the turn of the next century. In 1999, Harry Hole, alone again after having caused an embarrassment in the line of duty, has been promoted to inspector and is lumbered with surveillance duties. He is assigned the task of monitoring neo-Nazi activities....", "* Jack Higgins, The Eagle Has Landed (1975) — war novel about a plot by Himmler to capture Churchill", "In Coward’s Middle East Diary, he made several statements that offended many Americans. In particular, he commented that he was “less impressed by some of the mournful little Brooklyn boys lying there in tears amid the alien corn with nothing worse than a bullet wound in the leg or a fractured arm”.[67] After protests from both The New York Times and the Washington Post, the Foreign Office urged Coward not to visit the United States in January 1945. He did not return to America again during the war. In the immediate aftermath of the war, Coward wrote an alternate history, Peace In Our Time, a play depicting an England occupied by Nazi Germany.[50]", "Winston Churchill (November 10, 1871 – March 12, 1947) was an American best selling novelist of the early 20th century.", "1947 - Trevor Roper�s The Last Days of Hitler is published by Macmillan (The Shadow in the Glass, the year is given on p.150). (MG)", "In Coward's Middle East Diary, he made several statements that offended many Americans. In particular, he commented that he was \"less impressed by some of the mournful little Brooklyn boys lying there in tears amid the alien corn with nothing worse than a bullet wound in the leg or a fractured arm\". [67] After protests from both The New York Times and the Washington Post , the Foreign Office urged Coward not to visit the United States in January 1945. He did not return to America again during the war. In the immediate aftermath of the war, Coward wrote an alternate history , Peace In Our Time , a play depicting an England occupied by Nazi Germany . [50]", "The years around the termination of World War II (1945) constitute something like a watershed in the history of the English novel. Both Virginia Woolf and James Joyce, who were among the greatest of the Modernists, died in 1941. And it seemed that a great era had come to an end with them. Thereafter is a perceptible decline in the British novel. The post-Ulysses novel lacks, what Karl Calls, “the moral urgency of a Conrad, the verbal gifts and wit of a Joyce, the vitality and all-consuming obsession of a Lawrence.”", "Guiseppe di Lampedusa, The Leopard (1958), about a middle-aged Sicilian prince during the 1860s during the decline of the aristocracy amid Garibaldi's unification of Italy. The author died in 1957 after publishers had rejected this novel, his only one; it was published the following year, stirring controversy and winning critical acclaim.", "The Tin Drum () is a 1959 novel by Günter Grass. The novel is the first book of Grass's ' (Danzig Trilogy). It was adapted into a 1979 film, which won both the Palme d'Or, in the same year, and the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film the following year.", "* The Guns of Navarone (novel), a 1957 novel by Alistair MacLean, set during World War II", "In 1946 Sir Winston Churchill gave an address on foreign affairs at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri. In it he uttered this ominous sentence: \"From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent [of Europe].\" These words described the beginning of the Cold War. The term was first used by the English writer George Orwell in an article published in 1945 to refer to what he predicted would be a nuclear stalemate between \"two or three monstrous super-states, each possessed of a weapon by which millions of people can be wiped out in a few seconds.\" It was first used in the United States by American financier and presidential adviser Bernard Baruch in a speech at the State House in Columbia, South Carolina, in 1947, and it may be defined as a condition of competition, tension, and conflict short of actual war between the Soviet Union and the United States. The startling and rapid political changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe beginning in 1989 brought the Cold War to an end. (See also glasnost; perestroika.)", "- Less than a year after the end of the World War II, the great wartime leader of Britain, Winston Churchill, delivered this speech coining the term \"iron curtain\" to describe the line in Europe between self-governing nations of the West and those in Eastern Europe under Soviet Communist control.", "Churchill , Stalin, and Franklin D. Roosevelt made arrangements for post-war Europe at the Yalta Conference in February 1945. It resulted in an April meeting to form the United Nations: nation-states were created in Eastern Europe; it was agreed Poland would have free elections (in fact elections were heavily rigged by Soviets); Soviet nationals were to be repatriated, and the Soviet Union was to attack Japan within three months of Germany's surrender. The Red Army (including 78,556 soldiers of the 1st Polish Army) began its final assault on Berlin on 16 April. By now, the German Army was in full retreat and Berlin had already been battered due to preliminary air bombings. Most of the Nazi leaders had either been killed or captured. Hitler, however, was still alive, and was slowly going mad. As a final resistance effort, he called for civilians, including children, to fight the oncoming Red Army in the Volkssturm militia. When this failed, Hitler went into delusion, imagining that everyone was against him and that he still had battalions of troops to send into battle.", "Finally, and to round out the Legend, there are the odd details of the German surrender and the Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunals. Why does former Reichsf�hrer SS Heinrich Himmler, mass murderer and one of human history's most notorious criminals, try to negotiate a surrender to the Western Allies? Of course, one can dismiss this as delusion, and Himmler was certainly delusional. But what could he possibly have thought he had to offer the Allies in return for a surrender to the West, and the sparing of his own wretched life?", "One of the conclusions of the Yalta Conference was that the Allies would return all Soviet citizens that found themselves in the Allied zone to the Soviet Union. This immediately affected the Soviet prisoners of war liberated by the Allies, but was also extended to all Eastern European refugees. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn called the Operation Keelhaul \"the last secret\" of the Second World War. The operation decided the fate of up to two million post-war refugees fleeing eastern Europe.", "51. The final novel of which author, who died in March this year, was published in August?" ]

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[ "Based partly on the real-life experiences of Scottish sailor Alexander Selkirk, Defoe’s novel of human endurance in an exotic, faraway land exerts a timeless appeal and has taken its rightful place among the great works of Western civilization.", "A true-life castaway, Scotsman Alexander Selkirk was the inspiration for Daniel Defoe ‘s 1719 novel Robinson Crusoe. While sailing with English privateers in 1704, Selkirk quarrelled with his captain and asked to be put ashore on an uninhabited island off of South America. He took with him a musket, a hatchet, and a few utensils. There he survived alone for four years and four months before being rescued by another English ship. He sailed for two years before returning home, where his story made him a celebrity.", "A true-life castaway, Scotsman Alexander Selkirk was the inspiration for Daniel Defoe 's 1719 novel Robinson Crusoe. While sailing with English privateers in 1704, Selkirk quarrelled with his captain and asked to be put ashore on an uninhabited island off of South America. He took with him a musket, a hatchet, and a few utensils. There he survived alone for four years and four months before being rescued by another English ship. He sailed for two years before returning home, where his story made him a celebrity.", "1709: The real Robinson Crusoe, Alexander Selkirk, on whom Defoe based his famous novel, was rescued by Captain Thomas Dover, having spent five years on the uninhabited island of Mas à Tierra.", "Robinson Crusoe Day -- anniversary of the 1709 rescue of Alexander Selkirk, whose story inspired the novel Robinson Crusoe; a day to be adventurous and self-reliant", "In 1704, British privateer Alexander Selkirk was marooned on Isla Más a Tierra in the Pacific after quarreling with the captain of his ship, the Cinque Ports. He lived alone on the rugged 29-square-mile island, 418 miles off Valparaiso, Chile, for more than four years, subsisting on fish, lobster, goats and seals, until he was rescued by a passing ship in February 1709. Woodes Rogers, the captain, described Selkirk upon rescue as “a man Cloth’d in Goat-Skins, who look’d wilder than the first Owners of them.” Selkirk’s ordeal is believed to have been the inspiration for Daniel Defoe’s novel Robinson Crusoe, published in 1719.", "* Daniel Defoe, author of Robinson Crusoe, was likely inspired by accounts of real-life castaway Alexander Selkirk, a crew member on Dampier's voyages. ", "There were many stories of real-life castaways in Defoe's time. Defoe's immediate inspiration for Crusoe is usually thought to be a Scottish sailor named Alexander Selkirk, who was rescued in 1709 by Woodes Rogers' expedition after four years on the uninhabited island of Más a Tierra in the Juan Fernández Islands off the Chilean coast. Rogers' \"Cruising Voyage\" was published in 1712, with an account of Alexander Selkirk's ordeal. However, Robinson Crusoe is far from a copy of Rogers' account: Selkirk was marooned at his own request, while Crusoe was shipwrecked; the islands are different; Selkirk lived alone for the whole time, while Crusoe found companions; Selkirk stayed on his island for four years, not twenty-eight. Furthermore, much of the appeal of Defoe's novel is the detailed and captivating account of Crusoe's thoughts, occupations and activities which goes far beyond that of Rogers' basic descriptions of Selkirk, which account for only a few pages. However, one must not forget that Defoe presented himself as the editor of the story. He was adamant to maintain his claim that the actual author was \"Robinson Crusoe\": a real person who was still alive in 1719–20.", "1709 British sailor Alexander Selkirk is rescued after being marooned on a desert island for 5 years, his story inspires \"Robinson Crusoe\"", "1709 Event - British sailor Alexander Selkirk is rescued after being marooned on a desert island for 5 years, his story inspires \"Robinson Crusoe\"", "Alexander Selkirk, the inspiration for Robinson Crusoe, is rescued from the uninhabited archipelago of Juan Fernandez, 1709", "In his novel, first published in 1719, Daniel Defoe named the islander \"Robinson Crusoe.\" But the real Robinson was a man named Alexander Selkirk. He was a Scotsman, the seventh son of a shoemaker from the village of Lower Largo, near Edinburgh. He had spent four years and four months on Más a Tierra, a windswept island in the Juan Fernandez archipelago, 650 kilometers (404 miles) off the coast of Chile. He was as alone as a human being can be. For Selkirk, there was no \"Man Friday,\" a character Defoe created for his novel.", "Selkirk, a Scottish sailor, spent four years shipwrecked on the South Pacific island. His story was well known at the time and likely served as Defoe 's inspiration for The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe. [RD]", "A spokesman for Plymouth County said that between voyages Selkirk married a local widow named Frances Candish. Many believe that Frances was the landlady at a pub where Selkirk lodged. Dr. Latimer said that after Selkirk had finally returned home in 1712, there was a small story published about Selkirk’s experience. It gained so much attention that several copies of the story were printed in a cheaper way so that the common reader could afford them, and this was how Selkirk became a minor celebrity. Some say that Defoe’s story immortalized Selkirk and his adventures. It was a popular read worldwide and he is still remembered nearly 300 years later.", "Though Selkirk was never a celebrated figure in his hometown of Lower Largo, might be due to his exploits in earlier life. Not many recognize his statue erected at the site of his house. But in all probability Defoe used the incidents in the life of Alexander Selkirk as the crux of his story and of course sprinkled some imagination into it.", "The story of Alexander Selkirk isn't that well known today. We are instead far more familiar with the fictional character he inspired, Robinson Crusoe.", "October is the 300th year anniversary of Alexander Selkirks return to British soil, when he finally stepped onto the Kent coast at Erith in 1711. And who was Selkirk? Only the man who inspired Daniel Defoes famous fictional character Robinson Crusoe.", "Another work which could run week after week in a modern newspaper is his immensely informative Tour through the Whole Island of Great Britain, published in three volumes in 1724-7. But his instinctive nose for a good story is best seen in his response to the predicament of Alexander Selkirk, a Scottish sailor who survives for five years as a castaway on a Pacific island before being discovered in 1709.", "* Joshua Slocum mentions Selkirk in the book Sailing Alone Around the World (1900). During his visit to the Juan Fernández Islands, Slocum runs across a marker commemorating Selkirk’s stay.", "Yet the cliché holds true—truth is stranger than fiction. The real life of Alexander Selkirk surpassed Crusoe’s in almost every aspect. But then I may be biased. You see, poor Alex—pirate, lout and hero—was not in fact born with the name Selkirk, but with an even less common Scottish name, one to which I’ve grown attached: Selcraig. Yes, Alex is family. I am, according to Scottish genealogist Tony Reid, directly descended from Alex’s oldest brother, John. Alex apparently never had children.", "He was a pirate, a hothead and a lout, but castaway Alexander Selkirkthe author's ancestor inspired one of the greatest yarns in literature", "Alexander Selkirk was the son of a shoemaker and tanner in Lower Largo, Fife, Scotland, born in 1676. In his youth, he displayed a quarrelsome and unruly disposition. He was summoned before the Kirk Session in August 1693 for his \"indecent conduct in church\", but he \"did not appear, being gone to sea.\" He was back at Largo in 1701, when he again came to the attention of church authorities for beating up his brothers.", "Selkirk is mentioned in Sailing Alone Around The World by Joshua Slocum . During his stay on the Juan Fernández Islands, Slocum runs across a marker commemorating Selkirk's stay.", "In 1704 the sailor Alexander Selkirk was marooned as a castaway on the island, where he lived in solitude for four years and four months. Selkirk had been gravely concerned about the seaworthiness of his ship, the Cinque Ports, and declared his wish to be left on the island during a mid-voyage restocking stop. His captain, Thomas Stradling, a colleague on the voyage of privateer and explorer William Dampier, was tired of his dissent and obliged. All Selkirk had left with him was a musket, gunpowder, carpenter's tools, a knife, a Bible, and some clothing. ", "Born in 1676, when Selkirk was 19 years old he was cited for indecent conduct in church, but before he could be reprimanded, he ran off to sea. That was in 1695. By 1703 he was the sailing master of a galley. The following year he joined a pirate expedition to the Pacific Ocean that was led by Capt. William Dampier. Selkirk's ship had Thomas Straddling as it's captain.", "20. Lord Selkirk was an Hudson's Bay Company governor and philanthropist who wanted to re-settle some of the many Scots who were displaced by the Highland Clearances. He obtained a grant of land in the Red River Valley near Winnipeg from the Hudson's Bay Company to settle and begin farming. This conflicted with the North West Company, and the settlers had difficulty adapting to the new land, so the project did not live up to his expectations for it.", "Melvyn Bragg's highly-acclaimed bestselling historical novel, the story behind one of the 19th century's greatest scandals. Set in the Lake District in the early 19th century, the riveting story of an imposter, bigamist and fortune hunter who came to grief by falling helplessly in love with the famed 'Maid of Buttermere'. show more", "A number of Scottish Loyalists who had fled the United States in 1783 arrived in Glengarry (in eastern Ontario) and Nova Scotia. In 1803, Lord Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk, who was sympathetic to the plight of the dispossessed crofters (Highland tenant farmers), brought 800 colonists to Prince Edward Island. In 1811, he founded the Red River Colony as a Scottish colonization project on an area of 300,000 square kilometres (120,000 sq mi) in what would later be the province of Manitoba — land that was granted by the Hudson's Bay Company, in what is referred to as the Selkirk Concession.", "Around this time, a handful of English-speaking Scottish Lowlanders joined the Scottish exodus to Canada. Likewise, a number of Scottish United Empire Loyalists who had fled the United States in 1783 arrived in Glengarry (in eastern Ontario ) and Nova Scotia. In 1803, Lord Selkirk, who was sympathetic to the plight of the dispossessed crofters, brought 800 colonists to Prince Edward Island. In 1812 he also founded the Red River settlement in what is now Manitoba .", ", a Scottish castaway that survived four years on a Pacific island. This classic tale of adventure features cannibals, captives, and mutineers. Some regard it as the very first novel written in the English language.", "* An Incident in the Rebellion of 1745, by David Morier, often known as \"The Battle of Culloden\", is the best-known portrayal of the battle, and the best-known of Morier's works. It depicts the attack of the Highlanders against Barrell's Regiment, and is based on sketches made by Morier in the immediate aftermath of the battle.", "Thomas Mayne Reid, was a Scots-Irish American novelist. \"Captain\" Reid wrote many adventure novels akin to those written by Frederick Marryat and Robert Louis Stevenson. He was a great admirer of Lord Byron. These novels contain action that takes place primarily in untamed settings: the American West, Mexico, South Africa, the Himalayas, and Jamaica." ]

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[ "Lear, finding his vain-glorious set-piece of flattery falling flat, tries to wheedle some more fitting compliments from Cordelia. 'Nothing' is one of the key words in the play, and Lear's chilling formulation introduces the grim nihilism which is Lear's central mood. It is already a proverb when Shakespeare uses it.", "   \"Heroum filii noxæ.\"—It is a common notion that a father above the common rate of men, has usually a son below it. Hence in the \"Tempest\" (i. 2), Shakespeare probably alludes to this Latin proverb—", "They have also been used as the titles of plays: Baby with the Bathwater by Christopher Durang, Dog Eat Dog by Mary Gallagher, and The Dog in the Manger by Charles Hale Hoyt. The use of proverbs as titles for plays is not, of course, limited to English plays: Il faut qu'une porte soit ouverte ou fermée (A door must be open or closed) by Paul de Musset. Proverbs have also been used in musical dramas, such as The Full Monty, which has been shown to use proverbs in clever ways. ", "In the dialogue of The Two Gentlemen of Verona and other Shakespeare plays, characters sometimes speak wise or witty sayings couched in memorable figurative language. Although these sayings are brief, they often express a profound universal truth or make a thought-provoking observation. Such sayings are called epigrams or aphorisms. Because many of Shakespeare�s epigrams are so memorable, writers and speakers use them again and again.", "William Shakespeare , The Merchant of Venice (late 1590s), Act IV, scene 1, line 334; reported as a proverb in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 640.", "William Shakespeare , Othello (c. 1603), Act IV, scene 3, line 58; reported as a proverb in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 642.", "William Shakespeare , Twelfth Night (c. 1601-02), Act III, scene 1, line 146; reported as a proverb in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 643.", "Between the mid-1590s and his retirement around 1612, Shakespeare penned the most famous of his 37-plus plays, including “Romeo and Juliet,” “A Midsummer Night’s Dream,” “Hamlet,” “King Lear,” “Macbeth” and “The Tempest.” As a dramatist, he is known for his frequent use of iambic pentameter, meditative soliloquies (such as Hamlet’s ubiquitous “To be, or not to be” speech) and ingenious wordplay. His works weave together and reinvent theatrical conventions dating back to ancient Greece, featuring assorted casts of characters with complex psyches and profoundly human interpersonal conflicts. Some of his plays—notably “All’s Well That Ends Well,” “Measure for Measure” and “Troilus and Cressida”—are characterized by moral ambiguity and jarring shifts in tone, defying, much like life itself, classification as purely tragic or comic.", "The specific metaphor used as the title is from a quote by Iago in Shakespeare's OTHELLO , Act III, Scene 3:", "In the present chapter are collected together the chief proverbs either quoted or alluded to by Shakespeare. Many of these are familiar to most readers, but have gained an additional interest by reason of their connection with the poet's writings. At the same time, it may be noted, that very many of Shakespeare's pithy sayings have since his day passed into proverbs, and have taken their place in this class of literature. It is curious to notice, as Mrs Cowden Clarke remarks,  1 how \"Shakespeare has paraphrased some of our commonest proverbs in his own choice and elegant diction.\" Thus, \"make hay while the sun shines,\" becomes—", "Various different ways of expressing the idea that 'all that glitters/glisters is not gold' were in general circulation well before Shakespeare's day and it was a common enough notion to have been called proverbial by the 16th century. The 12th century French theologian Alain de Lille wrote \"Do not hold everything gold that shines like gold\". Geoffrey Chaucer also expressed the same idea in Middle English in the poem The House of Fame, 1380 - \"Hit is not al gold, that glareth\". Nevertheless, it is Shakespeare who gave us the version we now use.", "Shakespeare's words and phrases have become so familiar to us that it is sometimes with a start that we realize we have been speaking Shakespeare when we utter a cliché such as \"one fell swoop\" or \"not a mouse stirring.\" Never mind that many of the expressions we hear most often--\"to the manner born,\" or (from the same speech in Hamlet) \"more honored in the breach than the observance\"--are misapplied at least as frequently as they are employed with any awareness of their original context and implication. The fact remains that Shakespeare's vocabulary and Shakespeare's cadences are even more pervasive in our ordinary discourse today than the idiom of the King James Bible, which Bartlett lists as only the second most plentiful source of Familiar Quotations.", "In addition to the Bible, several proverbs are believed to have their origin in the works of William Shakespeare. It is difficult to be certain whether these proverbs were truly invented by Shakespeare or were already in existence before or around his time. Some examples follow.", "Three early comedies demonstrate that Shakespeare had learned to fuse conventional characters with convincing representations of the human life he knew. Shakespeare's first play is probably The Comedy of Errors (1590). Most acknowledge it as a brilliant and intricate farce (a humorous piece of work with a story unlikely to happen in real life) involving two sets of identical twins. The plot of his next comedy, The Two Gentlemen of Verona (1591) revolves around a faithful girl who educates her fickle (inconsistent) lover. It has romantic woods, a girl dressed as a boy, sudden changes, music, and happy marriages at the end. The last of the first comedies, Love's Labour's Lost (1593), deals with three young men who attempt to withdraw from the world and women for three years to study in their king's school. They quickly surrender to a group of young ladies who come to live nearby.", "That saying was taken from a soliloquy by Polonius in Act I, Scene 3 of William Shakespeare's", "\"You are come to me in happy time, / . . . for I have some sport in hand / Wherein your cunning can assist me much\" says the Lord to the players in the Induction of The Taming of the Shrew. These seemingly simple words of welcome resonate, setting the context for the story about to unfold before us. We know that theatricality will be paramount to the story as the clever Induction pulls us into the drama through the story of Christopher Sly's duping. The Induction focuses our attention on the idea of appearances being deceiving, as well as on the importance of acting and role playing, but then it stops abruptly once The Taming of the Shrew proper begins. Why then take the time to introduce us to Sly and the merry jest of the Lord and his household? We can see the Induction as functioning in a number of ways (see the Induction commentary for more), but one of its most important purposes is to clue spectators into one of the play's main themes: role playing. In Shrew, Shakespeare provides disguises of all shapes and forms, from obvious physical disguises to more subtle psychological ones, and in the confines of a play within a play allows us to see a world which, not unlike our own, is teeming with role players.", "233)Which famous Shakespeare play does the quote \"How sharper than a serpent's tooth it is to have a thankless child!\" come from?", "The following lines are from which Shakespeare play? “All the world’s a stage, And all the men and women players: They have their exits and their entrances”?", "Although set in different times many of the most famous quotes about life and love by William Shakespeare are still relevant today.  Did you know that William Shakespeare is credited by the Oxford English Dictionary with the introduction of nearly 3,000 words into the language. It's no wonder that expressions from his works in literature, including the \"Neither a borrower or lender be\" quote, are an 'anonymous' part of the English language. Many people continue to use this \"Neither a borrower or lender be\" quote by William Shakespeare in famous quotes about life.", "5. “My salad days, when I was green in judgment” is a quotation from which play by Shakespeare?", "...Biblical Themes in Shakespeare's The Tempest Shakespeare is one of the most prolific and admired writers who ever lived. He certainly knew his craft and was familiar with all of the literature available at the time. One of the greatest books ever written was of course the bible. Written over the course of more than a thousand years it is a miracle in itself that the book exists. Shakespeare knew his bible, and his work often incorporated and examined...", "The actual quote, from the same play from which the line in the third entry above is taken, is “Music hath charms to soothe a savage breast.” The next line, elaborating on the theme, is “To soften Rocks, or bend a knotted Oak.”", "This famous quote originated in the play by William Shakespeare. This section provides answers to the following questions about this famous Shakespeare quote:", "1592: Shakespeare was known in London as an actor and playwright by this time as evidenced by his being mentioned in Robert Greene's pamphlet A Groats-worth of Wit. In this pamphlet (published this year), Greene chides Shakespeare as an \"upstart crow\" on the theater scene. Greene charges that Shakespeare is an unschooled player and writer who \"borrows\" material from his well-educated betters for his own productions.", "Reference to the soliloquies (an utterance or discourse by a person who is talking to himself or herself, or is disregardful or oblivious to any hearers present, often used as a device in drama to disclose a character’s innermost thoughts) abundant in Shakespeare", "Miguel de Cervantes , Don Quixote , Volume II, Chapter XLIII; reported as a proverb in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 643.", "Shakespeare used real witches curses in his text and this is where the bad luck springs from", "Here are some movie titles followed by the name of the Shakespeare play that inspired them:", "This lesson will teach you how to read and understand a play by William Shakespeare, one of the greatest playwrights in the history of the English language (and the man who invented quite a lot of it).", "How far are Lysander's words proved true by the (total) events in either play? Are they a more suitable motto for one than the other? Why?", "There are two very widely known quotations in the play; from the opening to the play:", "Here are a few quotes from the play. Choose your favorite and be prepared to explain your interpretation of the quote and why you choose it." ]

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[ "\"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde\" is the original title of a novella written by the Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson that was first published in 1886. The work is commonly known today as \"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde\", \"Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde\", or simply \"Jekyll & Hyde\". It is about a London lawyer named Gabriel John Utterson who investigates strange occurrences between his old friend, Dr. Henry Jekyll, and the evil Edward Hyde.  ", "The Story:Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is a novella containing ten cases of the London lawyer, Gabriel John Utterson. He investigates events surrounding his friend, Dr Henry Jekyll who has a “split personality” of good and the evil, Dr Edward Hyde. It is a classic piece of British literature from the Scottish Author, Robert Louis Stevenson. The impact of the novel’s themes have given rise to the phrase “Jekyll and Hyde” personality. On publication the novella was an instant success and is one of  Robert Louis Stevenson’s most well known books. This edition is in very good condition.", "Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is a novella by the Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson first published in 1886. The work is commonly known today as The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, or simply Jekyll & Hyde. It is about a London lawyer named Gabriel John Utterson who investigates strange occurrences between his old friend, Dr. Henry Jekyll, and the evil Edward Hyde. The novella's impact is such that it has become a part of the language, with the very phrase \"Jekyll and Hyde\" coming to mean a person who is vastly different in moral character from one situation to the next. ", "In fiction, Robert Louis Stevenson had Dr. Henry Jekyll set up a home for Edward Hyde in Soho in his novella, Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde.", "The same year as Kidnapped, Stevenson published the famous novella (or long story) Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde , in which a personality is split by science into two—into the respectable Victorian doctor and the brutish hell-raiser Hyde. (Stevenson pronounced the first name like JEE-kyl, by the way, not JECK-le, who is part of another duo, Heckle and Jeckle.)  Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is a story susceptible to many psychological interpretations, and perhaps Stevenson's most philosophically sophisticated fiction.", "In 1886 two remarkable novels made their appearance on this incredible stage.  Robert Louis Stevenson’s Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde and Marie Corelli’s Wormwood.  Perhaps the subject of split personalities had been suggested to their intellects by the multitude of dichotomies  cast up on the beach from the old world order to exist in conflict with the new.  Perhaps it was the discovery and investigation of the unconscious mind as the unconscious was first exposed by Dr. Anton Mesmer just before the cataclysm began.  Whatever it was, before Freud, it began the long investigation of dual and multiple personalities surviving to this day.", "Walker, Richard J. (2004). ‘ “He, I say – I Cannot Say I’: Modernity and the crisis of Identity in Robert Louis Stevenson’s Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’. Journal of Stevenson Studies 1: 76-102.", "Richard J. Walker, ‘ “He, I say – I Cannot Say I’: Modernity and the crisis of Identity in Robert Louis Stevenson’s Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’, Journal of Stevenson Studies 1 (2004), pp. 76-102.", "Her brother, Walter, was a friend of the author, Robert Louis Stevenson; his name may have been borrowed for the title of his famous Jekyll & Hyde story. The family historian, Sir Herbert Jekyll (1846-1932), was Gertrude’s younger brother. He was a military engineer and civil servant, a man of great talent over a wide area, ranging from founding the Bach Choir in London and laying telegraph lines in Africa to designing the road network from London and master-minding the British Pavilion, with Sir Edwin Lutyens, at the Paris Exhibition of 1900.", "A good man takes a potion that turns him into a freak of pure evil. A reasonable scientist is transformed - through the agency of science itself - into the living embodiment of unreason. Like the vampire and the werewolf, the sundered personae of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde have worked their way into our collective unconscious, expressing both our ambivalence with science and our deepest questions about what is knowable in human nature. show more", "Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (as it was originally titled) first appeared in 1886 and sold 40,000 copies in less than six months. The classic story of the doppelganger (German for \"double-goer,\" or alter-ego), the story was based on the real life case of Deacon Brodie of Edinburgh, which Robert Louis Stevenson had read about in the papers.", "A book so iconic that its title is synonymous with split personalities, The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson, was first released in 1886. The story of a virtuous Dr. Jekyll who mistakenly creates an alter ego of unadulterated evil serves as an examination of the duality of human nature and the battle between good and evil.", "There were a few very early renditions in the 1900s of the classic tale taken from Robert Louis Stevenson's story \"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde\" (and Thomas Russell Sullivan's 1887 stage play \"Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde\") about a doctor/scientist whose evil side was brought out by a magic formula. The first filmed version was also the first American horror film - director Otis Turner's Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1908) with Hobart Bosworth in the lead role - by the Selig Polyscope Corporation. The next was Thanhouser Film Corporation's (New York) one-reel Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1912) with future director James Cruze starring as the title character. And then superstar King Baggot appeared in independent IMP's (the future Universal Studios) two-reeler Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1913). Broadway idol John Barrymore also starred in one of the earliest versions of the Jekyll/Hyde story, a silent film from Famous Players-Lasky Corporation titled Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1920). [Another almost forgotten version in 1920 from the Pioneer Film Corporation starred Sheldon Lewis.] The familiar story was later re-made in many versions, but the two most noteworthy versions were:", "Bram Stoker, author of Dracula, was better known during his own life as the Business manager of London’s Lyceum Theatre. R. L. Stevenson wrote The Curious Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde in just three days, apparently under the influence of cocaine, after the idea came to him in a nightmare. Dr. Jekyll’s house, as described in the novella, is identical to that of experimental Scottish surgeon John Hunter, who lived at 28 Leicester Square at the time. Hunter had his house facing the square and his surgery at the back, where he entertained students by dissecting cadavers. The bodies left and entered the house via the alley behind on to the Charing Cross Road, just as Mr Hyde enters and leaves the premises in the book. Edgar Allan Poe’s prose poem Eureka appears to predict a cosmology similar to the Big Bang Theory, but was written 80 years before and even suggests some Newtonian principles. Poe’s canon contains many more eerily accurate predictions.", "◦Dr. Jekyl and Mr. Hyde-Dr. Jekyll faces horrible consequences when he lets his dark side run wild with a potion that changes him into the animalistic Mr. Hyde (1931)", "Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde opens with a lawyer named Mr Utterson taking his weekly walk with Mr Enfield. Along the way, they pass by a “blistered and distained” (p. 229) door.", "Richard J. Walker, ‘Pious Works: Aesthetics, Ethics, and the Modern Individual in Robert Louis Stevenson’s Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’, in Robert Louis Stevenson. Writer of Boundaries (", "Mank, Greg (2004). [voice-over commentary on the 1931 Mamoulian film version of Dr Jekyl and Mr Hyde]. Dr. Jekyll & Mr. Hyde Double Feature (the 1931 and the 1941 films). Warner Home Video, 2004.", "* The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1886), a short novel about a dual personality much depicted in Plays and films, also influential in the growth of understanding of the subconscious mind through its treatment of a kind and intelligent physician who turns into a psychopathic monster after imbibing a drug intended to separate good from evil in a personality.", "Menegaldo, Gilles (2003). “Deux lectures excentriques du mythe de Jekyll & Hyde au cinéma: Les deux visages du Dr Jekyll (1960) de Terence Fisher et Mary Reilly  de Stephen Frears”. In Menegaldo, Gilles & Jean-Pierre Naugrette (eds.). R. L. Stevenson & A. Conan Doyle. Aventures de la Fiction. Rennes : Terre de Brume. 367-91.", "[A version of a chapter (‘Variations sur la main de Hyde’) in Jean-Pierre Naugrette (ed.) (1997). Dr. Jekyll & Mr. Hyde. Paris: Autrement.]", "A scientist's experiments on himself result in a dangerous split personality in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941).>", "The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson - Read Online", "Luoma, Jyri-Pekka (2004). ‘Phantasmagoria and Psyche in Robert Louis Stevenson’s Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’. Wormwood 2 (spring/summer 2004): 48-57.", "1953. Clips from the 1920 film adaptation of the classic tale, Dr Jekyll And Mr Hyde – produced by Paul Killiam (original 1920 film stars John Barrymore, Martha Mansfield & Brandon Hurst)", "themes of hypocrisy and duality that are central to the story, as we are exposed to both the fashionable side of London and the corrupt underworld. Like its inhabitants, this complex city has two sides; the idyllic facade, and the decadent reality. While many horror stories are based around the fear of the unknown, Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is frightening because the issues raised are alarmingly close to home. We can recognise and even share the desire to disappear into anonymity and fulfil our most primal (but socially repressed) desires; we can correlate Jekyll’s revolutionary scientific discoveries to those of Darwin and Freud, both of whom revealed the more animalistic side of man, and finally we can relate to the inevitable hypocrisy that resides in almost every character in the novella. In this way, Stevenson ingeniously shows that life itself is a more than adequate subject for a spinechilling horror story. Isabelle Younane", "The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1886) | Adaptations Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia", "Dr. Jekyll and Sister Hyde (1971, UK- Hammer Film Productions) Screenplay: Brian Clemens; Director: Roy Ward Baker", "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931, USA-Paramount Pictures) Screenplay: Samuel Hoffenstein, Percy Heath; Director: Rouben Mamoulian", "The Scandalous Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (2010: The Holden Kemble Theatre Company, London)", "Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde (1995, UK-Rank Organization) Screenplay: Tim John, Oliver Butcher, David Price; Director: David Price", "[This essay proposes a new angle on a question frequently asked by modern readers of Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde:  Do performance adaptations that insert women into the story as sex objects for the male protagonist merely fill in gaps left in the text by Victorian reticence?  Or is there some other purpose behind Stevenson's exclusion of women from the bachelor world of Jekyll and his friends, and behind the tale's lack of specificity about the secret night-time pleasures that Jekyll seeks to pursue with impunity in his guise as Hyde?" ]

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[ "Siblings: Charlotte Brontë, Anne Brontë, Branwell Brontë, Elizabeth Brontë, Maria Brontë Parents: Maria Branwell, Patrick Brontë", "The three Brontë sisters – Charlotte, Emily and Anne – moved to its windswept hilltop parsonage as very young children with their brother, Branwell, from nearby Thornton after the death of their mother and two female siblings. It was whilst living at The Parsonage in Haworth that the sisters wrote their famous literary classics.", "The only rationale of 'Ellis' that I have seen relates Emily's scruple-dictated choice to her Irish grandmother's first name. 5 However, most sources give the latter's Christian name as 'Alice' or 'Elinor' (the latter with variant spellings); see, for instance, Hopkins, p. 134n10, and also Withycombe, p. 45. Although the suggestion remains a possibility, it does not seem very likely to me — certainly not if one accepts the idea that Charlotte and Anne chose the surnames of remarkable contemporary women intellectuals. The Brontë children never knew their father's mother, Mrs Brunty/O'Prunty, née McClory, and none of the sisters is on record as having shown much interest, let alone pride, in their Irish ancestry. 6", "The lives of the Brontë sisters have become almost as romanticized as the stormy, Gothic novels they wrote – Charlotte, her sisters Emily and Anne, and their brother Branwell living in near isolation with a sternly religious father on a lonely, windswept moor, inhabiting a world peopled by their vivid imaginations and fueled by their literary genius. This Myth of the Lonely Geniuses began soon after Charlotte Brontë’s death, and it has helped to popularize the sisters’ writings to generations of readers. Even so, this myth does not accurately reflect many aspects of the Brontës’ lives.", "Emily Brontë (1818 - 1848) - pseudonym Ellis Bell Perhaps the greatest writer of the three Brontë sisters - Charlotte, Emily and Anne. Emily Brontë published only one novel, WUTHERING ...", "We’ve talked a lot about Shakespearean literary names and characters in Dickens and Jane Austen , but we’ve overlooked three of the best namers in literary history—the sisters Brontë.  We love their own names— Charlotte , Emily and Anne , and we love their initial-appropriate male pen names—Currer, Ellis and Acton .  We even love their surname, which a number of parents have chosen for their daughters.", "Brontë, the name of three ladies, Charlotte, Emily, and Anne, daughters of a Yorkshire clergyman of Irish extraction: Charlotte, born at Thornton, Yorkshire; removed with her father, at the age of four, to Haworth, a moorland parish, in the same county, where she lived most of her days; spent two years at Brussels as a pupil-teacher; on her return, in conjunction with her sisters, prepared and published a volume of poems under the pseudonyms respectively of “Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell,” which proved a failure. Nothing daunted, she set to novel writing, and her success was instant; first, “Jane Eyre,” then “Shirley,” and then “Villette,” appeared, and her fame was established. In 1854 she married her father's curate, Mr. Nicholls, but her constitution gave way, and she died (1816-1855). Emily (Ellis), two years younger, poet rather than novelist; wrote “Wuthering Heights,” a remarkable production, showing still greater genius, which she did not live to develop. Anne (Acton), four years younger, also wrote two novels, but very ephemeral productions.", "This carefully crafted ebook: \"The Brontë Sisters - The Complete Novels: Jane Eyre, Wuthering Heights, Shirley, Villette, The Professor, Emma, Agnes Grey, The Tenant of Wildfell Hall\" is formatted for your eReader with a functional and detailed table of contents. This collection of the works of Emily, Anne and Charlotte Brontë includes the following novels: Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontë, published in 1847 Shirley by Charlotte Brontë, published in 1849 Villette by Charlotte Brontë, published in 1853 The Professor by Charlotte Brontë, was published after her death in 1857 Emma by Charlotte Brontë (unfinished), she wrote only 20 pages of the manuscript which was published in 1860. Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontë, published in 1848 Agnes Grey by Anne Brontë, published in 1847 The Tenant of Wildfell Hall by Anne Brontë, published in 1848 The Brontë Sisters (1818-1855), Charlotte, Emily and Anne Brontë were sisters and writers whose novels have become classics. Before writing novels, the sisters first published a volume of poetry in 1846. Many novels of the Charlotte, Emily, and Anne are based on women in Victorian England and the difficulties that they faced like few employment opportunities, dependence on men in the families for support, and social expectations.", "The Brontë sisters – Anne, Charlotte and Emily—were all Yorkshirewomen born in Thornton and raised in Haworth, West Yorkshire. Their novels, written in the mid 1800s, caused a sensation when they were first published and were subsequently accepted into the canon of great English literature. Amongst the most noted novels credited to the sisters are Anne's The Tenant of Wildfell Hall, Charlotte's Jane Eyre and Emily's Wuthering Heights.", "Who was the youngest of the three Brontë writing sisters? Anne Brontë (1820-49 - other sisters were Emily, 1818-48, and Charlotte, 1816-55, plus a brother, Branwell, 1817-48. The two oldest sisters, Maria and Elizabeth died in childhood.)", "Who was the youngest of the three Brontë writing sisters? Anne Brontë (1820-49 - other sisters were Emily, 1818-48, and Charlotte, 1816-55, plus a brother, Branwell, 1817-48. The two oldest sisters, Maria and Elizabeth died in childhood.)", "Brontë was one of six children born to Reverend Patrick Brontë and Maria Branwell Brontë. Born in Thornton, Yorkshire, England, on July 30, 1818, she was the sister of Maria, Elizabeth, Charlotte, Anne, and Branwell. Her family moved to Haworth when she was two years old, and here she first experienced the moors, a part of the Pennine Chain of mountains, andhere she lived until she died 30 years later.", "The eldest of the three writing Brontë sisters, Charlotte Brontë assumed some of the maternal care of her younger siblings (including a brother, Branwell) after the death of her mother and two elder sisters, Maria and Elizabeth. In The Life of Charlotte Brontë (1857), Elizabeth Gaskell brought the eccentricities of the Brontës's lives in Yorkshire to public view. It is this view of the sisters -- locked into the solitary world of the moors and their own fevered imaginations -- that has persisted. But this image of Charlotte Brontë is incomplete.", "Emily Brontë (1818-48), along with her sisters, Charlotte and Anne, was one of the most significant literary figures of the 19th century. She wrote just one strikingly innovative novel, Wuthering Heights, but was also a gifted and intense poet.", "It was the discovery of Emily's poetic talent by Charlotte that led her and her sisters, Charlotte and Anne, to publish a joint collection of their poetry in 1846, Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell. To evade contemporary prejudice against female writers, the Brontë sisters adopted androgynous first names. All three retained the first letter of their first names: Charlotte became Currer Bell, Anne became Acton Bell, and Emily became Ellis Bell. In 1847, she published her only novel, Wuthering Heights, as two volumes of a three volume set (the last volume being Agnes Grey by her sister Anne). Its innovative structure somewhat puzzled critics. Although it received mixed reviews when it first came out, the book subsequently became an English literary classic. In 1850, Charlotte edited and published Wuthering Heights as a stand-alone novel and under Emily's real name.", "Charlotte Brontë (21 April 1816 - 31 March 1855) was an English novelist and poet, the eldest of the three Brontë sisters who survived into adulthood and whose novels are English literature standards. She wrote Jane Eyre under the pen name Currer Bell.", "Charlotte Brontë (21 April 1816 – 31 March 1855) was an English novelist and poet, the eldest of the three Brontë sisters who survived into adulthood, whose novels are English literature standards. She wrote Jane Eyre under the pen name Currer Bell.", "She was one of six children born to Maria Branwell Bronte and clergyman Patrick Bronte. She and her younger sisters, Emily and Anne, all had significant literary careers. Charlotte Bronte married her father's curate, Arthur Bell Nichols, in June of 1854.", "Wuthering Heights is the only novel by Emily Brontë. Emily, together with her sisters Charlotte and Anne, who were also novelists, lived at Haworth Parsonage  [parsonage: The place of residence of a Parson, provided by the Church.]  in North Yorkshire in the 19th century. The sisters had one brother, Branwell. Together the Brontë children created complicated make-believe worlds before growing up to write and paint.", "Emily Bronte was born on 30 July 1818 at 74 Market Street in Thornton, Bradford, Yorkshire, England. She was the fourth daughter of Maria Branwell (1783-1821), who died of cancer when Emily was just three years old, and Irish clergyman Patrick Bronte (1777-1861). After her youngest sister Anne (1820-1849) was born the Bronte’s moved to the village of Haworth where Patrick had been appointed rector. Emily had four older siblings; Maria (1814-1825), Elizabeth (1815-1825), Charlotte (1816-1855) and Patrick Branwell “Branwell” (1817-1848). Emily’s “Aunt [Elizabeth] Branwell” (1776-1842) had moved in to the Parsonage after her sister Maria’s death to help nursemaids Nancy and Sarah Gars raise the six young children.", "1. The sisters’ first volume of poems sold just two copies. Poems by Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell (1846) sold a total of two copies when first published. However, it was the failure of this poetry volume that convinced the sisters to turn their attention to writing novels: the following year Wuthering Heights, Jane Eyre, and Agnes Grey were all published. In a letter of March 1845, Charlotte had written, ‘I shall soon be 30 – and I have done nothing yet. … I feel as if we were all buried here.’ The sisters subsequently adopted their androgynous pseudonyms – Currer Bell for Charlotte, Ellis Bell for Emily, and Acton Bell for Anne – because they suspected their work would receive adverse reviews if it appeared under a female name (compare George Eliot and George Sand). Interestingly, Brontë wasn’t their original surname: their father was named Brunty but he thought this sounded too Irish (sure enough, the Brontë sisters were all of Irish stock), so he altered it to Brontë after one of Horatio Nelson’s titles, Duke of Bronte. What better way to offset the Irishness of your original surname than by paying tribute to the English hero of the hour?", "Charlotte Brontë was an English novelist and poet, the eldest of the three Brontë sisters who survived into adulthood, whose novels are English literature standards. She wrote Jane Eyre under the pen name Currer Bell.", "The Bronte sisters originally published under the respective names Acton, Currer, and Ellis Bell. Their first book, which they published in May 1846 at their own expense, was a volume of poetry, and they feared that the book would be received less warmly if it was published by women. The sisters chose more gender-neutral names because they had misgivings about using outright masculine names. Anne wrote in her introduction to Wuthering Heights that \"while we did not like to declare ourselves women, because--without at that time suspecting that our mode of writing and thinking was not what was called \"feminine\"--we had a vague impression that authoresses are liable to be looked on with prejudice.\" ", "Brontë, Emily English novelist and poet who produced but one novel, Wuthering Heights (1847), a highly imaginative novel of passion and hate set on the Yorkshire moors. Emily was perhaps the greatest of the three Brontë sisters, but the record of her life is extremely...", "Emily Brontë wrote under the pseudonym of Ellis Bell. She was an English novelist and poet who produced but one novel, Wuthering Heights (1847), a highly imaginative novel of passion and hate set on the Yorkshire moors. Emily was perhaps the greatest of the three Brontë sisters, but the record of her life is extremely meagre, for she was silent and reserved and left no correspondence of interest, and her single novel darkens rather than solves the mystery of her spiritual existence. She died of tuberculosis at the age of 30.", "Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell, by Brontë, Charlotte Brontë, and Anne Brontë (London: Aylott & Jones, 1846; Philadelphia: Lea & Blanchard, 1848).", "We read their work, we make motion pictures of their stories, we study their lives, and we marvel at the brilliance of three English women of the same family, who have contributed so much to 19th Century literature. They did it by themselves with only a slight bit of formal education, self-taught, self-disciplined, and self-analysis, especially in Emily’s case. We can never know the conditions of their lives, as they lived in this remote village in the Yorkshire moors. We can never really know, but we can only know this for sure . . . had it not been for these women living in such an area of isolation we would never have the brilliant work produced by The Bronte Sisters. Rev. Patrick Bronte out lived his family dying at Haworth in 1861 at age 84. Arthur Bell Nicholls lived in the Bronte home and died in 1906 at 87.", "Emily Bronte (1818-1849), English author and one of the famed Bronte sisters wrote Wuthering Heights (1847);", "The oldest surviving daughter in the renowned Bronte literary family, she wrote the famous novel, Jane Eyre, under the pen name of Currer Bell. Her later works include Villette and Shirley.", "Irish-born Patrick Brontë (who changed his surname from Brunty) and his Cornish wife Maria Branwell, moved to Thornton in Yorkshire where Emily was born 198 years ago on 30 July 1818. She was the fifth of six children. Her second name was probably inspired by her godmother, (her mother's cousin) although it is unknown where 'Emily' came from. 4", "The Rev Patrick Brontë was curate of the chapel from 1815 to 1820 when the family moved to Haworth. Brontë oversaw the partial rebuilding of the chapel in 1818, including the addition of the bell turret. And it was here that his three literary daughters were baptised.", "Emily was the fifth of the six children of Patrick Brontë, Irish-born perpetual curate of the remote Yorkshire moorland parish of Haworth. After the death of their mother Maria when Emily was three, the children were given an inspiring and wide-ranging liberal and academic education by their father and thoroughly instructed in domestic ‘order, method and neatness’ by their aunt, Elizabeth Branwell." ]

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[ "\"Tonight, Tonight, Tonight\" is the second track on the 1986 album Invisible Touch by Genesis. It peaked at No. 3 in the U.S. and No. 18 in the UK as the fourth single from the album. The working title was \"Monkey, Zulu\".", "- The Top Ten Worst Hit Songs of 1987 (2010) ... (performer: \"In the Air Tonight\") / (writer: \"Invisible Touch\", \"Land of Confusion\", \"In Too Deep\", \"Tonight, Tonight, Tonight\", \"In the Air Tonight\")", "Although it only reached # 3 in the U.S., Tommy James and The Shondell’s “Mony Mony” was # 1 hit in England.  In 1987, Billy Idol had a # 1 hit in the U.S. with a live version of the song.", "1987: Singers Aretha Franklin and George Michael hit number-one on the U.S. singles chart with their song \"I Knew You Were Waiting.\"", "In the end, it was the Pet Shop Boys who had the Christmas number one of 1987, with their cover of Elvis Presley's \"Always on My Mind\". The Pogues peaked at number 2 and has been re-issued several times since, reaching the top 10 in 2005, 2006 and 2007.", "For several years following the success of his Greatest Hits album, Kenny Rogers remained a hot item on both the pop and country charts, his biggest crossover hits coming with two 1983 duets written by prominent songwriters: \"We've Got Tonight,\" written by Bob Seger and performed with Sheena Easton (#1 Country, #6 Pop); and \"Islands In The Stream,\" written by Barry Gibb and performed with Dolly Parton (#1 Country, Pop and Adult Contemporary). And while Rogers would cease to be a factor on the pop charts after 1984, he would go on to earn five further country #1 hits: \"Crazy\" (a 1985 cover of the Willie Nelson-penned classic); \"Morning Desire\" and \"Tomb Of The Unknown Love\" (both 1987); \"Make No Mistake, She's Mine\" (1987, with Ronnie Milsap); and \"Buy Me A Rose\" (1999, with Alison Kraus and Billy Dean).", "In 1987 Cher starred in three films. She was cast as the female lead in the dark comedy/fantasy film The Witches of Eastwick with Jack Nicholson , Susan Sarandon and Michelle Pfeiffer . She played a lawyer in the thriller Suspect opposite Dennis Quaid , and starred in the romantic comedy Moonstruck , which co-starred Nicolas Cage and Olympia Dukakis and was directed by Norman Jewison . For her performance as a frumpy bookkeeper in Moonstruck, she won the 1987 Academy Award for Best Actress . Clutching her trophy at the ceremony, she announced, \"If I can win this, anybody can do anything.\" Template:Fact She also won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Musical/Comedy , and the Favorite Film Actress award at the People’s Choice Awards. 1987 was also noteworthy for the resurgence in Cher's recording career. After signing with friend David Geffen's label, Geffen Records, Cher released a self-titled album late that year which spawned her first major hit since 1979's \"Take Me Home\". \"I Found Someone\" returned her to the Top 10 of Billboard's Hot 100. The follow-up single \"We All Sleep Alone\" reached #14.", "The sound of producers Stock Aitken Waterman continued to grow in popularity, as they moved from their previous Hi-NRG sound to one more pop-based. It gave them big hits with girl group Bananarama, with their song \"Love in the First Degree\" becoming their biggest hit ever when it peaked at number 3, and American singer Sinitta with \"Toy Boy\", the successful No.4 followup to the big selling song \"So Macho\" from 1986. They also achieved two number one's, one being girl duo Mel and Kim's \"Respectable\", and created a huge star with the baritone-voiced singer Rick Astley. In 1987 he had a number one album with \"Whenever You Need Somebody\", and several high charting singles including the title track and the biggest selling single of the year, his number 1 breakthrough song \"Never Gonna Give You Up\".", "Tonight (1984), another dance-oriented album, found Bowie collaborating with Tina Turner and, once again, Iggy Pop. It included a number of cover songs, among them the 1966 Beach Boys hit \"God Only Knows\". The album bore the transatlantic top ten hit \"Blue Jean\", itself the inspiration for a short film that won Bowie a Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video, \"Jazzin' for Blue Jean\". Bowie performed at Wembley in 1985 for Live Aid, a multi-venue benefit concert for Ethiopian famine relief. During the event, the video for a fundraising single was premièred, Bowie's duet with Mick Jagger. \"Dancing in the Street\" quickly went to number one on release. The same year, Bowie worked with the Pat Metheny Group to record \"This Is Not America\" for the soundtrack of The Falcon and the Snowman. Released as a single, the song became a top 40 hit in the UK and US. ", "During the early 1980s, country artists continued to see their records perform well on the pop charts. Willie Nelson and Juice Newton each had two songs in the top 5 of the Billboard Hot 100 in the early eighties: Nelson charted \"Always on My Mind\" (No. 5, 1982) and \"To All the Girls I've Loved Before\" (No. 5, 1984, a duet with Julio Iglesias), and Newton achieved success with \"Queen of Hearts\" (No. 2, 1981) and \"Angel of the Morning\" (No. 4, 1981). Four country songs topped the Billboard Hot 100 in the 1980s: \"Lady\" by Kenny Rogers, from the late fall of 1980; \"9 to 5\" by Dolly Parton, \"I Love a Rainy Night\" by Eddie Rabbitt (these two back-to-back at the top in early 1981); and \"Islands in the Stream\", a duet by Dolly Parton and Kenny Rogers in 1983, a pop-country crossover hit written by Barry, Robin, and Maurice Gibb of the Bee Gees. Newton's \"Queen of Hearts\" almost reached No. 1, but was kept out of the spot by the pop ballad juggernaut \"Endless Love\" by Diana Ross and Lionel Richie. The move of country music toward neotraditional styles led to a marked decline in country/pop crossovers in the late 1980s, and only one song in that period—Roy Orbison's \"You Got It\", from 1989—made the top 10 of both the Billboard Hot Country Singles\" and Hot 100 charts, due largely to a revival of interest in Orbison after his sudden death. ", "Despite Atlantic's protests, Kick was released in October 1987 and provided the band with worldwide popularity, it peaked at No. 1 in Australia, No. 3 on the US Billboard 200, No. 9 in UK, and No. 15 in Austria. It was an upbeat, confident album that yielded four Top 10 US singles, \"New Sensation\", \"Never Tear Us Apart\", \"Devil Inside\" and No. 1 \"Need You Tonight\". \"Need You Tonight\" peaked No. 2 on the UK charts, No. 3 in Australia, and No. 10 in France. They toured heavily behind the album throughout 1987 and 1988. The video for the 1987 INXS track \"Mediate\" (which played after the video for \"Need You Tonight\") replicated the format of Bob Dylan's video for \"Subterranean Homesick Blues\", even in its use of apparently deliberate errors. In September 1988 the band swept the MTV Video Music Awards with the video for \"Need You Tonight/Mediate\" winning in 5 categories.", "Two years after taking the UK singles chart by storm with her Grease collaborations with John Travolta, Australia's Olivia Newton-John was back at the top of the British hit parade with her best-ever 45, 'Xanadu'. The summit-climber was also the only Number One achieved by the Electric Light Orchestra. Their drummer, Bev Bevan (previously a member of the Move), was born this day in 1946 in Birmingham. He and his group ought to be credited with creating arguably the best chart-topper of the 'eighties, with this special effort that was blessed by the vocals of Olivia Newton-John. Few subsequent Number Ones can compare with this outstanding pop song.", "1987 saw the release of the double album Kiss Me, Kiss Me, Kiss Me, with the singles \"Hot, Hot, Hot!\" and \"Just Like Heaven\" becoming popular in the US. A world tour following the album's release drew millions into stadiums. The line-up included Simon Gallup, Boris Williams, Roger O'Donnell, Lol Tolhurst, Porl, and Robert Smith.", "* 1987: Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal (won) for \"That's What Friends Are For\", performed by Dionne Warwick & Friends (award shared with Dionne Warwick, Gladys Knight & Stevie Wonder)", "In 1988 Manilow performed \"Please Don't Be Scared\" and \"Mandy/Could It Be Magic\" at That's What Friends Are For: AIDS Concert '88, a benefit concert for the Warwick Foundation headed by Dionne Warwick and shown on Showtime a few years later. In the 1988 Walt Disney Pictures animated feature Oliver & Company, Bette Midler's character sang a new Manilow composition called \"Perfect Isn't Easy\". The 1989 release of Barry Manilow, which contained \"Please Don't Be Scared\", \"Keep Each Other Warm\", and \"The One That Got Away\", ended Manilow's streak of albums of original self-written material (he only wrote or arranged two of the album's songs) and began a phase of his recording career consisting of covers and compilations.[29]", "I'm Your Baby Tonight kicks off with three very different singles: the irresistibly danceable title track, the hip-hop influenced 'My Name Is Not Susan', and the powerful 'All The Man That I Need', in which the extraordinary scream of the saxophone follows Whitney's lead as the song builds into a wave of adoration. it became Whitney's ninth US Numer 1 hit single in December 1990.", "Theme: The '80s. Songs performed: Luke Menard -- \"Wake Me Up [Before You Go-Go]\"; David Archuleta -- \"Another Day in Paradise\"; Danny Noriega -- \"Tainted Love\"; David Hernandez -- \"It's All Coming Back to Me Now\"; Michael Johns -- \"Don't You Forget About Me\"; David Cook -- \"Hello\"; Jason Castro -- \"Hallelujah\"; Chikezie Eze -- \"All the Woman That I Need\" Written by IMDb editor", " 1987 Love Me Tender: A Tribute to the Music of Elvis Presley (TV Movie) (performer: \"One Night with You\", \"Treat Me Nice\", \"A Big Hunk o' Love\")", "“ One of These Nights ” by Eagles, “ Get Down Tonight ” by K.C. & The Sunshine Band and “ Rhinestone Cowboy ” by Glen Campbell all topped the charts.", "1987: 'The Finer Things' by Steve Winwood remained at #1 for a second week on the Adult Contemporary chart.", "Richie's 1982 solo debut album, Lionel Richie, contained three hit singles: the U.S. #1 song \"Truly\", which continued the style of his ballads with the Commodores and launched his career as one of the most successful balladeers of the 1980s, and the top five hits \"You Are\" and \"My Love\". The album hit #3 on the music charts and sold over 4 million copies. His 1983 follow-up album, Can't Slow Down, sold over twice as many copies and won two Grammy Awards, including Album of the Year, propelling him into the first rank of international superstars. The album contained the #1 hit \"All Night Long\" a Caribbean-flavored dance number that was promoted by a colorful music video produced by former Monkee Michael Nesmith. In 1984, Richie performed \"All Night Long\" at the closing ceremony of the XXIII Olympic Games in Los Angeles.", "1988: Singer Billy Ocean hits number one on the U.S. singles chart with his song \"Get Outta My Dreams, Get Into My Car.\"", "Richard concluded his thirtieth year in music by achieving a UK Christmas No. 1 single in 1988 with \" Mistletoe and Wine \", while simultaneously holding the No. 1 positions on the album and video charts with the compilation Private Collection , which summed up his biggest hits from 1979 to 1988. \"Mistletoe and Wine\" was Richard's 99th UK single and spent four weeks at the top of the chart. It was the best-selling UK single of 1988, shifting 750,000 copies. [41] The album was certified quadruple platinum, becoming Richard's first to be certified multi-platinum by the BPI since its inception in 1973. [42]", "Richard concluded his thirtieth year in music by achieving a UK Christmas No. 1 single in 1988 with \" Mistletoe and Wine \", while simultaneously holding the No. 1 positions on the album and video charts with the compilation  Private Collection  summing up his biggest hits from 1979–1988. \"Mistletoe and Wine\" was Richard's 99th UK single and spent four weeks at the top of the chart. It was the best-selling UK single of 1988, shifting 750,000 copies. [35 ]", "UB40's original recording reached #34 in the US in March 1984 when it was released on A&M 2600. This version clocked in at 3:00. In 1988, it was reissued as a longer version (5:16) with a rap by Terence \"Astro\" Wilson, and finally hit #1.", "The single \"Ghost Town\", released in June 1981, spent three weeks at number one and ten weeks in the top 40 of the UK Singles Chart. The double a-side song, \"Friday Night Saturday Morning\", penned by Terry Hall, described a night out at the Coventry Locarno. ", "Oct 1990: 'I'm Your Baby Tonight' is released as the first single from her third album. It charts at UK #5 and returns her to the top of the US chart.", "1968, Born on this day, Ralph Tresvant, vocals, New Edition, (1983 UK No.1 single 'Candy Girl').", "However, in 1986 he recorded the single, \"I Want to Wake Up with You\", a surprise UK Number One, which spent two months in the Top Ten. The accompanying album, Everything to Me also included the follow-up hit, \"You're Everything to Me\" (which just missed out being another Top 10 entry, when it peaked at Number 11). The single \"The Meaning of Christmas\" was also released later that year.", "1940, Born on this day, Tony Gomez, The Foundations, (1967 UK No.1 single 'Baby Now That I've Found You'. 1969 US No.3 single 'Build Me Up A Buttercup'.)", "22            I Drove All Night was the last UK hit for which US singer in 1993?", "was a hit in 1999 in many European countries and even in Canada. The follow-up, \"Let It Be the Night\" charted in a few countries, but wasn't massive." ]

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[ "1973 - Barry White was awarded a gold record for I�m Gonna Love You Just a Little More Baby. It was his first hit and his first of five number one million-sellers. White began recording in 1960. He formed the group, Love Unlimited, in 1969 and married one of the group�s singers, Glodean James. He also formed the 40-piece Love Unlimited Orchestra which had the number-one hit, Love�s Theme in 1973. I�m Casey Kasem. Now back to the count down...", "Elvis Aaron Presley (January 8, 1935 – August 16, 1977), often known simply as Elvis and also called \"The King of Rock 'n' Roll\" or simply \"The King\", was an American singer, musician and actor. He remains a pop icon and is regarded by some to be the most important, original entertainer of the last fifty years. ", "Prince Rogers Nelson (June 7, 1958 – April 21, 2016) was an American singer, songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, record producer, and actor. He was a musical innovator and known for his eclectic work, flamboyant stage presence, extravagant dress and makeup, and wide vocal range. His music integrates a wide variety of styles, including funk, rock, R&B, new wave, soul, psychedelia, and pop. He has sold over 100 million records worldwide, making him one of the best-selling artists of all time. He won seven Grammy Awards, a Golden Globe Award, and an Academy Award for the film Purple Rain. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2004, the first year of his eligibility. Rolling Stone ranked Prince at number 27 on its list of 100 Greatest Artists—\"the most influential artists of the rock & roll era\". ", "John R. \"Johnny\" Cash (born J. R. Cash; February 26, 1932 – September 12, 2003) was an American singer-songwriter, guitarist, actor, and author, who was widely considered one of the most influential musicians of the 20th century and one of the best-selling music artists of all time, having sold more than 90 million records worldwide. Although primarily remembered as a country music icon, his genre-spanning songs and sound embraced rock and roll, rockabilly, blues, folk, and gospel. This crossover appeal won Cash the rare honor of multiple inductions in the Country Music, Rock and Roll, and Gospel Music Halls of Fame.", "Lionel Brockman Richie, Jr. (born June 20, 1949) is an American singer, songwriter, musician, record producer and actor. Beginning in 1968, he was a member of the musical group Commodores signed to Motown Records. Richie made his solo debut in 1982 with the album Lionel Richie and the number-one hit \"Truly\". He has sold more than 100 million records worldwide, making him one of the world's best-selling artists of all time. ", "Freddie Mercury (September 5, 1946 – November 24, 1991) was a rock musician, best known as the frontman and lead singer for the English rock band Queen . He is remembered for his powerful vocal abilities and charisma as a live performer. As a songwriter, he composed many international hits, including Killer Queen , Bohemian Rhapsody , Somebody to Love , We Are the Champions , Bicycle Race , Don't Stop Me Now , and Crazy Little Thing Called Love . Mercury died from complications of AIDS, greatly increasing public awareness of the disease.", "Freddie Mercury (5 September 1946 – 24 November 1991), born Farrokh Bulsara, was a British musician, most famous as the lead singer of the rock band Queen. He died of bronchopneumonia induced by HIV (AIDS), only a day after going public with an announcement of his illness.", "Georgios Kyriacos Panayiotou (25 June 1963 – 25 December 2016), known professionally as George Michael, was an English singer, songwriter, and record producer who rose to fame as a member of the music duo Wham! He is best known for his work in the 1980s and 1990s, including hit singles such as \"Last Christmas\" and \"Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go\", and albums such as Faith (1987) and Listen Without Prejudice Vol. 1 (1990).", "Jerry Lee Lewis (born September 29, 1935), also known by the nickname The Killer, is an American rock and roll and country music singer, songwriter, and pianist. An early pioneer of rock and roll music, Lewis was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1986 and his pioneering contribution to the genre has been recognized by the Rockabilly Hall of Fame. In 2004, Rolling Stone Magazine ranked him #24 on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. In 2003, they listed his box set All Killer, No Filler: The Anthology #242 on their list of “500 greatest albums of all time”.", "Johnny Cash (1932–2003), was an American singer-songwriter and one of the most influential musicians of the 20th century. Primarily a country music artist, his songs and sound spanned many other genres including rockabilly and rock and roll (especially early in his career), as well as blues, folk, and gospel. Cash was known for his deep, distinctive bass-baritone voice, the \"chicka-boom\" freight train sound of his Tennessee Three backing band, his demeanor, and his dark clothing, which earned him the nickname \"The Man in Black\". He traditionally started his concerts with the introduction \"Hello, I'm Johnny Cash\". Much of Cash's music, especially that of his later career, echoed themes of sorrow, moral tribulation and redemption. His signature songs include \"I Walk the Line\", \"Folsom Prison Blues\", \"Ring of Fire\",", "Sting (\"The Boulevard of Broken Dreams\"), Bono (\"I Wanna Be Around\"), Juanes (\"The Shadow of Your Smile\"), Lady Gaga (\"The Lady is a Tramp\"), Elton John (\"Rags to Riches\"), Billy Joel (\"The Good Life\"), Stevie Wonder (\"For Once in My Life\"), Michael Bublé (\"Just in Time\"), Josh Groban (\"This is All I Ask\"), Céline Dion (\"If I Ruled the World\"), Mariah Carey (\"When Do the Bells Ring for Me\"), k.d. lang (\"Blue Velvet\"), Christina Aguilera (\"Steppin' Out With My Baby\"), Diana Krall (\"I've Got the World On a String\"), Elvis Costello (\"Are You Havin' Any Fun?\"), Andrea Bocelli (\"Stranger in Paradise\"), James Taylor (\"Put On a Happy Face\"), Norah Jones (\"Speak Low\"), Aretha Franklin (\"How Do You Keep the Music Playing?\"), Natalie Cole (\"Watch What Happens\"), Queen Latifah (\"Who Can I Turn To (When Nobody Needs Me\")), Amy Winehouse (\"Body and Soul\"), Willie Nelson (\"On the Sunny Side of the Street\"), Alejandro Sanz (\"Yesterday I Heard the Rain\"), Dixie Chicks (\"Lullaby of Broadway\"), John Legend (\"Sing You Sinners\"), Carrie Underwood (\"It Had to Be You\"), Faith Hill (\"The Way You Look Tonight\"), Sheryl Crow (\"The Girl I Love\"),- Tim McGraw (\"Cold, Cold Heart\"), etc.", "Aretha Louise Franklin (born March 25, 1942) is an American singer, songwriter and pianist commonly referred to as The Queen of Soul. Although renowned for her soul recordings, Franklin is also adept at jazz, blues, R&B and gospel music. Rolling Stone magazine ranked Franklin No. 1 on its list of The Greatest Singers of All Time. Franklin is one of the most honored artists by the Grammy Awards, with 18 competitive Grammys to date, and two honorary Grammys. She has scored a total of 20 No. 1 singles on the Billboard R&B Singles Chart, one of which also became her first No. 1 hit on the Billboard Hot 100: \"Respect\" (1967). \"I Knew You Were Waiting (For Me)\" (1987), a duet with George Michael, became her second No. 1 on the latter chart. Since 1961, Franklin has scored a total of 45 \"Top 40\" hits on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. Franklin has the most million-selling singles of any female artist with 14. Franklin has the female record for the most #1 R&B albums. In 1987, Franklin became the first female artist to be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Franklin was the only featured singer at the 2009 presidential inauguration for Barack Obama. Franklin was born in Memphis,", "Gordon Matthew Thomas Sumner, CBE (born 2 October 1951), better known by the stage name Sting is an English musician, singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, activist, actor and philanthropist. He is best known as the principal songwriter, lead singer and bassist for the rock band The Police before launching a solo career.", "Gordon Matthew Thomas Sumner (born 2 October 1951), known professionally by his stage name Sting, is an English musician, singer-songwriter, and actor. He was the principal songwriter, lead singer, and bassist for the new wave rock band The Police from 1977 to 1984, before launching a solo career.", "William Michael Albert Broad (born 30 November 1955), better known by his stage name Billy Idol, is an English rock musician. He first achieved fame in the punk rock era as a member of the band Generation X. He then embarked on a successful solo career, aided by a series of stylish music videos, making him one of the first MTV stars. Idol continues to tour with guitarist Steve Stevens and has a worldwide fan base.", "A three-time Grammy Award–winner known for his distinctive bass-baritone voice and romantic image, White's greatest success came in the 1970s as a solo singer and with the Love Unlimited Orchestra, crafting many enduring soul, funk, and disco songs such as his two biggest hits, \"You're the First, the Last, My Everything\" and \"Can't Get Enough of Your Love, Babe\".", "Michael James \"Mick\" Hucknall (born 8 June 1960) is an English pop singer and songwriter. Hucknall achieved international fame in the 1980s as the lead singer and songwriter of the soul-influenced pop band Simply Red, with whom he enjoyed a 25-year career and sold over 50 million albums. Hucknall is recognisable for his smooth, distinctive voice and wide vocal range, as well as his red curly hair, and has been described as \"one of the truly great blue-eyed soul singers\". ", "Brenda Mae Tarpley (born December 11, 1944), known as Brenda Lee, is an American performer and the top-charting solo female vocalist of the 1960s. She sang rockabilly, pop and country music, and had 47 US chart hits during the 1960s, and is ranked fourth in that decade surpassed only by Elvis Presley, the Beatles and Ray Charles. She is perhaps best known in the United States for her 1960 hit \"I'm Sorry\", and 1958's \"Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree\", a United States holiday standard for more than 50 years.", "Robert \"Bobby\" Brown (born February 5, 1969) is an American R&B singer, songwriter, dancer and actor. Brown started his career as one of the frontmen of the R&B and pop group New Edition, from its inception in 1978 until his forced exit from the group in 1985 following a period of misbehavior and rebellious behavior on his part. Starting a solo career, he became a hit success with his second album in 1988, Don't Be Cruel, which spawned a number of hit singles including the self-penned \"My Prerogative\", which became his signature hit. Brown had a string of top ten hits on various Billboard charts between 1986 and 1993. Brown is noted as a pioneer of new jack swing, a fusion of R&B.", "Gary Glitter (born Paul Francis Gadd on May 8, 1944 (source Imdb)) is an English rock and pop singer and songwriter who had a string of chart successes with a collection of 1970s glam rock hits including \"Rock and Roll parts 1 & 2\", \"I Love You Love Me Love\", \"I'm the Leader of the Gang (I Am)\" and \"Hello, Hello, I'm Back Again\". He is currently in jail in Vietnam for child sexual abuse, and is expected to be released in August 2008. Glitter first came to prominence in the glam rock era of the early 1970s. He had one of the longest chart runs of any solo singer in the UK during the 1970s. Between 1972 and 1995 Glitter charted 26 hit singles which spent a total of 180 weeks in the UK Top 100. His success as a live performer lasted well beyond the decade. He continued to record in the 198...", "Born in Glasgow in 1948. As a teenager, she toured the northern clubs with her band, \"the Luvvers\". After her initial success with a cover of \"Shout\" reaching #7 in 1964, Lulu went on to establish herself as one of the biggest-selling British female singers of the 1960s. She made her film début in To Sir, with Love (1967), starring Sidney Poitier , and performed the title song, which went to No. 1 in the U.S., but was only released as a B-side in the UK with the A-side, \"Let's Pretend\", making #11. She was one of four joint winners of the 1968 Eurovision Song Contest with \"Boom Bang-a-Bang\". In 1969, she married The Bee Gees ' Maurice Gibb , and moved more into family entertainment, building on the success of her self-titled BBC television show. She recorded a version of David Bowie 's song \"The Man Who Sold the World,\" which reached #3 in the UK charts (it hadn't charted for Bowie), and sang the title theme to the James Bond feature The Man with the Golden Gun (1974), both in 1974.", "John Lee Hooker (August 22, 1917 – June 21, 2001) was an American blues singer-songwriter and guitarist, born near Clarksdale, Mississippi.", "Diana Ross — Endless Love — Listen, watch, download and discover music for free at Last.fm", "Barry White - known for his lush baritone voice and lyrics that oozed sex appeal on the hits \"Can't Get Enough Of Your Love\" and \"You're The First, The Last, My Everything\", died following kidney failure on Thursday, July 4th, 2003, at the age of 58", "In the late 1970s, Johnson co-wrote two songs that appeared on the Allman Brothers Band's album Enlightened Rogues. During Miami Vice's run, Johnson recorded his first solo album, Heartbeat, the title cut from that album reached the Billboard Top 10 in 1986 and the album went gold. He released a duet with then-girlfriend Barbra Striesand, Till I Loved You, which reached the Top 30 in 1988, and his final solo album, Let It Roll was released in 1989 and did not chart, though his remake of \" Tell It Like It Is \" (which was featured in Miami Vice in the original version by Aaron Neville ) was a minor hit in Europe. Johnson also performed a song, \" Streetwise \", for the the episode of the same name , featuring Olivia Brown and Whoopi Goldberg on backing vocals, and sang on a Tim Truman song, \" No Way Out \", used in the series finale \" Freefall \".", "Gerry Rafferty - the lead singer of Stealers Wheel on their 1973 hit \"Stuck In The Middle With You\" died after a long illness on January 4th, 2011 at the age of 63. After the band split up, he went on to a successful solo career which included five more Billboard Top 30 hits, including \"Baker Street\" and \"Right Down The Line\"", "\"Love to Love You Baby\" was sampled in Beyoncé Knowles's \"Naughty Girl\" and by TLC in their original version of \"I'm Good at Being Bad\", but was removed by request of Summer on later editions. This song has been covered in portions on stage by Dionne Warwick.", "Which singer, who committed suicide in 1990, had hits with \"Keep Searchin'\" and \"Stranger In Town\"?", "* Jackson is the only male and the first artist to chart five number one hits from one LP, Bad (\"Bad\", \"The Way You Make Me Feel\", \"Man in the Mirror\", \"I Just Can't Stop Loving You\", and \"Dirty Diana\").", "Which Barry had 70s chart success with Never Never Gonna Give You Up and Can't Get Enough Of Your Love Babe?", "His biggest year was 1966, when “Sunshine Superman” and “Mellow Yellow” became major hits, reaching Number One and Two, respectively. The ambitious double album A Gift from a Flower to a Garden (1968) offered an album of songs for adults (Wear Your Love Like Heaven) and another for kids (For Little Ones), which were released separately in the United States.", "What musician helped to popularize reggae outside of Jamaica with a cover of \"I Shot the Sheriff\"?" ]

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[ "Richard Starkey, (born 7 July 1940), known professionally as Ringo Starr, is an English musician, singer, songwriter and actor who gained worldwide fame as the drummer for the Beatles. He occasionally sang lead vocals, usually for one song on an album, including \"With a Little Help from My Friends\", \"Yellow Submarine\" and their cover of \"Act Naturally\". He also wrote the Beatles' songs \"Don't Pass Me By\" and \"Octopus's Garden\", and is credited as a co-writer of others, including \"What Goes On\" and \"Flying\".", "Richard Starkey MBE (born 7 July 1940), known by his stage name Ringo Starr, is an English musician and actor who gained worldwide fame as the drummer forthe Beatles. When the band formed in 1960, Starr was a member of anotherLiverpool band, Rory Storm and the Hurricanes. He joined the Beatles in August 1962, taking the place of Pete Best. In addition to his drumming, Starr is featured on lead vocals on a number of successful Beatles songs (in particular, \"With a Little Help from My Friends\", \"Yellow Submarine\", and the Beatles' version of \"Act Naturally\"). He is credited as a co-writer of the songs \"What Goes On\", \"Flying\", and \"Dig It\" and as the sole writer of \"Don't Pass Me By\" and \"Octopus's Garden\".", "Ringo Starr, MBE (born Richard Starkey; 7 July 1940) is an English musician, singer, songwriter and actor who gained worldwide fame as the drummer for the Beatles . He sang lead vocals for a song on most of the Beatles' studio albums, including \" With a Little Help from My Friends \", \" Yellow Submarine \" and their version of \" Act Naturally \". He is also credited as a co-writer of \" What Goes On \" and \" Flying \", and as the sole author of \" Don't Pass Me By \" and \" Octopus's Garden \".", "So this is America.  They all seem to be out of their minds. �Ringo Starr (born Richard Starkey), British rock musician, 1940-", "Ringo was born Richard Starkey on 7 July 1940, at 9 Madryn Street in the Dingle area of Liverpool. His parents split up when he was three, and his mother Elsie remarried a man called Harry Graves. Graves got on well with Richard and encouraged the boy's passion for music.", "Richard Starkey was born on 7 July 1940, at 9 Madryn Street, Dingle (which was then in Lancashire, England), the son of confectioners Elsie (née Gleave) and Richard Starkey. [2] [nb 1] Elsie enjoyed singing and dancing, a hobby that she shared with her husband, an avid fan of swing . [4] Prior to the birth of their son, whom they nicknamed \"Ritchie\", the couple had spent much of their free time on the local ballroom circuit, but soon after his birth their regular outings ended. [5] Elsie adopted an overprotective approach to raising her son that bordered on fixation and \"Big Ritchie\", as Starkey's father became known, lost interest in his family, choosing instead to spend long hours drinking and dancing in pubs, sometimes for several consecutive days. [5] In 1944, in an effort to reduce their housing costs, his family moved to another neighbourhood in the Dingle, 10 Admiral Grove ; soon afterwards, his parents separated, and they divorced within the year. [6] Starkey later stated that he has \"no real memories\" of his father, who made little effort to bond with him, visiting as few as three times thereafter. [7] Elsie found it difficult to survive on her ex-husband's support payments of thirty shillings a week, so she took on several menial jobs cleaning houses before securing a position as a local barmaid, an occupation that she held for twelve years. [8]", "Eric Patrick Clapton, CBE (born 30 March 1945), nicknamed Slowhand, is a Grammy Award-winning English rock guitarist, singer, songwriter and composer. He is one of the most successful musicians of the 20th and 21st centuries, garnering an unprecedented three inductions into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (The Yardbirds, Cream, and solo). Often viewed by critics and fans alike as one of the greatest guitarists of all time, Clapton was ranked fourth in Rolling Stone Magazines list of the \"100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time\" and #53 on their list of the The Immortals: 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.", "Michael Philip \"Mick\" Jagger is an English musician, singer, songwriter and actor, best known as the lead vocalist and a founder member of The Rolling Stones. Jagger's career has spanned over 50 years, and he has been described as \"one of the most popular and influential frontmen in the history of rock & roll\". His distinctive voice and performance, along with Keith Richards' guitar style, have been the trademark of the Rolling Stones throughout the career of the band. Jagger gained much press notoriety for admitted drug use and romantic involvements, and was often portrayed as a countercultural figure. In the late 1960s Jagger began acting in films, to mixed reception. In 1985, Jagger released his first solo album, She's the Boss. In early 2009, he joined the electric supergroup SuperHeavy. In 1989 Jagger was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame with the Rolling Stones. In 2003 he was knighted for his services to music.", "Gordon Matthew Thomas Sumner CBE (born 1951), better known by the stage name Sting, is an English musician, singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, activist, actor and philanthropist. He is best known as the principal songwriter, lead singer, and bassist for the new wave rock band The Police and for his subsequent solo career.", "Gordon Matthew Thomas Sumner, CBE (born 2 October 1951), better known by the stage name Sting is an English musician, singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, activist, actor and philanthropist. He is best known as the principal songwriter, lead singer and bassist for the rock band The Police before launching a solo career.", "Iggy Pop (born James Newell \"Jim\" Osterberg, Jr.; April 21, 1947) is an American singer, songwriter, musician, and actor. Though considered an innovator of punk rock, Pop's music has encompassed a number of styles over the years, including pop, metal, jazz and blues. Pop became known as 'Iggy' in high school, during which time he served as drummer for local blues band The Iguanas. He is vocalist of influential protopunk band The Stooges (Pop and the other surviving members of the group reunited in 2003), having become known, since the late 1960s, for his outrageous and unpredictable stage antics.", "Alice Cooper (born Vincent Damon Furnier; February 4, 1948) is an American singer, songwriter and actor whose career spans over five decades. With his distinctive raspy voice and a stage show that features guillotines, electric chairs, fake blood, deadly snakes, baby dolls, and dueling swords, Cooper is considered by music journalists and peers alike to be \"The Godfather of Shock Rock\". He has drawn equally from horror films, vaudeville, and garage rock to pioneer a macabre and theatrical brand of rock designed to shock people. ", "Sir James Paul McCartney, MBE (born 18 June 1942) is an English rock singer, bass guitarist, songwriter, composer, multi-instrumentalist, entrepreneur, record producer, film producer and animal-rights activist. He gained worldwide fame as a member of The Beatles, with John Lennon, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr. McCartney and Lennon formed one of the most influential and successful songwriting partnerships and \"wrote some of the most popular music in rock and roll history\". After leaving The Beatles, McCartney launched a successful solo career and formed the band Wings with his first wife, Linda Eastman McCartney, and singer-songwriter Denny Laine. He has worked on film scores, classical music, and ambient/electronic music; released a large catalogue of songs as a solo artist; and taken part in projects to help international charities.", "Eric Patrick Clapton, CBE (born 30 March 1945) is an English guitarist, vocalist, and songwriter. Clapton is the only three-time inductee to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame: once as a solo artist, and separately as a member of The Yardbirds and Cream. Clapton has been referred to as one of the most important and influential guitarists of all time. Clapton ranked fourth in Rolling Stone magazine's list of the \"100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time\" and fourth in Gibson's Top 50 Guitarists of All Time.", "Eric Patrick Clapton, (born 1945), is an English rock and blues guitarist, singer, and songwriter. He is the only three-time inductee to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame: once as a solo artist and separately as a member of the Yardbirds and Cream. Clapton has been referred to as one of the most important and influential guitarists of all time. Clapton ranked second in Rolling Stone magazine's list of the \"100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time\" and fourth in Gibson's \"Top 50 Guitarists of All Time\". He was also named number five in Time magazine's list of \"The 10 Best Electric Guitar Players\" in 2009. ", "Gordon Matthew Thomas Sumner CBE (born 2 October 1951), known professionally by his stage name Sting, is an English musician, singer-songwriter, and actor. He was the principal songwriter, lead singer, and bassist for the new wave rock band The Police from 1977 to 1984, before launching a solo career. Wikipedia", "Thomas Edward \"Thom\" Yorke (born 7 October 1968) is an English musician best known as the singer and principal songwriter of the alternative rock band Radiohead. A multi-instrumentalist, Yorke mainly plays guitar and piano, but also plays instruments including keyboards, bass, and drums, and works extensively with synthesisers, sequencers and programming. He is known for his falsetto vocals; in 2008, Rolling Stone ranked him the 66th greatest singer of all time.", "James Vernon Taylor (born March 12, 1948) is an American singer-songwriter and guitarist. A five-time Grammy Award winner, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2000. He is one of the best-selling artists of all time, having sold more than 100 million records worldwide.", "Alice Cooper was born Vincent Damon Furnier on 4 February 1948. He is an American rock singer, songwriter and musician whose career spans five decades, and who created the theatrical brand of rock music known as shock rock.", "Roger Meddows Taylor (born 26 July 1949) is an English musician, multi-instrumentalist, singer and songwriter. He is best known as the drummer of the rock band Queen, but has also served as songwriter and occasional lead vocalist. As a drummer, he was recognised early in his career for his unique sound. He has since been acclaimed by Foo Fighters drummer Taylor Hawkins as one of the most influential rock drummers of the 1970s and 1980s, as well as being voted by radio listeners as the eighth-greatest drummer in classic rock music history in a poll conducted by Planet Rock in 2005. ", "Richard Wayne Penniman, known by the stage name Little Richard, is an American singer, songwriter, pianist and recording artist, considered key in the transition from rhythm and blues to rock and roll in the 1950s. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame web site entry on Penniman states that:", "2008: Richard \"Richey\" James Edwards Welsh guitarist, the former co-lyricist and rhythm guitarist of the Welsh rock band Manic Street Preachers has been officially 'presumed dead' >>> READ MORE <<< (Richard disappeared on Feb 1st 1995) b. December 22nd 1967.", "Vincent John Martin (born 3 July 1960) better known by his stage name Vince Clarke is an English synthpop musician and songwriter. Clarke has been a member of a number of groups including Depeche Mode Yazoo The Assembly and Erasure.", "Gene Francis Alan Pitney (February 17, 1940 - April 5, 2006) was an American singer-songwriter. He was also an accomplished guitarist, pianist, drummer and skilled sound engineer. In 2002, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.", "Richard Christopher \"Rick\" Wakeman (born 18 May 1949) is an English keyboardist, songwriter, television and radio presenter, author, and actor. He is best known for being in the progressive rock band Yes across five tenures between 1971 and 2004 and for his solo albums released in the 1970s.", "Richard James Edwards (born 22 December 1967, disappeared c. 1 February 1995, officially presumed dead 23 November 2008) was a Welsh musician who was lyricist and rhythm guitarist of the alternative rock band Manic Street Preachers. He was known for his politicised and intellectual songwriting which, combined with an enigmatic and eloquent character, has assured him cult status, and he has been cited by some as a top class lyricist. Edwards disappeared on 1 February 1995. He was declared presumed deceased in November 2008. The ninth album by Manic Street Preachers, Journal for Plague Lovers, which was released on 18 May 2009, is composed entirely of lyrics left behind by Edwards. ", "Richard Hugh \"Ritchie\" Blackmore (born 14 April 1945) is an English rock guitarist, best known for his work in Deep Purple, in addition to his solo band Rainbow where he was the sole constant band member through numerous personnel changes. His currentfolk rock duo is the Renaissance-influenced Blackmore's Night with his (now) wife Candice Night. He changed his musical approach multiple times following each lead singers' departure, as a result confusing and alienating much of his supporters.Blackmore started his music career as a session player in the early 1960s. He lives in the U.S. since mid-1970s.", "in 1943 - Dick Taylor, English rock guitarist and bassist (Rolling Stones, Pretty Things), is born.", "\"From his groundbreaking early work with Fairport Convention to his current luminous solo career, Richard has been recognised as one of the era's finest songwriters as well as a peerless guitarist. For almost four decades a producer of classic albums, gripping performances and songs covered by dozens of artists, his energy and abilities show no sign of diminishing with the passage of time....\"", "Richard Hugh \"Ritchie\" Blackmore (born 14 April 1945) is an English guitarist and songwriter. He began his career as a session musician as a member of the instrumental band The Outlaws and as a backing musician of pop singers such as Glenda Collins, Heinz, Screaming Lord Sutch and Neil Christian. ", "One of the highly debated should-be-shouln’t-be members of The Big 27’s, Richey was the guitarist and lyricist from The Manic Street Preahcers. The main reason for his exclusion was that he just went missing, and was never found again. I wrote more about Richey on my blog The Top 20 Naughtiest Musicians, Ever .", "Songwriter and musician Richard Finch (Group Sunshine Band: Blow Your Whistle, Do It Good, Queen of Hearts, Rock Your Baby, Get Down Tonight, That's the Way [I like It], Please Don't Go) born" ]

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[ "Taking its name from the medieval torture device, Iron Maiden was part of England's late-Seventies crop of heavy-metal bands that boasted simple guitar riffs, bone-crunching chords and shrieking vocals.", "Heavy metal often calls for a heavy band name, and few names have a heavier connotation than “Iron Maiden.” The term describes a medieval torture device wherein a person was placed upright inside a coffin-like box that was fitted with spikes on the inside door, which would slowly impale the unfortunate victim. Presumably, today, the administration of such justice would fall in the category of “cruel or unusual punishment.”", "Iron Maiden (after the Medieval torture device, one of which Steve Harris had seen in the film The Man in the Iron Mask )", "It is likely that Siebenkees just invented this story, but by the early 19th century the Iron Maiden was being displayed in Nuremberg and other places. One of them was even exhibited at the World’s Fair in Chicago in 1893, which furthered its reputation. Even though the Iron Maiden of Nuremberg was deemed a fake, it still has a reputation of being a real medieval torture device, one that some books claim was used as far back as the 12th century.", "When many people think about the Middle Ages they see it as a time when people were tortured by a wide collection of diabolical instruments. Whether it is the Pear of Anguish or the Iron Maiden, these torture devices are portrayed as medieval. The reality, however, is that many of these devices never existed in the Middle Ages.", "The iron maiden was a horrible medieval torture device, a casket with spikes on the inside which could be closed slowly, impaling the living person inside. It was awful. It was also not real. It was a fake concept popularized by two men in the 19th century, an era not known for impaling people to death.", "The legendarium that has accrued to the early 17th-century Countess Elizabeth Báthory features a very similar torture device, which she allegedly dubbed the \"iron virgin\".The iron maiden is often associated with the Middle Ages, but there is no wholly unambiguous account of the iron maiden earlier than 1793, Some Iron madens have earlier dates carved on them - but this is not a reliable way to date them, as dates can be added at any time.", "Black Sabbath are an English heavy metal band, formed in Birmingham in 1968, by guitarist Tony Iommi , bassist Geezer Butler , singer Ozzy Osbourne , and drummer Bill Ward . The band has since experienced multiple line-up changes, with Tony Iommi the only constant presence in the band through the years. Originally formed in 1968 as a heavy blues rock band named Earth, the band began incorporating occult themes with horror-inspired lyrics and tuned-down guitars. Despite an association with occult and horror themes, Black Sabbath also composed songs dealing with social instability, political corruption, the dangers of drug abuse and apocalyptic prophecies of the horrors of war.", "Iron Maiden are an English heavy metal band formed in Leyton, East London, in 1975 by bassist and primary songwriter Steve Harris. They were known for some big hits such as The Trooper, and The Number of the Beast, and as of 2015, the band sold over 90 million albums.", "The most famous iron maiden that popularized the design was that of Nuremberg, first displayed possibly as far back as 1802. The original was lost in the Allied bombing of Nuremberg in 1944. A copy \"from the Royal Castle of Nuremberg\", crafted for public display, was sold through J. Ichenhauser of London to the Earl of Shrewsbury in 1890 along with other torture devices, and, after being displayed at the World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893, was taken on an American tour. This copy was auctioned in the early 1960s and is now on display at the Medieval Crime Museum, Rothenburg ob der Tauber. ", "Black Sabbath is an English heavy metal band formed in 1968 in Birmingham, West Midlands, England, United Kingdom, originally comprising Ozzy Osbourne (vocals), Tony Iommi (guitar), Geezer Butler (bass), and Bill Ward (drums). In the early 1970s they were the first to pair heavily distorted, sonically dissonant blues-rock at slow speeds with lyrics about drugs, mental pain, and abominations of war, thus giving birth to generations of metal bands that followed in their wake. They are often credited with creating the heavy metal genre as well as the doom metal genre.", "2008: The U.S. Military releases a list of songs they use to break down detainees in Iraq, Afghanistan and Guantanamo Bay (Cuba). ‘Enter Sandman’ by Metallica, ‘Bodies’ by Drowning Pool, ‘Born In The U.S.A.’ by Bruce Springsteen and a double shot, ‘Shoot To Thrill’/Hell’s Bell’s’ by AC/DC, top the list which also includes tracks by Nine Inch Nails. “It’s difficult for me to imagine anything more profoundly insulting, demeaning and enraging than discovering music you’ve put your heart and soul into creating has been used for purposes of torture,” writes frontman Trent Reznor in an online post. In addition, Rage Against The Machine’s Tom Morello backs the Reprieve organization’s Zero dB initiative protesting the use of music to torture political prisoners. The campaign promotes periods of silence during concerts and festivals to show solidarity for the victims of this psychological torture method. Among those supporting the effort are RATM, Metallica, Nine Inch Nails and AC/DC.", "It’s hard to think of a band that was more critically derided in its time and simultaneously more influential in our time. If the future vision of the world as depicted in Bill and Ted’s Excellent Adventure is true, and heavy metal does indeed lead the way to the enlightenment of civilization, we will have Black Sabbath to thank. Though the lineup has seen numerous shifts over the band’s 40+ years of operation, its founding four members are the reason for its inclusion here. Birmingham, England musicians Tommy Iommi (guitar), Bill Ward (drums), Geezer Butler (bass), and Ozzy Osbourne (vocals), formed the inauspiciously named Polka Tulk Blues Band in 1968.", "The iron maiden was a presumed torture and execution device, consisting of an iron cabinet with a hinged front and spike-covered interior, sufficiently tall to enclose a human being.", "Osbourne would later form a band with former Birchfield Road School classmate Tony Iommi [3] after he auditioned for a lead singer. During this time psychedelic rock was enormously popular. To distinguish themselves from the norm, Iommi and his partners decided to play a heavy blues -inspired style of music laced with gloomy lyrics. [7] Names for the band included Polka Tulk and Earth. One day during rehearsals, the band noticed people queuing up outside a cinema where a horror film was being shown, and bassist Geezer Butler observed how curious it is that people like to be frightened. The film these fellows were waiting to see was the Mario Bava -directed Black Sabbath . After reading an occult book that Osbourne had let Butler borrow, Butler had a dream of a dark figure at the end of his bed. Afterwards, Butler wrote the lyrics to \" Black Sabbath \", one of their first songs, in a darker vein. It was the prototype of the songs that became their main style later in their career. [8]", "The Scavenger's Daughter was invented as an instrument of torture in the reign of Henry VIII by Sir William Skevington (also known as William Skeffington), Lieutenant of the Tower of London. It was an A-frame shaped metal rack to which the head was strapped to the top point of the A, the hands at the mid-point and the legs at the lower spread ends; swinging the head down and forcing the knees up in a sitting position.", "Known in another form as the Iron Spider or simply the spider, was a torture instrument mainly used on women who were accused of adultery, or self-abortion. The instrument was designed to rip the breasts from a woman and was made from iron, which was usually heated. The tool was used popularly in the Free State of Bavaria, a state in Germany, in 1599, and in parts of Germany and France until the nineteenth century.", "With advances in screwing technology came a wonderful new array of torture implements designed to crush with merciless precision. Portable devices such as the thumbscrew were very popular and no inquisitor would go anywhere without a set. However, the must have torture instrument was the head crusher (above right). As the name suggests it would slowly crush the victims head as the handle was turned. The obvious problem with the head crusher is the victim can’t really talk whilst it is crushing their jaw into their skull. But who cares when you can look forward to the accused’s eyes popping out of their sockets when the skull finally cracks.", "Some rock bands turned up the power on their electric instruments and created the sound known as heavy metal, a name that seems to have been derived from a line in the 1968 Steppenwolf song, \"Born to Be Wild.\" One performer, Alice Cooper, moved into shock entertainment by integrating the occult, sadomasochism, and animal abuse in his act. The shock element developed from an unplanned event in 1969. During a concert in Detroit , Michigan , Cooper released some chickens into the audience at the close of his act. The audience killed them and tore them to pieces, a fact subsequently noted in the press.", "For Iron Maiden's album Piece Of Mind Eddie was in a mental asylum and had been lobotomised (the reason for the bolt on his head). The bolt from this has remained with eddie throughout the years.", "In Europe, especially Germany and Scandinavia, metal continues to be broadly popular. Acts such as the thrash shredding group The Haunted , melodic death metal bands In Flames , Kalmah and Children of Bodom , symphonic extreme metal acts Dimmu Borgir and Cradle of Filth , and power metal group HammerFall have been very successful in recent years. In English-speaking countries, the term \"retro-metal\" has been applied to such bands as England's The Darkness [164] and Australia's Wolfmother . [165] The Darkness's Permission to Land (2003), described as an \"eerily realistic simulation of '80s metal and '70s glam,\" [164] topped the UK charts, going quintuple platinum. Wolfmother's self-titled 2005 debut album had \"Deep Purple-ish organs,\" \"Jimmy Page-worthy chordal riffing,\" and lead singer Andrew Stockdale howling \"notes that Robert Plant can't reach anymore.\" [165] \" Woman ,\" a track from the album, won for Best Hard Rock Performance at the 2007 Grammy Awards , while Slayer's \" Eyes of the Insane \" won for Best Metal Performance . In 2008, Slayer won the Best Metal Performance award again, for \"Final Six\".", "The most famous, of course, is the band Tesla , the hard rock band who had hits at the end of the '80s with albums like Mechanical Resonance and Five Man Acoustical Jam. Tesla took their namesake very seriously, even going as far as creating a concept album around Tesla's rivalry with Guglielmo Marconi over the creation of radio (The Great Radio Controversy). One of the band's biggest hits, \"Edison's Medicine,\" revolved around Thomas Edison's quest to destroy his rival Tesla. All told, pretty brainy stuff for a metal band.", "The term boot refers to a family of instruments of torture and interrogation variously designed to cause crushing injuries to the foot and/or leg. The boot has taken many forms in various places and times. Common varieties include the Spanish boot and the Malay boot. One type was made of four pieces of narrow wooden board nailed together. The boards were measured to fit the victim's leg. Once the leg was enclosed, wedges would be hammered between the boards, creating pressure. The pressure would be increased until the victim confessed or lost consciousness. Newer variants have included iron vises,sometimes armed with spikes that squeezed feet and metal frames employed red hot.", "The famous 1960s rock band, Led Zeppelin, was deeply immersed in the occult during their time on the charts and like many others who dabbled in the dark arts, it brought them terrible tragedy and sadness. They made a deal with the devil and he burned them. ", "I always thought that the iron maiden was used as a form of execution, which it was. One record dating back to 1515 tells of a counterfeiter being executed with such a device:", "Horned Necrocannibals (Рогатые Трупоеды) have a song named \"Vengeanscythe\". It's about a vengeful , as far as one can tell , deadman . With a scythe .", "Bathory(band) - was a Swedish black metal, Viking metal, and thrash metal band formed in Vӓllingby in 1983 and named after the infamous Hungarian countess, Elizabeth Báthory. The band's frontman and main songwriter was Quorthon (Thomas Forsberg). Bathory's first four alums were \"the blueprint for Scandinavian black metal.\" Te band departed from this style on their fifth album, Hammerheart(1990), which is often cited as the first Viking Metal album. Bathory continued in the Viking Metal style throughout the 1990s and early 2000s, although the band returned to thrash metal with the albums Requiem(1994) and Octagon(1995). Bathory ended when Quorthon died from heart failure in 2004.", "Another example of a torture chamber, not known by many, is \"The Thieves Tower\" in the Alsace region of France. Once a tower used for torture, it is now a small museum displaying instruments used upon the prisoners to get them to confess crimes. ", "Through the 1970s and 1980s, heavy metal was on the edge of the larger rock community as music expressing teenage rebellion in both England and the United States . As such, it was music enjoyed for a relatively few years before its followers reached adulthood. The music survived because there was always a new crop of teenagers entering the market each year. However, due to the rapidly changing audiences it was difficult for many bands to survive on top for more than five to seven years. In order to capture the attention of an audience with an increasingly short attention span, some bands moved into the most graphic portrayals of sex, sadism, and Satanism, themes that played predominantly to male teenagers.", "Despite their doom-laden image, much of the group’s early material featured acoustic guitars, piano, symphony orchestras, keyboards, and even horns. The band's members strongly resisted labeling as being Satanists or other such things themselves; for example, Ozzy in particular decided to prank occultists setting up outside of one of their dressing rooms by re-arranging their candles to read 'Happy Birthday'. The label of making music dangerously seductive to the young would remain with the group throughout its career and be applied to many later metal groups.", "The group's name is taken after the song \"Devil's Blood\" by the Swedish black-metal band Watain", "Dethklok 's therapist is named Dr. Twinkletits. In a case of pronunciation fun , his name is pronounced \"Twink-eh-let-tis.\"" ]

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[ "1978: John Travolta and Olivia Newton John reach No. 1 on the singles chart with the song \"You're the One That I Want.\" ( Rent \"Grease\")", "Grease became the biggest box-office hit of 1978. [22] The soundtrack album spent 12 non-consecutive weeks at No. 1 and yielded three Top 5 singles for Newton-John: the platinum “ You’re The One That I Want ” (No. 1 Pop, No. 23 AC) with John Travolta, the gold “ Hopelessly Devoted to You ” (No. 3 Pop, No. 20 Country, No. 7 AC) and the gold “ Summer Nights ” (No. 5 Pop, No. 21 AC) with John Travolta and the film’s cast. The former two songs were written and composed by Newton-John’s long-time music producer, John Farrar , specifically for the film. (“ Summer Nights ” was from the original play written by Jim Jacobs and Warren Casey .) Newton-John became the second woman (after Linda Ronstadt in 1977) to have two singles – “Hopelessly Devoted to You” and “Summer Nights” – in the Billboard Top 5 simultaneously. [23] Newton-John’s performance earned her a People’s Choice award for Favourite Film Actress. She was also nominated for a Golden Globe as Best Actress in a Musical and performed the Oscar-nominated “Hopelessly Devoted to You” at the 1979 Academy Awards .", "As in other decades, movie hit songs were a part of the mix of the #1 hits of the 1970s. Besides \"Saturday Night Fever,� John Travolta also co-starred in \"Grease\" (1978), another movie with an enormously popular soundtrack. This soundtrack�s most famous songs, \"Grease\" (Frankie Valli) and \"You're The One That I Want\" (John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John), both topped the charts in 1978. Barbra Streisand topped the charts with the theme songs from two movies in which she also starred: \"The Way We Were\" (1973) and \"Love Theme 'A Star Is Born' (Evergreen)\" (1976, written by Streisand). In 1975, Diana Ross starred in and performed the chart topping \"Theme From Mahogany (Do You Know Where You're Going To).\" Other movie themes that became #1 hits were \"Theme From Shaft\" (Isaac Hayes), \"Star Wars Theme/Cantina Band\" (Meco), and \"You Light Up My Life\" (Debby Boone).", "1978 #1 Hit June 10, 1978 – June 16, 1978: John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John – You’re the One That I Want", "Grease became the biggest box-office hit of 1978. The soundtrack album spent 12 non-consecutive weeks at No. 1 and yielded three Top 5 singles for Newton-John: the platinum \"You're The One That I Want\" (No. 1 Pop, No. 23 AC) with John Travolta, the gold \"Hopelessly Devoted to You\" (No. 3 Pop, No. 20 Country, No. 7 AC) and the gold \"Summer Nights\" (No. 5 Pop, No. 21 AC) with John Travolta and the film's cast. The former two songs were written and composed by Newton-John's long-time music producer, John Farrar, specifically for the film. (\"Summer Nights\" was from the original play written by Jim Jacobs and Warren Casey.) Newton-John became the second woman (after Linda Ronstadt in 1977) to have two singles – \"Hopelessly Devoted to You\" and \"Summer Nights\" – in the Billboard Top 5 simultaneously. Newton-John's performance earned her a People's Choice award for Favourite Film Actress. She was also nominated for a Golden Globe as Best Actress in a Musical and performed the Oscar-nominated \"Hopelessly Devoted to You\" at the 1979 Academy Awards.", "Grease became the biggest box-office hit of 1978. The soundtrack album spent 12 non-consecutive weeks at No. 1 and yielded three Top 5 singles for Newton-John: the platinum \"You're The One That I Want\" (No. 1 Pop, No. 23 AC) with John Travolta, the gold \"Hopelessly Devoted to You\" (No. 3 Pop, No. 20 Country, No. 7 AC) and the gold \"Summer Nights\" (No. 5 Pop, No. 21 AC) with John Travolta and the film's cast. The former two songs were written and composed by Newton-John's long-time music producer, John Farrar, specifically for the film. (\"Summer Nights\" was from the original play written by Jim Jacobs and Warren Casey.) Newton-John became the second woman (after Linda Ronstadt in 1977) to have two singles – \"Hopelessly Devoted to You\" and \"Summer Nights\" – in the Billboard Top 5 simultaneously. Newton-John's performance earned her a People's Choice Award for Favourite Film Actress. She was also nominated for a Golden Globe as Best Actress in a Musical and performed the Oscar-nominated \"Hopelessly Devoted to You\" at the 1979 Academy Awards.", "17 Jun 1978 John Travolta & Olivia Newton John You're The One That I Want 9", "Newton-John re-teamed with Travolta in 1983 for the critically and commercially unsuccessful Two of a Kind, redeemed by its platinum soundtrack (No. 26 Pop) featuring \"Twist of Fate\" (No. 5 Pop), \"Livin' in Desperate Times\" (No. 31 Pop), and a new duet with Travolta, \"Take a Chance\" (No. 3 AC). Newton-John released another video package, the Grammy-nominated Twist of Fate, featuring videos of her four songs on the Two of a Kind soundtrack and the two new singles from Olivia's Greatest Hits Vol. 2.", "Danny (John Travolta) with T-Birds (Jeff Conaway, Michael Tucci, Barry Pearl, Kelly Ward), Sandy (Olivia Newton-John) and Pink Ladies (Didi Conn, Stockard Channing, Dina Manoff, Jamie Donnelly) tell differing summer stories with Summer Nights, the first number in Grease, 1978.", "Jun 1979 - John Travolta & Olivia Newton John You're The One That I Want (9 weeks)", "Newton-John re-teamed with Travolta in 1983 for the critically and commercially unsuccessful Two of a Kind, redeemed by its platinum soundtrack (No. 26 Pop) featuring \"Twist of Fate\" (No. 5 Pop), \"Livin' in Desperate Times\" (No. 31 Pop), and a new duet with Travolta, \"Take a Chance\" (No. 3 AC). … Read More", "Olivia Newton-John, (born 26 September 1948) is an English-Australian singer, songwriter and actress. She is a four-time Grammy award winner who has amassed five number-one and ten other Top Ten Billboard Hot 100 singles, and two number-one Billboard 200 solo albums. Eleven of her singles (including two platinum) and fourteen of her albums (including two platinum and four double platinum) have been certified gold by the RIAA. She has sold an estimated 100 million records, making her one of the world's best-selling music artists of all time. She starred in Grease, which featured one of the most successful soundtracks in Hollywood history.", "In 1974, Olivia Newton-John received the Country Music Association 's Top Female Vocalist award in the USA, despite protest from American country purists. Her popular hits have included I Honestly Love You and Tenterfield Saddler by Australian singer-songwriter Peter Allen as well as country classics such as Banks Of The Ohio and Take Me Home Country Roads [14]", "In 1978, a new film burst onto the American scene whose popularity has not yet diminished among moviegoers and popular music fans. The film is a musical called \"Grease,\" and it is an attempt to depict the life of teenagers during the late 1950s--the classic era of bobby socks, convertible cars, and rock and roll. The film's leading male, John Travolta, and the dress and life-style he espouses have once again become ideals among many American children and. interestingly, also among the young people of eastern Europe, who are ever ready to rebel against the restrictions of their own societies by copying any new fad from the West. The female star of \"Grease\" is the talented Australian-born pop singer, Olivia Newton-John, who plays the character of Sandy Olsen, a naive and properly-mannered American teenager, compared to Sandra Dee in the song \"Look At Me I'm Sandra Dee\", who is eventually swayed over to the more flamboyant, motorcycle gang life-style of the \"ultimately cool\" Danny (John Travolta). Many people who have seen \"Grease\" believe that Sandra Dee is simply the character depicted in \"Grease.\" Little do they know that a real Sandra Dee actually exists.", "Olivia Newton-John's producer John Farrar wrote two new songs for the movie version: \"Hopelessly Devoted To You\" and \"You're The One That I Want\", while Bee Gees lead singer Barry Gibb wrote \"Grease\".", ". 1981 ~ Olivia Newton-John started the first of 10 weeks at the top of the pop music charts when Physical became the music world's top tune.", "OLIVIA NEWTON JOHN – British-born Australian singer (September 26th 1948) and actress best known for her role as Sandy in Grease. She has one daughter Chloe Rose Lattanzi born on January 17th 1986 with first husband Matt Lattanzi.", "Newton-John began 1980 by releasing \"I Can't Help It\" (No. 12 Pop, No. 8 AC), a duet with Andy Gibb from his After Dark album, and by starring in her third television special, Hollywood Nights. Later that year, she appeared in her first film since Grease starring in the musical Xanadu with Gene Kelly and Michael Beck. Although the film was a critical failure, its soundtrack (No. 4 Pop) was certified double platinum boasting five Top 20 singles on the Billboard Hot 100. Newton-John charted with \"Magic\" (No. 1 Pop, No. 1 AC), \"Suddenly\" with Cliff Richard (No. 20 Pop, No. 4 AC) and the title song with the Electric Light Orchestra (No. 8 Pop, No. 2 AC). (The Electric Light Orchestra also charted with \"I'm Alive\" (No. 16 Pop, No. 48 AC) and \"All Over the World\" (No. 13 Pop, No. 46 AC).) \"Magic\" was Newton-John's biggest Pop hit to that point (four weeks at No. 1) and still ranks as the biggest AC hit of her career (five weeks at No. 1). The film has since become a cult classic and the basis for a well-reviewed Broadway show that ran for more than 500 performances beginning in 2007 and was nominated for four Tony Awards including Best Musical. (A successful international tour of the show followed.)", "Newton-John released her most commercially successful album, 'Physical,' in 1981. The title track spent ten weeks in the No. 1 spot on the Billboard Hot 100. She later teamed up with Travolta again in the 1983 movie 'Two of a Kind.'", "It's Sandy and Danny! John Travolta and Olivia Newton John joined Ellen Degeneres to promote their new Christmas album", "The early Seventies was a prolific period for Olivia - her association with Cliff Richard and the Shadows brought her music to a wide audience. Cliff Richard had a regular TV show and Olivia was a regular guest. She released the albums Olivia Newton-John (1971), and Olivia (1972) , Music Makes My Day (1973)", "Former Grease stars John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John have reunited on video for some holiday schmaltz.", "This film was the pop singer Newton-John's third attempt at a big budget movie, but which turned out to be an even bigger bomb than her previous Xanadu . This film also marked the start of a huge downturn in Travolta's movie career, which wouldn't rebound until 1994 with his starring role in Pulp Fiction . This film was the antithesis of Travolta's and Newton-John's previous film together, Grease , one of the biggest box office successes in movie history.", "* \"Xanadu\" - Olivia Newton-John/Electric Light Orchestra (No. 8 Pop, No. 2 AC, No. 1 (2 weeks (UK)))", "John Travolta e Olivia Newton John - Summer Nights Ao vivo na Argentina em 2002 com imagens do filme de 1978!", "By mid-1977, Newton-John’s AC and country success also began to wane. Her Making a Good Thing Better album (No. 34 Pop, No. 13 Country) failed to be certified gold, and its only single, the title track (No. 87 Pop, No. 20 AC), did not reach even the AC Top 10 or the Country chart. Later that year, Olivia Newton-John’s Greatest Hits (No. 13 Pop, No. 7 Country) became her first platinum album as she prepared to launch a new phase in her career.", "A new video starring John Travolta and former Grease co-star Olivia Newton-John is getting a lot of YouTube views, but the dislikes outnumber likes by a large margin of about a 7 to 3 ratio.", " 1976 A Special Olivia Newton-John (TV Special) (writer: \"Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds\" - uncredited)", "John Travolta with Olivia Newton-John and pictured with wife Kelly Preston this year. Pictures: Supplied / AFPSource:Supplied", "\"Xanadu\" is the title song from the soundtrack album Xanadu, and is the title song from the 1980 film of the same name. A rare collaboration for ELO, the song is performed by the Electric Light Orchestra (ELO) and Olivia Newton-John. Newton-John sings the primary vocals, with ELO (Jeff Lynne) adding \"parenthetic\" vocals in the style of their other songs on the Xanadu soundtrack, along with providing the instrumentation.", "\"Long Live Love\" was the British entrant to the Eurovision Song Contest 1974 in Brighton, United Kingdom. It was sung by Olivia Newton-John in English.", "Performed By: Olivia Newton-John (vocals), Jeff Lynne (vocals, guitar, synthesizer), Bev Bevan (drums, percussion), Richard Tandy (piano, synthesizer, all other keyboards), Kelly Groucutt (bass), Louis Clark (orchestra conductor)" ]

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[ "Them were a Northern Irish band formed in Belfast in April 1964, most prominently known for the garage rock standard \"Gloria\" and launching singer Van Morrison's musical career. The original five member band consisted of Morrison, Alan Henderson, Ronnie Milling, Billy Harrison and Eric Wrixon. The group was marketed in the United States as part of the British Invasion. ", "Them were formed in Belfast in 1963, the original line-up being Billy Harrison (guitar), Eric Wrickson (organ), Alan Henderson (bass), Van Morrison (vocals/harmonica) and Ronnie Millings (drums). Morrison had previously played in a showband called The Monarchs.  In July 1964 Wrickson departed to join The Wheels and Millings also left to become a milkman. Decca's Dick Rowe, having seen them perform at the Maritime, arranged a recording audition in London and to find a debut single. Seven songs were recorded, Groovin', You Can't Judge A Book, Turn On Your Lovelight, Gloria, One Two Brown Eyes, Philosophy and Don't Start Crying Now.", "Them was a Northern Irish rock and roll band that was formed in Belfast in 1963. Best known for the garage rock standard \" Gloria \" and for launching singer-songwriter Van Morrison 's careers, the group had an energetic sound that fit right into the British blues and rock boom of the 60s . With Van Morrison on vocals and harmonica, it featured as well Billy Harrison on guitar, Eric Wrixen on piano and keyboards, Alan Henderson on bass, and Ronnie… read more", "The roots of Them, the band that first broke Morrison on the international scene, came in April 1964 when he responded to an advert for musicians to play at a new R&B club at the Maritime Hotel – an old dance hall frequented by sailors.[34] The new R&B club needed a band for its opening night; however, Morrison had left the Golden Eagles (the group with which he had been performing at the time), so he created a new band out of the Gamblers, an East Belfast group formed by Ronnie Millings, Billy Harrison, and Alan Henderson in 1962.[35][36] Eric Wrixon, still a schoolboy, was the piano player and keyboardist.[37] Morrison played saxophone and harmonica and shared vocals with Billy Harrison. They followed Eric Wrixon's suggestion for a new name, and the Gamblers morphed into Them , their name taken from the Fifties horror movie Them! [38]", "1945 ● George Ivan “Van” Morrison → Northern Irish singer, songwriter, musician and poet, started as lead singer for Irish garage rock Them, “Here Comes The Night” (#24, UK #2, 1965), then a long and prolific blue eyed soul/rock solo career, “Brown Eyed Girl” (#10, UK #8, 1967) and over 40 albums plus six Grammy Awards", "Jim Armstrong:  Music History Summary:- The Melotones Showband [1960s] - who were resident in the city's Romano's Ballroom. Them [1960s]  Truth [1970s]  Spike [1970s]  Reunion [1970s] Bronco [1970s] Light [1980s]  Sk'Boo [1990s] The Jim Armstrong Band [1990's] 'Them - The Belfast Blues Band' with Eric Wrixon[2000s] I think everyone will remember \"The Pound\" on Saturday Afternoon's \"Roddy's Bar\" in Townhall Street Belfast as one of their favourite live rock venue's. Around 1973 after working with singer Roly Stewart, Jim rejoined Ken McDowell in The College Boys, They would both then go on to join \"Reunion\" before working with another former Them member John Wilson in Bronco. Jim now lives in California. Gerry McIlduff {RIP.. 2005} Ex: Katmandu - The Plattermen - The Pretenders - The Pogues Etc:", "Pat McAuley (Patrick McAuley) (aka John McAuley) - Died 8-11-1984 in Donegal, Ireland - Drowned ( Rock ) Born 3-17-1944 in Coleraine, Northern Ireland - Drummer and keyboardist - Was a member of Them and The Other Them who became The Belfast Gypsies (They did, \"People Let's Freak Out\" and \"Portland Town\")  - Worked with Kim Fowley.", "In addition to the genres of Irish folk and dance music, contemporary Irish popular and rock music has gained international attention. Van Morrison (b.1945), is a singer and songwriter from Belfast whose career began in the 1960s and was going strong in the 2000s. Enya (b.1961), is Ireland's best-selling solo musician. The Irish rock band U-2 is led by Bono (b.1960): Bono has also spearheaded efforts to raise money for famine relief in Ethiopia , to fight world poverty, to campaign for third-world debt relief, and to raise world consciousness to the plight of Africa, including the spread of HIV/AIDS on the continent.", "John Sheahan and Bobby Lynch joined the band in 1964. [9 ] They had been playing during the interval at concerts, and usually stayed on for the second half of the show. [17 ]When Luke Kelly moved to England in 1964, Lynch was taken on as his temporary replacement. When Kelly returned in 1965, Lynch left the band and Sheahan stayed. According to Sheahan, he was never (and still has not been) ever officially asked to join the band.[ citation needed ] Sheahan is the only member to have had a musical education.[ citation needed ] Lynch committed suicide in Dublin in 1982. [18 ]", "1944 ● Pat McAuley → Drummer and keyboards for Irish garage-rock, proto-punk Them, “Gloria” (#71, 1966)", "Elvis Costello - (born Declan Patrick MacManus; 25 August 1954) is an English musician and singer-songwriter. Costello came to prominence as an early participant in London's pub rock scene in the mid-1970s, and later became associated with the punk rock and New Wave musical genres, before establishing his own unique voice in the 1980s. Steeped in wordplay, the vocabulary of Costello's lyrics is broader than that of most popular songs. His work has drawn on many diverse musical genres.", "The Dubliners were an Irish folk band founded in Dublin in 1962. The band started off as The Ronnie Drew Ballad Group, named in honour of its founding member; they subsequently renamed themselves as The Dubliners. The group line-up saw many changes over their fifty-year career. However, the group's success was centred on lead singers Luke Kelly and Ronnie Drew, both of whom are now deceased. The band garnered international success with their lively Irish folk songs, traditional street ballads and instrumentals. The band were regulars on the folk scenes in both Dublin and London in the early 1960s, until they were signed to the Major Minor label in 1965 after backing from Dominic Behan. They went on to receive extensive airplay on Radio Caroline, and eventually appeared on Top of the Pops in 1967 with hits \"Seven Drunken Nights\" (which sold over 250,000 copies in the UK) and \"Black Velvet Band\". Often performing political songs considered controversial at the time, they drew criticism from some folk purists and Ireland’s national broadcaster RTÉ had placed an unofficial ban on their music from 1967–71. During this time the band's popularity began to spread across mainland Europe and they appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show in the United States. The group's success remained steady right through the 1970s and a number of collaborations with The Pogues in 1987 saw them enter the UK Singles Chart on another two occasions. ", "The band was formed in the summer of 1967 in an era when melodic pop/rock music with baroque and chamber arrangements and instrumentation was highly-prized. The band, consisted of two songwriter/performers - Greek-born Alex Spyropoulos and Irish-born Patrick Campbell-Lyons who met in London. They produced a number of singles (notably \"Rainbow Chaser\", \"Pentecost Hotel\", and \"Tiny Goddess\") for the fledgling Island Records label.", "The Dubliners were instrumental in popularising Irish folk music in Europe, though they did not quite surpass the popularity of The Clancy Brothers and Tommy Makem in the United States. They influenced many generations of Irish bands, and their legacy can to this day be heard in the music of artists such as The Pogues, Dropkick Murphys and Flogging Molly. Much adored in their native country, covers of Irish ballads by Ronnie Drew and Luke Kelly tend to be regarded as definitive versions. One of the most influential Irish acts of the 20th century, they celebrated 50 years together in 2012, making them Ireland's longest surviving musical act. Also in 2012, the BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards bestowed them with a Lifetime Achievement Award. The Dubliners announced their retirement in the autumn of 2012, after 50 years of playing, following the death of founding member Barney McKenna. However, the surviving members of the group - with the exception of John Sheahan - continue touring in 2013 under the name of \"The Dublin Legends\".", "2011: Sean Dunphy (73) Irish singer born in Dublin; he started out in a singing quartet, The Keymen before he moved to London working as a carpenter and served in the Army. On his return to Ireland he became a lead singer of the Irish show band \"HoeDowners,\" recording 14 Irish hit singles between 1966 and 1973 including two No.1 hits, \"Lonely Woods of Upton\" and \"When The Fields Were White With Daisies\". Also in 1967 he represented Ireland in the Euro-Vision contest coming in 2nd with his performance of \"If I Could Choose\". When the show band scene faded, Seans singing career remained strong and his Country & Western style proved popular with audiences at home and abroad. He did a stint Canada for a few years and at this time performed in USA and he became the first Irish born singer to record in Nashville, where Kris Kristofferson was a visitor at his sessions. On his return to Dublin, he continued to perform and record, his last performance was at a charity event twenty-four hours before his death. Sean's music is still frequently featured on \"The Irish Hit Parade\" and \"Feast of Irish Music\" shows on WROL, 950 A.M. Radio (Sean died peacefully in his sleep) b. November 30th 1937.", "During the 1960s, Tommy Makem played the tin whistle as a member of The Clancy Brothers and Tommy Makem, one of the most influential Irish folk groups, especially popular during the American folk music revival. ", "Born on August 9:  Billy Henderson, American singer, The Spinners (1939); Vic Prince, Pretty Things (1944); John Parry, Bonzo Dog Doo Dah Band (1946); Pete Thomas, English drummer, Elvis Costello and The Attractions (1954);  Whitney Houston (1963); Sam Fogarino, American drummer, Interpol and Magnetic Morning (1968); Yekaterina Samutsevich, Russian singer and activist, Pussy Riot (1982)", "During the 1960s other performers, such as Col Joye, the Bee Gees, Normie Rowe and The Seekers, also became well known for their tunes and (mostly) clean-cut images. Many of these bands or individual performers are still performing today. Helen Reddy rose to international success with her the pop anthem, I Am Woman. When she wrote the song in 1972 she tapped into the growing feminist movement of the early 1970s. Like so many Australian artists of the time, and since, Helen Reddy moved to the United States before finding the fame she sought.", "[1] [2] O'Donoghue's Pub on Merrion Row, Dublin, where the group played regularly in the early 1960s.", "Tommy Makem : (1932-2007) — Influential, Armagh-born, Irish Ballad singer — \"The Godfather\" of Irish Music.\"", "The She's featured Marilyn Reed, Maureen O'Connor, Cammy Davis, and Pam Thompson. O'Connor, who co-wrote the band's January, 1966 International Artists single \"Ah Gee!! Maurie\" b/w \"The Fool,\" later resurfaced with New Math and is still active in music today. ", "Kenny Lynch was born on 18 Mar 1938 in the East-end of London, England.  The youngest of 13 children, he first appeared on stage at the age of 12 with his sister, jazz singer Maxine Daniels (1930-2003).  After army service in the mid-1950s, he began singing professionally and signed a recording contract with HMV records in 1960.  He scored a modest hit in 1960, and recorded this American song (his sixth record) in early 1962.  Despite a reasonable amount of radio play, it failed to enter the charts.  However, he reached the Top 10 in late 1962 with a cover of an American hit (see song 97), and repeated the feat in summer 1963.  His final hit single came in 1965.  He has also acted in several films and TV dramas over the years, and has written songs for other performers.", "2012 – Death of Bernard Noël “Banjo Barney” McKenna. He was a musician and a much-loved founding member of The Dubliners.", "In 1988, he released Irish Heartbeat , a collection of traditional Irish folk songs recorded with the Irish group the Chieftains , which reached number 18 in the UK album charts. The title song, \" Irish Heartbeat \", was originally recorded on his 1983 album Inarticulate Speech of the Heart.[143]", "Westlife is an Irish pop group formed in July 3, 1998, its members were originally Shane Filan, Mark Feehily, Kian Egan, Nicky Byrne and Brian McFadden, the latter left the band in 2004. The band originally signed to Simon Cowell and are advised by music mogul Louis Walsh.", "Which 1960s easy-listening Irish crooner was famed for his rocking chair and knitted jumpers? Val Doonican", "The Tornados were an English instrumental group of the 1960s that acted as backing group for many of record producer Joe Meek's productions and also for singer Billy Fury. They enjoyed several chart hits in their own right, including the UK and U.S. #1 \"Telstar\" (named after the satellite and composed and produced by Meek), the first U.S. #1 single by a British group. The Tornados (Dave Watts version) still perform concerts around the UK and Europe; the band consists of Dave Watts (keyboards), Shaun Corrigan on guitar for '60s band the Symbols (\"The Best Part of Breaking Op\"), Pete Gill on bass from '60s band The Rebounds, Jamie Thurston (vocals/guitar from ITV Heartbeat tour, \"ITVtheRoyal\") and Tristan Long on drums (performed with Gareth Gates, Deacon Blue, Midge Ure, SKIN, Halloween, Foundations, Fortunes, etc.).", "The Hollies are an English pop group formed in Manchester in the early 1960s, although the majority of the band members came from towns in East Lancashire. Known for their distinctive vocal harmony style, they became one of the leading British groups of the 1960s and early 1970s. They enjoyed considerable popularity in many countries, although they did not achieve major US chart success until 1966. They had 30 charting singles on the UK Singles Chart, and 21 on the Billboard Hot 100, with major hits on both sides of the Atlantic that included \"Just One Look\", \"Look Through Any Window\", \"Bus Stop\", \"I Can't Let Go\", \"On a Carousel\", \"Stop Stop Stop\", \"Carrie Anne\", \"Jennifer Eccles\", and the later \"He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother\", \"Long Cool Woman in a Black Dress\" and \"The Air That I Breathe\".", "Mainstream success eluded him, so he moved to the United States in the mid-1960s. His first hit was “ A Young Girl ,” an English version of a Charles Aznavour French ballad; it reached No. 51 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1965. He recorded albums that included Beatles and Bob Dylan songs and made television appearances on programs including “The Ed Sullivan Show.”", "During the early 1960s, Martin became known to British television audiences as the resident singer of topical songs on the original British version of the weekly satire show That Was The Week That Was (1962-63). One of the songs she sang on the show, the John F. Kennedy tribute \"In the Summer of His Years\", was released as a single and ' bubbled under ' the Billboard Hot 100 chart at No 104 in 1963 (but was outcharted by a cover version by Connie Francis , which reached No 46). She also appeared in the 1966 film Alfie .", "During the 1960s there were many \"one-hit wonder\" groups who left their mark on pop-rock music. Today, some 40-50 years later, the music of these groups are rarely heard and seem hopelessly relegated to the history books of pop music. One group, however, The Murmaids, remains in the forefront of '60s music to this day with their big hit, \"Popsicles and Icicles\", still frequently played and their name continuously mentioned in '60s music articles.", "During the early 1960s, Martin became known to television audiences as the resident singer of topical songs on the weekly satire show That Was The Week That Was. One of the songs she sang on the show, the John F. Kennedy tribute \"In the Summer of His Years,\" was released as a single and \"bubbled under\" the Billboard Hot 100 chart at #104 in 1963 (but was outcharted by a cover version by Connie Francis, which reached #46). She also appeared in the 1966 film Alfie." ]

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[ "The song “Raindrops Keep Fallin’ on My Head” is a former number 1 hit that was released in 1969. It reached the top of the charts in January 1970 and remained there for four weeks. It was written for the 1969 film “Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid” and was awarded an Academy Award for Best Original Song. Ray Stevens and Bob Dylan were offered the job to record the song, but declined. Let’s find out who wrote and sang this famous song.", "Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid has long been critically acclaimed as one of the best westerns ever made, and indeed it is. Sweeping cinematography highlights rich, Oscar worthy performances from Newman and Redford, taken from a fabulous screenplay. The always charming Oscar winning song Raindrops Keep Fallin' on my Head compliments the grand score.", "* \"Raindrops Keep Fallin' On My Head\"     w.Hal David m. Burt Bacharach. Introduced by B. J. Thomas on the soundtrack of the film Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid. The song won the Academy Award.", "* \"Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head\" (B.J. Thomas, from the film Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, U.S. 1, 1969, UK 38, 1970; Sacha Distel, UK 10, 1970; Bobbie Gentry, UK 40, 1970; Johnny Mathis, 1970. Won the Academy Award for \"Best Original Song\" in 1969. The film score by Bacharach won the Academy Awards and Grammy for \"Original Score\". Grammy nominee for \"Song of the Year\");", "In 1969, Newman teamed with Robert Redford in George Roy Hill's smash hit Western \"Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid,\" which became an instant classic. Four years later, Newman, Redford and Hill reunited in the Academy Award�-winning Best Picture \"The Sting. \"", "This revisionist western is loosely based on the real-life adventures of Butch and Sundance as they struggled to survive in a changing West. The film is noted for its exuberance and humour, with William Goldman ’s Academy Award -winning script featuring numerous one-liners. Conrad Hall’s cinematography and Burt Bacharach ’s classic score, both of which also earned Oscars, add to the timeless appeal of the film. In addition, the supporting cast was notable, and director George Roy Hill drew praise for skillfully blending standard action sequences with comedy. Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid was extremely popular at the box office, becoming the highest-grossing film of 1969. It made the teaming of Newman and Redford legendary, even though the two made only one more movie together, The Sting (1973), which was also directed by Hill.", "Bacharach's greatest success as a film composer was with George Roy Hill's Western Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid , where Bacharach's score was crucial to the feel and the success of the film. The subject of the film was bleak: two middle-aged gunfighters, involved with one woman, unable to come to terms with the shrinking frontier, make a break for South America, where death instead of freedom awaits them. Thematically the film blends elements of Sam Peckinpah's The Wild Bunch with François Truffaut's Jules et Jim . Bacharach adds a defiantly upbeat and sunny score that, along with William Goldman's witty script, deflects much of the story's fatalism. The music nods towards period with occasional passages of pastiche ragtime, otherwise it is modern in tone, action choreographed with light scat choruses. In the film's most celebrated sequence Paul Newman and Katharine Ross careen across a meadow on a bicycle accompanied by \"Raindrops Keep Falling on My Head,\" one of Bacharach's most compulsively tuneful songs, perfectly matched by Hal David's nonsense lyrics. As if to emphasize the inspired incongruity, the sequence takes place in bright sunlight.", "Following its release, Peckinpah was one of ten directors to receive a nomination for the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Feature Film. The film received two Academy Award nominations, for Best Original Screenplay (Walon Green, Roy N. Sickner, Sam Peckinpah) and Best Original Music Score (Jerry Fielding). At the 42nd Academy Awards ceremony, both awards went to crew members of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (screenwriter William Goldman and composer Burt Bacharach).", "Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Sound of Thunder Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid is a 1969 American Western film that tells the story of bank robbers Butch Cassidy (played by Paul Newman) and his Plot - Cast - Production - Reception", "Harry Alonzo Longabaugh (1867 – c. November 6, 1908), better known as the Sundance Kid, was an outlaw and member of Butch Cassidy's Wild Bunch, in the American Old West. Longabaugh likely met Butch Cassidy (real name Robert Leroy Parker) after Parker was released from prison around 1896. Together with the other members of \"The Wild Bunch\" gang, they performed the longest string of successful train and bank robberies in American history.", "\"Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid\" is a whimsical western based on the \"true\" adventures of Robert Leroy Parker \"Butch Cassidy\" (Paul Newman) and Harry Longbaugh \" The Sundance Kid\" (Robert Redford) . The last in a long line of notorious desperados such as Jesse James their lifestyle had become a preposterous anachronism long before they met their end around the turn of the century.", "Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid is a 1969 American Western film that tells the story of bank robbers Butch Cassidy (played by Paul Newman) and... Read more", "This simple, stark, low-budget Western classic, with a total budget of $750,000, was nominated for seven Academy Awards including Best Picture (won by Cecil B. DeMille's circus epic The Greatest Show on Earth (1952)), Best Director, and Best Screenplay - it was awarded four awards: Best Song for \"High Noon (Do Not Forsake Me, Oh My Darlin')\" (sung by Tex Ritter throughout the film, lyrics by Ned Washington, music by Dimitri Tiomkin), Best Scoring of a Dramatic Picture (Dimitri Tiomkin), Best Film Editing (Elmo Williams and Harry Gerstad), and Best Actor for Gary Cooper's performance - his second Oscar after a win for Sergeant York (1941). [Cooper's win was an unusual honor, since Western films (and acting roles) are rare nominees and winners in Academy history! The film's theme song was made a popular hit by Western singer Frankie Laine.] Presumably, the Academy felt obligated to honor one of filmdom's greatest directors (DeMille) with the Best Picture Oscar, as his career was coming to an end.", "Henry Longabaugh received the nickname “Sundance Kid” after serving time in prison between 1887 and 1889 for stealing a horse in Sundance, Wyoming. He later met Butch Cassidy and joined the notorious Wild Bunch.", "*Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, directed by George Roy Hill, starring Paul Newman, Robert Redford, Katharine Ross", "While the debate lingers over when and where Cassidy truly died, there's little argument that he's considered one of the most revered outlaws to come out of the American West. His life and relationship with Sundance was immortalized in the 1969 Oscar-winning movie Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, starring Paul Newman (Cassidy) and Robert Redford (Sundance).", "Butch Cassidy & the Sundance Kid - George Roy Hill (Paul Newman, Robert Redford, Katharine Ross, Strother Martin)", "The Sundance Kid (Henry Longabaugh) earned his nickname when he was caught and convicted of horse thievery in Sundance, Wyoming. Despite his reputation as a gunfighter, he is not certain to have actually killed anyone. After his release from jail in 1896, he and Robert LeRoy Parker aka “Butch Cassidy” formed the gang known as the Wild Bunch. They were responsible for the longest string of successful train and bank robberies in American history. Due to the pressure of the Pinkerton Detective…", "Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid were part of a loose-knit congeries of Rocky Mountain outlaws active at the turn of the last century, dubbed “the Wild Bunch” by the press. Although Butch and Sundance committed few crimes together in the United States, they are indelibly joined as an outlaw dyad in the public’s imagination because they fled to South America together (Sundance took along his companion, Ethel Place), probably died together in Bolivia in 1908, and, most importantly, were immortalized together in George Roy Hill’s 1969 movie, Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid.  Making a major contribution to the deification were Paul Newman as Cassidy and Robert Redford as Sundance.", "In Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid a large white llama is tied to a fence when Butch, Sundance, and Etta get off the train in Peru.", "Butch Cassidy (right) with his group of outlaws and bandits, the Wild Bunch. His sidekick, the Sundance Kid, sits to the left.", "Bonnie and Clyde also ignited a clothing fad, the Bonnie and Clyde \"look,\" first evidenced at the Paris opening but destined to spread under the careful direction of Warner Brothers publicists. 41 Theadora Van Runkle's costumes meshed perfectly with the movement by European designers to replace the mini-skirt with the maxi-dress.42 The movie's theme song, \"Foggy Mountain Breakdown\" by Lester Flatt and Earl Scruggs, was soon in the \"Top Ten,\" reaching number one in England. Nineteen-thirties music came into vogue and posters appeared as the country, if not the world, was swept by a fit of nostalgia.", "For screenplay writer William Goldman, “Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid” was a passion project. He first came upon the story of Cassidy and Longbaugh in the late 1950s, was fascinated by the men, and felt it was a story that needed to be brought to the big screen. Richard Zanuck of 20th Century Fox saw gold when he read the script and purchased the rights for an astounding $400,000! He tasked John Foreman to produce and George Roy Hill to direct. A stellar cast was brought in, which included; Paul Newman (Butch Cassidy), Robert Redford (The Sundance Kid), Katherine Ross (Etta Place), Jeff Corey (Sheriff Bledsoe, and Strother Martin (Percy Garris).", "In 2003, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant.\" The American Film Institute ranked Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid as the 49th-greatest American film on its AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) list.", "The composition was nominated for an Academy Award in 1941 for Best Song from a movie. The song achieved its success that year even though it could not be heard on network radio for much of 1941 due to the ASCAP boycott.", "The song's lyrics briefly tell the entire story of the film, a tale of cowardice and conformity in a small Western town. [12] The score was built entirely around a single western-style ballad. Tiomkin created an unconventional score for the film, and eliminated violins from the ensemble. Along with other instruments, he added a subtle harmonica sound in the background, to give the film a \"rustic, deglamorized sound that suits the anti-heroic sentiments\" expressed by the story. [4]", "^ \"BUTCH CASSIDY AND THE SUNDANCE KID\". British Board of Film Classification. Retrieved December 15, 2014.", "The song's lyrics briefly tell the entire story of the film, a tale of cowardice and conformity in a small Western town. The score was built entirely around a single western-style ballad. Tiomkin created an unconventional score for the film, and eliminated violins from the ensemble. Along with other instruments, he added a subtle harmonica sound in the background, to give the film a \"rustic, deglamorized sound that suits the anti-heroic sentiments\" expressed by the story.", "The song's lyrics briefly tell the film's entire story, a tale of cowardice and conformity in a small Western town. The score was built entirely around a single western-style ballad. Tiomkin created an unconventional score for the film, and eliminated violins from the ensemble. Along with other instruments, he added a subtle harmonica sound in the background, to give the film a \"rustic, deglamorized sound that suits the anti-heroic sentiments\" expressed by the story.", "The 1961 Academy Award for Best Original Song went to Moon River. In which film was it featured?", "One of the first songs the band recorded in 1949,  Scruggs' \"Foggy Mountain Breakdown,\" while not especially popular upon its release, would eventually become a bluegrass classic after it was featured in the 1967 film Bonnie and Clyde. The Foggy Mountain Boys signed with Columbia Records in 1951 and their first single for the label, 1952's \"'Tis Sweet to Be Remembered,\" became a major country hit. However, the band would not score another big smash until the 1959 song \"Cabin in the Hills.\" Propelled by its success, The Foggy Mountain Boys churned out a slew of 1960s bluegrass hits, including \"Go Home\" (1961), \"Pearl, Pearl, Pearl\" (1962), \"You are My Flower\" (1964), \"I Still Miss Someone\" (1965) and a new recording of \"Foggy Mountain Breakdown\" (1968). However, by far their most popular song was \"The Ballad of Jed Clampett\" — the theme song of The Beverly Hillbillies — recorded in 1962, which topped the country music charts for several weeks and even reached No. 44 on the pop charts.", "Fame recorded the song after seeing the (then) controversial release of the now considered classic gangster film Bonnie and Clyde starring Warren Beatty (as Clyde Barrow) and Faye Dunaway (as Bonnie Parker). The song, in the style of the 1920s and 1930s, features the sounds of gun battles, car chases, and police sirens, including the climactic gun battle that takes place when both Bonnie and Clyde meet their fate. The instrumentation of the song includes a piano, banjo, drums, trumpets, trombones, and a bass." ]

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[ "The standard piano has 52 white keys. It also has 36 black keys for a total of 88 keys. The average piano has 220 strings, but that number tends to vary from instrument to instrument.", "The total number of keys on a standard modern piano is 88, the break-up being 52 white keys and 36 black keys. Initially, there used to be only 60 keys on the piano, just like the harpsichord. As the composers started to play this instrument more and more, they began to develop different musical notes. As the music played on, the piano got complicated and more keys were added to it. Then, during the 19th century, the piano had 85 notes. Finally, there were three notes added at the top.", "There are 88 keys on a standard piano. Out of these 52 are coloured white, the naturals, and 36 are coloured black, the accidentals or sharps and flats.", "An octave spans eight notes in the musical scale, and a standard piano keyboard includes seven full octaves across its 52 white and 36 black keys.", "Some grand pianos have on the order of 7000 parts! Their function can be described in terms of six features: the keyboard, the hammers, the dampers, the bridge, the soundboard, and the strings. There are 52 white keys and 36 black keys (for the chromatic notes), bridging seven and a third octaves with 12 equal semitones per octave. The piano is the standard instrument for the equal tempered scale, yet both the high end and low end of the instrument are tuned so that they depart slightly from equal temperament because the sound has been judged to be more pleasing with that arrangement (see \"stretched\" tuning discussion below).", "The piano keys below show all of the notes in one octave, the interval between a musical pitch and another with half or double its frequency. There are 7 white keys which correspond to the notes A through G and 5 black keys which correspond to intermediate notes that are either lowered (flat) or raised (sharp) by a half step. Each of the notes is also labeled with its corresponding name on the solfège scale.", "Piano, also called pianoforte, French piano or pianoforte, German Klavier, a keyboard musical instrument having wire strings that sound when struck by felt-covered hammers operated from a keyboard. The standard modern piano contains 88 keys and has a compass of seven full octaves plus a few keys.", "The white keys on a keyboard instrument allow us to play the natural notes, the black keys let us play the altered notes. On a standard piano, the chromatic scale is repeated seven times�seven and 1/4 times, actually�and the note C played with the C key near the center of the keyboard is called Middle C.", "To count up a Whole tone, count up by two physical piano keys, either white or black.", "However, there are some exceptions to the usual convention of 88 keys. The 7'4\" Bösendorfer model 225 has 92 keys, while the 9'6\" Bösendorfer model 290 has 97 keys. The Bösendorfer Imperial Grand model 290 has 97 keys that cover a compass of 8 octaves C to C. These keys have a different finishing from the regular keys to help you avoid playing them accidentally during a recital. The semitone keys are in white and the fulltone keys are in black. The Cottage piano does not have the top and bottom octaves that are found in the normal 88 key piano, and so only has total of 64 keys. Pleyel, a company that was established in Paris in 1807 and is now under Schimmel Piano Co. today, had once built a double grand piano. It had two pianos in one case, with one keyboard on either side. For this reason, this piano had 176 keys.", "The white keys on the piano represent these seven notes. The black keys are smaller shifts in pitch (either sharps or flats) and will not be used; you will only use the white keys for this experiment.", "Some Bösendorfer pianos, for example, extend the normal range down to F0, and one of their models has 97 keys reaches a bottom C0 for a full eight octave range. These extra keys are sometimes hidden under a small hinged lid that can cover the keys to prevent visual disorientation for pianists unfamiliar with the extra keys, or the colors of the extra white keys are reversed (black instead of white).", "The notes and sounds made by a piano are the result of strings vibrating. The strings vibrate when they are hit by a hammer within the piano. The piano has 88 keys all of which play a different note. Multiple keys can be played at the same time to create chords and harmonies.", "There are about 220 strings on a piano that has 88 keys. This means that each note has three stings in the treble, two strings in tenor and part of the bass, and one string in the very low bass. The average tension of a steel piano string is about 160 lbs., with a 15% increase on the bass strings. Different pianos have different weights as follows:", "In a typical keyboard layout, black note keys have uniform width, and white note keys have uniform width and uniform spacing at the front of the keyboard. In the larger gaps between the black keys, the width of the natural notes C, D and E differ slightly from the width of keys F, G, A and B. This allows close to uniform spacing of 12 keys per octave while maintaining uniformity of seven \"natural\" keys per octave.", "The black keys are used for 5 of the 7 \"sharp\" note names and these 5 are the most commonly used of the sharp notes. Two less frequently used sharps are also available: B# and E#. These notes are enharmonic to C and F respectively (that is , they are white keys!). Since a sharp raises any note one half-step and it has previously been noted that the interval between B-C and E-F is a half-step, it is logical that B# and E# would sound the same as C and F respectively . This is the first of many enharmonic situations that illustrates how 12 tones can accommodate 21 different names.", "On the keyboard, there are five black accidentals per octave . They can be either sharp or flat, and are named after the notes they modify:", "A piano comes with a 12 note pattern. This can be seen in the piano keyboard diagram above. While there are many notes on a piano, it’s really 12 notes being repeated over and over. On an acoustic piano it is repeated over 7 times. We see in our piano keyboard layout above that the 12 notes are C, C-Sharp (D-Flat), D, D-sharp (E-Flat), E, F, F-Sharp (G-Flat), G, G-Sharp (A-Flat), A, A-Sharp (B-Flat), and B. Take a look at the piano keyboard chart below. It consists of the 12 notes of a piano or music keyboard.", "On a piano keyboard you can see the raised or lowered pitches as the black keys.", "There are seven notes—A, B, C, D, E, F, and G—repeated over and over on the piano. See Figure 2, below.", "Note names of musical notes keyboard piano frequencies = octave piano keys number tone tones 88 notes frequency names of all keys on a grand piano standard concert pitch tuning German English system MIDI 88 - sengpielaudio Sengpiel Berlin", "The white piano keys are called the Naturally Occurring Notes1 and are commonly referred to as the Natural Notes. The first seven letters of the alphabet:", "At the simplest level, the song is about the ebony (black) and ivory (white) keys on a piano, but also deals with… read more", "Some small portable organs had push buttons instead of keys as late as the 1440s, but a keyboard resembling the modern type existed in the 14th century, although the arrangement of naturals and sharps (corresponding to the white and black keys on the modern piano) was only gradually standardized. The arrangement of the keys depended in part on the music played and partly on the current state of musical theory. Thus, early keyboards are reported with only a single raised key in each octave (B♭), and there were organs that had both B and B♭ as “natural” keys, with C♯, D♯, F♯, and G♯ as raised keys. The colours of the keys—white for naturals and black for sharps—became standardized much later, about 1800, depending on fashion or on the relative cost of such materials as bone, ivory , or boxwood for the “white” keys and stained hardwood or ebony for the “black” keys. Flemish instruments had bone naturals and oak sharps by 1580; French and German instruments had ebony or fruitwood naturals and bone or ivory sharps until the 1790s.", "Black piano keys are called accidentals ; these are the sharps and flats of the piano.", "Notice that all black keys are both to the right of a white key, and to the left of some other white key. Look at the black keys that appear between each pair of 'C' and 'D' keys. It seems like that black key is 'C sharp', but it also could be 'D flat'. Which one is it? The answer is: both. Every black key corresponds to a single note, but that note has two equivalent names.", "A novice pianist will like to play in C major, since they don't have to think about black notes. A more experienced pianist will have other preferred keys, since they're no longer put off by black notes, but find that some keys require more convenient hand shapes than others.", "Wait a minute; this is clear, but why does the piano have only one or two strings for each key in the bass section and three strings in the rest of the piano?", "Figure 2. The top diagram shows the placement of all of the different C notes on a full-size piano. The bottom diagram shows a close-up with the names of the notes represented by the white keys around Middle C. Middle C is highlighted in yellow in both diagrams.", "Now, play a key on the keyboard while you look inside. Try the black keys and the white ones as well, and you will see that inside the piano there is actually NO difference between the ebony and ivory keys (which for some of you might come as a surprise, right?)", "But this answer is not comprehensive, because there are also pianos with other numbers of keys. If you want to know more about this musical instrument, keep on reading.", "Thus, in radians per second, the frequencies of the musical note A on the piano keyboard are" ]

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[ "The Doors were an American rock band formed in 1965 in Los Angeles, with vocalist Jim Morrison, keyboardist Ray Manzarek, guitarist Robby Krieger and drummer John Densmore.", "The Doors were an American rock band formed in 1965 in Los Angeles, with vocalist Jim Morrison, keyboardist Ray Manzarek, guitarist Robby Krieger, and drummer John Densmore. The band got its name, ...", "The Doors were an American rock band formed in 1965 in Los Angeles, California, with vocalist Jim Morrison, keyboardist Ray Manzarek, drummer John Densmore and guitarist Robby Krieger. The band took...", "The music is never over when it comes to The Doors. If there’s one good thing to come from the death of Doors keyboardist Ray Manzarek in 2013, it’s that the last two surviving members, guitarist Robby Krieger and drummer John Densmore, are speaking again after years of not even talking to each other. Krieger, a Los Angeles native, spoke to FOX411 about working with Jim Morrison and the band’s indelible legacy.", "members of the rock group The Doors pose after being inducted in the Rock and roll hall of Fame during ceremonies January 12 in Los Angeles. L-R are Robby Krieger, Pearl Jam, Eddie Vedder who presented the award, John Densmore, Anne Cheuring the sister of late Jim Morrison who accepted the award and ray Manzarek the keyboardist of The Doors - RTXF39I", "* The Doors (remaining members Ray Manzarek, Robby Krieger, John Densmore) with Ben Fong-Torres, The Doors (2006) ISBN 1-4013-0303-X", "Manzarek and Krieger continued to tour despite Astbury's 2007 departure to revive The Cult. They replaced him with Brett Scallions, the former frontman of Fuel and began touring as Ray Manzarek and Robby Krieger of The Doors.", "In 2002, Manzarek and Krieger formed a new band called The Doors of the 21st Century with Angelo Barbera on bass and Astbury stepping in as Morrison. After Densmore opted out reportedly due to tinnitus and Police drummer Stewart Copeland left due to a broken arm, the new band finally settled on Krieger drummer Ty Dennis.", "Krieger was in The Doors with keyboard player Ray Manzarek, drummer John Densmore and vocalist Jim Morrison. At an early Doors rehearsal Morrison heard Krieger playing bottleneck guitar and initially wanted the technique featured on every song on the first album. Krieger's finger style approach to the electric guitar, eclectic musical tastes, and song writing helped establish The Doors as a successful rock band in the 1960s.", "Krieger became a member of the Doors in 1965, joining keyboard player Ray Manzarek, drummer John Densmore and vocalist Jim Morrison, after Manzarek's brothers left the group. At an early Doors rehearsal Morrison heard Krieger playing bottleneck guitar and initially wanted the technique featured on every song on the first album. Krieger's fingerstyle approach to the electric guitar, broad musical tastes, and songwriting helped establish the Doors as a successful rock band in the 1960s. ", "The Doors, Jim Morrison, Ray Manzarek, Robby Krieger, John Densmore - Band Members - The Doors Are Open", "* Look Each Other in The Ears. Hen House Studio Album includes The Doors--Robby Krieger, John Densmore, and Ray Manzarek. 2014", "More than 30 years after the death of Morrison, Manzarek and guitarist Robby Krieger attempted to resurrect the band forming a group, The Doors 21st Century, that toured globally. But the project was cut short in 2003 when the pair were  found guilty of improperly invoking The Doors' name and images and were instructed to pay more than a £1.5m in compensation to the estate of Jim Morrison and drummer John Densmore.", "The Doors continued to record throughout 1973 as a trio, but after two albums it seemed they had exhausted the possibilities of a band without a commanding lead singer. Manzarek had hoped to reconstitute the group with Iggy Pop, whose avowed chief influence was Morrison, but plans fell through. After the Doors broke up, Manzarek recorded two solo albums, and one with a short-lived group called Nite City. He produced the first four albums by L.A.'s X, and in 1983 he collaborated with composer Philip Glass on a rock version of Carl Orff's modern cantata, Carmina Burana. Krieger and Densmore formed the Butts Band, which lasted three years and recorded two albums. In 1972 a Doors greatest-hits collection, Weird Scenes Inside the Gold Mine was released, hit Number 55, and went gold. Krieger released his first solo album in 1981 and toured in 1982.", "\"I was deeply saddened to hear about the passing of my friend and bandmate Ray Manzarek today,\" Doors guitarist Robby Krieger said in a statement. \"I'm just glad to have been able to have played Doors songs with him for the last decade. Ray was a huge part of my life and I will always miss him.\"", "In 2002, Manzarek and Krieger started playing together again, branding themselves as the Doors of the 21st Century, with Ian Astbury of the Cult on vocals. Densmore opted to sit out and, along with the Morrison estate, sued the duo over proper use of the band's name and won. After a short time as Riders On the Storm, they settled on the name Manzarek-Krieger and continued to tour until Manzarek's death in 2013 at the age of 74.", "The Doors' Robby Krieger has been working on getting a bunch of musicians together to memorialize fellow band member, Ray Manzarek, who died last year .", "Around early 2013, he was diagnosed with a rare cancer called Cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer) and traveled to Germany for special treatment. On May 20, 2013, Manzarek died at a hospital in Rosenheim, Germany, at the age of 74. Robby Krieger said, \"I was deeply saddened to hear about the passing of my friend and bandmate Ray Manzarek today. I'm just glad to have been able to have played Doors songs with him for the last decade. Ray was a huge part of my life and I will always miss him.\" John Densmore said, \"There was no keyboard player on the planet more appropriate to support Jim Morrison's words. Ray, I felt totally in sync with you musically. It was like we were of one mind, holding down the foundation for Robby and Jim to float on top of. I will miss my musical brother.\" ", "Ray Manzarek, a founding member of the 1960s rock group The Doors whose versatile and often haunting keyboards complemented Jim Morrison's gloomy baritone and helped set the mood for some of rock's most enduring songs, has died. He was 74.", "Manzarek made three solo albums from 1974 to 1983 and formed a band called Nite City in 1975, which released two albums from 1977 to 1978. Krieger released six solo albums from 1977 to 2010. All of the ex-Doors solo albums have met with mixed reviews. In recent years Densmore formed a jazz band called Tribaljazz and they released a self-titled album in 2006.", "In 1982, Krieger made an album with the Los Angeles group Acid Casualties. Their album, Panic Station, was released by Rhino Records and included a new version of the rare 1968 Pink Floyd single \"Point Me at the Sky\". In the early 90s, Krieger formed a trio called the 'Robby Krieger Organization' featuring Skip Van Winkle (electric organ,organ pedal bass) and Dale Alexander (drums, backing vocals). In 1996, Krieger formed a new band simply known as the Robby Krieger Band, which featured his son Waylon Krieger (guitar), Berry Oakley Jr. (bass, backing vocals), Dale Alexander (keyboards) and Ray Mehlbaum (drums). The band performed shows in North America and Europe between 1996 and 1998. In 2000, Krieger released Cinematix, an entirely instrumental fusion album, with guest appearances from Billy Cobham and Edgar Winter.", "“I was deeply saddened to hear about the passing of my friend and bandmate Ray Manzarek today,“ Mr. Krieger said in a statement. “I’m just glad to have been able to have played Doors songs with him for the last decade. Ray was a huge part of my life and I will always miss him.“", "Ray Manzarek, who as the keyboardist and a songwriter for the Doors helped shape one of the indelible bands of the psychedelic era, died on Monday at a clinic in Rosenheim, Germany. He was 74.", "Ray Manzarek: Probably a psychedelic group from Los Angeles called The Doors of Perception. We would be techno/acid jazz/trip-hop with Arthur Rimbeaud-style lyrics.", "2010: X and The Doors’ Ray Manzarek, who produced X’s classic 1980 debut album ‘Los Angeles,’ take the stage for the first of two shows in San Francisco. They perform the album in its entirety.", "^ \"Ray Manzarek and Robby Krieger Live Chat Log-July 3, 1996\". The Doors (Transcript). July 3, 1996. Retrieved July 30, 2011. ", "Out of the shadows … Ray Manzarek at a Doors concert in Costa Mesa, California, in Aug 2011. Photograph: Rex Features/Startraks Photo", "In 1986, friends Billie Joe Armstrong and Mike Dirnt, 14 years old at the time, formed a band called Sweet Children. The group's first live performance took place on October 17, 1987, at Rod's Hickory Pit in Vallejo, California. In 1988, Armstrong and Dirnt began working with former Isocracy drummer John Kiffmeyer, also known as \"Al Sobrante\". Sean Hughes left the band in 1988, and Dirnt took over on bass duties. As said in the film Punk's Not Dead, Armstrong cites the band Operation Ivy (which featured Tim Armstrong and Matt Freeman of Rancid) as a major influence, and a group that inspired him to form a band.", "where is dave van ronk? his version of river? or teddy bears picnic? cocaine? he taught dylan his licks for house of the rising sun. how could he be omitted?", "After bass player Billy Sheehan left David Lee Roth's backing band in 1988, he began piecing together a new band with the help of Mike Varney from Shrapnel Records, a label specialized in the shredding genre. He recruited Eric Martin, of the rock-oriented Eric Martin Band and also soul-leaning solo artist, and soon thereafter added guitarist Gilbert and drummer Torpey. Gilbert was already a well-respected guitarist who had released two albums with his Los Angeles-based band Racer X. Torpey came to California from Arizona, and had previously recorded and toured with a number of high-profile artists, including Impellitteri, Stan Bush, Belinda Carlisle, Ted Nugent, The Knack and Jeff Paris (who would later collaborate with Mr. Big in a songwriting capacity).", "Clifford Davies - drummer for Ted Nugent who played on his trademark recording \"Cat Scratch Fever\" was found dead from an apparent self-inflicted gunshot wound in his suburban Atlanta home on April 13th, 2008. He was 59", "Richard Michaels - Died 7-4-1977 - Car crash ( Rock ) Was a bass player for Alien Project - He worked with Steve Perry." ]

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[ "1.In the song \"The Twelve Days Of Christmas\", what did my true love give to me on the 12th day?", "1.In the song \"The Twelve Days Of Christmas\", what did my true love give to me on the 12th day? divorce papers", "On the twelfth day of Christmas my true love gave to me twelve drummers drumming, eleven pipers piping, ten lords-a-leaping, nine ladies dancing, eight maids-a-milking, seven swans-a-swimming, six geese-a-laying, five gold rings, four calling birds, three French hens, two turtle doves and a partidge in a pear tree.", "AQA: In the Christmas carol 'Twelve Days of Christmas,' the total number of gifts that 'my true love gave to me' is 364.", "The “true love” mentioned in the song “Twelve Days of Christmas” does not refer to a romantic couple, but the Catholic Church’s code for God. The person who receives the gifts represents someone who has accepted that code. For example, the “partridge in a pear tree” represents Christ. The “two turtledoves” represent the Old and New Testaments.[3]", "On the ninth day of Christmas my true love gave to me nine ladies dancing, eight maids-a-milking, seven swans-a-swimming, six geese-a-laying, five gold rings, four calling birds, three French hens, two turtle doves and a partidge in a pear tree.", "The 12 Days of Christmas are now most famous as a song about someone receiving a great many presents from their ‘true love”. However, to get to the song there had to be the days to start with!", "The 12 Days of Christmas are now most famous as a song about someone receiving lots of presents from their 'true love' . However, to get to the song there had to be the days to start with!", "• Which gifts is given earliest in the song The Twelve Days of Christmas? Turtle Doves", "9. \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\"   is an English Christmas carol that enumerates in the manner of a cumulative song a series of increasingly grand gifts given on each of the twelve days of Christmas. The song, first published in England in 1780 without music as a chant or rhyme, is thought to be French in origin.[1] \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 68. The tunes of collected versions vary. The standard tune now associated with it is derived from a 1909 arrangement of a traditional folk melody by English composer Frederic Austin, who first introduced the now familiar prolongation of the verse \"five gold rings\". ", "On the eighth day of Christmas my true love gave to me eight maids-a-milking, seven swans-a-swimming, six geese-a-laying, five gold rings, four calling birds, three French hens, two turtle doves and a partidge in a pear tree.", "On the seventh day of Christmas my true love gave to me seven swans-a-swimming, six geese-a-laying, five gold rings, four calling birds, three French hens, two turtle doves and a partidge in a pear tree.", "The \"Twelve Days of Christmas\" song is a cumulative one where the verses are all stacked on top of one another. It is a sing song type of song that provides different gifts for each day of Christmas meaning that many different variations can be sung.", "The \"True Love\" one hears in the song is not a smitten boy or girlfriend but Jesus Christ, because truly Love was born on Christmas Day. The partridge in the pear tree also represents Him because that bird is willing to sacrifice its life if necessary to protect its young by feigning injury to draw away predators.", "Ever wonder what ten lords a-leaping or eleven pipers piping really cost? Every year, PNC Wealth Management calculates the prices of all the extravagant gifts listed in the classic carol, “The Twelve Days of Christmas.” In 2013, the cost of gifting everything in the song—all 364 presents—to your true love is $114,651, which is 6.9 percent more than it cost last year, the AP reports .", "“The Twelve Days of Christmas” is an English carol that was probably borrowed from the French and that was originally an acapella chant/call-and-response/children’s memory game. It first appeared in writing in 1780, and there were (and still are) many variations of it, though the words were more-or-less standardized when an official melody was finally written for it in 1909.", "Firstly, the 'true love' is not a human lover, but is a reference to the great god Money, worshipped since ancient times and called upon repeatedly to help us through the festive season that has just ended.   The song is a list of all the things Money has brought to pass during that time.", "This is The Fourth Day of Christmas, on which your true love gives you four calling birds, a reference to those relatives that phone you to thank you for your 'thoughtful gift', if they didn't like it, or 'very generous gift' if they did, or 'unexpected gift' if they didn't bother to buy you anything.", "Question: How many gifts are given in total in the song ‘The Twelve Days of Christmas’", "We have all smiled indulgently at the extravagance of the lover who showered upon his beloved so many fantastic and inconvenient gifts. Every day of the Christmas season she received a new token of his love, each more fabulous than the last and increasingly numerous, until she was the proud possessor of twenty-three birds, some valuable jewelry, a varied assortment of musicians and entertainers, and eight milkmaids.", "According to many historians, the well-known twelve days of Christmas actually represent the twelve days between December 25th and January 6th, not the twelve days before Christmas. In the past, these days were celebrated with gift giving feasts with January 6th serving as the Twelfth Night, made popular by William Shakespeare’s play.", "You're all familiar with the Christmas song, \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" I think. To most it's a delightful nonsense rhyme set to music. But it had a quite serious purpose when it was written.", "It has been nearly two decades since I first started investigating the avian secrets behind the 12 Days of Christmas. The lyrics sound merry and jolly, but may I suggest for your thinking that they just might obscure a mixture of numerology and astronomical mnemonics and pagan cosmology. Could it be that hidden in one of the most popular Christmas carols are pre-Christian pagan symbols linked to both numbers and birds? If true, then yes, birds are in all the verses.", "16. How many gifts are given in total in the song The Twelve Days of Christmas? 364", "There you have it -- the HIDDEN meaning of \"The Twelve Days of Christmas.\" Either that or this explanation is for the birds .", "The Twelve Days of Christmas-G.L. Kittredge (1917); an interesting article in The Journal of American Folk-Lore concerning The Twelve Days of Christmas, an excerpt from G. L. Kittredge, \" Ballads and Songs ,\" in The Journal of American Folk-Lore, Vol. XXX (Lancaster, PA: American Folk-Lore Society, 1917), pp. 365-367.", "The 1823 poem \"The Night Before Christmas\" (\"A Visit from Saint Nicholas\", reputedly by Clement Moore) replaced the horse with a sleigh drawn by eight flying reindeer . (Moore may have been inspired by the Finnish legend of Old Man Winter, who drove reindeer down from the mountain, bringing the snow.) Following Irving's example, Moore's St. Nick was more an elf than a bishop. Unlike the earlier St. Nicks, this one brought no birch switches, only presents. And it was Moore who established that St. Nick brings presents on the night before Christmas rather than on Saint Nicholas Day or any other time.", "Until the death of Princess Diana in August 1997, this colossus of a single was the United Kingdom's biggest-ever selling 45. I have to raise my hat to the celtic composers, Bob Geldof and Midge Ure. The song actually sounds quite festive, yet the lyrics are arguably the most thought-provoking words to be translated into music. Assembling a cast of current pop favourites, including Bono, Boy George, Duran Duran, Sting, Wham, and Paul Young was also a masterstroke. Forget all the forgettable stuff about Santa Claus is coming to town. Here is the ultimate Christmas track in which the world of pop reminds the listener of a less fortunate world where Santa Claus was most certainly not coming. There is a legion of legends, myths, and true stories about the excesses and downright shameful behaviour of the agents of rock and pop, but 'Do They Know It's Christmas?' was one glorious occasion when the artists of pop world did themselves proud. For Christians, today is the Saviour's Day. Not even the Messiah, Jesus Christ, could fail to be impressed by Band Aid's well-intentioned response to the famine catastrophe in east Africa.", "Christmas Eve was a night of song that wrapped itself about you like a shawl. But it warmed more than your body. It warmed your heart...filled it, too, with melody that would last forever.", "How many total gifts in the twelve days of christmas if we extend 12 to any number?", "Heel�Face Turn : Charles Manson in \"Merry Christmas Charlie Manson!\" has one of these while learning the True Meaning of Christmas .", "The original Russian gift-giver was Saint Nicholas, the country's Patron Saint, whose Feast Day is celebrated on December 6th. In the late 1900s, Ded Moroz (pronounced as \"Dead Morose\"), meaning Father or Grandfather Frost, surfaced in Russia as one of the most modern gift-givers of Europe." ]

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[ "Raymond Redvers Briggs (born 18 January 1934) is an English illustrator, cartoonist, graphic novelist and author who has achieved critical and popular success among adults and children. He is best known in Britain for his story The Snowman, a book without words whose cartoon adaptation is televised and whose musical adaptation is staged every Christmas. ", "5.25pm The Snowman An animated version, produced to appeal to audiences of all ages, of Raymond Briggs' well-known children's story. It is Christmas Eve and the snow is falling. A time for magic. A little boy races outside to build a snowman. Later, when everyone is asleep, the snowman comes alive and after a spin on a motorbike, he and the boy fly off to the North Pole to meet a Very Important Person. The special flying sequence is animated by Stephen Weston and Robin White. Music, including the song W alking Through the A ir is by Howard Blake. See film guide, beginning page 10 ANIMATION HILARY AUDUS, JOANNE FRYER DIRECTOR DIANE JACKSON PRODUCER JOHN COATES", "The Snowman is a children's book without words by English author Raymond Briggs , first published in 1978 by Hamish Hamilton in the U.K., and by Random House in the U.S. that November. In the U.S. it received a Lewis Carroll Shelf Award in 1979.", "The movie is based off the English author/illustrator Raymond Briggs' children's book, The Snowman, published in 1978.", "\"Walking in the Air\" is a song written by Howard Blake for the 1982 animated film of Raymond Briggs' 1978 children's book The Snowman. The song forms the centrepiece of The Snowman, which has become a seasonal perennial on British and Finnish television. The story relates the fleeting adventures of a young boy and a snowman who has come to life. In the second part of the story, the boy and the snowman fly to the North Pole. \"Walking in the Air\" is the theme for the journey. They attend a party of snowmen, at which the boy is the only human. They meet Father Christmas and his reindeer, and the boy is given a scarf with a snowman pattern. In the film, the song was performed by St Paul's Cathedral choirboy Peter Auty and this version was released as a single on CBS in 1982, and reissued in 1985 (on Stiff Records) and 1987. ", "Raymond Briggs has created some of the most enduring stories in modern pictorial literature. His book The Snowman is a marvelous, touching fable about the wonders of Christmas. But he also drew a harrowing view of the life of ordinary people following an atomic bomb blast in When The Wind Blows. Ethel & Ernest is a wonderful piece of work that falls somewhere in between.", "Channel Four offers a haven for The Snowman and his young friend, below, in the award-winning animated version of Raymond Briggs best-seller. See page 10 and films, starting on page 38.", "Here are two different versions of the beautifully haunting song from the animated movie, The Snowman .  English author, Raymond Briggs did the illustrations for the wordless children’s picture book, The Snowman (published 1978). The tale is told in the book through the lovely pictures of a little boy making friends with a snowman, and the wintry adventures that follow and the ultimate melting of the boy’s new friend. The Snowman was the recipient of the Boston Globe-Horn Book Award.", "The Snowman is an enchanting tale about a boy named James, who one snowy day builds a snowman, and at twelve o'clock that night the Snowman comes to life! James shows him all over the house, and in return the Snowman takes him on a magical flight to the North Pole to visit Santa. The flight sequence has the most hauntingly beautiful melody, written especially for the film called, \"Walking in the Air\", by Howard Blake, and sung by a young choirboy named, Peter Auty. Please enjoy it below:", "The Snowman has also been made into a stage show. It was first produced by Contact Theatre , Manchester in 1986. [5] The Contact Theatre production was adapted and produced by Anthony Clark. It had a full script and used Howard Blake's music and lyrics. In 1993, Birmingham Repertory Company produced a version, with music and lyrics by Howard Blake, scenario by Blake, with Bill Alexander and choreography by Robert North. Since 1997 Sadler's Wells has presented it every year as the Christmas Show at the Peacock Theatre . As in the book and the film, there are no words, apart from the lyrics of the song \"Walking in the Air\". The story is told through images and movement. Special effects include the Snowman and boy flying high over the stage (with assistance of wires and harnesses) and ‘snow’ falling in part of the auditorium. The production has had several revisions – the most extensive happening in 2000, when major changes were made to the second act, introducing new characters: The Ice Princess and Jack Frost.", "Raymond was awarded the Kate Greenaway Medal in 1966 for his fourth picture book, The Mother Goose Treasury, and again in 1973 for Father Christmas. Published in 1978, The Snowman is perhaps Raymond's best-loved creation. He says that the book was partly inspired by its predecessor, Fungus The Bogeyman - \"For two years I worked on Fungus, buried amongst muck, slime and words, so... I wanted to do something which was clean, pleasant, fresh and wordless and quick.\"Born: Wimbledon Park, January 18th 1934*Jobs: Artist, WriterLives: SussexFirst Book for Children: The Strange House, 1961*Raymond shares his birthday with A A Milne and Arthur Ransome", "The Snowman (Hamilton, 1978) was entirely wordless, and illustrated with only pencil crayons. Briggs said that it was partly inspired by his previous book, \"For two years I worked on Fungus, buried amongst muck, slime and words, so... I wanted to do something which was clean, pleasant, fresh and wordless and quick.\" For that work Briggs was a Highly Commended runner-up for his third Greenaway Medal; no one has won three.", "4. 'Olive the Other... (what?)', is a Christmas book by Vivian Walsh and J Otto Seibold: Reindeer; Snowman; Otter; or Orangutan? Reindeer", "How the Grinch Stole Christmas! is a 1957 children's fiction book in verse , written and illustrated by Theodore Seuss Geisel, better known as Dr. Seuss . The main character in the story, the Grinch, is a monster who hates Christmas and tries, without success, to put a stop to it coming. At the end of the story, the Grinch, like Ebenezer Scrooge in Charles Dickens ' A Christmas Carol , has a change of heart and enthusiastically embraces the holiday.", "This endearing performance is pure commercialized Christmas! There’s Santa, Rudolph, elves square dancing, presents, a giant tree, mistletoe, tinsel, and the most classic Christmas icon – the abominable snowman. This holly jolly song is performed by the film’s narrator, Sam the Snowman, who is actually folk singer Burl Ives in real life! This adorable performance reaffirms that Christmas really is the best time of the year.", "In 1939, May wrote a Christmas-themed story-poem to help bring holiday traffic into his store. Using a similar rhyme pattern to Moore’s “‘Twas the Night Before Christmas,” May told the story of Rudolph, a young reindeer who was teased by the other deer because of his large, glowing, red nose. But, When Christmas Eve turned foggy and Santa worried that he wouldn’t be able to deliver gifts that night, the former outcast saved Christmas by leading the sleigh by the light of his red nose. Rudolph’s message—that given the opportunity, a liability can be turned into an asset—proved popular. Montgomery Ward sold almost two and a half million copies of the story in 1939. When it was reissued in 1946, the book sold over three and half million copies. Several years later, one of May’s friends, Johnny Marks, wrote a short song based on Rudolph’s story (1949). It was recorded by Gene Autry and sold over two million copies. Since then, the story has been translated into 25 languages and been made into a television movie, narrated by Burl Ives, which has charmed audiences every year since 1964.", "The Snowman, on the other hand, is a wonderful fantasy whose hero, the snowman, is naï·¥ and vulnerable and, when he enters the world of human beings, needs to be looked after by a little boy. This picture story has no writing and so no written words distract the young \"readers\" imagination or limit it to one form or idea. This is interesting because the same is usually said about books; that the written word gives the imagination freedom to conjure up images of the places and characters in the story. It will be found that, whilst appearing to give a certain freedom to the imagination of the reader, the words and language used actually control it to a very great degree. Social forces play a further part in limiting the extent and possibilities of the readers imagination. As an adult looking at this story a certain bittersweet feeling enters with the knowledge that the snowman must finally melt; do children consider this fact?", "With just hours to go until Christmas 2014, now is the perfect time to catch up on an old holiday classic, “'Twas The Night Before Christmas.” The famous holiday story was originally written as a poem by Clement Clarke Moore and titled, “A Visit from St. Nicholas.” Moore wrote the poem just for his own children in the 1820s, but it has become universal.", "37.   'Olive the Other... (what?)', is a Christmas book by Vivian Walsh and J Otto Seibold: Reindeer; Snowman; Otter; or Orangutan?", "The poem seems straight forward enough: in 28 rhyming couplets of anapestic tetrameter, it tells the story of Santa Claus’s Christmas Eve visit to one particular family’s home. Because the man of the house hears Santa’s approach, he gets to observe his arrival, reindeer, attire, manner, actions, and departure. Each of these elements of the narrative is given significant attention and the poem nicely renders the whole incident as both real and magical. It is just detailed enough to be easy to render visually (the first illustrated edition was published in 1848 and since then there have been hundreds, if not thousands; the first film version appeared as early as 1905) and just suggestive enough of other worlds to have made its way into generations of children’s imaginations. In short, it was, and continues to be, the perfect Christmas poem for a nation that values quasi-historical myths, the home as a place of warmth and safety, and unanticipated acts of benevolence.", "\"The Snow Queen\" () is an original fairy tale written by Hans Christian Andersen (1805–1875). The tale was first published 21 December 1844 in New Fairy Tales. First Volume. Second Collection. 1845. () The story centres on the struggle between good and evil as experienced by Gerda and her friend, Kay.", "Despite his accomplishments, Clement Clarke Moore is remembered only for \"'Twas the Night Before Christmas,\" which legend says he wrote on Christmas Eve in 1822 during a sleigh ride home from Greenwich Village after buying a turkey for his family. Some say the inspiration for Moore's pot-bellied St. Nicholas was the chubby, bewhiskered Dutchman who drove Moore to Greenwich Village to buy his holiday turkey.  Moore never copyrighted his poem, and only claimed as his own over a decade after it was first made public.", " by Steven Kroll is a cute winter book that holds a fantastic message inside. The book tells the story of a snowman making contest in Mouseville, two little mice work so hard by themselves but it’s just not enough until they join forces. Competition is not a bad thing but sometimes cooperation is even better, I really like this book.", "Corduroy is a classic heart-warming tale of a teddy bear named Corduroy written by Don Freeman in 1968. It tells the story of a bear that is bought in a department store by a girl named Lisa. Corduroy is considered to be one of the best-loved children’s stories of all times.", "Narrator: Sam the Snowman : If I live to be 100, I'll never forget that big snow storm a couple of years ago. The weather closed in and, well you might not believe it, but the world almost missed Christmas. Oh, excuse me, call me Sam. What's the matter? Haven't you ever seen a talking snowman before?", "Anderson began writing The Snow Queen on December 5, 1844 and it was published sixteen days later in book form! His fairy tales made him famous and the stories have been translated into more than 100 languages and some have been made into films, like the Little Mermaid.", "A dozen short stories that embody the traditional warmth and sentimentality of the Christmas season. In addition to the title story, includes \"The Drum Goes Dead,\" \"The Man Who Caught the Weather,\" and recollections of an Iowa childhood in \"I Remember.\" 1949.", "Which author best known for creating the Headless Horseman also created the iconic image of Santa flying in a sleigh?", "10.40 A Family Circus Christmas An animated story for children about a boy who dreams of riding with Santa on his sleigh and seeing how snow is made. The theme song, The Dreamer, sung by Sarah Vaughan.", "Kennedy, X.J. \"The Man Who Hitched the Reindeer to Santa Claus's Sleigh.\" The New York Times Book Review 5 Dec. 1993.", "A new book, White Christmas: The Story Of An American Song, has been published by Jody Rosen (New York: Scribner, November 19, 2002). It's fascinating reading, both about the song and the man. Here a few reviews.", "A song like “Misty,” about the romance between a snowman and a flesh-and-blood person, where does that come from?" ]

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[ "Santa Claus is generally depicted as a portly, joyous, white-bearded man - sometimes with spectacles - wearing a red coat with white collar and cuffs, white-cuffed red trousers, and black leather belt and boots (images of him rarely have a beard with no moustache). This image became popular in the United States and Canada in the 19th century due to the significant influence of Clement Clarke Moore 's 1823 poem \"A Visit From St. Nicholas\" and of caricaturist and political cartoonist Thomas Nast.[3][4][5] This image has been maintained and reinforced through song, radio, television, children's books and films.", "As “Sinterklaas” Saint Nicholas was originally portrayed wearing bishop’s robes, (a “ Tabard ” or “tabberd” in Dutch ) [3] today Santa Claus is generally depicted as a plump, jolly, white-bearded man wearing a red coat with white collar and cuffs, white-cuffed red trousers, and black leather belt and boots (images of him rarely have a beard with no moustache). This image became popular in the United States and Canada in the 19th century due to the significant influence of caricaturist and political cartoonist Thomas Nast . [4] [5] [6] This image has been maintained and reinforced through song, radio, television, and films . In the United Kingdom and Europe, he is often depicted in a manner identical to the American Santa Claus, but he is commonly called Father Christmas .", "Santa has a white beard, a red suit with white cuffs, a white collar and a black belt.  He also wears a red hat with white trim and wears black boots.", "Santa Littlefield wanted a bit more red and green in his belt, so I colored the arch border red and the inner stitch border green with the outer border black.", "I have to chuckle at the big debate over the color of Santa Claus . In truth he was was brown since he hailed from Turkey and was known as St Nickolas. The Dutch converted him to white in the late middle ages. Then Thomas Nast a cartoonist created our current American image of a fat droll white man with a beard. However the color is irrelevant. His spirit extends the thought of gift giving embodied in the 3 Wise Men. They also were likely brown.", "EXTREMELY RARE AND UNIQUE SAM/SANTA CLAUS AUTOMATON. Window display piece for Macys Department Store, New York. Uncle Sam figure is full wood carved, dressed in the original suit consisting of red and white pants, shirt, dark blue button vest and coat with tails. Included with this is a fully wood carved and hand painted Santa Claus head with complete red and white Santa Claus suit with black leatherette, wrap around snap boots. The Santa Claus head and suit completely interchanged with the Uncle Sam head and suit. Robbin and Meyers Company, Springfield, Ohio, USA manufactured the electric mechanism for this automaton. Both wood carved heads are signed “Robert Williams” 1917 Macys New York. The motion or action of the electronic device causes the figure to tap his cane with the right hand while his head turns to the right and his left arm lifts up and points to the right. This mechanism is in perfect running order. C 1917. SIZE: Box is 13 1/2″ x 13 1/2″ x 6″. Figure is 26 1/2″ h. Overall 32 1/2″ t. CONDITION: Minor nicks and scratched, general wear to wood case. Minor wear and fade to both suits. Indications of mechanism having been converted from mechanical crank to electric in approximately 1917. 1-27299 (6,000-9,000)", "In the United Kingdom, Santa, or Father Christmas; was historically depicted wearing a green cloak. More recently, that has been changed to the more commonly known red suit. One school in the seaside town of Brighton banned the use of a red suit erroneously believing it was only indicative of the Coca-Cola advertising campaign. School spokesman Sarah James said: \"The red-suited Santa was created as a marketing tool by Coca-Cola, it is a symbol of commercialism.\" In reality, the red-suited Santa was created by Thomas Nast.", "The traditional three colors of Christmas are green, red, and gold. Green has long been a symbol of life and rebirth; red symbolizes the blood of Christ, and gold represents light as well as wealth and royalty.[3]", "This belt comes in 5 different styles (4 are pictured left). Dark Brown, London Tan, Black, Carpincho, and Cuero Crudo (not pictured on left). view cuero crudo . These belts have no buckle and are used with Silver belt buckles pictured above. (shipping weight 1kg.). Shipping by Airmail. US$ 40", "Santa Caliguri's new belt.  Reindeer with their names separated by holly leaves and double stitch look with arches/grass border.  Also to have a little more black to better match his boots, both the double stitch border was done all black.  Snowflakes around the holes....nice!", "Physical Appearance: In Catholic iconography [pictured above], Saint Nicholas is depicted as a bishop, wearing the insignia of this profession: a red bishop's cloak, red miter and a bishop's staff. Popularly depicted as a slim ascetic looking man dressed in religious apparel, the Bishop of Myra bears very little physical resemblance to the modern day Santa Claus, who has a long white beard, and is usually short and fat.", "As the US-inspired customs became popular in England, Father Christmas started to take on Santa's attributes. His costume became more standardised, and although depictions often still showed him carrying holly, the holly crown became rarer and was often replaced with a hood. It still remained common, though, for Father Christmas and Santa Claus to be distinguished, and as late as the 1890s there were still examples of the old-style Father Christmas appearing without any of the new American features. ", "The character of Santa Claus is largely based on St. Nicholas of Myra and Sinterklaas of Dutch lore. Both of those figures traveled via a noble, white steed. Yet in some Western cultures, particularly America, Santa Claus travels the world on Christmas Eve delivering gifts in a sleigh pulled by flying reindeer.", "Costume of red and yellow satin or sateen, half of each color and alternated as depicted in the illustration; each point tipped with a tiny bell.", "VINTAGE 1940-50's ST.JOHN AMBULANCE BRIGADE BUCKLE& BROWN LEATHER BELT& POUCH. EXCELLENT VINTAGE ST.JOHN AMBULANCE BRIGADE BROWN LEATHER BELT WITH ATTACHED 2 PIECE BUCKLE AND BROWN ... more LEATHER POUCH CONTAINING BANDAGES AND AN IODINE BOTTLE. CIRCA 1940-50. THE BADGE IS HELD ONTO THE BACKPLATE WITH 2 LUGS AND A PIN. IT HAS\"REGISTERED IN BISHOPSGATE. LONDON\" ON THE BACK OF THE BUCKLE. THE BELT IS APPROX. 94cm LONG. WEIGHS 688g. IN EXCELLENT USED CONDITION WITH JUST LIGHT USAGE WEAR. SOME OF THE POUCH CONTENTS ARE A BIT GRUBBY. PLEASE NOTE; ALL ITEMS WILL BE SENT BY A RECORDED. SIGNED FOR OR OTHERWISE TRACKABLE METHOD TO COMPLY WITH EBAY AND PAYPAL POLICY. PLEASE MAKE SURE THAT YOU ARE HAPPY WITH MY QUOTED POSTAGE COSTS BEFORE YOU BID. IF YOUR COUNTRY ISN'T LISTED IN THE POSTAGE DETAILS THEN PLEASE EMAIL ME FOR A QUOTE BEFORE THE AUCTION ENDS AND BEFORE YOU BID. ALL ITEMS WILL BE PACKAGED TO A HIGH STANDARD USING GOOD QUALITY MATERIALS.", "There's a Christmas Urban Legend that says that Santa's red suit was designed by Coca-Cola and that they might even 'own' Santa!", "Ded Moroz carries a staff and wears a long white beard. He protects his feet from the cold by tall valenki , felted boots popular in Russia, or leather boots. The three horses of the Russian troika offer enough power and speed to get Ded Moroz to where he needs to go – the Russian Santa has no need for eight reindeer!", "I found this on ebay for the reasonable price of $3.00. This belt and leather holster originally came with a pistol and a knife and scabbard. The knife blade was silver in color with a brown handle. Both the holster and knife scabbard had the GI Joe log on them. The leather is an olive drab color and the belt contains a metal buckle with an embossed eagle.", "I have not yet acquire this knife scabbard that goes with the belt above. The knife that goes with this scabbard is silver in color with a brown handle. The leather scabbard has the GI Joe log and is an olive drab color.", "In the northern, more Germanic parts of Europe, Santa Claus is not the only Yule visitor to make house calls. In most of Europe, presents are delivered by Saint Nicholas, usually around the start of December on his Saint’s Day (December 6). In a lot of places, he is accompanied by a “dark” character who does the the enforcement of the nice/naughty list. When I say, “dark” this can range from someone dressed in black to guys in (now rather tasteless) black-face make-up to “dark” in the sense of “utterly terrifying”. ", "A Christmas cartoon in which a young boy called Sam creeps into Santa Claus' sack. When Santa finds Sam, he decides to take him back to his own home for a Christmas party. When it is finally time for Sam to leave, Santa gives him a special present — a pocket watch. Narrated by Willie Rushton,", "Baldrick, an ornamental belt worn hanging over the shoulder, across the body diagonally, with a sword, dagger, or horn suspended from it.", "Santa Claus appears in multiple Christmas pictures and is a mix of the Billy & Mandy Santa Claus as well as the one from Dexter's Laboratory.", "Greg,  I received the order the same day I received your e-mail. Oh my, what a wonderful surprise! The belt is so beautiful I wanted to sleep with it � but alas, Mrs. Claus said NO- ho, ho, ho!  I now know what a Master Craftsman can do!", "Before tracing the history, it is worthy to point out that there are obvious differences between Santa Claus and Ded Moroz. First, ours never enters the house through the chimney. Second, he always puts presents directly under the New Year tree and never into socks. Third, he does not ride deer. As one of the contemporary kids thoughtfully said: пїЅHe must be hitchhiking when getting to big cities.пїЅ The official story claims that he walks through the forests and carries his huge sack of presents on his back!", "Santa Claus appears in the weeks before Christmas in department stores or shopping malls , or at parties. The practice of this has been credited to James Edgar , as he started doing this in 1890 in his Brockton, Massachusetts department store. [46] He is played by an actor, usually helped by other actors (often mall employees) dressed as elves or other creatures of folklore associated with Santa. Santa’s function is either to promote the store’s image by distributing small gifts to children, or to provide a seasonal experience to children by listening to their wishlist while having them sit on his knee (a practice now under review by some organisations in Britain, [47] and Switzerland [48] ). Sometimes a photograph of the child and Santa are taken. Having a Santa set up to take pictures with children is a ritual that dates back at least to 1918. [49]", "This GI Joe web belt was made by Hasbro and was sold as part of the GI Joe Backyard Patrol .45 Pistol & Holster set (see above). It includes a storage pouch.", "He created it by stuffing a Santa suit and borrowing the head off a motion-activated Santa that dances and sings Christmas carols.", "You can order Stan and Ollie in Santa outfits NOW, as Neil will be producing them alongside his other busts in the range. They will make a nice decoration for Christmas and certainly will be nice for your collection. BUT ORDER EARLY for pre-Christmas delivery.", "Among other things Waller calculated that Santa, moving from east to west around the globe, could use the different time zones and the rotation of the Earth to extend his night for as long as 31 hours. Since he needs to visit approximately 92 million households (the number of Christian children divided by the average number of children per household) according to Waller this means he needs to travel approximately 75.5 million miles. The article states that the distance divided by the time means Santa's sleigh must move at a speed of 650 miles per second, 3000 times faster than the speed of sound, to complete its route.", ", from following the ribbons to each little activity along the way before being greeted by Twinkle the elf who told stories of hide & seek in Santas workshop before finally meeting the big man himself, with an open fire & a lovely traditiona", "\"There Once was a Man\" from THE PAJAMA GAME. Would that not be considered belt? Serious question, as I don't know." ]

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[ "Santa's Little Helper, voiced by Frank Welker and Dan Castellaneta, is the Simpsons' pet greyhound. He first appeared in the series premiere as a race dog adopted by Homer and Bart and has been in the series ever since.", "Santa's Little Helper is a recurring character in the American animated television series The Simpsons. He is the pet greyhound of the Simpson family. The dog was introduced in the first episode of the show, the 1989 Christmas special \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\", in which his owner abandons him for finishing last in a greyhound race. Homer Simpson and his son Bart, who are at the race track in hope of winning some money for Christmas presents, see this and decide to adopt the dog.", "Santa's Little Helper, also known as No. 8 or His Majesty, King Suds McDuff of Sixpakistan, is the Simpson 's family dog. He is a greyhound.", "With that out of the way, we can focus on Santa’s Little Helper, the trusty but slightly silly dog of the Simpsons clan! Like Lisa , Santa’s Little Helper is the main draw and the little mutt is accurately designed. The designers have faithfully captured the dog’s innocent and slightly clueless expression and little nuances like his curved snout and his lanky legs.", "Santa’s Little Helper is the Simpsons pet dog. Homer discovers that he has no money to buy Christmas presents for the family. Desperate for a miracle, he and bart go to the greyhound racing track on Christmas Eve in hopes of earning some money. Although Homer has inside information on which dog is the most likely to win, he instead bets on a last-minute entry, Santa’s Little Helper, believing the dog’s Christmas-inspired name to be a sign.", "The Simpsons are a family who live in a fictional \"Middle American\" town of Springfield. Homer, the father, works as a safety inspector at the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant, a position at odds with his careless, buffoonish personality. He is married to Marge Simpson, a stereotypical American housewife and mother. They have three children: Bart, a ten-year-old troublemaker; Lisa, a precocious eight-year-old activist; and Maggie, the baby of the family who rarely speaks, but communicates by sucking on a pacifier. Although the family is dysfunctional, many episodes examine their relationships and bonds with each other and they are often shown to care about one another. The family owns a dog, Santa's Little Helper, and a cat, Snowball V, renamed Snowball II in \"I, (Annoyed Grunt)-Bot\". Both pets have had starring roles in several episodes.", "Lottery fever hits Springfield, but the Simpsons are forced to forgo a lottery ticket, and many other luxuries, to pay for a life-saving operation for their dog, Santa's Little Helper. All their personal lives are affected negatively by the sacrifice, and they come to resent Santa's Little Helper. He runs away and is captured by Mr. Burns, who trains him to be a guard dog. Written by Anonymous", "He also becomes a great hero after he saves Homer in a cornfield maze, and then becomes enrolled as a police dog, teamed up with Officer Lou. Both Lou and Santa's Little Helper make a good team, foiling crimes together. After biting Bart's left leg (due to the fact he got furious when the court stated that he violated one of the police codes while catching Snake Jailbird ), Santa's Little Helper is sent off by the Simpson family to live with Lou . Later on, once Springfield Elementary is in danger and Bart isn't able to escape, Santa's Little Helper comes in to save him, and goes back to living with the Simpsons. [13] Unlike when he was the Duff mascot (which depicts the dog as a coward), Santa's Little Helper is depicted as a very brave and smart dog.", "With a few exceptions, Santa's Little Helper doesn't make any sound that resembles a bark. However, he does have an ability to think just like a person. Once, he made a sound similar to \"chewy\", and Homer writes it down in his review, amazed that the dog spoke English. [3] He is also shown to have ridden a circus ball on his hind legs and speak the phrase 'We love... you!' in an attempt to be given some attention from the Simpson family. [4] In addition, he was mascot of Duff Beer , and was known as Suds McDuff (a reference to a similar, real life mascot Spuds MacKenzie). [5]", "Santa's Little Helper's life with the Simpsons is not always easy. Due to his disobedience and destructive behavior nearly caused the Simpson family to give him away, but he passed an obedience class, thus he could stay. [6] Santa's Little Helper almost passed away from gastric torsion (referred to in the show as a \"twisting of the stomach\") because Homer initially couldn't afford $750 for the required operation. [7] He also broke two legs when Bart's treehouse was demolished by Mr. Burns ' slanted oil well drill (The latter of which caused Bart Simpson to hate Burns immensely). [8] Santa's Little Helper is sometimes a bad dog.", "Santa's Little Helper also had once more eight greyhound-poodle hybrid puppies, with Dr. Hibbert's dog, Rosa Barks . Dr. Hibbert left the puppies with the Simpsons, and they were their problem. Homer , took Santa's Little Helper to be neutered, but couldn't carry out the deed. They give the puppies away to townspeople, including Krusty , Willie , and Snake . [2]", "In this episode, \"Dog of Death,\" the Simpsons were unable to win the lottery despite being lottery season. That comes to hurt when they found out that their dog must need surgery to save it's life. Because of the surgery, the Simpsons are forced to forgo luxuries and that makes them bitter. Feeling hurt, Santa's Little Helper runs away and he is found by Mr. Burns where he's forced to become a guard dog.", "Santa's Little Helper has since appeared frequently on The Simpsons and the plots of many episodes center on him. During the course of the show, he has, for example, fathered litters of puppies, passed obedience school, had surgery for bloat, replaced Duffman as the mascot for Duff Beer, and been trained as a police dog at Springfield's Animal Police Academy. Some of the episodes that focus on Santa's Little Helper have been inspired by popular culture or real experiences that staff members of the show have gone through.", "Marge spends the family Christmas fund to have Bart's tattoo removed and Santa's Little Helper joins the family. Voice of Mr. Burns done by Christopher Collins.", "At a time when rescue charities are bursting at the seams with unwanted dogs and the media often promotes irresponsible attitudes to pets, Santa's Little Helper often provides a refreshingly common-sense portrayal of a dog's life. And whatever happens to him (including one occasion when Bart temporarily discards him for a better trained dog), the mutual devotion between him and his family emphasises that a dog is for life, not just for Christmas.", "In various episodes, Santa's Little Helper can be seen chewing on newspapers and other objects in the Simpsons' household, destroying furniture, and digging holes in the backyard. In \"Bart's Dog Gets an F\" (season two, 1991), he manages to infuriate the entire family by destroying valued items in the home. As a result, Homer and Marge want to get rid of the dog, but Bart and Lisa convince them that he can be trained at an obedience school. Santa's Little Helper does not do well there as Bart is unwilling to use a choke chain suggested by the instructor. The night before the final exam, Bart and Santa's Little Helper play, thinking it will be their last few hours together. This bonding breaks down the communication barrier, allowing the dog to understand Bart's commands, and consequently pass the obedience school. ", "Like many dogs in the real world, Santa's Little Helper is generally treated well by his family, but there are times when the Simpsons neglect his needs or misunderstand his behaviour. He plays a minor role in most episodes that reflects how easy it is to take our own dogs for granted - a fact which is thrown into stark relief in the episode where Santa's Little Helper needs life-saving surgery and his attempts to alert the family to his illness are ignored until he collapses in front of them.", "Santa's Little Helper has been implied to be bisexual. At the time, the Simpson family is watching a gay pride parade marching down Evergreen Terrace, and one of the groups marching is the Gay Dog Alliance. The marching dogs are clothed in a series of typically camp gay costumes, and Santa's Little Helper, showing excitement by panting, shows an interest in several of the dogs, one of whom winks at him. Santa's Little Helper's attempt to join the dogs is thwarted by the fact that he is currently on a leash, noticing his interest, Homer chooses to take the family away from the pride parade. [14]", "However, the greyhound finishes last. As Homer and Bart leave the track, they watch the dog’s owner abandon him for losing the race. Bart pleads with Homer to keep the dog as a pet and he agrees after it affectionately licks him on the cheek. When Bart and Homer return home, Santa’s Little Helper is assumed by the rest of the family to be a Christmas present", "In the couch gag the Simpsons sit, then Homer pulls Santa's Little Helper from under him.", "Santa's Little Helper has been implied to be bisexual. At the time, the Simpson family is watching a gay pride parade marching down Evergreen Terrace, and one of the groups marching is the Gay Dog Alliance. The marching dogs are clothed in a series of typically camp gay costumes, and Santa's Little Helper, showing excitement by panting, shows an interest in several of the dogs, one of whom winks at him. Santa's Little Helper's attempt to join the dogs is thwarted by the fact that he is currently on a leash, noticing his interest, Homer decides to take the family away from the pride parade.", "Best Visual Gag: Santa's Little Helper substituting \"Ruff\" for \"Chewy\" to help Homer write his review.", "Despite its family sitcom format, The Simpsons draws its animated inspiration more from Bullwinkle J. Moose than Fred Flintstone. Like The Bullwinkle Show, two of the most striking characteristics of The Simpsons are its social criticism and its references to other cultural forms. John O'Connor, television critic for The New York Times, has labeled the program \"the most radical show on prime time\" and indeed, The Simpsons often parodies the hypocrisy and contradictions found in social institutions such as the nuclear family (and nuclear power), the mass media, religion and medicine. Homer tells his daughter Lisa that it is acceptable to steal things \"from people you don't like.\" Reverend Lovejoy lies to Lisa about the contents of the Bible to win an argument. Krusty the Clown, the kidvid program host, endorses dangerous products to make a quick buck. Homer comforts Marge about upcoming surgery with the observation that \"America's health care system is second only to Japan's ... Canada's ... Sweden's ... Great Britain's...well, all of Europe.\"", "Despite its family sitcom format, The Simpsons draws its animated inspiration more from Bullwinkle J. Moose than Fred Flintstone. Like The Bullwinkle Show, two of the most striking characteristics of The Simpsons are its social criticism and its references to other cultural forms. John O'Connor, television critic for The New York Times, has labeled the program \"the most radical show on prime time\" and indeed, The Simpsons often parodies the hypocrisy and contradictions found in social institutions such as the nuclear family (and nuclear power), the mass media, religion and medicine. Homer tells his daughter Lisa that it is acceptable to steal things \"from people you don't like.\" Reverend Lovejoy lies to Lisa about the contents of the Bible to win an argument. Krusty the Clown, the kidvid program host, endorses dangerous products to make a quick buck. Homer comforts Marge about upcoming surgery with the observation that \"America's health care system is second only to Japan's ... Canada's ... Sweden's ... Great Britain's...well, all of Europe.\"", "Nedward \"Ned\" Flanders, Jr. is a recurring fictional character in the animated television series The Simpsons. He is voiced by Harry Shearer, and first appeared in the series premiere episode \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\". He is the good-natured, cheery next-door neighbor to the Simpson family and is generally loathed by Homer Simpson. A devout Evangelical Christian with an annoyingly perfect family, he is among the friendliest and most compassionate of Springfield's citizens and is generally considered a pillar of the Springfield community.", "Margaret \"Maggie\" Simpson is a fictional character in the animated television series The Simpsons. She first appeared on television in the Tracey Ullman Show short \"Good Night\" on April 19, 1987. Maggie was created and designed by cartoonist Matt Groening while he was waiting in the lobby of James L. Brooks' office. She received her first name from Groening's youngest sister. After appearing on The Tracey Ullman Show for three years, the Simpson family was given their own series on the Fox Broadcasting Company which debuted December 17, 1989.", "To impress his daughter, Krusty brings her to spend Christmas with the Simpsons. Meanwhile, with church attendance plummeting, Rev. Lovejoy seeks converts, and a frightening Christmas toy spooks Maggie.", "* In an episode of The Simpsons titled \"Hello Gutter, Hello Fadder\", Homer dresses up like a Teletubby to entertain Maggie.", "Homer became a superhero named Pieman when The Rich Texan makes Lisa cry. He chucks pies in the faces of evildoers or people who deserve to be pied, uses the basement as a Pie Cave and his car as the Piemobile. Bart later acted as his sidekick named Cupcake Kid . [29] He also attempted to don a graphitti alias as \"El Homo\", which was meant to be a Mexican take on his name, but erased it when he realized the alias was Spanish for homosexual. [30]", "* In The Simpsons episode \"Treehouse of Horror IV\", Homer makes a pact with the devil (who turned out to be Ned Flanders' \"true\" form) for a donut. He ends up keeping his soul as he had already given it to Marge in a love letter written at their wedding where he promised her his soul in exchange for her hand in marriage.", "\" Simple Simpson \": Homer becomes \"Pie Man\", a masked vigilante who delivers a pie in the face of justice to evildoers. However, after attacking Mr Burns, Burns hires him as a personal hitman, until Homer is ordered to attack the Dalai Lama.", "\"The Grift of the Magi\", episode of The Simpsons (\"The Gift of the Magi\", short story)" ]

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[ "The book \"A Christmas Carol\" was written by Charles Dickens. It is the tale of a miser called Ebeneezer Scrooge who is visited by four ghosts (Jacob Marley, The Ghost of Christmas Past, The Ghost of Christmas Present and the Ghost of Christmas Future). He was made to see the error of his ways and became a reformed character.", "The four ghosts who appear in \"A Christmas Carol\" by Charles Dickens are Jacob Marley, the Ghost of Christmas Past, the Ghost of Christmas Present and the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come. All four visit Ebenezer Scrooge within the span of a few hours.", "The classic story: 4 ghosts visit the miserly businessman Ebenezer Scrooge on Christmas Eve. The apparition of Scrooge's business partner Marley, the ghosts of Christmas Past, Christmas Present and Christmas As Yet To Come guide Scrooge along his loveless present and bleak future. The vision of his own headstone and the fact that no one will mourn his death force Scrooge to see the error of his \"Bah! Humbug!\" attitude towards both life and Christmas.", "Many times in life, we do not realize the importance of something until it is gone and is too late to reclaim. However, in A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens, we are told the story of a man who, although undeserving, is offered an opportunity to redeem himself, to receive a second chance. This man, Ebenezer Scrooge, is changed forever by the valuable lessons taught by four spirits: those of his deceased partner Jacob Marley, and the ghosts of Christmas Past, Christmas Present and Christmas Yet to Come.", "When we last left Ebenezer Scrooge, he had just finished being visited by the first of three Christmas Spirits, the Ghost of Christmas Past. He fell into bed, exhausted. At the beginning of Stave III, Scrooge awakes, ready for the visit of the next of the three Spirits. This visitor is the Ghost of Christmas Present, a giant being who exudes the extravagant joy of Christmas (picture Hagrid in a Santa Suit having just eaten way too many Christmas cookies). Though at first hesitant to look at this Spirit, soon Scrooge shows how his heart has begun to change: “Spirit,” said Scrooge submissively, “conduct me where you will. I went forth last night on compulsion, and I learnt a lesson which is working now. To-night, if you have aught to teach me, let me profit by it.”", "On Christmas Eve, in 19th Century London, Charles Dickens (played by Gonzo the Great) and his friend Rizzo act as narrators throughout the film. Ebenezer Scrooge, a surly money-lender, does not share the merriment of Christmas. Scrooge rejects his nephew Fred’s invitation to Christmas dinner, dismisses two gentlemen’s collecting money for charity, and tosses a wreath at a carol singing Bean Bunny. His loyal employee Bob Cratchit and the other bookkeepers request to have Christmas Day off, since there will be no business for Scrooge on the day, to which he reluctantly agrees. Scrooge leaves for home while the bookkeepers celebrate Christmas. In his house, Scrooge encounters the ghosts of his late business partners Jacob and Robert Marley, who warn him to repent his wicked ways or he will condemned in the afterlife like they were, informing him that three spirits will visit him during the night.", "In Charles Dickens’s timeless Yuletide ghost story, (Bah HUmbug! A one-man Christmas Carol)  an inveterate miser discovers there is more to the holiday season than making up words such as “humbug.” It’s Christmas Eve, and Ebenezer Scrooge thinks his sole concession to the spirit of generosity—grudgingly giving his long-suffering clerk Bob Cratchit tomorrow off with pay—will be the day’s only unpleasant event. But that’s before the shade of his deceased partner, Jacob Marley, drops by wearing a preview of the chains Scrooge himself has forged through a lifetime of greed. Three other spirits soon follow and whisk Scrooge on a journey through time, where he reflects on a love lost with the Ghost of Christmas Past, peeks in on the present-day poverty—and good cheer—of the Cratchit house with the Ghost of Christmas Present, and quakes before the horror of dying alone and unloved with the Ghost of Christmas Future. Like most high-school calculus tests, it all ends up being a dream, giving Scrooge one last chance to redeem himself and save Tiny Tim.", "The Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come takes the form of a grim spectre, robed in black, who does not speak and whose body is entirely hidden except for one pointing hand. This spirit frightens Scrooge more than the others, and harrows him with a vision of a future Christmas with the Cratchit family bereft of Tiny Tim. A rich miser, whose death saddens nobody and whose home and corpse have been robbed by ghoulish attendants, is revealed to be Scrooge himself: this is the fate that awaits him. Without its explicitly being said, Scrooge learns that he can avoid the future he has been shown and alter the fate of Tiny Tim, but only if he changes. Weeping, he swears to do so, and awakes to find that all three spirits have visited in just one night, and that it is Christmas morning.", "Dickens had encountered that narrative trope in the stories written by the Lowell mill girls, who typically published either anonymously or under pseudonyms like “Dorothea” or “M.” In one anonymous story called “A Visit from Hope,” the narrator is “seated by the expiring embers of a wood fire” at midnight, when a ghost, an old man with “thin white locks,” appears before him. The ghost takes the narrator back to scenes from his youth, and afterward the narrator promises to “endeavor to profit by the advice he gave me.” Similarly, in “A Christmas Carol,” Scrooge is sitting beside “a very low fire indeed” when Marley’s ghost appears before him. And, later, after Scrooge has been visited by the ghosts of Christmases Past, Present, and Future, he promises, “The spirits of all Three shall strive within me. I will not shut out the lessons that they teach.”", "Who are the four ghosts in Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol?Christmas Past, Christmas Present, Christmas Yet to Come, and Jacob Marley", "Who are the four ghosts in Charles Dickens’ A Christmas Carol? Christmas Past, Christmas Present, Christmas Yet to Come, and Jacob Marley (one point for each correctly named ghost, and a bonus point for all four)", "The Three Spirits in Dickens’ A Christmas Carol - The Three Spirits in Dickens’ A Christmas Carol In Dickens’ Ghost story ‘ A Christmas Carol’ we are shown a story of redemption. Dickens uses description, sarcasm and many other effects to create the sudden changes of atmosphere in the novel. I will look at how Dickens creates such a structured book and what causes it to be so effective. However before I begin to examine Dickens’ methods I will see how each of the mysterious spirits affect Scrooge and how he responds to them. Ebenezer Scrooge is a miser if ever there was one - grasping and covetous, rich and penny-pinching....   [tags: English Literature Dickens A Christmas Carol Essa]", "Ever since Charles Dickens published A Christmas Carol in 1843, ghosts have been part of the Christmas tradition -- a different kind of Christmas spirit, so to speak. Many people, besides Ebenezer Scrooge , have encountered ghosts at the Christmas season. Some of those spirits, like the eerie Ghost of Christmas Future, are dark and foreboding, while others, like angels , seem to embody the joy and hopefulness of the holiday.", "Over the next couple of years, Dickens published two Christmas stories. One was the classic A Christmas Carol, which features the timeless protagonist Ebenezer Scrooge, a curmudgeonly old miser, who, with the help of a ghost, finds the Christmas spirit.", "In a further overt bid for the popular market Dickens in 1843, inaugurated his series of annual Christmas books . The first of these five novellas was \"A Christmas Carol,\" followed by \"The Chimes\" (1844), \"The Cricket in the Hearth\" (1845), \"The Battle of Life\" (1846), and \"The Haunted Man\" (1848). As an indication of how deeply the writer could become involved even in work undertaken primarily for financial gain, there is his admission to a friend that in writing \"A Christmas Carol\" he \"wept and laughed, and wept again, and excited himself in a most extraordinary manner in the composition; and thinking whereof he walked about the black streets of London fifteen and twenty miles many a night when all sober folks had gone to bed.\"", "In 1836, seven years before he wrote A Christmas Carol, Dickens published a short story as Chapter 29 of The Pickwick Papers. “The Story of the Goblins who stole a Sexton” relates the strange experiences of Gabriel Grub, the sexton (caretaker and gravedigger) for a church in a rural village, and a literary cousin of Ebenezer Scrooge. According to Dickens, Gabriel Grub was “an ill-conditioned, cross-grained, surly fellow – a morose and lonely man, who consorted with nobody but himself.” He had “a deep scowl of malice and ill-humor.” Sounds like Scrooge, doesn’t he?", "A Christmas Carol has this with ghosts warning of the deaths of both Tiny Tim and Scrooge, which Scrooge then fixes thanks to Scare 'Em Straight .", "In iconic novels like Oliver Twist, The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby, A Christmas Carol, David Copperfield, Bleak House, and Little Dorrit, Dickens created some of English literature’s most unforgettable characters: among them, Oliver Twist, Fagin, Little Nell, Scrooge and Tiny Tim, Mr. Micawber, and Pickwick. His novels gave voice to the poor and his depiction of workhouses, orphanages, and slums led to many reforms. Since 1897, there have been more than 300 film and television adaptations of his work, including nearly 50 of A Christmas Carol alone.", "* In Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol, the Ghost of Christmas Yet To Come is described as \"a solemn Phantom, draped and hooded ... in a deep black garment\". The character is often associated with Death because it shows Scrooge the events surrounding his own demise.", "A Christmas Carol is most likely his best-known story, with frequent new adaptations. It is also the most-filmed of Dickens's stories, with many versions dating from the early years of cinema. According to the historian Ronald Hutton, the current state of the observance of Christmas is largely the result of a mid-Victorian revival of the holiday spearheaded by A Christmas Carol. Dickens catalysed the emerging Christmas as a family-centred festival of generosity, in contrast to the dwindling community-based and church-centred observations, as new middle-class expectations arose. Its archetypal figures (Scrooge, Tiny Tim, the Christmas ghosts) entered into Western cultural consciousness. A prominent phrase from the tale, \"Merry Christmas\", was popularised following the appearance of the story. The term Scrooge became a synonym for miser, and his dismissive exclamation 'Bah! Humbug!' likewise gained currency as an idiom. Novelist William Makepeace Thackeray called the book \"a national benefit, and to every man and woman who reads it a personal kindness\".", "*Ghost of Christmas Past shows Scrooge his lonely and difficult childhood and gradual decline into the miser he will become in A Christmas Carol.", "Father Christmas dates back at least as far as the 17th century in Britain, and pictures of him survive from that era, portraying him as a jolly well-nourished bearded man dressed in a long, green, fur-lined robe. He typified the spirit of good cheer at Christmas, and was reflected as the \"Ghost of Christmas Present\", in Charles Dickens's festive classic A Christmas Carol, a great genial man in a green coat lined with fur who takes Scrooge through the bustling streets of London on the current Christmas morning, sprinkling the essence of Christmas onto the happy populace.", "The ghost transports Scrooge to the countryside where he was raised. He sees his old school, his childhood mates, and familiar landmarks of his youth. Touched by these memories, Scrooge begins to sob. The ghost takes the weeping man into the school where a solitary boy--a young Ebenezer Scrooge--passes the Christmas holiday all alone. The ghost takes Scrooge on a depressing tour of more Christmases of the past--the boy in the schoolhouse grows older. At last, a little girl, Scrooge's sister Fan, runs into the room, and announces that she has come to take Ebenezer home. Their father is much kinder, she says. He has given his consent to Ebenezer's return. The young Scrooge, delighted to see his sister, embraces her joyfully. The aged Scrooge regretfully tells the ghost that Fan died many years ago and is the mother of his nephew Fred.", "It is no coincidence that Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol features more ghosts than carols, or that the 1963 Andy Williams song It's The Most Wonderful Time of the Year promises \"scary ghost stories\".", "...The main character in A Christmas Carol' is named Ebenezer Scrooge. Scrooge is a stereotype of those who had power over those who didn't. Throughout the opening stave the character of Scrooge is established and it is quite clear what he is like. For example Dickens describes the character of Scrooge: \"No wind that blew was bitterer than he\". This use of metaphors tells the reader a lot about the character...", "Unlike all Dickens’s other Christmas stories, there is no explicitly religious element, nor is there any supernatural content which so often aids the character’s change of heart. All Dickens’s Christmas books involve at least one character having a life-affirming change of heart, but this time it is without the aid of supernatural beings. There are no ghosts or spirits, although he does manage to create an ominous Gothic feel. There are many references to darkness, gloom and glimmers of light; mysterious strangers lurk in the shadows, things are not what they appear to be. Churchyards with phantoms and apparitions are in the mind of the characters, and much of the action seems to take place after dark. There is a sense of other-worldliness; a sense that one must not step over the threshold. There are unexplained noises, and disappearances, and questions which remain unresolved for many a year.", "This is the Ghost of Christmas Past - Scrooge's own past. The ghost has a strange changing form and gives out brilliant light. With it Scrooge revisits the scenes of his earlier life.", "In this following section, below, \"Charles Dickens\"  tells us that Scrooge's former assistant Bob Marley is dead -- \"no doubt\" --  and then establishes Ebenezer Scrooge's extreme parsimony and unrelenting joylessness. Dickens uses the term \"stave,\" rather than \"section\" to support the idea that the piece is actually not a written story but a an actual christmas carol divided into musical staves. ", "Dickens, Charles. A Christmas Carol. (1843). The Christmas Books. Ed. Michael Slater. Il. John Leech. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1978.", "8. At the start of “A Christmas Carol”, we are told that somebody is dead - who is it?", "Perhaps we don’t have as many holiday legends as Europe does, but we do like our Christmas ghosts. The holidays serve as a time when the sun shines less, there is more dark than light, and we often turn our thoughts to those we no longer have around, loved ones who have passed on. Perhaps this in part helps to explain our obsession with one of the most famous ghost stories ever written, Charles Dickens’ “A Christmas Carol.” If you haven’t seen any of the numerous versions on television, in the movies or in book form, well, you are living under a rock. The famous Dickens tale is a part of accepted Christmas tradition for millions, maybe because it tells a story we can all relate to.", "Dickens seems to have experienced Christmas in the way many others do, as a time for remembering loved ones who have died. Therefore, Christmas itself can lead to the remembrance of death. What appears to have altered Scrooge’s character, however, is not merely the fact of his mortality, but also the fact that his sad death accentuates the worthlessness of his life. The revelations of the Spirit make clear to Scrooge the emptiness of his life as seen from a post mortem perspective." ]

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[ "7.Which country traditionally provides Britain with a Christmas tree for Trafalgar Square in London? Saudi Arabia", "There has been a Christmas ceremony at Trafalgar Square every year since 1947. A Norway Spruce (or sometimes a fir) is given by Norway's capital Oslo and presented as London's Christmas tree, as a token of gratitude for Britain's support during World War II. (Besides the general war support, Norway's Prince Olav, as well as the country's government, lived in exile in London throughout the war.) As part of the tradition, the Lord Mayor of Westminster visits Oslo in the late autumn to take part in the felling of the tree, and the Mayor of Oslo then comes to London to light the tree at the Christmas ceremony.[25]", "Christmas decorations in general have even earlier origins. Holly, ivy and mistletoe are associated with rituals going back beyond the Dark Ages. (The custom of kissing beneath a sprig of mistletoe is derived from an ancient pagan tradition.) The Christmas tree was popularized by Prince Albert, husband of Queen Victoria, who introduced one to the Royal Household in 1840. Since 1947, the country of Norway has presented Britain annually with a large Christmas tree which stands in Trafalgar Square in commemoration of Anglo-Norwegian cooperation during the Second World War.", "On Thursday at six o clock, a Norwegian spruce about 75 feet high, donated by the people of Norway, will be illuminated in Trafalgar Square. It’s one of the classier Christmas decorations in the city: no corporate sponsorship, nothing flashy or fancy, just traditional white lights and a whacking great tree. While most Londoners know that the tree is a gift from Norway for the help Britain offered the country in WWII, it symbolises far more for the hundreds of Norwegians who fled their country and set up home here during the war.", "The Trafalgar Square Christmas tree has been an annual gift to the people of Britain by the city of Oslo as a token of gratitude for British support to Norway during the Second World War. ", "A  Christmas tree cutting ceremony happens every November in Norway and it is attended by the British Ambassador to Norway, Mayor of Oslo, and Lord Mayor of Westminster. The  tree is then shipped to Great Britain and displayed in the Trafalgar Square with traditional Norwegian decor and 500 white lights.", "In London, near the statue of Lord Nelson in Trafalgar Square, a giant Christmas tree is set up and decorated with great ceremony each year. The tree is a thank you gift from the people of Oslo, Norway. During the Second World War, King Haakon of Norway was forced into exile in England when the Germans occupied his country. Since 1947, Norway has expressed its thanks for the help of the British people by continuing to send a huge Norwegian spruce to be shared by all.", "Oslo has a longstanding tradition of sending a Christmas tree every year to the cities of Washington, D.C., New York, London, Rotterdam , Antwerp , and Reykjavík . [58] [60] Since 1947, Oslo sends a 65–80-foot (20–25 m) high spruce , which may be 50 to 100 years old (according to the sources), as an expression of gratitude for Britain's support to Norway during World War II which is usually placed in Trafalgar Square . For the 61st time, this spruce will have been lit by the Mayor of Oslo, Fabian Stang and The Lord Mayor of Westminster, Councilor Carolyn Keen, between 6 December 2007 and 4 January 2008, and it has received yet more special attention than before, expressing environmental concern. [61] [62]", "The giving of Christmas trees has also often been associated with the end of hostilities. After the signing of the Armistice in 1918 the city of Manchester sent a tree, and £500 to buy chocolate and cakes, for the children of the much-bombarded town of Lille in northern France. In some cases the trees represent special commemorative gifts, such as in Trafalgar Square in London, where the City of Oslo, Norway presents a tree to the people of London as a token of appreciation for the British support of Norwegian resistance during the Second World War; in Boston, where the tree is a gift from the province of Nova Scotia, in thanks for rapid deployment of supplies and rescuers to the 1917 ammunition ship explosion that leveled the city of Halifax; and in Newcastle upon Tyne, where the main civic Christmas tree is an annual gift from the city of Bergen, in thanks for the part played by soldiers from Newcastle in liberating Bergen from Nazi occupation. Norway also annually gifts a Christmas tree to Washington, D.C. as a symbol of friendship between Norway and the US and as an expression of gratitude from Norway for the help received from the US during World War II. ", "Trafalgar Square is a world renown square, for not only the site of Nelson's Column, for the pigeons, for the large Christmas Tree that is donated every year by Norway, but also for the revellers that can be found there on New Years Eve.", "The Trafalgar Square Christmas Tree – donated  by the people of Oslo each year since 1947 as a thanks for the support Britain gave to Norway during World War II. On the left is the Olympic countdown clock.", "There has been a Christmas ceremony every year since 1947. A Norway Spruce (or sometimes a fir) is given by Norway's capital Oslo and presented as London's Christmas tree, as a token of gratitude for Britain's support during World War II. (Besides the general war support, Norway's Prince Olav, as well as the country's government, lived in exile in London throughout the war.) As part of the tradition, the Lord Mayor of Westminster visits Oslo in the late autumn to take part in the felling of the tree, and the Mayor of Oslo then comes to London to light the tree at the Christmas ceremony.", "Oslo has a tradition of sending a Christmas tree every year to the cities of Washington, D.C.; New York; London; Edinburgh; Rotterdam; Antwerp and Reykjavík. Since 1947, Oslo has sent a 65 to, 50 to 100-year-old spruce, as an expression of gratitude toward Britain for its support of Norway during World War II.", "The Embassy wishes all of you a Happy New Year with the story of the Norwegian Christmas tree in Trafalgar Square!", "Every year since 1947, the people of Oslo, Norway have given a Christmas tree to the city of Westminster, England. The gift is an expression of good will and gratitude for Britain's help to Norway during World War II.", "The Christmas tree is a symbol of thanks from the people of Norway to the people of Britain when British support was given to Norway during the World War II.", "30/12/1990, Patrick Harward-Duffy, a 36-year-old Glaswegian, attacked the 70-foot Christmas Tree in London�s Trafalgar Square with a chainsaw, cutting a third of the way through the trunk before police stopped him. He was protesting against �the unfairness of the Norwegian legal system�. Ever since 1947 the people of Oslo have donated a Christmas Tree to London in gratitude for liberation from the Nazis.", "2. Who was on the British throne when the first Christmas tree presented by the Norwegians was erected in Trafalgar Square?", "The Christmas scene back in England shows a Christmas tree, but these weren't introduced to England until after Prince Albert brought the tradition over from Germany around 1840. See more »", "In 1834, Britain’s Queen Victoria brought her German husband, Prince Albert, into Windsor Castle, introducing the tradition of the Christmas tree and carols that were held in Europe to the British Empire.", "Albert also contributed to a tradition familiar to us today. His German family would bring trees into the house at Christmas, and he brought that tradition to Britain. The Christmas tree at Windsor Castle created a fashion in Britain which was carried over to America.", "In Britain, the Christmas tree was introduced in the early 19th century following the personal union with the Kingdom of Hanover, by Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Queen to King George III. In 1832 a young Queen Victoria wrote about her delight at having a Christmas tree, hung with lights, ornaments, and presents placed round it. After her marriage to her German cousin Prince Albert, by 1841 the custom became more widespread throughout Britain. An image of the British royal family with their Christmas tree at Windsor Castle, created a sensation when it was published in the Illustrated London News in 1848. A modified version of this image was published in the United States in 1850. By the 1870s, putting up a Christmas tree had become common in America.", "The story behind the Trafalgar Square Christmas tree is based in traditional Christmas values of generosity and thanksgiving.", "The Christmas tree first gained popularity in British and American society thanks to the husband of Queen Victoria , the German-born Prince Albert . He installed a decorated Christmas tree at Windsor Castle in 1841, and woodcuts of the Royal Family’s tree appeared in London magazines in 1848. Such illustrations, published in America a year later, created the fashionable impression of the Christmas tree in upper class homes.", "The first tree, given in 1947, was 48ft high and was presented to Britain two days before Christmas. It took four days to dig the six feet deep hole it needed in the middle of Trafalgar Square.", "> shop > Places > World Regions > Europe > European Nations > United Kingdom > Browse The United Kingdom > England > London > Trafalgar Square", "The Christmas tree that Queen Charlotte introduced is still very evident today. A well established custom of over 200 years at Christmas time, are present in nearly every household and public building in Britain, still decorated with lights and shiny objects.", "26. Which traditional Christmas plant was once so revered by early Britons that it had to be cut with a golden sickle? Mistletoe", "December 1989: Lights the Regent St. Christmas lights, a time honored British tradition, usually performed by Royalty.", "Which traditional Christmas plant was once so revered by early Britons that it had to be cut with a golden sickle? Mistletoe", "12. Which traditional Christmas plant was once so revered by early Britons that it had to be cut with a golden sickle?", "26.   Which traditional Christmas plant was once so revered by early Britons that it had to be cut with a golden sickle?" ]

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[ "The Three Wise Men were the three men who came from the east in order to visit Lord Jesus in the manger. According to Isaiah the three men were named as Balthazar, Caspar (or Gaspar) and Melchior. They were of noble birth, educated, wealthy, and influential. These men were philosophers, counselors of the realm, and rich in knowledge about the ancient east. The Feast of Epiphany, celebrated on sixth January, commemorates the visit of the three wise men.", "Balthazar; also called Balthasar, Balthassar, and Bithisarea, was purportedly one of the Biblical Magi along with Caspar and Melchior who visited the infant Jesus after he was born. Balthazar is traditionally referred to as the King of Arabia and gave the gift of myrrh to Jesus. In the Western Christian church, he is regarded as a saint (as are the other two Magi).", "Saint Caspar (otherwise known as Casper, Gaspar, Kaspar, and other variations) along with Melchior and Balthazar, represents the wise men (Biblical Magi, usually taken as three in number) mentioned in the Bible in the Gospel of Matthew, verses 2:1-9. Although the Bible does not specify who or what the Magi were, since the seventh century, the Magi have been identified in the Western Church as Caspar, Melchior and Balthasar. Caspar and the other two are considered Saints by the Catholic Church.", "Later legends have been busy with the wise men. In the early days eastern tradition said that there were twelve of them. But now the tradition that there were three of them is almost universal. The New Testament does not say that there were three, but the idea that there were three of them no doubt arose from the threefold gift which they brought. Later legend made them kings. And still later legend gave them names, Caspar, Melchior and Balthasar. Still later legend assigned to each a personal description, and distinguished the gift which each of them gave to Jesus. Melchior was an old man, grey haired, and with a long beard, and it was he who brought the gift of gold. Caspar was young and beardless, and ruddy in countenance and it was he who brought the gift of frankincense. Balthasar was swarthy, with the beard newly grown upon in the gifts the wise men brought. They have seen In each gift something which specially matched some character.", "The Bible says that after Jesus was born, wise men from the east came to visit him bearing three gifts: gold, frankincense and myrrh. Over time, the story of the Three Wise Men developed, and they received names: Melchior, Balthasar and Caspar. Bede states that Melchior was an old man, Balthasar was a middle-aged man and Caspar was a young man. Other traditions assign other identities and gifts to the names. For example, the J. Paul Getty Trust website states that in Andrea Mantegna's masterful painting \"Adoration of the Magi,\" Melchior is the middle-aged visitor bearing frankincense.", "A couple of centuries after the Gospels were written (say, 7th or 8th century), though, the names Gaspar, Melchior, and Balthazar were traditionally used to describe the three wise men. Perhaps people were trying to \"boost\" Jesus' image by showing that royalty from the three major world powers were visiting him -- Balthazar would obviously have been a Babylonian name at the time, while Gaspar/Caspar would have been Persian and Melchior would have been Arabian.", "*The trio play major roles in the 2012 Seth Grahame-Smith novel, Unholy Night, re-imagined as infamous thieves and swordsmen fleeing Herod, whose paths fortuitously cross with those of Mary, Joseph, and Jesus. Their lands of origin are Syria (for Balthazar), Ethiopia (for Gaspar), and Samos (for Melchyor).", "Even from the time of Balaam, it is added, sentinels had been posted upon a mountain towards the east, in order that as soon as the star rose into view they should give notice of it to the lords of the country, that the latter might go without delay to pay reverence to the new king. This notice, as it happened, was not necessary in the case of Caspar, Melchior and Balthasar. Being very wise and learned kings they were under the special care of the Holy Spirit, who informed them in person of the appearance of the star.", "The relics of the three kings remained in Milan until the twelfth century when the city of Milan rebelled against the Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick I, also known as Frederick Barbarossa. In need of assistance against the Milanese, the emperor appealed to Rainald von Dassel, Archbishop of Cologne, who recaptured Milan and delivered the city to the emperor. In gratitude, and “at the Archbishop’s great entreaty,” the emperor transferred the relics to the Archbishop in 1164. The Archbishop, “with great solemnity and in procession,” carried the bodies of the three kings from Milan to Cologne, where they were placed in the church of Saint Peter. “And all the people of the country roundabout, with all the reverence they might, received these relics, and there in the city of Cologne they are kept and beholden of all manner of nations unto this day.” The Historia concludes, “Thus endeth the legend of these three blessed kings—Melchior, Balthazar, and Jasper.” 14", "Melchior - (New Testament) one of the three sages from the east who came bearing gifts for the infant Jesus; usually represented as a king of Nubia", "Many years later, “a little before the feast of Christmas, there appeared a wonderful Star above the cities where these three kings dwelt, and they knew thereby that their time was come when they should pass from earth.” Together, they agreed to build “a fair and large tomb” at the Hill of Vaws, “and there the three Holy Kings, Melchior, Balthazar, and Jasper died, and were buried in the same tomb by their sorrowing people.” 12 As Mark Rose observed in an article for Archeology, “If we were to assume that this actually happened, that all three died at the same place at the same time, it might have been in the mid-first century (since the kings were adults already in Bethlehem).” 13", "Finally, Caspar was King of Tarsus, in his twenties. His gift was myrrh, which was used in making medicines. This symbolized Christ as the healer and great physician.", "Matthew wrote that the Magi brought three gifts - gold, frankincense and myrrh. These gifts apparently have deeper significance, the gold signifying the regal status of Jesus, the frankincense his divinity, and the myrrh his human nature. Caspar is traditionally portrayed as a young, beardless man who brought frankincense to the Child Jesus. ", "Charlemagne (2 April 742 or 747 – 28 January 814) (also Charles the Great; from Latin, Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus), son of King Pippin the Short and Bertrada of Laon, was the king of the Franks from 768 to 814 and king of the Lombards from 774 to 814. He was crowned Imperator Augustus in Rome on Christmas Day, 800 by Pope Leo III and is therefore regarded as the founder of the Holy Roman Empire, a reincarnation of the ancient Western Roman Empire. Through military conquest and defense, he solidified and expanded his realm to cover most of Western Europe and is today regarded as the founding father of both France and Germany. His was the first truly imperial power in the West since the fall of Rome.", "In 1164 Frederick took what are believed to be the relics of the \"Biblical Magi\" (the Wise Men or Three Kings) from the Basilica di Sant'Eustorgio in Milan and gave them as a gift (or as loot) to the Archbishop of Cologne, Rainald of Dassel. The relics had great religious significance and could be counted upon to draw pilgrims from all over Christendom. Today they are kept in the Shrine of the Three Kings in the Cologne cathedral. After the death of the antipope Victor IV, Frederick supported antipope Paschal III, but he was soon driven from Rome, leading to the return of Pope Alexander III in 1165. ", "The Goths (; ; ; ) were an East Germanic people, two of whose branches, the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths, played an important role in the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the emergence of Medieval Europe.", "During the last four years of his life, Charlemagne is subject to frequent fevers. On the 28th day of January, in the year 814, the great Emperor dies at nine o�clock in the morning. His death occurs in the 72nd year of his life, and the 47th of his reign. The Emperor is buried in the church he built at Aachen, sitting upright with sword in hand. His mammoth achievements will be lauded in popular legend and poetry for centuries to come. Charlemagne has not ended an age; he has begun one. He will be called rex pater Europae��King father of Europe.� He has shown all Europeans an ideal. He has bequeathed to them a common cultural and political tradition . Even in the distant 20th century, men will point to his model as a blueprint for European unity. Charlemagne has left his mark on European history as no other man. He has, in large measure, determined the political fate of Western Europe.", "Charlemagne (King Karl or Charles I – magnus means great in Latin), Grandson of Carles the Hammer, and son of Pepin who had overthrown the Merovingian king and proclaimed himself king of the Franks, became king of the Franks; after conquering all of France he drove the king of the Lombards out of Italy and became the protector of the pope; he later fought the Saxons in present-day Germany for thirty years; he emphasized education and spoke German, Latin, and also Greek", "Charles the Great, King of the Franks, ruled a European empire based mainly around France, Germany and parts of Italy. Although he could not write, he spoke Teutonic, Latin and Greek. He was 6ft 4in, a monstrous height for the period, which has since been confirmed by measurement of his skeleton. Oddly, his father was known as Pepin the Short and was around 5ft tall. Charlemagne's first campaign came at the age of 27, when the Pope sought his aid in repelling the Lombards of Italy. Charlemagne smashed them in the field and took the crown of Lombardy as his own. From his capital of Aachen in modern-day Germany, he went on to fight 53 campaigns, most of which he led himself. He defended a Christian Europe from Muslim Saracens and pagan Saxons, often beheading thousands in a single day. He died aged 72 from a fever.", "The widely conquering and powerful king of the Franks (768-814) and Emperor of the Romans (800-14) that English speakers today know as Charlemagne (742-814), or Charles the Great, was known in latin as Carolus Magnus. He is today remembered by the French as Carlus Magnus and by the Germans as Karl der Grosse - both these peoples see him as having had a positive role in their respective histories.", "Emperor Charles V (Habsburg) of Ghent (1500-1558) a Flemish boy King of Spain is elected Holy Roman Emperor on the death of his grandfather Maximilian.  The Spanish people revolted against the Flemish rule and they�re absent king.  The revolt lasted until 1522.", "Charlemagne, or Charles I, was one of the great leaders of the Middle Ages. He was King of the Franks and later became the Holy Roman Emperor. He lived from April 2, 742 until January 28, 814. Charlemagne means Charles the Great.", "The greatest Carolingian monarch was Charlemagne, who was crowned Emperor by Pope Leo III at Rome in 800. His empire, ostensibly a continuation of the Roman Empire, is referred to historiographically as the Carolingian Empire.", "This article is about the legendary king of Flanders. For the beer brewed by Plzeňský Prazdroj , see Gambrinus (beer) .", "Introduction: On Christmas Day in the year 800 A.D. Charlemagne, king of the Franks and part of the Carolingian line, was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III (795-816). The coronation took place during mass at the Basilica of St. Peter in Rome; immediately following the coronation, the acclamation of the people of Rome was heard: “To Charles, the most pious Augustus, crowned by God, the great and peace-giving Emperor, life and victory.” After this proclamation was made three times, the king “was adored by the pope in the manner of ancient princes; and, the title of patricius being dropped, he was called emperor and augustus.” The coronation of Charlemagne created the Holy Roman Empire, which endured until 1806. According to James Bryce, the coronation warrants the classification of the most important occurrence of the Middle Ages. Bryce also views the event as exceptional in that if the ceremony had not taken place, “the history of the world would have been different.”", "After the death of his father in 1493, Maximilian was proclaimed the new King of the Romans, receiving the name Maximilian I. Maximilian was initially unable to travel to Rome to receive the Imperial title from the Pope, due to opposition from Venice and from the French who were occupying Milan, as well a refusal from the Pope due to enemy forces being present on his territory. In 1508, Maximilian proclaimed himself as the \"chosen Emperor,\" and this was also recognized by the Pope due to changes in political alliances. This had a historical consequence in that, in the future, the Roman King would also automatically become Emperor, without needing the Pope's consent. In 1530, Emperor Charles V became the last person to be crowned as the Emperor by the Pope.", "In the south, Frederick made six expeditions to Italy to assert full imperial authority over the pope and the Lombard city-states, a group of northern Italian cities that had organized to resist Frederick�s imperial claims in Italy. On his first trip in 1155, he was crowned emperor by Pope Adrian IV. During the next 20 years he was successful in defeating a variety of alliances between the popes and the Italian city-states, capturing Rome itself in 1166. During his fifth Italian expedition, though, he was defeated by the Lombard League at the Battle of Legnana in 1176, partly because he lacked the crucial support of Henry the Lion. The subsequent Peace of Constance recognized the autonomy of the Italian cities, which remained only nominally subject to the emperor. Stubbornly, Frederick made one last trip, gaining new support among the quarrelsome cities. He resigned as emperor in 1190 in favor of his son Henry VI and set out to lead the Third Crusade, in which he died.", "In 1226 Duke Konrad I of Masovia invited the Teutonic Knights , a German military order of crusading knights headquartered in Acre , to conquer the Baltic Prussian tribes on his borders. However, during sixty years of struggles against the Old Prussians, they created an independent state which came to control Prussia plus most of what are now Estonia , Latvia , western Lithuania , and northern Poland . The Knights were subordinate only to the Pope and the Emperor of the The Holy Roman Empire .", ", Germany, then part of the Holy Roman Empire . He was baptized as a Catholic the next morning on the feast day of St. Martin of Tours . His family moved to Mansfeld", "Charlemagne removed pagan Saxons from the southernmost part of the peninsula at the Baltic Sea Template:Fact— the later Holstein area — and moved Abodrites (or Obotrites), a group of Wendish Slavs who pledged allegiance to Charlemagne and who had for the most part converted to Christianity , into the area instead.Template:Fact", "Impressed by these events, Alban's judge ordered the persecution to stop. Although the date and other details of Alban's martyrdom are shaky, there is not much doubt among scholars that he actually existed. His story was known around Veralum in the century after his death and he was mentioned in early writings. Churches were built in his honor. The British historian Gildas and the Saxon historian Bede both mention him in their histories.", "According to the late-6th-century writer Gregory of Tours, the Roman Church sheltered the remains of the martyr Nazarius in a local basilica. According to legend, the Breton chief Waroch II sent an emissary to seize the relics. The plot was foiled when the emissary fractured his skull upon the lintel of the church door. Waroch, interpreting this as a miracle, was deterred, and the village thenceforth took the name of Sanctus Nazarius de Sinuario. " ]

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[ "9.From the Christmas Carol \"Good King Wenceslas\", where was Good King Wenceslas the King of? Barnsley", "Today is the feast day of Saint Wenceslaus (\"Good King Wenceslaus\") of Bohemia.   He was a Christian ruler, murdered by his Pagan brother on this day in 929.   Wenceslaus was hailed as a martyr for the faith, and his tomb became a pilgrimage shrine.   He is the Patron Saint of the Bohemian people and of the former Czechoslovakia � and of brewers, a measure of how seriously the Czech take their beer.", "The best clue to Boxing Day’s origins can be found in the song “Good King Wenceslas.” According to the Christmas carol, Wenceslas, who was Duke of Bohemia in the early 10th century, was surveying his land on St. Stephen’s Day — Dec. 26 — when he saw a poor man gathering wood in the middle of a snowstorm. Moved, the King gathered up surplus food and wine and carried them through the blizzard to the peasant’s door. The alms-giving tradition has always been closely associated with the Christmas season — hence the canned-food drives and Salvation Army Santas that pepper our neighborhoods during the winter — but King Wenceslas’ good deed came the day after Christmas, when the English poor received most of their charity.", "Feast day of Wenceslaus, patron saint of Czechoslovakia. As Prince of Bohemia, he promoted Christianity in his country. He was murdered by his brother, but is remembered even today in the carol Good King Wenceslas.", "Although Wenceslas was, during his lifetime, only a duke, Holy Roman Emperor Otto I posthumously \"conferred on [Wenceslas] the regal dignity and title\" and that is why, in the legend and song, he is referred to as a \"king\". The usual English spelling of Duke Wenceslas's name, Wenceslaus, is occasionally encountered in later textual variants of the carol, although it was not used by Neale in his version. Wenceslas is not to be confused with King Wenceslaus I of Bohemia (Wenceslaus I Premyslid), who lived more than three centuries later.", "Yes, Virginia, there was indeed a noble Wenceslas. He was not a king, however, but the Duke of Bohemia. He was a good and honest and strongly principled man -- as the song about him indicates -- too good, perhaps, because in 929 he was murdered by his envious and wicked younger brother. In 1853, John Mason Neale, an English divine, selected the martyr Wenceslas as the subject for a children�s song to exemplify generosity. It quickly became a Christmas favorite, even though its words clearly indicate that Wenceslas \"look�d out\" on St. Stephen�s Day, the day after Christmas. For a tune, Neale picked a spring carol, originally sung with the Latin text \"Tempus adest floridum \"or \"Spring has unwrapped her flowers,\" which was first published in 1582 in a collection of Swedish church and school songs.", "In Western Christianity, 26 December is called \"St. Stephen's Day\", the \"Feast of Stephen\" mentioned in the English Christmas carol \"Good King Wenceslas\". It is a public holiday in many nations that were historically Catholic, Anglican or Lutheran including Austria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Ireland, Luxembourg, Slovakia, Poland, Italy, Germany, Norway, Sweden, Denmark and Finland. In Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United Kingdom, the day is celebrated as \"Boxing Day\".", "Saint Stephen's feast day is December 26 in the Western Church (the \"feast of Stephen\" mentioned in the popular Christmas carol \" Good King Wenceslas ,\" and the Second Day of Christmas) and December 27 in the Eastern Church.", "Although Václav (Wenceslas) was, during his lifetime, only a duke, Holy Roman Emperor Otto I posthumously CONFERRED ON WENCESLAS (VACLAV) THE REGAL DIGNITY AND TITLE, and that is why, in the history of his life and song, he is referred to as a KING, the Rightfully called King Wenceslas I.", "Gustav II Adolf (9 December 1594 – 6 November 1632, O.S.); widely known in English by his Latinised name Gustavus Adolphus or as Gustav II Adolph, or as Gustavus Adolphus the Great (, , a formal posthumous distinction passed by the Riksdag of the Estates in 1634); was the King of Sweden from 1611 to 1632 and is credited as the founder of Sweden as a Great Power (). He led Sweden to military supremacy during the Thirty Years War, helping to determine the political as well as the religious balance of power in Europe.", "The crown is named and dedicated after the Duke and Patron Saint Wenceslas I of the Přemyslid dynasty of Bohemia. The crown has an unusual design, with vertical fleurs-de-lis standing at the front, back and sides. It was made for King Charles IV in 1346. Since 1867 it has been stored in St. Vitus Cathedral of Prague Castle. The jewels have always played an important role as a symbol of Bohemian statehood.", "1419 – Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia died in Prague. He had been King of Germany since 1376, and King of Bohemia since 1378. He spent most of his time in Bohemia, and because of his lack of time in Germany, he was deposed as King in 1400, but remained King of Bohemia. He had married twice, but no children.", "The Kingdom of Bohemia, sometimes also referred to as the Czech Kingdom (; ; , sometimes ), was a medieval and early modern monarchy in Western Europe, the predecessor of the modern Czech Republic. It was an Imperial State in the Holy Roman Empire, and the Bohemian king was a prince-elector of the empire. The Czech king besides Bohemia ruled also the Lands of the Bohemian Crown. ", "St. Wences laus is the Patron Saint of Czechoslovakia. He lived from c. 903-929. Raised a Christian he was educated by his grandmother St. Ludmila. He became king and later was martyred. Feastday September 28th. Next Question .", "Edward IV (28 April 1442 – 9 April 1483) was the King of England from 4 March 1461 until 3 October 1470, and again from 11 April 1471 until his death in 1483. He was the first Yorkist King of England. The first half of his rule was marred by the violence associated with the Wars of the Roses, but he overcame the Lancastrian challenge to the throne at Tewkesbury in 1471 to reign in peace until his sudden death. Before becoming king, he was 4th Duke of York, 7th Earl of March, 5th Earl of Cambridge and 9th Earl of Ulster. He was also the 65th Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece.", "Bohemia proper (Čechy) with the County of Kladsko (Hrabství kladské) was the main area of the Kingdom of Bohemia. The Egerland (Chebsko) was ultimatively obtained by King Wenceslaus II between 1291–1305; given in pawn to Bohemia by King Louis IV of Germany in 1322 and subsequently joined in personal union with Bohemia proper. In 1348 Charles IV created the Crown of Bohemia (Koruna česká), together with the incorporated provinces:", "*Louis the Great of Hungary (king: (1342–1382) King of Hungary, Croatia, Dalmatia, Jerusalem, Sicily and Poland from 1370. He led campaigns From Lithuania to Southern Italy, From Poland to Northern Greece. He had the greatest military potential of the century with his enormous armies (often over 100,000 men.)", "Frustrated in his efforts to form an equal partnership with the Holy Roman Empire, Boleslaw gained some non-Polish territory in a series of wars against his imperial overlord in 1003 and 1004. Boleslaw I conquered the imperial March of Meissen (Polish Mi�nia) and also Lausitz (Latin Lusatia, Polish £u�yce). Boleslaw conquered and made himself duke of Bohemia in 1003, but lost the territory the following year. Then turned eastward. He defeated the Rus' and stormed Kyiv in 1018. Shortly before his death in 1025, Boleslaw won international recognition as the first king of a fully sovereign Poland.", "Charles X Gustavus (Swedish: Karl X Gustav; German: Karl X. Gustav) (18 November 1622 - 23 February 1660) was the King of Sweden from 1654 until 1660 and the Duke of Kleeburg from 1652 until 1654.", "John's son was quite a different matter, one of the best kings the Bohemians every had, and known as the 'Father of the Country'. He was King Charles I of Bohemia and, as Holy Roman Emperor, Charles IV. He had been raised in France and did not speak any Czech when he came to the throne, but soon became fluent and spoke several other languages as well. With Prague as his capital, he reigned for thirty years, reorganized the government, kept the peace, and made Prague one of Europe's handsomest cities. Among other things he built St. Vitus Cathedral, and the famous Charles Bridge across the Vltava (Moldau) river. This still stands and is known for its statues which were added in the eighteenth century. The bridge has withstood the annual impact of floating ice for 600 years. Credit for this is given to the eggs which were mixed with the mortar. Since there were not enough eggs in Prague, all of the towns of Bohemia were ordered to furnish their share. One town, in a misguided effort to prevent breakage during shipment, sent hard-boiled eggs, which, of course, were useless.", "�King Ottokar's Sceptre� takes place in the fictional kingdom of Syldavia posited somewhere in the south east of Europe.", "About the seventh century, the semi-legendary Samo united the Slavs against the Avar tribes of Hungary. Charlemagne joined the battle against the Avars. The state which followed is known as the Great Moravian Empire. Although details of its history are vague, it seems to have included what is now Bohemia, Southern Moravia, Silesia, Slovakia, Southern Poland and Northern Hungary. It fell apart in the early tenth century and most went to Hungary. Bohemia was ruled by the Premyslid dynasty, and Moravia became a crownland of the Kingdom of Bohemia. It was at this time that a castle was built at Brno, but its exact location is now unknown. The Czech prince, Oldich Bretislav I, ruled there and coins were minted.", "* Henry of Carinthia, king of Bohemia (Jindřich Korutanský) and titular king of Poland, born about 1265, died April 2, 1335 at Castle Tyrol.", "*A tradition in Poland and German-speaking Catholic areas is the writing of the three kings' initials (C+M+B or C M B, or K+M+B in those areas where Caspar is spelled Kaspar) above the main door of Catholic homes in chalk. This is a new year's blessing for the occupants and the initials also are believed to also stand for \"Christus mansionem benedicat\" (\"May/Let Christ Bless This House\"). Depending on the city or town, this will be happen sometime between Christmas and the Epiphany, with most municipalities celebrating closer to the Epiphany.", "The merriment of Christmas was, on occasion, combined with other royal purposes. In 1251, King John’s son Henry III spent Christmas at York. There he celebrated not only the holiday but also the wedding of his young daughter Margaret (age 11) to King Alexander III of Scotland (age 10).", "Since 1037, Wawel Cathedral has been the burial place of Polish kings, even after the capital moved to Warsaw. The royal tombs of all but four of Poland's 45 rulers can be seen in the cathedral's side chapels and in the 12th-century St. Leonard's Crypt. King Kazimierz the Great's tomb is to the right of the main altar, made of red marble.", "* Bolesław II the Bold, king of Poland, born about 1042, according to legend died at Ossiach March 22, 1081 (?).", "Wawel Cathedral – The first cathedral dates back to the year 1,000 so there is much history on this site. It is home to the Zygmunt bell, one of the world's largest. St Leonard's Crypt, held beneath the cathedral, contains graves of many important Polish individuals. These include Casimir the Great and two Polish saints, Stanislaus the Martyr and Hedwig the Queen.", "In 1333 Kazimierz Wielki (Casimir the Great) was crowned king and went on to become one of Poland’s most memorable kings. He reigned over a period of peace in Poland’s history due in part to his reliance on diplomacy, rather than war, to resolve disputes with neighbours. He strengthened the country’s fortifications and its economy. In 1364 he founded the Krakow Academy, the second university to be founded in central Europe.", "In all the countries of the area, Jews were guaranteed the right to trade and practice their religion. Charters or privileges detailing these rights were issued by Hungarian King Bela IV in 1251 and by Czech King Přemysl Otakar II in 1254. To the Czech charter was appended the Bull issued by Pope Innocent IV denying the truth of the blood libel. Both these charters were confirmed by subsequent monarchs. A similar charter was granted by Bolesław the Pious, Duke of Kalisz , in 1264. It was confirmed in slightly altered forms by later Polish kings and became part of the Polish legal code prepared by Jan Łaski in 1506. Analogous privileges were conceded by the rulers of Breslau in 1273, of Głogów in 1274, and Legnica in 1290. A similar charter was issued to the Jews of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by Vytautas the Great (r. 1386–1430) and confirmed in 1507 by the grand duke, Sigismund. A charter guaranteeing Jewish rights was issued by Gabriel Bethlen, prince of Transylvania in 1623, and, from the beginning of the eighteenth century, the autonomous princes of Moldavia , still under Turkish rule, began to issue charters to induce Jews to settle in their territories.", "Additionally, Kłodzko is traditionally referred to as \"Little Prague\" (). Although now in Poland, the city was the capital of the Bohemian kraj of the County of Kladsko. ", "Turning now back down towards the western end of the cathedral, you will find on your right the Gothic tomb of King Kazimierz the Great (1333-70). He united the kingdom and strengthened it immeasurably. At the same time he transformed its physical aspect, fortifying many towns and building numerous castles. The old dictum goes that he found a country of wood and left one of stone." ]

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[ "10.In which famous Christmas Song is a snowman pretended to be \"Parsons Brown\"? Fairy Tale of New York", "Parson Brown is the reference in the christmas song \"Winter Wonderland\". There is much controversy as to who this person is. Parson Brown is a distant relative to Charlie Brown, most unknown to the majority of Peanuts fans. There is a lost reel featuring Parson Brown in the holiday special \"Charlie Brown and the great christmas tree caper\". You can only find this episode on EBAY. So that settles the age old dispute as to who is Parson Brown and why are we pretending that he is our snowman??", "One line in “Winter Wonderland” has stopped countless people dead in their tracks. Who is Parson Brown, and why are these people making a snowman that looks like him? Given that in 1934, when the song was written, the most famous Parson Brown was a Florida orange grower , lyricist Richard B. Smith was likely referring to a fictional pastor. During that period, Protestant ministers were called “parsons” and would travel from town to town to performing weddings for couples who didn’t have a local minister of their faith where they lived. So those lyrics are actually a bit flirtatious. The narrator is suggesting that they build a snowman that looks like a minister. The next lines, “He’ll say ‘Are you married?’ We’ll say ‘No, man, but you can do the job while you’re in town!’” could be considered a mock proposal.   ", "It was an immediate success with the public too, even though it was originally (and has only ever been) broadcast in the UK on the alternative terrestrial Channel 4 – and in that channel’s opening year too. The affecting song Walking In The Air (performed on film by choirboy Peter Auty, see video below; forever afterwards associated with child star turned media star Aled Jones who had a hit with it later in the decade) has now become a firm festive standard across the world. The Snowman possesses a magical but quiet (aside from the song it’s wordless) grandeur and grace; it’s something very special indeed. Quite frankly, as far as I’m concerned, the Americans can keep Charlie Brown and his Christmas, because we’ve got Raymond Briggs’ Snowman – and that’s more than all right with me.", "Written by Irving Berlin and made famous by Bing Crosby, White Christmas is the quintessential Christmas song of mid-20th century American popular music. It inspired musicals and numerous renditions by various artists, and its popularity remains unchanged to this day.", "First recorded by Vaughn Monroe on October 31, 1945, it became a popular hit, reaching number one on the Billboard music chart the following year. One of the best-selling songs of all time, \"Let It Snow!\" has been covered countless times. Due to its seasonal lyrics, it is commonly regarded as a Christmas song. Yet despite its cheery, holiday feel, it is a love song that never mentions Christmas and both the composer and lyricist were Jewish.", "By 2003, however, \"White Christmas\" had slipped to the number two position on their list of Christmas songs.  The number one song was \"The Christmas Song\" (Mel Torme and Robert Wells). The other three in the top five are \"Santa Claus Is Coming To Town (J. Fred Coots and Haven Gillespie), \"Winter Wonderland\" (Felix Bernard and Richard B. Smith), and \"Have Yourself A Merry Little Christmas\" (Ralph Blane and Hugh Martin). By 2007, \"White Christmas\" occupied the number five position (based on airplay over the preceding five years). For more information, see the ASCAP Top 25 Holiday Song List .", "“The Snowman” (1982) is an animated short inspired by the book from Raymond Briggs, published in 1978. A young boy makes a snowman on Christmas Eve and it comes to life, taking him on a great adventure to meet Father Christmas as they go walking in the air. This was first shown on Boxing Day 1982 on Channel 4 in the UK and was nominated for an Academy Award in the USA for Best Animated Short Film. Choirboy Peter Auty sings the famous “Walking in the Air” and Howard Blake delivers the splendid score. In 1983, the Raymond Briggs opening to the film was replaced by one delivered by the late David Bowie. In 2012, a sequel was made: “The Snowman and the Snowdog” and premiered on Channel 4 on Christmas Eve. (Cartoon Magic: The opening scene-setter by Raymond Briggs: “I remember that winter because it had brought the heaviest snows I had ever seen. Snow had fallen steadily all night long and in the morning I woke in a room filled with light and silence, the whole world seemed to be held in a dream-like stillness. It was a magical day… and it was on that day I made the Snowman.”)", "Elvis Presley introduced his cover of \"Blue Christmas\", and debuted the Leiber-Stoller \"Santa Claus Is Back in Town\", on his first Christmas album in 1957—along with versions of other standards such as \"Here Comes Santa Claus\", \"White Christmas\", and \"I'll Be Home for Christmas\". Bruce Springsteen and The Jackson Five recorded separate versions of \"Santa Claus Is Coming to Town\", as well as other Christmas titles. The unlikely pairing of Bing Crosby with David Bowie on the impromptu \"The Little Drummer Boy/Peace on Earth\" created one of the most popular Christmas duets ever recorded. ", "\"White Christmas\" is an Irving Berlin song reminiscing about an old-fashioned Christmas setting. According to the Guinness Book of World Records, the version sung by Bing Crosby is the best-selling single of all time, with estimated sales in excess of 50 million copies worldwide.", "18.According to the lyrics of the famous Christmas song, what was Frosty The Snowman's nose made from? Frost", "Steve Nelson (Steve Edward Nelson) - Died 11-13-1981 - Born 11-24-1907 in New York, NY, U.S. - Songwriter - (He co-wrote, \"Frosty The Snowman\" and \"Peter Cottontail\") - Collaborated with Bob Hilliard, Johnny Burke, Benny Davis, Jack Rollins and Charlie Tobias - The Nashville Songwriters' Hall Of Fame Inductee .", "The classic Christmas song \"Jingle Bells\" was written in 1857 by New England born composer James Lord Pierpont. If you pay attention to the lyrics, you'll notice a lack of specific references to Christmas - the song was actually written as a celebration of Thanksgiving. The carol has the distinction of being the first song broadcast from outer space - on December 16, 1965 astronauts on the Gemini 6 played a version of the song to Mission Control using a smuggled harmonica and sleigh bells.", " 2015 A Very Murray Christmas (performer: \"Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!\", \"Sleigh Ride\", \"Silent Night\")", "5.25pm The Snowman An animated version, produced to appeal to audiences of all ages, of Raymond Briggs' well-known children's story. It is Christmas Eve and the snow is falling. A time for magic. A little boy races outside to build a snowman. Later, when everyone is asleep, the snowman comes alive and after a spin on a motorbike, he and the boy fly off to the North Pole to meet a Very Important Person. The special flying sequence is animated by Stephen Weston and Robin White. Music, including the song W alking Through the A ir is by Howard Blake. See film guide, beginning page 10 ANIMATION HILARY AUDUS, JOANNE FRYER DIRECTOR DIANE JACKSON PRODUCER JOHN COATES", "18.According to the lyrics of the famous Christmas song, what was Frosty The Snowman's nose made from?", "\"Walking in the Air\" is a song written by Howard Blake for the 1982 animated film of Raymond Briggs' 1978 children's book The Snowman. The song forms the centrepiece of The Snowman, which has become a seasonal perennial on British and Finnish television. The story relates the fleeting adventures of a young boy and a snowman who has come to life. In the second part of the story, the boy and the snowman fly to the North Pole. \"Walking in the Air\" is the theme for the journey. They attend a party of snowmen, at which the boy is the only human. They meet Father Christmas and his reindeer, and the boy is given a scarf with a snowman pattern. In the film, the song was performed by St Paul's Cathedral choirboy Peter Auty and this version was released as a single on CBS in 1982, and reissued in 1985 (on Stiff Records) and 1987. ", "in 1954 - Bing Crosby's �White Christmas� entered the Billboard Pop chart for the eleventh time. Bing's rendition has sold over 100 million copies around the world, with at least 50 million sales as singles. It was the largest selling single in music history until it was surpassed by Elton John's �Candle in the Wind 1997�.", "You might not recognize the song from the movie HOLIDAY INN...or from the composer's name of Irving Berlin. But you're bound to know it because it's on everyone's list of Christmas favorites: WHITE CHRISTMAS.", "Jones became famous for the cover version of \"Walking in the Air\", the song from Channel 4's animated film The Snowman, based on the book by Raymond Briggs. The record reached No. 5 in the UK charts in 1985; The version used in the 1982 film was performed by Peter Auty, a St. Paul's Cathedral choirboy.", "A very intelligent person, used as an alternate lyric in Homer's version of the Grinch song.", "\"Frosty the Snowman\" is a popular song written by Walter \"Jack\" Rollins and Steve Nelson, and first recorded by Gene Autry and the Cass County Boys in 1950. It was written after the success of Autry's recording of \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\" the previous year; Rollins and Nelson shipped the new song to Autry, who recorded \"Frosty\" in search of another seasonal hit. Like \"Rudolph\", \"Frosty\" was subsequently adapted to other media including a popular television special. The song was originally titled \"Frosty the Snow Man\".", "walking in the air theme from the snowman cover - Download Songs and Music Videos for Free - GoSong.net", "Here are two different versions of the beautifully haunting song from the animated movie, The Snowman .  English author, Raymond Briggs did the illustrations for the wordless children’s picture book, The Snowman (published 1978). The tale is told in the book through the lovely pictures of a little boy making friends with a snowman, and the wintry adventures that follow and the ultimate melting of the boy’s new friend. The Snowman was the recipient of the Boston Globe-Horn Book Award.", "Yank yuletide: Michael J Fox is scrooged in the 1983 Family Ties Christmas episode (left), Rudolph The Red-Nosed Reindeer, the classic 1964 Rankin/ Bass animation (middle) and David Bowie and Bing Crosby wow the world as they duet on the latter’s 1977 seasonal special (right)", "*Sheldon Cooper (Jim Parsons) sings the carol as part of a D&D quest in the Big Bang Theory episode \"The Santa Simulation\".", "Shropshire claims it is \"a beloved holiday favorite.\" The video of the song was \"a holiday staple on MTV for many seasons.\" It has been \"incorporated into talking toys and a musical greeting card.\" \"My royalties are four or five times what they were\" 20 years ago, claims Elmo, who performs the song with his bluegrass group year-round. \"A lot of younger people say it's not really Christmas until they hear it.\"", "�Snow White� was released at Christmas 1937. It was the first feature length cartoon ever, and premiered at Radio City Music Hall.", "The song 'Walking In The Air' from the animated short 'The Snowman' by Raymond Briggs. It was written by Howard Blake and in this recording sung by Peter Auty.", "Most people think a Welsh singer named Aled Jones was the original singer of the song in The Snowman .   This is because he released a single of the song in 1985 which reached Number 5 on the UK charts.   Peter Auty’s version, which was recorded for The Snowman,   had been released as a single in 1983. However, due to a rush to finish the film on time, Peter Auty was not credited on the film until it was remastered in 2002. And so when the single was released by Aled Jones in 1985 people mistakenly thought his was the voice that was singing in the movie.", "* The Canadian Brass released an instrumental version of the song or their Christmas album, A Canadian Brass Christmas.", "File:Mummers, by Robert Seymour, 1836.jpg|thumb|alt=Engraving showing a hunchback Old Father Christmas in an 1836 mummers play|A hunchback Old Father Christmas in an 1836 play with long robe, holly wreath and staff." ]

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[ "Commissioned by Sir Henry Cole (1808-1883), British illustrator John Callcott Horsley (1817-1903) invented the first Christmas card in 1843.[7]", "It is thought that the first mass-produced Christmas card came about in 1843 when a wealthy businessman called Henry Cole commissioned an artist to paint a festive picture for him, which he then sent to a printer where he had a thousand copies printed to distribute to his family, friends and business associates as his Christmas greeting.", "In 1843, the first Christmas card was created on the instructions of an Englishman, Sir Henry Cole. J.C. Horsley designed the card and sold 1000 copies in London.", "This image shows what's widely considered the first mass-produced Christmas card. It was printed in London in 1843.", "At Christmastime, many people would send letters to friends and family far away, and children at boarding school would decorate paper and write letters to show off the writing skills they’d improved upon that term at school. However, the first official Christmas card was created in 1843 in Britain.", "37. The V&A owns a copy of the first commercially produced Christmas card , which was invented in 1843 by the Museum's first Director, Henry Cole.", "Christmas has been celebrated since the 4th century AD, the first known usage of any Christmas greeting dates was in 1565, when it appeared in The Hereford Municipal Manuscript: \"And thus I comytt you to God, who send you a mery Christmas.\" \"Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year\" (thus incorporating two greetings) was in an informal letter written by an English admiral in 1699. The same phrase is contained in the 16th century secular English carol \"We Wish You a Merry Christmas,\" and the first commercial Christmas card, produced in England in 1843.", "The majority of families open their presents on the morning of Christmas Day, the Royal family being a notable exception, as they open their gifts on Christmas Eve, following German tradition introduced by the Hanoverians. Queen Victoria as a child made note of it in her diary for Christmas Eve 1832; the delighted 13-year-old princess wrote, \"After dinner ... we then went into the drawing-room near the dining-room ... There were two large round tables on which were placed two trees hung with lights and sugar ornaments. All the presents being placed round the trees..\". Since the first commercial Christmas card was produced in London in 1843, cards are sent in the weeks leading up to Christmas, many of which contain the English festive greeting Merry Christmas. ", "Christmas Cards appeared in the United States of America in the late 1840s, but were very expensive and most people couldn't afford them. It 1875, Louis Prang, a printer who was originally from German but who had also worked on early cards in the UK, started mass producing cards so more people could afford to buy them. Mr Prang's first cards featured flowers, plants, and children. In 1915, John C. Hall and two of his brothers created Hallmark Cards, who are still one of the biggest card makers today!", "The First Congregational Church of Rockford, Illinois, \"although of genuine Puritan stock\", was 'preparing for a grand Christmas jubilee', a news correspondent reported in 1864. By 1860, fourteen states including several from New England had adopted Christmas as a legal holiday. In 1875, Louis Prang introduced the Christmas card to Americans. He has been called the \"father of the American Christmas card\". On June 26, 1870, Christmas was formally declared a United States federal holiday. ", "The first charity Christmas card was produced by UNICEF in 1949. The picture chosen for the card was painted not by a professional artist but by a seven year old girl called Jitka Samkova of Rudolfo, a small town in what was then Czechoslovakia. The town received assistance from UNICEF after the Second World War, inspiring Jitka to paint some children dancing around a maypole. She said her picture represented \"joy going round and round\".", "In 1949 UNICEF produced the first charity Christmas card. The picture shown on the card was painted by a seven year old girl", "Taking advantage of new printing technologies, Cole commissioned artist John Callcott Horsley to create a festive design, and he produced about 1,000 copies of his own Christmas card in 1843. After Cole used the cards he needed, he sold the rest for one shilling each, according to the Winterthur Library in Delaware, which has a copy of one of those cards donated by the ephemera collector John Grossman. [ From Krampus to Smoking Santas: See Images of Early Christmas Cards ] ", "The Illustrated London News is the world’s first illustrated weekly newspaper. It costs five pence in 1842. A year later Sir Henry Cole commissions the English painter John Callcott Horsley to do the artwork of (arguably) the first commercial Christmas card. Around 1000 cards are printed and hand-colored. Ten of these are still in existence today.", "The first Commonwealth Country to issue a stamp specifically for postage on Christmas greetings cards was Australia in 1957. The first stamps issued specifically for postage on Christmas greeting cards appeared in Austria in December 1937.", "The card was not received without controversy, for it showed a family raising their glasses to toast Christmas. Puritans immediately denounced it. The idea was a hit with others. Christmas card became very popular, and other artists quickly followed Horsley’s concept. A particularly popular card was designed by English artist William Egley in 1849.", "An Englishman named John Calcott Horsley helped to popularize the tradition of sending Christmas greeting cards when he began producing small cards featuring festive scenes and a pre-written holiday greeting in the late 1830s. Newly efficient post offices in England and the United States made the cards nearly overnight sensations. At about the same time, similar cards were being made by R.H. Pease, the first American card maker, in Albany, New York, and Louis Prang, a German who immigrated to America in 1850.", "Sir Henry Cole devised the concept of sending greetings cards at Christmas time. [571] Designed by John Callcott Horsley for Cole in 1843, the Christmas card accounts for almost half of the volume of greeting card sales in the UK, with over 600 million cards sold annually. [570] The robin is a common sight in gardens throughout the UK. It is relatively tame and drawn to human activities, and is frequently voted Britain's national bird in polls. [572] The robin began featuring on many Christmas cards in the mid 19th century. The association with Christmas arises from postmen in Victorian Britain who wore red jackets and were nicknamed \"Robins\"; the robin featured on the Christmas card is an emblem of the postman delivering the card. [573]", "Christian Christmas cards were not among the first Christmas cards, despite Christmas being a Christian holiday. However, religious Christmas cards really came onto the scene in the 1890s. In light of many secular traditions taking precedence in society, many Catholics today use the card-sending tradition as an opportunity to promote focus on the true meaning of Christmas, the birth of Jesus. If you would like to send and exchange truly Catholic Christmas cards this year, browse our religious Christmas Cards .", "Americans relied on expensive imported Christmas cards until 1874, when Boston lithographer Louis Prang offered a selection of cards featuring reproductions of contemporary paintings with printed sentiments on the reverse side. Within 10 years, Prang's print shop was producing more than five million cards each year.", "About the same time, Thomas Nast, a German immigrant, was an illustrator for Harper's Weekly. In 1862, fascinated with Clement Clarke Moore's poem The Visit of St. Nicholas ('Twas the Night Before Christmas), Nast visually depicted Moore's Christmas fantasy - including the first portrayal of Santa Claus as the fat, jolly, white-whiskered old man we recognize today. Nast is responsible for the first illustrations of Santa's North Pole workshop, of Santa in his sleigh, and of Santa opening his mail and making a record of children's naughty or nice behavior. Nast's illustrations dramatically influenced the nature of Christmas cards in his day and in ours.", "Not only did it keep on, but with the marketing of attractive commercial cards the postal burden worsened. The first Christmas card designed for sale was by London artist John Calcott Horsley.", "Horsley designed the first ever Christmas card, commissioned by Henry Cole. It caused some controversy because it depicted a small child drinking wine. He also designed the Horsley envelope, a pre-paid envelope that was the precursor to the postage stamp.", "During the weeks leading up to Christmas in 1979, high school students made cards that were delivered to the hostages. Community groups across the country did the same, resulting in bales of Christmas cards. The National Christmas Tree was left dark except for the top star.", "Sir Henry had the idea of Christmas Cards with his friend John Horsley, who was an artist. They designed the first card and sold them for 1 shilling each. (That is only 5p or 8 cents today(!), but in those days it was worth much much more.) The card had three panels. The outer two panels showed people caring for the poor and in the center panel was a family having a large Christmas dinner! Some people didn't like the card because it showed a child being given a glass of wine! About 1000 (or it might have been less!) were printed and sold. They are now very rare and cost thousands of Pounds or Dollars to buy now!", "The custom of sending greeting cards can be traced back to the ancient Chinese, who exchanged messages of good will to celebrate the New Year, and to the early Egyptians, who conveyed their greetings on papyrus scrolls. By the early 15th century, handmade paper greeting cards were being exchanged in Europe. The Germans are known to have printed New Year's greetings from woodcuts as early as 1400, and handmade paper Valentines were being exchanged in various parts of Europe in the early to mid-15th century, with the oldest Valentine in existence being in the British Museum. ", "The U.S. Greeting Card Association predicts Americans will send about 1.6 billion Christmas cards this year. But the multimillion-dollar industry got off to a humble start with just a thousand cards printed in London more than 150 years ago.", "Sir Henry Cole, director of London's Victoria and Albert Museum, would write letters to family and acquaintances at Christmastime. He and others could buy decorative paper on which to pen greetings and good wishes, but he found it to be a cumbersome task. So Cole commissioned an artist friend, John Calcott Horsley to create a card with a simple message that could be duplicated and sent to all his acquaintances. Horsley lithographed and hand-colored 1,000 copies of this first commercial card. It was a three-panel card – the center panel showed a family celebrating and the two wing panels depicted people feeding the hungry and clothing the naked. The card bore the simple greeting, “A Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year to You,” which would become the standard sentiment of the mass-produced Christmas cards.", "By the late nineteenth century, printing in colour had become much cheaper and an unsealed letter could be sent for a halfpenny, so the custom of sending Christmas cards became more and more widespread.Robins have long been a favourite illustration on Christmas cards, as they have become associated with the Christmas season and are a welcome sight in snowy gardens and landscapes, where their vivid red breasts really stand out against the icy whiteness and brighten up a gloomy, winter’s day.", "Presents photographs of Christmas cards collected from the Victorian era. Popularity of hobby in the United States and Great Britain; Wildlife subjects depicted in Victorian-era Christmas cards; Robins as favorite subject of card artists.", "Easter cards arrived in Victorian England , when a stationer added a greeting to a drawing of a rabbit. According to American Greetings, Easter is now the fourth most popular holiday for sending cards, behind Christmas , Valentine's Day , and Mother's Day .", "British Museum has displayed the oldest known Valentine card . The first valentine greeting card was created by Esther A Howland in US using ribbons," ]

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[ "National Railway Museum is a  Museum managed as a Tourist or Visitor Attraction by an Independent/Unknown Organisation and is located in or near York (City Centre), England.", "The National Railway Museum is a museum in York forming part of the British Science Museum Group of National Museums and telling the story of rail transport in Britain and its impact on society. It has won many awards, including the European Museum of the Year Award in 2001. It is the home of the national collection of historically significant railway vehicles, as well as a collection of other artefacts and both written and pictorial records.", "The National Railway Museum (NRM) is a museum in York forming part of the British Science Museum Group of National Museums and telling the story of rail transport in Britain and its impact on society. It has won many awards, including the European Museum of the Year Award in 2001. It is the home of the national collection of historically significant railway vehicles, as well as a collection of other artefacts and both written and pictorial records.", "The National Railway Museum - the biggest railway museum in the world - is on Leeman Road, next to York railway station. Railways came to York in 1839. The city's location (on the main route between London and Edinburgh) made it an important transport centre.", "The National Railway Museum in York was established in 1975, and has won many different awards over its lifetime, including European Museum of the Year in 2001. The museum showcases over 100 different locomotives and almost 300 carriages and other types of rolling stock, all of which either ran on British railway lines or were built in Britain for use elsewhere. Also on display you will find thousands of pieces of rail memorabilia, including tickets, timetables and promotional rail posters.", "The National Railway Museum in York displays a collection of over 100 locomotives and nearly 300 other items of rolling stock, virtually all of which either ran on the railways of Great Britain or were built there. Also on the 20 acre site are many hundreds of thousands of other items and records of social, technical, artistic and historical interest, exhibited mostly in three large halls of a former motive power depot next to the East Coast Main Line, near York railway station. It is the largest museum of its type in Britain, attracting 727,000 visitors during the 2014/15 financial year (the largest in the world in terms of floor area of exhibition buildings is La Cité du Train in the French town of Mulhouse, although this attracts far fewer visitors than the National Railway Museum).", "For a fantastic day out for the whole family in York, visit the award winning National Railway Museum. Get up close to over 300 years of fascinating history in York's only National Museum. Explore our giant halls full of trains and railway legends including the majestic Duchess of Hamilton, step on to the futuristic Japanese Bullet Train or marvel at the stunning opulence of the Royal Trains. Get on board awe-inspiring locomotives, watch our engineers at work in the Workshop, uncover hidden treasures in the Warehouse and make tracks to the outdoor area. The children can let off steam in our outdoor play area, and our miniature railway ride is perfect for the whole family. Every weekend and throughout the school holidays, the kids can enjoy a lively programme of events, including science shows, story telling, steam rides, craft activities and special events. Please note that calls to our listed phone number (0844...) cost 4.25p per minute plus your phone company's access charge.", "This morning, make a short visit to the second location of the National Railway Museum at Shildon, where many of the locomotives that cannot be", "* 1975 – 27 September: The National Railway Museum is opened, the first national museum outside London.", "The Early Railways Conference 4 was held at University College, London in June 2008 as part of the Trevithick 200 celebrations. The keynote public lecture by John Liffen identified with some certainty the location of the site of the Catch-Me-Who-Can demonstration of 1808 (just off the Euston Road, a few hundred yards ftom the conference venue). The illustrations of this event attributed to Thomas Rowlandson appear to be fakes of a century later, but a genuine contemporary drawing (by J.C.Nattes) almost certainly shows the Hazledine boiler of the locomotive. Proceedings seen briefly at NRM in late September 2014..", "At North Road railway station the station buildings and goods shed are Grade II* listed. The station building is now the Head of Steam – Darlington Railway Museum, which has particular reference to the Stockton & Darlington Railway and houses Locomotion No. 1. Nearby, the former carriage works are now used as workshops for steam locomotives. At Shildon is \"Locomotion\" or National Railway Museum Shildon, part of the National Railway Museum, which contains heritage railway vehicles. The site includes Timothy Hackworth's house, the Soho Workshop and a former coal drops, which are listed buildings. The heritage Weardale Railway runs special services over its line from Bishop Auckland to Eastgate-in-Weardale. ", "Designed around a theme to raise awareness on sustainable transport and the need to cut global emissions in the field of transport. The museum contains a number of indoor and outdoor model railways, plus a variety of full size steam and diesel-electric locomotives, including one of the two Birmingham Maglev's and the first British built hover train. Ideal for children and railway enthusiasts.", "The museum is a large open air site with a comprehensive collection of railway architecture including stations and signal boxes, locomotives, carriages, wagons and ephemera. Set in Constable Country adjacent to one of the largest railway viaducts in the East of England, the Victorian buildings tell the story of railways in the Eastern counties from the 1840’s through to the 21st Century and display artefacts about local and regional railway history, and the development of both freight and passenger traffic. Discounts are offered for group visits of 10 or more people. Catering packages and guided tours are available for groups but require advance notice. There are numerous special events throughout the year including popular beer and cider festivals. What else is in the area? There are several attractions around Colchester including Colchester Zoo, Hollytrees Museum and Bourne Mill. You are in the heart of Constable Country here so a tour round is also a good idea.", "The trams at Crich mostly ran along the streets of cities in United Kingdom before the 1960s, with some trams rescued and restored (even from other countries) as the systems closed. The town of Matlock is close by and the nearest train service is from Whatstandwell railway station on the Derwent Valley Line (Derby-Matlock line), with a steep walk up to the museum at the top of the hill.", "Although there had been amateur attempts to establish a national railway museum from the late 19th century, the National Collection today results from the fusion of two long-running official initiatives. One was led by the State museums sector, evidencing pioneering technology, and the other by the railway industry, in which the key contribution came from the North Eastern Railway as successors to the historic Stockton and Darlington Railway.", "The National Railway Museum is Britain's largest repository of historic railway material and includes locomotives dating as far back as 1829. The collection began when British Railways inherited the collections of previous railway companies in 1948. British Rail went on to expand them during the 1960's. In 1975, the National Railway Museum, housed in a different building at the time, inherited British Rail's collection and continued to develop it. All areas of railway history are covered in the three exhibition halls.", "National Railway Museum North Yorkshire Moors Railway Tanfield Railway Weardale Railway Wensleydale Railway THE ISLE OF MAN Groudle Glen Railway Isle of Man Steam Railway", "The London Transport Museum, or LT Museum based in Covent Garden, London, seeks to conserve and explain the transport heritage of Britain's capital city. The majority of the museum's exhibits originated in the collection of London Transport, but, since the creation of Transport for London in 2000, the remit of the museum has expanded to cover all aspects of transportation in the city. The museum operates from two sites within London. The main site in Covent Garden uses the name of its parent institution, sometimes suffixed by Covent Garden, and is open to the public every day, having recently reopened following a two year refurbishment. The other site, located in Acton, is known as the London Transport Museum Depot and is principally a storage site that is open on regular visitor days throughout the year. The museum was briefly renamed London's Transport Museum to reflect its coverage of topics beyond London Transport, but it reverted to its previous name in 2007 to coincide with the reopening of the Covent Garden site. London Transport Museum is a registered charity under English law.", "“This museum is in the heart of Constable Country and close to Roman Colchester.” The museum has a comprehensive collection of railway architecture, locomotives, carriages, wagons and ephemera, set in Constable Country adjacent to one of the largest railway viaducts in the East of England. It tells the story of railways in the Eastern counties from the 1840s through to the 21st Century and displays artefacts about local and regional railway history, and the development of both freight and passenger traffic. It offers a discount for group visits of 10 or more people, and requires advance notice of more than 20 people if they want catering or a guide. It holds regular beer and cider festivals throughout the year. What else is in the area? This museum is in the heart of Constable Country and close to Roman Colchester.", "51.5120811 -0.1212788 7 London Transport Museum , Covent Garden Piazza (tube: Covent Garden),  ☎ +44 20 7565-7299 . In many cities a local transport museum would be of very narrow interest - not London, however! London's public transport is iconic, and the story of how it developed from horse and cart through early buses, tube trains and trolleybuses to the present day is well worth coming to find out about. There is plenty of opportunity to clamber aboard the historic buses and Tube trains on display. Also because London's transport is so well known, the museum shop contains plenty of items that make interesting and original gifts and souvenirs. £15, concessions £11.50, accompanied children under 16 free.", "Today the railway is managed and run largely by volunteers. Having preserved a number of steam locomotives even before the cessation of steam service on British mainline railways in 1968, today it has over 30 steam locomotives - the largest collection in the UK after the National Railway Museum. The Bluebell also has almost 150 carriages and wagons, most of them pre-1939.", "Leighton Buzzard Railway The Leighton Buzzard Railway, in deepest Bedfordshire, was built at the end of the First World War, using materials and equipment—some still on display—that were surplus from the supply lines to the trenches of France and Belgium. It was always one of the longest narrow-gauge light railways in England, and over the years has become a unique survivor of this bygone form of transport, with its sharp curves, steep inclines, level crossings and roadside running. It is now operated as a tourist attraction and working museum by a team of dedicated volunteers, the round trip from Page’s Park station taking 1hr 10mins.", "The London Transport Museum hosts exhibitions connecting transport with the social and cultural history of London. Inside you'll find more than 80 vehicles spanning 200 years of London's history, including a red Routemaster bus and the world's first Underground steam train. There are some great posters and artwork too! Tickets from £16.", "*Crampton Tower by the railway station houses a museum. The museum contains Thomas Russell Crampton's working drawings, models, graphics, patents, awards and artefacts connected to his life and works. Other galleries illustrate the history and development of the railways, the electric tramways, road transport and other aspects of local industry. The original Broadstairs stage coach built in 1860 is displayed alongside seven working model railways in gauges N, OO, O and Gauge One.", "The Museum has three giant halls packed with railway legends including the Chinese locomotive, one of the largest steam engines ever built in Britain, the Mallard- the world’s fastest steam locomotive and the iconic Japanese Bullet Train. With daily demonstrations, interactive exhibits and a special event programme, this free museum is an action-packed day out for all.", "The museum is housed in an outstanding grade 2* listed 1840s station building commissioned by the famous railway entrepreneur George Hudson. The magnificent portico leads into a grand entrance hall and well preserved booking office, both of which display many original features such as the ticket booths, fireplaces and shuttered windows.", "In the Museum's library archive are found extensive research materials on all aspects of the British railways. More than 20,000 books, 600 periodical titles, timetables from the 1840's onward, 1� million photographs, an archive of technical documents, engineering drawings, and a pictorial collection of paintings, prints, and engravings are available for the serious researcher by appointment.", "A museum about the birthplace of modern urban transportation, called Brunel Engine House, opens to the public", "Presenting everyday life in urban and rural North East England during the days of the Industrial Revolution, this 300 acre living history museum utilises a considerable collection of buildings, vehicles, equipment, livestock and costumed interpreters to relate the history of the region. The museum includes a town, complete with Victorian era buildings, a railway station with rolling stock and signal box, a colliery village with an original coal mine, and a mid-nineteenth century farm complex, all connected by a trams and buses. Open daily during the summer season, closed Mondays and Fridays during the winter, admission charges apply.", "When you’ve visited the museum, why not relax with a snack and drink in our tea room and then have a look in our workshop, where you can see the work in progress on the many projects under way? The railway is open every weekend and Bank Holiday from May to October, and also at Easter and on Sundays in April. In the winter, we have Santa Special trains running on weekends in December. We also have a number of special events throughout the year - call our Talking Timetable for more information.", "' A Model of the Tyne Tees Pullman Train and Mr H. J. H. Nethersole - Mr D. H. Follett - Mr E. B. Banks - Presented to the Science Museum by English Electric Co Ltd '", "Above-left we are in Henrietta Street and can see an example of the salt glazed tiling which adorned parts of the station (goods yard, for example). These are private 'factory units' but clearly were constructed by the GWR. Above-right shows the intricate riveting of the ironwork arch over Henrietta Street - this is paricularly interesting as for the most part, all arch supports were blue-brick: here we see green painted ironwork. If you get the chance, visit the site (don't necessarily enter the station as this is not especially interesting as my earlier shots should have demonstrated) but walk around the outside. You will find all manner of GWR relics - even a now closed GWR green iron public toilet!" ]

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[ "An elven king occasionally appears among the predominantly female elves as in Denmark and Sweden . In the German middle-age epic the Nibelungenlied , a dwarf named Alberich play an important role. Alberich literally translates as \"elf-sovereign\", further contributing to the elf–dwarf confusion observed already in the Younger Edda . Via the French Alberon, the same name has entered English as Oberon – king of elves and fairies in Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream (see below).", "The King of Elves is said to be Oberon who appears in many myths as well as Shakespearse's A midsummer Nights Dream. Another king of the elves is Volund the smith. The Norse god Fey is said to be the ruler of the Light Elves.", "The belief in elves, or supernatural and invisible beings, is almost universal. Apparently, there has been no primitive tribe or race that has not believed at one time or another that the world was inhabited by invisible beings. Especially on the British Isles the belief was very profound. In stories from the 8th and 9th century there are many references to elves, or fairies as they are called there. The king of the elves, Oberon, and his wife Titania appear in some very important works of medieval literature, such as Huon de Bordeaux and Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream.", "“The Green Man is sometimes equated with Oberon, the “King of the Elves,” though Oberon was really only one of many Dragon Kings. In Celtic mythology, one of his guises is “Gwyn ap Nudd” or “Gwaine, son of Nuada,” called “Lord of the Mounds.” Nuada is one of the Tuatha d’Anu, the famous faerie descendents of the Anunnaki in the Western European and Danubian interpretation. As “Lord of the Hunt,” Herne appears with the Elven hunting dogs, the cooshie.", "Oberon (OH-beh-ron), the king of the fairies, who gleefully plots with Puck to cast a spell on the fairy queen and take away her changeling. Once he has stolen the child, he repents his mischief and frees Titania from her ridiculous dotage. He teases her for her fondness for Theseus and is, in return, forced to confess his own affection for Hippolyta.", "Oberon is best known from Shakespeare’s Midsummer Night’s Dream, the king of the faeries who interferes with the love lives of mortals, and plays tug-of-war with Titania over trinkets and toys (read: people) they both want.  Oberon was most likely taken from a legend of a  Merovingian sorcerer named Alberich, or “elf-ruler,” who was believed to be the other-worldly brother of Merowich, whom the people got their name from.", "Unable to pay the elves the fairy kingdom is left without any food. As money doesn't grow on trees, and the chest is empty, King Thistle has to go to work and earn a coin. / Out looking for Gaston,...", "Oberon (also spelled Auberon) is a king of the fairies in medieval and Renaissance literature. He is best known as a character in William Shakespeare's play A Midsummer Night's Dream, in which he is Consort to Titania, Queen of the Fairies. ", "\"Sir Orfeo\" tells how Sir Orfeo's wife was kidnapped by the King of Faerie and only by trickery and excellent harping ability was he able to win her back. \"Sir Degare\" narrates the tale of a woman overcome by her fairy lover, who in later versions of the story is unmasked as a mortal. \"Thomas the Rhymer\" shows Thomas escaping with less difficulty, but he spends seven years in Elfland. Oisín is harmed not by his stay in Faerie but by his return; when he dismounts, the three centuries that have passed catch up with him, reducing him to an aged man. King Herla (O.E. \"Herla cyning\"), originally a guise of Woden but later Christianised as a king in a tale by Walter Map, was said, by Map, to have visited a dwarf's underground mansion and returned three centuries later; although only some of his men crumbled to dust on dismounting, Herla and his men who did not dismount were trapped on horseback, this being one account of the origin of the Wild Hunt of European folklore. ", "Elvenking King of the elves who imprisons Thorin and the other dwarves in his dungeon, from which they are rescued by Bilbo who hides the dwarves in barrels and floats them down a river to Lake-town (also called Esgaroth). Elvenking appears at the Battle of Five Armies.", "Faes are mostly creatures of legend. Told by elves to their children as bedtime tales and by the clerics of Lothos as a sign of one Lothos' many beautiful blessings of the world. The story of the birth of the faeries starts long ago. Lothos decided to create a race of beauty and innocence to watch over his beloved earth in his stead. He touched the life of a tiny child who had been abandoned in the forest and gave it wings, beauty, and an immortal life. As long as it would always follow him and care for the earth and it’s occupants, it would be under his good graces. Thus was born the first faerie. While this tale is usually thought of as simply a story passed through the generations of elves, it is nearly the truth.", "The influence of Shakespeare and Michael Drayton made the use of elf and fairy for very small beings the norm. In Victorian literature, elves usually appeared in illustrations as tiny men and women with pointed ears and stocking caps. An example is Andrew Lang 's fairy tale Princess Nobody (1884), illustrated by Richard Doyle , where fairies are tiny people with butterfly wings, whereas elves are tiny people with red stocking caps. There were exceptions to this rule however, such as the full-sized elves who appear in Lord Dunsany 's The King of Elfland's Daughter as well as Northern English and Scottish Lowlands folklore (as seen in such tales as The Queen of Elfan's Nourice and other local variants).", "Significant for the distancing of the concept of elves from its mythological origins was the influence from literature. In Elizabethan England , William Shakespeare imagined elves as little people. He apparently considered elves and fairies to be the same race. In Henry IV, part 1 , act II, scene iv, he has Falstaff call Prince Henry , \"you starveling, you elfskin!\", and in his A Midsummer Night's Dream , his elves are almost as small as insects . On the other hand, Edmund Spenser applies elf to full-sized beings in The Faerie Queene .", "Puck, the merry, mischievous elf, Robin Goodfellow, of English folk legend. He is Oberon’s servant. He brings about the confusion of the young Athenians on Midsummer Eve as he tries to carry out Oberon’s wishes; the king has taken pity on Helena and hopes to turn Demetrius’ scorn for her into love. Puck simply enchants the first Athenian he sees, Lysander, and with great amusement watches the confusion that follows, commenting, “Lord, what fools these mortals be!”", "Elfland, or Faerie, the otherworldly home not only of elves and fairies but goblins, trolls, and other folkloric creatures, has an ambiguous appearance in folklore.", "The Fairy Queen or Queen of the Fairies was a figure from folklore who was believed to rule the fairies. Based on Shakespeare's influence, in English-speaking cultures she is often named Titania or Mab. ", "This elf is dwarfish in height, though very handsome. He explains that, at his christening, an offended fairy cursed him to dwarfish height (an example of the wicked fairy godmother folklore motif), but relented and gave him great beauty as compensation. Alberich features as a dwarf in the Nibelungen; the dwarfish height was thus explained. ", "Elves : Related to and often confused with fairies and goblins, elves are created from the root of the magical mandrake plant. If treated well, they can be wonderful helpmates, amassing great wealth and power for their master. If treated cruelly, an elf will see that its owner gets his or her just desserts - often in a violently grotesque fashion.", "An elf (plural: elves) is a type of supernatural being in Germanic mythology and folklore. Reconstructing the early concept of an elf depends almost entirely on texts in Old English or relating to Norse mythology. Later evidence for elves appears in diverse sources such as medical texts, prayers, ballads, and folktales.", "A fairy (also fay, fae, fair folk; from faery, faerie, \"realm of the fays\") is a type of mythical being or legendary creature in European folklore, a form of spirit, often described as metaphysical, supernatural, or preternatural.", "For a long time, views about elves in Old Norse mythology were defined by Snorri Sturluson's Prose Edda, which talks about svartálfar, dökkálfar and ljósálfar. However, these words are only attested in the Prose Edda and texts based on it, and it is now agreed that they reflect traditions of dwarves, demons, and angels, partly showing Snorri's 'paganisation' of a Christian cosmology learned from the Elucidarius.", "This is not exclusive to English or French folklore. In Norse mythology, Elfland (Alfheim) was also the name of what today is the Swedish province of Bohuslän. In the sagas, it said that the people of this petty kingdom were more beautiful than other people, as they were related to the elves, showing that not only the territory was associated with elves, but also the race of its people.", "Sometimes fairies are described as assuming the guise of an animal. In Scotland it was peculiar to the Fairy women to assume the shape of deer; while witches became mice, hares, cats, gulls, or black sheep. In the \"The Legend of Knocksheogowna\", in order to frighten a farmer who pastured his herd on fairy ground, a Fairy Queen took on the appearance of a great horse, with the wings of an eagle, and a tail like a dragon, hissing loud and spitting fire. Then she would changed into a little man lame of a leg, with a bull's head, and a lambent flame playing round it. ", "In early modern and modern folklore, they become associated with the fairies of Romance folklore and assume a diminutive size, often living mainly in forests but also underground in hills or rocks, or in wells and springs. 19th-century Romanticism attempted to restore them to full stature making them men and women of great beauty. They were often depicted as very young, probably adolescents as male elves lack facial hair.", "In J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium, Elves are one of the races that inhabit a fictional Earth, often called Middle-earth, and set in the remote past. They appear in The Hobbit and in The Lord of the Rings, but their complex history is described more fully in The Silmarillion. Tolkien had been writing about Elves long before he published The Hobbit.", "In popular folklore, flint arrowheads from the Stone Age were attributed to the fairies as \"elf-shot\". Their green clothing and underground homes were credited to their need to hide and camouflage themselves from hostile humans, and their use of magic a necessary skill for combating those with superior weaponry. In Victorian beliefs of evolution, cannibalism among \"ogres\" was attributed to memories of more savage races, still practicing it alongside \"superior\" races that had abandoned it. ", "What is myth and what is true? An overview of the most important facts about the fairy tale king.", "It was this tradition as household spirits, that the elves were later given in Germanic and Celtic folklore traditions. The closest thing that the Celtic people had to the elves were the ellyll from Welsh tradition.", "Tom Bombadil -  A jovial, mysterious, and powerful being who dances around his small realm, singing songs in doggerel. Tom is extremely old, perhaps immortal, and his origins are unknown. He has great power and is deeply connected to the earth, but he is unconcerned with the world outside his realm.", "The Tuath(a) Dé Danann are a race of supernaturally-gifted people in Irish mythology. They are thought to represent the main deities of pre-Christian Gaelic Ireland. Many of the Irish tales of the Tuatha Dé Danann refer to these beings as fairies, though in more ancient times they were regarded as goddesses and gods. The Tuatha Dé Danann were spoken of as having come from islands in the north of the world or, in other sources, from the sky. After being defeated in a series of battles with other otherworldly beings, and then by the ancestors of the current Irish people, they were said to have withdrawn to the sídhe (fairy mounds), where they lived on in popular imagination as \"fairies.\"", "An important collection of old Nordic folklore is 'Amongst Gnomes and Trolls' that started in Sweden in 1907 as an annual publication and is famous for its amazing illustrations. From the many artists that have worked on it the most well-known is perhaps John Bauer who inspired several successful illustrators of children's books that came after him in the 20th century.", "Elves are prominently associated with sexual threats, seducing people and causing them harm. For example, a number of early modern ballads in the British Isles and Scandinavia, originating in the medieval period, describe human encounters with elves." ]

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[ "Red is the most popular color used on flags in the world. Approximately 77% of all flags include red.", "The most popular colour used on flags is red (Table 4). Red has been the most popular colour throughout the century. Although it has declined from appearing on 81% of the flags surveyed in 1917 to 74% in 1999, it is still the most popular colour used on flags today. White also remains a popular colour and is found in 71% of all flags, slightly down from a high of 77% in 1917. Yellow has shown an overall increase from 26% in 1917 to 43% currently, while the use of blue has declined steadily from 67% at the beginning of the century to 50% today. The use of both black and green has shown constant increases, green showing the most dramatic increase from appearing on 16% of the flags in 1917 to 42% in 1999. The most obvious explanation for this is the use of green in the flags of Africa, and the Islamic countries of the Middle East and Asia. The use of black is also a feature in nearly a third of African flags.", " The most popular colours in national flags are red, white, green, dark blue, yellow, light blue, and black. The [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Distribution_colours_in_national_flags.pdf graph] on the right shows the proportion of the surface colour across all national flags. The occurrence of each colour in all the flags is listed in detail in the table below. The table shows that the colours light brown, dark brown and grey only occur in very small quantities. In fact, they only occur in the symbols of flags, such as in the Spanish flag.", "Red is the dominant colour both in terms of the number of flags it appears on as well as the area it occupies. Although blue occupies the second largest area on flags, the second most popular colour on the total number of flags is actually white. It appears, therefore, that white appears on more flags but in smaller amounts while blue is on fewer flags but in larger amounts. Yellow appears on more flags in smaller amounts than green, while green occupies the third largest area appearing on fewer flags than yellow but in larger amounts. Similar observations occur for the other main colours used on flags but the undisputed most popular colour remains red.", "White is a common color in national flags, though its symbolism varies widely. The white in the flag of the United States and flag of the United Kingdom comes from traditional red St George's Cross on a white background of the historic flag of England. The white in the flag of France represents either the monarchy or \"white, the ancient French color\" according to the Marquis de Lafayette.", "There are three colour combinations that are used on several flags in certain regions. Blue, white, and red is a common combination in Slavic countries such as the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Russia, Serbia, Slovenia, and Croatia as well as among Western nations including Australia, France, Iceland, Norway, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and the United States of America. Many African nations use the Pan-African colours of red, yellow, and green, including Ghana, Cameroon, Mali and Senegal. Flags containing red, white, and black (a subset of the Pan-Arab colours) can be found particularly among the Arab nations such as Egypt, Iraq, Syria and Yemen.", "The five Olympic rings represent the five major regions of the world – Africa, the Americas, Asia, Europe and Oceana, and every national flag in the world includes one of the five colors, which are (from left to right) blue, yellow, black, green, and red.", "According to most accounts, the rings were adopted by Baron Pierre de Coubertin (founder of the modern Olympic Movement) in 1913 after he saw a similar design on an artifact from ancient Greece.  The five rings represent the five major regions of the world: Africa, the Americas, Asia, Europe, and Oceania. Every national flag in the world includes at least one of the five colors, which are (from left to right) blue, yellow, black, green, and red.  It is important to emphasize that Pierre de Coubertin never said nor wrote that the colors of the rings were linked with the different continents", "What are the four common colours on the flags of the following countries. Iraq, Syria, Kuwait and Afghanistan? Red, Green, White and Black", "When Pierre de Coubertin in 1913 designed a flag for the 1914 Paris Congress of the Olympic Movement, celebrating the movements twentieth anniversary, naturally he chose the Olympic symbol. For the colours he decided to use the colours of the flags of all countries that were part of the Olympic Movement, six colours in all: White for the cloth and Red, Yellow, Green, Blue, and Black for the rings. The congress was so taken with this design that it adopted it as the flag for the Olympic Movement.", "The French flag closely resembles the flag of Belgium. The Belgian flag features three vertical and equal bands of black, yellow, and red instead of the French colors - blue, white, and red. The flag of Chad and Ireland also resemble the French tricolor in design. The Irish flag features three vertical and equal bands of green, white, and orange. The flag of Chad resembles the French flag closely and the three colors on the Chad flag are blue, yellow, and red. The Luxembourg flag also features red, white, and blue, but the stripes are horizontal and the are shades lighter than the French flag. The design of the French flag has influenced the flags of many nations of the world including the flags of Belgium, Italy, Mexico, Ireland, and Romania.", "The Olympic Flag, which flies in the main stadium and all other venues of the Games, is white with five interlaced rings in the center. The rings are blue, yellow, black, green and red, with the blue ring high on he left, nearest the flag pole. These rings represent the five continents joined in the Olympic Movement. The proper arrangement and interlacing of the rings is shown on the sketch below. here is no country that has not one or more of these colours in its national flag. It was created in 1913, at the suggestion of Baron de Coubertin, and was used for the first time at the Olympic Games in 1920 at Antwerp.", "The flag of the EAC comprises 9 horizontal stripes of unequal width. The first and last are the thickest and are in blue. A thinner white stripe separates the blue from a black stripe and red stripe at the top and bottom of the flag. These stripes in turn are separated by a thin green stripe from the middle, thicker, yellow stripe. The colour order of the stripes is therefore: blue, white, black, green, yellow, green, red, white and blue.", "three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue; similar to the flag of Luxembourg, which uses a lighter blue and is longer; the colors were those of WILLIAM I, Prince of Orange, who led the Dutch Revolt against Spanish sovereignty in the latter half of the 16th century; originally the upper band was orange, but because it tended to fade to red over time, the red shade was eventually made the permanent color; the banner is perhaps the oldest tricolor in continuous use", "Red is also the colour of communism – the flags of China and Vietnam are red. The Former Soviet Union’s flag used to be red too. The army of the Soviet Union was known as the “Red Army”.", "The national colors of France—blue, white and red—originated in the form of a cockade combining royalist white with blue and red, the heraldic colors of the city of Paris. Blue/red cockades were ordered to be worn on the hats of the Paris Militia (later the National Guard) in 13 July 1789. Four days later the Marquis de Lafayette presented a white/red/blue cockade to King Louis XVI, and on 4 October 1789 this device was made an official symbol of France. Soon thereafter, the colors of this cockade began to be adopted for the flags of France, eventually producing one of the world's most famous and influential flags: le drapeau tricolore fran�ais, the French Tricolor.", "*Perhaps the most popular proposed flag of Antarctica (the Graham Bartram design) uses the UN colours, consisting of a plain white representation of the continent on a blue background.", "The background of the flag of United Nation is light blue is color with a white colored map of the world within a wreath of olive leaves on it. This emblem is located right at the heart of the flag .", "The national flag of France is a tricolour flag featuring three vertical bands coloured blue ( hoist side ), white , and red . It is known to English speakers as the French Tricolour or simply the Tricolour ( French : Tricolore).", "The national flag of France is a tricolour flag featuring three vertical bands coloured blue (hoist side), white, and red. It is known to English speakers as the French Tricolour or simply the Tricolour ().", "The flag of Germany has not always used black, red, and gold as its colours. After the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, the Prussian-dominated North German Confederation adopted a tricolour of black-white-red as its flag .", "The French national flag, or tricolor, plays an important role in Armistice Day observances. It is one-and-a-half times as wide as it is tall and consists of three equal vertical bands colored blue, white and red. It is often displayed at half mast or on flag poles held diagonally by military service men and women.", "The national flag of France (known in French as drapeau tricolore, drapeau bleu-blanc-rouge, drapeau fran�ais, never, le tricolore and, in military parlance, les couleurs) is a tricolour featuring three vertical bands coloured blue (hoist side), white, and red.", "The \"tricolour\" flag is an emblem of the Fifth Republic. It originated around the time of the French Revolution. The white represents the King, and the blue and red represents the City of Paris.  The flag is flown from many public buildings and is on display during civil and military ceremonies.", "Today I got a letter from the German Federal Ministry of the Interior whom I had asked for the correct colour shades of the national flag. The reply of 30 July 1998 states: \"In accordance to article 22 of the Constitution the federal colours for the Federal Republic of Germany are black-red-gold. Technical prescriptions of the colour shades had not been fixed by the Federal Minister of the Interior, since these always change in the course of the years. Currently the following colour shades are used:", "Why are there so many different world flags? What are the most common symbols on flags? What does the colours on the flags mean? So many questions... we will show you the answers here.", "* The Union Flag (Union Jack) of the United Kingdom is the most commonly used. British colonies typically flew a flag based on one of the ensigns based on this flag, and many former colonies have retained the design to acknowledge their cultural history. Examples: Australia, Fiji, New Zealand, Tuvalu, and also the Canadian provinces of Manitoba, Ontario and British Columbia, and the American state of Hawaii; see commons:Flags based on British ensigns.", "The correct flag is D. The flag was first produced in 1973. Sixty-one radiating golden spears form a \"C\" around the central globe. As all good vexilologists will know, A is the flag of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), B is Caricom, the Caribbean's common market and C is the flag of Vatican City.", "Flags of countries around the world represent not only that country or territory, but also their history, political and religious beliefs, culture, society and even natural sights from their land. By using different colors, symbols and even shapes, countries identify themselves to the outside world. Flags come and go but one thing remains the same: they are a big deal to many people.", "There are many other colorful flags throughout the world -- you can find them all in this list of the flags of the world. Which are your favorites?", "Flags of countries of the world mean many things, from political and religious beliefs to even a land of dragons. Using color, symbols and shapes, countries around the world use flags to tell the rest of the world who and what they are.", "Can you remember off-hand the colors of the Italian flag ? Think of 10 countries whose flags you know... most probably Italy is among them. " ]

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[ "Orion’s Belt or the Belt of Orion is an asterism in the constellation of Orion (the Hunter). It consists of the three bright white-blue stars (from east to west or from left to right) Alnitak, Alnilam and Mintaka, which are more or less evenly spaced in a straight line, and so can be visualized as the belt of the hunter’s clothing.", "Orion's Belt or the Belt of Orion, also known as the Three kings or Three Sisters, is an asterism in the constellation Orion. It consists of the three bright stars Alnitak, Alnilam and Mintaka.", "Orion's Belt or The Belt of Orion is an asterism within the constellation. It consists of the three bright stars Zeta (Alnitak), Epsilon (Alnilam), and Delta (Mintaka). Alnitak is around 800 light years away from earth and is 100,000 times more luminous than the Sun; much of its radiation is in the ultraviolet range, which the human eye cannot see. Alnilam is approximately 1340 light years away from Earth, shines with magnitude 1.70, and with ultraviolet light is 375,000 times more luminous than the Sun. Mintaka is 915 light years away and shines with magnitude 2.21. It is 90,000 times more luminous than the Sun and is a double star: the two orbit each other every 5.73 days.", "The three stars forming Orion 's belt are [5977] delta , [5974] epsilon and [5975] zeta Orionis . [5977] delta Orionis or Mintaka (\"region\") is an eclipsing binary variable star system that consists of a large blue giant and an O-type white star . It is approximately 900 light-year s distant.", "The three stars in a perfectly straight line make up the ‘belt’ of Orion. If you look just below the belt toward where Orion’s sword would be hanging then you will notice that there is a fuzzy looking group of stars. This is M42, the famous Orion nebular, a huge ball of hydrogen gas that eventually will form brand new stars. Try looking at it through binoculars and you will be able to see more of the nebulosity. If you now follow the line of Orion’s belt upwards to the right you will come across a very tight group of seven stars, this is the Pleiades cluster. These are baby stars just a few million years old. If you use your binoculars to look at them you will see that there are in fact a few hundred stars all within this group and a very distinct blue in colour, you should also be able to make out the gasses that surround the new stars. Now go back to Orion and look to the star in the upper left hand corner, this is Betelgeuse (beetle-juice). You will see that it is bright red in colour. Betelgeuse is a red giant nearing the end of its life. It is so big that if you brought it down to us and put it where the Sun is then the edge of Betelgeuse would stretch out past the orbit of Mars!", "Four bright stars mark Orion 's shoulders ( Betelgeuse and Bellatrix) and his knees ( Saiph and Rigel ). Three stars in a perfect row, canted at a jaunty angle, mark his belt ( Alnitak , Alnilam , and Mintaka ), from which his sword hangs, again marked by smaller three stars.", "View larger. | Three medium-bright stars in a short, straight row represent Orion’s Belt. A curved line of stars extending from the Belt represents Orion’s Sword. The Orion Nebula lies about midway down in the Sword of Orion. Photo by EarthSky Facebook friend Marian McGaffney.", "The constellation Orion is usually drawn as a hunter, whose belt is marked out by three bright stars. The bright star above the belt, when viewed from the Northern Hemisphere is Betelgeuse (astronomical name Orionis), a yellowish-red star. The bright white star Rigel (Orionis) is below the belt. The positions of Betelgeuse and Rigel are reversed when Orion is viewed from the Southern Hemisphere.", "The star pattern of Orion is distinctive and made of bright stars.  You should note three stars in particular: Betelgeuse (B), Bellatrix (Be) and Rigel (R).  Halfway between the shoulder of Orion (Betelgeuse and Bellatrix) and his feet (Rigel) are the three belt stars.  You will note a set of stars that form a sword hanging from the belt; the middle star is not a star at all - it is the Orion Nebula (marked N on the chart), you may notice that appears blurry (look at it through binoculars).", "Many people are familiar with Orion, the most noticeable of all constellations. The three stars of Orion’s Belt jump out at you midway between Orion’s two brightest stars, Betelgeuse and Rigel , which are two of the brightest stars in the sky. Once you find the Belt stars, you can also locate the Orion Nebula, otherwise known as M42, a stellar nursery where new stars are being born. Follow the links below to learn more about the Orion Nebula.", "The three stars that make up the belt of Orion are known by many names across many ancient and current cultures. Today they are known in Spain, Portugal and South America as “Las Tres Marías”. In the Philippines and Puerto Rico they are called the Los Tres Reyes Magos. In England: Jacob’s Rod or Staff; Peter’s Staff; the Golden Yard-arm; the L, or Ell; the Ell and Yard; the Yard-stick, and more.", "One of the most obvious features people see in Orion is the three stars that make up what most people consider the belt of the giant. Mintaka , the westernmost star in the belt, comes from the", "The left shoulder of Orion is marked by Gamma Orionis, known as Bellatrix, a Latin name meaning ‘the female warrior’. The star at the hunter’s right knee, Kappa Orionis, is called Saiph. This name comes from the Arabic for ‘sword’, and is clearly misplaced. The three stars of the belt – Zeta, Epsilon, and Delta Orionis – are called Alnitak, Alnilam, and Mintaka. The names Alnitak and Mintaka both come from the Arabic word meaning ‘the belt’ or ‘girdle’. Alnilam comes from the Arabic meaning ‘the string of pearls’, another reference to the belt of Orion.", "Orion noticeable for its Belt stars, a short, straight row of three medium-bright stars. Look below Orion’s Belt for the very bright star Rigel. See it? Now look above Orion’s Belt for the star Betelgeuse. See that? You can draw an imaginary line from Rigel through Betelgeuse to locate Castor and Pollux. Remember, you’ll be looking for two bright stars that are noticeably close together.", "The constellation Orion contains two of the ten brightest stars in the sky – Rigel (Beta Orionis) and Betelgeuse (Alpha Orionis) – a number of famous nebulae – the Orion Nebula ( Messier 42 ), De Mairan’s Nebula (Messier 43) and the Horsehead Nebula , among others – the well-known Trapezium Cluster , and one of the most prominent asterisms in the night sky – Orion’s Belt .", "Orion's seven brightest stars form a distinctive hourglass-shaped asterism, or pattern, in the night sky. Four stars—Rigel, Betelgeuse, Bellatrix and Saiph—form a large roughly rectangular shape, in the centre of which lie the three stars of Orion's Belt—Alnitak, Alnilam and Mintaka. Coincidentally, these seven stars are among the most distant that can easily be seen with the naked eye. Descending from the 'belt' is a smaller line of three stars (the middle of which is in fact not a star but the Orion Nebula), known as the hunter's 'sword'.", "The Orion Nebula also contains many stellar nurseries. Astronomers have observed approximately 700 stars in various stages of formation within the nebula.", "Alnilam, Mintaka and Alnitak, which form Orion’s belt, are the most prominent stars in the Orion constellation. Betelgeuse, the second brightest star in Orion, establishes the right shoulder of the hunter. Bellatrix serves as Orion's left shoulder.", "Orion is arguably the most recognisable and interesting constellation in the night sky, having seven stars brighter than 2nd magnitude and numerous multiple and variable stars. One such multiple star is Theta 1 Orionis (", "Winter is the season of Orion, the hunter. You can find Orion by looking for the three closely set stars in his belt a little further south than overhead. Once you have seen these a couple of times you will be able to recognize them anywhere. As well as the belt, Orion includes shoulders (the two bright stars above his belt, to the north), two feet (the two bright stars further south) and a scabbard hanging from his belt (which may be a little faint to see here). There are several legends involving Orion, many of them not so complimentary to the giant hunter. One involves Orion becoming enamored of the Pleiades (who were seven earthly women at the time, all daughters of a king). He eventually became so obsessed with them that the gods took pity on the girls and whisked them away to the sky on the back of a bull. They became the group of stars called the Pleiades and the bull became Taurus. Obviously Orion managed to follow them, and still chases them across the sky.", "*Mintaka garnered the name Delta Orionis from Bayer, even though it is the faintest of the three stars in Orion's Belt. Its name means \"the belt\". It is a multiple star system, composed of a large B-type blue giant and a more massive O-type white star. The Mintaka system constitutes an eclipsing binary variable star, where the eclipse of one star over the other creates a dip in brightness. Mintaka is the westernmost of the three stars of Orion's Belt, as well as the northernmost.", "In China, Orion was one of the 28 lunar mansions Sieu (Xiu) （宿）. It is known as Shen （參）, literally meaning \"three\", for the stars of Orion's Belt. (See Chinese constellations)", "In the order of brightness, the apparent magnitudes of the components are 2.23 (3.2/3.3), 6.85, 14.0. Mintaka is the faintest of the three stars in Orion’s Belt and the seventh brightest star in Orion. It is the closest bright star to the celestial equator: it rises and sets almost exactly east and west.", "The linear alignment of the Belt is a line-of-sight effect that conceals somewhat the true relations of the stars making it up. In fact, the stars at either end of the Belt, Alnitak and Mintaka , are the closest together in space: Alnitak is a little over 800 light years from Earth , and Mintaka a hundred light years farther away. The central star , Alnilam , is much more distant than either of these, lying on the edge of the Orion Molecular Cloud more than 1,300 light years from the Solar System .", "Look about 45° in the north-western sky during early summer and you will find the constellation Orion. The two brightest stars are Rigel, a bluish-white super-giant some 900 light years away (1 light year equals 9.5 trillion km). It is 40 times larger and about 57,000 times more luminous than our Sun. It also has a companion star, but you would need a 150mm telescope to separate it. Across from Rigel isSaiphwhich forms Orion's other 'trunk'.", "Mintaka is 915 light years away and shines with magnitude 2.21. It is 90,000 times more luminous than the Sun and is a double star: the two orbit each other every 5.73 days. Looking for Orion's Belt in the night sky is the easiest way to locate the constellation. In the Northern Hemisphere, Orion's Belt is best visible in the night sky during the month of January around 9:00 pm, when it is approximately around the local meridian.", "This spectacular visible light wide-field view of part of the famous belt of the great celestial hunter Orion shows the region of the sky around the Flame Nebula . The whole image is filled with glowing gas clouds illuminated by hot blue young stars. It was created from photographs in red and blue light forming part of the Digitized Sky Survey 2. The field of view is approximately three degrees. Image: ESO and Digitized Sky Survey 2", "Orion, the Hunter, is a prominent constellation , perhaps the best-known in the sky. Its brilliant stars, on the celestial equator and visible throughout the world, make this constellation universally recognized.", "* The number of main stars in the asterism of the Big Dipper and the constellation of Orion.", "Orionis, respectively. (Precise recent observations show that Rigel is actually brighter than Betelgeuse, but the names are now permanent.) Because there are many more stars in any given constellation than there are letters in the Greek alphabet, this method is of limited utility. However, for naked-eye astronomy, where only bright stars are involved, it is quite satisfactory.", "The Orion Nebula is about 3 0 on the sky. What is its linear diameter? Ans.", "Here’s a map to show you what Orion looks like, and how to find which of its stars is which…" ]

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[ "All that remained in the box was Hope. It fluttered from the box like a beautiful dragonfly, touching the wounds created by the evil creatures, and healing them. Even though Pandora had released pain and suffering upon the world, she had also allowed Hope to follow them.", "Pandora's box is an artifact in Greek mythology, taken from the myth of Pandora's creation in Hesiod's Works and Days. The \"box\" was actually a large jar (πίθος pithos) given to Pandora (Πανδώρα, \"all-gifted\", \"all-giving\"), which contained all the evils of the world. Pandora opened the jar and all the evils flew out, leaving only \"Hope\" inside once she had closed it again.", "Pandora's box is an artifact in Greek mythology. The \"box\" was actually a large jar given to Pandora, which contained all the evils of the world. Pandora was ordered not to open the jar under any circumstance. Impelled by her natural curiosity, Pandora opened the jar, and all evil contained escaped and spread over the earth. She hastened to close the lid, but the whole contents of the jar had escaped, except for one thing which lay at the bottom, and that was Hope.", "According to Greek mythology, the first woman on Earth , Pandora, was given a box that she was not to open under any circumstance. Too curious to resist, she opened it, and all of the evils of the world flew out: hate, pain, destructiveness, starvation. When Pandora saw what she had done, she closed the box before the last thing in there could escape. That last thing was hope.", "Pandora felt the weight of the world on her shoulders and looked at the gilded box that had turned rusty and hideous. As if sensing her need, a warm and calming feeling shrouded her and she knew that not all was lost. Unknown to her, along with the evil feelings, she had also revealed hope, the only good thing that Zeus had trapped inside the box. From now on, hole would live with man forever, to give him succor just when he felt that everything was coming to an end.", "Remember this, Pandora's box released chaos. The gods saw the dispair her actions caused so they released one last item with the others so mankind could bear to go on, the gift of hope. 'Til next time.", "Pandora’s box is an artifact in Greek mythology, taken from the myth of Pandora’s creation in Hesiod’s Works and Days. The “box” was actually a large jar (πίθος pithos) given to Pandora (Πανδώρα, “all-gifted”, “all-giving”), which contained all the evils of the world.", "In Greek mythology Pandora was the first woman on earth. She was given to Prometheus, bearing a jar which she was not to open. When she did, all evil contained escaped, except for one thing: Hope.", "According to Athena and Hephaestus, Pandora's Box contains the Evils of the world, created in the wake of the Titanomachy. Exactly what this means is never truly explored, but this does not appear to encompass all of the world's flaws; ample amounts of anger, cruelty, and other negative traits are apparent in the series long before Kratos opens the box.", "Might I remind some of you out there, Pandora was not evil. She was simply over-curious. However, as ravencel reminded us, Pandora did release hope into the world along with the evil spirits.", "The Myth of Pandora´s Box - The myth of Pandora’s Box has always been one that has caught my attention. According to The Free Dictionary by Farlex, Pandora’s Box is defined as “a source of extensive but unforeseen troubles or problems,” (Pandora’s+box, Farlex). To me, it is very fascinating to think that one person, Pandora, can be responsible for majority of the evils in the world. Also the controversy between hope being a good thing or a bad thing catches my attention. These are some of the main reasons that I chose this myth to interpret....   [tags: evils, zeus, adam, eve]", "Foster's lawyer introduced her to Glen Ballard, best known for his work with Alanis Morissette; Presley played him 'these very dark, wretched, treacherous, melancholic demos', and he signed her to his label with Capitol. She nearly completed an album with him three years ago, but then Ballard left and she decided to stay on Capitol. But she worried that the songs were not edgy enough, and some were recorded over and over again until they satisfied her. 'I'm sick of these songs', she says, but she's also quite obviously very proud that she has created something that really addresses her life. 'I respond to people when they're honest', she says. 'I don't respond to the bullshit, and I don't want to put bullshit out there. The album is me raw and who I am'.", "In 2002, she performed the American]national anthem, in front of an audience at the Super Bowl XXXVI at the Louisiana Superdome, New Orleans, Louisiana. Following a well-received supporting role in the 2002 film WiseGirls, Carey released the album Charmbracelet, which she said marked “a new lease on life” for her. Sales of Charmbracelet were moderate, and the quality of Carey’s vocals came under severe criticism. The Boston Globe declared the album “the worst of her career, revealing a voice no longer capable of either gravity-defying gymnastics or soft coos”, and Rolling Stone commented, “Carey needs bold songs that help her use the power and range for which she is famous. Charmbracelet is like a stream of watercolors that bleed into a puddle of brown.” The album’s only charting single in America, “Through the Rain”, was a failure on pop radio, which had become less open to maturing “diva” stylists such as Celine Dion, or Carey herself in favor of younger singers such as Christina Aguilera, who had vocal styles very similar to Carey’s.", "In 2009, she appeared as a social worker in Precious, the movie adaptation of the 1996 novel Push by Sapphire. The film garnered mostly positive reviews from critics, also for Carey's performance. Variety described her acting as \"pitch-perfect\". In January 2010, Carey won the Breakthrough Actress Performance Award for her role in Precious at the Palm Springs International Film Festival. On September 25, 2009, Carey's twelfth studio album, Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel, was released. Reception for the album was mostly mixed; Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic called it \"her most interesting album in a decade\", while Jon Caramanica from The New York Times criticized Carey's vocal performances, decrying her overuse of her softer vocal registers at the expense of her more powerful lower and upper registers. Commercially, the album debuted at number three on the Billboard 200, and became the lowest-selling studio album of her career. The album's lead single, \"Obsessed\", debuted at number eleven and peaked at number seven on the chart, and became Carey's 27th US top-ten hit, tying her with Elton John and Janet Jackson as the fifth most top-ten hits. The album's follow-up single, a cover of Foreigner's \"I Want to Know What Love Is\", managed to break airplay records in Brazil. The song spent 27 weeks atop the Brasil Hot 100 Airplay, making it the longest running song in the chart's history. ", "On May 20, Carey used her Twitter page to reveal the title of her 12th album: Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel . Its first single \" Obsessed \" debuted at number 11, her highest debut on the chart since \" My All \" in 1998. Within hours after the song's release, various outlets speculated that its target was rapper Eminem , in response to his song \"Bagpipes from Baghdad,\" in which he taunted Carey's husband, Nick Cannon by telling him to back off and that Carey is his. According to MTV , Carey alludes to drug problems in \"Obsessed,\" which Eminem opened up about on his sixth studio album, Relapse . However, Eminem quickly responded recording a song titled \"The Warning\" in which he threatens to release voicemails of Carey and hurls abusive comments at her. Nick Cannon has vowed that Eminem’s words will have “repercussions”. \"Obsessed\" peaked at number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 , making it her 40th career entry on that chart. Carey is the eighth woman to amass 40 Hot 100 singles; Aretha Franklin has the most, with 76. The album's second single was a cover of Foreigner 's \" I Want to Know What Love Is \" and peaked at #60 in the Billboard Hot 100 as well as so far becoming a moderate success worldwide. \" H.A.T.E.U. \" was revealed to be the album's third single, during Carey's performance at a private V.I.P venue in New York", "* Pandora Hearts has Miranda Barma who would later become the chain Demios the Executor also nicknamed Queen of Hearts and they have a similar obsession of cutting heads. ", "In 1996, Vanity Fair covered Mariah Carey's husband and manager, Tommy Mottola, and it would serve her well: Mottola admitted to keeping her cloistered in their mansion with bodyguards assigned to her at all times, even on trips to the restroom. Once the world was clued into the \"private hell\" she would later describe, Carey finally got the courage to leave Mottola. In 1997, Carey released Butterfly amidst her separation from Mottola. With it, she had more creative control of her music and sexier new image, and it worked, moving 5 million copies and earning three Grammy nominations.", "After Emotions failed to achieve the commercial heights of her debut album, Carey and Columbia came to the agreement that the next album would contain a more pop influenced sound, in order to appeal to a wider audience. During Carey's writing sessions, she began working mostly with Afanasieff, with whom she co-wrote and produced most of Music Box. On August 31, Music Box was released around the world, debuting at number-one on the Billboard 200. The album was met with mixed reception from music critics; while many praised the album's pop influence and strong content, others felt that Carey made less usage of her acclaimed vocal range. Ron Wynn from AllMusic described Carey's different form of singing on the album: \"It was wise for Carey to display other elements of her approach, but sometimes excessive spirit is preferable to an absence of passion.\" The album's second single, \"Hero,\" would eventually come to be one of Carey's most popular and inspirational songs of her career. The song became Carey's eighth chart topper in the United States, and began expanding Carey's popularity throughout Europe. With the release of the album's third single, Carey achieved several career milestones. Her cover of Badfinger's \"Without You\" became her first number one single in Germany, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Read Less", "\"It is inevitable that her death will elevate her reputation and that there will be a third record released,\" he said. \"It's difficult to place her in the pantheon of greats now because the truth is that her career was still in its early days. That's the tragedy of the situation. She was a wonderful writer. The thing that's very sad about this is that there was so much more to come.\"", ". Following a well-received supporting role in the 2002 film WiseGirls , Carey released the album Charmbracelet , which she said marked \"a new lease on life\" for her. Sales of Charmbracelet were moderate, and the quality of Carey's vocals came under severe criticism. The Boston Globe declared the album \"the worst of her career, revealing a voice no longer capable of either gravity-defying gymnastics or soft coos\", and Rolling Stone commented, \"Carey needs bold songs that help her use the power and range for which she is famous. Charmbracelet is like a stream of watercolors that bleed into a puddle of brown.\" The album's only charting single in America, \" Through the Rain \", was a failure on pop radio , which had become less open to maturing \"diva\" stylists such as Celine Dion , or Carey herself in favor of younger singers such as Christina Aguilera , who had vocal styles very similar to Carey's.", "In 2001 Carey signed an $80 million contract with Virgin Records that made her the highest-paid recording artist. Her career quickly took a downturn, however, as she suffered a breakdown and was hospitalized following erratic behaviour. She starred in Glitter (2001), but both the semiautobiographical film and its accompanying album fared poorly. In 2002 Virgin terminated its contract with Carey. Later that year she signed with Island/Def Jam, but her first album for the label, Charmbracelet (2002), was a disappointment. However, her follow-up, The Emancipation of Mimi (2005), was a critical and commercial success, becoming the top-selling album of the year in the United States, with more than six million copies sold. It also earned three Grammy Awards, including best contemporary R&B album. “", "Following her separation from Mottola in 1997 (20 years ago), Carey introduced elements of hip hop into her album work, to much initial success, but her popularity was in decline when she left Columbia in 2001 (16 years ago), and she was dropped by Virgin Records the following year after a highly publicized physical and emotional breakdown, as well as the poor reception given to Glitter, her movie and soundtrack project. In 2002 (15 years ago), Carey signed with Island Records, and after a relatively unsuccessful period, she returned to the top of music in 2005 (12 years ago).", "number but the version on the new album is slow and depressing. Why ruin a perfectly good song? And don’t get me started on her version of Will You Still Love Me Tomorrow? This girl was clearly not in top form when making this new album and, to be totally honest, had she not died the album most probably would have bombed. It’s truly a sad story. If she only had had people around her who really cared about her and not her fame, perhaps the outcome would have been different. All she needed was someone to look out for her and get her some help, not to be chased around by the press and dragged about like a puppet. As for the album, it’s not great, save your money.", "Music Box is the third studio album by American singer Mariah Carey. It was released by Columbia Records on August 31, 1993, in North America. The album comprises ballads primarily co-written by Carey and Walter Afanasieff, with whom she had previously worked on Emotions (1991), and a few urban dance tracks. During the course of the album's development, Carey wanted to broaden her audience, choosing a more pop/R&B oriented sound. During this time frame, they experimented with different organs and other musical instruments, leading the album's sound away from her more contemporary previous efforts. Two unused tracks from the album sessions were released as B-sides: \"Do You Think of Me\" and \"Everything Fades Away\".", "Music Box is the third studio album by American recording artist Mariah Carey. It was released by Columbia Records on August 31, 1993, in North America. The album comprises ballads primarily co-written by Carey and Walter Afanasieff, with whom she had previously worked on Emotions (1991), and a few urban dance tracks. During the course of the album's development, Carey wanted to broaden her audience, choosing a more pop/R&B oriented sound. During this time frame, they experimented with different organs and other musical instruments, leading the album's sound away from her more contemporary previous efforts. Two unused tracks from the album sessions were released as B-sides: \"Do You Think of Me\" and \"Everything Fades Away\".", "Following her separation from Mottola in 1997, Carey introduced elements of hip hop into her album work, to much initial success, but her popularity was in decline when she left Columbia in 2001. She signed to Virgin Records but was paid to leave the label the following year after a highly publicized physical and emotional breakdown, as well as the poor reception given to Glitter, her film and soundtrack project. In 2002, Carey signed with Island Records, and after a relatively unsuccessful period, she returned to the top of music in 2005.", "The song's release date was changed after its music video and cover art were leaked online. It was released in January 2009 in Australia and in March 2009 in the United States. It reached the Top 20 in several countries and received a Platinum certification from RIAA for one million units sold, all despite the several issues which accompanied its release.", "Carey's next studio album, Music Box, was released in 1993 and spawned the hits \"Anytime You Need A Friend,\" \"Never Forget You,\" and the hugely popular number one songs \"Hero\" and \"Dreamlover\". These songs, and Carey's duet with Luther Vandross of Diana Ross' \"Endless Love,\" made Carey one of the most-played musicians on the radio in 1993 and 1994. During the Christmas season of 1994, Carey released the album Merry Christmas, and had a perennial hit with her original holiday song, \"All I Want For Christmas Is You\".", "Ex-10000 Maniacs singer Natalie Merchant wrote and recorded a memorably controversial song, simply named \"River\", featured on her 1995 solo album Tigerlily (Elektra). While she deplores this tragic death of a \"Young & strong Hollywood son\" who was \"one of ours\", she criticizes strongly the excesses of the people's \"vulture's candor\" and the media's greedy attention to the event and adds: \"Why don't you let him be… /Give his father & his mother peace\", as well as: \"It's only a tragedy\", ending with the real question behind it: \"How could we save him / From himself?\" Thus she went far beyond the straight eulogy that most songs and writings about River Phoenix's passing were at the time it happened.", "On May 20, Carey used her Twitter page to reveal the title of her 12th album: Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel. Its first single “Obsessed” debuted at number 11 and has so far peaked at number 7 on the Billboard Hot 100, making it her 40th career entry on that chart. Carey is the eighth woman to amass 40 Hot 100 singles; Aretha Franklin has the most, with 76. The album’s second single will be a cover of Foreigner’s “I Want to Know What Love Is”.", "Singer with a soul-steeped voice whose instantly successful Back to Black album reflected her tormented experience of love", "During early 1993, Carey began working on her third studio album, Music Box. … Read More" ]

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[ "Backgammon has thirty pieces, or fifteen for each of the two players. The pieces in Backgammon are also known as checkers, draughts, pieces, men, stones or counters.", "Simply put, each player has 15 pieces or checkers as they are referred to and get all of them home before the other person. You can only start bearing off if all of your pieces are first in your home board. This is the same in online backgammon. Infact most of the backgammon rules are the same for online backgammon.", "The backgammon rules are pretty straight forward. Each player begins with their 15 pieces set up exactly the way as their opponent. In online backgammon you don’t have to worry about setting up the board as it is done for you.", "Backgammon is a board game for two players, played with two dice each, thirty checkers/markers, and on a board made up of twenty-four narrow triangles called \"points\".  The points alternate in colour and are grouped into six triangular points on each quarter of the board.  Each quarter of the board is known as a player's home board, outer board, and their opponent's home board and outer board.  The home and outer boards are divided by a line/ridge down the centre of the board called the \"bar\".", "Backgammon is a game for two players, played on a board consisting of twenty-four narrow triangles called points . The triangles alternate in color and are grouped into four quadrants of six triangles each. The quadrants are referred to as a player’s home board and outer board, and the opponent’s home board and outer board. The home and outer boards are separated from each other by a ridge down the center of the board called the bar .", "Backgammon is a game for two players, played on a board consisting of twenty-four narrow triangles called points . The triangles alternate in color and are grouped into four quadrants of six triangles each. The quadrants are referred to as a player's home board and outer board, and the opponent's home board and outer board. The home and outer boards are separated from each other by a ridge down the center of the board called the bar .", "Each player begins the game with sixteen pieces: each player's pieces comprise one king, one queen, two rooks, two bishops, two knights and eight pawns. One player, referred to as White, controls the white pieces and the other player, Black, controls the black pieces; White is always the first player to move. The colors are chosen either by a friendly agreement, by a game of chance or by a tournament director. The players alternate moving one piece at a time (with the exception of castling, when two pieces are moved at the same time). Pieces are moved to either an unoccupied square, or one occupied by an opponent's piece, capturing it and removing it from play. With one exception (en passant), all pieces capture opponent's pieces by moving to the square that the opponent's piece occupies.", "Each player begins the game with 16 pieces: one king, one queen, two rooks, two knights, two bishops, and eight pawns. Each of the six piece types moves differently. The most powerful piece is the queen and the least powerful piece is the pawn. The objective is to 'checkmate' the opponent's king by placing it under an inescapable threat of capture. To this end, a player's pieces are used to attack and capture the opponent's pieces, while supporting their own. In addition to checkmate, the game can be won by voluntary resignation by the opponent, which typically occurs when too much material is lost, or if checkmate appears unavoidable. A game may also result in a draw in several ways.", "Backgammon is an obstacle race between two armies of 15 men each, moving around a track divided into 24 dagger-like divisions known as ``points''.", "The pieces are divided, by convention, into white and black sets. The players are referred to as \"White\" and \"Black\", and each begins the game with sixteen pieces of the specified color. These consist of one king, one queen, two rooks, two bishops, two knights and eight pawns.", "Backgammon is one of the oldest board games known. It is a two player game where playing pieces are moved according to the roll of dice, and a player wins by removing all of his pieces from the board before their opponent. Backgammon is a member of the tables family, one of the oldest classes of board games in the world.", "Hypergammon is a variant of backgammon in which players have only three checkers on the board, starting with one each on the 24-, 23- and 22-points. The game has been strongly solved, meaning that exact equities are available for all 32 million possible positions.", "Backgammon is one of the oldest board games for two players. The playing pieces are moved according to the roll of dice, and players win by removing all of their pieces from the board. There are many variants of backgammon, most of which share common traits. Backgammon is a member of the tables family, one of the oldest classes of board games in the world.", "A chess set contains 32 pieces, 16 pieces for each player. Each player has one king, one queen, two rooks, two bishops, two knights and eight pawns. In a Staunton chess set, half of the pieces are white and the other half are black.", "Russian backgammon is a variant described in 1895 as: \"...much in vogue in Russia, Germany, and other parts of the Continent...\". Players start with no checkers on the board, and both players move in the same direction to bear off in a common home board. In this variant, doubles are more powerful: four moves are played as in standard backgammon, followed by four moves according to the difference of the dice value from 7, and then the player has another turn (with a few exceptions).", "Players arrange their 40 pieces in a 4×10 configuration at either end of the board. Such pre-play distinguishes the fundamental strategy of particular players, and influences the outcome of the game.", "As in backgammon, all one's pieces have to be in the last six spaces before bearing off can commence. The same rules apply of being able to send an enemy singleton back to the start, and that a piece so sent must be reentered before any other move is made, apply as in Backgammon, as does the rule that one cannot move a man to a space occupied by two or more of the opponent's pieces, and the rule that the whole roll must always be played if possible.", "How Many Counters Does Each Player Have at the Start of a Game of Backgammon | uk.QACollections.com", "Chess is a game, played by two players. One player plays with the white pieces, and the other player plays with the black pieces. Each player has sixteen pieces in the beginning of the game: one king, one queen, two rooks, two bishops, two knights, and eight pawns.", "Chess is a two-player game, where one player is assigned white pieces and the other black. Each player has 16 pieces to start the game: one king, one queen, two rooks, two bishops, two knights and eight pawns.", "At the end of the game, if a person has borne off all fifteen of his checkers and the opponent has borne off at least one checker, that person wins the current stake. If the opponent has not borne off any checkers, then the opponent loses a gammon and loses double the current stakes. If the opponent has not borne off any checkers and still has one or more checkers on the bar, the opponent loses a backgammon, and loses triple the current stakes.", "Backgammon is played in two principal variations, \"Money\" and \"Match\" play. Money play means that every point counts evenly and every game stands alone, whether money is actually being wagered or not. \"Match\" play means that the players play until one side scores (or exceeds) a certain number of points. The format has a significant effect on strategy. In a match, the objective is not to win the maximum possible number of points, but rather to simply reach the score needed to win the match. For example, a player leading a 9-point match by a score of 7-5 would be very reluctant to turn the doubling cube, as their opponent could take and make a costless redouble to 4, placing the entire outcome of the match on the current game. Conversely, the trailing player would double very aggressively, particularly if he has chances to win a gammon in the current game. In money play, the theoretically correct checker play and cube action would never vary based on the score.", "The game is played by two to four players on a square (or nearly square) board with a 15-by-15 grid of cells (individually known as “squares”), each of which accommodates a single letter tile. In official club and tournament games, play is always between two players (or, occasionally, between two teams each of which collaborates on a single rack).", "Maybe not exactly one of the backgammon rules but certainly, most important: The object of Backgammon is for each player to bring all his men into his home board, and then to bear them off the board. The first player to get all his men off the board is the winner.", "Also in the picture you may notice that the backgammon board is further subdivided in 2x2 areas, a home and an outer board for each player. Also the mid section of the board is called the bar. This is where the checkers taken out by you or by opponent are to be put.", "in which the losing player has not borne off any checkers and still has one or more checkers on the bar or in the winner's home board . A backgammon is also called a triple game because the winner receives three times the value of the doubling cube .  Compare:  Single Game and Gammon .", "A backgammon variant in which the roll of 1 and 2 gives the player extra turns.  See:  How to Play Acey-Deucey .", "Players continue to take turns to move until an end is reached. At this point the pieces on the board are counted up and the winner is the person with the most reverse pieces on the board.", "Backgammon has an established opening theory, although it is less detailed than that of chess. The tree of positions expands rapidly because of the number of possible dice rolls and the moves available on each turn. Recent computer analysis has offered more insight on opening plays, but the midgame is reached quickly. After the opening, backgammon players frequently rely on some established general strategies, combining and switching among them to adapt to the changing conditions of a game.", "Note: in online Backgammon, many of the above advanced rules are applied to single games and match games. In single games, players have the option to resume another game with the same rules and stakes applied, or start fresh. In match play, the rules apply until the conclusion, the same as with tournaments", "Though backgammon has been around for 2,000 years, the introduction of the doubling cube in the mid-1920s in New York revolutionized the game and took it to the next level. The next level is to play backgammon online, against many opponents, and to win.", "The game, of course, is Backgammon, and the illustration above shows the board and the initial arrangement of the men." ]

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[ "Some cocktails include Tia Espresso Martini, Dark Tia made with dark rum, Tia Maria and cola, or the Skinny Tia White Russian, made with skim milk and Tia Maria, with a splash of vodka.", "Ok Vodka, Tia Maria & Coke, They are the ingredients. And its not coffee its chocolate, because the drink is otherwise known as a Chocolate Orgasm.", "Tia Maria is a coffee liqueur made originally in Jamaica using Jamaican coffee beans. The main flavor ingredients are coffee beans, cane spirit, vanilla, and sugar, blended to an alcoholic content of 31.5% (alcoholic content as sold has been reduced to 20%).", "the ingredients here are wrong. it is vodka. tia maria,coke poured over ice and topped with a dash of guinness", "The Iguana sounds like a variation on a Margarita recipe until you get to the call for Tia Maria. That's a little different. And the result will surprise you. It's just a hint of dark espresso liqueur flavor against delicious sweetened lemon, with tequila and vodka for the base. Imagine something like deep, dark chocolate with lemon, with hints of agave … [Read more...]", "Tia Maria is a liqueur made from Jamaica that encompasses two of my favorite things: Jamaican Rum and Blue Mountain Coffee. Ok, the Blue Mountain might be a stretch, but it actually is the finest coffee produced in Jamaica. Mix that with a rich Jamaican Rum and you have a thumbs up. The alcohol percentage is at 20% which makes this a great liqueur for adding to coco, coffee or sipping over the rocks. Tia Maria is a smoother blend with a hint of spice that can add a hint of something different to any drink you make it with and since it’s not made with cream, its perfect for those out there watching their caloric intake. Want to try it but not sure how? Here are a few options you can throw together at your next party to introduce everyone to an internationally known liqueur: Dark Indulgence Cocktail, Mike Tyson Cocktail and Ciel Recipe", "Tia Maria é uma marca de licor feito à base de café jamaicano pertencente ao grupo Pernod Ricard.", "A versatile liqueur which is delicious whether consumed straight, over ice, or mixed. Tia Maria is the UK's leading coffee liqueur.", "Two types of coffee flavored liqueurs exist: those that come from vodka and those that come from rum. If a coffee liqueur recipe calls for rum, it is typically called a Tia Maria. However, those made with vodka are more common.", "The Tia Maria brand was bought by Pernod Ricard through their Malibu Rum|Malibu-Kahlúa International subsidiary in 2005.It was sold to Illva Saronno in July of 2009. Following the sale, Chivas Brothers Limited produced it for Saronno. Bacardi U.S.A., Inc. distributed it in the U.S. for Saronno. As of Aug. 1, 2012, Kobrand became the distributor.", "Since the time the production of Kahlua began, it has been compared to Tia Maria, yet another coffee liquor that is famous the world over. Tia Maria has its history traced back to 17th century and it was in the 1950s, the liquor was rediscovered. Kahlua differs from Tia Maria in its texture and taste – thicker than Tia Maria and less sweeter as well. With sugarcane rum has its spirit base, Kahlua has more ingredients that include nutmeg and vanilla.", "1/2 oz (15 mL) vodka, 1/2 oz (15 mL) gin, 1/2 oz (15 mL) tequila, 1/2 oz (15 mL) triple sec, 1/2 oz (15 mL) rum, 1 1/2 oz (45 mL) sweet and sour, splash of Coke. Stir. Garnish with lemon twist. Build ingredients over a Collins glass with ice. Some bartenders give the drink a short shake, but this is optional. Some choose to mix it without tequila. Some have nicknamed a Long Island with tequila a \"Texas Iced Tea\".", "A totally new kind of martini. Just mix citrus vodka, agwa (coca leaf liqueur), a splash of chartreuse and a bit of simple syrup. Stir and serve in a martini glass garnished with a couple of mint leaves.", "½ oz (15 mL) vodka, ½ oz (15 mL) gin, ½ oz (15 mL) tequila, ½ oz (15 mL) triple sec, ½ oz (15 mL) rum, 1½ oz (45 mL) sweet and sour, splash of Coke. Stir. Garnish with lemon twist. Build ingredients over a Collins glass with ice. Some bartenders give the drink a short shake, but this is optional. Some choose to mix it without tequila. Some have nicknamed a Long Island with tequila a \"Texas Iced Tea\".", "The historical fable of its origins dates it to the 18th century. A young Spanish girl was forced to flee Jamaica, and the family plantation during a conflict. She was accompanied by a sole servant who carried a bit of jewelry and the recipe for the family liqueur. In honor of the woman's help, the girl named the liqueur \"Tia Maria\" (tia is Spanish for \"aunt\"), her name for the woman who had helped save her life. One account of its history says that a man named Dr. Evans discovered the drink after World War II, and he began reproducing it. This story of Dr. Evans devotion to the drink is part of the official website's history, however.[1] According to some sources, it was actually created in Jamaica in the 1930s.", "One of the world's most successful premium international liqueurs, Tia Maria offers consumers an intriguing, alluring and daring experience.", "It's hard to imagine brunch without the hangover-soothing effects of a piquant Bloody Mary. The earlier formulas, according to drinks expert Greg Boehm, were simply vodka and tomato juice, mirroring the surge in popularity of both ingredients in the 1930s and '40s. The tricked-out version we know today---made with Worcestershire sauce, lemon juice, salt and pepper---can potentially be traced back to what some pros consider a different drink called the Red Snapper, which may have been created by French barman M. Fernand \"Pete\" Petiot at the St. Regis Hotel's King Cole Bar. At some point the Bloody and the Snapper became interchangeable (cocktail historians are still sussing out the details). At the Clover Club (210 Smith St between Baltic and Butler Sts, Carroll Gardens, Brooklyn; 718-855-7939, cloverclubny.com ), you'll find four versions (vodka, gin, tequila, aquavit; $10 each).", "The Cuba Libre (;, \"Free Cuba\") is a cocktail made of cola, lime, and dark or light rum. This cocktail is often referred to as a Rum and Coke in the United States, Canada, the UK, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand where the lime juice may or may not be included.", "As was reported in the San Antonio Express-News in 1994, when they did a feature on her for the 45th anniversary of the cocktail: “Margarita and her husband, Bill, invited some friends from Dallas to visit them in Acapulco. Their cliffside hacienda was under construction, so they borrowed a home from a local friend, with luxurious grounds and a pool with a swimming bar. Sames wanted to make a refreshing drink that could be enjoyed poolside before lunch. ‘After all, a person can only drink so many beers or so many Bloody Marys, or screwdrivers or whatever,’ she said. ‘I wanted to make up a new drink.’", "Combine the Amarula Cream, Mainstay 54 Island vodka and chocolate mousse in a cocktail shaker or container with a lid to seal. Shake well and strain into the chilled Martini glass. Don’t add ice. Garnish with shaved or grated white and/or dark chocolate, and raspberries (optional).", "2 parts Tang® powdered soft drink, 1 part vodka, 3 crushed ice cubes. Mix really well and serve. [14]", "The margarita is a cocktail consisting of tequila, triple sec and lime or lemon juice, often served with salt on the rim of the glass. Take care to moisten only the outer rim and sprinkle the salt on it. The salt should present to the lips of the imbiber and never mix into the cocktail. It is the most common tequila-based cocktail in the United States.The most popular tequila cocktail in Mexico, by contrast, is the paloma. The drink is served shaken with ice (on the rocks), blended with ice (frozen margarita), or without ice (straight up). Although it has become acceptable to serve a margarita in a wide variety of glass types, ranging from cocktail and wine glasses to pint glasses and even large schooners, the drink is traditionally served in the eponymous margarita glass, a stepped-diameter variant of a cocktail glass or champagne coupe.", "During Prohibition, Americans crossed the southern border in search of liquor, bringing with them their suggestions for what bartenders should serve. At the time, the “ Daisy ” was a popular American cocktail consisting of brandy, fruit-based liqueur, and lemon juice. Daisy, is a nickname for Margaret, which is translated in Spanish as “Margarita.”  Swap tequila for the brandy and viola — the Margarita was born.", "\"The daiquiri is now the best-known drink in Cuba. This recipe for the real daiquiri was given me by Facundo Bacardi and confirmed by one of the men who was present at the christening: half one lime, squeezed onto one teaspoonful of sugar; pour in one whiskey-glassful of bacardi; plenty of ice; shake until shaker is thoroughly frosted outside. Meanwhile, chill a tall wine-glass of the kind known as flute, fill it with shaven ice, and pour in the mixture. Must be drunk frozen or is not good.\"", "\"In this day and age,\" says Timpano bartender Kim Kraimer, \"a martini is no longer your classic vermouth, gin or vodka.\" Sometimes it's even made with rum. Arguably the most popular of Timpano's two dozen house martinis is the Liquid Karma, a greenish concoction containing Bacardi Limon, Zen Green Tea liqueur, lemon juice and fresh ginger, served with a honey rim and lemon twist. It's as sweet as it sounds, and it's developed quite a reputation. \"A lot of people know Timpano's for that,\" said Kraimer. As well they should. 1610 W Swann Ave., Tampa. (813) 254-5870, timpanochophouse.net", "Garnish — The final touch to any noteworthy Margarita is the garnish. The classic garnish for the cocktail is a lime wedge, which permits people to add a delightful blast of fresh lime juice to the drink, should they choose to do so. As mentioned before, lime wheels are attractive, but not functional.", "Margarita is the Spanish word for 'daisy'. (Incidentally, 'daisy' is thought to be a corruption of 'day's eye' due to the flower head of the daisy closing at night and opening in the morning.) And its probable that the Margarita cocktail is simply a tequila-based Daisy - a style of drink made with citrus juice, sweetened with a syrup or liqueur, and fortified with a base spirit that dates back to Victorian times.", "Wealthy Dallas socialite Marguerite “Margarita” Sames loved to create drinks for her party guests using whatever she could find behind the bar. When she was 35 years old, during a 1948 Christmas party at a borrowed vacation home (hers was still under construction) in Acapulco, Mexico, she mixed 2 parts silver tequila with one part each of Cointreau and fresh lime juice, and being familiar with licking salt before taking a shot of tequila, she decided to lightly coat the rim with table salt. Over the years, Bill and Margarita served the drink to their guests, referring to it as “The Drink” or “Margarita's Drink.” After Bill presented Margarita with a set of champagne glasses with her name etched on them, the drink got its official name. Bill and Margarita ran in a powerful set, who all loved her cocktail, including hotelier Nick Hilton (who was also Elizabeth Taylor’s first husband), Tail O’ the Cock owner Shelton McHenry, Hotel Bel-Air owner Joseph Drown, movie stars Lana Turner and John Wayne, and other worldly guests and friends that later served the drink in their hotels and restaurants, spreading the drink around the globe. Sames moved to El Paso, Texas, in 1958 where she was well known for her lavish parties, and eventually settled in San Antonio in her golden years.", "An alcoholic beverage containing tequila, triple sec, and lime juice. A frozen margarita is blended with ice cubes.", "something called a sazerac cocktail. Keep in mind, the recipe we found is for four cocktails:", "Add sugar and lime juice to a cocktail shaker, and stir to dissolve sugar. Add rum. Fill shaker with ice and shake like hell. Strain into a cocktail coupe. *Recipe courtesy of Jeff \"Beachbum\" Berry", "* Hurricane Jenny. Ingredients: Amaretto liqueur, Soda such as 7-up, Sprite or Sierra Mist and ice cubes." ]

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[ "The House of Lords and the House of Commons assemble in the Palace of Westminster . The Lords Chamber is lavishly decorated, in contrast with the more modestly furnished Commons Chamber. Benches in the Lords Chamber are coloured red. The Woolsack is at the front of the Chamber; the Government sit on benches on the right of the Woolsack, while members of the Opposition sit on the left. Crossbenchers , sit on the benches immediately opposite the Woolsack. [7]", "[33] The predominance of the colour red in the Senate Chamber and the British House of Lords can be explained by its history as a royal colour used in the room where the Sovereign met his Court and nobles, as was the case in Parliament’s earliest days. The association of the colour green with the Commons is not so easily determined. The colour green has been linked to the Commons’ meeting places at least since 1663 (date of the first authoritative written reference to green in the House of Commons). See Davies, J.M., “Red and Green”, The Table, Vol. XXXVII, 1968, pp. 33‑40 as well as United Kingdom, House of Commons, “House of Commons Green”, Factsheet G10, www.parliament.uk, 2006.", "Benches in the chamber are coloured red. In contrast, the House of Commons is decorated in green.", "The bridge is painted predominantly green, the same colour as the leather seats in the House of Commons which is on the side of the Palace of Westminster nearest the bridge. This is in contrast to Lambeth Bridge which is red, the same colour as the seats in the House of Lords and is on the opposite side of the Houses of Parliament.", "At one end of the debating chamber is the throne. During the State Opening of Parliament this is where the Queen sits and where she reads out the Queen's Speech, which describes the laws which the current government plans to implement during the next year. This speech is written for the Queen by the Prime Minister. Along both sides of the room are the seats where the members of the House of Lords sit. These seats are red: this used to be the most expensive colour to create so traditionally it has been used by royalty and the richest members of society.", "In the USA, blue signifies states held by the Democratic Party, the more left-wing. In the UK, blue identifies the Conservative Party, the more right-wing.", "Labour has long been identified with red, a political colour traditionally affiliated with socialism and the labour movement. The party conference in 1931 passed a motion \"That this conference adopts Party Colours, which should be uniform throughout the country, colours to be red and gold\". Since the party's inception, the red flag has been Labour's official symbol; the flag has been associated with socialism and revolution ever since the 1789 French Revolution and the revolutions of 1848. The red rose, a symbol of social democracy, was adopted as the party symbol in 1986 as part of a rebranding exercise and is now incorporated into the party logo. ", "At the south end of the Chamber are the ornate gold Canopy and Throne; although the Sovereign may theoretically occupy the Throne during any sitting, he or she attends only the State Opening of Parliament. Other members of the Royal Family who attend the State Opening use Chairs of State next to the Throne, and peers' sons are always entitled to sit on the steps of the Throne. In front of the Throne is the Woolsack , a backless and armless red cushion stuffed with wool , representing the historical importance of the wool trade, and used by the officer presiding over the House (the Lord Speaker since 2006, but historically the Lord Chancellor or a deputy). The House's mace , which represents royal authority, is placed on the back of the Woolsack. In front of the Woolsack is the Judges' Woolsack, a larger red cushion formerly occupied during the State Opening by the Law Lords (who were members of the House of Lords), and prospectively by the Supreme Court Justices and other Judges (whether or not members), to represent the Judicial Branch of Government. The Table of the House, at which the clerks sit, is in front.", "At the south end of the Chamber are the ornate gold Canopy and Throne; although the Sovereign may theoretically occupy the Throne during any sitting, he or she attends only the State Opening of Parliament. Other members of the Royal Family who attend the State Opening use Chairs of State next to the Throne, and peers' sons are always entitled to sit on the steps of the Throne. In front of the Throne is the Woolsack , an armless red cushion stuffed with wool , representing the historical importance of the wool trade, and used by the officer presiding over the House (the Lord Speaker since 2006, but historically the Lord Chancellor or a deputy). The House's mace , which represents royal authority, is placed on the back of the Woolsack. In front of the Woolsack is the Judges' Woolsack, a larger red cushion that used to be occupied during the State Opening by the Law Lords (who were members of the House of Lords), and prospectively by the Supreme Court Justices and other Judges (whether or not members), to represent the Judicial Branch of Government. The Table of the House, at which the clerks sit, is in front.", "At the north end of the Chamber is the Speaker 's Chair, a present to Parliament from the Commonwealth of Australia. The current British Speaker's Chair is an exact copy of the Speaker's Chair given to Australia, by the House of Commons, to celebrate the opening of Old Parliament House, Canberra . In front of the Speaker's Chair is the Table of the House, at which the clerks sit, and on which is placed the Commons' ceremonial mace. The Table was a gift from Canada. [117] The dispatch boxes , which front-bench Members of Parliament (MPs) often lean on or rest notes on during Questions and speeches, are a gift from New Zealand. There are green benches on either side of the House; members of the Government party occupy benches on the Speaker's right, while those of the Opposition occupy benches on the Speaker's left. There are no cross-benches as in the House of Lords. The Chamber is relatively small, and can accommodate only 427 of the 650 Members of Parliament [118] —during Prime Minister's Questions and in major debates MPs stand at either end of the House.", "Members of the House occupy red benches on three sides of the Chamber. The benches on the Lord Chancellor's right form the Spiritual Side and those to his left form the Temporal Side. The Lords Spiritual (archbishops and bishops of the established Church of England) all occupy the Spiritual Side. The Lords Temporal (nobles) sit according to party affiliation: members of the Government party sit on the Spiritual Side, whilst those of the Opposition sit on the Temporal Side. Some peers, who have no party affiliation, sit on the benches in the middle of the House opposite the Woolsack; they are accordingly known as cross-benchers.", "Members of the House occupy red benches on three sides of the Chamber. The benches on the Lord Speaker's right form the Spiritual Side and those to his left form the Temporal Side. The Lords Spiritual (archbishops and bishops of the established Church of England ) all occupy the Spiritual Side. The Lords Temporal ( nobles ) sit according to party affiliation: members of the Government party sit on the Spiritual Side, while those of the Opposition sit on the Temporal Side. Some peers, who have no party affiliation, sit on the benches in the middle of the House opposite the Woolsack; they are accordingly known as cross-benchers .", "House of Lords, the upper chamber of Great Britain ’s bicameral legislature . Originated in the 11th century, when the Anglo-Saxon kings consulted witans (councils) composed of religious leaders and the monarch’s ministers, it emerged as a distinct element of Parliament in the 13th and 14th centuries. It currently comprises the following elements: (1) the Lords Spiritual, including the archbishops of Canterbury and York and the bishops of Durham, London, and Winchester, as well as 21 other bishops holding sees in England; (2) from November 1999, 92 hereditary peers ; (3) from January 1980, all life peers and peeresses created under the Life Peerages Act of 1958. A fourth element, the Law Lords, consisting of the judges of the Supreme Court of Judicature (the Court of Appeal and the High Court of Justice ), acted as Britain’s final court of appeal (except for Scottish criminal cases) until 2009, when the Law Lords were abolished and the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom came into being. The total number of persons qualified to sit in the House of Lords is in excess of 670.", "In the United Kingdom, Parliament consists of the House of Commons, the House of Lords, and the Monarch. The House of Commons is composed of 650 (soon to be 600) members who are directly elected by British citizens to represent single-member constituencies. The leader of a Party that wins more than half the seats, or less than half but is able to gain the support of smaller parties to achieve a majority in the house is invited by the Queen to form a government. The House of Lords is a body of long-serving, unelected members: Lords Temporal - 92 of whom inherit their titles (and of whom 90 are elected internally by members of the House to lifetime seats), 588 of whom have been appointed to lifetime seats, and Lords Spiritual - 26 bishops, who are part of the house while they remain in office.", "The upper house of the British Parliament, the House of Lords, is an archaic institution that consists of temporal and spiritual peers (more than 1,000 persons). The temporal peers are divided into three groups: the hereditary peers and peeresses of England, Scotland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom who have not renounced their titles in accordance with the Peerage Act of 1963; life peers and peeresses, appointed by the Crown in accordance with the Life Peerage Act of 1958; and lords by appellation, appointed in accordance with the Juridical Appellation Act of 1876 in order to conduct the juridical powers and functions of the House of Lords. Included in the category of spiritual peers are the archbishops of Canterbury and York, the bishops of London, Durham, and Winchester, as well as 21 bishops of the Anglican Church, who occupy seats in the House of Lords by seniority.", "Of the 92, two remain in the House of Lords because they hold royal offices connected with Parliament: the Earl Marshal and the Lord Great Chamberlain . Of the remaining ninety peers sitting in the Lords by virtue of a hereditary peerage , 15 are elected by the whole House and 75 are chosen by fellow hereditary peers in the House of Lords, grouped by party. (If a hereditary peerage holder is given a life peerage, he or she becomes a member of the House of Lords without a need for a by-election.) The exclusion of other hereditary peers removed the Prince of Wales (who is also Earl of Chester ) and all other Royal Peers, including the Duke of Edinburgh , Duke of York , Earl of Wessex , Duke of Gloucester and Duke of Kent .", "While the House of Commons has a defined 650-seat membership, the number of members in the House of Lords is not fixed. There are currently sitting Lords. The House of Lords is the only upper house of any bicameral parliament to be larger than its respective lower house.", "The House of Lords was previously a largely hereditary aristocratic chamber, although including life peers, and Lords Spiritual. It is currently mid-way through extensive reforms, the most recent of these being enacted in the House of Lords Act 1999. The house consists of two very different types of member, the Lords Temporal and Lords Spiritual. Lords Temporal include appointed members (life peers with no hereditary right for their descendants to sit in the house) and ninety-two remaining hereditary peers, elected from among, and by, the holders of titles which previously gave a seat in the House of Lords. The Lords Spiritual represent the established Church of England and number twenty-six: the Five Ancient Sees (Canterbury, York, London, Winchester and Durham), and the 21 next-most senior bishops.", "Since the Dissolution of the Monasteries, the Lords Temporal have been the most numerous group in the House of Lords. Unlike the Lords Spiritual, they may be publicly partisan, aligning themselves with one or another of the political parties that dominate the House of Commons. Publicly non-partisan Lords are called crossbenchers . Originally, the Lords Temporal included several hundred hereditary peers (that is, those whose peerages may be inherited), who ranked variously as dukes , marquesses , earls , viscounts , and barons (as well as Scottish Lords of Parliament ). Such hereditary dignities can be created by the Crown; in modern times this is done on the advice of the Prime Minister of the day (except in the case of members of the Royal Family).", "The full, formal style of the House is The Right Honourable the Lords Spiritual and Temporal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in Parliament assembled. The formal style of individual members of the House of Lords is The Right Honourable the Lord X of Y. The House of Lords, like the House of Commons, meets in the Palace of Westminster . Lords who are Privy Counsellors place \"PC\" after their title : all Privy Counsellors are in any case entitled to the epithet \"The Right Honourable\".", "* Parliament of the United Kingdom (consisting of the House of Commons and the House of Lords)", "Since the Dissolution of the Monasteries, the Lords Temporal have been the most numerous group in the House of Lords. Unlike the Lords Spiritual, they may be publicly partisan, aligning themselves with one or another of the political parties that dominate the House of Commons. Publicly non-partisan Lords are called crossbenchers. Originally, the Lords Temporal included several hundred hereditary peers (that is, those whose peerages may be inherited), who ranked variously as dukes, marquesses, earls, viscounts, and barons (as well as Scottish Lords of Parliament). Such hereditary dignities can be created by the Crown; in modern times this is done on the advice of the Prime Minister of the day (except in the case of members of the Royal Family).", "From 1707 until 1963 Scottish peers elected 16 representative peers to sit in the House of Lords. Since 1963 they have had the same rights as Peers of the United Kingdom. From 1801 until 1922 Irish peers elected 28 representative peers to sit in the House of Lords. Since 1922, when the Irish Free State became a separate country, no Irish representative peers have been elected, though sitting members retained their seats for life.", "The Lords Chamber is the site of many formal ceremonies, the most famous of which is the State Opening of Parliament , held at the beginning of each new parliamentary session. During the State Opening, the Sovereign , seated on the Throne in the Lords Chamber and in the presence of both Houses of Parliament, delivers a speech outlining the Government's agenda for the upcoming parliamentary session.", "The Lords Chamber is the site of many formal ceremonies, the most famous of which is the State Opening of Parliament, held at the beginning of each new parliamentary session. During the State Opening, the Sovereign, seated on the Throne in the Lords Chamber and in the presence of both Houses of Parliament, delivers a speech outlining the Government's agenda for the upcoming parliamentary session.", "Deputy Leader of the House of Lords – Rt Hon Earl Howe (and Minister of State at the Ministry of Defence)*", "In the parliament hous you shal find these 3 estats. The King or Quene, which representeth the Monarche. The noble men, which be the Aristocratie. And the Burgesses and Knights the Democratie.", "members of the House of Lords who are disqualified from sitting or voting in the House as Members of the European Parliament or as holders of disqualifying judicial office;[ 57 ]", "77. The City Representatives, on the assembling of every new parliament, wear scarlet gowns, and sit close to the right hand of the Speaker. This distinction emphasizes the importance of the Lord Mayor of London, who, as the representative of the Sovereign within the City, wears a scarlet robe of State (see 5, 73, 458).", "In recent years, almost all peerage creations have been life peerages. Life peers (always barons or baronesses) are treated in every way like an ordinary peer, save that they cannot pass on their title to their heirs. In 1999 the House of Lords was reformed, so as to remove most of the hereditary peers. Since then, it has been composed of the life peers, the holders of particular hereditary offices of state (the Earl Marshal and the Lord Great Chamberlain ), and about ninety hereditary peers elected by their colleagues to temporarily continue in office.", "Like Jeevess celebrated reference to Some slight friction threatening in the Balkans, this could have been a current topic at any time in the 20th century. However, the most significant limitations of the power of the House of Lords took place under Lloyd George in 1911 and under Blair in 2000 - neither of them noted socialists.", "In the twentieth-century Britain introduced the concept of non-hereditary life peers. All appointees to this distinction have (thus far) been at the rank of baron. In accordance with the tradition applied to hereditary peers they too are formally addressed in parliament by their peers as \"The Noble Lord\"." ]

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[ "St. Valentine’s Day has its origins in several different legends that have found their way to us through the ages. One of the earliest symbols of the day is Cupid, the Roman god of love, who is represented by the image of a young boy with bow and arrow.", "Cupid with his white wings, golden arrows and playful mood is a typical symbol of St. Valentine’s day, which straightly derives from the Roman god of desire and affection Cupid and his ancient Greek counterpart Eros. Eros was the godly child of Aphrodite. Although Eros appears in Classical Greek art as a slender winged youth, during the Hellenistic period he was increasingly portrayed as a chubby boy. During this time, his iconography acquired the bow and arrow that remain a distinguishing attribute; a person, or even a deity, who is shot by Cupid’s arrow is filled with uncontrollable desire.", "Cupid is a symbol of Valentine’s Day. Cupid was associated with Valentine’s Day because he was the son of Venus, the Roman god of love and beauty.", "The truth is that there are several speculated versions behind the reason for this long-standing tradition. The earliest record cites this day as Saint Valentine’s Day: a Christian celebration of the martyrdom of an early Christian believer by the Roman authorities. Valentine of Rome was martyred about 269 AD.  The Christian Church had made this a holy day at the time but then rescinded this as a feast day.  Since in Rome, the early Christian religion was considered a crime, often punishable by death, Christian feast days were made to coincide with the festivals of the Roman gods, in order to disguise Christian worship. This may explain why Cupid, the Roman god of love and son of Venus, is associated with the date of February 14th and Valentine’s Day.", "Cupid is part of the Valentine's Day iconography thanks to his historical association with classical Greek and Roman love stories. The Roman love god Cupid, known as Eros in the ancient Greek religious tradition, was the son of the Roman goddess of love, Venus, or Aphrodite in Greek stories.", "By mid-month, the fertility rites of Imbolc are recalled once again in the last vestiges of the Roman festival of Lupercalia, Valentine's Day. Quick to replace the Pagan celebration with one of the new religion, Christians named the holiday St. Valentine's Day after a saint who was allegedly martyred by Emperor Claudius for insulting the old Gods. But neither the most contemporary of Valentine's cards not even antique ones of the most delicate paper lace show pictures of a martyred saint. Rather they show pictures of Cupid, son of Venus, Goddess of Love, identified by his bow and quiver of arrows. His Greek counterpart is Eros, son of Aphrodite. In his myth, Eros falls in love with the beautiful mortal Psyche. Jealous of Psyche's beauty, Aphrodite tricks her into inhaling the poisonous fumes contained in a mysterious box, causing her to fall into a deathlike sleep. Eros finds her and his love for her is so great that he brings her back to life again.", "Although there is no evidence linking Saint Valentine’s Day to the rites of the ancient Roman or ancient Greek cults,  popular modern sources claim links to the Roman Lupercalia celebration observed around February 13–15, a rite connected to fertility. Lupercalia was a festival local to the city of Rome. The more general Festival of Juno Februa, meaning Juno the purifier or the chaste Juno, was celebrated on February 13–14. Pope Gelasius I (492–496) abolished Lupercalia. Juno is the ancient Roman name for goddess Hera, the spouse of ancient Greek father of the gods Zeus. In the ancient Athenian calendar the period between mid-January and mid-February was the month of Gamelion, dedicated to the sacred marriage of the couple.", "Saint Valentine supposedly wore a purple amethyst ring, customarily worn on the hands of Christian bishops with an image of Cupid engraved in it, a recognizable symbol associated with love that was legal under the Roman Empire;[28][31] Roman soldiers would recognize the ring and ask him to perform marriage for them.[28] Probably due to the association with Saint Valentine, amethyst has become the birthstone of February, which is thought to attract love.[32]", "Venus (, Classical Latin:) is the Roman goddess whose functions encompassed love, beauty, sex, fertility, prosperity, victory, and desire. In Roman mythology, she was the mother of the Roman people through her son, Aeneas, who survived the fall of Troy and fled to Italy. Julius Caesar claimed her as his ancestor. Venus was central to many religious festivals, and was revered in Roman religion under numerous cult titles.", "Venus' son, Cupid (\"Eros\" in Greek), god of love, was originally depicted as a very handsome young man, but now as a winged putto bearing a bow and arrow with which to smite hearts with love. His image, along with the image of hearts he has pierced with his arrows, are ubiquitous symbols of romantic love on this day.", "The story of Cupid's life is one of myth and legend dating back to ancient Greece and Rome. His role in history continues today as the mascot of Saint Valentine's Day.", "Cupid, ancient Roman god of love in all its varieties, the counterpart of the Greek god Eros and the equivalent of Amor in Latin poetry. According to myth , Cupid was the son of Mercury , the winged messenger of the gods, and Venus , the goddess of love. He often appeared as a winged infant carrying a bow and a quiver of arrows whose wounds inspired love or passion in his every victim. He was sometimes portrayed wearing armour like that of Mars , the god of war, perhaps to suggest ironic parallels between warfare and romance or to symbolize the invincibility of love.", "Cupid was the god of love in Roman mythology. The name Cupid is a variation on Cupido (”desire”), and this god was also known by the name Amor (”love”). It was commonly believed that Cupid was the son of Venus - the Roman goddess of love - and this association between Venus and Cupid was quite popular in myth, poetry, literature, and art.", "In Roman mythology, Cupid (Latin cupido, meaning \"desire\") is the god of desire, affection and erotic love. He is often portrayed as the son of the goddess Venus, with a father rarely mentioned. His Greek counterpart is Eros. Cupid is also known in Latin as Amor (\"Love\"). The Amores (plural) or amorini in the later terminology of art history are the equivalent of the Greek Erotes.", "Son of Venus and half-brother of Aeneas , Cupid is the God of love and erotic beauty in Roman mythology. He is able to make a person fall in love with another, and is often shown with a bow and arrow as the means by which he achieves this.", "Venus was the Roman goddess of love and beauty, seen in the following picture with Pygmalion and her baby son Cupid by her lover Mars, the god of war . The first day of the month on the Roman calendar was the Kalends. On the kalends of April (April 1), the Romans celebrated a festival to honor Venus, known as the Veneralia. During the festival both women and men of all classes invoked the goddess for her assistance in affairs of the heart, sex, betrothal and marriage. There were many myths and legends surrounding this beautiful goddess in ancient mythology, refer to the Apple of Discord, Proserpine, Adonis and the Goddess of Beauty.", "John Foxe, an English historian, as well as the Order of Carmelites, state that Saint Valentine was buried in the Church of Praxedes in Rome, located near the cemetery of Saint Hippolytus. This order says that according to legend, \"Julia herself planted a pink-blossomed almond tree near his grave. Today, the almond tree remains a symbol of abiding love and friendship.\"[25][26]", "It was Roman god Consus who bore a connexion to horses: his underground altar was located in the valley of the Circus Maximus at the foot of the Palatine, the place of horse races. On the day of his summer festival (August 21), the Consualia aestiva, it was customary to bring in procession horses and mules crowned with flowers and then hold equine races in the Circus. It appears these games had a rustic character: they marked the end of the yearly agricultural cycle, when harvest was completed. [48] According to tradition this occasion was chosen to enact the abduction of the Sabine (and Latin) women. The episode might bear a reflection of the traditional sexual licence of such occasions. [49] On that day the flamen Quirinalis and the vestal virgins sacrificed on the underground altar of Consus. The fact the two festivals of Consus were followed after an equal interval of four days by the two festivals of Ops (Opeconsivia on August 25 and Opalia on December 19) testifies to the strict relationship between the two deities as pertaining to agricultural bounty, or in Dumezilian terminology to the third function. This fact shows the radically different symbolic value of the horse in the theology of Poseidon and that of Consus.", "It was not until A.D. 496 that the church at Rome was able to do anything about Lupercalia. Powerless to get rid of it, Pope Gelasius instead changed it from February 15 to the 14th and called it St. Valentine’s Day. It was named after one of that church’s saints, who, in A.D. 270, was executed by the emperor for his beliefs.", "The Romans borrowed Eros from the Greeks and named him Cupid (Latin cupido meaning desire). Eros has been depicted in art in many ways. The Romans regarded him as a symbol of life after death and decorated sarcophagi with his image. The Greeks regarded him as most beautiful and handsome, the most loved and the most loving. They placed statues of him in gymnasiums (as most athletes were thought to be beautiful). He was depicted on every form of utensil, from drinking vessels to oil flasks, usually showing him ready to fire an arrow into the heart of an unsuspecting victim.", "Saint Valentine was an obscure, possibly legendary, martyr who by tradition was put to death by the Romans on February 14, about [AD] 269. This day was made a feast day by the Roman Catholic Church. The date of his death almost coincided with that of the Roman feast of the Lupercalia. . . .The celebration of the two occasions merged.", "The Valentine that most experts believe is the actual one remembered on St. Valentine's Day was a Roman who was martyred for refusing to give up Christianity.", "The Lupercalia was an annual Roman festival, held on February 15 to honour Faunus, god of fertility and forests. Justin Martyr identified Faunus as Lupercus, ‘the one who wards off the wolf’, but his identification is not supported by any earlier classical sources, and the wolf is rather a protective ttem of Rome (mythological foster mother of the citcy’s founding twins Romulus and Remus).", "Several stories associated with the various Valentines that were connected to February 14 were told. It is said that the popular hagiographical account of Saint Valentine of Rome inspired the holiday. Saint Valentine was imprisoned for performing weddings for soldiers who were forbidden to marry and for ministering to Christians, who were persecuted under the Roman Empire. According to legend, during his imprisonment, Saint Valentine healed the daughter of his jailer, Asterius, and before his execution, he wrote her a letter signed \"Your Valentine\" as a farewell.", "Sat., Feb. 14. The holiday's roots are in an ancient Roman fertility festival. Circa 496, Pope Gelasius I recast this pagan festival as a Christian feast day in honor of St. Valentine, but there are at least three different early saints by that name. How the day became associated with romance remains obscure, and is further clouded by various fanciful legends.", "in Roman religion, god of commerce and messenger of the gods; identified with the Greek Hermes Hermes,", "Roman armies invaded countries physically as well as socially.  When the Romans invaded France, they introduced this festival in which Roman boys drew names of Roman girls out of an urn (to determine their partners) and then the couple exchanged gifts on the festival's day.  This was considered a pagan celebration, so in 469 C.E., Pope Gelasius decided to put a Christian spin on this celebration by declaring that it was now to honor St. Valentine (A young Roman who was martyred by Emperor Claudius II who was said to have died on February 14, 270 C.E. for refusing to give up Christianity).   ", "Flora, the Roman goddess of flowers and fertility was worshipped in the same way as any other Roman divinity with prayers, making vows, dedicating altars, sacrificing animals and birds and making offerings of milk, honey, flowers and grain to the goddess. White animals were sacrificed to the gods and goddesses of the upper world and the sex of a sacrificial animal or bird had to correspond to the sex of the goddess to whom it was offered.", "It is historically well established that the early church of Rome blended pagan beliefs and practices, assigning so-called saints to festivals long previously observed by pagans in an effort to win converts. The church’s decision to alter the festivities by assigning it an acceptable name was based on a third-century account of a presbyter who secretly married couples against the edict of Emperor Claudius ii. Though he was beheaded in a.d. 270, he was later honored as the patron saint of love and lovers, St. Valentine.", "Roman goddess of nature and fertility. Her husband was Faunus. Her festival was on December 4.", "Valentine origin = british \"strong, healthy� original derivation = latin); related to an ancient pagan love festival which was renamed after a roman martyr.", "St.Valentine (Valentino) was a Roman priest who performed marriages in spite of Claudius II's law against such (Claudius believed that marriage was distracting to his soldiers, so outlawed it to them for a time). Fr. Valentine was martyred in A.D. 270 on the Flammian way, and at the site of his martyrdom, Julius I built a popular basilica." ]

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[ "3. What sign of the zodiac would you be if you were born on St. Valentine's Day?", "As an Aquarius star sign, the person born on the fourteenth of February, Valentine's Day, is not really very romantic or sentimental. However, you are hugely enthusiastic about love and more prone than any others in your zodiac group to fall in love at first sight. You find it easy to make friends and a strong friendship always seems to be an essential requirement of yours for a long term committed relationship. Although you find friendliness no problem emotionally the idea of more intimacy and commitment is sometimes a little difficult. This is most often down to your hint of self doubt and reluctance to be in a rush to settle down making you present yourself as rather cool and cautious. The perfect soul mate partner will need to appreciate your understanding nature and humorous side and be able to return equally your intense loyalty.", "It is often that a person born on this day has great insight and consideration for a soul mate who is emotional attached. Generally, when it comes to your long-term love interest, you are a protective Cancer personality.", "Fact 8 about Cupid: He has become synonymous with Valentine's day and is commonly represented with symbols of love such as arrows, hearts and doves", "Cupid is the Roman God of Love and the most popular symbol for Valentne's Day. Originally he was shown as a young man with a bow and arrows.  But over the years, Cupid went from a handsome man to a pudgey baby?  The reason is that the Romans had Cupid as the son of Venus (Goddess of Love and Beauty) and a symbol for passion, playful and tender love.  His arrows were invisible and his victims (which could also include other Gods btw as well as humans) would not be aware that they were shot until they fell in love.  But, the Victorian era want to help make Valentine's Day more proper for women and children.  So they tossed out this handsome Roman Adonis guy and made cupid more of a chubby baby.  In other words, it's all on how you want to spin the story from PG-rated to R-Rated!", "If you are born under the April 17 zodiac or are in any way related to this birthday here you can see all of its astrology meanings. This page consists of interesting data about this day and its zodiac sign that is Aries such as ruling planet, house and element and even some personality traits, famous birthdays and love compatibility.", "If you are born under the August 31 zodiac or are in any way related to this birthday here you can find all of its astrological meanings. This page reveals everything you need to know about this day and its zodiac sign that is Virgo, from ruling planet, element and personality traits to love compatibilities, famous birthdays and some other interesting facts.", "ment to yourself. Maintain a sense of humor. Tonight: Wherever you are, you are smiling. Libra (Sept. 23-Oct. 22) Your intentions reveal caring, but demands from a commitment could cause you to head in a different direction. Tonight: Out and about. Scorpio (Oct. 23-Nov. 21) Look beyond the obvious when dealing with a loved one at a distance. Tonight: Put yourself 100 percent into your Halloween persona. Sagittarius (Nov. 22-Dec. 21) A loved one delights you with his or her ideas. You’ll have little to say or do but nod. Tonight: Go for matching costumes. Capricorn (Dec. 22-Jan. 19) You might think you know what your plans are until a key person enters the mix and announces a whole new agenda. Tonight: Get into the festive night. Aquarius (Jan. 20-Feb. 18) Perhaps you did all your haunting prior to today, so you might feel like staying close to home and making it an early night. Tonight: Get into the moment. Pisces (Feb. 19-March 20) Your sense of humor kicks in and adds to the fun nature of the moment. Tonight: Let everyone reveal his or her true self! — The astrological forecast should be read for entertainment only.", "May 21 Zodiac people are most attached to the other two air signs: Libra and Aquarius as they tend to share the same vision of life. In love, Gemini is in a constant search for someone who can truly listen to their ideas and help them grow to their potential and the best to offer this occasion to them is the native in Sagittarius. The least compatible with people born on May 21 are those born under Taurus. As for the rest of compatibilities between the other star signs and Gemini, you know what they say, stars predispose but people dispose.", "If you are born under the May 21 zodiac or are in any way interested to discover the personality of someone having this birthday, here you can check all of its astrology meanings. This page presents you a full profile for this day and its associated zodiac sign that is Gemini. It contains information from ruling planet, house and element details to personality traits, famous birthdays and love compatibilities.", "On the day and at the time of your birth, the Moon was in the sign of Taurus. Traditionally, the Moon is in exaltation in this sign: lunar values (quietness, rest, trust) find their complementary landmarks in Taurus� self-defence, need for stability and selectiveness. Your sensuality is strong and expresses itself in all life areas. You equally enjoy the pleasures of the senses and those of the mind and you never waste a single bit of a sensation. You take the time to enjoy life, to dream and to follow your imagination. You do not allow anything to disturb these moments of relaxation and calm. Your basic balance stems from these privileged moments where you can daydream at will and �have your head in the clouds�. Nothing bothers you, no external element disrupts the quiet course of your rest. Should anyone dare to break the charm, you become very upset�", "things, namely your sense of pride. LIBRA Sep 23 – Oct 22 Saying “No disrespect, but…” at the beginning of a sentence fails to prevent you getting punched this week. SCORPIO Oct 23 – Nov 21 Some days you are the pigeon, and some days you are the heavily shat on car. SAGITTARIUS Nov 22 - Dec 21 It’s time to grow up: settle down, get a house, maybe even start wearing clothes...", "People born specifically on the 29th of February are as Pisces Leap Year individuals believed to be extremely likeable, tactful and generous. The ruling astrological planet for this particular day is the Moon forming personalities that are sensitive, creative friendly daydreamers. Although you present yourself as sometimes having your head in the clouds you are really very focused and resilient. If you have this birthday a combination of communicative charm, sociability and insightfulness helps you anticipate the thoughts and motivations of others. You are a little bit ambitious but soon discouraged by negative responses or slow routes to success. With a February the twenty ninth birthday you are loving and giving with youthful looks and a modern but mature outlook. Your way with words and sympathetic nature make you an excellent listener who can usually offer both practical and emotional support selflessly.", "If you were born on the first or last day of a Sun sign, in astrological terms you were born on a cusp. If that's the case, you will probably benefit from reading your own Sun sign and the Sun sign that ends or begins right before or after your date of birth. For example, if your birth date is 22 December, your Sun sign is Capricorn, but you probably have some Sagittarian traits as well.", "Capricorn (December 22-January 19) CAPRICORN How you manage difficulties, find diplomatic solutions or come up with the right approach is just where your talents are at this time. Your outward charm and ability to be all things to all people is most central to your personality. This ability to solve problems, to counsel and put others at ease may be the key to meeting and coming to know you. Your mind cuts right through all the window dressing and gets right down to the quick. You might consider some legal profession, perhaps as law enforcement officer, a lawyer or a guard. This evening is a good time for solving puzzles or mysteries and thinking about the future. If you are a detective, today is the day you discover the answer to some mystery. Later— follow your hunches regarding money.", "If today is your birth day, you need to learn how to laugh at yourselves more and stop being so serious all of the time. This Aries birthdate person usually bounces back quickly from difficulties. You are humble and responsible. On the other hand, this Aries can be prudent and critical of others.", "If you were born between April 19th and May 20th you are considered Taurus.  This sign is represented by the planet Venus and the bull.  Very practical, living, reliable and stubborn are Taurus and they match well with Scorpio, Libra, and Capricorn.", "Aries is the first zodiac sign and symbolically represents the seed of a new life cycle: the entrance of the sun in Aries, in fact, coincides with the beginning of spring when nature awakes from its long winter hibernation. In this period we witness the eruption of the forces of life being born, the creative force of nature explodes, vital and exuberant, in thousands of directions, without any order or fear: the importance is being born. It is no accident that Easter is celebrated at the onset of spring. In the Christian world, Easter, the day of resurrection, represents the victory of life over death. Similar to a flower blossoming, a new personality is born on the psychological level: its first instinct is to give shape, recognise the qualities hidden deep within itself, learn its colours and fragrances and, only by undertaking new experiences and setting multiple goals, can it discover the range of its potential and fully express them.", "The 1st April birthday astrology analysis hows that Aries born individuals are eager to love. You are a cheerful bowl of charisma and ideas… romantic ideas. Yes indeed… you who are born on this day are a pleasure to be around. Mainly, you are sentimental, gentle and impulsive when it comes to love and your partnerships.", "Astrologically speaking the planet Saturn's influence is believed the strongest influence on the probabilities of all Capricorn personalities. The actual day you were born on, the twenty fifth of December is governed by the authority of Neptune's presence giving an explanation for your differences form other zodiac goats. Your rational reasoning, efficiency and ability to listen intently are starred to serve you well throughout life. Your skill at effective time keeping along with your many interests and wishes indicates that you will rarely be bored. An ending thought forpeople born on December the 25th is to be realistic in all you do and always remain open to the art of compromising to truly follow your fate.", "As an Aries, the person born on the first day of April is typically cheery and enthusiastic about love. Your magnetic charm ensures you are never short of companions as you are fun to be with and good at encouraging others to relax. Romantically you are idealistic and sentimental but you can also be impetuous and impulsive concerning matters of the heart. Yours is not a subtle approach and your truthfulness can border on bluntness but you are very loving and romantic with a soul mate and will put their feelings before your own. A partner must not be perturbed by your occasional brusqueness and be able to cope with the demands of your sexual appetite. In return they will gain an intensely loyal mate who is warm, passionate, understanding and protective. You do not commit to long term relationships easily but when you do it is wholeheartedly.", "You are most compatible with people born under Sun Sign Scorpio: This is a very ardent zodiac match full of admiration for each other.", "Another valentine gentleman you may be wondering about is Cupid (Latin cupido, “desire”). In Roman mythology Cupid is the son of Venus, goddess of love. His counterpart in Greek mythology is Eros, god of love. Cupid is often said to be a mischievous boy who goes around wounding both gods and humans with his arrows, causing them to fall in love.", "The most common Valentine's Day symbols are the heart, particularly in reds and pinks, and pictures or models of Cupid. Cupid is usually portrayed as a small winged figure with a bow and arrow. In mythology, he uses his arrow to strike the hearts of people. People who have fallen in love are sometimes said to be 'struck by Cupid's arrow. Other symbols of Valentine's Day are couples in loving embraces and the gifts of flowers, chocolate, red roses and lingerie that couples often give each other.", "You are most compatible with people born under Sun Sign Aries: This will be a fantastic match both in terms of love and understanding.", "If you were born between the 11th and the 20th of April means that you have a broad mind and a full and open heart. This gives you spiritual as well as material ambitions and you will look at life differently to most Aries, indeed most people generally. The thrill or travelling and the excitement of exploring the world and different cultures means that you'll be plugged into news, current affairs and other topics that give you a deeper understanding of the world that you live in. Progress and expanding your mind, educating yourself and sharing noble ideas with others will make you happy and fulfilled. You certainly have something to teach others and this will be an important component of your destiny.", "If you're a Capricorn who was born between December 23 and January 1 you have an extra dose of Saturn energy as part of your makeup. You are exceedingly ambitious in the way you express yourself and are most likely to find success and happiness through work. Marriage and family life is also important to you but my take second place to your work.", "You are not compatible with people born under Sun Sign Libra: This relationship will be a tearful one.", "The 1st September zodiac birthdate people are cheerful, smart and curious individuals. You have the ability to focus and tend to be a person who likes to do things properly. Thus, this Virgo may be self-employed because of this. You are stickler for what bears your name and reputation.", "Your birth on the 9th day of the month adds a tone of idealism and humanitarianism to your nature. You become one who can work easily with people because you are broadminded, tolerant and generous. You are ever sensitive to others' needs and feelings, and even if the other numbers in your core makeup don't show it, you are very sympathetic and compassionate. Your feeling run deep and you often find yourself in dramatically charged situations. This 9 energy always tends to give more that it gets.", "Emotionally you are typical of your zodiac sign and are rather reserved when it comes to the idea of love and romance. The person born on the tenth day of January is excellent at hiding their feelings but they long to be appreciated and feel loved. So they generally discover a way of attracting attention without having to open up, especially at the beginning of a relationship. You usually have a high sex drive and will search for a partner that shares your enthusiasm and energy in this area. A suitable mate will also need to share your probable love of the great outdoors and all things natural. You will have few insecurities within a long term soul mate partnership aside from sometimes being overly protective. Once settled in a personal relationship you are less restless and more open with your emotions.", "You were born on the 29th day, which reduces to a 2. You can be a skilled negotiator and you possess an unusual warm charm. You are very protective of your family and your past. Factoring in the 10th month of October, you are a number 3. You have strong opinions, but you are quite fair when you come down to it. Spontaneous and sometimes quite feisty, you have a great sense of humor and adventure. Factoring in your birth year gives you your Birth Path Number—a highly personal number for you." ]

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[ "4. When Marilyn Monroe died, who asked for a fresh rose to be placed on her grave, every week, forever?", "4. When Marilyn Monroe died, who asked for a fresh rose to be placed on her grave, every week, forever?  A pure guess - Arthur Miller, though apparently it should have been most of the male members of the Kennedy clan.", "13. For 20 years after Marilyn’s death, Joe DiMaggio arranged to have roses sent to her crypt three times a week. ", "It doesn't get more American than this union: a blond bombshell actress and a beloved baseball player. Though the relationship had its ups and downs , as evidenced by the couple's divorce in 1954, the couple's union truly was 'til death do us part.' When Monroe died of a drug overdose in 1962, it was DiMaggio who claimed her body. He also had a dozen red roses delivered to her tombstone twice a week for the next 20 years .", "Marilyn Monroe (born Norma Jeane Mortenson; 1 June 1926 – 5 August 1962 ) was an American actress , singer , model, and one of the most famous Hollywood icons of the twentieth century.", "Marilyn Monroe (born Norma Jeane Mortenson; June 1, 1926 -- August 5, 1962) was an American actress, model, and singer, who became a major sex symbol, starring in a number of commercially successful motion pictures during the 1950s and early 1960s.", "Marilyn Monroe (1926 – 1962) was married at the age to 21 to her first husband, Jimmy Dougherty.   According to the bio on Monroe’s official web site, Dougherty, said of his wife, “She was a sweet, generous and religious girl.”  Monroe was reared as a foster child in a devoutly Christian family in Hawthorne, California but there is not much information about what her spiritual beliefs were before she died.  Monroe’s death was ruled to be “acute barbiturate poisoning” by Los Angeles County Coroner,  Dr. Thomas Noguchi.   A spokesperson for the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association told TruthOrFiction.com that there was no discussion between Marilyn Monroe and Billy Graham.", "Actress, model, showgirl, and sex symbol Marilyn Monroe died from an overdose of barbiturates at age 36 on Aug. 5, 1962. The photogenic actress made only 30 films in her lifetime, but still became a cultural icon and was nicknamed \"The Blonde Bombshell.\" She was ranked as the sixth greatest female star of all time by the American Film Institute in 1999.", "Marilyn Monroe (born Norma Jeane Mortenson; June 1, 1926 – August 5, 1962) was an American actress and model. Famous for playing “ dumb blonde ” characters, she became one of the most popular sex symbols of the 1950s, emblematic of the era’s attitudes towards sexuality. Although she was a top-billed actress for only a decade, her films grossed $200 million by the time of her unexpected death in 1962.", "Early on the morning of August 5, 1962, 36-year-old Marilyn Monroe died in mysterious circumstances at her Brentwood, California home. The world was stunned, and speculation about the cause of death persists. On August 8, 1962, Monroe's remains were laid to rest in the Corridor of Memories, at Westwood Memorial Park in Los Angeles .", "† Marilyn Monroe , Norma Jeane Mortenson (Los Angeles, 1 juni 1926 – 5 augustus 1962).", "Marilyn Monroe (Norma Jean Baker) - Died 8-5-1962 - Overdose of sleeping pills ( Jazz - Pop ) Born 1926 in Los Angeles, CA, U.S. - Actress and singer - (She recorded, \"I Wanna Be Loved By You\" and \"Diamonds Are A Girl's Best Friend\").", "The hottest bombshell in the world ever . No one even comes close to the kind of iconic status Marilyn Monroe, an American actress, model, and singer, who became a major s.x symbol, starring in a number of commercially successful motion pictures during the 1950s and early 1960s. She was famous for some controversial relationships and an epitome of breath taking beauty. Her mother was a filmcutter at RKO Studios who, widowed and mentally ill, abandoned her to sequence of foster homes. She was almost smothered to death at two, nearly raped at six. Monroe was found dead on August 5, 1962, in her Brentwood home. At 4:25 a.m. her psychiatrist, Dr. Ralph Greenson called the local police after determining her in a motionless status. After Monroe’s autopsy, it became clear that she was habitual of consuming Nembutal and Chloral Hydrate. Her “probable suicide” is still a subject of controversy theory among debaters as it often relates with CIA and Kennedy brothers. She was 36 years old at the time of her death.", "Monroe was interred in a pink marble crypt at the Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery , Los Angeles. This is the cemetery where her foster mother Grace Goddard's aunt was buried and where Monroe in turn had arranged for Goddard to be buried.", "   The incandescent Marilyn Monroe, as big as they come in filmdomand a veritable box office Golconda, died broke-an old story with the mothlike entertainersand professional athletes. She bequeathed 81 million to friends but, despite posthumousearnings of $800,000 accruing to her estate, nothing was left after taxes and creditors'claims. Clearly she was in need of a tax lawyer. There was even nothing left to establisha trust fund to generate a paltry $5,000 a year for her invalid mother. Yet MissMonroe, obviously a true-blue American, reportedly drew $200 million to the box officefrom 1950 to 1963.1 More recent reports indicate that something was salvagedfor her mother.", "Marilyn Monroe (born Norma Jeane Mortenson, June 1, 1926 (birth time source: birth certificate, Bob Garner, Astrodatabank) � August 5, 1962; baptized Norma Jeane Baker) was an American actress, singer, model and film producer. After spending much of her childhood in foster homes, Monroe began a career as a model, which led to a film contract in 1946. Her early roles were minor, but her performances in The Asphalt Jungle and All About Eve (both 1950) were well received, and as her career progressed she became known as a sex symbol. She was praised for her comedic ability in such films as Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, How to Marry a Millionaire and The Seven Year Itch, and became one of Hollywood's most popular performers. The typecasting of Monroe's \"dumb blonde\" persona limited her caree...", "A tradition of the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce is placement of flowers at the star of a fallen awardee upon news of his or her death; for example Bette Davis in 1989, Katharine Hepburn in 2003, and Jackie Cooper in 2011. The stars along the Walk have also become impromptu grieving, memorial and vigil sites, and some continue to receive anniversary remembrances. News of the death of Elizabeth Taylor in 2011 resulted in a mass of flowers and cards at her star. Masses of flowers have also been received at stars honoring Richard Pryor, Ricardo Montalbán, James Doohan, Frank Sinatra, Robin Williams and George Harrison. ", "American actress Marilyn Monroe (1926 – 1962), circa 1950. (Photo by L. J. Willinger/Keystone Features/Hulton Archive/Getty Images)", "American actress Marilyn Monroe (1926 - 1962), circa 1950. (Photo by L. J. Willinger/Keystone Features/Hulton Archive/Getty Images)", "Someone left flowers on Marilyn Monroe's spot in front of the TLC Chinese Theater in Hollywood CA Wednesday, June 1, 2016. Wednesday would have been Marilyn Monroe's 90th birthday. (Photo by David Crane/Southern California News Group)", "Forty-four years after her death, and the details of what happened during those hours are less clear than ever. Was it suicide or murder? Was Monroe driven to despair by the recent end of her love affair with President Kennedy? Only two months earlier she had sung \"Happy Birthday, Mr President\" at Madison Square Garden, but he ended the relationship brutally soon after. Had she embarked on a new relationship with his brother Robert F Kennedy? Marilyn was known to keep a little black book documenting all her affairs and conversations. At the time of her death, Hollywood rumours were circulating that she was about to announce a press conference the following Monday.", "The event turned out to be one of Monroe’s final public appearances—and, JFK biographer Michael O’Brien observed, the last time she saw the president. That August, she died at age 36 of an apparent drug overdose, and the following year Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas. Yet the aura surrounding them lives on, with Monroe’s dress selling for nearly $1.3 million at a 1999 auction. “You have the greatest sex symbol of her day singing ‘Happy Birthday’ to President Kennedy,” Fortner said. “It was just one of those moments in time that can never be repeated.”", "Joe phoned Whitey early Tuesday morning, when Marilyn’s body arrived at WestwoodMemorial Park. Reminding Whitey of the promise he made to Marilyn after she had her appendectomy, she made Whitey promise that whenever she died, he would do her makeup. That he would make her look as beautiful and as much of a star as he made her look in her films.", "Do you remember when Marilyn Monroe died? Everybody stopped work, and you could see all that day the same expressions on their faces, the same thought: \"How can a girl with success, fame, youth, money, beauty... how could she kill herself?\" Nobody could understand it because those are the things that everybody wants, and they can't believe that life wasn't important to Marilyn Monroe, or that her life was elsewhere.", "Fifty years have passed since she died, but there is still a shroud of mystery surrounding the legendary Ms. Marilyn Monroe.", "What occurred that evening has become a legendary moment in the history of American pop culture, with politics and Hollywood colliding head to head while the entire nation looked on. Captured on a few minutes of grainy celluloid, the image of Marilyn Monroe's breathy, nightclub version of \"Happy Birthday\" is forever stamped in our collective consciousness. Wearing a Jean Louis gown which Adlai Stevenson described as \"skin and beads\", Marilyn's disjointed and uncertain performance gives us a glimpse into the vulnerability and insecurity that plagued her entire life and career. That gown was sold at auction by Christie's of New York in October of 1999 for a record breaking price of 1.2 million dollars and the public interest in Marilyn Monroe continues to grow deeper with each passing year.", "*August 5 – Marilyn Monroe, 36, American actress, Hollywood icon, Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, How to Marry a Millionaire", "Following her death, she was interred at Hollywood Forever Cemetery in Los Angeles, California. This cemetery is near downtown Hollywood just blocks from Hollywood and Vine Streets. The cemetery is behind the Paramount Studios, surrounded by many businesses, and is easy to miss for first-time travelers.", "This photo is another iconic photo of Monroe, this time taken by photographer Milton H. Greene, who was also her good friend. Date: 1954. Photographer: Milton H. Greene.", "More words have been spoken and written about Marilyn Monroe than any other actress in the history of Hollywood.", "Hollywood's dead THE STORY OF MARILYN MONROE AND HER NOT-SO-SECRET AFFAIR WITH THE UNITED STATES’ MOST BELOVED MAN", "Rose, full bloom - Normally in early/mid twenties. The deceased died in the prime of life." ]

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[ "5. In the St. Valentine's Day Massacre, what were the hitmen dressed as? Violinists in an Orchestra?", "The Saint Valentine’s Day massacre is the name given to the 1929 murder of 7 mob associates as part of a prohibition era conflict between two powerful criminal gangs in Chicago which was the South side Italian gang led by Al Capone and the North Side Irish gang led by Bugs Moran. Egan’s Rats gangs were also suspected to have played a large role in the St. Valentine’s Day Massacre, assisting Al Capone. On the morning of Thursday, February 14, 1929, St. Valentine’s Day, five members of the North Side gang, plus gang collaborators Reinhardt. H. Schwimmer and John May, were lined up against a wall inside of the garage 2122 North Clark Street, in Lincoln Park neighborhood of Chicago’s north side, and executed. Two of the shooters were dressed as police men, while the others wore suits and ties with overcoats and hats. John Mays shepherd was leased to a truck and began howling which got the attention for help for his owner. Frank Gusenberg was still alive once the killers left and he was rushed to the hospital with 14 bullet wounds and when they tried asking him who shot him he wouldn’t tell because of the gangland etiquette.  These shootings were all planed by the American gangster Al Capone. February 14, 1929 at 10:30 am marked the beginning of the end to Capone’s influence in Chicago. The Massacre brought the belated attention of the federal government to bear on Capone and his criminal activities.", "Saint Valentine’s Day Massacre, (Feb. 14, 1929), mass murder of a group of unarmed bootlegging gang members in Chicago . The bloody incident dramatized the intense rivalry for control of the illegal liquor traffic during the Prohibition Era in the United States . Disguising themselves as policemen, members of the Al Capone gang entered a garage at 2122 North Clark Street run by members of the George “Bugs” Moran gang, lined their opponents up against a wall, and shot them in cold blood. The victims included gang members Adam Heyer, Frank Gusenberg, Pete Gusenberg, John May, Al Weinshank, and James Clark , as well as a visitor, Dr. Reinhardt H. Schwimmer.", "Capone's most notorious killing was the St. Valentine's Day Massacre. On February 14, 1929, four Capone men entered a garage at 2122 N. Clark Street. The building was the main liquor headquarters of bootlegger George \"Bugs\" Moran's North Side gang. Because two of Capone's men were dressed as police, the seven men in the garage thought it was a police raid. As a result, they dropped their guns and put their hands against the wall. Using two shotguns and two machine guns, the Capone men fired more than 150 bullets into the victims. Six of the seven killed were members of Moran's gang; the seventh was an unlucky friend. Moran, probably the real target, was across the street when Capone's men arrived and stayed away when he saw the police uniforms. As usual, Capone had an alibi; he was in Florida during the massacre.", "Fourmen dressed as police officers enter gangster Bugs Moran’s headquarters on North Clark Street in Chicago, line seven of Moran’s henchmen against a wall, and shoot them to death. The St. Valentine’s Day Massacre, as it is now called, was the culmination of a gang war between arch rivals Al Capone and Bugs Moran.", "The Purple Gang was reputedly suspected of taking part in the St. Valentine's Day Massacre. On February 13, 1929, Abe Bernstein had reputedly called Bugs Moran and told him that a hijacked load of booze was on its way to Chicago. Moran, who was in the middle of a turf war with Capone, had only recently begun to trust Bernstein, who had previously been Capone's chief supplier of Canadian liquor. The next day, instead of delivering a load of liquor, five men dressed as cops went to S.M.C. Cartage on North Clark Street (Moran's North Side hangout) and opened fire with machine guns, killing seven men in what has become known as the St. Valentine's Day Massacre.", "Some Like It Hot [2] Two Struggling musicians witness the St. Valentine's Day Massacre and try to find a way out of the city before they are found and killed by the mob. The only job that will pay their way is an all girl band so the two dress up as women. In addition to hiding, each has his own problems; One falls for another band member but can't tell her his gender, and the other has a rich suitor who will not take \"No,\" for an answer.", "February 14, 1929 – The Saint Valentine’s Day Massacre in Chicago. Six men are lined against the wall and killed under orders from Al Capone as his Italian gang scuffled with an Irish gang of bootleggers headed by Bugs Moran. The violent act shook the nation, confirming the national feeling that authorities were powerless against the bootlegging gangs who seemed to running the country at their will.", "The Saint Valentine's Day massacre is the name given to the 1929 murder of 7 mob associates as part of a prohibition era conflict between two powerful criminal gangs in Chicago: the South Side Italian gang led by Al Capone and the North Side Irish gang led by Bugs Moran. Former members of the Egan's Rats gang were also suspected of having played a significant role in the incident, assisting Capone. On the morning of Thursday, February 14, 1929, St. Valentine's Day, five members of the North Side Gang, plus gang collaborators Reinhardt H. Schwimmer and John May, were lined up against the rear inside wall of the garage at 2122 North Clark Street, in the Lincoln Park neighborhood of Chicago's North Side, and executed. The murders were committed by gangsters allegedly hired from outside the city by the Al Capone mob so they would not be recognized by their victims. More at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentines_Day_Massacre", "One of Capone's top hitmen, McGurn (born in Sicily as Vincenzo Gibaldi) actually may not have been the shooter at the famous St. Valentine's Day Massacre (it's one of those cases where there's a new theory every six months), but local gangsters certainly blamed him for it. When he was eventually shot down himself in a Milwaukee Avenue bowling alley in 1936, the killers left a valentine at his feet reading \"You've lost your job, you've lost your dough / Your jewels and car and handsome houses / But things could still be worse, you know / At least you haven't lost your trousers!\"", "The St. Valentine's Day Massacre became a national media event immortalizing Capone as the most ruthless, feared, smartest and elegant of gangland bosses. Even while powerful forces were amassing against him, Capone indulged in one last bloody act of revenge—the killing of two Sicilian colleagues who he believed had betrayed him. Capone invited his victims to a sumptuous banquet where he brutally pulverized them with a baseball bat. Capone had observed the old tradition of wining and dining traitors before executing them.", "{1929}: Taking place on February 14, 1929, the Saint Valentine's Day Massacre was the name given to the murder of seven mob associates of the North Side Irish gang led by Bugs Moran during the Prohibition Era. This resulted from the struggle to take control of organized crime in Chicago between the Irish American gang and the South Side Italian gang led by <a href=\"/name/nm0135330/\">Al Capone</a>. Former members of the Egan's Rats gang were also suspected of having played a significant role in the incident, assisting Al Capone.<br/><br/>Saint Valentine's Day Massacre - Wikipedia:<br/><a class=\"offsite-link\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Valentine's_Day_Massacre\">//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Valentine's_Day_Massacre</a>.", "Over the years, many mobsters, in and out of Chicago, would be named as part of the Valentine's Day hit team. Two prime suspects are Cosa Nostra hit men John Scalise and Albert Anselmi; both men were effective killers and are frequently mentioned as possibilities for two of the shooters. In the days after the massacre, Scalise was heard to brag, “I am the most powerful man in Chicago.” He had recently been elevated to the position of vice-president in the Unione Siciliana by its president, Joseph Guinta. Nevertheless, Scalise, Anselmi, and Guinta would be found dead on a lonely road near Hammond, Indiana May 8, 1929. Gangland lore has it that Al Capone had discovered that the pair was planning to betray him. Legend states that at the climax of a dinner party thrown in their honor, Capone produced a baseball bat and beat the trio to death.", "In late 1957, Genovese and Gambino allegedly ordered Anastasia's murder. Genovese had heard rumors that Costello was conspiring with Anastasia to regain power. On October 25, 1957, Anastasia arrived a Manhattan hotel barber shop for a haircut and shave. As Anastasia relaxed in the barber chair, two men with their faces covered in scarves shot and killed Anastasia. Witnesses were unable to identify any of the gunmen and competing theories exist today as to their identities. [29] [30]", "* The St. Valentine's Day Massacre, starring Jason Robards (as Al Capone), George Segal, Ralph Meeker, Jean Hale", "In Miami’s pagan, over-the-top South Beach, particularly among the large gay contingent, Gianni Versace had been a tanned, adored idol. Now the emperor lay dead, gunned down almost Mob-style on the steps of his lavish Mediterranean villa, shot in the head and face in broad daylight. The [#image: /photos/54cc0c54998d4de83ba4c613]prime suspect, dressed in nondescript shorts and a baseball cap, came in close for the kill and then coolly walked away along Ocean Drive. He knew very well that the act of murdering Versace, the Calabrian-born designer whose flamboyant clothes virtually defined “hot,” who tarted up the likes of Princess Diana and Elizabeth Hurley but whose gowns also made Madonna and Courtney Love more elegant, would instantly catapult him to where he had always fantasized being: at the center of worldwide attention.", "1929--the \"St. Valentine's Day Massacre\" took place in a Chicago garage as seven rivals of Al Capone's gang were gunned down.", "14 February - St. Valentine's Day Massacre: Seven gangsters, rivals of Al Capone, are murdered in Chicago .", "1929-02-14 St Valentine's Day Massacre in Chicago, 7 gangsters killed, allegedly on Al Capone 's orders", "* The 1991 movie Oscar, starring Sylvester Stallone, includes a reference to the massacre as well. Stallone plays \"Snaps\" Provolone, a prominent gangster in Chicago in 1931. In a scene early in the movie, his accountant reminds him, \"You were in Chicago... It was Saint Valentine's Day,\" at which Stallone and one of his goons exchange a knowing smile and a chuckle.", "On February 14, 1936, the seven-year anniversary of the St. Valentine’s Day Massacre, Jack McGurn, one of the “police officers,” was out bowling. Gunfire erupted and McGurn was killed. No one was ever charged with the murder of McGurn, even though it was widely speculated that Moran was the one pulling the trigger.", "The killings then continued with two innocents and an attempt on the mayor's life at a memorial for the murdered police commissioner. The Joker appeared in public without makeup, impersonating one of the Honor Guards , as well as having most of his gang impersonate the rest of the Honor Guards. In order to further ensure that the GCPD is kept on its toes, he also placed a sniper rifle on the windowsill of the apartment room, as well as a timer to release the blinds for the GCPD sharpshooters to shoot at anyone hapless enough to be caught in the trap. Afterwards, Joker, still disguised as an Honor Guard, shot his rifle at Mayor Anthony Garcia , Lt. James Gordon was struck in the back after willfully leaping in front of Garcia, in order to fake his death to avoid any future attempt by the Joker of attacking him with his family at home. As a result of this, Batman told Dent to call a press conference so he could reveal his identity and stop the killings. In a surprise move, Dent instead claimed to be the Batman himself and was subsequently arrested.", "*February 14 - John May, North Side Gang associate and victim of the St. Valentine's Day Massacre ", "Two multiple murders occur. The first is a replica of the infamous St. Valentine's Day Massacre, in which assassins line up seven men and spray them with machine guns; the bullets hit their mark off-camera. In the second machine-gun slaughter, one man shoots several others; the bloody aftermath and dead bodies are clearly visible. There are chase scenes played more for comedy than suspense.", "* In 2016, the Documentary Now! episode entitled, \"A Town, a Gangster, a Festival\" features a festival celebrating Al Capone. As part of a trivia contest, contestants are asked the year of the St. Valentine's Day Massacre.", "Murder is a Drag Feb 03 1981 At the opera, Jonathan is mistaken for a hitman and is given an envelope containing $100,000 for the job. When the messenger is murdered, Jonathan poses as the hitman in an attempt to save the victims", "The real assassin is posing as a bodyguard. No one thinks twice about seeing him whip out a pistol, because that's what bodyguards do in a crisis. The \"bodyguard\" fires one bullet at close range into RFK's head. Meanwhile the plant has been wrestled to the floor and is still firing away aiming at no one.", "Obsessed with the Wild West, Alterie never went without a pair of Colt 45 pistols in holsters at his side, hence his nickname. A thug for Dean O'Banion, the temperamental hitman challenged rival gang members to a shootout on State Street and once punched a horse in the face. He pretended to be insane as a defense, but probably was. I mean, look at that hat. It's like being executed by the Arby's logo.", "Who is the one of the two mob bosses that believed to be involved in the St Valentine's Day massacre. Name both get double points", "* Frank \"The German\" Schweihs – alleged hitman who had been known to work for The Outfit, the organized crime family in Chicago ", "Curious spectators and friends and family of the dead rush to the scene of the St. Valentine's Day massacre to identify the victims. — Chicago Tribune historical photo", "My Bloody Valentine (1981) : Not to be confused with the band , who named themselves after it. A miner survives a mine accident and murders those who were supposed to be monitoring the safety but were at a Valentine's Day party instead, warning the town residents that they must never host another party again. 20 years later, some people make the mistake of disregarding this warning, and the obvious ensues . Remade (in 3D) in 2009 ." ]

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[ "Shakespeare , the English playwright, mentions this belief in Hamlet (1603). Ophelia, a woman in the play , sings: Good morrow! 'Tis St. Valentine's Day", "6. Which Shakespearean character said, \"Good morrow! 'Tis St. Valentine's Day\"? D) In Britain and Italy, some unmarried women got up before sunrise on Valentine's Day to stand by the window, believing that the first man they see, or someone who looks like him, will marry them within a year. In \"Hamlet\" the love within Ophelia's madness is shown when she speaks about Valentines Day, referring to the events of romance that she was denied. \"Good morrow! 'Tis St. Valentine's Day, All in the morning be time, And I a maid at your window, To be your valentine!\"", "Valentine's Day is mentioned by Ophelia in Act IV of William Shakespeare's play , Hamlet, published in 1602: To-morrow is Saint Valentine's Day , and I,", "The title is based upon a quote from William Shakespeare 's play \"Romeo and Juliet\": (Act II, Scene II): \"Good Night, Good night! Parting is such sweet sorrow, that I shall say good night till it be morrow.\" See more »", "Which Shakespeare play mentions St. Valentine's Day ? In Act 4 Scene 5 of Hamlet, Ophelia makes In what shakespear play is st valentines day mentioned ?", "Mercutio ( ) is a fictional character in William Shakespeare's 1597 tragedy, Romeo and Juliet. He is a close friend to Romeo and a blood relative to Prince Escalus and Count Paris. As such, being neither a Montague nor a Capulet, Mercutio is one of the few in Verona with the ability to mingle around those of both houses. The invitation to Capulet's party states that he has a brother named Valentine.", "Valentine is Mercutio's brother, briefly mentioned as a guest at the Capulet feast where Romeo and Juliet meet. He is a ghost character with no speaking parts, and his only possible appearance is at the Capulet feast among the guests. \"Valentine\" has been taken to mean \"lover\" or \"brother\", and is associated with these attributes in several stories and histories. Scholars have pointed out that Valentine is more strongly connected to a major character than other ghosts, as he is given a direct connection to his brother. Although he has a very small role in Shakespeare's play, earlier versions of the story gave him no role or mention at all. In fact, they gave even Mercutio a very minor role. Shakespeare was the first English dramatist to use the name \"Valentine\" on stage, in his earlier plays, Titus Andronicus and Two Gentlemen of Verona. In Titus, Valentine plays a minor role, but in Two Gentlemen, he is one of the title characters. Incidentally, the Valentine of Two Gentlemen borrows heavily from Arthur Brooke's Romeus in The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet, which Shakespeare later used to create Romeo and Juliet. Brooke's version made Mercutio a rival for Juliet's love. Shakespeare's addition of Valentine as Mercutio's brother diffuses this rivalry. Thus, because the first time we hear of Mercutio he is associated with Valentine, rather than Juliet, he is changed from a rival to a friend and brotherly figure of Romeo.", "Romeo Montague is the hero of William Shakespeare 's play Romeo and Juliet , a tragedy written early in his career about two young star-crossed lovers whose deaths ultimately reconcile their feuding families. It was among Shakespeare's most popular plays during his lifetime and, along with Hamlet, is one of his most frequently performed plays. Today, the title characters are regarded as archetypal young lovers.", "In July 2009, the Hudson Shakespeare Company of New Jersey presented a production as part of their annual Shakespeare in the Parks series. Director Jon Ciccarelli set the action in ancient Greece but sought to put a modern twist on the action by comparing the title pair to Romeo and Juliet and posing the question, \"would their relationship have lasted if they had lived?\". Ciccarelli hypothesized that Shakespeare knew the answer and that it was \"no, it would not have lasted\". He stated that Troilus and Cressida pine for each other, like their more famous counterparts, and share a passionate evening; however, the morning after Troilus is eager to leave. Cressida is later exiled from Troy and quickly takes up with another man proving \"love at first sight\" is fickle and fleeting. Other notable departures show that the Greek Heroes are anything but heroic, showing Shakespeare satirized revered figures like Achilles as childish and barbaric and sympathizing with the pragmatic Hector. ", "Between the mid-1590s and his retirement around 1612, Shakespeare penned the most famous of his 37-plus plays, including “Romeo and Juliet,” “A Midsummer Night’s Dream,” “Hamlet,” “King Lear,” “Macbeth” and “The Tempest.” As a dramatist, he is known for his frequent use of iambic pentameter, meditative soliloquies (such as Hamlet’s ubiquitous “To be, or not to be” speech) and ingenious wordplay. His works weave together and reinvent theatrical conventions dating back to ancient Greece, featuring assorted casts of characters with complex psyches and profoundly human interpersonal conflicts. Some of his plays—notably “All’s Well That Ends Well,” “Measure for Measure” and “Troilus and Cressida”—are characterized by moral ambiguity and jarring shifts in tone, defying, much like life itself, classification as purely tragic or comic.", "As You Like It is a pastoral comedy by William Shakespeare believed to have been written in 1599 and first published in the First Folio, 1623. The play's first performance is uncertain, though a performance at Wilton House in 1603 has been suggested as a possibility. As You Like It follows its heroine Rosalind as she flees persecution in her uncle's court, accompanied by her cousin Celia to find safety and, eventually, love, in the Forest of Arden. In the forest, they encounter a variety of memorable characters, notably the melancholy traveller Jaques who speaks many of Shakespeare's most famous speeches (such as \"All the world's a stage\" and \"A fool! A fool! I met a fool in the forest\"). Jaques provides a sharp contrast to the other characters in the play, always observing and disputing the hardships of life in the country. Historically, critical response has varied, with some critics finding the work of lesser quality than other Shakespearean works and some finding the play a work of great merit.", "This thirty-minute edit of Shakespeare's bittersweet comic masterpiece consists of three classic scenes. After an extended introductory narration, the action begins with Feste the Fool consoling a mourning Lady Olivia with wit and wordplay. Viola (disguised as a male Cesario) woos Olivia on behalf of Duke Orsino, but Olivia falls for the messenger Viola/Cesario instead. Specific stage directions and character activities allow even novice actors to breathe life into these scenes.", "             In love, many conflicts arise that cause major problems and difficulties in relationships. The main characters in William Shakespeare's play \" A Midsummer Night's Dream\" which takes place in Athens, Greece are: Lysander and Hermia, two lovers whose love is forbidden by Hermia's father , Egeus . Helena and Demetrius are another couple. Helena loves and stays faithful to Demetrius although he does not return her love until a spell is placed on him by the Fairy King Oberon. The last couple in the play is Oberon and Titania, two fairy lovers, which argue because Titania has possession of an Indian boy that Oberon wants. The main conflict starts when Lysander and Hermia run away to the magic forest. Their actions lead Helena and Demetrius to the forest and the two mortal couples are changed through spells and led into many conflicts and setbacks. There are three couples who encounter difficulties and obstacles in their pursuit of love: Hermia and Lysander, Helena and Demetrius , Oberon and Titania.", "A delightfully comic tale of misguided identities, Twelfth Night revolves around the physical likeness between Sebastian and his twin sister, Viola, each of whom, when separated after a shipwreck, believes the other to be dead. The theatrical scramble begins when Viola assumes the identity of Cesario, a page in the household of the Duke of Orsino. The Duke is in love with the Countess Olivia, who rejects him for the newly arrived Cesario. Combine this brilliant and charming romantic comedy with the hysterical characters of Malvolio, Sir Andrew Aquecheek and Sir Toby Belch, and you have one of Shakespeare’s most riotous comedies of mistaken identity!", "Shakespeare also names one of the main characters of his play The Two Gentlemen of Verona Proteus. Inconsistent with his affections, his deceptions have unraveled at the finale of the play as he is brought face-to-face with his friend Valentine and original love Julia:", "Summoned by the Fairy Queen (\"Iolanthe! From thy dark exile thou art summoned\"), Iolanthe rises from the frog-infested stream that has been her home in exile. The Queen, unable to bear punishing her any longer, pardons Iolanthe, who is warmly greeted by the other fairies. Iolanthe tells her sisters that she has a son, Strephon, noting that he's a fairy down to the waist, but his legs are mortal. The fairies laugh that Iolanthe appears too young to have a grown son, as one of the advantages of a fairy's immortality is that they never grow old. Strephon, a handsome Arcadian shepherd, arrives and meets his aunts (\"Good-morrow, good mother\"). He tells Iolanthe of his love for the Lord Chancellor's ward of court, the beautiful Phyllis, who does not know of Strephon's mixed origin. Strephon is despondent, however, as the Lord Chancellor has forbidden them to marry, partly because he feels that a shepherd is unsuitable for Phyllis, but partly because the Lord Chancellor wishes to marry Phyllis himself. In fact, so do half the members of Britain's House of Lords. The Fairy Queen promises her assistance (\"Fare thee well, attractive stranger\"). Soon Phyllis arrives, and she and Strephon share a moment of tenderness as they plan their future and possible elopement (\"Good-morrow, good lover\"; \"None shall part us from each other\").", "When Shakespeare is not transforming Homer’s characters into medieval knights and courtly lovers, he treats them humorously—if somewhat unkindly—in the style of Ovid’s Metamorphoses, one of Shakespeare’s favorite books. Quoting Golding’s translation of Ovid, Jonathan Bate says, “Ajax is a boasting ‘dolt and grossehead’, ‘slye Ulysses’ a slippery wordsmith ‘who dooth all his matters in the dark’. Ovid thus provides a precedent for Shakespeare’s debunking representation of them” (Jonathan Bate, Shakespeare and Ovid [Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993], 109).", "The genre of comedy surrounding the Athenian lovers is farce, in which the humor stems from exaggerated characters trying to find their way out of ludicrous situations. Shakespeare portrays the lovers as overly serious, as each is deeply and earnestly preoccupied with his or her own feelings: Helena is anxious about her looks, reacting awkwardly when Lysander calls her “fair”; Hermia later becomes self-conscious about her short stature; Demetrius is willing to see Hermia executed to prevent her from marrying another man; and Lysander seems to have cast himself as the hero of a great love story in his own mind (III.ii.188, III.ii.247). Hermia is stubborn and quarrelsome, while Helena lacks self-confidence and believes that other people mock her. The airy world of the fairies and the absurd predicaments in which the lovers find themselves once in the forest make light of the lovers’ grave concerns.", "The shift in tone and focus between Act 2 and Act 3 is one of the most dramatic transitions in Shakespeare. Suddenly, the tragic momentum set up by Leontes' irrational jealousy and tyrannical behavior is left behind; at the request of the chorus, Father Time, we leave the world of Sicilia and enter the pastoral world of Bohemia's countryside. The focus here is the love story of Perdita and Florizell, set in an idyllic landscape of shepherds, rogues, and peasants dressed as forest satyrs. The court of Bohemia never enters our consideration; when we do see courtiers and royalty, they are foundlings unaware of their true identity or they are in disguise. Nature and its regenerative powers dominate the stage. When we first see Florizell and Perdita, he compares her to a goddess of nature, and later, men dressed as mythical satyrs dance for our entertainment. Shakespeare is creating a charming rural world full of allusions to the nature deities of ancient Greece.", "In 1593 London, William Shakespeare is a sometime player in the Lord Chamberlain's Men and poor playwright for Philip Henslowe, owner of The Rose Theatre. Shakespeare is working on a new comedy, Romeo and Ethel, the Pirate's Daughter. Suffering from writer's block, he has barely begun the play, but starts auditioning players. Viola de Lesseps, the daughter of a wealthy merchant, who has seen Shakespeare's plays at court, disguises herself as \"Thomas Kent\" to audition, then runs away. Shakespeare pursues Kent to Viola's house and leaves a note with the nurse, asking Thomas Kent to begin rehearsals at the Rose. He sneaks into the house with the minstrels playing that night at the ball, where her parents are arranging her betrothal to Lord Wessex, an impoverished aristocrat. While dancing with Viola, Shakespeare is struck speechless, and after being forcibly ejected by Wessex, uses Thomas Kent as a go-between to woo her. Wessex also asks Will's name, to which he replies that he is Christopher Marlowe.", "Bottom, is a weaver of Athens. His comical ignorance and his tendency to mangle language make Bottom a typical Shakespearean Clown. He is repeatedly placed in ludicrous situations, but his supremely good opinion of himself is unshakeable. As the leading player in the amateur production of Pyramus and Thisbe, Bottom cuts a silly figure as a know-it-all who is unaware of his true ignorance. Given the head of an ass by the fairy Puck, Bottom temporarily becomes the beloved of the magically charmed Titania, and his decorum in this extraordinary situation is ridiculous.  However, Bottom is a sympathetic figure as well. He is not pompous, and he is unfailingly civil to everyone. He is not patronizing to his fellow artisans when he lectures them (preposterously) on stagecraft, and he is courteous to his fairy attendants, Peaseblossom,, Cobweb, Moth, and Musterseed. His self-confidence, though humorous in its fog-like densrfy, is not entirely misplaced: he is a leader among his fellows, as they are quite aware, and we can believe he is surely an excellent craftsman. His comedy lies in the contrast between his circumstances and his lack of awareness, but he is not a victim. His courage makes him admirable as well as amusing. ", "This romantic comedy was written sometime in the 1590’s and portrays the adventures of four young Athenian lovers; a group of amateur actors; their interactions with the Duke and Duchess of Athens, Theseus and Hippolyta; and with the fairies who inhabit a moonlit forest. The play is one of Shakespeare’s most popular works for the stage and is widely performed across the world.", "The Two Gentlemen of Verona: The 30-Minute Shakespeare presents six captivating scenes from this high-spirited play. Proteus pledges his love to Julia, but then falls in love with Silvia, who had planned to elope with Proteus's bosom buddy Valentine. This classic story features hilarious cross-dressing, clever disguises, and intriguing mistaken identities. It also includes the uproarious monologue featuring Launce and his dog Crab.", "   \"Greatest clerks not the wisest men.\"—Mr Halliwell-Phillipps, in his \"Handbook Index to Shakespeare\" (391), quotes the following passage in \"Twelfth Night\" (iv. 2), where Maria tells the Clown to personate Sir Topas the curate—\"I am not tall enough to become the function well, nor lean enough to be thought a good student; but to be said an honest man and a good housekeeper goes as fairly as to say a careful man and a great scholar.\"", "The plays of this great creative genius written over the course of twenty years depicted all the myriad ranges of human emotions in its raw form. Shakespeare’s plays portray everlasting love which conquers over all stumbling blocks. Love uplifts and inspires both the characters in love and leads to prosperity. Love is expressed beautifully and ultimately leads to marriage. An exquisite creation of his plays was the ‘fool’ who has a contribution in all of Shakespeare’s romantic comedies. He was a witty satirist providing running commentaries on the action on stage. The fun, humour and the link between the main plot and the subplots were all provided by the fool. Shakespeare’s plays touch humanity at the deepest levels in situations that are experienced by one and all throughout the biggest play called ‘life’. The tender feelings of love, the communion in marriage, the trauma of death, the sorrow in mourning, the pangs of guilt, the confusion in making difficult choices, the angst of separation and the joy of reunion and reconciliation – all of these and more find expression in his drama forms. Actors bring life to Shakespeare’s works as they had been written to be enacted. Shakespeare’s plays are fresh and entertaining and can be easily adapted to the place and time of performance.", "1. The moons of Uranus are named after characters from the works of 2 writers. William Shakespeare is one – who is the other?", "In the last two lines, a couplet, the speaker asserts that not even death can remove the beauty of the person to whom this poem is addressed. This work personifies the concept from the first line as the “eye of heaven” with its “gold complexion.” Though “every fair from fair sometime declines,” as in the approach of autumn, the speaker promises “thy eternal summer shall not fade” beginning with the rough winds shaking “darling buds of May.” FTP, identify this famous sonnet by Shakespeare that begins with the line “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”", "William Shakespeare : I think I will take a walk now. I am that merry wanderer of the night.", "English poet and playwright. Famous works include Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, Merchant of Venice and Hamlet.", "SHAKESPEARE SAID OF THIS HANDSOME MYTHOLOGICAL MAN, \"HUNTING HE LOV'D, BUT OVE HE LAUGH'D TO SCORN\"...", "Role:Feste in Twelfth Night is part of the household of Countess Olivia, her licensed fool. He is frivolous and naughty, but extremely eloquent. \"He is a clever satirist and describes himself as a 'corrupter of words',\" says Purcell. \"He is quite the opposite of clowns like Dogberry and Bottom, who are merely foolish.\" But he also has a darker side that occasionally emerges.", "In \"Twelfth Night\", behind all the humor, both the jester and the play tell a truth that is at once happy and sad. Life is full of sadness. The best years of life are short. Events are cruel. And other people are cruel. In such a world, it is your DUTY to find and cherish whatever real happiness you can." ]

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[ "8. Born in Italy in 1895, who was known as cinema's first \"great lover\"?  The Sheikh?  Rudolf Valentino?", "The American feature-length silent film Silent Life started in 2006, features performances by Isabella Rossellini and Galina Jovovich, mother of Milla Jovovich, will premiere in 2013. The film is based on the life of the silent screen icon Rudolph Valentino, known as the Hollywood's first \"Great Lover\". After the emergency surgery, Valentino loses his grip of reality and begins to see the recollection of his life in Hollywood from a perspective of a coma - as a silent film shown at a movie palace, the magical portal between life and eternity, between reality and illusion. ", "Rudolph Valentino (May 6, 1895 -- August 23, 1926) was an Italian actor, and early pop icon. Known as the \"Latin Lover\",[1] he was one of the most popular international stars of the 1920s, and one of the most recognized stars of the silent film era. He is best known for his work in The Sheik and The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse. His death at age 31 caused mass hysteria among his female fans, propelling him into icon status.[2]", "Two great stars personified Hollywood: Gloria Swanson and Rudolph Valentino. She sacrificed everything for stardom. He did nothing to seek the adoration which ultimately engulfed him. Swanson recalls her meteoric rise--and fall--with remarkable candor. Valentino's brother, Alberto, helps tell the story of the young Italian who became the silver screen's Great Lover--but whose private life failed to match his public image. Contents: \"Includes rare footage and excerpts from\": Sadie Thompson (1928) -- Queen Kelly (1928) -- The Sheik (1921) -- The Eagle (1925) -- Pullman bride (1917) -- Male and female (1919) -- Zaza (1923) -- Manhandled (1924) -- Stage struck (1925) -- Loves of Sunya (1927) -- Sunset Boulevard (1950) -- Four horsemen of the Apocalypse (1921) -- Blood and sand (1922) -- Monsieur Beaucaire (1924) -- Son of the shiek (1926) 52 min. DVD X1783; vhs Video/C 6159", "Italian-born actor (1895–1926) who became the most legendary sex symbol of the silent era. Scarce vintage fountain pen signature, “Sincerely, Rudolph Valentino, Nov. 21st 1923,” on an off-white 6 x 4 album page. Also signed on the reverse by Douglas Fairbanks, Sr. In fine condition. A fantastic exemplar. Pre-certified PSA/DNA and RR Auction COA.…(MB $200)", "Valentino was Hollywood’s first male sex symbol, and millions of female fans idolized him as the “Great Lover.” His personal life was often stormy, and after two failed marriages he began dating the sexy Polish actress Pola Negri in 1926. Shortly after his final film, The Son of the Sheik, opened, in August 1926, he was hospitalized in New York because of a ruptured ulcer. Fans stood in a teary-eyed vigil outside Polyclinic Hospital for a week, but shortly after 12 p.m. on August 23 he succumbed to infection.", "After the war, Italian film was widely recognised and exported until an artistic decline around the 1980s. Notable Italian film directors from this period include Vittorio De Sica, Federico Fellini, Sergio Leone, Pier Paolo Pasolini, Luchino Visconti, Michelangelo Antonioni and Dario Argento. Movies include world cinema treasures such as La dolce vita, The Good, the Bad and the Ugly and Bicycle Thieves. The mid-1940s to the early 1950s was the heyday of neorealist films, reflecting the poor condition of post-war Italy. ", "The Fulgor cinema inaugurated on November 5, 1914 in a hall of the �Aquila d�oro� hotel in the Corso was moved to the present building in the early 1920�s. It was Fellini�s favourite cinema. Carlo Massa, the manager who looked like Ronald Colman, was quick to recognize Federico�s artistic talents and gave him free tickets in exchange for a series of caricatures of the most popular Hollywood stars. In the 1930�s the Fulgor was, according to Fellini, � the sewer of every vice ... where one was (likely to be) beaten up�. It was there that Federico, sitting on his father�s knees, first saw Bartolomeo Pagano a.k.a �Maciste� a herculean hero of the early silent Italian movies. Maciste first appeared in �Cabiria� a mass epic directed by Pietro Fosco (pseudoym of Giovanni Pastrone) which greatly influenced Cecil B. de Mille and D.W. Griffith. Pagano was introduced to Pastrone by actor Roberto Roberti, the father of Sergio Leone of \"Spaghetti Western� fame. �Cabiria� was scripted by Gabriele D�Annunzio, poet and war hero.", "Italian-born actor (1895–1926) who became the most legendary sex symbol of the silent era. Bold vintage ink signatures, “R. Valentino” and “Natacha Valentino,” on an off-white 8 x 6.5 album page. In fine to very fine condition. Accompanied by a modern unsigned photo of the couple. Pre-certified PSA/DNA and RR Auction COA.…(MB $200)", "Furthtermore, it played a significant role among other Italian beauties in shooting Audrey Hepbern and Gregory Peck in the movie of another film director William Wailer. Not to mention that Fountain on Trevi Square also starred in the movie “Madly in love” (“Innamorato pazzo”), where an intractable macho, Adriano Celentano, untreasured Rome in all its glory to a foreign princess Ornella Muti.", "Hollywood's original Latin Lover, a term that was invented for Rudolph Valentino by Hollywood moguls. Alla Nazimova 's friend, Natacha Rambova (nee Winifred Hudnut) became romantically involved with Rudy and they lived together in her bungalow, from 1921 (during the filming of Camille) until they eloped to Mexico 13 May, 1922 in the belief his divorce from Jean Acker was official. After their re-marriage two years later she left him because he signed a contract that barred her from being involved in his pictures and wasn't allowed on set. She went to Nice to live with her parents and never entered their new mansion, Falcon Lair. He began dating sexy 'Pola Negri' and was also linked to Vilma Banky. While touring to promote his last film, an editorial in the Chicago Tribune accused him of \"effeminization of the American male\". He defended his manhood by challenging the writer of the article to a boxing match (which never took place with the author but another writer for the paper did enter the ring on behalf of the author who would not be named and Rudy beat him). He died shortly afterward while in New York attending to the premiere of his last film. He collapsed on August 15, 1926 in his hotel and died after an operation, which led to an infection on August 23rd. 80,000 mourners caused a near riot at his New York funeral. Another funeral followed in California.", "His biographer Peter Bondanella notes that problems with communication during their marriage may have inspired his films' central themes of \"solitude, grace and spirituality in a world without moral values.\"<br /><br /> Rossellini's use of a Hollywood star in his typically \"neorealist\" films, in which he normally used non-professional actors, did provoke some negative reactions in certain circles. In Bergman's first film with Rossellini, her character was \"defying audience expectations\" in that the director preferred to work without a script, forcing Bergman to act \"inspired by reality while she worked, a style which Bondanella calls 'a new cinema of psychological introspection'\". Bergman was aware of Rossellini's directing style before filming, as the director had earlier written to her explaining that he worked from \"a few basic ideas, developing them little by little\" as a film progressed.<br /><br /> After separating from Rossellini, Bergman starred in Jean Renoir's Elena and Her Men (Elena et les Hommes, 1956), a romantic comedy in which she played a Polish princess caught up in political intrigue. Although the film was not a success, her performance in it has since come to be regarded as one of her best. Read Less", "Early Italian films typically consisted of adaptations of books or stage plays, such as Mario Caserini's Otello (1906) and Arturo Ambrosio's 1908 adaptation of the novel, The Last Days of Pompeii. Also popular during this period were films about historical figures, such as Caserini's Beatrice Cenci (1909) and Ugo Falena's Lucrezia Borgia (1910). Popular early Italian actors included Emilio Ghione, Alberto Collo, Bartolomeo Pagano, Amleto Novelli, Lyda Borelli, Ida Carloni Talli, Lidia Quaranta and Maria Jacobini.", "A brilliant playwright who practiced what is regarded as a precursor of Absurdism, Luigi Pirandello was born in Girgenti (now Agrigento), Sicily in 1867 to a wealthy family of sulfur miners. During the 1880s, he attended the University of Rome and then the University of Bonn, earning his doctorate in Roman philology in 1891. In 1894 he married Antonietta Portulano, the daughter of a sulfur merchant, in what appears to have been a business deal between their respective families. From 1904 onward, Portulano suffered severe bouts of hysteria and other mental illness that weighed heavily on their household, Pirandello ultimately institutionalizing her in 1919 upon the capture of both their sons in a World War I military campaign.", "Claudia Cardinale was born Claude Joséphine Rose Cardin to French mother and Sicilian father on April 15, 1938 in Tunis. She had her break into films after winning a Tunisian beauty contest in 1957. She made her film debut in Goha (1958) and later that year had a role in the minor international success I soliti ignoti. Her early career was largely managed by producer Franco Cristaldi. Throughout the 1960s she appeared in many Italian or Italian co-financed films including Luchino Visconti's Il Gattopardo (The Leopard, 1963), Rocco e i suoi fratelli (1963), Philippe de Broca's Cartouche (1963), Federico Fellini's 8½ (1963) and Sergio Leone's epic Once Upon a Time in the West (1968).", "Enrico Guazzone's 1913 film Quo Vadis was one of the earliest \"blockbusters\" in cinema history, utilizing thousands of extras and a lavish set design. Giovanni Pastrone's 1914 film Cabiria was an even larger production, requiring two years and a record budget to produce. Nino Martoglio's Lost in Darkness, also produced in 1914, documented life in the slums of Naples, and is considered a precursor to the Neorealist movement of the 1940s and 1950s.", "Written for movie lovers, this anthology of essays examines 24 classics of Italian cinema made between 1932 and 1994. Included are such landmark films as Ladri di biciclette (Bicycle Thieves, 1948); La Strada (The Street, 1954); La Ciociara (Two Women), for which Sophia Loren won an Academy Award in 1962, and many others. [$24.50; paperback; 271 pages; Wallflower Press]", "Director, Actor, Screenwriter. A precursor of Italian neorealism with Vittorio De Sica, and Roberto Rossellini. He played himself in Luchino Visconti's film \"Bellissima\", which starred Anna Magnani, and was the talent scout of Marcello Mastroianni. In 1982 he won the \"Golden Lion\" at Venice Film Fes... ", "International screen star Sophia Loren was described by the Motion Picture Academy in 1991 As \"One of the genuine treasures of world cinema.\" Her career spans 60 films, starting with her debut as an extra in \"Quo Vadis,\" starring Charlton Heston, in 1949.", "Screen idol Valentino had audiences swooning in the aisles and when the star of early-era Hollywood died in 1926, nurses wept at his bedside in New York, while at least three women committed suicide. His coffin was draped in gold cloth and demand to see his remains was so strong, that it was rumoured a waxwork double replaced The Great Lover's remains in the coffin during public viewings. His funeral in New York City was attended by 100,000. A second funeral in Hollywood was a private affair.", "Rudolph Valentino was an Italian actor, known simply as \"Valentino\" and also an early pop icon. A sex symbol of the 1920s, Valentino was known as the \"Latin Lover\". He starred in several well-known silent films including The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, The Sheik, Blood and Sand, The Eagle and Son of the Sheik. He had applied for American citizenship shortly before his death.…  Read More", "Sophia Loren (born September 20, 1934) is an Italian actress. In 1961, she won an Academy Award for Best Actress for Two Women, becoming the first actress to win an Academy Award for a non-English-speaking performance. Loren has also won five Golden Globe Awards and received an Honorary Academy Award in 1991. Her prominent films include Boy on a Dolphin, A Countess from Hong Kong, The Pride and the Passion, El Cid, The Millionairess, Marriage Italian-Style, Ready to Wear, Grumpier Old Men and most recently the star-studded musical Nine.", "After the movie came out, Mr. Secchiaroli's reputation soared. Various filmmakers and stars, including Marcello Mastroianni and Sophia Loren, used him as their personal photographer.", "In 1949, Italian playboy and director Roberto Rossellini won world-wide acclaim with his neo-realist shockers, “Open City” and “Paisan”.", "Sophia Loren is the first actor to win an Academy Award for a foreign language film. Sophia Loren ... More", "Sir Alexander Korda (born Sándor László Kellner, 16 September 1893 – 23 January 1956), the first film director to receive the honour. was a Hungarian-born British film producer and director. He first worked in Hollywood during the transition to \"talkies\", from 1926 to 1930. The change led to divorce from his first wife, a popular Hungarian actress who could not make the transition because of her strong accent in English.", "Famous for: Italian actress known for her film appearances in the 1950s and 1960s, often starring as love interest. Notable roles are Teresa Russo from Teresa, Anna Vasarri from The Light Touch, Nina Burkhardt from The Story of Three Loves, Eufemia Calderon from Sombrero, Lisa from Flame and the Flesh, Deborra from The Silver Chalice, Norma from Somebody Up There Likes Me, Ildith from The Last Days of Sodom and Gomorrah, Louise from Battle of the Bulge, and Alexandra from Addio, Alexandra.", ", 1912–2007, Italian film director and scriptwriter, b. Ferrara, Italy. In the 1940s he made documentaries that contributed to the development of Italian neorealism.", "Rudolph Valentino (born Rodolfo Alfonso Raffaello Pierre Filibert Guglielmi di Valentina d'Antonguolla) was an Italian actor who starred in several well-known silent films in the 1920s including The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, The Sheik, Blood and Sand, The Eagle, and The Son of the Sheik.", "Carlo Battisti (10 October 1882 – 6 March 1977) was an Italian linguist and actor, famed for his starring role in Vittorio De Sica's Umberto D..", "Italian-American actor who gained fame through his romantic portrayals and whose films included \"The Sheik,\" 1921 \"Blood And Sand,\" 1922 and \"Monsieur Beaucaire,\" 1924. He came to the U.S. in 1913 and became a star after his first role in, \"The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse,\" 1921.", ", 1906–77, Italian film director and producer. He first received international attention in 1946 with Open City, which was made clandestinely during the Fascist period and became the key film of the neorealist movement." ]

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[ "10. Containing the lines \"You're asking me will my love grow, I don't know, I don't know\", which Beatles' song did Frank Sinatra describe as the greatest love song ever written?", "10. Containing the lines \"You're asking me will my love grow, I don't know, I don't know\", which Beatles' song did Frank Sinatra describe as the greatest love song ever written?   5PTS", "10. Containing the lines \"You're asking me will my love grow, I don't know, I don't know\", which Beatles' song did Frank Sinatra describe as the greatest love song ever written?   5PTS", "Harrison wrote one of the Beatles’ earliest openly political songs in 1966’s “Taxman” and one of their prettiest late-period tunes in “Here Comes the Sun.” But his songwriting legacy was sealed for good when Frank Sinatra declared “Something,” the group’s second-most-covered song after “Yesterday,” to be “the greatest love song of the past 50 years.” Harrison described songwriting as a means to “get rid of some subconscious burden,” comparing the process to “going to confession.” After the Beatles split, he let his creative impulses run free on the 1970 triple-album solo debut, All Things Must Pass, and enjoyed a strong Eighties comeback with the pop success of 1987’s Cloud Nine as well his stint with the Traveling Wilburys. “If George had had his own group and was writing his own songs back then, he’d have been probably just as big as anybody,” his fellow Wilbury Bob Dylan said.", "Something became George Harrison's first A-side single. The track was initially given to Joe Cocker, but was subsequently recorded for Abbey Road. Frank Sinatra once commented that, \"Something\" was \"the greatest love song ever written\".", "So Wrong - Frank Sinatra covered George's Beatles' song, and fully and appropriately credited it to them and saluted it as in his opinion \"one of the best love songs ever written\" - and Sinatra mastered Many of those. - Billyv", "\"Hey Jude\" is a song by the English rock band The Beatles that was recorded in 1968. Originally titled \"Hey Jules\", the ballad was written by Paul McCartney—and credited to Lennon/McCartney—to comfort John Lennon's son Julian during his parents' divorce. \"Hey Jude\" begins with a verse-bridge structure based around McCartney's vocal performance and piano accompaniment; further details are added as the song progresses to distinguish sections. After the fourth verse, the song shifts to a fade-out coda that lasts for more than four minutes.", "“I’m in awe of McCartney,” Bob Dylan told Rolling Stone in 2007. “He’s about the only one that I’m in awe of.” Sir Paul is pop’s greatest melodist, with a bulging songbook that includes many of the most-performed and best-loved tunes of the past half-century. McCartney has always had a much broader range than silly love songs. He’s the weirdo behind “Temporary Secretary” and the feral basher behind “Helter Skelter.” But part of what he brought to the Beatles was his passion for the wit and complexity of pre-rock songwriting, from Fats Waller to Peggy Lee.", "Rolling Stone ranked \"Can't Buy Me Love\" at No. 295 on their list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. The song spent five consecutive weeks at No. 1. The only Beatles songs to exceed that mark were \"I Want to Hold Your Hand\" at seven weeks and \"Hey Jude\" at nine weeks.", "0:09 The camera panned over to the Beatles, who were surrounded by balloons and flowers. \"Love, love, love,\" they sang. \"Love, love, love.\" The Our World producers' only request of the Beatles' song selection was to \"keep it simple so that viewers across the globe will understand.\" Mission accomplished: The first time Lennon played the song for the other Beatles, at a crawling tempo, Harrison muttered to McCartney, \"Well, it's certainly repetitive.\"", "The Beatles are primarily musicians and musical composers…and don’t choose to get stuck even within their most intricate verbal contrivances…[U]ses of words that allude both to the subject of the moment and to their constant subject, musical creation, occur in “All You Need Is Love” (“Nothing you can sing that can’t be sung”)…“All You Need Is Love” is decisive evidence that when the Beatles think together (or apart) about anything they think musically and that musical thinking dictates their response to other things . . . (126-28).", "The last track on Sgt. Pepper is also the best. It is, to my ears, the best song the Beatles ever did, and arguably the best song of the rock era. With a finale like this, it’s easy to forgive the superficiality of any of the preceding tracks. It is this song that sticks with the listener more than any of the others, and elevates Pepper to the top of critical lists. “A Day In The Life” is essential listening. For this song alone, Sgt. Pepper is a necessary addition to the collection of any serious fan of rock music.", "in 1964 - Filming for A Hard Days Night, The Beatles played a \"live television performance\" in front of a studio of screaming fans (one of those fans was Phil Collins). The four songs used in the film were �Tell Me Why�, �I Should Have Known Better�, �And I Love Her�, and �She Loves You�.", "The End is a song, specifically the last song, by The Beatles. Composed by Paul McCartney and John Lennon, it was the final song ever recorded collectively by all four Beatles (the four would never record together again), and released on Abbey Road (1969) as the final full piece from the last album they recorded. It is seen by many as a fittingly grandiose finish to their career.", "1967, The Beatles were selected to represent the UK for the first-ever global-wide satellite broadcast. The group agreed to be shown in the studio recording a song written especially for the occasion, scheduled for June 25. John Lennon wrote �All You Need is Love� which was thought to sum up the 1967 'summer of love' and The Beatles' sympathies. With the satellite broadcast being broadcast to many non-English-speaking countries, the BBC asked The Beatles to 'keep it simple'.", "\"All My Loving\" is a song by English rock group the Beatles, written by Paul McCartney (credited to Lennon–McCartney), from the 1963 album With the Beatles. Though it was not released as a single in the United Kingdom or the United States, it drew considerable radio airplay, prompting EMI to issue it as the title track of an EP. The song was released as a single in Canada, where it became a number one hit. The Canadian single was imported into the US in enough quantities to peak at number 45 on the Billboard Hot 100 in April 1964. It was the first song most Americans ever heard the group sing as it was the opening song on their debut on The Ed Sullivan Show on 9 February 1964.", "The Beatles Before Sgt. Pepper's, no one seriously thought of rock music as actual art. That all changed in 1967, though, when John, Paul, George and Ringo (with \"A Little Help\" from their friend, producer George Martin) created an undeniable work of art which remains, after 3-plus decades, one of the most influential albums of all time. From Lennon's evocative word/sound pictures (the trippy \"Lucy in the Sky With Diamonds\", the carnival-like \"Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite\") and McCartney's music hall-styled \"When I'm 64\", to Harrison's Eastern-leaning \"Within You Without You\", and the avant-garde mini-suite, \"A Day in the Life\", Sgt. Pepper'swas a milestone for both 1960s music and popular culture in general. —Billy Altman", "The Beatles' music was used as a soundtrack for Cirque du Soleil's Las Vegas stage revue, Love. Martin and his son Giles remixed and blended 130 of recordings to create \"a way of re-living the whole Beatles' musical lifespan in a very condensed period\". The show premiered in June 2006, and the Love album was released that November. Attending the show's first anniversary, McCartney and Starr were interviewed on Larry King Live, along with Ono and Olivia Harrison. Also in 2007, reports circulated that McCartney was hoping to complete \"Now and Then\"; a third Lennon demo worked on during the Anthology sessions. It would be credited as a \"Lennon/McCartney composition\" with the addition of new verses, and feature a new drum track by Starr and archival recordings of Harrison playing guitar.", "\"Come Together\" is a song by the rock band The Beatles written primarily by John Lennon and credited to Lennon/McCartney. The song is the lead-off track on The Beatles' September 1969 album Abbey Road. One month later it also appeared as one of the sides of the group's twenty-first single (it was...", ". Ringo Starr and McCartney left Rishikesh first, with Lennon and Harrison departing later. Wikipedia says some reports claim Lennon was miffed because their guru, the Maharishi, had made sexual advances towards Mia Farrow, who was with the Beatles. Shortly after deciding to leave, Lennon wrote a song called Maharishi, which included the lines “Maharishi / You little twat”, and later became Sexy Sadie. But several authors, says Wikipedia, say these were rumours “deliberately engineered” by Alexis Mardas who sought to undermine the Maharishi’s influence over the Beatles. Whatever the background, in May 1968, Lennon, McCartney and Harrison demoed 23 songs they had written at Rishikesh at Kinfauns.", "All You Need Is Love Lyrics By The Beatles Songs Album: Yellow Submarine Year: 1967 Love, love, love, love, love, love, love, love, love. There's nothing", "33. John Lennon and Paul McCartney. Northern Songs Ltd. sheet music cover page to ‘World Without Love,’ 8.25 x 11, signed in blue ink, “John Lennon, You Really Got A Hold On Me/Beatles,” and “(Beatles) Paul,” and also signed by two others, with the signatures dating to mid-1964. Page is affixed to a 9.75 x 12.5 blue mount. Scattered light soiling, a bit heavier to upper portion, not affecting either signature, and some scattered creases, otherwise fine condition. ‘You Really Got A Hold On Me’ by Smokey Robinson was a favorite of Lennon’s, so much so that he insisted the band record the song again when the Abbey Road studio installed new four track machines in 1963. The band recorded the song again on January 26 and March 13, 1969, during the recording and filming of Let It Be. Pre-certified Roger Epperson/REAL and RR Auction COA. Starting Bid $500", "1967, The Beatles recorded sound effects onto the song “Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band'” at Abbey Road studios in London. The beginning audience murmurs and sounds of a band preparing for a performance are added, along with screams from a tape of the Beatles in concert at the Hollywood Bowl.", " 1978 Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (lyrics: \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\", \"Getting Better\", \"I Want You (She's So Heavy)\", \"Good Morning, Good Morning\", \"Nowhere Man\", \"Polythene Pam\", \"She Came In Through The Bathroom Window\", \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\" (Reprise), \"Mean Mr. Mustard\", \"She's Leaving Home\", \"Lucy In The Sky With Diamonds\", \"Oh! Darling\", \"Maxwell's Silver Hammer\", \"Because\", \"Strawberry Fields Forever\", \"Being For The Benefit of Mr. Kite\", \"You Never Give Me Your Money\", \"Got To Get You Into My Life\", \"When I'm 64\", \"Come Together\", \"Golden Slumbers\", \"Carry That Weight\", \"The Long And Winding Road\", \"A Day In The Life\", \"Get Back\", \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\" (Finale)) / (music: \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\", \"Getting Better\", \"I Want You (She's So Heavy)\", \"Good Morning, Good Morning\", \"Nowhere Man\", \"Polythene Pam\", \"She Came In Through The Bathroom Window\", \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\" (Reprise), \"Mean Mr. Mustard\", \"She's Leaving Home\", \"Lucy In The Sky With Diamonds\", \"Oh! Darling\", \"Maxwell's Silver Hammer\", \"Because\", \"Strawberry Fields Forever\", \"Being For The Benefit of Mr. Kite\", \"You Never Give Me Your Money\", \"Got To Get You Into My Life\", \"When I'm 64\", \"Come Together\", \"Golden Slumbers\", \"Carry That Weight\", \"The Long And Winding Road\", \"A Day In The Life\", \"Get Back\", \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\" (Finale)) / (writer: \"With A Little Help From My Friends\", \"Fixing A Hole\")", "Quote Investigator: John Lennon did compose a song containing this saying and released it in 1980. The song was called “Beautiful Boy” or “Darling Boy” and it was part of the album “Double Fantasy”. Lennon wrote the lyrics about his experiences with his son Sean whose mother is Yoko Ono. YouTube has a streamable version of the song , and the phrase can be heard at 2 minutes 16 seconds into the track which has a total length of 4 minutes 12 seconds. Lennon sings [BBJL]:", "Busby was mentioned, along with B.B. King and Doris Day, in the Beatles song, Dig It, on the album Let It Be, released in 1970.", "But I happen to like the title - the directness and wonder in it. For Cole Porter, it was the key that unlocked the entire composition, so that music and words came pouring out almost simultaneously. What is this thing called love? For Porter - a homosexual in a happy and fulfilling marriage - it was a question worth pondering. And for Frank Sinatra it was the great question at the heart of his art.", "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, is released. Many critics and fans consider it the band's greatest work.", "Writer(s): MCCARTNEY PAUL JAMES, Paul McCartney, John Lennon, LENNON JOHN WINSTON, WRITER UNKNOWN, LENNON-MCCARTNEY, Ky-Mani Marley", "1976: Paul McCartney & Wings' 'Silly Love Songs' is hits #1 on the Billboard Pop chart.", "\"The Look of Love\" is a popular song composed by Burt Bacharach and Hal David and sung by English pop singer Dusty Springfield, which appeared in the 1967 spoof James Bond film Casino Royale. In 2008, the song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. It also received a Best Song nomination in the 1968 Academy Awards.", "Oh My Love\" is a song written by John Lennon and Yoko Ono that appeared on Lennon's Imagine album in 1971. George Harrison contributed guitar on this and several other songs for the album." ]

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[ "His role in the 1984 film defined his career. As Kesuke Miyagi, the mentor to Ralph Macchio's \"Daniel-san,\" he taught karate while trying to catch flies with chopsticks and offering such advice as \"wax on, wax off\" to help Daniel improve his karate hand movements while doing his chores.", "Rocky's director John G. Avildsen also helmed The Karate Kid (1984), with another 'underdog-triumphs' theme - a very influential dramatic martial arts film. It has been ranked as one of the best high school films of all time. It starred 22 year-old Ralph Macchio as the title character, high school senior Daniel LaRusso. To combat bullies, Daniel sought the tutelage of Kesuke Miyagi (Noriyuki \"Pat\" Morita) for lessons on life and the skills of karate (\"Wax on, wax off\" was one of his most famous, oft-repeated quotes). It resulted in three sequels: The Karate Kid, Part II (1986) and The Karate Kid, Part III (1989) both with Ralph Macchio, and a third The Next Karate Kid (1994) with Hilary Swank as new karate student Julie Pierce. There was also the remake The Karate Kid (2010) starring Jackie Chan and Jaden Smith, and an animated TV series in 1989.", "John G. Avildsen, Bud S. Smith A fatherless teenager faces his moment of truth in The Karate Kid. Daniel (Ralph Macchio) arrives in Los Angeles from the east coast and faces the difficult task of making new friends. However, he becomes the object of bullying by the Cobras, a menacing gang of karate students, when he strikes up a relationship with Ali (Elisabeth Shue), the Cobra leader's ex-girlfriend. Eager to fight back and impress his new girlfriend but afraid to confront the dangerous gang, Daniel asks his handyman Miyagi (Noriyuki 'Pat' Morita), whom he learns is a master of the martial arts, to teach him karate. Miyagi teaches Daniel that karate is a mastery over the self, mind, and body and that fighting is always the last answer to a problem. Under Miyagi's guidance, Daniel develops not only physical skills but also the faith and self-confidence to compete despite tremendous odds as he encounters the fight of his life in the exciting finale to this entertaining film.", "THe KaRaTe Kid 1984 with his knee in tatters, daniel san’s only got one chance to win his final karate match: the crane stance. “If do right, no can defend...” damn straight.", "When Daniel (Macchio) moves to a new town and gets picked on by the kids from the local dojo, Mr Miyagi (Morita) reluctantly agrees to train him for a fight against his archenemy, coaching him and getting his house renovated into the bargain. Best line Keisuke Miyagi: “First learn stand, then learn fly. Nature rule, Daniel-san, not mine.”", ", known as Mr. Miyagi and also identified in the film The Karate Kid, Part II as , is a fictional karate master played by Japanese-American actor Pat Morita. Mr. Miyagi mentors the characters Daniel LaRusso and Julie Pierce in the Karate Kid films. Morita earned an Academy Award nomination for his performance in the first film. ", "The blocking moves Neo uses against Agent Smith upon his realization of being \"the One\", are the exact same techniques Daniel LaRusso uses against Mr. Miyagi upon his realization that he has in fact been karate training in The Karate Kid (1984).", "The film spawned a franchise of related items and memorabilia such as action figures, head bands, posters, T-shirts, and a video game. A novelization was made by B.B. Hiller and published in 1984. The novel had a scene that was in the rehearsal when Daniel encounters Johnny during school at lunch. Also at the end, there was a battle between Miyagi and Kreese in the parking lot after the tournament which was the original ending for the film but was later cut and used as the beginning of The Karate Kid, Part II.", "The Karate Kid screenwriter Robert Mark Kamen stated that Mr. Miyagi was named after Chōjun Miyagi, the founder of Goju Ryu Karate-Do. Also, the karate style depicted in the movies is the Goju Ryu style.", "* The Next Karate Kid (1994), in which Mr. Miyagi referred to a variant of bowling called \"Zen Bowling\" in which players bowl with their eyes closed.", " is meant to mean \"dragon climbing the mountain\". It is not found in any other styles of karate outside of Chitō-ryū (except for Patrick McCarthy's Koryū style, but there is debate about where his kata comes from). It is completely open handed from beginning to end with stabbing fingers, ridge hand and knife-edge blocks and palm strikes. The stance transitions are complex with the trailing leg sometimes pulling up and creating a shorter seisan-dachi, which is unlike other kata in the style. There is a signature movement in the middle of the kata where the karateka stands on one leg, thrusts one hand straight up and one hand straight down, and then switches legs and hands. It is this movement that gives the kata its name.", "Boomstick: Lemme guess, somebody came out of nowhere to help him like in The Karate Kid?", "Nye’s greatest challenge on the film, of course, was creating the fly mask. When first given the script, he was told to read it in a hurry, because the film was scheduled to begin production within two months, and producer-director Kurt Neumann was anxious to know how much time and money it would take to complete the mask.", "Miyagi : get squish just like grape. Here, karate, same thing. Either you karate do \"yes\" or karate do \"no.\" You karate do \"guess so,\"", "Eric: \"Get out of that!\" when holding his open hand underneath Ernie's chin. This was meant to be a karate move that incapacitated the victim. Often followed by \"You can't, can you?\".", "He made his name as a Catch Wrestling icon along with Karl Gotch by helping create the world of Mixed Martial Arts in Japan. He became a major influence in the “Shoot” style of wrestling leading and coaching the UWF Snake Pit in Japan and also trained several Mixed Martial Arts legends such as Kazushi Sakuraba, and Josh Barnett, just to name a couple.", "Martial art which Elvis studied for over eighteen years.  Elvis attained his eighth degree black belt (master of the art distinction).  His karate name was Tiger.", "Bruce Almighty has the eponymous character use his newly acquired \"God-hood\" to get revenge on a group of gang members who jumped him earlier in the film. When they refuse to apologize, he makes a monkey come out of the lead gang member's butt and spews a swarm of flies from his mouth, sending the others running away in panic.", "Action movie star Jean-Claude Van Damme holds a black belt in Shotokan and used the style when he competed in full contact karate competitions in the 1970s and 1980s. Wesley Snipes has a 5th dan black belt in Shotokan. ", "Bruce Lee (1940-1973) learnt Wing Chun (a close range combat martial art) from the age of 12 years old, before developing his own style of martial art as an adult. He was very much focused on the acrobatics and fitness side of the sport and managed to translate this into his role as a film actor and director.", "He's been a martial artist since the age of 13. He started knife and full contact stick fighting in 2001 and became a World Stick Fighting Champion in 2005 as well as a 2005 Babakan full contact stick and knife fighting Gathering of Warriors Champion. His skills as a martial artist have also given him opportunities for executive protection and body guard work, including working for over a year as security for Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and his family.", "*In the movie Black Dynamite, the titular Black Dynamite uses nunchaku to fight off associates of the character Chicago Wind.", "Johnny: No, he wants to learn karate! Well, here's your first lesson: how to take a fall!", "Bond trains with Tanaka's ninjas, during which an attempted assassination kills Aki instead. Bond is disguised as an Oriental in a fake marriage to Tanaka's student, Kissy Suzuki. Acting on a lead from Suzuki, the pair reconnoiter a cave and the volcano above it. Establishing that the mouth of the volcano is a disguised hatch to the secret rocket base, Bond slips in, while Kissy goes to alert Tanaka. Bond locates and frees the captured astronauts and, with their help, steals a spacesuit in attempt to infiltrate the SPECTRE spacecraft \"Bird One\". However, Blofeld spots Bond, and he is detained while Bird One is launched. ", "Dolph has won several full contact Karate tournaments almost defeating one world champion, a second degree black belt when he was still only a green belt! Crazy.", "In 1964, Bruce had given a martial arts demonstration at Ed Parker's karate tournament in Long Beach, California. Ed Parker was the karate master who taught Elvis. As it happened, Jay Sebring, a celebrity hairdresser (who was later murdered by Charles Manson's gang), attended this demonstration. While doing TV producer William Dozier's hair, Sebring mentioned Bruce Lee's performance. Dozier had been looking for an actor to play Charlie Chan's son in a new series in the works, Number-One Son. He viewed Ed Parker's film of the demonstration, contacted Bruce, and brought him down to L.A. for a screen test. The screen test went well, and Dozier paid him $1,800 to put him under \"options.\"", "Collin Chou has been training in martial arts since the age of 5! The main art he has mentiond in interviews though is Taekwondo alongside “movie martial arts”.", "Fear City : The one in this film is a martial arts expert who mainly goes after strippers, toying with his prey before killing them. He apparently sees it as part of a mission to purify the world of sinners.", "Steve McQueen's personal instructors included Bruce Lee and Chuck Norris. He was good enough to be a third degree black belt but never tested since he didn't want this used against him if he ever got sued for hitting someone. (Bruce Lee called himself the oriental Steve McQueen)", "The world’s greatest stuntman, Jackie Chan, is no one to be messed with!  If falling from crazy heights and nearly killing himself on a regular basis isn’t enough to take him seriously, here’s what else he’s trained in:", "Initiate this activity a couple of days into lure training and use as a way to finish a learning session.", "Karl Gotch helped spread the fame of Riley’s gym when he told people in America and Japan where he acquired such a formidable style, and people travelled from all around to train there. It is said Billy had two mottos – “Billy is always right” and “you can never train too hard”." ]

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[ "• Skating duo Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean won Team of the Year twice (1982 & 1983) and Sports Personality of the Year once, in their golden year of 1984. Bobby Moore, Nick Faldo, showjumper David Broome, Steve Redgrave, David Beckham, Jonny Wilkinson, Andrew Flintoff and Ryan Giggs are the only others to have collected the individual prize and been part of a winning Team of the Year.", "Other awards have been presented in the past. Special Achievement Awards have been presented on five occasions: to jockey Lester Piggott in 1984 and 1994, [5] disabled marathon runner Dennis Moore in 1981, comedian David Walliams in 2006, and comedian Eddie Izzard in 2009. Sebastian Coe picked up a Special Gold Award in 2005 for his work in helping Britain obtain the right to host the 2012 Olympics . [6] Five awards have been presented once: Manager of the Year in 1969, a Special Team Award in 1986, Good Sport Awards in 1990, an International Team Award in 1983, and the Sports Personality of the Century Award in 1999. [1] In 2003, to celebrate fifty years of Sports Personality of the Year, two special anniversary awards were created to recognise the best team and Sports Personality from the previous fifty years. Rower Steve Redgrave was voted BBC Golden Sports Personality of the Year and England's 1966 World Cup -winning football team was chosen as Team of the Decades . [7]", "To celebrate the golden anniversary of the show, a special award was voted for by the public to recognise an all-time Golden Sports Personality from the previous winners of the last 49 years. [90] A shortlist of five was planned to contain one winner from each decade of the award; [91] however, the actual shortlist contained two winners from the most recent decade—rower Steve Redgrave , who won the award, and footballer David Beckham . The other members of the shortlist were footballer Bobby Moore , cricketer Ian Botham and ice skating duo Torvill and Dean . [35]", "Sports Personality of the Year was created by Paul Fox, who thought of the idea while he was editor of the magazine show Sportsview. The first award ceremony took place in 1954 as part of Sportsview, and was presented by Peter Dimmock. For the first show, votes were sent by postcard, and rules presented in a Radio Times article stipulated that nominations were restricted to athletes who had featured on the Sportsview programme since April. Approximately 14,500 votes were cast, and Christopher Chataway beat Roger Bannister to win the inaugural BBC Sportsview's Personality of the Year Award. ", "Cooper was the first to win the BBC Sports Personality of the Year award twice (in 1967 and 1970) and one of only three two-time winners in the award’s history (the others being Nigel Mansell in 1986 and 1992 and Damon Hill in 1994 and 1996). Cooper was given the award in 1967 for going unbeaten throughout the year. One of the most memorable fights of the year was his defeat of challenger Jack Bodell in June. His second award came in 1970, when Cooper had become the British, Commonwealth and European heavyweight champion, cementing his reputation as one of the greatest post-war British boxers. He is the only British boxer to win three Lonsdale Belts outright.", "Cooper was the first to win the BBC Sports Personality of the Year award twice (in 1967 and 1970) and one of only three two-time winners in the award's history (the others being Nigel Mansell in 1986 and 1992 and Damon Hill in 1994 and 1996). Cooper was given the award in 1967 for going unbeaten throughout the year. One of the most memorable fights of the year was his defeat of challenger Jack Bodell in June. His second award came in 1970, when Cooper had become the British, Commonwealth and European heavyweight champion, cementing his reputation as one of the greatest post-war British boxers.", "The BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award is the main award of the BBC Sports Personality of the Year ceremony, which takes place each December. The winner is the sportsperson, judged by a public vote, to have achieved the most that year. The recipient must either be British or reside and play a significant amount of their sport in the United Kingdom. The winner is selected by a public-vote from a pre-determined shortlist. The most recent award winner is tennis player Andy Murray, who won in 2015.", "BBC Sports Personality of the Year voters absolutely love an Olympic Games gold medallist and recent counts in Olympic years have been dominated by champions. In 2012, Bradley Wiggins won the BBC Sports Personality of the Year award, with Jessica Ennis (second), Murray (third), Mo Farah (fourth), David Weir (fifth), Ellie Simmonds (sixth), Chris Hoy (seventh), Nicola Adams (eighth), Ben Ainslie (ninth), Katherine Grainger (11th) and Sarah Storey (12th) polling well after Olympic Games or Paralympic Games glory – Rory McIlroy’s two major championships, world number one ranking and contribution to Europe’s Ryder Cup victory could not lift him above 10th position with 1.83 per cent of the vote. In 2008, Hoy and Rebecca Adlington finished first and third respectively in the BBC Sports Personality of the Year race. In 2004, Kelly Holmes and Matthew Pinsent were the BBC Sports Personality of the Year straight forecast. And in 2000, the BBC Sports Personality of the Year trifecta was Steve Redgrave, Denise Lewis and Tanni Grey-Thompson.", "There had already been a sports stars specials in 1980 and 1981, won by yachtswoman Clare Francis, and by canoeist and Paddles Up favourite Richard Fox. In 1984, an \"Olympic Celebrity Special\" featured Tessa Sanderson, Neil Adams, Andy Holmes and June Croft. Other sports stars featured the following year, and ITV's coverage of the 1988 Seoul Olympics was marked by a pair of 'Presenters Versus Competitors' editions. This was won by the presenters, all of whom were, or would become, quiz hosts, namely Dickie Davies , Alison Holloway , Nick Owen and Elton Welsby.", "In 1960 Dimmock presented the show, and introduced two new awards: [14] the Team of the Year award and the Overseas Personality award, won by the Cooper Car Company and athlete Herb Elliott respectively. [15] David Coleman joined the show the following year and remained a co-presenter until 1983. [16] Swimmer Anita Lonsbrough became the first female recipient of the main award in 1962; females won it in the following two years as well. [17] Frank Bough took over as presenter in 1964 and presented Sports Review for 18 years. [18] In 1969, a new Manager of the Year award was given to Don Revie for his achievements with Leeds United , the only occasion it was presented. In the following year boxer Henry Cooper became the first person to win the main award twice, having already won in 1967.", "The BBC's Sports Personality of the Year was created by Paul Fox, who came up with the idea while he was editor of the magazine show Sportsview. The first award ceremony took place in 1954 as part of Sportsview, and was presented by Peter Dimmock. Held at the Savoy Hotel on 30 December 1954, the show lasted 45 minutes. It consisted of one award for the sportsperson judged by the public to have achieved the most that year. Voting was by postcard, and rules presented in a Radio Times article stipulated that nominations were restricted to athletes who had featured on the Sportsview programme since April. For the inaugural BBC Sportsperson of the Year award, 14,517 votes were cast and Christopher Chataway beat fellow athlete Roger Bannister. The following year the show was renamed Sports Review of the Year and given a longer duration of 75 minutes.", "He won the BBC Sports Personality of the Year award twice, in 1986 and 1992, one of only three people to do so.", "In 1979, Hughes became a team captain on the long-running BBC quiz A Question of Sport, opposite the former rugby player Gareth Edwards. He left the programme in 1981, but returned in 1984, this time playing against England's former rugby union captain Bill Beaumont. Hughes became much-mimicked for his competitive nature and high-pitched protestations when not being able to recall an answer. In the show's picture board section, in which panel members were shown a board with a choice of 12 photographs of well-known sports personalities to be identified, Hughes would usually reference his old shirt number at Liverpool, informing the show's host David Coleman \"Number six please, Dave\".", "Sports Personality record: First nomination. Long jumper Mary Rand won in 1964, while triple jumper Jonathan Edwards took the 1995 award.", "It is instructive, in using the BBC Sports Personality award as a measure of what an extraordinary year this has been for British sport, to consider that in 1997 it was bestowed on Greg Rusedski, whose defining deed was merely to have reached (and been well-beaten in) the final of the US Open, the tournament that this year Murray so magnificently won. The winner three years before that was Damon Hill, who had finished runner-up to Michael Schumacher in the Formula One drivers’ championship. Second place used to be good enough to win the BBC’s prestigious prize. Whereas this year, unless Farah confounds the odds (and he might), it won’t even be enough to have come first twice.", "BBC's Sports Personality of the Year was created in 1954 by Sir Paul Fox, then editor of the magazine show Sportsview, and presenter Peter Dimmock.", "· BBC's Sports Personality of the Year was created in 1954 by Sir Paul Fox, then editor of the magazine show Sportsview, and presenter Peter Dimmock.", "Hughes developed a successful television career after leaving football. In 1984, he became a team captain on the long-running BBC quiz A Question of Sport , opposite England 's former rugby union captain Bill Beaumont . Hughes became much-mimicked for his competitive nature and high-pitched protestations when not being able to recall an answer. In the show's picture board section, in which panel members were shown a board with a choice of 12 photographs of well known sports personalities to be identified, Hughes would usually reference his old shirt number at Liverpool in informing the show's host David Coleman \"Number Six please, Dave\".", "Don't Explain the Joke : Invoked in a Series 12 episode with Austin Healey and Paul Ross (Jonathan's brother). During discussion of a \"Sporting Bluff\" question asking whether John Motson, Gary Lineker, or Anne Robinson had been declared to have the perfect voice for football commentary by a scientific study,note  The correct answer: John Motson. Austin joked that after all his years on The BBC , Gary had taken to advertising Sky dishes. When the audience didn't react, he explained that said \"advertisements\" were on the side of his head. Gary was not amused:", "• BBC's Sports Personality of the Year was created in 1954 by Sir Paul Fox, then editor of the magazine show Sportsview, and was presented by Peter Dimmock.", "For much of the 1970s and 80s, Carpenter co-hosted the Sports Personality of the Year programme, having first contributed in 1958. He was \"flattered and pleased\" that he was asked to pay tribute to the Sports Personality of the Century, Muhammad Ali.", "Sports Personality Of The Year 2011 BBC1, 8pm Featuring some of the current greatest names in sport, Sue Barker, Gary Lineker and Jake Humphrey host this star-studded affair. A reminder of all of the major sporting achievements – from golf to the Tour de France right through to athletics, cricket and swimming. True energy.", "In the year that England lifted the World Cup, the winner of Sports Personality of the Year for 1966 could only have been the captain, Bobby Moore, the first footballer to win the award. Pictures of Moore holding the Jules Rimet trophy, while on the shoulders of his teammates remain iconic to this day.", "The title of the programme was decided on. Sports Review of 1954 was planned out very precisely by Peter Dimmock who would leave the temporary Sportsview studio at 8.24pm to mount the presentation platform and make a very quick, and low-key presentation which was estimated to last no more than 45 seconds. At 7.45pm on Thursday 30th December, 1954, Peter Dimmock introduced the programme from behind a smart office desk in the temporary studio at the Savoy Hotel. The programme ran like clockwork, and at 8.26pm he announced the recipient of the first BBC Sportsperson of the Year award. The programme finished at 8.30pm.", "What I’ve pulled together is an almost complete list of the top three sports personalities for every years of these awards since the first such award was given in 1954. I say almost complete as, for reasons that are entirly unclear, all records of the second and third places sportsmen/women for the years 1955 to 1957 appear to have been lost, even by the BBC, but that still gives us 167 items of data (includes multiple and joint nominations) to play with, spanning more than half a century.", "Barbara Slater, director of BBC Sport, said: \"This year's Sports Personality of the Year will be a celebration of what has been a truly unique year for sport in the UK. We are incredibly proud to be hosting the sporting grand finale for such a remarkable year.\"", "Who finished in the Top 3 of BBC Sports Personality Of The Year a record 5 times?", "From 1984 to 1991, moreover, he resumed his position as cricket correspondent of the BBC. He was also much in demand as an after-dinner speaker, winning many plaudits, albeit disturbing the feminist lobby on one occasion with an untoward remark about Martina Navratilova.", "In 60 years of BBC Sports Personality, who should have won? – open thread | Sport | theguardian.com", "The honour was given in memory of the former TV sports presenter, with whom Pitman clearly identified.", "[BBCGB] 2002 December 8, BBC Sport, Sports Personality 2002: Simply the Best, news.bbc.co.uk, United Kingdom. (Accessed 2011 January 10) link", "Adrian Chiles (born 21 March 1967) is a British television and radio presenter who worked as the chief presenter for football coverage at ITV Sport from 2010 until 2015. Previously, Chiles worked for the BBC, where he was best known for co-hosting The One Show with Christine Bleakley." ]

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[ "We remain fascinated by the people who give birth to three, four, or even six children at once. This miracle never ceases to instill wonder in us. And, the same happened to Janet and Graham Walton on November 18th, 1983 in Liverpool, England. Janet gave birth to 6 children, and that too, all girls. She became the only one in the world to give birth to an all-girl sextuplets!", "This is what happened to Janet and Graham Walton on November 18th, 1983 in Liverpool, England. Not only did Janet give birth to six children, she gave birth to the world's only all-girl sextuplets! At the time, the Waltons were heavily publicized given the bizarre nature of the birth. Luckily, all six girls survived and thrived as young women. ", "In 1983, Janet and Graham Walton had six girls, all of whom survived and are now aged 25. Four of them are still living with their parents in Wallasey, Merseyside. Yesterday, Mr Walton said he hoped the mother and father of the six children would \"enjoy every minute\" of parenthood.", "Graham and Janet Walton pictured with their six daughters in 1983, shortly after they were born. After Janet's multiple pregnancy was confirmed at eight weeks, she spent the rest of her pregnancy in hospital", "1983 The world's first all-girl sextuplets were born, to Mrs. Janet Walton at Liverpool Maternity Hospital. They were named Hannah, Lucy, Ruth, Sarah, Kate and Jenny.", "Nov. 11, 1983 The United Kingdom received its first set of sextuplets when the Walton babies were born in Liverpool.", "The Walton girls, pictured with their parents Janet and Graham.  Hannah, Ruth, Luci, Kate, Jennie and Sarah, born in Liverpool in 1983, are the only female sextuplets in the world to have survived", "Happy family: Janet and Graham Walton's daughters (from left) Hannah, Ruth, Luci, Kate, Jennie and Sarah", "The sextuplets' arrival in 1983 came as a surprise to the couple, who had been tried for a baby for five years.", "Walton married Helen Robson on February 14, 1943. They had four children: Samuel Robson (Rob) born in 1944, John Thomas (1946–2005), James Carr (Jim) born in 1948, and Alice Louise born in 1949. Walton supported various charitable causes. He and Helen were active in the Bentonville Church of Christ; Sam served as an Elder and a Sunday School teacher, teaching high school age students. The family made substantial contributions to the congregation.", "low-beer%20&ffalse \"Genuine Authentic: The Real Life of Ralph Lauren\" By Michael Gross] p 92-93 The two met six months earlier, in an eye doctor's office where Ricky was working as a receptionist. Ralph kept it a secret from his parents that his new bride was only half Jewish and that her mother was a gentile. They have three children:", "Five children spawned 14 grandchildren and 16 great children. The couple said the later generations \"bring new life\" and light into their lives.", "Children first marriage: son: Spencer, born: September 21st. 1972 daughter: Melissa, born: June 17th. 1974 son (present marriage): Robin John, born: January 21st. 1983.", "Children: with Shawn Southwick: Cannon, May 22, 2000, Chance, March 19, 1999 and Danny Southwick (stepson), 1981; with Alene Akins: Andy (adopted), Chaia, 1967; with Mickey Sutphin: Kelly, (Sutphin's next husband adopted her); with Annette Kaye: Larry, Jr., 1962", "In 1983, he married Lisa Meyers and together they have five children—son Jesse Turner, son Jody Ray, son Johnny Robert, daughter Kelly Marie and son Blake Cameron.", "Ronald Reagan and his first wife, Jane Wyman, had two children, daughter Maureen and an adopted son, Michael. Patti and Ron followed with second wife Nancy Davis Reagan. Born in 1941, at the height of Reagan's popularity as an actor, Maureen was part of the picture-perfect family that, in the 1930s and '40s, Warner Brothers promoted as Hollywood's wholesome face. Michael was adopted later, in 1946. At a time when joint custody was virtually unknown, the children remained with their mother after Reagan and Wyman divorced in 1949.", "Mr. ROGERS: Mom Dale , I'll tell you, she had her hands full with nine children, you know, they adopted four and had one foster child .", "Family: David Coleman, centre right, is pictured with his wife Barbara (centre) and members of his family following the birth of their daughter Samantha in 1969. Also pictured are their twin sons Dean and David (left), their younger son Michael (right) and daughters Mandy and Anna", "Gave birth to her 1st child at age 31, a son named Luke Hudson Gavigan on September 8, 2007. Child's father is her husband, Christopher Gavigan .", "The Carters had four children: John (b. 1947, known as Jack), James (b. 1950, known as Chip), Donnel (b. 1952, known as Jeff), and Amy (b. 1967); Rosalynn was 19 when Jack was born, and 40 when Amy was born.", "Joan Gilfedder and I married in 1955. Joan gave birth to our first child Paul at Yale, in New Haven Connecticut, in 1957. We had four more children, one of whom died in infancy. I worked for the next 30 years in Melbourne as an engineer and director in State and Commonwealth agencies. After retirement as a Director of the Department of Premier and Cabinet, I did a theology course at Yarra Theological Union. From 1986 there followed 15 years as Chairman of the respective Boards of Governance of Mercy Hospitals and other health care facilities located in East Melbourne, Geelong, Colac, Sunshine, Werribee, Bendigo, Greensborough, Canterbury and Kilsyth. One of my first public tasks as President of the Board of Mercy Maternity Hospital was to host Pope John Paul II on his visit to the Hospital in 1986.", "In 1943, Geraldine married Ival \"Spot\" Janis, and they had nine children, Charles \"Chuckles,\" Ival, Jr., Patrick, Vee, Emerald, Francine, Terry, Cora, and Eileen. Geraldine also had an adopted son, Jesse Mendoza and two adopted daughters Valerie Hernandez and Jan Coulton. Geraldine and Spot now have 31 grandchildren and 47 great-grand children. Having had to live without many necessities when she was growing up, Geraldine was determined her children would have all they needed. She cleaned houses and washed other people's clothes for fifty cents an hour to buy her kids new clothes, shoes, and other necessities. By working hard and managing their resources, Geraldine and Spot were eventually able to build their own house in Pine Ridge, where they each remained until their deaths.", "Nicks was born at Good Samaritan Hospital in Phoenix, Arizona, to Jess Nicks (July 2, 1925 – August 10, 2005), former president of Greyhound's Armour-Dial, and Barbara Nicks (November 12, 1927 – December 29, 2011), a homemaker. Nicks's grandfather, Aaron Jess \"A.J.\" Nicks, Sr. (May 18, 1892 – August 1, 1974), a struggling country music singer, taught Nicks to sing duets with him by the time she was four years old. Nicks's mother was so protective that she kept her at home \"more than most people\" and during that time fostered in her daughter a love of fairy tales. The infant Stephanie could pronounce her own name only as \"tee-dee,\" which led to her nickname of \"Stevie\". ", "On July 5, 1983 a baby girl was delivered from a woman who had been brain dead for 84 days in Virginia, USA.", "In 1991, she launched Every Child By Two, a nationwide campaign that sought to increase early childhood immunizations along with Betty Bumpers, wife of former U.S. Senator Dale Bumpers of Arkansas. Rosalynn Carter serves as President of the organization and Bumpers pas Vice President. The campaign's launch was in response to the deaths of nearly 150 people after a resurgence of measles. ", "Became a grandmother for the 1st time at age 44 when her daughter Nicki Lee Foster gave birth to her son, David A. Foster, on October 1, 1964.", "But, in 1983, when Sara told him of her pregnancy, she could not have known how far-reaching the effects of his intransigence would be.", "Over the next two decades, other women achieved milestones in national politics. Janet Reno became U.S. attorney general, Madeleine Albright was named secretary of State, and Nancy Pelosi became speaker of the House.", "\"She's been on the road. There's so many kids on the circuit, so many people who've had babies already,\" Phillips says.", "The NYT article does NOT say that Dr. Blanchard had delivered Obama’s daughters. Instead, what the article says is “Mr. Nesbitt’s wife, Dr. Anita Blanchard, delivered nearly all the children [of Obama and his closest friends in Chicago], and the adults became their godparents.” ", "The NYT article does NOT say that Dr. Blanchard had delivered Obama’s daughters. Instead, what the article says is “Mr. Nesbitt’s wife, Dr. Anita Blanchard, delivered nearly all the children [of Obama and his closest friends in Chicago], and the adults became their godparents.”", "* October 13 – Mason Andrews, delivered America's first test tube baby; former mayor of Norfolk, Virginia (b. 1919)" ]

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[ "Blackadder II is set in England during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1558–1603), who is portrayed by Miranda Richardson . The principal character is Edmund, Lord Blackadder , the great-grandson of the original Black Adder. During the series, he regularly deals with the Queen , her obsequious Lord Chamberlain Lord Melchett ( Stephen Fry )—his rival—and the Queen's demented former nanny Nursie ( Patsy Byrne ).", "Blackadder II is set in England during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1558–1603), who is portrayed by Miranda Richardson. The principal character is Edmund, Lord Blackadder, the great-grandson of the original Black Adder. During the series, he regularly deals with the Queen, her obsequious Lord Chamberlain Lord Melchett (Stephen Fry)—his rival—and the Queen's demented former nanny Nursie (Patsy Byrne).", "Blackadder II is set in England during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1558–1603), played by Miranda Richardson . The principal character is Edmund, Lord Blackadder , the great-grandson of the original Black Adder. During the series, he often comes into contact with the Queen , her obsequious Lord Chamberlain Lord Melchett ( Stephen Fry ) with whom he has a rivalry, and the Queen's demented former nanny Nursie ( Patsy Byrne ).", "Throughout the series, Blackadder's chief rival is Lord Melchett (Stephen Fry), the Queen's pretentious and grovelling Lord Chamberlain. Melchett is himself in fear of upsetting the Queen, and thus attempts to outdo Blackadder by supporting the Queen in whatever current fad she is interested in. Comic relief in the Court is provided by the Queen's rather demented former nanny, Nursie (Patsy Byrne).", "Each series tended to feature the same set of actors in different period settings, retaining roughly the same class divisions; thus Stephen Fry played the mild-mannered Lord Melchett , an advisor to Queen Elizabeth I in the second series, The Duke of Wellington in the final episode of the third series and General Melchett , a blustering buffoon, in the fourth. Tim McInnerny played Lord Percy Percy in the first and second series, The Scarlet Pimpernel (for one episode) in the third series and Kevin Darling in both the fourth series, and Blackadder Back and Forth. Hugh Laurie plays Prince Ludwig the Indestructible in the final episode of Blackadder II, a foppish Prince George in Blackadder the Third and the upper-class idiotic Lieutenant George in Blackadder Goes Forth. Rik Mayall plays 'Mad Gerald' in the first series and the dashing Lord Flashheart , a vulgar yet successful rival of Blackadder In both the second and fourth series, he also plays a decidedly Flashheart-like Robin Hood in Back and Forth. Gabrielle Glaister plays an attractive girl who poses as a man and calls herself Bob , before revealing her true sex and becoming romantically involved with Flashheart, in both the second and fourth series.", "Cue some classic Blackadder II, via flashback, as Lord Edmund cheats Melchett (Stephen Fry) and Queenie (Miranda Richardson) into signing an execution order for Melchett. All the regulars of series two are present, sadly minus Tim Mcinnerney, and revisiting the Elizabethan court is a delight.", "Blackadder is a series of four BBC1 period British sitcoms , along with several one-off installments. All television episodes starred Rowan Atkinson as the anti-hero Edmund Blackadder , and Tony Robinson as Blackadder's dogsbody , Baldrick . Each series was set in a different historical period, with the two protagonists accompanied by different characters, though several reappear in one series or another, for example Melchett ( Stephen Fry ) and Lord Flashheart ( Rik Mayall ).", "Prince Ludwig the Indestructible (Hugh Laurie) appears in \"Chains\", the final episode of Blackadder II, as a German master of disguise who kidnaps Lord Blackadder and Lord Melchett, in 1566 and imprisons them in his dungeon under the watch of German guards and a Spanish inquisitorial co-conspirator. Though his initial plans to infiltrate Richmond Palace and kill Queen Elizabeth I are foiled by Blackadder and Melchett, he resurfaces moments later, disguised as the Queen, and murders the entire main cast. From a real-world point of view, this is part of Hugh Laurie's continuous set of appearances in Blackadder, but the last of those in which he is only credited as a guest actor as Laurie would later join the main cast for Blackadder the Third and Blackadder Goes Forth.", "Set in Elizabethan England, Blackadder II is the second series of the British sitcom classic starring Rowan Atkinson. But even if you've seen every episode, we reckon there are a few things on this list even you won't be aware of…", "Melchett (Stephen Fry) is a family line. There were two main Melchetts: Lord Melchett and General Melchett.", "Blackadder II is the second series of the BBC sitcom Blackadder, written by Richard Curtis and Ben Elton, which aired from 9 January 1986 to 20 February 1986. The series is set in England during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1558–1603), and sees the principal character, Edmund, Lord Blackadder, as a Tudor courtier attempting to win the favour of the Queen while avoiding execution by decapitation, a fate that befell many of her suitors.", "Blackadder II Rowan Atkinson, Tony Robinson, Tim McInnerny Blackadder II is the second series of the BBC sitcom Blackadder, written by Richard Curtis and Ben Elton, which aired from 9 January 1986 to 20 February 1986. The series is set in England during the", "Edmund Blackadder is the single name given to a collection of fictional characters who appear in the BBC mock-historical comedy series Blackadder, each played by Rowan Atkinson. Although each series is set within a different period of British history, each character is part of the same familial dynasty and is usually called Edmund Blackadder. Each character also shares notable personality traits and characteristics throughout each incarnation.", "*Blackadder II - The first Melchett appeared in series two of Blackadder. He is Lord Chamberlain to Queen Elizabeth I. Affectionately known to the Queen as \"Melchy\", the earnest Lord Melchett has set himself up as her closest personal advisor and is always close to her. He guards his position jealously and is always doing his best to please the Queen. Melchett attends the Annual Communion Wine-Tasting and is also able to officiate at marriage ceremonies, two facts which suggest that he has a career in the church alongside his duties to the Queen.", "Bob also appears in Ben Elton's 2016 sitcom, Upstart Crow. Gabrielle Glaister reprises the role, and once again plays a woman pretending to be a man, this time in order to be a judge in the episode \"The Quality of Mercy\". Using the full name \"Robert Roberts\", it's not been confirmed whether this is the same Bob from Blackadder II.", "Rowan Sebastian Atkinson, CBE (born 6 January 1955) is an English actor, comedian, and screenwriter best known for his work on the sitcoms Blackadder and Mr. Bean. Atkinson first came to prominence in the sketch comedy show Not the Nine O'Clock News (1979–82), and via his participation in The Secret Policeman's Ball from 1979. His other work includes the Bond movie Never Say Never Again and the sitcom The Thin Blue Line (1995–1996).", "Richard Curtis, Ben Elton, and Rowan Atkinson, Blackadder: The Whole Damn Dynasty 1485–1917 (Penguin Books, 2000). ISBN 0-14-029608-5 . Being the—almost—complete scripts of the four regular series.", "Blackadder the Third [1] is the third series of the BBC sitcom Blackadder , written by Richard Curtis and Ben Elton , which aired from 17 September to 22 October 1987. The series was set during the British Regency , and saw the principal character, Mr. E. Blackadder serve as butler to the Prince Regent and have to contend with, or cash in on, the fads of the age embraced by his master.", "Curtis, Richard, Ben Elton, and Rowan Atkinson . Blackadder: The Whole Damn Dynasty 1485–1917. Penguin Books, 2000. ISBN 0140296085 . Being the—almost—complete scripts of the four regular series.", "Broadbent voiced Madame Gasket in the 2005 film Robots. Broadbent also appeared as DCI Roy Slater, an associate character in the enormously popular sitcom Only Fools and Horses. The character appeared in three episodes over an eight-year period. He had originally been offered the lead role of Del Boy in the series, but he turned it down due to other commitments. He has also played a role in the Inspector Morse series. Other comic roles include the lead role in the sitcom The Peter Principle and occasional guest appearances in Not The Nine O'Clock News, Only Fools and Horses, and Victoria Wood As Seen on TV. He portrayed Don Speekingleesh in The Queen of Spain's Beard in the first series of The Black Adder in 1983. He also played the role of Prince Albert in Blackadder's Christmas Carol, first broadcast in 1988. He joined Rowan Atkinson in his Spider-Man spoof Spider-Plant Man, as a disgruntled Batman, jealous of Spider-Plant Man's success.", "Deadpan Snarker : Blackadder in the second and subsequent seasons; also, Melchett in the second series and Darling in the fourth.", "Melchett is the mild-mannered advisor to Queen Elizabeth. He is a voice of reason in the Royal court, but is often ignored. He doesn't like Blackadder.", "Blackadder the Third is the third series of the BBC sitcom Blackadder, written by Richard Curtis and Ben Elton, which aired from 17 September to 22 October 1987. The series was set during the British Regency, and saw the principal character, Mr. E. Blackadder serve as butler to the Prince Regent and have to contend with, or cash in on, the fads of the age embraced by his master.", " 1999 Blackadder Back & Forth (Short) (television series \"The Black Adder\", \"Blackadder II\", \"Blackadder the Third\" and \"Blackadder Goes Forth\" - uncredited) / (written by)", "The Black Adder Rowan Atkinson, Brian Blessed, Elspet Gray The Black Adder is the first series of the BBC sitcom Blackadder, written by Richard Curtis and Rowan Atkinson, directed by Martin Shardlow and produced by John Lloyd. The series was originally aired", "The series won an International Emmy award in the popular arts category in 1983. The four series of Blackadder were voted into second place in the BBC's Britain's Best Sitcom in 2004 with 282,106 votes, although the series' advocate, John Sergeant, was not complimentary of the first series, suggesting it was \"grandiose, confused and expensive\". ", "* The plot of the second episode of Blackadder II, \"Head\", echoes plot elements of the play, with the titular character, as Executioner, swapping around heads in order to pretend that a criminal is alive rather than dead.", "The Black Adder is the first series of the BBC sitcom Blackadder, written by Richard Curtis and Rowan Atkinson, directed by Martin Shardlow and produced by John Lloyd. The series was originally aired on BBC One from 15 June 1983 to 20 July 1983, and was a joint production with the Australian Seven Network.", "* Pitt is briefly derided (but does not appear) in the \"Blackadder The Third\" episode \"Dish and Dishonesty\". Blackadder states that he is \"about as effective as a catflap in an elephant house\".", "Various actors have appeared in more than one of the Blackadder series and/or specials. These are:", "Pitt is briefly derided (but does not appear) in the \"Blackadder The Third\" episode \" Dish and Dishonesty \". Blackadder states that he is \"about as effective as a catflap in an elephant house\".", "He is known for playing the cabinet minister Hugh Abbot in the BBC Four sitcom The Thick of It, and as presenter Roy Mallard in People Like Us, first on BBC Radio 4 and later on its transfer to television on BBC Two, where Mallard is almost entirely an unseen character. He subsequently created several spoof adverts in the same vein. He also played similar unseen interviewers in an episode of the television series Happy Families and in the film The Big Tease. He is also known for his roles in the TV series Not the Nine O'Clock News, Help, Kiss Me Kate, and as the gatehouse guard in Chelmsford 123. In 2006, he won BAFTA awards for The Thick of It and Help." ]

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[ "\"Broken Wings\" is a song recorded by American pop rock band Mr. Mister. It was released in September 1985 as the lead single from their second album Welcome to the Real World. The song peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 in December 1985, where it remained for two weeks. It was released as the band was just about to embark on a US tour opening for Tina Turner. The song peaked at number four in the United Kingdom, the highest chart position the group ever achieved in Britain. Broken Wings became the first of two consecutive number ones of the band on the American charts, the other top single was \"Kyrie\".", "\"Broken Wings\" is a #1 hit song released as a 1985 single by the band Mr. Mister.", "Beginning in 1983 and peaking in success in 1986-1991, the decade saw the resurgence of hard rock music and the emergence of its glam metal subgenre. Bands such as AC/DC, Queen, Def Leppard, Kiss, Mötley Crüe, Bon Jovi, Quiet Riot, Scorpions, Europe, Ratt, Twisted Sister, Poison, Dokken, Whitesnake, and Cinderella were among the most popular acts of the decade. The 1980s saw the emergence of wildly popular hard rock band Guns N' Roses and the successful comebacks of Aerosmith and Alice Cooper in the late 1980s. The success of hard rock act Van Halen spanned throughout the entire decade, first with singer David Lee Roth and later with Sammy Hagar. Queen, which had expanded its music to experimental and crossover genres in the early 1980s, returned to guitar-driven hard rock with The Miracle in 1989. Additionally, a few women managed to achieve stardom in the 1980s' hard rock scene: Pat Benatar, who had been around since the late 1970s, is a prime example of female success in hard rock, and so are both ex-Runaways Joan Jett and Lita Ford.", "Wings, also known as Paul McCartney and Wings, were an Anglo-American rock band formed in 1971 by former Beatle Paul McCartney with his wife Linda on keyboards, session drummer Denny Seiwell, and former Moody Blues guitarist Denny Laine. Wings were noted for frequent personnel changes as well as commercial success, going through three lead guitarists and four drummers. However, the core trio of the McCartneys and Laine remained intact throughout the group's existence and McCartney continued playing bass and other assorted instruments, just as he had done with The Beatles.", "Although Young took a three-year break from the concert stage afterwards, Crazy Horse still appeared on his studio recordings in the early '80s -- 1980's mellow Hawks & Doves and the 1981 rocker Re-Ac-Tor. Throughout the rest of the decade, Young tried a variety of musical styles with other musicians, but would usually include at least one member of Crazy Horse in these projects. After a proposed Neil Young & Crazy Horse tour in early 1984 failed to materialize, the band got back together two years later for a tour, and issued perhaps their weakest release ever (and poorest selling), 1987's inappropriately titled Life. With Sampedro deciding to stay behind and play with Young, Molina and Talbot recruited new members Matt Piucci (guitar/vocals) and Sonny Mone (guitar) and carried on under the name Crazy Horse, issuing their fifth album in 1989, the less-than-stellar Left for Dead.", "A selection of the band's hit singles from the 1980s include, \" Girls on Film\", \" Rio\", \" Hungry Like the Wolf\", \" Save a Prayer\", \" Notorious\", and the James Bond theme \" A View to a Kill\". In the early 1990s, the band released, \" Ordinary World\" and \" Come Undone\", and released \" Sunrise\", and \" What Happens Tomorrow\" in the 2000s. \" Falling Down\" was released from their 2007 album, Red Carpet Massacre.", "Starship was a band created by the settlement of a lawsuit. Notwithstanding this curious beginning, the group went on to a series of hits in the mid-'80s, including the chart-toppers \"We Built This City,\" \"Sara,\" and \"Nothing's Gonna Stop Us Now\" in a polished, mainstream pop/rock style before splitting up in the early '90s.", "America continued to evolve as the 1980s began. For their next album, Alibi, released in August 1980, Beckley and Bunnell sought fresh personnel in the form of producers Matthew McCauley and Fred Mollin. They also employed players from the West Coast, such as the Eagles’ Timothy B. Schmit, Leland Sklar and Steve Lukather, to help improve their sound. Alibi eschewed the strings and brass of a typical George Martin project in favor of a more popular-rock style. It also became the third studio album in a row without a successful single in the United States, although Beckley’s “Survival” scored the top of the charts in Italy. The album’s sales maximized at only No. 142.", "Lynyrd Skynyrd - is an American Southern rock band. The band became prominent in the Southern United States in 1973, and rose to worldwide recognition before several members, including lead vocalist and primary songwriter Ronnie Van Zant, died in a plane crash in 1977 five miles northeast of Gillsburg, Mississippi. A tribute band of the same name was formed in 1987 for a reunion tour with Johnny Van Zant, Ronnie's younger brother, at the helm, and continues to record music today. The band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on March 13, 2006. In 1972 the band was discovered by musician, songwriter, and producer Al Kooper of Blood, Sweat, and Tears, who had attended one of their shows at a club in Atlanta. They changed the spelling of their name to \"Lynyrd Skynyrd\", and Kooper signed them to MCA Records, producing their first album the following year. 1973's (pronounced 'lĕh-'nérd 'skin-'nérd) featured the hit song \"Free Bird\", which received national airplay, eventually reaching #19 on the Billboard Hot 100 charts, and is still considered a Rock and Roll anthem today.", "The term \"retro-metal\" has been applied to such bands as England's The Darkness and Australia's Wolfmother. The Darkness's Permission to Land (2003), described as an \"eerily realistic simulation of '80s metal and '70s glam,\" topped the UK charts, going quintuple platinum. One Way Ticket to Hell... and Back (2005) reached number 11. Wolfmother's self-titled 2005 debut album had \"Deep Purple-ish organs,\" \"Jimmy Page-worthy chordal riffing,\" and lead singer Andrew Stockdale howling \"notes that Robert Plant can't reach anymore.\" \"Woman,\" a track from the album, won for Best Hard Rock Performance at the 2007 Grammy Awards.", "Their rendition of \"Cry To Me\" was featured on the resulting No Nukes album.<br /><br /> 1981's Hard Promises became a top-ten hit, going platinum and spawning the hit single \"The Waiting.\" The album also featured Petty's first duet, \"Insider\" with Stevie Nicks.<br /><br /> Bass player Ron Blair quit the group and was replaced on the fifth album (1982's Long After Dark) by Howie Epstein; the resulting line-up would last until 1994. In 1985, the band participated in Live Aid, playing four songs at Philadelphia's John F. Kennedy Stadium. Southern Accents was also released in 1985. This album included the hit single \"Don't Come Around Here No More,\" which was produced by Dave Stewart. The song's video featured Petty dressed as the Mad Hatter, mocking and chasing Alice from the book Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, then cutting and eating her as if she were a cake. The ensuing tour led to the live album Pack Up the Plantation: Live! and to an invitation from Bob Dylan - Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers joined him on his True Confessions Tour. They also played some dates with the Grateful Dead in 1986 and 1987. Read Less", "Starship is an American pop / rock band best known for their hits \" Nothing's Gonna Stop Us Now \" and \" We Built This City \" that operated from 1985 to 1989, reforming in 1992 although featuring just vocalist Mickey Thomas . In 1984, singer-songwriter Paul Kantner left the San Francisco, California group Jefferson Starship . His former bandmates wanted to continue with that name, but Kantner, as the last founding member of Jefferson Airplane , took legal action over the \"Jefferson\" name. Kantner settled out of court and signed an agreement that neither party would use the names \"Jefferson\" or \"Airplane\" unless all members of Jefferson Airplane, Inc. (made up of Bill Thompson , Paul Kantner , Grace Slick , Jorma Kaukonen , and Jack Casady ) agreed. The band then took the name \"Starship\". Keyboard player David Freiberg, who had been increasingly marginalized, left as well.", "My Chemical Romance (often abbreviated as MCR) was an American rock band from New Jersey, active from 2001 to 2013. Founded by lead vocalist Gerard Way, drummer Matt Pelissier, guitarist Ray Toro, bassist Mikey Way, and later joined by guitarist Frank Iero, the band signed to Eyeball Records and released their debut album I Brought You My Bullets, You Brought Me Your Love in 2002. They signed with Reprise Records the next year and released their major label debut Three Cheers for Sweet Revenge in 2004. Shortly after the album's release, drummer Matt Pelissier was replaced by Bob Bryar. A commercial success, the album was awarded platinum status over a year later.", "\"Not In Love\" was originally performed by 80's new wave band Platinum Blonde. A 2010 cover by indie electronic band Crystal Castles featuring Robert Smith of The Cure on vocals proved to be a sizable hit on American alternative radio.", "A Flock of Seagulls are an English new wave and synthpop band originally formed in 1980 in Liverpool by Michael \"Mike\" Score and his brother Alister \"Ali\" James Score; with their most famous line-u...", "As would be expected, the hits are included. The band saw Top 10 hits in Europe with \"Broken Down Angel\" and \"Bad Bad Boy,\" as well as high-charting tunes like their brilliant takes on Joni Mitchell’s \"This Flight Tonight\" and Tomorrow's \"My White Bicycle\". They also saw Top 10 success in the U.S. with the Boudleaux Bryant ballad “Love Hurts” which was originally performed by The Everly Brothers. The breakdown of what track is from what album is listed below.", "1977's Burnin' Sky fared the poorest of their first four records, reaching No. 15 in the US and No. 17 in the UK. 1979's Desolation Angels did better than its predecessor, peaking at No. 3 in the US and No. 10 in the UK. Desolation Angels also embellished the group's sound with synthesisers and strings. It had two charting singles: \"Rock 'n' Roll Fantasy\" at No. 13 and \"Gone Gone Gone\" at No. 56.", "During the 1980s the band transformed as the talents of Mydland helped power the group. Shortly after Mydland found his place in the early 1980s, Garcia's health began to decline. His drug habits caused him to lose his liveliness on stage. After kicking his drug habit in 1985, Garcia slipped into a diabetic coma for several days in July 1986. After he recovered, the band released In the Dark in July 1987, which resulted as their best selling studio album release, and also produced their only top-10 chart single, \"Touch of Grey\". Also that year, the group toured with Bob Dylan, as documented on the album Dylan & the Dead.", "There were several other minor American hits including Loveline and Baby Makes Her Blue Jeans Talk (which reached number 25 in the U.S.) taken from their final studio album, Players In The Dark, but increased tensions and musical differences were taking their toll. Ray Sawyer left the line-up in 1982 to pursue a solo career and Dennis Locorriere carried on with the band, doing two more sell out tours of the U.K and Australia - including \" Dr. Hook's One and Only Farewell Tour\" before disbanding the group in 1985.", "Til Tuesday: The Bostonian band had a big hit with their debut single \"Voices Carry\" in 1985, reaching #8. The next year, \"What About Love\" wasn't quite as big, but it was enough to reach #26. When their third album failed to produce any hits, their lead singer chose to focus on her solo career. Today, \"What About Love\" is all but forgotten while \"Voices Carry\" is a textbook example of an '80s one-hit wonder.", "This band's three most famous songs come from their 1985 album Songs from the Big Chair. At least, these are the three songs that you hear on the radio all the time and in \"best of the 80's\" compilation albums as of February 19, 2010:", "Now, Then & Forever , the group’s first album in eight years, was released September 10, 2013. [88] On January 13, 2014, former percussionist Beloyd Taylor, who co-wrote the band’s 1976 hit “Getaway”, died; [89] and on May 2 former vocalist Jessica Cleaves died, aged 65, following complications from a stroke. [90]", "The Pixies are an American alternative rock band formed in 1986 in Boston, Massachusetts. The group disbanded in 1993 in acrimonious circumstances, but reunited in 2004. The group currently consists of founders Black Francis, Joey Santiago, and David Lovering.", "In 1984, the band released their next album, Love Life, and the single \"No More Words,\" whose subsequent video saw Terri Nunn and bandmates re-enact a Bonnie and Clyde-style car chase and shoot-out, became their first top-20 hit. \"Take My Breath Away\" (from the movie Top Gun) became their best-selling single in 1986 and a huge international hit, but also their last big hit.", "Who were they: Late 80s pop punk combo led by feisty frontwoman Wendy James, who hung around for several years before soaring into the top five with the hits I Want Your Love and the (frankly awesome) Baby I Don’t Care. A brief period of hugeness followed before they broke up in 1991. Sad face…", "The group rose to fame in 1982 with single “Mad World” , which made it to number 3 in the UK charts and paved the way for the huge success of debut album The Hurting , released in 1983. However, it wasn’t until Songs from the Big Chair in 1985, a change in musical direction towards pop, that the band made it internationally. The record proved to be hit, reaching #2 in the UK and #1 in the US charts, and contains their most well-known singles, “Shout” and “Everybody Wants to Rule the World” . Third album The Seeds of Love , released in 1989, performed similarly, entering the UK Albums charts at #1.", "The brothers then returned to the studio as a duo for the first time in over a decade, resulting in the album EB '84, produced by Dave Edmunds. Lead single \"On the Wings of a Nightingale\", written by Paul McCartney, was a minor success and returned them to the US and UK charts.", "The band was signed by Phonogram Records, in England, in 1981. Their first  two songs (“Suffer The Children” and “Pale Shelter”) were not successful. The third single, “Mad World” went to #3 in England in 1983, the band’s first taste of success.", "They gambled on the song ‘Belfast Child in 1989 when the Troubles in Northern Ireland were still a problematic issue for musicians to address. However, they were rewarded with their first UK No.1 which balanced out the controversy and vindicated their decision. The band went into relative decline for several years before storming back with the single ‘She’s a River’ in 1995. They continued to release records throughout the 2000s and still tour around the world.", "Wings is the fifteenth studio album by Welsh singer Bonnie Tyler. It was released in Europe on 14 May 2005 by Stick Music, and on 12 June 2006 in the UK under the title Celebrate. The album spawned...", "After a hiatus from recording, the band released their next album, Heart Like a Sky, in September 1989. The album and its singles were unsuccessful in the UK, and the album itself was not released in the United States. However, It did well in Italy - where its singles \"Raw\" and \"Be Free with Your Love\" reached the Top 10 - and also in Belgium and the Netherlands. ", "14th studio album released in 1980. Incl. \"Ashes to Ashes\", \"Teenage Wildlife\",\" Its No Game\" & \"Fashion\"" ]

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[ "Molly Kathleen Ringwald (born February 18, 1968) is an American actress, singer, and dancer. She became popular with teenage audiences in the 1980s, as a result of her starring roles in the John Hughes movies Sixteen Candles, The Breakfast Club and Pretty in Pink. Early life Ringwald was born outside Sacramento, California in Roseville, California, the daughter of blind jazz pianist Robert Scott \"Bob\" Ringwald, and Adele Edith (Frembd), a housewife and chef. Ringwald has two siblings, Elizabeth and Kelly. She started her acting career at age five, starring in a stage production of Alice in Wonderland as the dormouse. By the time she was six years old, she had recorded I Wanna Be Loved by You, a music album of Dixieland jazz with her father and his group, the Fulton Street Jazz Band; th...", "Molly Ringwald starred in iconic '80s films like \"The Breakfast Club,\" \"Sixteen Candles,\" and \"Pretty In Pink\" before dropping off the radar. Today, she occasionally acts and is a mom to three kids.", "Molly Ringwald is an American actress, singer and dancer. Having appeared in the John Hughes movies Sixteen Candles (1984), The Breakfast Club (1985), and Pretty in Pink (1986), Ringwald has been frequently named the greatest teen star of all time. She resumed her acting career with her role as Anne Juergens in the ABC Family show The Secret Life of the American Teenager.", "Pretty Woman is a 1990 American romantic comedy film directed by Garry Marshall from a screenplay written by J. F. Lawton. The film stars Richard Gere and Julia Roberts, and features Hector Elizondo, Ralph Bellamy (in his final performance), Laura San Giacomo and Jason Alexander in supporting roles. Its story centers on down-on-her-luck Hollywood hooker Vivian Ward, who is hired by Edward Lewis, a wealthy businessman, to be his escort for several business and social functions, and their developing relationship over the course of her week-long stay with him.", "The all-star cast led by Sally Field , Dolly Parton , Olympia Dukakis, Daryl Hannah, and Shirley MacLaine make this film adaption of Robert Harling's 1987 play shine. The movie also helps launch the career of mega-star Julia Roberts , who would appear in the blockbuster Pretty Woman the following year. In fact, Roberts receives her first Oscar nomination for Steel Magnolias. Her character's intense relationship with her mother, played by Field, is another reason this film struck a chord with female audiences. Look for playwright, actor Sam Shepard in a small role as Truvy's (Parton) husband.", "Aug. 7: John Hughes, the writer-director best known for his 1980s hit films such as The Breakfast Club and Pretty in Pink, died yesterday of a heart attack at age 59. TODAYs Natalie Morales looks back at his life and career.", "Meg Ryan, who was a top choice of Marshall's, turned it down. According to a note written by Marshall, Mary Steenburgen was the first choice to play Vivian. Diane Lane came very close to being cast as Vivian (which had a much darker script at the time), but due to scheduling was unable to take the role. They had gone as far as costume fittings with Lane. Michelle Pfeiffer turned the role down as well, because she did not like the \"tone\" of the script. Daryl Hannah was also considered, but turned the role down because she believed it was \"degrading to women\". Valeria Golino also turned it down as she did not think the movie could work with her thick Italian accent. Jennifer Jason Leigh had auditioned for the part. When all the other actresses turned down the role, 21-year-old Julia Roberts, who was relatively unknown at the time, with the exception of the sleeper hit Mystic Pizza (1988), and later her Oscar-nominated performance in Steel Magnolias (1989), won the role of Vivian. Her performance made her a star.", "In huge demand after headlining major hits like 1986’s Witness (which also starred Harrison Ford) and 1988’s The Accused, Kelly McGills, who was 33-years-old at the time, decided to turn down the lead in Pretty Woman to appear in the now forgotten 1991 romantic drama, Grand Isle. That poor choice ended up being something of a turning point for McGillis, and not the good kind. However, she was able to play a sex worker in much more dire circumstances in 1997’s Painted Angels.", "Turned down the role of Andie Walsh in Pretty in Pink (1986), which went to Molly Ringwald .", "Molly Ringwald and Anthony Michael Hall both starred in Hughes' 1984 film Sixteen Candles. Towards the end of filming, Hughes asked them both to be in The Breakfast Club. Hall became the first to be cast, agreeing to the role of Brian Johnson. Ringwald was originally approached to play the character of Allison Reynolds, but she was \"really upset\" because she wanted to play Claire Standish. She eventually convinced the director and the studio to give her the part. The role of Allison ultimately went to Ally Sheedy.", "(Photo : Touchtone Pictures) Richard Gere and Julia Roberts starred in the classic 1990 romantic comedy, \"Pretty Woman.\"", "The best-paid female actress of the decade was Julia Roberts, \"America's Sweetheart \" who appeared in lead roles in both clunkers and profitable films - usually likeable screwball comedies. Her first film appearances were in Mystic Pizza (1988), and in Steel Magnolias (1989) for which she earned her first Oscar nomination (as Best Supporting Actress). She first joined the club of actresses earning a million dollars per picture after being nominated for an Academy Award for director Garry Marshall's Pretty Woman (1990), with her role as a Hollywood hooker in a red-killer dress being romanced by corporate tycoon Richard Gere for $3,000/week.", "Roberts first caught the attention of moviegoers with her performance in the independent film Mystic Pizza in 1988. The following year she was featured in Steel Magnolias as a young bride battling diabetes and garnered her first Oscar nomination (as Best Supporting Actress) for her performance. She catapulted to worldwide fame when she co-starred with Richard Gere in the Cinderella story Pretty Woman in 1990.", "Turned down the roles played by Richard Gere in American Gigolo (1980), An Officer and a Gentleman (1982) and Pretty Woman (1990).", "Breakfast Club, Cutting Edge, Working Girl, Ghost Story, The Saint, The Big Chill, Cloak & Dagger, Look Who's Talking, Adventures in Babysitting, Cocktail", "Actress Halle Berry turned down the role of Annie, and Stephen Baldwin turned down the role of Jack in the 1994 \"Speed\". The blockbuster film catapulted Sandra Bullock as a major film actress, and greatly improved upon Keanu Reeve's box office appeal.", "\"Annie Hall\" , Anne Bancroft in \"The Turning Point\", Jane Fonda in \"Julia\", Shirley MacLaine in \"The Turning Point\", Marsha Mason in \"The Goodbye Girl\"", "She turned down the role of Emmeline Lestrange in The Blue Lagoon (1980) which went to Brooke Shields , the role of Sarah Connor in The Terminator (1984) which went to Linda Hamilton , and the role of Kathryn Murphy in The Accused (1988) which went to Kelly McGillis .", "Julia Roberts is not a good actress. Box office in the 90's but never a good actress. Now she is pushing 50 and over.", "Has only been turned down for four roles: Michelle Straton in American Gigolo (1980), Patsy Cline in Sweet Dreams (1985), Miss Kenton in The Remains of the Day (1993), and Elizabeth I in Elizabeth (1998).", "Turned down the role of Annie Reed in Sleepless in Seattle (1993), which went to Meg Ryan .", "Turned down the role of Bess in Breaking the Waves (1996) due to the sexual content. The role went to Emily Watson who was nominated for an Oscar for that role.", "Jenner starred in the disco-era Village People comedy Can't Stop the Music (1980). The movie was a flop. Jenner's performance was nominated for the 1980 Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actor; the film won the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Picture. It was Jenner's only theatrical release until 2011. Jenner had some success with a television career, starring in the made-for-TV movies The Golden Moment: An Olympic Love Story (1980) and Grambling's White Tiger (1981). During the 1981–1982 season, Jenner became a semi-regular cast member in the police series CHiPs, guest-starring as Officer Steve McLeish for six episodes, substituting for star Erik Estrada, who was locked in a contract dispute with NBC and MGM. Jenner also appeared in an episode of the sitcom Silver Spoons called \"Trouble with Words\", wherein her personal issues with dyslexia were revealed in a storyline about a recurring teenage character with the same problem. Jenner appeared in the series Learn to Read and in the video games Olympic Decathlon (1981) and Bruce Jenner's World Class Decathlon (1996). The iconic \"hero shot\", the finish of the final event of 1976 Olympic decathlon, and the Wheaties cover, were parodied by John Belushi on Saturday Night Live, endorsing \"Little Chocolate Donuts\". In 1989, Jenner played herself in the comedy short Dirty Tennis written by James Van Patten.", "Pink Cadillac is a 1989 American action-comedy film about a bounty hunter and a group of white supremacists chasing after an innocent woman who tries to outrun everyone in her husband's prized pink Cadillac. The film starred Clint Eastwood and Bernadette Peters and also has small cameo appearances by Jim Carrey and Bryan Adams.", "Cox studied architecture at Mount Vernon College for Women in Washington, D.C., which is now part of The George Washington University, before she dropped out. She appeared in the 1984 music video for Bruce Springsteen's \"Dancing in the Dark\" as a girl pulled onstage to dance with Springsteen. Cox was the first person to use the word \"period\" on U.S. television to refer to menstruation in a 1985 advertising campaign for Tampax brand tampons. Her early film roles include Masters of the Universe (1987) and Cocoon: The Return (1988). Her early television work includes a starring role in the short-lived television series Misfits of Science (1985), and later a recurring role (1987–89) on the TV series Family Ties as Lauren Miller, the girlfriend of Alex P. Keaton (Michael J. Fox). She had a supporting role as Jewel, the hard-as-nails assistant to James Belushi's character, in the 1990 fantasy film Mr. Destiny. In 1994, shortly before the debut of the sitcom, Friends, Cox appeared with Jim Carrey in the film Ace Ventura: Pet Detective and on Seinfeld in \"The Wife\" episode as Jerry's girlfriend named Meryl. In 1995, she was cast in Toad the Wet Sprocket's music video \"Good Intentions\". The song is also on the Friends Soundtrack.", "She hated the experience of seeing herself in the movies. \"It's a very humbling experience to watch yourself,\" she said. But while the satisfaction of film never came close to the joy of a live performance, she said she felt it was important to accept roles that were offered to her; it helped pay expenses when she took parts at minimum pay in Off Broadway houses. She played Mr. Cronyn's wife in four of her most recent films, \"Honky Tonk Freeway,\" (1981) \"Cocoon,\" (1984), \"Batteries Not Included\" (1987) and \"Cocoon: The Return\" (1988). In 1991, Miss Tandy, then 82, played an indomitable 82-year-old woman in \"Fried Green Tomatoes.\"", "Julia Roberts made her film debut playing a supporting role opposite her brother, Eric, in Blood Red (she gets just two words of dialogue), which, although completed in 1986, was not released until 1989. She once appeared on Sesame Street opposite the character Elmo, demonstrating her ability to change emotions.", "\"I'm too tall to be a girl, I never had enough dresses to be a lady, and I wouldn't call myself a woman. I'm somewhere between a chick and a broad.\"-Julia Roberts", "(1965- ) American actress and former child model. Best-known roles in \"Pretty Baby\" (1978), \"The Blue Lagoon\" (1980) and \"Endless Love\" (1981); star of the US sitcom \"Suddenly Susan\".", "She achieved icon status in the early 1980s for her role in the teen comedy Fast Times at Ridgemont High, in which she stripped off the top of her bikini in a slow-motion fantasy scene with \"Moving In Stereo\" by The Cars playing.", "In 1977 she received the AFI's Lifetime Achievement Award and in 1979 she won a Best Actress Emmy for Strangers: The Story of a Mother and Daughter (1979). In 1977-78 she moved from Connecticut to Los Angeles and filmed a pilot for the series Hotel (1983), which she called Brothel. She refused to do the TV series and suffered a stroke during this time.", "Turned down the role of Hero in the horror film Feast (2005), which went to Eric Dane ." ]

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[ "Richard Kiel , who most famously played the villainous Jaws in two James Bond films starring Roger Moore, \"The Spy Who Loved Me\" and \"Moonraker,\" and also appeared in Adam Sandler comedy \"Happy Gilmore,\" died Wednesday afternoon in a hospital in Fresno, Calif., three days shy of his 75th birthday.", "Richard Kiel, the 7-foot-2-inch tall actor, best known for his performance as the steel-toothed villain “Jaws” in two James Bond films, has died at the age of 74.", "Richard Kiel (born September 13, 1939 in Detroit, Michigan) is an American actor best known for his role as \"Jaws\" in the James Bond movies The Spy Who Loved Me and Moonraker. He also portrayed an alien", "Richard Kiel - obituary Richard Kiel was the actor who played Jaws, 007's indestructible steel-toothed nemesis in two Bond films", "Actor Richard Kiel - who played steel-toothed villain Jaws in two James Bond films - has died in California aged 74. The towering American star, who ...", "Topping the long list of henchmen in the Bond series, Strombergs steel-toothed, mute assassin, Jaws, played by Richard Kiel, joins Goldfingers Oddjob as one of the most memorable and iconic of all Bond villains. At 2.18m tall he towers above Bond and proves to be practically indestructible as he manages to defy death after being crushed by scaffolding and falling masonry, thrown from a moving train as well as walking away from the car wreck after it goes over the edge of a cliff crashing into a building below. Kiel had made a name for himself during the early 1960s in a string of low budget science fiction and horror television shows and films. In the same year as The Spy Who Loved Me, Kiel was chosen to play The Incredible Hulk in the television adaptation of the popular Marvel comic. After filming had begun on the pilot episode he was replaced by Lou Ferrigno after it was decided the Hulk should be more muscular rather than tall, however it was his role in the Bond films that would prove to be the pinnacle of his career and with his unique look, a role he would forever be associated with.", "Jaws is a fictional assassin in the James Bond franchise. He was played by Richard Kiel and first appeared in the movie The Spy Who Loved Me as a henchman to the villain, Karl Stromberg. He would later appear in the sequel Moonraker as a henchman to the villain Hugo Drax. However, in this second appearance, his character was changed from that of a ruthless and unstoppable killing machine to more of a comedy figure. He eventually turns against Drax and helps Bond to defeat him, and also gains a girlfriend.", "The greatest James Bond henchman of all-time, Jaws (Richard Kiel) appeared in both The Spy Who Loved Me and Moonraker. Since this is all about villains however, The Spy Who Loved Me is his best appearance as a henchman. In Moonraker he becomes more of a hero and tragic character.", "The metal-mouthed henchman Jaws, (played by Richard Kiel), was a pain in the neck for Roger Moore in 'The Spy Who Loved Me' and 'Moonraker.' After biting through a cable-car wire onscreen, Jaws left a serious mark on young Javier Bardem when he saw 'Moonraker,' his first Bond film. \"I actually found (Jaws) very warm and very nice,\" says Bardem. \"A lovely guy. You can tell in his eyes that this guy (Kiel) was a nice guy. I liked the warmth he was giving him.\" ", "Though technically a henchman rather than a full-fledged villain, this towering killer is decidedly more memorable than Karl Stromberg, his evil employer in 1977’s \"The Spy Who Loved Me.\" Played by 7'2\" Richard Kiel, the gleaming-toothed Jaws proved so popular that he returned two years later in \"Moonraker.\" Plans to bring the character back for a third time in \"For Your Eyes Only\" were eventually scrapped when producers chose a more down-to-earth storyline.", "The James Bond-film producers spotted Kiel in Barbary Coast, and thought he was ideal for the role of Jaws in The Spy Who Loved Me (1977). He was one of the few Bond-villains to appear in two Bond-films, later appearing in Moonraker (1979). He reprised his role of Jaws in the video game called James Bond 007: Everything or Nothing, supplying his voice and likeness. Prior to becoming Jaws, Kiel gave a similarly menacing performance as another metal-toothed villain, Reace, in Silver Streak (1976).", "The Jaws character, played by Richard Kiel, makes a return, although in Moonraker the role is played more for comedic effect than in The Spy Who Loved Me. Jaws was intended to be a villain against Bond to the bitter end, but director Lewis Gilbert stated on the DVD documentary that he received so much fan mail from small children saying \"Why can't Jaws be a goodie not a baddie\", that as a result he was persuaded to make Jaws gradually become Bond's ally at the end of the film.", "However, his biggest break came in 1977 when he was cast as the unstoppable, steel toothed henchman \"Jaws\" in the finest Roger Moore film of the Bond series The Spy Who Loved Me . Such was Kiel's popularity with movie audiences, that his character was brought back for the next Bond outing Moonraker . However, audiences were quite split on opinions when Kiel's \"Jaws\" character changes sides near the film's conclusion and assists 007, Roger Moore , in saving the Earth.", "Richard Kiel's steel-mouthed madman was so great in 1977's The Spy Who Loved Me, he returned to trouble Bond again in 1979's Moonraker. In both, the 7'2'' behemoth proved a memorable monster, able to chomp through anything with a smile, including steel cables.", "Over the next few years, Kiel appeared in relatively non-demanding comedy or fantasy type films taking advantage of his physical stature and presence. Kiel then decided to try his hand behind the camera and co-wrote and produced, plus took the lead role, in the well received family movie The Giant of Thunder Mountain . Demand for Kiel's unique attributes dropped very sharply in the 1990's, leading to only a handful of roles including reprising his \"Jaws\" character in the Matthew Broderick film Inspector Gadget . In 2002, Kiel penned his informative autobiography entitled \"Making it BIG in the movies\".", "Richard Kiel, Actor: Tangled. Towering 7' 2\" tall actor who has cornered the market on playing giants, intimidating henchman, bayou swamp monsters and steel toothed ...", "Kiel’s terrifying character was so popular with movie audiences who saw “The Spy Who Loved Me” that the character was made more sympathetic in follow-up “Moonraker,” according to Variety . ", "Die Hard 2 (sometimes referred to as Die Hard 2: Die Harder) [1] is a 1990 American action film, and the second in the Die Hard film series . It was directed by Renny Harlin , and stars Bruce Willis as John McClane . The film co-stars Bonnie Bedelia (reprising her role as Holly McClane), William Sadler , Art Evans , William Atherton (reprising his role as Richard \"Dick\" Thornburg), Franco Nero , Dennis Franz , Fred Thompson , John Amos , and Reginald VelJohnson , returning briefly in his role as Sgt. Al Powell from the first film .", "He was terrified of heights, something not helped by Kiel's gigantic size. He often shuddered at some of the stunts he had to perform as Jaws, so Martin Grace , Roger Moore's stunt double, would fill in for him. He did a superb job of capturing Kiel's movements even though he was a foot shorter, but when watching the films, nobody could tell them apart.", "Kiel made his acting debut in the Laramie episode \"Street of Hate\". He also acted in an unaired TV pilot featuring Lee Falk's superhero The Phantom, where Kiel portrayed an assassin called Big Mike.", "Towering 7' 2\" tall actor who has cornered the market on playing giants, intimidating henchman, bayou swamp monsters and steel toothed villains! Kiel worked in numerous jobs including as a night club bouncer and a cemetery plot salesman, before breaking into film & TV in several minor roles in the late 1950s / early 1960s. Noted amongst these was the alien \"Kanamit\" in the classic The Twilight Zone (1959) episode \"To Serve Man\", and terrorizing Arch Hall Jr. while clad in a loincloth in the prehistoric caveman meets virile teenage drama Eegah (1962).", "In the third film, McClane is back in New York City, separated from his wife, suspended from the police force, and a borderline alcoholic. A terrorist known only as \"Simon\" (Jeremy Irons) threatens to blow up various locations in the city unless McClane will play his twisted version of Simon Says, riddles and challenges.", "It is in the closing stages of the film that Quentin Tarantino sets the quirks which show that the film is in a thoroughly alternative universe. Landa reveals himself to be a turncoat. He attempts to reach a deal with Raine's commanding officer (Harvey Keitel) via a two way radio in which he proposes to allow the assassination attempt against Hitler and the rest of the Nazi leadership to continue in return for safety, privileges, money, medals and a house for himself. He also reveals that he had planted Raine's dynamite bomb in Hitler's box at the cinema - meaning that there are now three attempts against Hitler's life.", "Hedison was the only actor to play Leiter twice, until Jeffrey Wright appeared in both Casino Royale and Quantum of Solace . He remains the only Leiter actor to star alongside two Bonds (Roger Moore and Timothy Dalton ).", "Born in Detroit, Kiel began appearing in TV shows and films in the 1960s, debuting in an episode of the Western series \"Laramie.\" He published an autobiography in 2002 titled \"Making It Big in the Movies.\"", "A year after the success with Jaws, Scheider appeared as secret agent Doc Levy in Marathon Man, co-starring Dustin Hoffman and Sir Laurence Olivier. The critically acclaimed thriller, which told the story of a history student caught in an international crime conspiracy, featured Scheider as double agent Doc Levy. For his next project, Scheider had to pass on a part in the Oscar-winning Vietnam War drama The Deer Hunter (the role went to Robert De Niro) to reprise his role as Chief Brody in Jaws 2 (1978). Unfortunately, the action sequel turned out not to be as successful as the original.", "Alan Rickman as the terrorizing German villain Hans Gruber in the exciting action film Die Hard", "Lange was also in several German comedy films. He appeared in 1965 as \"006\" in Michael Pfleger’s James Bond spoof \"Serenade for Two Spies\" alongside Heath Weis. Whether as Northumberland in the television film \"Richard II\" or as in \"Leatherstocking Tales\" - he played the man with the wrinkled face in such historical works as the war-tested soldier in “Hitler - A Film from Germany\" or as in the documentary feature on the Cuban Missile Crisis.", "Richard Nixon has appeared as a character, both major and minor, in a variety of movies and productions: ", "Brad Pitt, the star of this year's second big-budget Nazi war epic has ridiculed fellow A-lister Tom Cruise's effort. Let's pit them head-to-head and see which one comes out fighting", "A spy film directed by Brian G. Hutton and featuring Richard Burton, Clint Eastwood, and Mary Ure. The film's screenplay and eponymous 1967 best-selling novel were written almost simultaneously by Alistair MacLean.", "Alan Ladd was also announced for roles in the following films which ended up being played by other actors:" ]

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[ "Must be one of the longest song titles ever! \"Rip Van Winkle\" is a short story by the American author Washington Irving published in 1819, as well as the name of the story's fictional protagonist. Written while Irving was living in Birmingham, England, it was part of a collection entitled The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon. Although the story is set in New York's Catskill Mountains, Irving later admitted, \"When I wrote the story, I had never been on the Catskills.\"[1]", "Rip Van Winkle is a fictional character in a story by Washington Irving of the same name about a man who sleeps for twenty years spanning the American Revolutionary War. After Kyle learns to sleep in the bathtub, he causes problems by sleeping too long when Lori or Josh need to use the bathroom. Stephen says \"First he couldn't sleep, now he's Rip van Winkle.\"", "\"Rip Van Winkle\" is a short story by American author Washington Irving published in 1819. Written while Irving was living in Birmingham, England, it was part of a collection entitled The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. Although the story is set in New York's Catskill Mountains, Irving later admitted, \"When I wrote the story, I had never been on the Catskills.\" The story's protagonist, also called Rip Van Winkle, is a Dutch-American villager living around the time of the American Revolutionary War.", "Rip Van Winkle is a short story written by Washington Irving and is about a man who sleeps for twenty years in the Catskill Mountains to a much-changed world. Published in 1819, which was almost 35 years after the American Revolution, this story showcases the dramatic struggles the American society was facing with forming their own identity after the revolution. The following passage written by Irvine describes the first scenarios Van Winkle examined upon waking up after his 20-year nap.", "Rip Van Winkle The “Rip Van Winkle” was written by Washington Irving.... This story is set in the past in a very exciting time, and also in this story there are many strange and remarkable characters, “Rip Van Winkle” features incredible, magical, and mysterious events, and convey a positive message about a nation and its people. “Rip Van Winkle” is set in a time a little bit before and after the revolutionary war in a pleasant village at the foot of New York’s Catskill Mountains. The story...", "Literary Analysis: Rip Van Winkle In one of his most popular stories “Rip... Van Winkle,” Washington Irving is extremely descriptive of detail whether regarding to his characters or the setting itself. The story itself was not created by the brilliant imagination of Irving himself. The actual idea was copied from an old German folktale that he had heard, and he decided to change things around to make it suitable for his American readers. Irving was in desperate need of writing a new book in attempt...", "Washington Irving was an American author of the 19th century, best remembered for his short stories \"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow\" and \" Rip Van Winkle ,\" both published in 1819. He also wrote essays, biographies, and historical works, in addition to working as a lawyer and a diplomat to England and Spain. Washington Irving was one of the first American authors to gain critical acclaim abroad, and he was an influence on later American authors including Hawthorne and Poe.", "\"Rip Van Winkle\" by Washington Irving is a fiction story of a character whose destiny was affected by... marvellous circumstances. In comparison to Benjamin's Franklin Autobiography and Ralph Waldo Emerson's Self reliance, there are some things that are similar, but overall Rip Van Winkle is completely different plot; in other words, it's main character is unique. I found several evidences proving that. First, the book itself is written in an inimitable style. In the very beginning of this work with...", "Rip Van Winkle: An Allegory of the American Revolution CAO YU Rip Van... Winkle is a short story by American author Washington Irving published in 1819, as well as the name of the story’s fictonal protagonist. The story is set in the years before and after the American Revolution War. It mainly tells that the man named Rip Van Winkle who attempted to escape from his wife’s ceaseless tongue drank some wine and then fell asleep for almost 20 years. After that, he went back to the town only to find...", "Rip van Winkle was a legendary sleeper.  The subject and title of a short story by Washington Irving, Rip Van Winkle slept for 20 years and woke to found his children grown and his former home in the British colony of New York now part of the new United States.", "the Two Stories of Rip Van Winkle. The story of Rip Van Winkle was... written in 1819 by Washington Irving. It was the first American short story. Robert Coover wrote Rip Awake 153 years later. It is his version of the continuing story of the man named Rip Van Winkle. Although both these stories have obvious similarities there are also many differences. These differences include the setting of the story, the character of Rip himself, and the mood of the story. Rip Van Winkle was written as a short...", "message shown in the story Rip Van Winkle. Rip Van Winkle is about a man... who slept through the American Revolution for twenty years. During those twenty years he slept, his village and the whole country underwent a major change that affected the future of America. Written during the early 1800s when American literature was heavily influenced by the Europeans, Washington Irving portrays America's search for an identity through one of the first true American literature, Rip Van Winkle, using elements and...", "\"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow\" is a short story of speculative fiction by American author Washington Irving, contained in his collection of 34 essays and short stories entitled The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. Written while Irving was living abroad in Birmingham, England, \"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow\" was first published in 1820. Along with Irving's companion piece \"Rip Van Winkle\", \"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow\" is among the earliest examples of American fiction with enduring popularity, especially during the Halloween season.", "\"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow\" is a short story by American author Washington Irving, contained in his collection of 34 essays and short stories entitled The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. Written while Irving was living abroad in Birmingham, England, \"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow\" was first published in 1820. Along with Irving's companion piece \"Rip Van Winkle\", \"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow\" is among the earliest examples of American fiction with enduring popularity.", "Washington Irving, \"Rip Van Winkle,\" American Short Fiction, Lit2Go Edition, (1820), accessed January 14, 2017, http://etc.usf.edu/lit2go/171/american-short-fiction/3461/rip-van-winkle/.", "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow and Rip Van Winkle (Illustrated) - eBook by Washington Irving | XinXii", "\"Rip Van Winkle\" was one of the first stories Irving proposed for his new book, The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.. Irving asked his brother Ebeneezer to assist with publication in the United States. As Irving wrote, \"I shall feel very anxious to hear of the success of this first re-appearance on the literary stage – Should it be successful, I trust I shall be able henceforth to keep up an occasional fire.\" 2000 copies of the first octavo-sized installment which included \"Rip Van Winkle\" were released on June 23, 1819, in New York, Boston, Baltimore, and Philadelphia, published by Cornelius S. Van Winkle and sold at a somewhat expensive 75 cents. A British edition was published shortly after by John Miller, who went out of business immediately after. With help from friend Walter Scott, Irving was able to convince John Murray to take over British publication of the Sketch Book. ", "Rip Van Winkle is a lazy, happy Dutchman. He lives in a quiet village near the Catskill Mountains in North America . One day he wanders into the mountains with his dog Wolf. In a lonely place, he meets the ghosts of Henry Hudson and his men. They give him a strange drink. He falls asleep for 20 years. When he wakes, he learns that the American Revolution has been fought and won. His family and friends welcome him home to the village.", "Rip Van Winkle is a short story written from the Dutch history. This tale was found among the papers of the late... Deidrich Knickerbocker, an old gentleman of New York, who was very curious in the Dutch history of the province. The history is about a man who sleeps for twenty years in the Catskill Mountains to a much-changed world. The story describes the experience of Van Winkle had upon waking up after his twenty years nap. “He had now entered the skirts of the village. A troop of strange children...", "Rip Van Winkle is an amiable farmer who wanders into the Catskill Mountains , where he comes upon a group of dwarfs playing ninepins. Rip accepts their offer of a drink of liquor and promptly falls asleep. When he awakens, 20 years later, he is an old man with a long white beard; the dwarfs are nowhere in sight. When Rip returns to town, he finds that everything is changed: his wife is dead, his children are grown, and George Washington ’s portrait hangs in place of King George III ’s. The old man entertains the townspeople with tales of the old days and of his encounter with the little men in the mountains.", "author: Rip Van Winkle, The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, A History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus, Life of Washington; died Nov 28, 1859", "Finn, the title character is a vagrant who finds himself at odds with the prevailing customs of his society and decides to follow his own... beliefs. The short stories \"The Sculptor's Funeral\" and \"Rip Van Winkle\" also portray outcasts that are not attuned to the societies they live in: Harvey Merrick has an affinity for the arts in a region where such a profession is scorned and Rip Van Winkle is literally from a different time period. Despite their good intensions, these characters are perceived as...", "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain is an 1876 novel about a young boy growing up along the Mississippi River. It is set in the fictional town of St. Petersburg, inspired by Hannibal, Missouri, where Twain lived. Tom Sawyer lives with his Aunt Polly and his half-brother Sid. He skips school to swim and is made to whitewash the fence the next day as punishment. He cleverly persuades his friends to trade him small treasures for the privilege of doing his work. He then trades the treasures for Sunday School tickets which one normally receives for memorizing verses, redeeming them for a Bible, much to the surprise and bewilderment of the superintendent who thought \"it was simply preposterous that this boy had warehoused two thousand sheaves of Scriptural wisdom on his premises—a dozen would strain his capacity, without a doubt.\"... Mark Twain Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910), better known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American author and humorist. He wrote The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885), the latter often called \"The Great American Novel\".", "The story of Rip Van Winkle is set in the years before and after the American Revolutionary War. In a pleasant village, at the foot of New York's Catskill Mountains, lives kindly Rip Van Winkle, a colonial British-American villager of Dutch ancestry. Van Winkle enjoys solitary activities in the wilderness, but he is also loved by all in town—especially the children to whom he tells stories and gives toys. However, he tends to shirk hard work, to his nagging wife's dismay, which has caused his home and farm to fall into disarray.", "Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910), better known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American writer. Among his novels are The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885), the latter often called \"The Great American Novel\".", "patriot and admirer of both the Revolution and his country, but he had serious questions about their democratic excesses. He was interested in the Revolution... throughout his life and had collected many books on the subject. On its primary level, \"Rip Van Winkle\" is a public celebration of the American Revolution. The story opens with the prefigurative imagery of family breakups, specifically the Kaatskill (Catskill) Mountains that \"are a dismembered branch of the great Appalachian family\" (p. 769). In...", "Issue 12 of Classics illustrated fleshed out the Rip Van Winkle story with dialogue & incidents. Rip Van Winkle, trying to hunt for food, mistakes the family's last cow for a bear and shoots it. His wife drives him out of the house for that, and orders the children to never speak of their father again. The dwarves make violent threats to Rip, who is then told that the only way to redeem himself is to have a drinking contest with them. The drink puts him to sleep for 20 years.", "But after thinking some more, I would recommend the author Thornton W. Burgess. He wrote a series of short stories that were very popular with children around the turn of the last century; his stories were published in newspapers and in books about \"Mother West Wind\". I was reminded of him by your example of Rudyard Kipling's Just So stories, because some of Burgess' short stories had similar titles to Kipling's, such as \"Why Grandfather Frog has No Tail\", \"Why Jimmy Skunk Wears Stripes\", and \"Why Ol' Mistah Buzzard has a Bald Head\". Some of Burgess' books have been reprinted now.", "Compare Rip van Winkle with The Legend of Sleepy Hollow . How are they similar? How are they different?", "What is the portrayal of women in the story, including that of Rip's wife Dame van Winkle? Can you think of a more contemporary story where a \"nagging\" wife is so central to a story's plot?", "Davy Jones was a wooden whale and companion to the title character in John R. Neill's 1942 Oz book, Lucky Bucky in Oz.", "Two or three of the Swallows and Amazons books have less realistic plots. The original concept of Peter Duck was a story made up by the children themselves, and Peter Duck had appeared in the preceding volume Swallowdale as a character whom the children created, but Ransome dropped the foreword of explanation from Peter Duck before it was published. Although relatively straightforward, the story, together with its equally unrealistic ostensible sequel Missee Lee, is much more fantastic than the rest of the series. A trip to China as a foreign correspondent provided Ransome with the imaginative springboard for Missee Lee, in which readers find the Swallows and the Amazons sailing around the world in the schooner Wild Cat from Peter Duck. Together with Captain Flint (the Amazons' uncle Jim Turner), they become the captives of Chinese pirates." ]

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[ "The Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm Show is a 30-minute Saturday morning animated series spin-off of The Flintstones produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions, which ran for 16 half-hour episodes from September 11, 1971, to September 2, 1972, and four 8-minute episodes (as part of The Flintstone Comedy Hour) from September 9, 1972, to September 1, 1973, on CBS.", "The Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm Show is a 30-minute Saturday morning animated series and a spin-off of The Flintstones produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions, which ran for 16 half-hour episodes from September 11, 1971, to September 2, 1972, and four 8-minute episodes (as part of The Flintstone Comedy Hour) from September 9, 1972, to September 1, 1973, on CBS.", "Welcome to The Pebbles & Bamm-Bamm Show guide at TV.com. One of the better and more memorable spin-offs of The Flintstones, The Pebbles & Bamm-Bamm Show follows the teen hijinks of Pebbles Flintstone and Bamm-Bamm Rubble. Bypassing several important growth stages, Bedrock's favorite tots are now teenagers attending Bedrock High where, not surprisingly, they become embroiled in a variety of misadventures along with their pals Wiggy, Penny, and teen inventor Moonrock. Other characters include Fred and Wilma Flintstone, Barney and Betty Rubble, Pebbles' rival Cindy with her sidekick Fabian, a motorcycle gang called the Bronto Bunch, and Bad-luck Schleprock. The Pebbles & Bamm-Bamm Show is definitely dated with signs of the times -- drag-racing, \"groovy\" lingo, mini-skirts, cave buggies, brontoburger hangouts, motorcycle gangs, teen music idols, etc. Pebbles -- much like her father Fred -- is always coming up with \"brilliant ideas\" that end up getting the gang into some sort of trouble -- and making Bamm-Bamm cringe. The series ran for one season as The Pebbles & Bamm-Bamm Show, then was combined with four new episodes, vignettes, and a dance of the week to expand into The Flintstone Comedy Hour (1972-1973) and The Flintstones Show (1973-1974). From 1974-1976, The Pebbles & Bamm-Bamm Show returned to its original 30-minute format -- repeating the same episodes. **Series information, episode guide and images courtesy of Webrock - The Flintstones & Hanna-Barbera Page and T.R. Adams' The Flintstones - A Modern Stone Age Phenomenon from Turner Publishing.moreless", "\"The Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm Show\" is a 30-minute Saturday morning animated spin-off of \"The Flintstones\" which ran for 16 episodes from September 11, 1971, to September 2, 1972 on CBS.", "The Flintstones was originally broadcast Friday nights (switched to Thursday nights for the 4th and part of the 5th season) on ABC from September 1960 - September 1966. NBC then rebroadcast the series on Saturday mornings from January 1967 - September 1970. A large number of spin-off series made use of the popular characters in subsequent years. The first of the spin-off series was The Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm Show (1971); followed by The Flintstone Comedy Hour (1972); The New Fred and Barney Show (1979); The Flintstones Comedy Show (1980); The Flintstone Kids (1986); and Cave Kids (1996). Not included in the list are a large number of shows that featured reruns of previous series presented under a different title and format.", "\"Pebbles and Bam Bam\" Limited Edition Sericel from the Popular Animated Series The Flintstones! Includes Certificate! List $300", "Scooby-Doo, Where Are You! was a breakaway hit for Hanna-Barbera and CBS, who quickly introduced similar cartoons to accompany Scooby-Doo: Josie and the Pussycats (1970), The Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm Show (1971) (which re-imagined the toddlers from The Flintstones as high-school students), and The Funky Phantom (also 1971).", "Ken Spears and Joe Ruby). After producing in 1970 a football comedy, Where’s Huddles?, as a prime-time summer-time replacement show for CBS’s The Glen Campbell Goodtime Hour, Hanna-Barbera enjoyed success with two new, family-oriented, mystery, action/adventure Saturdaymorning shows in the mold of Scooby-Doo: The Harlem Globetrotters, and Josie & the Pussycats. In 1971, ten years after the debut The Flintstones, their famous offspring, Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm, now teenagers, headlined their own show Saturday mornings on NBC, Pebbles & Bamm-Bamm. (As Joe, then 57, mused, “They’re not really old enough to be teen-agers, but television makes people grow up faster.”) Two more new shows joined the docket, Help!...It’s the Hair Bear Bunch!—originally developed under the name The Yo Yo Bears—and The Funky Phantom.", "By the time Scooby-Doo had its first format change in 1972, Hanna-Barbera had produced three other teenager-based shows that were very similar to Scooby in concept and execution: Josie and the Pussycats (1970), which resurrected the idea of the rock band to the teenage-crime-fighter formula; The Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm Show (1971), which re-imagined the toddlers from The Flintstones as high school students, and the most blatant Scooby clone, The Funky Phantom (also 1971), which featured three teens, a real ghost and his ghostly cat solving spooky mysteries.", "Older versions of Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm appeared in some later Flintstones TV movies in which they were married, moved to Hollyrock, and had twins.", "The show was revived in the early 1970s with Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm having grown into teenagers, and several different series and made-for-TV movies (broadcast mainly on Saturday mornings, with a few shown in prime time); including a series depicting Fred and Barney as police officers, another depicting the characters as children, and yet others featuring Fred and Barney encountering Marvel Comics superhero The Thing and Al Capp's comic strip character The Shmoo \" have appeared over the years. The original show also was adapted into a live-action film in 1994, and a prequel, The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas, which followed in 2000. Unlike its sister show The Jetsons (the two shows appeared in a made-for-TV crossover movie in 1987), the revival programs were not syndicated or rerun alongside the original series.", "Cave Kids: The series followed the adventures of the Flintstones' Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm as pre-schoolers with Dino, the family's dog as their babysitter. this show focused more on educational values and lessons for children, produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions.", "The show was revived in the early 1970s with Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm having grown into teenagers, and several different series and made-for-TV movies (broadcast mainly on Saturday mornings , with a few shown in prime time); including a series depicting Fred and Barney as police officers, another depicting the characters as children , and yet others featuring Fred and Barney encountering Marvel Comics superhero The Thing and Al Capp 's comic strip character The Shmoo  – have appeared over the years. The original show also was adapted into a live-action film in 1994, and a prequel, The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas , which followed in 2000.", "This particular album is one of the few in the \"cartoon series\" that is totally musical. When the record label was launched, an episode of The Flinstones featured a singing Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm with the song, \"Open Up Your Heart.\" The song was played on the end credits of several episodes to promote the single. This song is not included on this album, but was included on a Rhino CD called Modern Stone Age Melodies.", "\"You'll see Fred and Barney too, yabba dabba doo, on the Pebbles and Bamm Bamm show!\"", "In the 1994 live-action Flintstones movie, Bamm-Bamm appears as a four-year-old who is adopted by the Rubbles and is seen with long blond hair and only wearing a fig leaf loincloth. He was mentioned to have been raised by wild mastodons, a parody of various examples of interspecies adoption. This also hinted at how he had gained his incredible super-strength. Bamm-Bamm soon started to look like his cartoon counterpart after a bath, a haircut, and some new clothes. Bamm-Bamm was played by twins Hlynur Sigurðsson and Marinó Sigurðsson and voiced by actress E.G. Daily, who returned to the role of Bamm-Bamm in a Pebbles cereal commercial.", "The Rocky & Bullwinkle Show (known as Rocky & His Friends during the first two seasons and as The Bullwinkle Show for the remaining seasons) [7] is an American animated television series that originally aired from November 19, 1959, to June 27, 1964, on the ABC and NBC television networks. Produced by Jay Ward Productions , the series is structured as a variety show, with the main feature being the serialized adventures of the two title characters, the anthropomorphic moose Bullwinkle and flying squirrel Rocky . The main adversaries in most of their adventures are the Russian-like spies Boris Badenov and Natasha Fatale . Supporting segments include Dudley Do-Right (a parody of old-time melodrama), Peabody's Improbable History (a dog and his pet boy Sherman traveling through time), and Fractured Fairy Tales (classic fairy tales retold in comic fashion), among others. [8]", "The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show (known as Rocky and His Friends during the first two seasons and as The Bullwinkle Show for the last three seasons) is an American animated television series that originally aired from November 19, 1959, to June 27, 1964, on the ABC and NBC television networks. Produced by Jay Ward Productions, the series is structured as a variety show, with the main feature being the serialized adventures of the two title characters, the anthropomorphic moose Bullwinkle and flying squirrel Rocky. The main adversaries in most of their adventures are the Russian-like spies Boris Badenov and Natasha Fatale. Supporting segments include Dudley Do-Right (a parody of old-time melodrama), Peabody's Improbable History (a dog and his pet boy Sherman traveling through time), and Fractured Fairy Tales (classic fairy tales retold in comic fashion), among others.", "For years, the series had re-runs on Cartoon Network (UK & Ireland), and was later moved to its sister channel, Boomerang.", "The Flintstones debuted on September 30, 1960 on ABC. A knock-off of the classic Honeymooners sketches, the show revolves around Fred and Wilma Flintstone and their best friends, Barney and Betty Rubble. The animated series stars the voices of Alan Reed, Mel Blanc, Jean Vander Pyl, Bea Benaderet, Gerry Johnson, Don Messick, and John Stephenson. It inspired many spin-off shows over the years and was the longest-running primetime animated sitcom until 1992 when The Simpsons surpassed it.", "The Shnookums and Meat Funny Cartoon Show is an Animated Comedy television series produced by Walt Disney Television Animation and aired in 1995 as a spin-off of the show Marsupilami. The show was Disney's attempt to create a more \"Edgy\" cartoon in the vein of The Ren & Stimpy Show, and Rocko's Modern Life.", "Dinosaurs is an American family sitcom that was originally broadcast on ABC from April 26, 1991 to July 20, 1994. The show, about a family of anthropomorphic dinosaurs, was produced by Michael Jacobs Productions and Jim Henson Productions in association with Walt Disney Television and distributed by Buena Vista International, Inc. The show utilized voice actors for the characters which are performed by different puppeteers.", "The Flintstones is an animated, prime-time American television sitcom that was broadcast from September 30, 1960 to April 1, 1966, on ABC . The original pilot episode clip however was called the \"Flagstones\" (which first appeared in 1959 as a 90 second promotion to draw advertisers to the show) and was later reincorporated into the show's 1st episode (3rd episode in original airdate order). The show's name was changed to \"The Flintstones\" shortly thereafter. The show was produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions , The Flintstones was about a working class Stone Age man's life with his family and his next-door neighbor and best friend.", "Happy Days, itself a spin-off from Love, American Style, resulted in seven different spin-off series, including two that were animated: Laverne & Shirley, Blansky's Beauties, Mork & Mindy, Out of the Blue, Joanie Loves Chachi, The Fonz and the Happy Days Gang (animated) and Laverne & Shirley with Special Guest Star the Fonz (animated).", "King of the Hill (also known as Hank of the Hill in some parts of Western Europe) is an American animated series created by Mike Judge and Greg Daniels , that ran from January 12, 1997 to May 6, 2010 on Fox . It centers on the Hills , a small-town Methodist family in the fictional town of Arlen, Texas , based loosely on the real life Dallas suburb, Garland, Texas . It attempts to retain a realistic approach, seeking humor in the conventional and mundane aspects of everyday life while dealing with comical issues.", "In 1957, after its parent company Columbia dropped UPA, Screen Gems entered a distribution deal with Hanna-Barbera Productions , which produced classic TV cartoon shows such as The Flintstones , Ruff and Reddy , The Huckleberry Hound Show , Yogi Bear , Jonny Quest , The Jetsons and others. Screen Gems would distribute until 1967, when Hanna-Barbera was sold to Taft Broadcasting .", "In 1957, after its parent company Columbia dropped UPA, Screen Gems entered a distribution deal with Hanna-Barbera Productions, which produced classic TV cartoon shows such as The Flintstones, Ruff and Reddy, The Huckleberry Hound Show, Yogi Bear, Jonny Quest, The Jetsons and others. Screen Gems would distribute until 1967, when Hanna-Barbera was sold to Taft Broadcasting.", "The film spawned a television series spinoff in 1970, also entitled The Odd Couple. As the series ended, a cartoon version called The Oddball Couple ran on ABC for a year. Produced by Depatie-Freleng, it had a sloppy dog and a neat cat.", "This cult cartoon series, produced by Jay Ward and Bill Scott, ran on ABC Saturday evenings as Rocky and His Friends from 1959 to 1961. It featured the serialized adventures of Rocky (voiced by June Foray ), a flying squirrel who wore flight goggles, and Bullwinkle (Bill Scott), a dimwitted moose. Their primary foes were Boris Badenov (Paul Frees) and Natasha Fatale ( June Foray again), a pair of Slavic spies from the imaginary Soviet satellite of Pottsylvania. In 1961, the series moved to NBC and became The Bullwinkle Show; it ran under that title until 1964. Both series have since been seen in syndication and on cable TV and the title changed to The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle and Friends.", "All in the Family was the king of Spin-offs, but not all successful. I seem to remember daughter Gloria, now divorced and living in Cali, had a show that lasted a couple of eps. And “704 Hauser,” starring Archie’s HOUSE, 20 years later and now home to a black family.", "A television version of the show ran on ABC on Saturdays during daytime hours beginning on June 2, 1951. It originally starred Pat Crowley as Judy. The series moved to prime time during the summer of 1952 and was brought back again midway through the 1952-53 season. The series ended its run on September 30, 1953. This version featured Mary Linn Beller as Judy, John Gibson and Flora Campbell as her parents, Peter Avramo as her brother, and Jimmy Sommer as her sort-of boyfriend Oogie.", "Daytime reruns aired on ABC from September 23, 1985 to January 3, 1986, followed by another prime time run on USA Network. Some syndicated versions aired under the title Three's Company, Too, using an instrumental version of the theme song of Three's Company." ]

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[ "In , after the CART season ended, Mansell returned to F1 and rejoined the Williams team. Since he had left it in 1993, the team had undergone some significant changes. Damon Hill had been promoted from test driver and was running full-time in one Renault. Prost, Mansell's replacement, won the 1993 driver's championship and then retired after the season. This allowed Williams and Ayrton Senna to finally work out an agreement, and the team received a new sponsor in Rothmans International for a season in which they were expected to repeat as champions. However, Senna struggled early in the season and then was killed in a crash at Imola.", "As well as competing in F3000, Coulthard was proving immensely valuable as a test driver. Succeeding Mark Blundell and Damon Hill at Williams, David was in the right place to inherit Ayrton Senna's seat following the Brazilian's fatal accident at Imola in 1994. A part season - shared with former Williams star Nigel Mansell - was enough to convince the team to hire him full-time for the 1995 season, alongside Damon Hill.", "Damon is a former Formula One world champion and 22 time Grand Prix winner. He is the son of the late Graham Hill and the only son of a world champion to win the title. Damon came to professional motorsport at the relatively late age of 23 via racing motorcycles. He became a test driver for the Formula One title-winning Williams team in 1992. He was promoted to the Williams race team the following year and took the first of his 22 victories at the 1993 Hungarian Grand Prix.", "Formula One automobile racing gained added interest in 1996 because 1995 world champion Michael Schumacher of Germany transferred from the Benetton-Renault team to Ferrari, whose cars became effective only when the season of 16 races was nearly over. Damon Hill, a British driver who was following the great career of his father, Graham, was the most obvious challenger to Schumacher. Jacques Villeneuve, a French-Canadian on the Williams team, proved another factor in the final outcome, however, almost winning the first round at Melbourne, Australia, before giving way to Hill because of engine problems.", "Many famous racing drivers have driven for Williams, including Australia's Alan Jones; Finland's Keke Rosberg; Britain's Nigel Mansell, Damon Hill and Jenson Button; France's Alain Prost; Brazil's Nelson Piquet and Ayrton Senna, and Canada's Jacques Villeneuve, each of whom, with the exception of Senna and Button, have captured one drivers' title with the team. Interestingly, of those who have won the championship with Williams, only Jones, Rosberg and Villeneuve actually defended their title while still with the team. Piquet moved to Lotus after winning the championship, Mansell moved to the American-based Indy Cars after winning the championship, Prost retired from racing after his 4th World Championship in , while Hill moved to Arrows after winning in .", "1996 champion Damon Hill retired from Formula One at the end of the 1999 season. Jarno Trulli moved from Prost to Jordan, filling Hill's vacant seat. Prost's other driver Olivier Panis left the team to become the test driver for McLaren. The two seats at the French team were taken by Jean Alesi, who moved from Sauber, and 1999 International Formula 3000 champion Nick Heidfeld, who had previously been a test driver at McLaren. Mika Salo signed for Sauber after short spells as an injury replacement for Ricardo Zonta for three races and Michael Schumacher for six races in 1999.", "Damon Hill has decided to continue driving for Jordan. This news should please everyone apart for the Jos Verstappen Fan Club who will have to wait a bit longer for the Dutchman's return to Formula One. Chief Executive Eddie Jordan commented, \"We are all extremely pleased with Damon's decision. His contribution to this massive team effort is invaluable and we are all eagerly anticipating the last eight races.\"", "Infiniti Red Bull Racing is a Formula One racing team based in Milton Keynes , England, which currently holds an Austrian licence. It is, along with Scuderia Toro Rosso , one of two teams owned by beverage company Red Bull GmbH . The team has won three Constructors’ Championship titles, in 2010 , 2011 , and 2012 , becoming the first Austrian licensed [1] team to win the title. The team also produced the triple world champion driver of 2010, 2011, and 2012, Sebastian Vettel . The team is managed by Christian Horner , boss of the Arden International GP2 Series team. The team has used Renault engines since 2007, and has a contract to do so until 2016. [5] In November 2012, it was announced that Infiniti would become the team’s title sponsor from the 2013 season onwards, with the team to be known as Infiniti Red Bull Racing. [6] [7]", "Hill became a test driver for the Formula One title-winning Williams team in 1992. He was promoted to the Williams race team the following year after Riccardo Patrese's departure and took the first of his 22 victories at the 1993 Hungarian Grand Prix. Hill became champion in 1996 with eight wins, but was dropped by Williams for the following season. He went on to drive for the less competitive Arrows and Jordan teams, and in 1998 gave Jordan its first win. Hill retired from racing after the 1999 season. From 2006 - 2011, he became president of the British Racing Drivers' Club, succeeding Jackie Stewart. He presided over the securing of a 17-year contract for Silverstone to hold Formula One races, which enabled the circuit to see extensive renovation work.", "McLaren Racing Limited, trading as Vodafone McLaren Mercedes, is a British Formula One team based in Woking , Surrey , England , United Kingdom. McLaren is best known as a Formula One constructor but has also competed and won in the Indianapolis 500 and Canadian-American Challenge Cup (Can-Am). The team is the second oldest active team (after Ferrari) and one of the most successful teams in Formula One, having won 182 races, 12 drivers’ championships and 8 constructors’ championships.", "Hill became a test driver for the Formula One title-winning Williams team in 1992. He was promoted to the Williams race team the following year after Riccardo Patrese's departure and took the first of his 22 victories at the 1993 Hungarian Grand Prix. During the mid-1990s, Hill was Michael Schumacher's main rival for the Formula One Drivers' Championship, which saw the two clash several times on and off the track. Their collision at the 1994 Australian Grand Prix gave Schumacher his first title by a single point. Hill became champion in with eight wins, but was dropped by Williams for the following season. He went on to drive for the less competitive Arrows and Jordan teams, and in gave Jordan their first win. ", "*In Formula One, if the reigning World Champion no longer competes in Formula One in the year following their victory in the title race, 0 is given to one of the drivers of the team that the reigning champion won the title with. This happened in 1993 and 1994, with Damon Hill driving car 0, due to the reigning World Champion (Nigel Mansell and Alain Prost respectively) not competing in the championship.", "Since 1983, Formula One had been dominated by specialist race teams like Williams, McLaren and Benetton, using engines supplied by large car manufacturers like Mercedes-Benz, Honda, Renault and Ford. Starting in 2000 with Ford’s creation of the largely unsuccessful Jaguar team, new manufacturer-owned teams entered Formula One for the first time since the departure of Alfa Romeo and Renault at the end of 1985. By 2006, the manufacturer teams – Renault, BMW, Toyota, Honda and Ferrari – dominated the championship, taking five of the first six places in the constructors' championship. The sole exception was McLaren, which is part-owned by Mercedes Benz. Through the Grand Prix Manufacturers Association (GPMA) they negotiated a larger share of Formula One’s commercial profit and a greater say in the running of the sport.", "The Grand Prix was contested by eleven teams, each of two drivers. The teams, also known as \"constructors\", were Red Bull, Mercedes, Ferrari, McLaren, Lotus, Sauber, Force India, Williams, Toro Rosso, Caterham and Marussia.", "Scuderia Toro Rosso, commonly known as Toro Rosso or by its abbreviation STR, is an Italian Formula One racing team. It is one of two F1 teams owned by Austrian beverage company Red Bull, the other being Red Bull Racing. It made its racing debut in the 2006 Formula One season, after Paul Stoddart sold his remaining interest in the Minardi team at the end of 2005 to Red Bull's owner, Dietrich Mateschitz, who subsequently struck a 50/50 joint-ownership deal with former F1 driver, Gerhard Berger, before the start of the season. In late November 2008, Red Bull regained total ownership of Toro Rosso after buying back Berger's share of the team. ", "In 2008 and 2009, Honda, BMW, and Toyota all withdrew from Formula One racing within the space of a year, blaming the economic recession. This resulted in the end of manufacturer dominance within the sport. The Honda F1 team went through a management buyout to become Brawn GP with the notable F1 designer Ross Brawn and Nick Fry running and owning the majority of the organisation. Brawn GP went through a painful size reduction, laying off hundreds of employees, but eventually won the year's world championships with Jenson Button and Rubens Barrichello. BMW F1 was bought out by the original founder of the team, Peter Sauber. The Lotus F1 Team are another, formerly manufacturer-owned team that has reverted to \"privateer\" ownership, together with the buy-out of the Renault F1 Team by Genii Capital investors in recent years. A link with their previous owners still survived however, with their car continuing to be powered by a Renault Power Unit until 2014.", "In 2009, Ross Brawn's newly conceived Formula One team, Brawn GP used Mercedes engines to help win the constructor's championship, and Jenson Button to become champion in the F1 drivers' championship. At the end of the season, Mercedes-Benz sold its 40% stake in McLaren to the McLaren Group and bought 70% of the Brawn GP team jointly with an Abu Dhabi-based investment consortium. Brawn GP was renamed Mercedes GP for the 2010 season and is, from this season on, a works team for Mercedes-Benz. As of 2015, the company currently provides engines to the Williams F1 Team, Sahara Force India F1 Team and the Lotus F1 Team.", "Drivers from McLaren, Williams, Renault (formerly Benetton), and Ferrari, dubbed the \"Big Four\", won every World Championship from 1984 to 2008 and the teams themselves won every Constructors' Championship from 1979 to 2008. Due to the technological advances of the 1990s, the cost of competing in Formula One increased dramatically. This increased financial burdens, combined with the dominance of four teams (largely funded by big car manufacturers such as Mercedes-Benz), caused the poorer independent teams to struggle not only to remain competitive, but to stay in business, and forced several teams to withdraw. Since 1990, twenty-eight teams have withdrawn from Formula One. This has prompted former Jordan owner Eddie Jordan to say that the days of competitive privateers are over. ", "Mercedes-Benz returned to Formula One for the 2010 season after buying a minority stake (45.1%) in the Brawn GP team with Aabar Investments purchasing 30% on 16 November 2009, with Ross Brawn continuing his duties as team principal and the team retaining its base and workforce in Brackley, close to the Mercedes-Benz Formula One engine plant (formerly Ilmor Engineering) in Brixworth. Following the purchase of the team, as well as a sponsorship deal with Petronas, the team was rebranded as Mercedes GP Petronas Formula One Team. The team has a complex history; it can be traced back to Tyrrell Racing, who competed as a constructor from 1970 until 1998, until being bought by British American Tobacco to become British American Racing in 1999. BAR, who had formed a partnership with Honda, eventually became Honda Racing F1 Team in 2006 when BAT withdrew from the sport. It again changed hands in 2008, when Honda withdrew, and was purchased by the team's management, naming it Brawn GP after team principal Ross Brawn. Brawn used engines from Mercedes-Benz High Performance Engines, and despite running on a low budget, Jenson Button won six of the first seven races and ultimately, the 2009 World Championship while Brawn won the constructors title. It was the first time in the sport's sixty-year history that a team won both titles in its maiden season.", "In 2010, Renault sold a majority stake in the team to Genii Capital, a Luxembourg based investment company. However Renault still retained a 25% share in the team and continued as an engine supplier. Red Bull Racing confirmed they would be using Renault engines for . Robert Kubica was signed as Alonso's replacement on 7 October 2009, but following the shareholding deal, Kubica and his manager Daniel Morelli asked for clarification on the management structure before committing to the outfit. However, in the new year, clarification was sought and Kubica was ready to commit to the outfit. On 31 January, Vitaly Petrov was signed to be Kubica's team-mate, becoming Russia's first Formula One driver.", "A rule shake-up in 2014 meant Mercedes emerged as the dominant force, with Lewis Hamilton winning the championship closely followed by his main rival and team-mate, Nico Rosberg, with the team winning 16 out of the 19 races that season (all other victories coming from Daniel Ricciardo of Red Bull). 2014 also saw a financial crisis which resulted in the backmarker Marussia and Caterham teams being put into administration, alongside the uncertain futures of Force India and Sauber. Marussia returned under the Manor name in 2015, a season in which Ferrari were the only challengers to Mercedes, with Vettel taking victory in the three Grands Prix Mercedes did not win. The 2016 season began in dominant fashion for Nico Rosberg, winning the first 4 Grands Prix. His charge was halted by Max Verstappen, who took his maiden win in Spain in his debut race for Red Bull. After his charge halting, the reigning champion Lewis Hamilton decreased the point gap between them to only one point.", "The current team was formed by the merger of Bruce McLaren Motor Racing with Ron Dennis 's Project Four Racing in 1981. Shortly after the merger, Dennis organised a buyout of the original McLaren shareholders to take full control of the team. McLaren is part of McLaren Racing, a member of the McLaren Group . Engines are supplied by McLaren shareholder Mercedes-Benz through Mercedes-Benz High Performance Engines . Dennis was team principal from the 1981 merger until March 2009, when he agreed to transfer his position to longtime McLaren employee Martin Whitmarsh . Dennis will continue to work within the McLaren Group. On 29 May 2009 McLaren, along with all other members of Formula One Teams Association (FOTA) submitted their entries for the 2010 FIA Formula One World Championship , despite threatening to pull out at the end of the year. The team's current drivers are 2008 world champion Lewis Hamilton and 2009 world champion Jenson Button , who has joined from Brawn GP after the team was bought and renamed Mercedes GP in November 2009.", "Alonso became test driver for Renault in 2002 – Renault having taken over the Benetton team – and did 1,642 laps of testing that year. In 2003 Briatore dropped Button and put Alonso in the second seat alongside Jarno Trulli. Briatore was criticised by the British media for the decision, but technical director Mike Gascoyne later insisted to F1 Racing that the decision was correct, since the team had been impressed with Alonso's work rate and talent during his season as test driver. Alonso tested with the Jaguar team in May 2002 and completed 51 laps of the Silverstone Circuit. ", "Mercedes took over the Brawn GP team that won the drivers' and constructors' championships in its first season in 2009, taking over the Honda team after the Japanese car maker pulled out of the sport. Jenson Button , who won the drivers' title with Brawn, has since left for McLaren while Rubens Barrichello has gone to Williams.", "2014: Daniel Ricciardo, Red Bull Racing. 2013: Sebastian Vettel, Red Bull Racing. 2012: Lewis Hamilton, McLaren-Mercedes. 2011: Jenson Button, McLaren-Mercedes. 2010: Lewis Hamilton, McLaren-Mercedes.", "Following the withdrawal of Honda from the sport in December 2008, he was left without a drive for the 2009 season, until Ross Brawn led a management buyout of the team in February 2009, and Button suddenly found himself in a highly competitive, Mercedes-engined car. He went on to win a record-equalling six of the first seven races of the 2009 season, securing the World Drivers' Championship at the Brazilian Grand Prix, having led on points all season; his success also helped Brawn GP to secure the World Constructors' Championship.", "The team has a contract with 2008 World Champion Lewis Hamilton and 2009 World Champion Jenson Button for the 2010 season. This gives them the distinction of having signed the two most-recent World Champions, and the sport's first double-champion driver line-up since Ayrton Senna and Alain Prost - also driving for McLaren - in 1989 .", "In the season Damon Hill was motor racing's Formula One world champion how many races did he win?*8", "In the next race at Bahrain after qualifying 3rd, [19] Vettel finished second behind Jenson Button and collected another eight world championship points. [20] At the Spanish Grand Prix , Webber and Vettel finished third and fourth respectively, after having qualified fifth and second. In Turkey , Webber and Vettel finished second and third respectively. At the British Grand Prix the car had new upgrades and Sebastian Vettel won after qualifying on pole position, ending championship leader Jenson Button’s run of four straight wins. The team scored another 1–2 at the German Grand Prix with Mark Webber (who scored his first win despite being given a drive-through penalty earlier on) leading home Sebastian Vettel. Mark Webber also took his second Formula One victory at the Brazilian Grand Prix . Another 1–2 finish for the team was achieved at the season-ending Abu Dhabi Grand Prix , this time with Vettel finishing ahead of Webber.", "Vettel finished second in the Drivers' Championship with 84 points, 11 behind Jenson Button. Mark Webber finished fourth with 69.5 points. The team also finished second in the Constructors' Championship with 153.5 points, 18.5 points behind Brawn GP.", "Vettel finished second in the Drivers’ Championship with 84 points, 11 behind Jenson Button. Mark Webber finished fourth with 69.5 points. The team also finished second in the Constructors’ Championship with 153.5 points, 18.5 points behind Brawn GP .", "Founded by Sir Frank Williams and Patrick Head in 1977 and have enjoyed a mostly successful 34-year association with the sport. However, most productive years – in the 1980s and 1990s – have long gone. Finished sixth in the 2010 constructors’ championship but poor start to 2011, gaining only four points from the first 11 races. Technical director Sam Michael announced in May that he will leave the team at the end of the year." ]

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[ "The attack on Pearl Harbor (called Hawaii Operation or Operation AI [7 ] [8 ] by the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters (Operation Z in planning) [9 ] and the Battle of Pearl Harbor [10 ]) was a surprise military strike conducted by the Imperial Japanese Navy against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor , Hawaii, on the morning of December 7, 1941 (December 8 in Japan). The attack was intended as a preventive action in order to keep the U.S. Pacific Fleet from interfering with military actions the Empire of Japan was planning in Southeast Asia against overseas territories of the United Kingdom , the Netherlands , and the United States.", "The attack on Pearl Harbor (called Hawaii Operation or Operation AI [7] [8]  by the Japanese  Imperial General Headquarters  (Operation Z in planning) [9]  and the Battle of Pearl Harbor [10] ) was a surprise  military strike  conducted by the  Imperial Japanese Navy  against the United States  naval base  at  Pearl Harbor , Hawaii, on the morning of December 7, 1941 (December 8 in Japan). The attack was intended as a  preventive  action in order to keep the  U.S. Pacific Fleet  from interfering with military actions the  Empire of Japan  was planning in  Southeast Asia  against overseas territories of the  United Kingdom , the  Netherlands , and the United States.", "The Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor in 1941, which caused the US to enter World War II.", "The attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise military strike conducted by the Imperial Japanese Navy against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on the morning of December 7, 1941 (December 8 in Japan). The attack was intended as a preventive action in order to keep the U.S. Pacific Fleet from interfering with military actions the Empire of Japan was planning in Southeast Asia against overseas territories of the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and the United States.", "The attack on Pearl Harbor [nb 4] was a surprise military strike conducted by the Imperial Japanese Navy against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor , Hawaii, on the morning of December 7, 1941 (December 8 in Japan). The attack led to the United States' entry into World War II .", "The Imperial Japanese Navy made its surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii, on Sunday morning, December 7, 1941. The Pacific Fleet of the United States Navy and its defending Army Air Forces and Marine air forces sustained significant losses. The primary objective of the attack was to incapacitate the United States long enough for Japan to establish its long-planned Southeast Asian empire and defensible buffer zones. However, as Admiral Yamamoto feared, the attack produced little lasting damage to the US Navy with priority targets like the Pacific Fleet's aircraft carriers out at sea and vital shore facilities, whose destruction could have crippled the fleet on their own, were ignored. Of more serious consequences, the U.S. public saw the attack as a treacherous act and rallied against the Empire of Japan. The United States entered the European Theatre and Pacific Theater in full force. Four days later, Adolf Hitler of Nazi Germany and Benito Mussolini of Italy declared war on the United States, merging the separate conflicts.", "On the morning of December 7, 1941, the Japanese struck the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor with a surprise attack, knocking out the main American battleship fleet and killing 2,403 American servicemen and civilians. Roosevelt called for war in his famous \"Infamy Speech\" to Congress, in which he said: \"Yesterday, December 7, 1941 — a date which will live in infamy — the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan.\"", "1941: Japanese planes bomb Pearl Harbour. Japan launches a surprise attack on American bases in the Pacific and declares it is at war with Britain and the United States.", "'Why Did Japan Attack Pearl Harbour?' In December 1941, Pearl Harbour was attacked by the Japanese. It wasthe consequence of a series of events which brought tension betweenJapan and America to boiling point", "On December 7th 1941, on an otherwise peaceful Sunday morning on a beautiful Hawaiian island, the first wave of Japanese airplanes left 6 aircraft carriers and struck Pearl Harbor a few minutes before 8 AM local time. See Map of Pearl Harbor", "On December 7, 1941, Japanese planes attacked the United States Naval Base at Pearl Harbor External , Hawaii Territory, killing more than 2,300 Americans. The U.S.S. Arizona was completely destroyed and the U.S.S. Oklahoma capsized. A total of twelve ships sank or were beached in the attack and nine additional vessels were damaged. More than 160 aircraft were destroyed and more than 150 others damaged.", "With most of Australia’s best forces committed to fight against Hitler in the Middle East, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, the US naval base in Hawaii, on 8 December 1941 (eastern Australia time). The British battleship  HMS Prince of Wales and battlecruiser  HMS Repulse sent to defend Singapore were sunk soon afterwards. Australia was ill-prepared for an attack, lacking armaments, modern fighter aircraft, heavy bombers, and aircraft carriers. While demanding reinforcements from Churchill, on 27 December 1941 Curtin published an historic announcement:", "The History Place - World War II in Europe Timeline: December 7, 1941 - Japanese Bomb Pearl Harbor", "On December 7, 1941, the Japanese launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor. Within a short time five of eight U.S. battleships were sunk or sinking, with the rest damaged. The American aircraft carriers were out to sea, however, and evaded detection. They took up the fight, and eventually turned the tide of the war in the Pacific. The sinking of the British battleship and her escort, the battlecruiser , demonstrated the vulnerability of a battleship to air attack while at sea without sufficient air cover, settling the argument begun by Mitchell in 1921. Both warships were under way and en route to attack the Japanese amphibious force that had invaded Malaya when they were caught by Japanese land-based bombers and torpedo bombers on December 10, 1941. ", "Japan launched nearly simultaneous surprise attacks against the major U. S. Navy base at Pearl Harbor , on Thailand and on the British territories of Malaya and Hong Kong . Though it was significant to the US Navy , most Americans had never heard of Pearl Harbor . The attacks occurred on December 7 , 1941 in western international time zones and on December 8 in the east. Later on December 8, Japan attacked The Philippines , which was politically controlled by the United States at the time and quickly fell to Japanese forces. On December 11, Germany and Italy also declared war on the United States. Japanese forces commenced assaults on British and Dutch territory in Borneo on December 15. From their major prewar base at Truk in the South Pacific, Japanese forces began to attack and occupy neighboring Allied territories.", "The destroyer USS Shaw explodes after being hit by bombs during the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, December 7, 1941. AP", "Simultaneously with the bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 (Honolulu time), Japan invaded the British colonies of Malaya and bombed Singapore and Hong Kong, without a declaration of war or an ultimatum. Both the U.S. and Britain were neutral when Japan attacked their territories without explicit warning of a state of war. ", "7 Dec – Japanese naval and air forces under Isoroku Yamamoto attack the US Naval base at Pearl Harbor (1941).", "1941: Japanese planes attacked Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. They sunk 21 American vessels and killed 2,338 military personnel and civilians.", "1941 Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor Surprise Attack December 7, 1941. The next day the United States declared war on Japan resulting in their entry into World War II. The attack was intended as a preventive action in order to keep the U.S. Pacific Fleet from influencing the war that the Empire of Japan was planning in Southeast Asia, against Britain and the Netherlands, as well as the U.S. in the Philippines. The base was attacked by Japanese aircraft (a total of 353, in two waves) launched from six aircraft carriers.", "Nagumo's fleet was positioned 275 miles north of Oahu. On Sunday, 7th December, 1941, 105 high-level bombers, 135 dive-bombers and 81 fighter aircraft attacked the the US Fleet at Pearl Harbor. In their first attack the Japanese sunk the Arizona, Oklahoma, West Virginia and California . The second attack, launched 45 minutes later, hampered by smoke, created less damage.", "was a surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor , Hawaii Territory, on the morning of December 7, 1941. The attack led to the United States' entry into World War II.", "1941: Japan launches attack on Pearl Harbor and U.S. enters the war. Japanese army attacks Hong Kong, Singapore and Malaya.", "The second raid on Pearl Harbor took place on the night of 4 March 1942 with the first operational use of the Kawanishi H8K1 flying boat, the largest of its type developed by the Japanese on a 1938 order. Two planes from Yokohama staged the attack, refuelling from a rendezvous with a submarine at French Frigate Shoals, 550 miles from Pearl Harbor. Cloud cover over the Hawiaan Islands reduced chances of an accurate attack and the bomb load of the two planes were released, falling in an unpopulated area. I include an image here of one of the H8K1's later in the war after receiving the attentions of Allied air power. I believe the photo was taken at Saipan.", "World War II-era bombing of Japan began just months after the surprise attack at Pearl Harbor, when aviator James Doolittle led his famed raid of 16 B-25 bombers on targets in Tokyo and Yokohama. Aerial attacks intensified in late 1944 following the Allied capture of Pacific islands that put them (and the new, highly advanced B-29 bomber) in striking distance of Tokyo. In the following months, the Allies began a devastating series of nighttime firebombing raids, culminating in Operation Meetinghouse, when more than 2,000 tons of incendiary bombs were dropped over Tokyo in just 48 hours, destroying 16 square miles around the city and killing between 80,000 and 130,000. It remains the single most destructive bombing raid in history.", "In mid 1941 America reacted to Japanese occupation of French Indo-China by freezing Japanese assets. In October Prince Konoye's moderate cabinet was replaced by a government headed by General Tojo, and, despite the recognition by several leading figures that she could not win a long war, Japan prepared a devastating strike. On December 7, carrier-borne aircraft struck the US Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor, on the Hawaiian island of Oahu. Surprise was complete, although the Americans had received warnings which should have enabled them to meet the attack. American losses were heavy, but aircraft carriers were at sea and escaped the carnage.", "Japanese bomb the pearl harbor in Hawaii; forces the US to declare war on Germany due to the Tripartite Pact 2403 died", "At dawn on December 7th, the Japanese fleet launches its aircraft. Their approach to Hawaii is detected by two radar operators but their concerns are dismissed as the duty officer receiving their alert assumes it is a group of American B-17 Flying Fortresses inbound from the mainland scheduled to land later that day. As a result the Japanese achieve complete surprise and a joyous commander Fuchida, riding in a Nakajima B5N \"Kate,\" sends the code to begin the attack: \"Tora! Tora! Tora!\" Meeting no opposition, the Japanese planes savage Pearl Harbor with a series of attacks. General Short's anti-sabotage precautions prove a disastrous mistake that allows the Japanese aerial forces to destroy the U.S. aircraft on the ground with ease, thereby preventing an effective aerial counter-attack. The damage to the naval base is catastrophic with the Americans suffering severe casualties. Seven battleships are either sunk or heavily damaged. Hours after the first bombs fall, Admiral Kimmel finally receives the Pentagon's telegram warning of impending danger. ", "At 7:55 A.M., the first Japanese bombs fell on Pearl Harbor, the main base of the U.S. Pacific Fleet. Moored in the harbor were more than 70 warships, including 8 of the fleet’s 9 battleships. There were also 2 heavy cruisers, 29 destroyers, and 5 submarines. Four hundred airplanes were stationed nearby. Japanese torpedo bombers, flying just 50 feet above the water, launched torpedoes at the docked American warships. Japanese dive bombers strafed the ships’ decks with machine gun fire, while Japanese fighters dropped high-explosive bombs on the aircraft sitting on the ground. Within half an hour, the U.S. Pacific Fleet was virtually destroyed. The U.S. battleship Arizona was a burning hulk. Three other large ships—the Oklahoma, the West Virginia, and the California—were sinking.", "Malaysia . There wasnt much detail explained about the bombing, just that it happened after pearl harbour and the japanese surrendered after that and then the war ended.", "The invasion of Japan promised to be the bloodiest seaborne attack of all time, conceivably 10 times as costly as the Normandy invasion in terms of Allied casualties. On July 16, a new option became available when the United States secretly detonated the world’s first atomic bomb in the New Mexico desert. Ten days later, the Allies issued the Potsdam Declaration, demanding the “unconditional surrender of all the Japanese armed forces.” Failure to comply would mean “the inevitable and complete destruction of the Japanese armed forces and just as inevitable the utter devastation of the Japanese homeland.” On July 28, Japanese Prime Minister Kantaro Suzuki responded by telling the press that his government was “paying no attention” to the Allied ultimatum. U.S. President Harry Truman ordered the devastation to proceed, and on August 6, the U.S. B-29 bomber Enola Gay dropped an atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima, killing an estimated 80,000 people and fatally wounding thousands more.", "The invasion of Japan promised to be the bloodiest seaborne attack of all time, conceivably 10 times as costly as the Normandy invasion in terms of Allied casualties. On July 16, a new option became available when the United States secretly detonated the world's first atomic bomb in the New Mexico desert. Ten days later, the Allies issued the Potsdam Declaration, demanding the \"unconditional surrender of all the Japanese armed forces.\" Failure to comply would mean \"the inevitable and complete destruction of the Japanese armed forces and just as inevitable the utter devastation of the Japanese homeland.\" On July 28, Japanese Prime Minister Kantaro Suzuki responded by telling the press that his government was \"paying no attention\" to the Allied ultimatum. U.S. President Harry Truman ordered the devastation to proceed, and on August 6, the U.S. B-29 bomber Enola Gay dropped an atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima, killing an estimated 80,000 people and fatally wounding thousands more." ]

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[ "Harrison Ford (born July 13, 1942) is an American actor and film producer. He gained worldwide fame for his starring roles as Han Solo in the original Star Wars epic space opera trilogy and the title character of the Indiana Jones film series. Ford is also known for his roles as Rick Deckard in the neo-noir dystopian science fiction film Blade Runner (1982), John Book in the thriller Witness (1985), and Jack Ryan in the action films Patriot Games (1992) and Clear and Present Danger (1994). Most recently, Ford reprised his role of Han Solo in Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015).", "Clear and Present Danger is the 1994 feature film adaptation of the Tom Clancy bestseller of the same name and is a direct sequel to 1992's Patriot Games . Harrison Ford returns as CIA analyst Jack Ryan and the film was helmed by Patriot Games director Phillip Noyce . The Jack Ryan character was also featured in the films Patriot Games , The Hunt for Red October , The Sum of All Fears and Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit .", "Clear and Present Danger is a 1994 American spy thriller film directed by Phillip Noyce and based on Tom Clancy's novel of the same name. It was preceded by the 1990 film The Hunt for Red October and the 1992 film Patriot Games, all three featuring Clancy's character Jack Ryan. It is the last film version of Clancy's novels to feature Harrison Ford as Ryan and James Earl Jones as Vice Admiral James Greer, as well as the final one directed by Noyce.", "The series see the character reunited in 1988’s Clear and Present Danger, see the character of Jack Ryan thrust into the role of Acting Director of the CIA. One of the most widely read and recognizable novels in the series, it describes a covert operation conducted in the South American country of Colombia. John Clark has come into his own in this novel, making the transition form a secondary supporting character to more of a main character. The novel was an instant bestseller, and was adapted into a film starring Harrison Ford as Jack Ryan and Willem Dafoe as John Clark.", "Clancy's fiction works, The Hunt for Red October, Patriot Games (1987), Clear and Present Danger (1989), and The Sum of All Fears (1991), have been turned into commercially successful films with actors Alec Baldwin, Harrison Ford, and Ben Affleck as Clancy's most famous fictional character Jack Ryan, while his second most famous character, John Clark, has been played by actors Willem Dafoe and Liev Schreiber. All but two of Clancy's solely written novels feature Jack Ryan or John Clark.", "Clear and Present Danger is the third Tom Clancy novel ( Hunt for Red October, Patriot Games ) about CIA agent Jack Ryan to be adapted to the screen and a study of the abuse of power at the highest levels of government; the thriller describes what can happen when the American President attempts to launch an illegal military venture into a foreign country. As one critic put it, “it is a meticulously well-developed tale of political deception, abuse of power, and self-righteous international crime, laced with rich characterizations, taut suspense and eye- popping action sequences.”58 Although CIA agent Jack Ryan is clearly the most important protagonist and the President only has a few appearances throughout the film, the Chief Executive is still crucial to the plot, since it is his actions that both trigger and create the preconditions for the development of the story.", "Several of Clancy's books were made into Hollywood movies. Four books based on Jack Ryan, the covert CIA agent he created, were adapted for the big screen: The Hunt for Red October (1990), Patriot Games (1992), Clear and Present Danger (1994) and The Sum of All Fears (2002). Alec Baldwin , Harrison Ford (in the 1992 and 1994 film adaptations) and Ben Affleck played Ryan. Chris Pine plays the iconic role in Jack Ryan: Shadow One, which is expected to come out this year.", "The Hunt For Red October is still the second-highest-grossing entry in the Jack Ryan franchise, following only Clear and Present Danger 's $215 million take . While the original film featured Alec Baldwin as Ryan, Harrison Ford took over in the sequel -- Patriot Games , easily the best movie in the entire Jack Ryan franchise, despite being the lowest-grossing -- and then reprised the role in the follow-up Clear and Present Danger.", "Clear and Present Danger (1994) has Jack Ryan appointed as acting CIA Deputy Director of Intelligence, as Vice Admiral James Greer (James Earl Jones) becomes sick with cancer. When a family close to the President is murdered in their sleep by what appears to be drug cartels, Ryan is called in to investigate. Unknown to him, the CIA sends in a secret field operative to lead an illegal paramilitary force against the cartels in Colombia with the help of John Clark (Willem Dafoe). Risking both his life and his career, Ryan exposes the truth behind the entire situation.", "Was the second actor to play Tom Clancy 's CIA man Jack Ryan (in Patriot Games (1992) and Clear and Present Danger (1994)) after the first actor, Alec Baldwin backed out after The Hunt for Red October (1990). Ben Affleck is the third to take the role.", "Bean was not the first actor to be chosen to play Sharpe. As Paul McGann was injured while playing football two days into filming, the producers initially tried to work around his injury, but it proved impossible and Bean replaced him. The series ran continuously from 1993 to 1997, with three episodes produced each year. It was filmed under challenging conditions, first in Ukraine and later in Portugal. After several years of rumours, more episodes were produced: Sharpe's Challenge, which aired in April 2006, and Sharpe's Peril, which aired in autumn 2008 and was later released on DVD. Both of these were released as two cinema-length 90 minute episodes per series. With a role as enigmatic Lord Richard Fenton in the TV miniseries Scarlett, Bean made the transition to Hollywood feature films. His first notable Hollywood appearance was that of an Irish republican terrorist in the 1992 film adaptation of Patriot Games. While filming his death scene, Harrison Ford hit him with a boat hook, giving him a permanent scar. Bean's rough-cut looks made him a patent choice for a villain, and his role in Patriot Games was the first of several villains that he would portray, all of whom die in gruesome ways. ", "Baldwin starred as Ryan alongside Sean Connery's Soviet sub commander in 1990's \"Red October.\" When Baldwin fell out of the franchise, Ford stepped into 1992's \"Patriot Games,\" a movie Clancy tried to disown in a dispute over the script, and 1994's \"Clear and Present Danger.\" Affleck took on the role in 2002's \"Sum of All Fears.\"", "\"The Hunt for Red October,\" \"Patriot Games,\" \"Clear and Present Danger,\" \"The Sum of All Fears\" were all based on Clancy's Jack Ryan thrillers. Alec Baldwin, Harrison Ford, and Ben Affleck each took turns as the author's signature hero. The Advocate once called Clancy \"a filmmaker's fantasy.\"", "Charles appears in Tom Clancy's bestseller Patriot Games (1987) as the target of an assassination attempt. In the later film version however, the character was extensively rewritten with his name and rank changed to Lord Nottingham.", "*Patriot Games, directed by Phillip Noyce, starring Harrison Ford, Anne Archer, Sean Bean, Patrick Bergin, James Earl Jones, Richard Harris", "In Patriot Games, Greer comes to Ryan and asks him to rejoin the CIA permanently as an analyst to help track down the terrorists. He declines initially, only to accept it after a failed ULA attack on the Ryans mildly wounds his pregnant wife, but severely injures his daughter. Later, while Ryan hosts the Prince and Princess of Wales at his home in Maryland, the ULA conducts another attack against him, which Ryan, the Prince, and Navy Commander Robert Jackson foil. Following the incident and arrests of the ULA members and Miller (whom Ryan nearly executes with his Browning Hi Power), Ryan is taken to the Naval Academy hospital, where he arrives just in time for the birth of Jack Ryan, Jr..", "41 This film, especially, is a good example of the importance and advantage of star power. The choice of Harrison Ford as the heroic President facilitates the effort to make the audience believe in his physical and intellectual abilities, as he has been seen in innumerable previous action roles, such as the Star Wars and Indiana Jones trilogies, and other action films such as Blade Runner, The Fugitive, Patriot Games, and Clear and Present Danger . With remarkable consistency, in each of these films, Ford uses a mix of brains and brawn and accepts the call to adventure to fight for honor, country, family, or the like. In Air Force One, there is consequently never a doubt about the authenticity of having President Harrison Ford defeat the terrorists on his own. There are simply not many other actors who could say ‘Get off my plane’ as forcefully and convincingly, without letting it sound overdone or ludicrous.", "In 1967, during the Vietnam War, Army Special Forces Colonel Walter E. Kurtz (Marlon Brando) has gone insane and now commands his own Montagnard troops inside neutral Cambodia as a demi-god. Colonel Lucas (Harrison Ford) and General Corman (G.D. Spradlin), who are growing increasingly concerned with Kurtz's renegade operations, assign U.S. Army Captain and Studies and Observations Group veteran Benjamin L. Willard (Martin Sheen) to terminate the Colonel's command with extreme prejudice.", "The burden of stopping these terrorists ultimately rests on the shoulders of one man: the President himself, who has secretly remained on board the plane. Academy Award-nominee Harrison Ford plays U.S. President James Marshall, a leader whose courage and convictions in standing firm against terrorism are put to the ultimate test when his own family is taken hostage aboard Air Force One. \"This is a story about a President who has made a very decisive political choice based on his own deeply held beliefs,\" says the international star whose distinguished career includes such hits as The Fugitive, Presumed Innocent and the recently re-released box-office phenomenon, the Star Wars trilogy. \"Those beliefs are tested in a dramatic way as the stakes suddenly become very personal. He must gamble with his own freedom to secure the freedom of his family and the other hostages on board a hijacked plane. And such is the power of his office that if he fails, the whole world is held hostage.", "United States President James Marshall (Harrison Ford) makes an impassioned speech to a room full of Russian dignitaries: no longer will the greatest power on earth tolerate human rights violations such as those recently suffered under the fascist tyrant General Radek (Jurgen Prochnow) in Kazakhstan. He praises the joint Russian-American commando raid that resulted in the capture of this brutal dictator as the opening salvo in an all-out war against political tyranny.", "Jackson became a prominent actor in action thrillers such as \"Patriot Games\" with Harrison Ford, \"Iron Man 2\" with Mickey Rourke, and \"Star Wars: Episode II - Attack of the Clones\" and \"Star Wars: Episode III - Revenge of the Sith,\" which were both directed by George Lucas. Jackson has also acted in courtroom drama films such as \"A Time to Kill\" and the costume romance \"The Red Violin.\"", "13. President James Marshall (Harrison Ford) taking matters in his own hands after his plane is hijacked by terrorists in Air Force One (Columbia Tristar, 1997)", "After escaping from a military prison, the rogue Air Force General Lawrence Dell (Burt Lancaster) and accomplices Powell (Paul Winfield), Garvas (Burt Young), and Hoxey (William Smith) infiltrate a Montana ICBM complex that Dell helped design. Their goal is to gain launch control over its nine Titan nuclear missiles. The infiltration does not go as planned, as the impulsive Hoxey guns down an Air Force guard for trying to answer a ringing phone. Dell then shoots and kills Hoxey. The three then make direct contact with the US government (avoiding any media attention) and make their demands: $10 million ransom, and that the President (Charles Durning) go on national television and make public the contents of a top-secret document.", "John Patrick \"Jack\" Ryan, Sr., KCVO, (Hon) is a fictional character by Tom Clancy who appears in many of his novels and their respective film adaptations. The character is born in Baltimore in 1950 and grows up there. He earns an NROTC commission in the Marines at Boston College. Medically retired following a helicopter crash, he works as an investment broker. He meets and marries Caroline \"Cathy\" Mueller, a medical student and later an ophthalmic surgeon, with whom he has four children. He returns to academia eventually accepting a position at the U.S. Naval Academy. Later he is recommended to the CIA, eventually spending a short period there writing a position paper as well as developing a counter-espionage mechanism. He returns to the Academy and while on a history research trip to London, he interrupts an assassination attempt on the Royal Family. After his return to the States, he eventually accepts a position with the CIA. He rises rapidly through the ranks in a variety of covert operations against the USSR, eventually becoming the Deputy Director of Central Intelligence. As DDI, he begins having political battles which eventually lead to him becoming President in two separate terms where the international confrontations are now from the Pacific area.", "Clear and Present Danger - Internet Movie Firearms Database - Guns in Movies, TV and Video Games", "\"Air Force One\" Harrison Ford stars as the fictional American President James Marshall in the 1997 adventure movie. The movie revolves around the President's plane being hijacked while him and his family are on board. President Marshall tries to keep his family safe while maintaining integrity. The action packed movie is entertaining from start to finish.", "Returning to Camp Victory in their Humvee, the team encounters five armed men in traditional Arab garb standing near the men's Ford Excursion, which has a flat tire. After a tense encounter, the men reveal themselves to be private military contractors and British mercenaries. They have captured two prisoners featured on the most-wanted Iraqi playing cards. The entire group suddenly comes under fire, and when the prisoners attempt to escape in the confusion, the leader of the mercenaries (Ralph Fiennes) remembers the bounty for them is \"dead or alive\" and shoots them. Enemy snipers kill three of the mercenaries, including the leader. Sanborn and James borrow a Barrett .50 cal to dispatch three attackers, while Eldridge kills a fourth.", "Turned down the romance-action film Proof of Life (2000) (the Russell Crowe role), the summer-blockbuster The Perfect Storm (2000) (the George Clooney role), and finally, another summer-blockbuster, the war-epic The Patriot (2000) (the Mel Gibson role). Ford has said The Patriot was \"too violent\" for his tastes, especially considering that many children were killed and endangered throughout the film. He told People magazine that he also turned down the film because he felt the story was too simple: \"The Revolutionary War boiled down to one man seeking revenge\".", "In the third Mission: Impossible film, Hoffman had a turn in an action movie franchise when he played the villainous black-market arms dealer Owen Davian. After Cruise's Ethan Hunt captures Owen, Ethan is so desperate to find out what the \"rabbit's foot\" is that he nearly kills the one man who he can actually use for intel. \"Who I'm selling to is the last thing you should be concerned about,\" Hoffman's Owen warns in the action-packed, three-minute scene.", "His career has spanned six decades and includes roles in several Hollywood blockbusters; including the epic war film Apocalypse Now (1979), the legal drama Presumed Innocent (1990), the action film The Fugitive (1993), the political action thriller Air Force One (1997) and the psychological thriller What Lies Beneath (2000). Seven of his films have been inducted into the National Film Registry: American Graffiti (1973), The Conversation (1974), Star Wars (1977), The Empire Strikes Back (1980), Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981) and Blade Runner.", "One Ryan to Rule Them All: Comparing the Actors Who've Played Tom Clancy's Iconic Character | Complex", "Has played characters that are Vietnam veterans on five occasions: Taxi Driver (1976), The Deer Hunter (1978), Jacknife (1989), Meet the Parents trilogy, and Grudge Match (2013)." ]

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[ "However, Indiana doesn't have a problem throwing its weight around for influence in the United States due to its numerous home-grown celebrities and unique institutions such as: The Indianapolis 500, which is billed as The Greatest Spectacle in Racing, is considered one of the three most significant motorsports events in the world; Also the small Southern Indiana town of Santa Claus receives more than a half million letters and requests at Christmas time.", "Santa Claus is a town in Spencer County, Indiana, United States, in the southwestern part of the state. Located in Carter, Clay and Harrison Townships, it sits between Interstate 64 and the Ohio River. The population was 2,481 at the 2010 census.", "These are excerpts from among the million or so letters from all over the world addressed to Santa Claus that in the past 100 years have landed at the post office in a small southwestern Indiana town in Spencer County. The town? Santa Claus. It’s a place that sounds like some Christmas tale. But the town is real, with a history that is long, genuine and a bit peculiar.", "There is also a city named North Pole in Alaska where a tourist attraction known as the \"Santa Claus House\" has been established. The US postal service uses the city's zip code of 99705 as their advertised postal code for Santa Claus. A Wendy's in North Pole, AK has also claimed to have a \"sleigh fly through\".", "The American version of St. Nicholas, or Santa Claus originally came from the Dutch version called Sint Nikolaas or Sinterklaas. The Dutch settlers in New Amsterdam (New York) brought this fun and lively tradition (some even say cult) to America.", "The program is in the tradition of the September 1897 editorial \"Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus\" in the New York Sun. ", "in the town of Santa Claus, Arizona , visitors could once purchase Dasher and Dancer omelettes and Santa burgers?", "In many countries, stamp collectors and others send their letters to post offices with Christmas-sounding names to have their mail postmarked. Examples in the United States: Christmas (Florida) , Bethlehem (Maryland) , Hope, Nazareth (Michigan), Saint Joseph (Missouri) , Snow Shoe (Pennsylvania) . In Canada: Christmas Island (Nova Scotia) . Examples in Europe: Berne Bethlehem (Switzerland), St. Nikolaus (Germany), Christkindl (Austria). [54]", "In 2006, according to the UPU ‘s 2007 study and survey of national postal operations, France’s Postal Service received the most letters for Santa Claus or “ Père Noël ” with 1,220,000 letters received from 126 countries. [56] France’s Postal Service in 2007 specially recruited someone to answer the enormous volume of mail that was coming from Russia for Santa Claus. [54]", "The community of Santa Claus was designed in 1849. The story of how it received the name of Santa Claus has roots both in fact and legend. In January 1856 the town applied for a post office to be installed. They submitted their application under the name of Santa Fe. The application was returned to them with the message, \"Choose some name other than Santa Fe.\" The process of settling upon the name of Santa Claus has been lost to legend. There are many different versions of the story and there were other choices as well that the town did not settle upon. What is known is that in 1856, the name of Santa Claus was accepted by the Post Office Department. ", "The town, which calls itself “America’s Christmas Hometown,” promotes itself with the focused zeal of a well-run shopping mall heading into Black Friday. But this Santa Claus is not fiction. It has a grocery store, a gas station, an Arby’s, a church that dates to 1880 and an unusual history. The whole Christmas theme was not, originally, a marketing tool. It was an accident.", "Santa Claus was founded in 1850 as Santa Fe, or Santa Fee, said Emily Weisner Thompson, director of the Santa Claus Museum and Village. (Thompson has a master's degree in public history from American University and previously worked for the National Park Service at the boyhood home, now a historical site, of a different sort of bearded icon: the Confederate general Robert E. Lee. Thompson got to Santa Claus because her husband, Kendell Thompson, was hired as superintendent of the nearby boyhood home and historical site of yet another bearded icon: General Lee's arch foe, Abraham Lincoln.)", "Santa Claus was founded in 1850 as Santa Fe, or Santa Fee, said Emily Weisner Thompson, director of the Santa Claus Museum and Village. (Thompson has a master’s degree in public history from American University and previously worked for the National Park Service at the boyhood home, now a historical site, of a different sort of bearded icon: the Confederate general Robert E. Lee. Thompson got to Santa Claus because her husband, Kendell Thompson, was hired as superintendent of the nearby boyhood home and historical site of yet another bearded icon: General Lee’s arch foe, Abraham Lincoln.)", "The town, which calls itself \"America's Christmas Hometown,\" promotes itself with the focused zeal of a well-run shopping mall heading into Black Friday. But this Santa Claus is not fiction. It has a grocery store, a gas station, an Arby's, a church that dates to 1880 and an unusual history. The whole Christmas theme was not, originally, a marketing tool. It was an accident.", "According to the Universal Postal Union (UPU)’s 2007 study and survey of national postal operations, the United States Postal Service (USPS) has the oldest Santa letter answering effort by a national postal system. The USPS Santa letter answering effort started in 1912 and since 1940 has been called “ Operation Santa ” to ensure that letters to Santa are adopted by charitable organizations, major corporations, local businesses and individuals in order to make children’s holiday dreams come true from coast to coast. [54] Those seeking a North Pole holiday postmark through the USPS , are told to send their letter from Santa or a holiday greeting card by December 10 to: North Pole Holiday Postmark, Postmaster, 4141 Postmark Dr, Anchorage, AK 99530-9998. [55]", "“Santa Claus” is an American corruption of the Dutch form Sinterklaas, short for Sint Nikolaas, a figure brought to America by the early Dutch colonists. This name, in turn, stems from St. Nicholas, bishop of the city of Myra in southern Asia Minor, a Catholic saint honored by the Greeks and the Latins on Dec. 6.", "Countries whose national postal operators answer letters to Santa and other end-of-year holiday figures, and the number of letters received in 2006: Germany (500,000), Australia (117,000), Austria (6,000), Bulgaria (500), Canada (1,060,000), Spain (232,000), United States (no figure, as statistics are not kept centrally), Finland (750,000), France (1,220,000), Ireland (100,000), New Zealand (110,000), Portugal (255,000), Poland (3,000), Slovakia (85,000), Sweden (150,000), Switzerland (17,863), Ukraine (5,019), United Kingdom (750,000).", "Each Christmas the U.S. Postal Service receives millions of letters addressed to \"Santa Claus\" In the weeks before Christmas millions of children around the globe with either/or write to Santa or visit him �in person� with a list of their dearest desires. They will climb in to his lap and whisper and disclose the yearnings of their hearts. And come Christmas morning they will jump out of bed with gleeful anticipation to see what Santa has brought them.", "Countries whose national postal operators answer letters to Santa and other end-of-year holiday figures, and the number of letters received in 2006: Germany (500,000), Australia (117,000), Austria (6,000), Bulgaria (500), Canada (1,060,000), Spain (232,000), United States (estimate of 1,000,000 as statistics are not kept centrally), Finland (750,000), France (1,220,000), Great Britain (750,000), Ireland (100,000), New Zealand (110,000), Portugal (255,000), Poland (3,000), Slovakia (85,000), Sweden (150,000), Switzerland (17,863), Ukraine (5,019).", "The town soon got its post office, and much later, around 1914, the U.S. Postal Service began forwarding letters from children addressed to “Santa Claus” to the post office in Santa Claus. And the postmaster there, the kindly James Martin, began answering the letters. Yellig stepped in to help him in the 1930s because the trickle of letters became a deluge after the Santa letters were publicized in a nationally syndicated newspaper feature called “Ripley’s Believe it or Not,” a sort of news-of-the-weird of its day.", "Through the years, the Finnish Santa Claus ( Joulupukki or “ Yule Goat “) has received over eight million letters. He receives over 600,000 letters every year from over 150 countries. Children from Great Britain, Poland and Japan are the busiest writers. The Finnish Santa Claus lives in Korvatunturi , however the Santa Claus Main Post Office is situated in Rovaniemi near the Arctic circle . His address is: Santa Claus’ Main Post Office, Santa’s Workshop Village , FIN-96930 Arctic Circle.", "Letters for Santa are also sent to Finland: Santa Claus Park; Arctic Circle; 999 Finland; Europe. Children in Finland believe that Father Christmas lives in Lapland, part of Finland north of the Arctic Circle. There is a theme park called \" Santa Claus Village \" in Korvatunturi, Lapland which tourist agencies promote as being Santa's home.", "Other Christmas Eve Santa Claus rituals in the United States include reading A Visit from St. Nicholas or other tale about Santa Claus, watching a Santa or Christmas-related animated program on television (such as the aforementioned Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town and similar specials, such as Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer, among many others), and the singing of Santa Claus songs such as \"Santa Claus Is Coming to Town\", \"Here Comes Santa Claus\", and \"Up on the House Top\". Last minute rituals for children before going to bed include aligning stockings at the mantelpiece or other place where Santa cannot fail to see them, peeking up the chimney (in homes with a fireplace), glancing out a window and scanning the heavens for Santa's sleigh, and (in homes without a fireplace) unlocking an exterior door so Santa can easily enter the house. Tags on gifts for children are sometimes signed by their parents \"From Santa Claus\" before the gifts are laid beneath the tree.", "Other Christmas Eve Santa Claus rituals in the United States include reading Clement Clark Moore 's A Visit from St. Nicholas or other tale about Santa Claus, watching a Santa or Christmas-related animated program on television (such as the aforementioned Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town and similar specials, such as Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer , among many others), and the singing of Santa Claus songs such as \" Santa Claus is Coming to Town \", \" Here Comes Santa Claus \", and \" Up on the Housetop \". Last minute rituals for children before going to bed include aligning stockings at the mantelpiece or other place where Santa cannot fail to see them, peeking up the chimney (in homes with a fireplace), glancing out a window and scanning the heavens for Santa's sleigh, and (in homes without a fireplace) unlocking an exterior door so Santa can easily enter the house. Tags on gifts for children are sometimes signed by their parents \"From Santa Claus\" before the gifts are laid beneath the tree.", "Many postal services allow children to send letters to Santa Claus and other Winter Holiday wizards. These letters may be answered by postal workers and/or outside volunteers. [10] Writing letters to Santa Claus and other Winter Holiday wizards has the educational benefits of promoting literacy, computer literacy, and e-mail literacy. A letter to Santa or another Winter Holiday wizard is often a child's first experience of correspondence. Written and sent with the help of a parent or teacher, children learn about the structure of a letter, salutations, and the use of an address and postcode . [8]", "According to a tradition which can be traced to the 1820s, Santa Claus lives at the North Pole, with a large number of magical elves, and nine (originally eight) flying reindeers. Since the 20th century, in an idea popularized by the 1934 song \"Santa Claus Is Coming to Town\", Santa Claus has been believed to make a list of children throughout the world, categorizing them according to their behavior (\"naughty\" or \"nice\") and to deliver presents, including toys, and candy to all of the well-behaved children in the world, and sometimes coal to the naughty children, on the single night of Christmas Eve. He accomplishes this feat with the aid of the elves who make the toys in the workshop and the reindeer who pull his sleigh.", "Some national postal operators make it possible to send in e-mail messages which are answered by physical mail or e-mail. All the same, Santa and other Winter Holiday wizards still receive far more letters than e-mail through the national postal operators, proving that children still write letters. National postal operators offering the ability to use an on-line web form (with or without a return e-mail address) to Santa and other Winter Holiday wizards in order to obtain a reply include:", "There’s also a wealth of information about the real Santa Claus at the Saint Nicholas Center online.", "\"Santa Claus Is Coming to Town\" (sometimes with Coming changed to Comin') is a Christmas song. It was written by J. Fred Coots and Haven Gillespie, and was first sung on Eddie Cantor's radio show in November 1934. It became an instant hit with orders for 100,000 copies of sheet music the next day and over 400,000 copies sold by Christmas.", "Jack Skellington is from this town before he accidentally stumbles upon Christmas town in The Nightmare Before Christmas", "The low crime rates include just a single reported homicide in 2012. It is home to the Santaland parade, hosted in the downtown area for the past 53 years. Established in 1961, it draws thousands of spectators and participants from around the state each year, uniting the community and ringing in the holiday season.", "Whoville - the town of the Who's, from the movie How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (film)" ]

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[ "No, it is not possible to cry in space. If you had your space suit on and everything, then yeah you could cry", "Is it impossible to cry in space? While your eyes can water, the lack of gravity in space means that it will never form into tears. Can astronauts cry in space?", "True or False in space it is impossible to cry? the answer is YES - YouTube", "The helmet has to be comfortable to wear, and help in controlling the humidity inside the helmet (so it doesn't fog up). Another important part is the radio communication unit , since the lack of air in space prevents the sound of your voice from reaching anybody. The old tagline to the first ALIEN movie was \"In Space No One Can Hear You Scream\". Well, no one can hear Floyd asking somebody to pass him a socket wrench either. NASA suits use \" Snoopy caps\" to hold the communciation earphones and microphones (in NASA-speak this is called the Communications Carrier Assembly (CCA)).", "The Space Ritual show attempted to create a full audio-visual experience, representing themes developed by Barney Bubbles and Robert Calvert entwining the fantasy of Starfarers in suspended animation traveling through time and space with the concept of the music of the spheres.[4] The performance featured dancers Stacia, Miss Renee, Jonathan Carney (later of the V8 Intercepters) and Tony Carrera, stage set by Bubbles,[5] lightshow by Liquid Len and poetry recitations by Calvert. On entering the venue, audience members were given a programme[6] (reproduced on the 1996 remaster CD) featuring a short sci-fi story by Bubbles setting the band in a Starfarers scenario returning to Earth.", "The zero-gravity scenes in the movie are extremely convincing, because they're real. Director Ron Howard persuaded NASA to let him film on its reduced-gravity aircraft, known as the Vomit Comet . Appropriately enough, up in space, Haise pukes. Don't puke in space. It floats off everywhere in horrible little chunks. Then we are treated to Lovell's urination ritual. \"It's too bad we can't demonstrate this on TV,\" he says, bunging the stuff out of the disposal tube to make a golden shower in space. It's all fun, games, billions of taxpayer dollars and swirling bodily fluids until Swigert performs a routine stir of the oxygen tanks. There's a loud bang, and Lovell gets to utter the famous words: \"Houston, we have a problem.\" Though, in real life, he said \"Houston, we've had a problem .\" Oh well, close enough. Does anybody get their lines right in space?", "When the astronaut in the rescue capsule goes into the stranded rocket, he looks up and screams, but you don't hear him scream. You see him scream. And it's terrifying.", "In 2010, the BBC analyzed the stigma over men crying during Titanic and films in general. \"Middle-aged men are not 'supposed' to cry during movies,\" stated Finlo Rohrer of the website, citing the ending of Titanic as having generated such tears, adding that \"men, if they have felt weepy during [this film], have often tried to be surreptitious about it.\" Professor Mary Beth Oliver, of Penn State University, stated, \"For many men, there is a great deal of pressure to avoid expression of 'female' emotions like sadness and fear. From a very young age, males are taught that it is inappropriate to cry, and these lessons are often accompanied by a great deal of ridicule when the lessons aren't followed.\" Rohrer said, \"Indeed, some men who might sneer at the idea of crying during Titanic will readily admit to becoming choked up during Saving Private Ryan or Platoon.\" For men in general, \"the idea of sacrifice for a 'brother' is a more suitable source of emotion\".", "attention more on emotions than on physiological processes that can appear to be their by-products: “Scientists are not interested in the butterflies in our stomach, but in love,” writes Ad Vingerhoets, a professor at Tilburg University in the Netherlands and the world’s foremost expert on crying, in his 2013 book, Why Only Humans Weep. But crying is more than a symptom of sadness, as Vingerhoets and others are showing. It’s triggered by a range of feelings—from empathy and surprise to anger and grief—and unlike those butterflies that flap around invisibly when we’re in love, tears are a signal that others can see. That insight is central to the newest thinking about the science of crying.", "In the promotional film from 1969, David Bowie plays as Major Tom, Ground Control (GC), and the Countdown Announcer. When the lyrics \"And the stars look very different today\" are said, two lovely women appear, portraying either angels or aliens, or perhaps both. The moment \"Though I'm past one hundred thousand miles, I'm feeling very still\" are said, the two women can be seen removing Major Tom's helmet and spacesuit. Later a still fully outfitted Major Tom can be seen spinning around in space, with a panicked Ground Control attempting to contact him; the spinning Major Tom is either the reality of the situation, or Ground Control's imagination. The music video ends with Major Tom sitting in his tin can, far above the Moon, with the two women by his side in a ménage à trois style. ", "In space, pilots would require pressurized chambers or space suits to supply fresh air. While there, they would experience weightlessness, which could potentially cause disorientation. Further potential risks included radiation and micrometeoroid strikes, both of which would normally be absorbed in the atmosphere. All seemed possible to overcome: experience from satellites suggested micrometeoroid risk was negligible, and experiments in the early 1950s with simulated weightlessness, high g-forces on humans, and sending animals to the limit of space, all suggested potential problems could be overcome by known technologies. Finally, reentry was studied using the nuclear warheads of ballistic missiles, which demonstrated a blunt, forward-facing heat shield could solve the problem of heating.", "> is not a 100% vacuum in space. So that there is muck or grime or dirt", "Kubrick’s inventiveness extends to other aspects of the film, such as sound design. 2001: A SPACE ODYSSEY was groundbreaking in its realistic depiction of the sonic aspects of space travel. Most science fiction films tend to value entertainment over realism, and thus blatantly disregard the well-known fact that space is a vacuum, and sound needs air in order to travel and be heard. Recent films like Alfonso Cuaron’s GRAVITY (2013) have re-introduced us to the idea of the silent cosmos, but Kubrick’s realistic treatment of the phenomena in 2001: A SPACE ODYSSEY blazed the trail in using the lack of sound as an asset. Long stretches of the film are just simply the sounds of the astronauts’ breath inside their own helmets, and they are just as tense and exciting, if not more so, than they would be if accompanied by a richer soundtrack.", "“2001: A Space Odyssey'' is in many respects a silent film. There are few conversations that could not be handled with title cards. Much of the dialogue exists only to show people talking to one another, without much regard to content (this is true of the conference on the space station). Ironically, the dialogue containing the most feeling comes from HAL, as it pleads for its “life'' and sings “Daisy.''", "We are asked in the scene to contemplate the process, to stand in space and watch. We know the music. It proceeds as it must. And so, through a peculiar logic, the space hardware moves slowly because it's keeping the tempo of the waltz. At the same time, there is an exaltation in the music that helps us feel the majesty of the process.", "During long missions, astronauts are isolated and confined into small spaces. Depression, cabin fever and other psychological problems may impact the crew's safety and mission success.", "But the women who watched and waited as their men blasted into space, sometimes never to return, were forced to maintain a flawless facade despite their loneliness and fears.", "Melody of Oblivion thrives on this trope, to the point where you start wondering how much is really happening and how much is just symbolic . Are they singing karaoke, or are they all getting killed on flying motorcycles in space? You tell me.", ", killing all seven crew members on board. The 16-day mission was dedicated to research in physical, life, and space sciences, conducted in approximately 80 separate experiments, comprised of hundreds of samples and test points. The seven astronauts worked 24 hours a day, in two alternating shifts. Killed were: Commander Rick D. Husband (second flight), Pilot William C. McCool (first flight), Payload Specialist Michael P. Anderson (second flight), Mission Specialist Kalpana Chawla (second flight), Mission Specialist David M. Brown (first flight), Mission Specialist Laurel B. Clark (first flight), Payload Specialist Ilan Ramon,", "The two astronauts were very conscious of the coal black void all around. Irwin said, It was scary and eerie out in that black abyss of space. They couldnt see the stars because of the sunlight reflecting off the CSM, but behind loomed a huge yellow Moon.", "“You’re out there in the deepness of space with nothing there but your spacesuit on, and you’re doing this job that has to be done. And we’re riding around in space out there, and this is in a capsule – it’s a solidly built vehicle and you get the zero g effect on the thing but you don’t get the feeling of really getting out and walking in space. Once I became accustomed to what it was like in the EVA environment, then you relax and you take it easy. I think I really enjoyed it.”", "In the movie Blade Runner, the dying replicant Roy Batty introspectively delivers his \"Tears in Rain\" soliloquy: \"I've seen things you people wouldn't believe. Attack ships on fire off the shoulder of Orion. I watched c-beams glitter in the dark near the Tannhäuser Gate. All those moments will be lost in time, like tears in rain. Time to die.\"", "Plot: The crew of a spaceship sent to rescue a crash survivor must face one horror after another on a desolate planet.", "Unlike most other science fiction shows, which add sound to space scenes for dramatic effect, Firefly portrays space as silent, because a vacuum cannot transmit sound.", "Fact: Aside from the mind-boggling awesomeness of the actual mission, the genuine \"unearthliness\" of outer space produced scenes and sequences which just didn't \"look right\" to many viewers.", "Ground controllers must have nail-biting nightmares about such missions. Almost anything on Deep Space 1 might go wrong. And when it did the spacecraft itself would be in charge!", "You see, noise is not the same as diligent work, and frenzy is not integrity. The great engines do their work in silence. The galaxies of stars rushing through space are hardly audible. The same i true with regard to the work which is done in the world. The spiritual contribution of the dedicated and the true \"doves\" of humanity is achieved with little fanfare and noise.", "Vangelis did not disappoint. The music was, indeed, rubbish. Dispensing with his usual bank of electronic sonics, Vangelis opted for a new instrument he'd never tried before: women . The results were a warbling disaster, and the NASA mission capsule eventually decided to end it all by crashing into the surface of the planet.", "Key moment: The breathy, pained gasp of \"Oh\" before the chorus line \"No no no I'm a rocket man.\"", "Captain Ramius : It reminds me of the heady days of Sputnik and Yuri Gagarin when the world trembled at the sound of our rockets. Now they will tremble again - at the sound of our silence. The order is: engage the silent drive.", "SPACE.com: So NASA made it pretty hard for you? They tried to keep this from happening?", "If tears are so important for human bonding, are people who never cry perhaps less socially connected?" ]

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[ "2. \"Copyrightable\" is the longest word in the English language that can be written without repeating a letter?", "# The only 15 letter word that can be spelled without repeating a letter is “uncopyrightable”.", "Dermatoglyphics, misconjugatedly, and uncopyrightable, each fifteen letters long, are the longest English words in which no letter appears more than once. Fourteen letter words with this property are ambidextrously, benzhydroxamic, hydromagnetics, hydropneumatic, pseudomythical, schizotrypanum, sulphogermanic, troublemakings, undiscoverably, and vesiculography.", "Did you know the word 'uncopyrightable' is the is the only 15 letter word that can be spelled without repeating any letter", "90.The longest word in the English language, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. The only other word with the same amount of letters is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconioses, its plural.", "Twyndyllyngs, twelve letters long, is the longest word in the English language without any of the five main vowels. An eleven letter word with this property is the singular form, twyndyllyng. An eight letter word with this property is symphysy. Seven letter words with this property include gypsyfy, gypsyry, nymphly, and rhythms.", "COUSCOUS, eight letters long, is the longest word in the English language such that one cannot tell visually if it's been written in all upper case or all lower case letters. Four letter words with this property are COCO, COOS, COWS, CUSS, SCOW, VOWS, WOOS, WUSS, and ZOOS.", "The longest word in the English language, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. The only ", "1. “Rhythms” is the longest English word without the normal vowels, a, e, i, o, or u. ", "The longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles, specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim. ", "\"Rhythms\" is the longest English word without the normal vowels, a, e, i, o, or u.", "Thursday, January 9, 2014 - Is \"antidisestablishmentarianism\" the longest English word?  It isn't.  Nor is it \"floccinaucinihilipilificationism.\"  No, the longest word in the English language is \"pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconoiosis,\" which describes a lung disease caused by breathing in particles of volcanic matter or a similar fine dust.  An even longer word, nearly 100 letters long, was used by James Joyce in his masterpiece Finnegans Wake (1939).  He created it to describe a thunderclap at the beginning of the story:  \"bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuvarrhounawnskawntoohoohoodenenthurnuk.\"  For the record, the longest word Shakespeare ever used was \"honorificabilitudinitatibus.\"  It's in Love's Labour's Lost (1594).", "FICKLEHEADED and FIDDLEDEEDEE are the longest English words consisting only of letters in the first half of the alphabet, each being 12 letters long. The 13-letter CABBAGEHEADED and ILLEFFACEABLE are not in dictionaries. Unfortunately, neither is HIGGLEHAGGLED nor GIBBLEGABBLED, also 13 letters each.", "Shakalshas, ten letters long, is the longest English word that can be typed using only those letters in the middle row of a typewriter. Nine letter words with this property include flagfalls, hadassahs, and haggadahs. Eight letter words with this property include alfalfas, galagala, galahads, and haskalah.", "CHECKBOOK, nine letters long, is the longest word in the English language composed entirely of letters with horizontal symmetry in upper case. Eight letter words with this property include BEDECKED, BOOHOOED, CODEBOOK, COOKBOOK, DOBCHICK, EXCEEDED, HOODOOED, and KEBOBBED.", "At 52 letters, this is the longest English word ever created that appears outside literature. Many scholars in the 17th Century (Dr. Strother's time) spoke Latin fluently. Therefore, much of the word stems from the dead romance language. Let's break it down.", "The longest English word that does not contain the letter 'e' is floccinaucinihilipilification at 29 letters.", "Scraunched and the archaic word strengthed, each ten letters long, are the longest English words that are only one syllable long. Nine letter monosyllabic words are scratched, screeched, scrounged, squelched, straights, and strengths.", "6. “Almost” is the longest commonly used word in the English language with all the letters in alphabetical order.", "6. “Almost” is the longest commonly used word in the English language with all the letters in alphabetical order. ", "I loved this article, so witty and entertaining. Although if I may just make one correction, that has nothing to do with Germany or your article really, antidisestablishmentarianism hasn’t been the longest word in the english language since 1935. Your article can’t be THAT old. The longest word in the english language that was coined in 1935 is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, but I get your point.", "Typewriter is the longest word that can be made using the letters only on one row of the keyboard.", "* The longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts, and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses. Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion and phyllophyllin.", "\"Euouae,\" a medieval music term, is the longest word in English that contains only vowels. It’s also the word with the most consecutive vowels.", "English (like Latin and certain other European languages) can form a plural of certain one-letter abbreviations by doubling the letter: p. (\"page\"), pp. (\"pages\"). Other examples include ll. (\"lines\"), ff. (\"following lines/pages\"), hh. (\"hands\", as a measure), PP. (\"Popes\"), ss. (or §§) (\"sections\"), vv. (\"volumes\"). Some multi-letter abbreviations can be treated the same way, by doubling the final letter: MS (\"manuscript\"), MSS (\"manuscripts\"); op. (\"opus\"), opp. (\"opera\" as plural of opus).", "Suoidea, seven letters long, is the shortest word in the English language that contains all five main vowels in reverse alphabetical order. Other words with this property are scarce; they include the ten letter words duoliteral and unoriental, the fourteen letter word subcontinental, and the fifteen letter words neuroepithelial and uncomplimentary.", "Did you know the word typewriter is the longest word that can be typed using only the top row of a keyboard", "Caesious, eight letters long, is the shortest word in the English language that contains all five main vowels in alphabetical order. Nine letter words with this property are acheilous, acheirous, aerobious, arsenious, arterious, autecious, facetious, and parecious.", "What's the only word in the English language having four consecutive double letters? Subbookkeeper. (bookkeeper, bookkeeping and tattooee are the only words having three consecutive double letters.)", "Palindrome: a word, phrase, number, or other sequence of symbols or elements, whose meaning may be interpreted the same way in either forward or reverse direction. Famous examples include “ Amore, Roma “, “ A man, a plan, a canal: Panama ” and “ No ‘x’ in ‘Nixon’ “. Composing literature in palindromes is an example of constrained writing. The word “palindrome” was coined from the Greek roots palin (“again”) and dromos (“way, direction”) by the English writer Ben Jonson in the 17th century.", "The letter is named . It has two forms, depending on its position in the word:", "* A sentence which uses every letter of the alphabet (a pangram), \"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog\" can be used to check typewriters quickly." ]

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[ "The agency wants the world to believe that 5771 photographs were taken in 4834 minutes! IF NOTHING BUT PHOTOGRAPHY HAD BEEN DONE, such a feat is clearly impossible...made even more so by all the documented activities of the astronauts. Imagine...1.19 photos every minute that men were on the Moon �- that's one picture every 50 SECONDS!", "Modern, high-end consumer cameras are capable of capturing 60 frames per second (fps), and the fastest camera in the world can take over a trillion frames per second. However, the field of high-speed photography was still in its infancy in the early 1930’s. Professor \"Doc\" Edgerton was one of the early pioneers of strobe photography. During his long and distinguished career as a professor at M.I.T., Dr. Edgerton produced dozens of wonderful photographs with a tremendous degree of artistic merit. This is all the more impressive when you consider that creating works of art wasn’t his goal per se; Dr. Edgerton’s goal was good science. One of Edgerton’s most famous series of photographs depicts bullets passing through everyday objects. Apples, bananas, balloons, light bulbs, and playing cards were all shot (pun intended) in Edgerton’s lab. In our slightly biased opinion, one of his best photographs is called Cutting the Card Quickly (1964). The picture shows a bullet tearing through a King of diamonds. The card in the photograph was a Racer Back No. 2, one of the Bicycle brand playing card designs popular in the 1960s. Photograph by Harold E. Edgerton. Courtesy of MIT Museum copyright 2010 MIT.", "Digital photography dominates the 21st century. More than 99% of photographs taken around the world are through digital cameras, increasingly through smartphones.", "The instant camera is a type of camera with self-developing film. In 1947, Edwin H. Land invented a new camera that produced photographic images in 60 seconds. A colored photograph model would follow in the 1960s and eventually receive more than 500 patents for Land's innovations in light and plastic technologies.[219]", "An instant film invented by physicist and engineer Edwin Herbert Land (1909-1991), founder of the Polaroid Corporation, that allows a developing positive print to be removed from a specially-designed camera within a few seconds of snapping the shot. The first instant camera was sold to the public in November 1948, but the technology did not become commercially successful until the development of the automatic Land camera in 1965. In 1976, Polaroid filed suit against Kodak for infringing patent s related to instant photograph y, winning its case in 1985. Professional photographers often use Polaroids to frame pictures before starting to shoot with 35mm film. Click here to see a selection of Polaroid images by Andy Warhol ( Getty Museum ). Click here and here to learn more about how instant film and instant cameras work, courtesy of HowStuffWorks . See also: snapshot .", "Sontag writes that the convenience of modern photography has created an overabundance of visual material, and \"just about everything has been photographed\". This has altered our expectations of what we have the right to view, want to view or should view. \"In teaching us a new visual code, photographs alter and enlarge our notion of what is worth looking at and what we have the right to observe\" and has changed our \"viewing ethics\". Photographs have increased our access to knowledge and experiences of history and faraway places, but the images may replace direct experience and limit reality. She also states that photography desensitizes its audience to horrific human experiences, and children are exposed to experiences before they are ready for them.", "From its roots in the early 19th century, photography has grown into a major branch of contemporary art , and now ranks alongside printmaking - as well as painting and sculpture - as an important type of fine art . Not surprisingly art collectors have not been slow to respond: the record auction price for a single photograph now stands at $4,338,500 - the price paid at Christie's New York, in November 2011, for Rhein II, 1999, by German lens-based artist Andreas Gursky. Among the great exponents of photography are such camera artists as Alfred Stieglitz (1864-1946), Edward Steichen (1879-1973), Man Ray (1890-1976), Ansel Adams (1902-84) and Cartier-Bresson (19082004) to name but a tiny few.", "ANSWER AA: Photography has escalated almost exponentially! It is a language which covers almost every aspect of communication; factual and expressive.", "as it traces the development of the medium from the nineteenth century to the present day. Organized chronologically by the date that each image was made, and featuring a reproduction of each photograph, the book provides some fascinating and unexpected juxtapositions. Engaging text uncovers the creative process behind each image, revealing its visual, aesthetic, and historic significance. Packed with information that will entertain, inform, educate, and surprise, 1001 Photographs You Must See Before You Die is an essential reference for lovers of photography.", "A camera may work with the light of the visible spectrum or with other portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. A still camera is an optical device which creates a single image of an object or scene, and records it on an electronic sensor or photographic film. All cameras use the same basic design: light enters an enclosed box through a converging lens/convex lens and an image is recorded on a light-sensitive medium(mainly a transition metal-hallide). A shutter mechanism controls the length of time that light can enter the camera. Most photographic cameras have functions that allow a person to view the scene to be recorded, allow for a desired part of the scene to be in focus, and to control the exposure so that it is not too bright or too dim. A display, often a liquid crystal display (LCD), permits the user to view scene to be recorded and settings such as ISO speed, exposure, and shutter speed. ", "Since the 1960s, motor drives, electronic flash, auto-focus, better lenses and other camera enhancements have made picture-taking easier. New digital cameras free photojournalists from the limitation of film roll length. Although the number depends on the amount of megapixels the camera contains, whether one's shooting mode is JPEG or RAW, and what size of memory card one is using, it is possible to store thousands of images on a single memory card. ", "In 1977, Sontag published the series of essays On Photography. These essays are an exploration of photographs as a collection of the world, mainly by travelers or tourists, and the way we experience it. In the essays, she outlined her theory of taking pictures as you travel:", "Satellite imagery can serve as a time machine, revealing dramatic change in just a few seconds — but can you imagine documenting almost three decades' worth of all that change, across most of our planet's land mass? A team of imaging experts, computer scientists and journalists did. Now they've unveiled the result: a global database of zoomable, animated satellite views known as Timelapse .", "A truly comprehensive survey of the history and global development of photography. Appeals to photographers, students, gallery goers, connoisseurs, and amateur enthusiasts.", "Megapixel (MP) A term describing the size or resolution of an image on a digital camera or camera phone. One megapixel equals 1 million pixels. For example, a 5-megapixel camera can produce images with 5 million pixels.", "Though revolutionary in many ways, digital photography is essentially electronically implemented film photography. By contrast, computational photography exploits plentiful low-cost computing and memory, new kinds of digitally enabled sensors, optics, probes, smart lighting, and communication to capture information far beyond just a simple set of pixels. It promises a richer, even a multilayered, visual experience that may include depth, fused photo-video representations, or multispectral imagery. Professor Raskar will discuss and demonstrate advances he is working on in the areas of generalized optics, sensors, illumination methods, processing, and display, and describe how computational photography will enable us to create images that break from traditional constraints to retain more fully our fondest and most important memories, to keep personalized records of our lives, and to extend both the archival and the artistic possibilities of photography.", "Photographic documentation as evidence was shaking the entire world at this time, bringing far distant events into the lives and living rooms of ordinary people. Photojournalists were releasing numerous shocking pictures of the Vietnam War, later to become known as the first ‘media war’. Frontline photography of American soldiers was counter-claiming the government propaganda that the boys were in good shape, in control and alive and well. The public grew weary and disillusioned. With pictures streaming daily through the Associated Press, the voice of protest grew louder and stronger, debate became more transparent and the war was finally brought to an end. Following the Vega incident, Greenpeace made a pledge to photograph everything it did. It quickly learned how to harness the power and strength of emotive images. The Greenpeace ‘message’ became so successful it fed straight into Marshall McLuhan’s theories expounding on communication in the 60s and 70s. Rather than relying on written communication alone, Greenpeace was making its mark with powerful images in the medium of 35mm photography. Greenpeace brought the world shocking scenes of baby seals clubbed by hunters and the inspirational images of activists standing up to whaling ships. Its instinctive understanding of the new visual currency turned Greenpeace into an international force to be reckoned with. It is here we see the departure of photojournalism into a new genre: photoactivism. Images designed to inspire and motivate the viewer into action; an urgent wake-up call to save the world from big business and corporate self-interest.", "Street photography is also known as \"Straight Photography,\" implying it is the pure vision of something that was, like holding up a mirror to society. It is a genre that was exceptionally present in the modern era and almost exclusively done in black and white photography. Street photography often concentrates on a single human moment, caught at a \"decisive moment\" or poignant moment. A stolen kiss on a street corner; a man jumping a puddle; a woman lost in her thoughts in a diner; a shopping trolley glowing in the last rays of sun: these are the bread and butter subjects of street photography.", "geo-photographic recording of large areas with a panoramic camera (that would take years if by ship or by land)", "ANSWER AA: Well, I think photography is being recognized and collected. Its’ values have certainly gone up and continue to go up.", "I've not be able to get out much recently…opportunities for landscape photography these days are few and far between. I was down in London the other day for a conference in the City and enjoyed taking a few 'snaps' using my Fujix100s. The camera is a dream for street photography (at a pretty low price point too), and also does a decent job too on architectural shots. I've had a fascination with the Gherkin ever since i watched it getting built sitting a couple of hundred yards away in the old Stock Exchange Tower in my first job back in the early 2000s. The current organisation that i work for has an office in the building fairly high up and it's a stunning view from there. It was a nice morning with the sun just catching the Gherkin through the clouds. I kept the post-processing on this one to around 20 mins…i seem to have lost patience for the intricate selections and other techniques of some of the popular B&W post-processing educators out there…this is a manual curves and levels dodge and burn job.", "Google's Street View Cars capture the real-life images knitted into the on-the-ground photos integrated into Google Maps. Photograph: Toussaint Kluiters/EPA", "This paper locates my own and others’ empirical research around digital photography practices within contemporary psychological theories of episodic memory. The application of these theories provides a lens through which to discuss potential implications of the temporal compression of digital photography practices for the construction of individual and social memory and identity. The aim is to give us a new way of understanding what is captured by the camera and what happens after the shutter closes.", "If you want to take truly memorable and moving photographs, you can learn something by studying the pictures of famous photographers. Some of the most beloved artists are deceased, but some are still delighting us with their photographs. The list below includes some of the more famous photographers that still impact our lives today.", "The development of photography in the early 1900′s made possible the recording of events and information in ways unknown before the twentieth century: the photographing of star clusters, the recording of the emission spectra of heated elements, the storing of data in the form of small recorded images (for example, microfilm), and the photographing of microscopic specimens, among other things. Because of its vast importance to the scientist, the science of photography has developed steadily.", "With the beginning of the digital age and the increase in use of the internet new photographic avenues were opening up. Greenpeace championed environmental issues and its photography became diverse. The technology allowed teams to tackle rapid response situations such as oil spills, getting to the sites of a disaster and reporting it to media with Greenpeace panache. For events like the anniversaries of the Bhopal and Chernobyl disasters, very well-known photographers (Raghu Rai and Robert Knoth, respectively) were commissioned for in-depth investigative reportage, gathering powerful portraits of people with testimonies to impart. Actions became more ambitious and grand, with two or three photographers sometimes commissioned for one event – providing coverage from the air, under water, at ground level, or from the top of an industry chimney with an activist’s viewpoint. Offices experimented with street theatre, lampooning organisations or setting up symbolic gestures. Pictures of beauty and new technologies were made for the photo database to supply the campaigns with more and more sophisticated reports to show the world what we are trying to save and what we are striving for. In short, the core pool of great photographers grew larger, global and multi-skilled and the photography became shaped, directed, creative and commercial; every genre in the book was employed in order to win the campaigns.", "USC professor Eric Hanson creates digital images that are 1,000 times more detailed than what a conventional camera captures.", "William Klein has lived many lives. One of the world’s most influential photographers, he pioneered the art of street photography and created some of the most iconic fashion images of the 20th century.", "This is a journey of unforgetable beauty and you will need plenty of memory on your cameras to film all you see around here.", "At this point the system is better informed about the cell phone image. Not only is its location known; so is its likely type (thing-centric) and some of its most-probably-relevant metadata. This metadata can be used in obtaining a second set of reference images from Flickr.", "The scenery all along this trek is breath taking. If photography is your specialty you will not lack for beautiful and interesting things to snap.", "b. A distance setting, as on a camera, beyond which the entire field is in focus." ]

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[ "Schindler's List . [The film - although mostly black and white - contained a few segments in color, thereby disqualifying it from being the most recent completely black and white film to win the Best Picture Oscar. That honor still applied to The Apartment (1960) .]", "The Artist becomes just the seventh predominately or entirely black-and-white film since 1970 to score a best picture nomination, following in the footsteps of The Last Picture Show (1971), Lenny (1974), The Elephant Man (1980), Raging Bull (1980), Schindler's List (1993, won), and Good Night and Good Luck (2005).", "Schindler's List (1993) was the first black-and-white film (although it had a few short segments in color) to win the top award since the all B&W The Apartment (1960) . The Artist (2011) was the last entirely B/W film to win Best Picture.", "The unanimously-praised film with a modest budget of $23 million deservedly won seven Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Director (the first for Spielberg), Best Cinematography (Janusz Kaminski), Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Original Score (John Williams), Best Editing (Michael Kahn), and Best Art Direction. It also won nominations for two of its male leads: Best Actor (Liam Neeson) and Best Supporting Actor (Ralph Fiennes), Best Costume Design, Best Sound, and Best Makeup. Other organizations including the British Academy Awards, the New York Film Critics Circle, and the Golden Globes, likewise honored the film. It was the first black/white film since The Apartment (1960) to win the Best Picture Academy Award, and the most commercially-successful B/W film in cinematic history.", "In this year, the Academy did away with the Black and White / Color distinctions.  As it turns out, all five Oscar nominees were in Color.  Three of my five are in Black and White.  The Academy passed over these great films for Funny Face, An Affair to Remember, Sayonara and Peyton Place.  The first time it’s a combine category and it earns a 25 from me.", "'12 Years a Slave' (2013) – Benedict Cumberbatch, left, and Chiwetel Ejiofor appear in \"12 Years a Slave,\" which won the Oscar in 2013. The story of Solomon Northup (Ejiofor), a free African-American man who was kidnapped and sold into slavery, won three awards: best picture, best supporting actress (Lupita Nyong'o) and best adapted screenplay (John Ridley).", "As of 2015, he has appeared in five films that were nominated for the Best Picture Oscar: Apocalypse Now (1979), Gandhi (1982), JFK (1991) The Departed (2006) and Selma (2014). Of those, Gandhi (1982) and The Departed (2006) are winners in the category.", "The other Oscars it won: Wyler (Best Director); Wimperis, Froeschel, Hilton, and West (Best Screenplay); Greer Garson (Best Actress); Teresa Wright (Best Supporting Actress); Joseph Ruttenberg (Best Cinematography – Black and White)", "Unexpectedly, there were no foreign-language, traditional comedies, musicals or documentary choices in the expanded Best Picture category. This year featured one of the most even distributions of top nominees, with five films receiving at least six nominations, and no film receiving more than nine. Six of the top 10 contenders were released in the fourth quarter of the year -- only Up, The Hurt Locker, District 9, and Inglourious Basterds were released earlier. In addition to Avatar, four Best Picture-nominated films had grossed over $100 million domestically. [Last year, only one of the five Best Picture nominees had done so, The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (2008).]", "Selma may follow the underappreciated path of The Color Purple, the 1985 classic nominated for a record eleven Oscars, winner of none. Its narrative, built around black women, and missing a white savior, didn't capture voters. You know what beat it for Best Picture? Out of Africa, about a white plantation owner and her affair with a big-game hunter in which Kenya serves as a backdrop for white romance. I’m not kidding. A transformative, rich female narrative about jazz, blues, and Americana in rural Georgia was bested by a Tarzan-esque story about taming Africa.", "Two Best Picture nominees had eight nominations apiece (both were American productions), and two had seven nominations apiece. The two nominees with the most nominations picked up multiple awards. Of the five bleak-themed nominees, there was only one feel-good comedy (an independent film which had the largest box-office of the films at the time of the nominations' announcement and after the awards were presented, and became Fox Searchlight's top-grossing movie of all time). The winning Best Picture marked the fourth consecutive year in which a film set in modern times won the top prize - a first for the Oscars!", "The Best Picture film winner marked a major upset. It was up against stiff competition from two black and white melodramas (which had a total of nineteen nominations between them, 12 and 7 respectively):", "12 Years a Slave fully deserves its Academy Awards for Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay of 2013. It's based on the 1853 memoir by Solomon Northup, a free black Northerner who was kidnapped and sold into slavery in 1841. British actor Chiwetel Ejiofor stars as Northup, and Kenyan-Mexican actress Lupita Nyong'o won an Oscar for her supporting role as a young slave frequently used and abused by her master. British director Steve McQueen and writer John Ridley pull no punches in bringing this harrowing drama to the screen. When its authenticity is hard to watch, the camera does not waver, giving these skilled actors time to wear their roles like skin. Northup's ordeal is a rare first-person account of slavery authored by an educated black man who was born a free American before falling into America's holocaust.", "Since then, 2 black actors have won the Best Actor Oscar – Jamie Foxx for his performance in \"Ray\" in 2005, and Forest Whitaker for his role as Idi Amin in \"The Last King of Scotland\" in 2007.", "Harrowing drama 12 Years a Slave took out the coveted best picture Academy Award, beating fellow favourite Gravity, which swept seven awards including best director.", "Since then, 2 black actors have won the Best Actor Oscar – Jamie Foxx for his performance in Ray in 2005, and Forest Whitaker for his role as Idi Amin in The Last King Of Scotland in 2007. ", "HOLLYWOOD, March 24— ''Out of Africa,'' a stately epic about the Danish novelist Isak Dinesen's years on a coffee plantation in Kenya, swept its way to seven Oscars tonight at the 58th annual Academy Awards ceremonies - including best picture, director, and adapted screenplay. Sydney Pollack was the surprise winner as director of the movie. He won a second award as its producer.", "“The Hurt Locker” won for best picture and Kathryn Bigelow won for best director. Credit Monica Almeida/The New York Times", "From left, Sharlto Copley, Mandla Gaduka and Kenneth Nkosi are shown in a scene from, \"District 9.\" The film was nominated for an Oscar for best picture.", "“It has been a long journey to this moment,” Sidney Poitier said on the night of April 14, 1964 when clasping the Oscar he had just won as best actor for Lilies of the Field, the first time that an African-American had been honored for a starring role. Thirty-eight years later, he returned to the podium to accept an honorary Oscar in recognition “of his Remarkable Accomplishments as an Artist and as a Human Being.” The color line would be crossed more dramatically than ever that year when Denzel Washington became the first African-American since Poitier to be named best actor, and Halle Barry made history as the first black female to win in the leading actress category. In his speech, Poitier explained how he “arrived in Hollywood at the age of twenty-two in a time different than today’s, a time in which the odds against my standing here tonight fifty-three years later would not have fallen in my favor. Back then, no route had been established for where I was hoping to go, no pathway left in evidence for me to trace, no custom for me to follow.”", "On the heels of Berry’s historic win, Denzel Washington became only the second African-American man to win in the Best Actor category, accepting the statuette for his role as a corrupt Los Angeles police officer in Training Day. It was the first time that African-American performers had taken home both of the year’s top acting awards. Sidney Poitier, the first black Best Actor winner (for 1964’s Lilies of the Field ) received an honorary Oscar that night as well.", "\"Out of Africa\" took home the statues for Best Picture, Best Director, Best Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium, Best Cinematography, Best Art Direction-Set Decoration, Best Sound, and Best Original Score. Streep's nomination for Best Actress marked her sixth nomination, and though she did not win (the Oscar went to Geraldine Page for The Trip to Bountiful), her role in this film is still considered to be one of her best.", "Having seen all the Oscar-nominated performances, I have to say the right people won. Halle Berry and Denzel Washington gave the best performances of the year by any actor, black or white.", "British director Steve McQueen for Best Picture-winning 12 Years a Slave (2013) [Note: If McQueen had won Best Director, he would have been the first black filmmaker to win the title.]", "Review: Great Civil War film. Tells the story of the black units which fought for the Union during the Civil War — a story which was not generally known at the time of the film's release. Denzel Washington received the Oscar for Best Supporting Actor.", "The New World, which featured a romantic interpretation of the story of John Smith and Pocahontas, was released in 2005. Over one million feet of film was shot for the film, and three different cuts of varying length were released. It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Cinematography, but received generally mixed reviews during its theatrical run, though it has since been hailed as one of the best films of the decade.", "Jonathan Demme was named best director for the same movie, based on Thomas Harris' best-selling novel of the same name, and Ted Tally won the Oscar for best screenplay adapted from another source.", "Won: Best Picture, Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Director, Best Costume Design, Best Art Direction, Best Film Editing, Best Makeup, Best Score, Best Original Song, Best Sound Mixing, Best Visual Effects", "There is at least one silver lining for Selma: \"It's the first film directed by an African-American female to be nominated for best picture,\" Karger says. \"That's a fantastic achievement.\"", "The director’s most controversial movie yet stars Jamie Foxx as a freed slave battling an evil plantation owner played by Leonardo DiCaprio — and it has Oscar buzz written all over it! See why YOU should check out this incredible new film.", "In 2007 Hamilton was honored by the Harlem community for her part in the movie. She is the last surviving African-American adult who had a speaking part in the movie. When told of the award, she said, \"I think it is terrific. I'm very pleased and very surprised\". ", "The film was released on February 10, 2012, in North America by Universal Pictures. Filming took place in Cape Town, South Africa. The film premiered in New York City on February 7, 2012, and was released in U.S. theaters on February 10, 2012. While Washington and Reynolds' performances were praised, the film received mixed reviews. The film earned $208 million worldwide against its $85 million budget." ]

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[ "Michael Ondaatje is a Sri Lankan Canadian novelist and poet, perhaps best known for his Booker Prize winning novel adapted into an Academy-Award-winning film, The English Patient.", "Based on Michael Ondaatje's novel, The English Patient went on to become a worldwide hit. The romantic drama earned 12 Academy Award nominations, winning 9 Oscars, including for best film, best director , best supporting actress (Juliette Binoche, in a major upset ), best cinematography (John Seale), and best original score (Gabriel Yared).", "\"The English Patient,\" the 1996 World War II drama, won nine Academy Awards, including best director for Minghella, best picture and best supporting actress for Juliette Binoche. Based on the celebrated novel by Canadian writer Michael Ondaatje, the movie tells of a burn victim's tortured recollections of his misdeeds in time of war.", "After the publication of Michael Ondaatje's Booker-Prize-winning \"English Patient,\" conventional wisdom soon held that the novel, while a masterpiece of fiction, was entirely untransferable to any other medium: too intricately layered seemed its narrative structure; too significant its protagonists' inner life; too rich its symbolism. Then along came Anthony Minghella, who reportedly read it in a single sitting and was so disoriented afterwards that he didn't even remember where he was - but who called producer Paul Zaentz the very next morning and talked him into bringing the novel to the screen. Two major studios and several fights over the casting of key roles later, the result were an astonishing nine Oscars (Best Picture, Director - Anthony Minghella -, Supporting Actress - Juliette Binoche -, Cinematography, Editing, Art Direction, Costume Design, Original Score and Sound), as well as scores of other awards.", "An epic, moving adaptation of Michael Ondaatje's acclaimed novel which beautifully recounted tragic relationships against the backdrop of a confused ending to World War II. Director Minghella, who wrote the screenplay with Ondaatje, crafted a film that allows for glorious acting against stunning vistas (the desert has not burned the screen like this since Lean's Lawrence of Arabia), and proved that epic cinema still had a place in the '90s. Excellent, romantic performances from Fiennes and Scott-Thomas, while Juliette Binoche, who won one of the film's nine Oscars, created the perfect balance to their story.", "The English Patient , published in 1992, is Ondaatje's most famous and critically acclaimed work. The novel won Ondaatje the prestigious Booker McConnell Prize in 1992, making him the only Sri Lankan writer ever to receive the honor. In 1996, Saul Zaentz produced The English Patient as a film, adapted by Anthony Minghella, starring Ralph Fiennes as Almasy and Kristen Scott-Thomas as Katharine Clifton . The film went on to win a slew of Academy Awards, including Best Picture.", "Titanic is a 1997 film released by Paramount Pictures and 20th Century Fox . The film stars Leonardo DiCaprio and Kate Winslet and is about Jack Dawson and Rose DeWitt Bukater, two fictional young lovers aboard the ill-fated RMS Titanic during her maiden voyage in 1912. It won eleven Academy Awards , including Best Picture in 1997.", "Slumdog Millionaire is highly acclaimed, named in the top ten lists of various newspapers. [59] On 22 February 2009 the film won eight out of ten Academy Awards it was nominated for, including the Best Picture and Best Director , Best Adapted Screenplay , Best Cinematography , Best Sound Mixing , Best Film Editing , Best Original Score , and Best Original Song (two songs were nominated from the film; \" Jai Ho \" won the award), losing only Best Sound Editing to The Dark Knight . It is only the eighth film ever to win eight Academy Awards [60] and the eleventh Best Picture Oscar winner without a single acting nomination. [61]", "Black Hawk Down is a 2001 American war film directed by Ridley Scott . It is an adaptation of the 1999 book by Mark Bowden, which chronicles the events of the Battle of Mogadishu, a raid by the United States' to capture Somali warlord Mohamed Farrah Aidid.", "Black Hawk Down is a 2001 American war film directed by Ridley Scott. It is an adaptation of the 1999 book of the same name by Mark Bowden based on a series of articles in The Philadelphia Inquirer, which chronicles the events of the Battle of Mogadishu, a raid integral to the United States' effort to capture Somali warlord Mohamed Farrah Aidid.", "My Left Foot: The Story of Christy Brown is a 1989 Irish drama film directed by Jim Sheridan and starring Daniel Day-Lewis. It tells the true story of Christy Brown, an Irishman born with cerebral palsy, who could control only his left foot. Christy Brown grew up in a poor, working-class family, and became a writer and artist. The film also stars Ray McAnally, Brenda Fricker, Fiona Shaw, Julie Hale, Alison Whelan, Kirsten Sheridan, Declan Croghan, Eanna MacLiam, Marie Conmee, and Cyril Cusack. It was adapted by Shane Connaughton and Jim Sheridan from the book of the same name by Christy Brown. The film was well received by critics and audiences alike. Daniel Day-Lewis and Brenda Fricker both won the Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role and Best Actress in a Supporting Role, respectively, and was nominated for three more awards, Best Adapted Screenplay for Shane Connaughton and Jim Sheridan, Best Director for Sheridan and the Academy Award for Best Picture.", "the poignant, dramatic, literary triptych from director Stephen Daldry, The Hours (with nine nominations and only one win, Best Actress for Nicole Kidman) about three women's interconnected lives (via Virginia Woolf) over a period of over 75 years - a film adaptation of Michael Cunningham's 1999 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel by screenwriter David Hare", "The film copped eight Oscars, including two for Attenborough as best director and for producing the best picture. Attenborough detailed his struggle to make the film in a book, “In Search of Gandhi,” published in 1982.", "12 Years a Slave received widespread critical acclaim, and was named the best film of 2013 by several media outlets. It proved to be a box office success, earning over $187 million on a production budget of $22 million. The film won three Academy Awards: Best Picture, Best Supporting Actress for Nyong'o, and Best Adapted Screenplay for Ridley. The Best Picture win made McQueen the first black producer ever to have received the award and the first black director to have directed a Best Picture winner. The film was awarded the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama, and the British Academy of Film and Television Arts recognized it with the Best Film and the Best Actor award for Ejiofor.", "From acclaimed director Ridley Scott and renowned producer Jerry Bruckheimer, based on actual events, \"Black Hawk Down\" is the heroic account of a group of elite U.S. soldiers sent into Mogadishu, Somalia, in 1993 as part of a U.N. peacekeeping operation. Their mission: to capture several top lieutenants of the Somali warlord, Mohamed Farrah Aidid, as part of a strategy to quell the civil war and famine that is ravaging the country.", "Directed by Oscar winner Peter Jackson and based on the critically acclaimed best-selling novel by Alice Sebold, THE LOVELY BONES (2009) tells the story of a young girl who has been murdered and watches over her family—and her killer—from heaven. She must weigh her desire for vengeance against her desire for her family to heal. Oscar nominee Mark Wahlberg and Oscar winners Rachel Weisz and Susan Sarandon star, along with Stanley Tucci, Michael Imperioli and Oscar nominee Saoirse Ronan.", "The film features a large ensemble cast, including Josh Hartnett, Eric Bana, Ewan McGregor, Tom Sizemore, William Fichtner and Sam Shepard. The film won two Oscars for Best Film Editing and Best Sound at the 74th Academy Awards.[2] The film was received positively by American film critics, but was strongly criticized by SomalisIn 1993, famine and civil war have gripped Somalia, resulting in over 300,000 civilian deaths and a major United Nations peacekeeping operation. With the bulk of the peacekeepers withdrawn, the Somali militia loyal to the warlord Mohamed Farrah Aidid have declared war on the remaining U.N. personnel. In response, U.S. Army Rangers, Delta Force soldiers, and 160th SOAR aviators are deployed to Somalia to capture Aidid watch more", "Jonathan Demme’s adaptation swept the 64th Oscars, becoming only the third film at the time to win the Big Five Academy Awards. This is especially interesting considering that while the novel was a success and garnered fans such as David Foster Wallace, the movie was a sleeper hit. Clearly, Jodie Foster and Anthony Hopkins sold Claire Starling and Hannibal Lecter’s cannibalistic cat-and-mouse dynamic, which Ted Tally’s screenplay translated from the novel. And Demme’s direction was masterful, from the interrogation scenes to the most heart-pounding five minutes spent looking through night-vision goggles.", "Chocolat, a 1999 novel by Joanne Harris, tells the story of Vianne Rocher, a young mother, whose confections change the lives of the townspeople. The 2000 film adaptation, Chocolat, also proved successful, grossing over US$150,000,000 worldwide, and receiving Academy Award and Golden Globe nominations for Best Picture, Best Actress, and Best Original Score.", "12 Years a Slave has received numerous awards and nominations. It earned three Academy Awards, including Best Picture. It won the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama. The film also won the BAFTA Award for Best Film, while Ejiofor received the Best Actor award. In addition, the motion picture has been named as one of the best films of 2013 by various ongoing critics, appearing on 100 critics' top-ten lists in which 25 had the film in their number-one spot. This is both the most of any film released in its production year. ", "The Ninth Gate is a 1999 French-Spanish-American mystery thriller film directed, produced, and co-written by Roman Polanski. The film is loosely based upon Arturo Pérez-Reverte's 1993 novel The Club Dumas. A fellow traveller, on a train, identifies herself as Irene Adler, to Dean Corso (Johnny Depp), a New York City rare book dealer. After helping Corso through many situations, she eventually reveals herself as a supernatural being: Devil ? Angel ? ", "The top prize, the Palme d'Or, was awarded to Dheepan , directed by Jacques Audiard. The film follows a former soldier, a young woman and a little girl who pose as a family in order to escape the civil war in Sri Lanka. Audiard received a standing ovation when he took the stage to accept the honor.", "Directed by Justin Chadwick (“The Other Boleyn Girl”) and adapted by scribe William Nicholson (“Les Miserables”) from Mandela’s autobiography, it also stars Naomie Harris as Winnie Mandela.", "Sony Pictures optioned the film rights shortly after the publication of Richard Phillips' memoir A Captain's Duty in 2010. In March 2011, actor Tom Hanks attached himself to the project after reading a draft of the screenplay by Billy Ray. Director Paul Greengrass was offered the helm of the untitled film adaptation during the following June. A worldwide search subsequently began to find the film's supporting Somali cast. From this search, Barkhad Abdi, Barkhad Abdirahman, Faysal Ahmed, and Mahat M. Ali were chosen from among more than 700 participants at a 2011 casting call at the Brian Coyle Community Center in Cedar-Riverside, Minneapolis. The four actors were selected, according to search casting director Debbie DeLisi, because they were \"the chosen ones, that anointed group that stuck out.\" ", "    Woolf's Mrs. Dalloway is the inspiration for Michael Cunningham's The Hours , the award-winning novel and Oscar-nominated film.", "A 2012 adaptation directed by Ang Lee and based on an adapted screenplay by David Magee was given a wide release in the United States on 2012. At the 85th Academy Awards it won four awards from eleven nominations, including Best Director.", "In 1998, he won the Man Booker Prize for Amsterdam. His next novel, Atonement (2001), received considerable acclaim; Time magazine named it the best novel of 2002, and it was shortlisted for the Booker Prize. In 2007, the critically acclaimed movie Atonement, directed by Joe Wright and starring Keira Knightley and James McAvoy, was released in cinemas worldwide. His next work, Saturday (2005), follows an especially eventful day in the life of a successful neurosurgeon. Saturday won the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for 2005, and his novel On Chesil Beach (2007) was shortlisted for the 2007 Booker Prize.", "Directed by John Boorman. Cast: Samuel L. Jackson, Juliette Binoche, Brendan Gleeson, Menzi \"Ngubs\" Ngubane. A Washington Post journalist and an Afrikaans poet strike up a friendship and become romantically involved as they try to come to terms with their feelings about what they've learned at the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission hearings. Based on the book Country of my skull by Antjie Krog. 94 min. DVD 500", "Based on French novelist Pierre Boulle's historical novel The Bridge Over the River Kwai (originally written and titled in French, Le Pont de la Rivière Kwai). While fictional, Boulle based the novel on his own personal experience. Boulle was awarded the Oscar for best adapted screenplay, but it truly belonged to writers Michael Wilson and Carl Foreman who were blacklisted for belonging to the Communist Party at the time. Wilson and Foreman were awarded posthumous Oscars in 1985.", "Plans to make a film of the winning book are already underway. Film rights were snapped up within a month of the book being published by the Irish director Neil Jordan, who made the film Michael Collins.", "One of nine directors to have won the Palme d'Or twice at the Cannes Film Festival, the others being Bille August , Alf Sjöberg , Emir Kusturica , Shôhei Imamura , Luc Dardenne & Jean-Pierre Dardenne , Michael Haneke and Ken Loach .", "7. As at 2009, what is the last Best Picture Oscar winning film to also win Best Actor and Best Actress Oscars?" ]

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[ "Reds is a 1981 American epic drama film co-written, produced and directed by Warren Beatty. The picture centers on the life and career of John Reed, the journalist and writer who chronicled the Russian Revolution in his book Ten Days That Shook the World. Beatty stars in the lead role alongside Diane Keaton as Louise Bryant and Jack Nicholson as Eugene O'Neill.", "Henry Warren Beatty, known professionally as Warren Beatty (born March 30, 1937) is an American actor, producer, screenwriter and director. He has been nominated for fourteen Academy Awards – four for Best Actor, four for Best Picture, two for Best Director, three for Original Screenplay, and one for Adapted Screenplay – winning Best Director for Reds (1981). Beatty is only the second person to have been nominated for acting, directing, writing and producing in the same film – doing so first with Heaven Can Wait (1978), and again with Reds- succeeding Orson Welles, who was nominated for all four for Citizen Kane in 1941, winning for writing.", "Henry Warren Beatty (/ˈbeɪti/ BAY-tee, or /ˈbiːti/ BEE-tee; born March 30, 1937) is an American actor and filmmaker. He has been nominated for fourteen Academy Awards – four for Best Actor, four for Best Picture, two for Best Director, three for Original Screenplay, and one for Adapted Screenplay – winning Best Director for Reds (1981). Beatty is the first and only person to have been twice nominated for acting in, directing, writing,and producing the same film – first with Heaven Can Wait (1978), which was co-written by Elaine May and co-directed by Buck Henry, and again with Reds, which he co-wrote with Trevor Griffiths.", "Lenin's quote came to mind when I was watching one of the most spellbinding movies to come along in years,and not since David Lean's brilliant 1965 epic classic \"Doctor Zhivago\" hasn't been a movie in recent memory that has come close. That motion picture is \"Reds\",released in 1981 by Paramount Pictures. The film was Warren Beatty's peeve project which he served not only as it star,but also the co-writer and direction. Director Warren Beatty's epic love story about American writers John Reed and Louise Bryant,set amid of the turbulence of American politics in the 1910's World War I and the Russian revolution that set this movie into plain focus. The movie itself is astounding to behold and is a tragic love story between the writers John Reed(Warren Beatty),and Louise Bryant(Diane Keaton). But it creatively used artsy,radical Greenwich Village in the 1910's-and such as real-life characters as playwright Eugene O'Neill(Jack Nicholson),and anarchist activist Emma Goldman(Maureen Stapleton)-as well as the drama of the Russian Revolution and the subsequent civil war as the principal landscapes in which their relationship plays out.", "Citizen Kane (1941) . Beatty also became the fifth person in Oscar history to be nominated in a single year as both an actor and screenwriter. Others before were Charlie Chaplin -1940-, Orson Welles -1941-, Sylvester Stallone -1976-, and Woody Allen -1977. Beatty repeated this same feat in 1981 for writing and acting in Reds.]", "* Reds [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0082979/ (IMDB profile)]. Directed by Warren Beatty, 1981. It is based on the book Ten Days that Shook the World.", "Large-scale, Best Picture contenders included Warren Beatty's big-budget epic Reds (1981) about radical American journalist John Reed (played by Beatty) during the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, and Bernard Bertolucci's engrossing and colorful The Last Emperor (1987) with nine Academy Awards, about the life of the last emperor of China - Pu Yi from childhood in the Forbidden City to his Emperor-ship and then to his lowly status as a gardener in Mao's China. It was remarkable that Bertolucci was allowed to film inside the Forbidden City.", "In Warren Beatty's 1981 film Reds, O'Neill Is portrayed by Jack Nicholson, who was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance.", "Warren Beatty's Reds has to be considered perhaps the most ambitious, frankly crazy, film released by mainstream Hollywood. It is, in 1981, a sympathetic, if critical, look at the 1917 Russian Revolution. The film focuses on the life and career of John Reed, the journalist and writer who wrote Ten Days That Shook the World. It mixes the personal and the political, spending a good deal of time looking at Reed's relationship with Louise Bryant (the amazing Diane Keaton, more of whom later), while also chronicling the revolution, through 'witnesses', montage, song, interviews. It is a mosiac of a period of time, earthed by Beatty's natural charm and the romance of Bryant and Reed.", "Apocalypse Now (1979) , Warren Beatty's period film Reds (1981), and theatrical director Julie Taymor's adaptation of Shakespeare's Titus (1999) (Andronicus) - her debut film with innovative production design)", "Accompanied her longtime lover Warren Beatty on a trip to Russia which inspired him to write his Oscar-winning epic Reds (1981) which ultimately took him 13 years to write. Beatty had always planned to have Christie play the role of Louise Bryant, but when Reds (1981) began filming several years after the couple's breakup, Christie turned down and Beatty gave the role to Diane Keaton . However, Beatty dedicated the film to Christie by hinting to her in his best director Oscar acceptance speech. \"For Jules\" can also be seen in the final credits of the film.", "Reds (2-DVD, 25th Anniversary Edition) (1981) Starring Jack Nicholson & Warren Beatty; Directed by Warren Beatty; Starring Diane Keaton; Paramount | OLDIES.com", "Warren Beatty – Best Director winner (“Reds,” 1981); Best Director nominee (“Heaven Can Wait,” 1978); Best Actor nominee (“Bonnie and Clyde,” 1967; “Heaven Can Wait,” 1978; “Reds,” 1981; “Bugsy,” 1991)", "During the 1910s O'Neill was a regular on the Greenwich Village literary scene, where he also befriended many radicals, most notably Communist Party USA founder John Reed. O'Neill also at one time had a romantic relationship with Reed's wife, writer Louise Bryant. O'Neill was portrayed by Jack Nicholson in the 1981 film Reds about the life of John Reed, in which he served as the film's voice of anticommunism and cynicism.", "WhOWOnWhat Best Film Chariots Of Fire Best Director Warren Beatty, Reds Best actor Henry Fonda, On Golden Pond Best actress Katharine Hepburn, On Golden Pond Best supporting actor John Gielgud, Arthur Best supporting actress Maureen Stapleton, Reds Best screenplay (adapted) Ernest Thompson, On Golden Pond Best screenplay (original) Colin Welland, Chariots Of Fire", "Finally, the end of the American phase of her movie career was realized when Christie turned down the part of \"Louise Bryant\" in Reds , a part written by Warren Beatty with her in mind, as she felt an American should play the role. (Beatty's latest lover, Diane Keaton , played the part and won a Best Actress Oscar nomination). Still, she remained a part of the film, Beatty's long-gestated labor of love, as it is dedicated to \"Jules\".", "Beatty’s next movie was 1981’s ambitious Reds, a historical epic running more than three hours in which he played the real-life radical journalist John Reed. Diane Keaton co-starred as Reed’s colleague and wife Louise Bryant, while Jack Nicholson played the playwright Eugene O’Neill and Maureen Stapleton (who won a Best Supporting Actress Oscar for her performance) was the anarchist Emma Goldman. Beatty followed Reds, which lost the Best Picture Oscar to Chariots of Fire, with the now-infamous big-budget box-office bomb Ishtar (1987), in which he and Dustin Hoffman starred as lounge singers who travel to Morocco.", "Warren Beatty ~ b. 1937 ~ Better known as an actor, he won the 1985 Academy Award as best director for Reds. His mother is a MacLean and his sister is Shirley MacLaine.14", "A perfectionist about his work, Beatty has been known to shoot numerous takes of the same scene. He has a reputation for having a keen eye for details as well. His personality as a filmmaker is perhaps no more apparent than in one of his most ambitious works, the 1981 political epic Reds. In this lengthy, true-to-life film, Beatty starred as American journalist John Reed, who witnesses the rise of Communism in Russia in 1917 during the October Revolution and finds himself inspired by this new political movement. Along with Reed's love interest, political radical and journalist Louise Bryant ( Diane Keaton ), Reed tries to spread these ideals. It also featured vignettes from actual participants in the historic events detailed in the film.", "Robert Zemeckis (with his first directorial nomination) won the Best Director award for Forrest Gump. Two of the five directors of Best Picture nominees were not considered for Best Director. Mike Newell and Frank Darabont were not nominated in the Best Director category, and they were replaced by writer/director Woody Allen (with his sixth directorial nomination) for Bullets Over Broadway (with seven nominations and one win - Best Supporting Actress) about a Roaring Twenties Broadway playwright-turned-director who is backed by a mobster, and Polish writer/director Krzysztof Kieslowski for his French-language film Red (with three nominations and no wins), his last film until his death in 1996, about a friendship between a young Geneva model and a reclusive retired judge - the third and final film in his Three Colors trilogy.", "Beatty cast Keaton after seeing her in Annie Hall, as he wanted to bring her natural nervousness and insecure attitude to the role. The production of Reds was delayed several times following its conception in 1977, and Keaton almost left the project when she believed it would never be produced. Filming finally began two years later. In a 2006 Vanity Fair story, Keaton described her role as \"the everyman of that piece, as someone who wanted to be extraordinary but was probably more ordinary ... I knew what it felt like to be extremely insecure.\" Assistant director Simon Relph later stated that Louise Bryant was one of Keaton's most difficult roles, and that \"[she] almost got broken.\" ", "Jack Nicholson (with his sixth career nomination and second Best Supporting Actor nomination) as Eugene O'Neill in Reds", "A film like “Reds,” which came out in 1981, is not likely to be made today. It’s an exceedingly lengthy liberal film that was born at the height of the conservative revolution. Do you know if President Reagan ever saw it?", "Francis Ford Coppola (; born April 7, 1939) is an American film director , Film producer , and screenwriter . He is considered to have been a central figure of the New Hollywood wave of filmmaking.", "Richard Dreyfuss (1978) – John Travolta in \"Saturday Night Fever\" and Woody Allen in \"Annie Hall\" have become prime examples of characters in '70s films, but Richard Dreyfuss' performance as a struggling actor in \"The Goodbye Girl\" stood out the most to academy voters at the time. Here the actor accepts his prize at the 1978 ceremony.", "Ivan Reitman (known for the irreverent National Lampoon's Animal House (1978) and Meatballs (1979) with Bill Murray in his first lead role as a goof-off summer camp counselor) directed Stripes (1981). In the film, Murray starred as a reluctant enlistee in the US Army (along with overweight John Candy as Ox and Judge Reinhold as stoned Elmo) who suddenly ran afoul of Sgt. Hulka (Warren Oates) - in a male version of Private Benjamin (1980). (The storyline in Private Benjamin (1980), with TV regular Goldie Hawn from Laugh-in playing a spoiled, self-obsessed Jewish princess who was widowed on her wedding night and then joined the Army, was reminiscent of the \"This is the Army\" comedies in the 40s and 50s.)", "The African Queen (1951) , The Barefoot Contessa (1954), Girl on a Motorcycle (1968), Death on the Nile (1978), Ghost Story (1981), and Rambo: First Blood Part II (1985). He was also an accomplished director, earning his sole directorial Oscar nomination for Sons and Lovers (1960).", "1982. Nominated, Best Actress: French Lieutenant's Woman (1981). Her co-star is Jeremy Irons. Directed by Karel Reisz, with a script by Harold Pinter based on a John Fowles novel. A love story set in Victorian England.", "His focus soon switched to writing and as well as his Oscar-winning script for Chariots of Fire, his credits included Yanks, starring Richard Gere, and A Dry White Season, with Donald Sutherland. He also won a Bafta in 1972 for best single television play for Play for Today: Kisses at Fifty.", "Poitier and Wilder became friends, with the pair working together on a script called Traces—which became 1982's Hanky Panky, the film where Wilder met comedian Gilda Radner. Through the remainder of the decade, Wilder and Radner worked in several projects together. After Hanky Panky, Wilder directed his third film, 1984's The Woman in Red, which starred Wilder, Radner, and Kelly Le Brock. The Woman in Red was not well received by the critics, nor was their next project, 1986's Haunted Honeymoon, which failed to attract audiences. The Woman in Red did win an Academy Award for Best Original Song for Stevie Wonder's song \"I Just Called to Say I Love You\".", "He won the 1982 Academy Award for Best Director and as the film's producer, the Academy Award for Best Picture for his historical epic Gandhi and another two Golden Globes, this time for Best Director and Best Foreign Film, for the same film in 1983, a project he had been attempting to get made for 18 years. He directed the screen version of the musical A Chorus Line (1985) and the anti-apartheid drama Cry Freedom (1987). He was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Director for both films. ", "The French Lieutenant's Woman is a 1981 film directed by Karel Reisz, produced by Leon Clore and adapted by playwright Harold Pinter. It is based on the novel by John Fowles. The music score is by Carl Davis and the cinematography by Freddie Francis." ]

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[ "The win makes the 82-year-old Plummer the oldest person ever to win a competitive Oscar for acting. The previous record was held by Jessica Tandy, who was 80 when she won for \"Driving Miss Daisy.\"", "Plummer, 82, a veteran screen and stage star best known as Captain von Trapp in \"The Sound of Music,\" became the oldest person to receive an Oscar in the history of the Academy Awards. That title had previously been held by \"Driving Miss Daisy\" star Jessica Tandy, who won an Oscar at the age of 80.", "Octogenarian Jessica Tandy won the Best Actress award for her performance as wealthy, 72 year-old Atlanta resident and eccentric, cantankerous Jewish matron/matriarch Daisy Werthan in Driving Miss Daisy (1989). Tandy's win set a record at the time - she became the oldest performer (and nominee, at 80 years and 252 days old) to ever win a Best Actress Oscar. She was just three months away from her 81st birthday when she accepted the Oscar (at 80 years and 292 days old).", "Katharine Hepburn as his wise and quietly-strong wife Ethel who urges her crusty husband to reconcile with his daughter (Jane Fonda) in On Golden Pond. The couple portrayed bickering but devoted protagonists. [At 74 years of age, Hepburn became the oldest Best Actress winner up to that time - she was surpassed 8 years later by 80 year old Jessica Tandy for Driving Miss Daisy (1989). Hepburn also set a record with her fourth (and final) Oscar - she became the first performer to win that many Best Actress awards with a record of twelve nominations.", "While “Daisy” star Jessica Tandy won Best Comedy/Musical Actress at the Globes, Michelle Pfeiffer (“The Fabulous Baker Boys”) had swept the precursors. At the Oscars, Tandy defeated Pfeiffer as well as Isabelle Adjani (“Camille Claudel”), Pauline Collins (“Shirley Valentine”) and  Jessica Lange (“Music Box”) to become, at age 80, the oldest lead actress winner to date. ", "At the time of his Oscar win, he was the oldest recipient of an Academy Award. He was 80 when he won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for The Sunshine Boys (1975). This record was surpassed by Jessica Tandy in 1990 and later by Christopher Plummer in 2012 who received his Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor at age 82.", "82 year-old (and 37 days) Eva Le Gallienne (with her sole nomination) as Grandma Pearl (Ellen Burstyn's grandmother) in Resurrection [La Gallienne was the oldest person to be nominated for an acting Oscar at this time, until 82 year-old (and 257 days) Jessica Tandy broke the record with her nomination for Fried Green Tomatoes (1991). Six years later, 87 year-old Gloria Stuart again broke the record with her nomination for Titanic (1997).]", "The oldest person ever to win a Best Actor Oscar (He was 76 at the time).", "85 year-old French actress Emmanuelle Riva (with her first nomination) as ailing and elderly octogenarian Anne, a one-time pianist with her left-side paralyzed after a failed operation and tended by her husband Georges until her condition deteriorated, in Amour. [Note: 85 year-old Riva's nomination was a record - she was the oldest Best Actress nominee ever - who would turn 86 on the day of the Oscars' presentation.]", "Dame Peggy Ashcroft, whose career spans 52 years, won the supporting-actress Oscar for her performance as indomitable, good-hearted Mrs. Moore in David Lean's lush adaptation of E.M. Forster's 1924 novel about the tragi-comedy of British colonial rule, \"A Passage to India,\" However, the 77-year-old actress was unable to personally accept the first Oscar of her career because she was in London for the funeral services today of her good friend, Sir Michael Redgrave, who died last week. Angela Lansbury accepted the statuette for her.", "She is only the third Oscar-winning actor to celebrate a 100th birthday. The others are George Burns , who died less than two months after passing the 100-year mark in 1996, and Luise Rainer , who lived to be 104.", "That’s classic Glenda Jackson. Still sharp as a spike at age 79, she’s a woman who says what she thinks. It’s a trait that has defined her performances as well as her great second act, which began when she abandoned acting 24 years ago and was elected to British Parliament. Imagine Julianne Moore stepping away from movies right now to become a congresswoman, and you get a taste for the unexpected flair of Jackson’s life. When she graduated from the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in 1957, the school’s director told her that she was a character actress and as such, shouldn’t expect to work much before she was 40. In fact, before she was 40, she’d won both of her Oscars.", "The actress to whom all other contemporary actresses compare themselves celebrates her 65th birthday today, June 22. While we love for her razor sharp wit and onscreen skills (she is, after all, the most Oscar-nominated actress in history, with 18 nods), what we really admire about Meryl Streep is her confidence. The actress, who has been very vocal about being against plastic surgery to look younger, proves that age ain’t nothing but a number, and like a fine wine, she’s only getting better with time.", "Dench received her seventh Oscar nomination at 79 for “Philomena.” “Philomena” is based on a true story of a woman searching for her son who she gave up for adoption years earlier. Dench earned all seven of her Oscar nominations over the age of 60. No other actor in history has accumulated that many nominations after that age. Dench won her first Oscar for her scene stealing cameo as Queen Elizabeth in 1998’s “Shakespeare in Love.”", "\"Sit down you're too old to be standing!\" she joked to open her speech. \"Thank you Mr Day Lewis. Thank you so much to the Academy, as random and as suggestive as this award is, it means a great deal in a year of extraordinary performances by women.", "Helen Lydia Mironoff, known by her stage name Helen Mirren, born July 26, 1945, is a 69-year-old English actress. She has won an Academy Award for Best Actress, four SAG Awards, four BAFTAs, three Golden Globes, four Emmy Awards, and two Cannes Film Festival Best Actress Awards.", "The actress has won more than 20 awards for her performance as a woman diagnosed with early-onset Alzheimer's disease in Still Alice, including, at 54 years of age - after being nominated four previous times - her first Oscar, for Best Actress.", "Eighty-seven years old. She can't travel. She has terrible osteoporosis so she can't fly, but, you know, she has been the rock of our family and she is sharp as a tack. I mean, she's just - she follows everything, but she has a very subdued, sort of Midwestern attitude about these things. So when I got nominated, she called and said, ‘That's nice, Barry, that's nice.'\"", "The 69-year-old year old actress – who has already bagged an Oscar for playing the monarch in The Queen – is nominated for the best actress in a play award along with fellow British stars Carey Mulligan and Ruth Wilson.", "On her way to the stage to accept the best actress award for portraying Margaret Thatcher in Iron Lady, Streep paused for a quick embrace of Viola Davis of The Help, whom handicappers had positioned as her main rival this awards season. Reversing the usual order of thank-yous, she first mentioned husband Don Gummer, saying, \"Everything I value most in our lives you've given me.\" She then had warm words for her makeup artist of 37 years, J. Roy Helland, who has been with her since her last Oscar for Sophie's Choice and who won an Oscar of his own for Iron Lady. Saying that she didn't expect to be onstage accepting an Oscar ever again -- though that's by no means a sure thing -- Streep said to the audience, \"I look out here and I see my life before my eyes.\"", "“She was surrounded by her family and caregivers. We salute her for a life of remarkable achievements as an actor, as a diplomat, and most importantly as our beloved mother, grandmother, great-grandmother, and adored wife for 55 years of the late and much missed Charles Alden Black,” the statement said.", "The actress won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance as Lynn Bracken in the 1997 film \"L.A. Confidential.\" She also gave one of the most memorable Oscar speeches on record when she began her speech by saying, \"We only have 30 seconds so I want to thank everyone I have ever met in my entire life.\"", "Katharine Hepburn's final screen appearance was Truman Capote's One Christmas which John Philip Dayton produced/executive produced for her - their 4th film together - her final line was, 'I can sit back in my old age and not regret a single moment, not wish to change a single thing. It's what I wish for you...a life with no regrets'.", "The actress, famed for her husky voice, was an award-winning Broadway star before her powerful performance in 1963 film Hud, for which she won an Academy Award for Best Actress for her role as a housekeeper alongside Paul Newman . She was forced to temporarily retire from acting in 1965 at the age of 39 after she suffered a series of debilitating strokes.", "A well respected actress for the past sixty years, she had only been nominated once for an Academy Award. She was 73 when she was nominated for The Mirror Has Two Faces (1996).", "The 88-year-old will play Madame Arcati in Noel Coward’s Blithe Spirit. She called the role, which won her a Tony award after its Broadway run, “one of the best parts I’ve had in the theatre”. ", "'I'm definitely going to get to my birthday and feel I've earned it!' the gorgeous Oscar winner told People .", "The 79-year-old was a screen star who picked up best leading actress gongs for Women in Love (1971) and A Touch of Class (1974).", "The multi-award-winning actress has been in some of Hollywood's most memorable films. She has been a winner of an Emmy and a Golden Globe for A Killing in a Small Town . She won two consecutive Best Actress awards at the Cannes Film Festival, (which is unprecedented) for Shy People and A World Apart . She won a Gemini Award for Anne of Green Gables: A New Beginning for PBS and a Lifetime Achievement Award at the Vienna International Film Festival.", "The 82-year-old honoree has had a career in film and television that has spanned 66 years.", "The veteran star was on hand to collect a Mid-Life Achievement award for her services to acting.", "And despite all the awards and nominations, the actress says her greatest reward has been the response from people personally living with early-onset Alzheimer's." ]

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[ "Duel is a 1971 television movie about a motorist (played by Dennis Weaver ) on a remote and lonely road being stalked by a large tanker truck and its almost unseen driver. It was the first feature film directed by Steven Spielberg and was written by Richard Matheson based on his own short story.", "Duel is a 1971 television (and later full-length theatrical) thriller film directed by Steven Spielberg and written by Richard Matheson, based on Matheson's short story of the same name. It stars Dennis Weaver as a terrified motorist stalked on a remote and lonely road by the mostly unseen driver of a mysterious tanker truck.", "During a 1971 break from McCloud, Weaver was offered the lead in a television movie, playing a lonely traveling salesman chased and taunted on the highway by a crazed trucker. As the star, he was given veto power over the network's selection of a rookie director, but he agreed that the energetic young Steven Spielberg deserved a chance. The film, Duel, was released theatrically overseas, launched Spielberg's career, and is still considered one of the best films ever made for commercial television.", "Spielberg developed an interest in filmmaking as a child, and during his teens his Escape to Nowhere (1962), a 40-minute war movie , won first prize at a film festival. He next directed Firelight (1964), a feature-length science-fiction yarn, which was followed by an accomplished short about hitchhikers called Amblin’ (1968). An executive at Universal Studios saw the latter film and tendered a contract to Spielberg, who began working in the studio’s television division after attending California State College, Long Beach (now California State University , from which he would eventually receive a B.A. in 2002). He directed episodes of various TV series, notably Columbo , Marcus Welby, M.D., and Owen Marshall: Counselor at Law. In 1971 he made his first television movie, Duel , a taut, almost claustrophobic exercise in psychosis that was more intense than typical TV fare (it was released theatrically in Europe). Although Spielberg permitted star Dennis Weaver —who played a motorist chased by a homicidal truck driver—to register a one-note impression of sweaty terror throughout the movie, his handling of the action sequences was staged and executed with bravado. The success of Duel enabled Spielberg to make theatrically released motion pictures, beginning with The Sugarland Express (1974), a chase picture with deft accents of comedy but an inexorable movement toward tragedy; it was anchored by Goldie Hawn’s performance.", "When Spielberg was signed to a seven-year contract at Universal Pictures, he was given the same perks as other contractees, including an office on the studio lot and a secretary. It was his secretary who brought the Matheson story to his attention it appeared in the April, 1971 issue of Playboy magazine. Spielberg thought the property was strong enough to pitch to the studio brass as a theatrical feature; some thought was given to the idea and reportedly Gregory Peck was offered the script. In the end, though, Spielberg's mentor Sheinberg assigned Duel to George Eckstein to produce as a TV movie with a budget of $425,000 and a sprightly 16-day shooting schedule. To star in the all-important role of road rage victim David Mann, Universal looked no further than the star of their ongoing TV detective series McCloud (19701977), Dennis Weaver.", "Matheson presented the idea of a man being chased by a truck to the producers of several TV series, including The Fugitive. None of them felt there was enough of a story there. Seven years later, Matheson wrote Duel as a novelette, which was published in the April 1971 issue of Playboy Magazine. Universal Pictures obtained the film rights. This came to the attention of assistant Nona Tyson, whose boss was Steven Spielberg , a 25-year-old director looking to move from episodic television to feature films.", "Spielberg’s career began with the 1968 short film Amblin, which led to him becoming the youngest director ever signed to a long-term studio deal. He directed episodes of such TV shows as Night Gallery, Marcus Welby, M.D. and Columbo, and gained special attention for his 1971 telefilm Duel.  Three years later, he made his feature film directorial debut on The Sugarland Express, from a screenplay he co-wrote.  His next film was Jaws, which was the first film to break the $100 million mark.", "This original film from 1972 began a three-part series and was directed by Francis Ford Coppola. It had a star-studded cast with Marlon Brando and Al Pacino portraying life in the mafia. The film won three Oscars including Best Picture and Best Actor.", "During the 1970s, a new group of American filmmakers emerged, such as Martin Scorsese, Francis Ford Coppola, George Lucas, Woody Allen, Terrence Malick, and Robert Altman. This coincided with the increasing popularity of the auteur theory in film literature and the media, which posited that a film director's films express their personal vision and creative insights. The development of the auteur style of filmmaking helped to give these directors far greater control over their projects than would have been possible in earlier eras. This led to some great critical and commercial successes, like Scorsese's Taxi Driver, Coppola's The Godfather films, William Friedkin's The Exorcist, Altman’s Nashville, Allen's Annie Hall and Manhattan, Malick's Badlands and Days of Heaven, and Polish immigrant Roman Polanski's Chinatown. It also, however, resulted in some failures, including Peter Bogdanovich's At Long Last Love and Michael Cimino's hugely expensive Western epic Heaven's Gate, which helped to bring about the demise of its backer, United Artists.", "He was also memorable as the heavy who is shot by John Wayne at the climax of True Grit (1969) and was the first \"Maj. Frank Burns\", creating the character in Altman's Korean War comedy MASH (1970). He also appeared as the eponymous lead in George Lucas ' directorial debut, THX 1138 (1971). It was Francis Ford Coppola , casting The Godfather (1972), who reunited Duvall with Brando and Caan and provided him with his career breakthrough as mob lawyer \"Tom Hagen\". He received the first of his six Academy Award nominations for the role.", "In the middle 1970s, films began to also reflect the disenfranchisement brought by the excesses of the past twenty years. A deeply unsettling look at alienation and city life, Martin Scorsese's Taxi Driver earned international praise, first at the Cannes Film Festival and then at the Academy Awards, where it was nominated for Best Leading Actor (Robert De Niro), Best Supporting Actress (Jodie Foster), Best Score (Bernard Herrmann), and Best Picture. All the President's Men dealt with the impeachment of Richard Nixon, while Lumet's Network portrayed greed and narcissism in both American society and television media. The film won Oscars for Best Actor (Peter Finch), Best Actress (Faye Dunaway), Best Supporting Actress (Beatrice Straight), and Best Screenplay (Paddy Chayefsky). Thanks to a stellar cast, experienced director, and a poignant story, Network became one of the largest critical successes of 1976. Another film, Rocky, about a clubhouse boxer (played by Sylvester Stallone) who is granted a world championship title fight won the Best Picture Academy Award that year. The film also became a major commercial success and spawned four sequels through the rest of the 1970s and 1980s.", "One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest (1975) , a five Oscar winner. Director Norman Jewison was the only director of a Best Picture nominee who was denied a Best Director Oscar nomination for A Soldier's Story. His spot was taken by Woody Allen for Broadway Danny Rose (with two nominations and no wins), a film about a legendarily hapless talent agent. David Lean was nominated as Best Director, and for Best Screenplay Adaptation and Best Editor for A Passage to India, but he failed to win any of the awards.", "In 1971, rising Hollywood film director Michael Cimino submitted an original script for Heaven's Gate (then called The Johnson County War) but the project was shelved when it failed to attract big-name talent. In 1979, after two hit films in a row – 1974's Thunderbolt and Lightfoot (filmed in Montana), and on the eve of winning two Academy Awards (Best Director and Best Picture) for 1978's The Deer Hunter – Cimino, now one of the hottest directors in Hollywood, used his \"star power\" to convince United Artists to resurrect the project with Kris Kristofferson, Isabelle Huppert, and Christopher Walken as the three main characters. He was given an initial budget of $11.6 million, but was also provided with carte blanche. ", "\"West Side Story\" , Federico Fellini for \"La Dolce Vita\", Stanley Kramer for \"Judgment at Nuremberg\", J. Lee Thompson for \"The Guns of Navarone\", Robert Rossen for \"The Hustler\"", "Along with Ernst Lubitsch , Jack Conway , Michael Curtiz , Victor Fleming , John Ford , Alfred Hitchcock , Sam Wood , Herbert Ross and Steven Soderbergh , he is one of ten directors to have more than one film nominated for Best Picture in the same year. The Godfather: Part II (1974) and The Conversation (1974) were both so nominated at the 47th Academy Awards in 1975 while the former won the award.", "After one of his screenplays, Deadhead Miles, was made into what Paramount Pictures felt to be an unreleasable film, Malick decided to direct his own scripts. His first directorial work was the superlative  Badlands  (1973), an independent film starring Martin Sheen and Sissy Spacek as a young couple on a crime spree in the 1950’s. After a troubled production, Badlands drew raves at its premiere at the New York Film Festival, leading to Warner Bros. Pictures buying distribution rights for three times its budget.", "Notable action film directors from the 1960s and 1970s include Sam Peckinpah, whose 1969 Western The Wild Bunch was controversial for its bloody violence and nihilist tone. Influential and popular directors from the 1980s to 2000s include James Cameron (for the first two Terminator films, Aliens, True Lies); Andrew Davis (Code of Silence, Above the Law, Under Siege, The Fugitive); John Woo (Hong Kong action films such as Hard Boiled and US-made English-language films such as Hard Target, Broken Arrow and Face/Off); John McTiernan (the first and third Die Hard films, Predator, The Last Action Hero); Ridley Scott (Black Rain, Black Hawk Down); The Wachowskis (The Matrix trilogy), Andrzej Bartkowiak (Romeo Must Die, Exit Wounds, Cradle 2 the Grave, Street Fighter: The Legend of Chun-Li), Robert Rodriguez (Mexico trilogy, From Dusk till Dawn, Machete) and Michael Bay (the first two Bad Boys films, The Rock, Transformers pentology); Louis Leterrier (the first two Transporter films, Unleashed). For a longer list, see the List of action film directors article.", "In 1972 he achieved massive success again as the lead role in the western 'Jeremiah Johnson' opposite Will Geer. That year's political comedy 'The Candidate' and 1973's period drama 'The Way We Were' also achieved great success and 1973's 'The Sting' earned him his first Oscar nomination. The remainder of the seventies saw him star in 'The Great Gatsby', 'The Great Waldo Pepper', 'All the President's Men' and 'A Bridge Too Far' before he took to directing in 1980. His directorial debut was with the multiple Oscar winning 'Ordinary People', for which he won an Academy Award for Best Director.", "The Duellists (1977) marked Ridley Scott's first feature as director. Shot in Europe, it was nominated for the main prize at the Cannes Film Festival, and won an award for best film. The Duellists had limited commercial impact internationally. Set during the Napoleonic Wars, it follows two French Hussar officers, D'Hubert and Feraud (Keith Carradine and Harvey Keitel) whose quarrel over an initially minor incident turns into a bitter extended feud spanning fifteen years, interwoven with the larger conflict that provides its backdrop. The film has been acclaimed for providing a historically authentic portrayal of Napoleonic uniforms and military conduct. The 2013 release of the film on Blu-ray coincided with the publication of an essay on the film in a collection of scholarly essays on Scott. ", "A Fistful of Dollars became the first film to exhibit Leone's famously distinctive style of visual direction. This was influenced by both John Ford's cinematic landscaping and the Japanese method of direction, perfected by Akira Kurosawa. Leone wanted an operatic feel to his western and so there are many examples of extreme close-ups on the faces of different characters that function like arias in a traditional opera. The rhythm, emotion and communication within scenes can be attributed to Leone’s meticulous framing of his close-ups. This is quite different from Hollywood's use of close-ups which used them as reaction shots, usually to a line of dialogue that had just been spoken. Leone's close-ups are more akin to portraits, often lit with Renaissance-type lighting effects and are considered by some as pieces of design in their own right. ", "Sidney Lumet June 25, 1924 an American film director, with over 50 films to his name, including 12 Angry Men (1957), Dog Day Afternoon (1975), Network (1976) and The Verdict (1982), all of which earned him Academy Award nominations for Best Director.", "First Blood is a 1982 American action adventure film directed by Ted Kotcheff. It is co-written by and starring Sylvester Stallone as John Rambo, a troubled and misunderstood Vietnam veteran who must rely on his combat and survival senses against the abusive law enforcement of a small town. It is based on David Morrell's 1972 novel of the same name and is the first installment of the Rambo series. Brian Dennehy and Richard Crenna also appear in supporting roles.", "4. born February 20, 1925, Kansas City, Mo., United States U.S. film director. He learned filmmaking by directing industrial films, then directed several television series before making his first feature film, Countdown (1967). The successful antiwar comedy M*A*S*H (1970) established his reputation as an independent director whose work emphasizes character and atmosphere over plot. His most acclaimed films include McCabe and Mrs. Miller (1971), Nashville (1976), The Player (1992) and Short Cuts (1993).", "He is among an elite group of seven directors who have won Best Picture, Best Director and Best Screenplay (Original/Adapted) for the same film. In 1975 he won all three for The Godfather: Part II (1974). The others are Leo McCarey , Billy Wilder , James L. Brooks , Peter Jackson Joel Coen and Ethan Coen , and Alejandro G. Iñárritu .", "Lumet immediately established himself as an A-list director with his first theatrical film, 1957’s “12 Angry Men,” which took an early and powerful look at racial prejudice as it depicted 12 jurors trying to reach a verdict in a trial involving a young Hispanic man wrongly accused of murder. It garnered him his first Academy Award nomination.", "Fonda directed his first feature film, The Hired Hand, in 1971. A critically acclaimed western in which he also starred, the film debuted with a restored version at the 2001 Venice Film Festival; it then screened at the Toronto Film Festival before reopening in theaters in 2003. Other directing credits include the science fiction feature Idaho Transfer, starring Keith Carradine and Wanda Nevada in which he starred as a gambler who wins Brooke Shields in a poker game.", "Weir's first full-length feature film was the underground cult classic, The Cars That Ate Paris (1974). This paved the way for considerable success in Australia and internationally with the atmospheric Picnic at Hanging Rock (1975), based on the novel by Joan Lindsay. Widely credited as a pivotal work in the so-called Australian film renaissance of the mid-1970s, the film also helped launched the career of internationally renowned Australian cinematographer Russell Boyd. It was widely acclaimed by critics, many of whom praised it as a welcome antidote to the so-called \"shocker film\" genre, typified by The Adventures of Barry McKenzie and Alvin Purple.", "Ramón Antonio Gerardo Estévez (born August 3 , 1940 ), better known by his stage name Martin Sheen, is an American actor who first achieved fame with roles in the films Badlands (1973) and Apocalypse Now (1979).", "Ramón Antonio Gerardo Estévez (born August 3, 1940), better known by his stage name Martin Sheen, is an American actor who first achieved fame with roles in the films Badlands (1973) and Apocalypse Now (1979).", "By the early 1970s, he was at the height of his fame, directing a big-budget adaptation of Catch-22 and the film Carnal Knowledge, starring Jack Nicholson. Throughout this time he continued to direct a string of Broadway hits.", "Serpico (1973) was the first of four \"seminal\" films he made in the 1970s that marked him as \"one of the greatest filmmakers of his generation.\" It was the story of power and betrayal in the New York City police force, with an idealistic policeman battling impossible odds.", "In 1959, he appeared in his first film, a psychological Western, The Hanging Tree. The same year, Otto Preminger cast him as the relentless prosecuting attorney in Anatomy of a Murder. The role brought him his first, unsuccesful, Oscar nomination." ]

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[ "The Godfather Part II (1974) - The only sequel to win a best picture Oscar. Yes, it's that good.", "the only sequel to win a Best Picture Oscar at the time of its win [an earlier unsuccessful attempt at a sequel-Best Picture win was The Bells of St. Mary's (1945) - following the Best Picture winner of the previous year - Going My Way (1944)]", "It was the only sequel to win a Best Picture Oscar at the time of its win. [An earlier unsuccessful attempt at a sequel-Best Picture win was The Bells of St. Mary's (1945) - following the Best Picture winner of the previous year - Going My Way (1944). Later, its 'sequel' The Godfather, Part III (1990) was also nominated for Best Picture - and lost, and two sequel-installments of The Lord of the Rings (2002, 2003) were also nominated, with the latter winning the top honor. Some might consider the Best Picture-winning The Silence of the Lambs (1991) as a sequel to Manhunter (1986) , but that stretches the definition of a true sequel.]", "The sequel The Godfather Part II also won an Academy Award for Best Picture , making the Godfather trilogy the only series of films to date to win multiple Oscars in this field.", "1. What was the first sequel to win the Best Picture award at the Oscars, taking the prize for 1974?", "[Note: The Bells of St. Mary's was the first sequel to be nominated for Best Picture. Other sequels later nominated for Best Picture included", "12 Years a Slave has won the best picture Oscar at the 86th Academy Awards, defeating a nine-strong field that included Gravity, The Wolf of Wall Street and American Hustle for the headline prize at this year's ceremony. 12 Years a Slave becomes the first film from a black director to take the best picture Oscar.", "The Godfather, Part II (1974) - with a second 'sequel' of sorts, The Godfather, Part III (1990) which was also nominated for Best Picture!). Its predecessor, The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001) had 13 nominations and also won in technical categories: four similar minor Oscar wins for Best Visual Effects, Best Cinematography, Best Makeup, and Best Original Score.", "Oscars 2015: 'Birdman' wins best picture, 3 other Academy Awards; Julianne Moore, Eddie Redmayne notch top acting prizes", "Unexpectedly, there were no foreign-language, traditional comedies, musicals or documentary choices in the expanded Best Picture category. This year featured one of the most even distributions of top nominees, with five films receiving at least six nominations, and no film receiving more than nine. Six of the top 10 contenders were released in the fourth quarter of the year -- only Up, The Hurt Locker, District 9, and Inglourious Basterds were released earlier. In addition to Avatar, four Best Picture-nominated films had grossed over $100 million domestically. [Last year, only one of the five Best Picture nominees had done so, The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (2008).]", "The first of the other heavily-nominated Best Picture nominees (below) was the only one that won Oscars:", "[Note: Slumdog Millionaire was only the fifth film in the past 50 years to win without any acting nominations, repeating the feat of The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003) , Braveheart (1995), The Last Emperor (1987), and Gigi (1958). It was one of only eleven films in all of Academy history that have won Best Picture without receiving a single acting nomination.]", "At the 25th Academy Awards, the movie won Oscars for Best Picture and Best Story. It received nominations for Best Director, Best Film Editing, and Best Costume Design, Color. It was the last Best Picture winner to win fewer than 3 Academy Awards until Spotlight in 2016.", "The Academy Award for Best Picture went to Sam Mendes’ suburban crisis tale, American Beauty . The filmmaker also won the Best Director category. Best Actor went to the film’s lead Kevin Spacey, but Hilary Swank managed to crack their winning streak by nabbing Best Actress for Boys Don’t Cry for her role as transgendered teen, Brandon Teena.", "Cast member Brad Pitt (C) accepts the Oscar for best picture from presenter Will Smith as director and producer Steve McQueen (L) take the stage at the 86th Academy Awards in Hollywood, California March 2, 2014.", "Kevin Spacey won the Best Actor Academy Award for an inspiring performance in American Beauty (his second career nomination and second Oscar win) - as rebellious, beleaguered and doomed Lester Burnham, a casualty of suburban family life who faced a mid-career crisis, dropped out from his job for the advertising magazine Media Monthly, worked at a fast-food joint called Mr. Smiley's, and lusted after his daughter's best high-school friend and temptress Angela (Mena Suvari). Spacey previously won the Best Supporting Actor award for The Usual Suspects (1995). [Spacey became the 10th performer to win Oscars in both the lead and supporting categories, following after Helen Hayes, Jack Lemmon, Ingrid Bergman, Maggie Smith, Robert DeNiro, Meryl Streep, Jack Nicholson, Gene Hackman, and Jessica Lange.]", "Amazingly, both top acting awards were won by the main lead performers in the same film, a comedy - As Good As It Gets. This marked the seventh time in 70 years that the two best acting Oscars were awarded to the same film. The wins made it, to date, the last Best Picture nominee to receive Best Actor and Best Actress wins.", "Which is the only film of just 4 letters to win a Best Picture Academy Award?", "Do any of these second wins seem like stronger performances than their first? Clearly, Meryl Streep’ problem all of these years has been topping Sophie’s Choice which remains one of the greatest performances ever by anyone. They finally gave her a second Oscar for The Iron Lady.", "The film received universal critical acclaim and was a financial success. It grossed over US$225 million during its theatrical run with only a modest $10 million budget. It was nominated for nine Academy Awards, including the Academy Award for Best Picture, and won two: Best Supporting Actor for Williams and Best Original Screenplay for Damon and Affleck.", "What Is It?: The Best Picture Oscar will be awarded to a movie immediately after its director has been announced the winner of the Best Director trophy.", "So, seriously, now... Which one is going to win Best Picture, and why will it get the votes?", "With an Academy Award win, the second (and last win, to date) for Best Special Visual Effects.", "Won: Best Picture, Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Director, Best Costume Design, Best Art Direction, Best Film Editing, Best Makeup, Best Score, Best Original Song, Best Sound Mixing, Best Visual Effects", "One more point: it’s the frontrunner in two acting categories. What was the last movie to win two acting Oscars that wasn’t a Best Picture nominee?", "Won: Best Picture, Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Director, Best Actress, Best Supporting Actress, Best Cinematography, Best Film Editing, Best Art Direction", "The film was nominated for Academy Awards for Best Actor in a Leading Role (Nicholson) and Best Actress in a Leading Role (Streep).", "Which two films, that each won best picture Oscar’s in the 1990s, have animals in their titles?", "** Academy Award nomination for Best Director [film won Best Actor in a Leading Role and Best Original Screenplay]", "The film was released on February 10, 2012, in North America by Universal Pictures. Filming took place in Cape Town, South Africa. The film premiered in New York City on February 7, 2012, and was released in U.S. theaters on February 10, 2012. While Washington and Reynolds' performances were praised, the film received mixed reviews. The film earned $208 million worldwide against its $85 million budget.", "Won his second Oscar for a movie in which he only appeared on screen for a total of 23 minutes and 40 seconds.", "It won the BAFTA Award for Best Film. It also won acting honors for Finch and Jackson, as well as Best Director for Schlesinger." ]

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[ "In 1998, Roberto Benigni's Holocaust comedy, Life is Beautiful, became the second Italin film to win Best Picture nomination.", "A new generation of directors has helped return Italian cinema to a healthy level since the end of the 1980s. Probably the most noted film of the period is Nuovo Cinema Paradiso, for which Giuseppe Tornatore won a 1989 Oscar (awarded in 1990) for Best Foreign Language Film. This award was followed when Gabriele Salvatores's Mediterraneo won the same prize for 1991. Another exploit was in 1998 when Roberto Benigni won three oscars for his movie Life Is Beautiful (La vita è bella) (Best Actor, Best Foreign Film, Best Music). In 2001 Nanni Moretti's film The Son's Room (La stanza del figlio) received the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival.", "Italian actor Roberto Benigni won the Best Actor Oscar for Life is Beautiful (1998) - he was the first male actor to win an Oscar for a foreign-language film (his Best Actor Oscar win was only the second time a nominee won an acting Oscar for a foreign language film role - the earlier winner was Sophia Loren)", "The movie won Oscars for De Niro and editor Thelma Schoonmaker , and also was nominated for best picture, director, sound, and supporting actor ( Joe Pesci ) and actress (Moriarty). It lost for best picture to “ Ordinary People ,” but time has rendered a different verdict.", "Italian actor Roberto Benigni was cast as Jacques Gambrelli, the illegitimate son of Inspector Clouseau. Although very famous within Italy, he was not to find fame worldwide until Life Is Beautiful in 1997, for which he would win a Best Actor Oscar in 1999. Italian actress Claudia Cardinale replaced Elke Sommer as Maria Gambrelli. Appropriately enough, Blake Edwards' son Geoffrey Edwards was the second unit director and Blakes' daughter Jennifer Edwards played Yussa. The film was a commercial and critical failure, going straight to video in Britain, despite the ending being left open for a sequel. It was the last film involving both Blake Edwards and composer Henry Mancini.", "Arguably the apex of the giallo genre, Dario Argento's Deep Red mounts a phantasmagorical assault on your senses. There's psychic powers, bloody murder set pieces, incredible camerawork, a delirious music score by renowned Italian prog-rockers Goblin, Daria Nicolodi as a nosy reporter having a bad hair day, David Hemmings as the nervous foreigner in Italy who becomes obsessed with solving the murders, black gloves, explicit clues including a shot of the murder's face early on, a twisted plot centred on childhood trauma, and the now characteristic double-ending. This longer Italian version is recommended because it contains additional flirtatious comedy between Nicolodi and Hemmings.", "Beginning with the sound of a gun being fired, PAISAN, Roberto Rossellini's excellent treatment of WW II Italy, is divided into six vignettes about life in the war and its consequences for people all over Italy. Using an English-language narrator, but including English, Italian, and German dialogue, the film is a tricky masterpiece of filming and storytelling, cowritten by Rossellini and Federico Fellini. The movie illustrates the way that war brought people together and made them understand each other in different ways--overcoming barriers of nationality, cultural and class difference, language, religion, and gender. Each of PAISAN's vignettes is captivating and enlightening while examining serious, sometimes harrowing, and often murderous war situations. In the first, an American soldier and a young Italian girl spend the night guarding the American barracks in the ruins of a castle by the sea, until they are attacked by German troops. In another vignette, an African American officer befriends a peasant boy, only to find himself unable to cope with the boy's poverty. In Rome, an Italian girl waits in the rain for an American soldier who promised to come for her at the beginning of the war; and, in one of the most brilliant and truly funny sequences in Italian film history, three American soldiers--one Protestant, one Jew, and one Catholic--share a religious visit with the monks of a conservative Italian monastery.", "Once again, the two favored Best Director nominees (Martin Scorsese and Clint Eastwood) from 2004 were rematched again this year in the category. The winner was sentimental favorite 64 year-old Martin Scorsese (his sixth Best Director nomination and his first Oscar win), for the bloody crime film The Departed. He had never won an Oscar despite receiving five previous directorial nominations for Raging Bull (1980) , The Last Temptation of Christ (1988), GoodFellas (1990) , Gangs of New York (2002), and The Aviator (2004), as well as two screenplay nominations for GoodFellas and The Age of Innocence (1993).", "Sea of Love (1989), his biggest hit in years, reestablished Pacino as a major film star. He reprised the role of Michael Corleone in The Godfather, Part III (1990), but it was his hilarious portrayal of grotesque gangster Big Boy Caprice in Dick Tracy (1990) that won him a supporting actor Oscar nomination. Frankie and Johnny (1991) and Glengarry Glen Ross (1992), both adaptations of plays, continued his string of well-received films, and he won a best actor Oscar for his portrayal of a bitter blind man in Scent of a Woman (1992). Pacino’s other notable films of the 1990s include Carlito’s Way (1993); Heat (1995), a crime drama in which he played a detective hunting a thief ( Robert De Niro ); Donnie Brasco (1997), in which he starred as a low-level mobster who unknowingly befriends an FBI agent ( Johnny Depp ); and Oliver Stone ’s Any Given Sunday (1999). Also in 1999 Pacino appeared opposite Russell Crowe in The Insider ; based on real-life events, it examines tobacco companies and their efforts to conceal the dangerous side effects of cigarettes.", "Italian actor Giancarlo Giannini (with his sole nomination) as Pasqualino Settebellezze - a small-time fascist Italy gangster and his struggle for survival in a WW II Nazi POW camp in the Best Director-nominated war/comedy film Seven Beauties. [Only a very few Italian actors have been nominated - but have not won - for roles in Italian films - Giannini, Marcello Mastroianni (nominated in 1962, 1977, and 1987), and Massimo Troisi (in 1995).]", "The definitive Italian Neorealist film remains a deceptively simple, emotionally overwhelming experience that must be seen by anyone who loves movies. Writer Cesare Zavattini and director Vittorio de Sica crafted the ultimately politically engaged drama with this tale of Antonio Ricci, an unemployed factory worker (non-actor Lamberto Maggiorani) who finds a job putting up posters around Rome that requires the use of a bicycle. After selling his bedsheets to get his bike out of hock, Antonio finds that his bicycle is tragically stolen, a turn of events that causes him to spend the day looking for the thief with the aid of his young son Bruno (Enzo Staioloa). A humanistic portrait of despair that has never been bettered.", "He then directed Kundun in 1997, the story of the early life of the present Dalai Lama who fled to India after the takeover of his country by the communist Chinese. The movie received four Oscar nominations and won many critics' prizes for its cinematography and music. In 1999, Martin Scorsese directed Bringing Out the Dead, the story of a New York City paramedic played by Nicolas Cage. Scorsese was honored with a French Cesar for his work. He then turned to Gangs of New York, based on a script he first started 23 years earlier, a social and political drama set in the rugged downtown area of New York called The Five Points during the mid-19th century. Starring Leonardo di Caprio, Daniel Day-Lewis, and Cameron Diaz, the long-awaited movie began shooting in 2000, was released in December 2002, and went on to earn numerous critics' honors, including a Golden Globe Best Director award for Scorsese.", "Frank developed all the characters and storyline and brought it to life featuring some of the finest actors to ever hit the screen; Robert Loggia, John Savage, Steven Bauer, Margot Kidder, Nick Mancuso, Michael Pare, Robert Mangiardi, Sean McCann, Art Hindle and many others. His second movie \"The Big Fat Stone\" is a modern day tale about dreams coming true. It tells the story of Edward Rizzo: a homeless man who, simply by being at the right place at the right time, gets a chance at a new life. We join Rizzo on his emotional roller coaster in a story that will tug at your heart strings and thrill you with drama. We learn that in a single minute, in a single second, with a simple twist of fate, everything can change forever. Big Fat Stone's stellar cast includes Robert Loggia, Nick Mancuso, Ray Abruzzo, Tony Nardi, Tony Rosato, John Savage, Margot Kidder, Jennifer Dale, Michael Paré, Art Hindle and Frank D'Angelo. Frank D'Angelo is the embodiment of a true renaissance man, perpetually engaged in a motion-juggling multitude of business, personal and entertainment commitments - fulfilling all with his customary joy, aplomb and enthusiasm. Paying to win awards at unknown events and getting his movies dishonestly voted 10 stars and fake reviews for his terrible 1 star movies.", "Same story. Benigni won the Oscar for Best Actor in a Leading Role ( and was nominated for Best Director). The movie won the Oscar for Best Foreign Language Film.", "The film grossed $98 million against its $52 million budget. Critical response was generally strong and the film was nominated for seven Academy Awards: Best Picture, Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Cinematography, Best Film Editing, Best Original Score and Best Sound Mixing. It won the Golden Bear at the 1999 Berlin International Film Festival. Martin Scorsese ranked it as his second favorite film of the 1990s on At the Movies. Gene Siskel called it \"the greatest contemporary war film I've seen\".", "In a classic that puts style above substance, Italian director Sergio Leone uses vivid Cinemascope imagery to depict a bleak and bloody American West in this final installment of his collaboration with Clint Eastwood in the Man with No Name Trilogy. A prototype for the so-called Spaghetti Western genre, the film solidified Eastwood's position as a major international star with his stoic, brooding presence. Cinematographer Tonino Delli Colli's stunning visuals are a match for the vivacious Ennio Morricone score, one of the most recognizable in all of cinema. Although the film was not released in the United States until 1967, it was produced and released internationally in 1966.", "Directed by Bernardo Bertolucci. Cast: Robert De Niro, Gerard Depardieu, Dominique Sanda, Donald Sutherland, Burt Lancaster. An epic film that is both a history of 20th century Italy and a portrait of two families. It is also the story of the conflicts between two boys, one a peasant and the other a landowner, as they pass through the upheavals of the modern world. 255 min. DVD 6809; vhs 999:510", "Cecilia Dazzi was born in Rome and her debut was in 1986 in La Famiglia directed by the great Ettore Scola, with Vittorio Gassman and Sergio Castellitto. In 1989 she moved to NYC where she studied acting at Herbert Bergog's Studio: come back to Italy she become Carmelo Bene's assistant. In 1991 she become famous for the role of Debora in I ragazzi del muretto, an adolescential fiction. In 1994 comes her first international production, Jakob by Peter Hall with Matthew Modine and Sean Bean. Four years later she won the David di Donatello for her perfomance in Matrimoni by Cristina Comencini. In 2003 she worked with Maggie Smith, Chris Cooper and Timothy Spall in Ricard Loncraine's My house in Umbria, and one year after in Wimbledon with Kirsten Dunst and Paul Bettany.", "By the 3rd act of this epitome of heartbreaker movie-making, a quote passed through my head that Michelangelo Antonionni once stated: The actor is a moving object. That sentence, I can guess, is true of Battisti, as well as for his little dog. Aldo Graziati's camera follows him and his companion like another piece of the frame, which makes our focus on them all the more compelling. They're just their, acting the ways an old man and his pet act with one another, which is care and devotion. Battisti, in turn, delivers for De Sica an over-whelming performance of emotion. The very last scene is one of the definitive milestones of the movement at the time in Italy - despite it all; a relationship between a man and his \"best friend\" can be stronger in desperate times than a man can have with a fellow human being. Truly, this ending is quite suitable for one of the best films of it's time, and for De Sica a memorial tribute to his father. A++", "Gangs of New York (2002) is a historical film set in the mid-19th century, in the Five Points district of New York City. The film, directed by Martin Scorsese and written by Jay Cocks, Steven Zaillian, and Kenneth Lonergan, was inspired by Herbert Asbury's nonfiction book, The Gangs of New York (1928). It was made at Cinecittà, Rome, distributed by Miramax Films, and nominated for numerous awards, including the Academy Award for Best Picture.", "**1998 – Won, David Lean Award for Direction for William Shakespeare's Romeo + Juliet; Won, Best Screenplay, Adapted for William Shakespeare's Romeo + Juliet;", "The Good, the Bad and the Ugly ( Italian title: Il buono, il brutto, il cattivo, lit. \"The Good, the Ugly, the Bad\") is a 1966 Italian epic Spaghetti Western film directed by Sergio Leone , starring Clint Eastwood , Lee Van Cleef , and Eli Wallach in the title roles respectively. The screenplay was written by Age & Scarpelli , Luciano Vincenzoni , and Leone (with additional screenplay material provided by an uncredited Sergio Donati ), based on a story by Vincenzoni and Leone. Director of photography Tonino Delli Colli was responsible for the film's sweeping widescreen cinematography and Ennio Morricone composed the film's score , including its main theme . It was a co-production between companies in Italy, Spain, West Germany, and the United States. Wikipedia", "Directed by Gabriele Muccino. Starring Russell Crowe, Amanda Seyfried, Aaron Paul, Diane Kruger, Bruce Greenwood, Kylie Rogers, Jane Fonda, Octavia Spencer.", "- Film 1998, prod. Showcareer Limited Production, dir. Radha Bharadwaj, starring Jared Leto, Derek Jacobi, Christian Slater, Claire Forlani", "Directed by Franco Zeffirelli; written by John Mortimer and Zeffirelli, based on \"The Autobiography of Franco Zeffirelli\"; director of photography, David Watkin; edited by Tariq Anwar; music by Alessio Vlad and Stefano Arnaldi; art directors, Carlo Centolavigna and Gioia Fiorella Mariani; produced by Riccardo Tozzi, Giovannella Zannoni and Clive Parsons; released by G2 Films, an MGM company. Running time: 117 minutes. This film is rated PG.", "Writers: Luciano Vincenzoni (story), Sergio Leone (story), Agenore Incrocci (screenplay), Furio Scarpelli (screenplay), Luciano Vincenzoni (screenplay), Sergio Leone (screenplay), Mickey Knox (English version by)", "The film premiered at the 1997 Venice Film Festival and was the opening night selection at the 1998 San Francisco International Film Festival.", "Robert De Niro won the Best Actor Oscar for his performance as a boxer. The film was directed by Martin Scorsese.", "* 1998, directed by Bille August and starring Liam Neeson, Geoffrey Rush, Uma Thurman, Claire Danes, and Hans Matheson", "Which two films, that each won best picture Oscar’s in the 1990s, have animals in their titles?", "Production begins at the end of April in Italy. The film is slated to hit theaters on October 14, 2016.", "5.0 su 5 stelle If you liked the movie you'll love the book. Highly recommended. 20 ottobre 2016" ]

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[ "The first animated film to be nominated for a Best Picture Oscar was Disney’s Beauty and the Beast, in 1991. The award went to Silence of the Lambs but Beauty and the Beast won 2 Oscars: Best Original Score and Best Original Song.", "The following year, in 1991, came Beauty and the Beast , which is often considered by many to be the crown jewel of of all Disney animated films. It was the first animated film nominated for Best Picture at the Oscars, an accomplishment which has not been matched since Pixar's 2009 film Up , only to lose out to The Silence of the Lambs.", "The first animation picture to be nominated for Best Picture Oscar was Disney’s Beauty and the Beast in 1991 – it did not win, however. See the list of Oscar winners for the 1990s .", "5. 1992: Disney’s “Beauty and the Beast” becomes the first animated film to ever compete for Best Picture. Although the Best Animated Feature category is created for the Oscars in 2002, two Pixar films join “Beast’s” honor — “Up” in 2010 and “Toy Story 3” in 2011.", "In 1989, Disney animation experienced a renaissance with The Little Mermaid . In 1991, Beauty and the Beast became the first animated film to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture. In 1992, Aladin became the first animated picture to gross over $200 million in the U.S. The Lion King brooke that record with $312 million grossed.", "When he was the President of the Academy of Motion Pictures and Science, Peck lobbied the organization's Board of Governors to make animated feature films eligible for nomination as Best Picture. It wasn't until 1991 that Disney's Beauty and the Beast (1991) became the first animated film to be nominated for Best Picture, although it did not win.", "The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on March 7, 2010. Kathryn Bigelow made history as the first female to win the Oscar for Best Director. Up became only the second animated film to earn a Best Picture nomination. 1991's Beauty and the Beast was the first such film to achieve this feat. Best Adapted Screenplay winner Geoffrey Fletcher was the first African American winner of a screenwriting Oscar. ", "As with any other form of media, animation too has instituted awards for excellence in the field. The original awards for animation were presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for animated shorts from the year 1932, during the 5th Academy Awards function. The first winner of the Academy Award was the short Flowers and Trees, a production by Walt Disney Productions. The Academy Award for a feature-length animated motion picture was only instituted for the year 2001, and awarded during the 74th Academy Awards in 2002. It was won by the film Shrek, produced by DreamWorks and Pacific Data Images. Disney/Pixar have produced the most films either to win or be nominated for the award. The list of both awards can be obtained here:", "The win gave Pixar its eighth Oscar in the animated feature category, which was first awarded to films made during 2001. The studio previously won Academy Awards in the animated feature category for Up and Toy Story 3, which were also nominated for best picture, as well as Brave, Toy Story 3, Wall-E, Ratatouille, The Incredibles and Finding Nemo.", "Pinocchio was also the first animated film to win an Academy Award in a competitive category. It won Oscars for both original score and original song. Snow White was the first to win a non-competitive category for significant screen innovation, and was nominated for best score, but did not win.", "The song \"The Bare Necessities\" was nominated for Best Song at the 40th Academy Awards , losing to \"Talk to the Animals\" from Doctor Dolittle . [38] Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences president Gregory Peck lobbied extensively for this film to be nominated for Best Picture, but was unsuccessful. [37] It was not until 1991 when Disney's Beauty and the Beast that an animated film would be nominated for Best Picture.", "At the 74th Academy Awards, Shrek won the first ever Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, beating Monsters, Inc. and Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius. Entertainment Weekly put it on its end-of-the-decade, \"best-of\" list, saying, \"Prince Charming? So last millennium. This decade, fairy-tale fans — and Princess Fiona — fell for a fat and flatulent Ogre. Now, that's progress.\" It was nominated for The Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy. ", "The remarkable Chicken Run (2000), about an imprisoned group of egg-laying chickens plotting an escape - the first feature film from the British clay-animation studio Aardman Animations (famous for the Wallace and Gromit series) and DreamWorks, was denied a Best Picture nomination. This led to the creation of a new Oscar category beginning in 2001: Best Animated Feature Film.", "Disney's second full-length animated film was not a box-office success, but was the first animated film to receive an Academy Award. Pinocchio won both Best Music-Original Score and Best Music-Original Song.", "The first feature-length computer-animated film, Toy Story, is released. Produced by Pixar Animation Studios, the film is released and distributed by Walt Disney Pictures. The film receives three Academy Award nominations. Many critics consider it one of the best animated films ever. Two sequels are made, both also massively successful.", "• \"TIN TOY\" wins the Academy Award. John Lasseter, William Reeves, Pixar, first computer animated film to win, US.", "It took another 18 years before an animated film was given its due, and it was yet another Disney film, ”Up.” The big differences between the two are that “Up” (and “Toy Story 3″, which also got a Best Picture nomination) was animated by computers, not traditionally hand drawn, and it was included in a list of ten nominees, not the more competitive five, as “Beauty and the Beast” had to deal with.", "Monsters, Inc. and Shrek are the first pair of CG animated movies to win Academy Awards in the same year (Monsters, Inc. for Best Song of 2001, and Shrek for Best Animated Feature of 2001).", "In addition to the Best Picture nomination, the film got five other nods, the most ever for any animated film. It also got three nominations in the Best Song category, thanks to the music of Alan Menken and Howard Ashman. (Both feats are still a record, though both “Enchanted” and “The Lion King” did tie the three song one and “Wall-E” tied for most nominations, they all share the record.)", "The Song of the South (1946), released on November 12, 1946, was Disney's first live-action feature film, but also contained three major segments of animation; it was based upon Joel Chandler Harris' Uncle Remus folk tales regarding Br'er Rabbit; due to extensive protests (mostly by the NAACP) over the stereotypical representations of blacks in the film and the romanticizing of slavery, the controversial film was never released on home video for US audiences; the film's hit song \"Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah\" won the Academy Awards Oscar for Best Song", "It is generally considered to be Walt Disney 's most significant achievement, his first-ever animated feature. Snow White was the first major animated feature made in the United States, the most successful motion picture released in 1938 , and, adjusted for inflation, is the tenth highest-grossing film of all time. This historical moment in motion picture history changed the medium of animation. Before 1937 , short cartoons took up the majority of American animation.", "1995 The first computer-animated film, Toy Story , is released to theaters. The achievement is honored with a Special Achievement Academy Award .", "* First animated film to be nominated for Best Original Screenplay and for a Best Screenplay award in general", "The film is a landmark in animation history for many reasons. It was the first Disney animated feature to be set in a contemporary setting. It was also the first one created by a single story man ( Bill Peet ). [1]", "The Hunchback of Notre Dame is a 1996 American animated musical drama film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released to theaters on June 21 , 1996 by Walt Disney Pictures . The thirty-fourth animated feature in the Disney Animated Canon , the film is loosely based on Victor Hugo 's novel of the same name, but changed most of its substance to make it more family-friendly. The plot centers on Esmeralda , the Gypsy dancer, Claude Frollo , a powerful and ruthless Minister of Justice who lusts after her and plans to commit genocide by killing all of the gypies that live in Paris, France , Quasimodo , the protagonist, Notre Dame 's kindhearted and deformed bell-ringer, who adores her (and struggles to gain acceptance into society as well as save the Gypsies who live in Paris from Frollo who plans to kill them all), and Phoebus , the chivalrous but irreverent military captain, who holds affections for her.", "• Disney's \"THREE ORPHAN KITTENS\" wins the Academy Award. Don Graham begins teaching at the Disney studios.", "The Hunchback of Notre Dame is a 1996 American animated musical comedy-drama film produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and released to theaters on June 21, 1996 by Walt Disney Pictures. The 34th animated feature in the Walt Disney Animated Classics series, the film is based on Victor Hugo's novel of the same name. The plot centers on Quasimodo, the deformed bell-ringer of Notre Dame and his struggle to gain acceptance into society while rebelling against his ruthless and bigoted master, Judge Claude Frollo.", "The first animated film is made in Japan, beginning an art form that will grow throughout the century to gain worldwide fame. Ofuji Noburo (1900–1961), who creates animated movies using cutout silhouettes, is the first Japanese filmmaker in this field to gain global recognition.", "This movie is generally thought to mark the beginning of the New Era of Disney animation. Many credit this success to the team of Howard Ashman and Alan Menken, who received Academy Awards for Best Original Score and Best Song (Under the Sea).", "However, the film won Best Picture (Musical or Comedy) at the Golden Globe Awards and won two Academy Awards for Best Original Song and Best Original Score. The film was dedicated to Howard Ashman, who died earlier in the year before the film's release due to AIDS-related illness. It became the most successful animated feature in motion picture history up to that time, with domestic box office revenues exceeding $140 million.", "The first animated film to win an Academy Award for best original song for best original score.", "The screenwriters for the first film, Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio, insisted the film to be a traditional fairytale, but after disagreements with the producers, they left the project and were replaced by director Andrew Adamson. His writing of the film was inspired from Guess Who's Coming to Dinner, with the help of the co-directors for the film, who had spent most of the film's production in Northern California while Adamson spent most of the time with the voice actors in Glendale, California." ]

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[ "Bob Hope has hosted the Oscars 18 times; Billy Crystal is in second place with 8 times.", "20. Bob Hope hosted the ceremony a whopping 19 times, making him the most frequent Oscar host.", "The shows have had several M.C.'s through the years. But, Bob Hope is the person who hosted the Academy Awards the most.  He did it 17 times.", "In 1941, after America’s entrance into World War II, Hope began performing for U.S. troops abroad; he would play shows for more than a million American servicemen by 1953. Some 65 million people watched him perform for troops in Vietnam on Christmas Eve in 1966, in his largest broadcast. Hope also became a legend for his countless TV specials, which he would perform over the course of some five decades. He hosted the Academy Awards ceremony a total of 18 times, more than any other Oscars host.", "Though he hosted the Academy Awards a record 17 times, Bob Hope himself never won an Oscar. “Welcome to the Academy Awards,” he announced on one", "Crystal hosted the Academy Awards broadcast in 1990�1993, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2004 and 2012; and he reportedly turned down hosting the 2006 ceremony to concentrate on his one-man show, 700 Sundays. He returned as emcee for the 2012 Oscar ceremony, after Eddie Murphy backed out of hosting. [9] His nine times as the M.C. is second only to Bob Hope 's 18 in most ceremonies hosted. At the 83rd Academy Awards ceremony in 2011, he appeared as a presenter for a digitally inserted Bob Hope and before doing so was given a standing ovation. Film critic Roger Ebert said when Crystal came onstage about two hours into the show, he got the first laughs of the broadcast. [10] Crystal's hosting gigs have regularly included an introductory video segment in which he comedically inserts himself into scenes of that year's films in addition to a song following his opening monologue.", "Billy Crystal is a former stand-up comic and cast member of television's \"Saturday Night Live\" who achieved greater glory as an actor and emcee, starring in such movies as \"When Harry Met Sally...\" and hosting the Academy Awards ceremony eight times, a total surpassed only by Bob Hope.", "In the early days, Hope's career included appearances on stage in Vaudeville shows and Broadway productions. He began performing on the radio in 1934 and switched to television when that medium became popular in the 1950s. He began doing regular TV specials in 1954, and hosted the Academy Awards fourteen times in the period from 1941 to 1978. Overlapping with this was his movie career, spanning the years 1934 to 1972, and his USO tours, which he did from 1941 to 1991.", "Billy Crystal hosted the show for his ninth time, second only in number of hosting duties to Bob Hope. He was also the first solo host since Hugh Jackman at the 81st Academy Awards.", "9. Bob Hope, Jack Lemmon, David Niven, Rosalind Russell, James Stewart, and Donald Duck (1958) Yep, Donald Duck, who co-hosted the 30th Oscar ceremony via the magic of pre-taped animation. Despite having six hosts, the show managed to keep to a strict timetable, which was good, since it was the first Oscar show ever telecast live. It was also the first Oscarcast to drop the East Coast portion of the show and air exclusively from Hollywood. And it was the first to run without commercials (the Academy sponsored the broadcast by itself), so there was no time for anyone onstage to take a breather.", "NBC-TV’s broadcast of the 25th Annual Academy Awards featured ceremonies held in both Hollywood and New York City . Bob Hope hosted the main Oscars ceremony at Hollywood’s RKO Pantages Theater, while Conrad Nagel led a smaller ceremony at the NBC International Theater in Manhattan.", "If you only remember one thing about him, itâs this: Bob Hope has made more people laugh than anyone in human history. Heâs the only comedian to have been, over the years, the Number One star in radio, in film, and then television, at a time when each of those media was at its highpoint. The Road pictures with Bing Crosby were the highest-grossing series in movie history till James Bond came along, his six decades with NBC hold the record for the longest contract in showbusiness, and his TV specials for the network remain among the most-watched programmes of all time. Plus heâs logged some ten million miles, playing up to 200 live performances a year until into his nineties.", "The 88th Academy Awards ceremony was held at the Dolby Theatre on February 28, 2016 and hosted by Chris Rock. A total of 2,947 Oscars have been awarded since the inception of the award through the 87th. ", "36. Bob Hope (1966). Hope had to compete with the lavish set design created for the first color telecast of an Oscar show, including 42 onstage fountains. He also registered surprise when presented with a medal from the Academy governors for his years of service.", "Hosted the Academy Awards in 1946 (alongside Bob Hope ), 1958 (alongside David Niven , Jack Lemmon , Rosalind Russell , Bob Hope and \"Donald Duck\").", "33. \"The Friends of Oscar\" - Ingrid Bergman, Diahann Carroll, Tony Curtis, Jane Fonda, Burt Lancaster, Walter Matthau, Sidney Poitier, Rosalind Russell, Frank Sinatra, and Natalie Wood (1969) In a year of big changes, including a new venue (the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion), there were 10 hosts, not one of whom was named Hope (though ol' Bob did make a brief appearance, earning a standing ovation in the process). Carroll and Poitier became the first two black performers to host an Academy Awards ceremony.", "The 80th Academy Awards ceremony, presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), honored the best films of 2007 and took on place February 24, 2008, at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood, Los Angeles beginning at 5:30 p.m. PST / 8:30 p.m. EST. During the ceremony, AMPAS presented Academy Awards (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 24 categories. The ceremony was televised in the United States by ABC, and produced by Gil Cates and directed by Louis J, Horvitz. Actor Jon Stewart hosted the show for the second time, having previously presided over the 78th ceremony held in 2006. Two weeks earlier in a gala at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills, California held on February 9, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Jessica Alba. ", "41. Takes One to Know One? Chevy Chase has hosted the Academy Awards twice, in 1987 and 1988. Chase kicked off the 1987 broadcast by greeting the audience with the cheerful words, \"Good evening, Hollywood phonies!\"", "In a public ceremony held in Hollywood, city officials renamed the intersection of Hollywood Boulevard and Vine Avenue–famous for its historic buildings and as a central point on the Hollywood Walk of Fame –Bob Hope Square. Several 1940s-era U.S. planes flew overhead as part of an air show honouring Hope’s longtime role as an entertainer of U.S. armed forces all over the world. Hope, who was then suffering from failing eyesight and hearing and had not been seen in public for three years, was too ill to attend the public ceremonies. Three of his children attended the naming ceremony, along with some of his younger show-business colleagues, including Mickey Rooney.", "In a public ceremony held in Hollywood, city officials renamed the intersection of Hollywood Boulevard and Vine Avenue–famous for its historic buildings and as a central point on the Hollywood Walk of Fame–Bob Hope Square. Several 1940s-era U.S. planes flew overhead as part of an air show honoring Hope’s longtime role as an entertainer of U.S. armed forces all over the world. Hope, who was then suffering from failing eyesight and hearing and had not been seen in public for three years, was too ill to attend the public ceremonies. Three of his children attended the naming ceremony, along with some of his younger show-business colleagues, including Mickey Rooney.", "A separate tribute to comedian, actor, and veteran Oscar host Bob Hope was presented by Tom Hanks. Later, actress Julia Roberts presented one to actress Katharine Hepburn.", "Best: Johnny Carson – Johnny Carson, the king of late night, hosted the Academy Awards five times between 1979 and 1984. Carson never failed to make the audience laugh.", "At the age of 95, Hope made an appearance at the 50th anniversary of the Primetime Emmy Awards with Milton Berle and Sid Caesar . Two years later, Hope was present at the opening of the Bob Hope Gallery of American Entertainment at the Library of Congress .", "The awards were hosted for the first time by Bob Hope, an english born entertainer. Paramount Pictures signed Hope for the 1938 film The Big Broadcast of 1938. During a duet with Shirley Ross as accompanied by Shep Fields and his orchestra, Hope introduced the bittersweet song later to become his trademark, \"Thanks for the Memory\", which became a major hit and was praised by critics. The sentimental and fluid nature of the music allowed Hope's writers (whom he is said to have depended upon heavily throughout his career) to later invent endless variations of the", "Bob Hope jokingly tries to wrestle an Oscar statuette away from American actor Marlon Brando, backstage at the Academy Awards in 1955. Brando won the Best Actor award for his performance in director Elia Kazan's film, 'On the Waterfront,' and Hope was the host of the Awards.", "The person awarded the most Oscars was Walt Disney, he won 26 Academy Awards during his lifetime – 22 Oscars and 4 honorary ones.  He also received an astounding 64 Oscar nominations.", "Receiving knighthood in 1998 was one of many honors bestowed upon comedian Bob Hope, who despite his numerous film and television credits ...", "This year's Oscars ceremony was hosted by Oscar-winner David Niven for Separate Tables. He was the only person to win an Oscar the same year he was a host.", "Among presenters of the Academy Awards were such previous Oscar winners as Nicolas Cage, Susan Sarandon, Julie Andrews, Michael Douglas, Jodie Foster, Goldie Hawn, Tommy Lee Jones and Diane Keaton. Other presenters included Sandra Bullock, Chris O'Donnell, Nicole Kidman, Chris Farley and Will Smith.", "A golf club became an integral prop for Hope during the standup segments of his television specials and USO shows. In 1978, he putted against a then two-year-old Tiger Woods in a television appearance with James Stewart on The Mike Douglas Show.", "A Tribute to Bob Hope - Classic Movies - Best Source For Classic Films, Movie Stars and Directors", "Tedious though all the hanging about might be, the annual Academy Awards is the most important fixture in the Hollywood calendar and has been since it started. Perhaps the most iconic event in the Hollywood social calendar—and certainly the aspect of the whole Academy Award business I enjoyed the most—was for years Swifty Lazar's Oscar party. Along with the other two top parties, media mogul Barry Diller's lunch and the late Hollywood agent Ed Limato's dinner, Swifty's party ranked as the place to be and to be seen. Swifty's Oscar parties were real high-octane affairs held first of all at the Bistro restaurant and then at Wolfgang Puck's Spago. Swifty's party may have been the hot ticket, but you could find yourself seated at the back of the restaurant in \"Siberia\" if he didn't like you or think you mattered—and he had a very keen sense of priority. He once invited me to dinner and I had to turn him down because I was already having dinner with someone else. When I told him who it was he looked at me, rather disappointed. \"He's not a dinner, Michael,\" he said, \"he's a lunch!\" So sitting at the front of Spago at Swifty's Oscar parties were the \"dinners\"—the \"lunches\" were at the back. . . ." ]

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[ "The teddy bear toy was first created in 1902 and was named after the then president of the United States, Theodore Roosevelt. Historians agree the teddy bear got its name when ‘Teddy’ Roosevelt, as the 26th president was nicknamed, was on a hunting trip in Mississippi.", "“Teddy Bears” were so named when Theodore “Teddy” Roosevelt (1858-1919) refused to shoot a small bear cub one day. The incident was reported in the news, which inspired a toy manufacture to come out with the cute stuffed animals.[1]", "The teddy bear was named after President Theodore Roosevelt. In 1902, while hunting in Mississippi, Teddy's dogs cornered a small bear cub. Roosevelt refused to shoot it. This act of mercy was published in the newspaper in cartoon form. Morris Michtom and his partner ask Theodore Roosevelt to use his name for a toy bear. Teddy agreed to let his name be used. Now the soft cuddly bears are known as Teddy Bears. (Morris Michtom went on to found the Ideal Toy Company.)", "Not long after this took place, a famous cartoonist named Clifford Berryman drew a cartoon based on Roosevelt 's rescue of the bear. When a store owner in Brooklyn saw the cartoon, he decided to make toy bears to sell in his shop. He asked president Roosevelt for permission to use the name “\"Teddy's Bear\"” for his toys, as a reminder of the bear Roosevelt had set free. Nowadays, everyone knows these toys as Teddy Bears, but few people know that they were named after President Theodore “\"Teddy\"” Roosevelt.", "But although we take teddies for granted today, as the stuffed animals of choice in both fact and fiction, they've only been an integral part of childhood - and also in many cases of adulthood, too - since the early years of the 20th Century. And for that, we have to thank the American President, Theodore Roosevelt, who was known as Teddy, and after whom stuffed bears have ever since been named.", ", it is said they connected teddy bear name with President Theodore Roosevelt (also nicknamed \"Teddy\").  They even asked", "Svasam Soft Fact about Teddy Bear . Teddy Bear s get their name from USA President, Theodore (Teddy) Roosevelt.", "Cupcake- I loved President Regan. I also wanted to add that Theodore Roosevelt was named after the teddy bear, thus the name teddy which was his nickname.", "Black Friday and Cyber Monday BARBIE - Valentine - Special Edition SPECIAL BLACK FRIDAY DEALS â Valentine - Special Edition Teddy Bear s - Toys & Collectables The name Teddy Bear will come from previous US president Theodore Roosevelt, whose nickname was \"Teddy\", which arrived from a bear looking incident in Mississippi in 1902. The most costly Teddy Bear s ever marketed have created by Steiff. BARBIE - Valentine - Special Edition Comprehension Unique Glow Goods Want to glow in the darkish and be exclusive in nighttime gatherings and celebrations? Then, go for elegant glow products. They provide more exciting and leisure to these activities. Folks of all ages including children, teenagers and grown ups appreciate to use various glow items. Enable us have a glimpse at some of the most common glow items, ranging from easy toys to excellent glow jewellery. Distinct Present day Stuffed Animal Toys Stuffed animals keep on being preferred even between the age of personal computers and video game titles. Read t ...", "A famous political cartoonist for the Washington Star, Clifford Berryman, picked up on the President's refusal to shoot the bear, and used it as a metaphor for Roosevelt's indecision over a Mississippi boundary dispute. Berryman's cartoon soon became well known throughout the United States and inspired Brooklyn candy store owners Rose and Morris Michtom to make the first stuffed bear toy, which they appropriately named Theodore Roosevelt. Before making additional bears, Morris Michtom wrote to Roosevelt to ask his permission to make a small bear cub and call it \"Teddy's Bear.\" His son, Benjamin Michtom, said that although Roosevelt agreed to lend his name to the new invention he doubted it would ever amount to much in the toy business. In 1903, the Ideal Toy Company was born, soon to become a multimillion-dollar business. By 1908, the bear had become such a popular toy that a Michigan minister warned that replacing dolls with toy bears would destroy the maternal instincts in little girls.", "To combine the stuffed bear phenomenon with Teddy Roosevelt, Morris Michtom asked the president for permission to call these stuffed bears \"Teddy's Bear.\" Roosevelt said yes, and the Teddy Bear was born.", "I just knew that the name ' Teddy Bear ' came from President Theodore Roosevelt hunting story. Pretty impressive huggable politics.", "Although the Steiff Company in Germany produced a jointed stuffed bear in 1902, the First Teddy Bear was made by Rose and Morris Michtom with the influence of Teddy Roosevelt and Clifford Berryman. Here's why:", "After receiving Roosevelt's permission to use his name, Michtom mass produced the toy bears which were so popular that he soon founded the Ideal Toy Company. To this day the Teddy Bear has worldwide popularity and its origin can be traced back to Theodore's fateful hunting trip in 1902.", "Theodore (Teddy) Roosevelt, the 26th president of the United States, is the person responsible for giving the teddy bear his name. On November 14, 1902, Roosevelt was helping settle a border dispute between Mississippi and Louisiana. During his spare time he attended a bear hunt in Mississippi. During the hunt, Roosevelt came upon a wounded young bear and ordered the mercy killing of the animal. The Washington Post ran a editorial cartoon created by the political cartoonist Clifford K. Berryman that illustrated the event. The cartoon was called \"Drawing the Line in Mississippi\" and depicted both state line dispute and the bear hunt. At first Berryman drew the bear as a fierce animal, the bear had just killed a hunting dog. Later, Berryman redrew the bear to make it a cuddly cub. The cartoon and the story it told became popular and within a year, the cartoon bear became a toy for children called the teddy bear.", "The late and great poet, Sir John Betjeman (1906 - 1984) had a beloved teddy who was made by th famous German makers, Steiff (circa 1910). Sir John derived great comfort from his bear whom he named Archibald Ormsby Gore.  ", "There are two conflicting claims as to the origin of the name 'Teddy'. One is that In 1902 President Theodore Roosevelt was on a hunting trip in Mississippi. As reported in the Washington Post, the presidential hunting party. trailed and lassoed a lean, black bear, then tied it to a tree. The president was summoned, but when he arrived on the scene he refused to shoot the tied and exhausted bear, considering it to be unsportsmanlike.", "A legend was born, and the bear turned into an icon, even before the publication of A. A. Milne's Winnie-the-Pooh books and John W. Bratton and Jimmy Kennedy's song ''The Teddy Bears' Picnic,'' later published as a book with the same title.", "Location where Theodore Roosevelt refused to shoot a small captive bear cub on Nov. 14, 1902. The incident is thought to have led to creation of the teddy bear.", "This little bear captured the hearts of many guest to the Zoo.  As fate would have it, among Winnie's fans were A.A. Milne and his son Christopher Robin. The two became regular visitors and it was Christopher Robin who added \"Pooh\" to Winnie's name. He got the name from the swan, Pooh, who lived in his backyard at Cotchford Farms. Christopher had a bear given to him on his first birthday on August 21, 1921 which he first called Edward Bear, but soon changed to \"Winnie-the-Pooh\" after the playful Winnie at the London Zoo. ", "Winnie-the-Pooh, commonly known as Pooh Bear or simply Pooh (and also referred to as Edward Bear), is perhaps one of the most famous of all fictional bears .", "A political cartoonist by the name of Clifford Berryman read the article and decided to lightheartedly lampoon the president's refusal to shoot the bear. Berryman's cartoon appeared in the Washington Post on November 16, 1902. A Brooklyn candy shop owner by the name of Morris Michtom saw the cartoon and had an idea. He and his wife Rose were also makers of stuffed animals, and Michtom decided to create a stuffed toy bear and dedicate it to the president who refused to shoot a bear. He called it 'Teddy's Bear'.", "The second claim is that Richard Steiff, the nephew of Margarete Steiff and an established German toy-maker, designed the first jointed bear and exhibited it at the 1903 Leipzig Fair. Some of these bears were sent to America and used to decorate the tables at a White House reception. When the President was asked what species of bear it was, someone suggested it was a new species called 'Teddy'!", "Smokey Bear, probably the most famous bear in the history of the United States, was a cub first found cowering an injured in a tree after a 17,000 acre forest fire in the Lincoln National Forest near Capitan.  Starting in 1950, Smokey was selected by the U.S. Forest Service and the Advertising Council as a spokesman and symbol for fire prevention campaigns all across the country.  Smokey served in this capacity for the rest of his life, even after his death in 1975.  He is buried in Smokey Bear State Park in Capitan.", "What stuffed animal is named after him? the Teddy bear, since he refused to shoot a bear cub tied to a tree.", "Theodore \"Teddy\" Roosevelt. October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919 was the 26th President of the United States (1901–1909). He is noted for his energetic personality, range of interests and achievements, leadership of the Progressive Movement, and his \"cowboy\" image and robust masculinity. He was a leader of the Republican Party and founder of the short-lived Progressive (\"Bull Moose\") Party of 1912. Before becoming President, he held offices at the municipal, state, and federal level of government. Roosevelt's achievements as a naturalist, explorer, hunter, author, and soldier are as much a part of his fame as any office he held as a politician. In 1901, President William McKinley was assassinated; and Roosevelt became President at the age of 42, taking office at the youngest age of any U.S. President in history. Roosevelt attempted to move the Republican Party in the direction of Progressivism, including trust busting and increased regulation of businesses. Roosevelt coined the phrase \"Square Deal\" to describe his domestic agenda, emphasizing that the average citizen would get a fair share under his policies. On the world stage, Roosevelt's policies were characterized by his slogan, \"Speak softly and carry a big stick\". Roosevelt was the force behind the completion of the Panama Canal; he sent out the Great White Fleet to display American power; and he negotiated an end to the Russo-Japanese War, for which he won the Nobel Peace Prize. Roosevelt was the first American to win the Nobel Prize in any field.", "Theodore \"Teddy\" Roosevelt (1858 – 1919) was the 26th President of the United States of America (1901–1909). He is noted for his exuberant personality, range of interests and achievements, and his leadership of the Progressive Movement, as well as his \"cowboy\" persona and robust masculinity. He was a leader of the Republican Party and founder of the short-lived Progressive (\"Bull Moose\") Party of 1912. Before becoming President, he held offices at the city, state, and federal levels. Roosevelt's achievements as a naturalist, explorer, hunter, author, and soldier are as much a part of his fame as any office he held as a politician.", "On Dec. 15, 1954 Santa-comes-on-Xmas-eve Walt Disney's Davy Crockett , starring Fess Parker (1924-) (a broad horizontal band across a shield?) debuted on TV (until Dec. 14, 1955), starting a children's craze for memorabilia, Coonskin Caps , and Lincoln Logs; \"Born on a mountain top in Tennessee,/ Greenest state in the Land of the Free,/ Raised in the woods so's he knew ev'ry tree, /Kilt him a b'ar when he was only three./ Davy, Davy Crockett,/ King of the wild frontier\". In 1954 JFK underwent major back surgery in New York City after being given last rites by a priest; while recuperating he launched a project to write a book to rival Winston Churchill's A History of the English-Speaking Peoples, resulting in Profiles in Courage.", "Famous people love teddy bears. Some of them are what we call arctophiles or people who love teddy bears and stuffed animals . Our friends from Picolleta have a great article showcasing six famous people who love teddy bears.", "The term \"Teddy Bear\" (without the \"'s\") first appeared in the October, 1906, issue of Playthings Magazine . It soon became the accepted term. Even the Steiff Company used this term to describe its bears.", "c 1924 - According to the Doctor, the first mass produced teddy bears are made (Toy Soldiers, events mentioned on p.73, [in 1919] it is in �nearly five years� time). (CW)", "Many famous people have had a teddy companion, who have remained with them throughout their life..." ]

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[ "M&M's (named after the surnames of Forrest Mars, Sr., & Bruce Murrie of Hershey's[2]) are \"colorful button-shaped candies\"[1] produced by Mars, Incorporated. The candy shells, each of which has the letter \"m\" printed in lower case on one side, surround a variety of fillings, including milk chocolate, dark chocolate, crisped rice, mint chocolate, peanuts, almonds, orange chocolate, coconut, pretzel, wild cherry, cinnamon, raspberry, and peanut butter. M&M's originated in the United States in 1941, and are now sold in as many as 100 countries.[1] They are produced in different colors, some of which have changed over the years.", "Even though M&M’s are not exactly a candy bar, but they are so delicious and popular that an exception is required. These colorful button-shaped candies were invented in 1941, by Forrest Mars and R. Bruce Murrie. Forrest Mars copied the idea for the candies when he was on a trip to Spain in the 1930s, during the Spanish Civil War. He saw the soldiers eating chocolate pellets that had a hard shell of chocolate preventing the candies from melting. Then he invented his M&M’s in 1941 and the original chocolate candy was an instant hit with the soldiers.", "Forrest Mars, Sr., son of the founder of the Mars Company Frank C. Mars, copied the idea for the  in the 1930s during the Spanish Civil War when he saw soldiers eating British made Smarties, chocolate pellets with a colored shell of what confectioners call hard panning (essentially hardened sugar syrup) surrounding the outside, preventing the candies from melting. Mars received a patent for his own process on March 3, 1941.[6][full citation needed] Production began in 1941 in a factory located at 285 Badger Avenue in Clinton Hill, Newark, New Jersey. When the company was originally founded it was M&M Limited.[7] The two \"Ms\" represent the names of Forrest E. Mars Sr., the founder of Newark Company, and Bruce Murrie, son of Hershey Chocolate's president William F. R. Murrie, who had a 20 percent share in the product.[8] The arrangement allowed the candies to be made with Hershey chocolate, as Hershey had control of the rationed chocolate at the time.[9]", "Forrest Mars, Sr., founder of the Mars Company, got the idea for the confection in the 1930s during the Spanish Civil War when he saw soldiers eating chocolate pellets with a hard shell of tempered chocolate surrounding the inside, preventing the candies from melting. Mars received a patent for his own process on March 3, 1941. Production began in 1941 in a factory located at 285 Badger Avenue in Clinton Hill, Newark, New Jersey. One M was for Forrest E. Mars Sr., and the other M was for Bruce Murrie, son of long-term Hershey president William F.R. Murrie. Murrie had 20 percent interest in the product. The arrangement allowed the candies to be made with Hershey chocolate which had control of the rationed chocolate. When operations were started, the hard-coated chocolates were made in five different colors: brown, yellow, red, green and blue. They were served in a cardboard tube (similar to Smarties).", "Forrest Mars created a recipe for M&M’s. He proposed a partnership with Bruce Murrie (son of William Murrie, Hershey president). In 1941 M&M’s were introduced to the public. The M&M stand for each of the initials in their last names.They were an instant success, and propelled M&M Mars, Inc.into a multibillion dollar, multinational candy company. The chocolate candies came in 6 different colors ~ Brown, Yellow, Orange, Red, Green and Violet.", "Mars Candy started to produce Milky Way in 1923 then a shirt while after Snickers. After Frank’s death in 1934 the American and UK Mars companies together to form an international enterprise. M&Ms were launched in the 1940s. The name came from the last names of Forrest Mars and Bruce Murrie, the son of Hershey executive William Murray who agreed to provide chocolate, sugar, technology and some capital. M&M's became popular with US soldiers because of their ability to withstand warm temperatures. These were added to soldiers’ C-Rations. After the war Mars bought out Murrie to become the sole owner of the M&M® brand.", "M&Ms were first marketed in 1941 after Forrest Mars, Sr., the son of the founder of Mars, Inc., noticed that during the 1930s Spanish Civil War soldiers ate chocolate pellets encased in a hard candy shell.  The hard candy shell ensured that the candies didn’t melt until they were consumed.  Mars secured the patent for M&Ms in 1941 and production began in a single factory in Newark, New Jersey.  From 1941 through 1958, M&Ms were sold exclusively to the military.", "1941 Bruce Murrie, the President of Hershey Chocolates, joins forces with Forrest Mars and opens a company called M&M Ltd", "Mars  – named after Frank C. Mars and his wife, Ethel, who started making candy in 1911. Their son, Forrest E. Mars, joined with Bruce Murrie, the son of a Hershey executive, to form  M&M Ltd  (from Mars & Murrie). Forrest took over the family business after his father's death and merged the two companies in 1964. After retiring from Mars, Inc. in 1993, Forrest founded Ethel M. Chocolates, named after his mother.", "In March of 1941, Mars was granted a patent for his manufacturing process and production began in Newark, New Jersey. Originally sold in cardboard tubes, M&M’s were covered with a brown, red, orange, yellow, green or violet coating. After the United States entered the war, the candies were exclusively sold to the military, enabling the heat-resistant and easy-to-transport chocolate to be included in American soldiers’ rations. By the time the war was over and GIs returned home, they were hooked.", "*Mars – named after Frank C. Mars and his wife, Ethel, who started making candy in 1911. Their son, Forrest E. Mars, joined with Bruce Murrie, the son of a Hershey executive, to form M&M Ltd (from Mars & Murrie). Forrest took over the family business after his father's death and merged the two companies in 1964. After retiring from Mars, Inc. in 1993, Forrest founded Ethel M. Chocolates, named after his mother.", "Stimulated by the concept, he unleashed his similarly confected M&Ms publicly in 1941. This original candy was an instant hit with the fighting men of World War II and they're still issued to soldiers today, as the pack is easy to carry.", "Although M&Ms were not the first chocolate candies to have candy coatings (Mars' traveling companion during his Spanish sojourn was one of the Rowntrees, the same family of British confectioners who invented Kit Kat bars, and he invented Smarties), the Mars Food Company's contract with the Army certainly helped them become widely available, and - with some changes in the coloring of the candy shells (the deletion of red, tan, and violet, and the addition of blue), M&M Chocolate Candies have become popular not only in the U.S. but in other world markets, including Britain, France, Germany, and even Switzerland.", "Nostalgic Britons could soon enjoy the retro revival of the popular sweet treat which was ditched in 1990 after Mars decided to align the UK Marathon product with the global Snickers name.", "Sales of ice cream boomed in the 1930s and many new kinds of sweets were introduced. These included, Milky Way (1923 in the USA 1935 in Britain), Crunchie (1929), Snickers and Freddo (1930), Mars Bar (1932), Whole Nut (1933), Aero and Kit Kat (1935), Maltesers and Blue Riband (1936) and Smarties, Rolo and Milky Bar (1937). Meanwhile Jaffa cakes went on sale in 1927. Twiglets date from 1929 and Penguins were introduced in 1932.", "The chocolate-covered bar is packed with with nougat and caramel. It was created in the early 1920s by the founders of Mars-Frank and Ethel Mars.   According to the Old Time Candy website, the candy was inspired by chocolate-malt milkshakes. It was created in 1923 and became the first filled candy bar. The treat became America’s most favorite candy bar between 1927 and 1929, which helped the company expand and create other products, according to the History of Things website.", "Opal Fruits (now rebranded as Starburst) were box-shaped, fruit-flavored soft taffy chews manufactured by The Wrigley Company, a subsidiary of Mars, Incorporated. Introduced by Mars inyp the UK in 1959, the four original flavors were strawberry, lemon, orange, and lime. Lime was later replaced with cherry. In the 1970s Opal Fruits were well known for their advertising tag line \"Opal Fruits - made to make your mouth water!\" .", "Frank C. Mars started making candy when he was 19. The Mars Candy Factory, Inc. sold candy to 5 and 10 cent stores along the Pacific coast. The absence of refrigeration meant candy has to be made and delivered in the same day.", "1911 Ethel and Frank Mars open a candy company in Tacoma, Washington. The company, later Mars, Inc., would become one of the largest privately owned candy companies in the entire world", "In the 1920s, national advertising in magazines and radio broadcasts played a key role in the emergence of the fourth big cereal manufacturer, General Mills. In 1921, James Ford Bell, president of a Minneapolis wheat milling firm, began experimenting with rolled wheat flakes. After tempering, steaming, cracking wheat, and processing it with syrup, sugar, and salt, it was prepared in a pressure cooker for rolling and then dried in an electric oven. By 1925, Wheaties had become the \"Breakfast of Champions\". In 1928, four milling companies consolidated as the General Mills Company in Minneapolis. The new firm expanded packaged food sales with heavy advertising, including sponsorship of radio programs such as \"Skippy\", \"Jack Armstrong, The All-American Boy\", and baseball games. Jack Dempsey, Johnny Weissmuller, and others verified the \"Breakfast of Champions\" slogan. By 1941 Wheaties had won 12% percent of the cereal market. Experiments with the puffing process produced Kix, a puffed corn cereal, and Cheerios, a puffed oats cereal. Further product innovation and diversification brought total General Mills sales to over $500 million annually (18% in packaged foods) by the early 1950s. ", "Meanwhile, sugar shortages during World War I hurt sales of Archibald Query's Marshmallow Creme, so Query sold his recipe in 1920 to two men from Swampscott, Massachusetts, H. Allen Durkee and Fred L. Mower, who began distributing the product through their company, Durkee-Mower Inc. The pair renamed the product Toot Sweet Marshmallow Fluff, and Durkee-Mower continues to sell the product under the name Marshmallow Fluff. The sandwich made with peanut butter and marshmallow fluff continued to be eaten, but was not called a Fluffernutter until 1960, when an advertising firm Durkee-Mower hired created the term as a more effective way to market the sandwich. Fluffernutter is a registered trademark of Durkee-Mower, although the company's U.S. trademark registrations for the term cover only ice cream and printed recipes. In 2006, Durkee-Mower sued Williams-Sonoma Inc. in the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts, alleging that Williams-Sonoma infringed on its trademark by selling a marshmallow and peanut butter chocolate-covered candy under the Fluffernutter name. ", "After launching in the 1930s, Rowntree's Chocolate Crisp was originally advertised as \"the biggest little meal\" and \"the best companion to a cup of tea\". During World War II, Kit Kat was depicted as a valuable wartime foodstuff, with the slogan \"what active people need\". 'Kitty the Kat' arrived in the late 1940s to emphasise the \"rich full cream milk\" qualities of the bar and, thanks to contemporary improvements in production methods, also highlighted the new and improved 'snap' by responding to a biscuit being broken off screen. The first Kit Kat poster appeared in 1951, and the first colour TV advertisement appeared in 1969.", "In 1950, a black \"M\" was imprinted on the candies giving them a unique trademark. It was changed to white in 1954.[7]", "For a discovery of this importance, Phostle decided to celebrate with sweets (then again, the story was first published in 1941 at a time when most foodstuffs were rationed due to the war ).", "Mars, the manufacturers, is bringing back the sweets for a limited period in conjunction with the supermarket chain ASDA.", "Smarties are a colour-varied sugar-coated chocolate confectionery popular primarily in the United Kingdom, the Isle of Man, Ireland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Germany, Austria, the Netherlands, France, Italy, Greece, the Nordic countries, South Africa, and the Middle East. They have been manufactured since 1937, originally by H.I. Rowntree & Company in the UK. They are currently produced by Nestlé.", "came out, Nestle decided to bring back the Wonka candy line that they’d originally launched in 1971 and today you can still buy tons of Wonka brand candies, most of which are actually existing candies like Nerds and Spree and Sweet Tarts. Or maybe those were launched in 1971. I don’t know, I wasn’t even born yet!", "By some marketing miracle, this STUFF still around - want to get nostalgic? Slice some up and fry it to eat with pancakes. - Toni, Grenwich, CT 1955", "1947 – In 1947, General Mills bought the recipe from Harry Baker.  He agreed to sell the recipe to General Mills so “Betty Crocker could give the secret to the women of the America.”", "In Britain sweets and chocolate were rationed from 1942 to 1953. 5 February 1953 was a day of rejoicing for children!", "This is an old-time piece which has lately come into favor once more. It is more or less a wholesale piece, but is simple to make if the small shop has a sucker machine. It is made as follows: 10 pounds sugar, 10 pounds corn syrup, 1 quart water. Cook to 290 degrees F., then pour out on a slab. Fold in edges and use work up bar...Color and flavor to suit then spin in strips 1 1/4 inches thick and feed into sucker machine.\"", "Kix® (stylized as KiX) is a brand of American cold breakfast cereal introduced in 1937 by the General Mills company of Golden Valley, Minnesota. The product is an extruded, expanded puffed-grain cereal made with cornmeal." ]

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[ "* Houston's surname namesake was the first word said from the surface of the moon: \"Houston, Tranquility Base here. The Eagle has landed.\"", "On July 16, 1969, the Apollo 11 mission was launched from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Neil Armstrong commanded the mission, along with Edwin �Buzz\" Aldrin, the lunar module pilot; and command module pilot Michael Collins. The landing on the moon took place on July 20, 1969. After the landing on the moon Neil Armstrong's first words were: �Houston, Tranquility Base here. The Eagle has landed.\" Six hours later, Armstrong climbed out of the lunar module and became the first person in history to walk on the moon. That is when his famous words were spoken: �That's one small step for Man, one giant leap for mankind.\"", "Ok, so if we really want to get technical, I would say the first words spoken on the moon would have to be after someone actually touched the moon. No one touched the moon until the spacesuits were doffed inside the Lem. I imagine those words went something like this:", "When they landed, the first words said on the moon were \"the Eagle has landed\", and as Neil Armstrong stepped onto the moon's surface he said \"that's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind. Listen to this famous speech by clicking here .", "But in the great human reality of it, the first words spoken by MAN on the surface of the Moon were those eight incredible, time stopping, heart pounding, history making words...", "Armstrong gets all the credit for uttering the first words on the moon, but “That’s one small step…” wasn’t the first lunar sentence spoken — technically. Bob Berman, Slooh astronomer and author of Zoom, tells a different story that came out of an interview with Aldrin years ago. Berman says Aldrin was actually the first man to speak on the moon, but his quote wasn’t nearly as sexy. When the lander touched down, Aldrin simply said, “OK, engines stop.”", "The landing of Apollo 11 on the moon had the world glued to its television set, yet the most enduring memories of the achievement are aural: \"Houston. Tranquility base here. The Eagle has landed.... I'm going to step off the LEM now. That's one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind.\" These words, first broadcast from the moon, have become some of the most recognizable and memorable sentences spoken in United States history. Selected for the 2004 registry.", "Aristarchus is another small but obvious crater; the interior is made of the brightest material on the moon. Like Aristarchus himself (who lived in the 3rd Century B.C. and was the first to point out that the Sun was the center of the solar system) the crater, while having little impact on the surrounding Moon, shines more brightly than any other spot on the Moon. Socrates, Plato, Archimedes, Tsilkovsky, Pasteur, Kuiper are all crater names on the Moon along with other great ancient and modern philosophers and scientists. On the back side of the Moon, because Russia was the first to observe it (the first spacecraft to orbit the Moon) the largest maria (singular of mare) is the Sea of Moscow.", "When Galileo first aimed a telescope at the Moon in 1610 he saw mountains that looked very much like Earthly mountains. Thus we have a the lunar Alps, Caucasus, and Appennes Mountains named after terrestrial mountain ranges. The vast dark lava-flooded areas he saw he mistook for vast seas (mare in Latin) and thus we have the Sea of Tranquility, where the first Apollo 11 astronauts walked on the Moon, the Sea of Serenity, the Bay of Rainbows (Sinus Iridium) and the huge impact remnant known as Ocean Procellarum - the Ocean of Storms.", "Words said when Armstrong first stepped onto the moon (20 July 1969). In the actual sound recordings he apparently fails to say \"a\" before \"man\" and says: \"That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.\" This was generally considered by many to simply be an error of omission on his part. Armstrong long insisted he did say \"a man\" but that it was inaudible. Prior to new evidence supporting his claim, he stated a preference for the \"a\" to appear in parentheses when the quote is written. In September 2006 evidence based on new analysis of the recordings conducted by Peter Shann Ford, a computer programmer based in Sydney, Australia, whose company Control Bionics helps physically handicapped people to use their own nerve impulses to communicate through computers, indicated that Armstrong had said the missing \"a.\" This information was presented to Armstrong and NASA on 28 September 2006 and reported in the Houston Chronicle (30 September 2006). The debate continues on the matter, as \"Armstrong's 'poetic' slip on Moon\" at BBC News (3 June 2009) reports that more recent analysis by linguist John Olsson and author Chris Riley with higher quality recordings indicates that he did not say \"a\".", "One of the most fascinating of the lunar observations are flashes of light. Ancient authors such as Aristotle and Plutarch wrote about a group called the Proselenes of Greece. This group claims to have existed before the Moon was in orbit. Hieroglyphs found near the city of Tiahuanaco, Bolivia record the Moon entering into orbit about 11,500 to 13,000 years ago.", "On the northern half of the moon, look for the curving arc of the Mare Crisium, along with the smaller arc of the Sinus Iridum. These features were named in the 17th century, before astronomers knew that the moon was a dry and airless world. The names translate from the Latin as the \"Sea of Crises\" and \"Bay of Rainbows,\" respectively.", "*The lunar crater Albategnius became the first area of the moon to be illuminated by a laser beam from Earth. Scientists Louis Smullin and Giorgio Fiocco of MIT aimed the beam and then observed it. ", "Around 1600, William Gilbert made a map of the Moon that names Mare Imbrium \"Regio Magna Orientalis\" (the Large Eastern Region). Michael van Langren's 1645 map named it \"Mare Austriacum\" (the Austrian Sea). ", "The lunar surface is barren, rocky, and cratered. The moon has highlands that are heavily cratered. It also has lower, relatively smooth regions called maria. These maria (Latin for “seas”) appear as the large dark regions in images of the moon. Apparently, they are large impact basins that have filled in with magma, erasing any previous record of cratering. Curiously, the maria are almost entirely on the Earth-facing side of the moon where they cause the visual impression of the “man in the moon.” The moon has no substantial atmosphere, so its sky remains black even when the sun is up. Without an atmosphere to redistribute thermal energy, the temperature on the moon can exceed 200°F during the day and drop to -280°F at night.", "“Here men from the planet Earth first set foot upon the moon. July 1969 A.D. We came in peace for all mankind.”", "July 20, 1969 - A global audience watched on television as Apollo 11 Astronaut Neil Armstrong took his first step onto the moon. As he stepped onto the moon's surface he proclaimed , \"That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind\" - inadvertently omitting an \"a\" before \"man\" and slightly changing the meaning.", "FIRST EARTH PHOTO FROM VICINITY OF THE MOON - 1966. The world's first view of Earth taken by a spacecraft from the vicinity of the Moon. The photo was transmitted to Earth by the United States Lunar Orbiter I and received at the NASA tracking station at Robledo De Chavela near Madrid, Spain. This crescent of the Earth was photographed August 23, 1966 at 16:35 GMT when the spacecraft was on its 16th orbit and just about to pass behind the Moon.", "Every civilization has had a name for the satellite of Earth that is known, in English, as the Moon. The Moon is known as Luna in Italian, Latin, and Spanish, as Lune in French, as Mond in German, and as Selene in Greek.", "moon - the natural satellite of the Earth; \"the average distance to the Moon is 384,400 kilometers\"; \"men first stepped on the moon in 1969\"", "The first drawing of the Moon through a telescope, dated July 26, 1609, by Thomas Harriot. This crude but historic sketch roughly delineates the terminator, the line that marks the boundary between day and night on the lunar surface. The original image is a little more than 15 cm across. The dark patches correspond to Mare Crisium (at the top), Mare Tranquilitatis and Mare Foecunditatis.", "The lunar spots are suggested to be possibly seas bordered by ranges of mountains.[ edit ]", "__________ were the first to hypothesize that the Moon was created very early in the formation of the Solar System when an object about the size of mars smashed into the proto-earth", "NASA's historic Apollo 11 moon mission landed the first astronauts on the lunar surface on July 20, 1969. See how the mission worked in this SPACE.com infographic.", "Features on the moon are named for characters and places from the collection of West and South Asian stories known as One Thousand and One Arabian Nights. ", "In the story Carke casually mentions the remnants of exotic fauna found on the moon, and the dried up beds of old rivers and seas, but what drives the narrative is a seemingly innocuous, yet ominous, observation. The narrator is making the very English breakfast of eggs and sausage when he looks out the window of his \"pressurized tractor\", as Clarke describes their vehicle. He mentions that on the moon there is \"no loss of detail with distance\" when you are looking at things. There is \"none of that almost imperceptible haziness which softens and sometimes transfigures all far-off things on Earth.\"", "56. She sent a message of congratulations to Apollo 11 astronauts for the first moon landing on July 21, 1969. The message was microfilmed and deposited on the moon in a metal container.", "The unmanned Soviet Luna 9 spacecraft makes the first controlled rocket-assisted landing on the Moon, 1966", "the monolith on the moon, and when it started emitting the radio wave. He is the character in charge of the Discovery One mission. ", "Prior to the Apollo program, geologists had begun to map the moon using the technique of geologists. Basically, this technique groups features into relative time sequences.", "This was the first song to be performed in outer space. On March 8, 1969, the astronauts on Apollo IX sang it to celebrate the birthday of Christopher Kraft, who at that time was director of NASA space operations.", "The dark side of the moon was first seen by human eyes in real time on which space mission?" ]

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[ "95 In 1785, Blanchard and Jeffries became the first to cross the English channel using which method of transport?", "7 January 1785 (Kent, England) — Frenchman Jean-Pierre Blanchard and American Dr. John Jeffries made the first crossing of the English Channel by balloon. [1]", "1785 An American, John Jeffries, and a Frenchman, Jean Pierre Blanchard, flew across the English Channel in a hydrogen balloon.", "The English Channel had been crossed by an unmanned hydrogen balloon in 1784 [20] and a manned crossing by Jean-Pierre Blanchard and John Jeffries followed in 1785. [20] [21]", "The English Channel had been crossed by an unmanned hydrogen balloon in 1784 and a manned crossing by Jean-Pierre Blanchard and John Jeffries followed in 1785.", "Just 2 years later in 1785 a French balloonist, Jean Pierre Blanchard, and his American co pilot, John Jefferies, became the first to fly across the English Channel. In these early days of ballooning, the English Channel was considered the first step to long distance ballooning so this was a large benchmark in ballooning history.", "1785 : French aeronaut/balloonist Jean-Pierre Blanchard successfully made the first air-crossing of the English Channel from the English coast to France.", "The English Channel had been crossed by an unmanned hydrogen balloon in 1784 and a manned crossing by Jean-Pierre Blanchard and John Jeffries followed in 1785.\"Balloon Intelligence.\" Daily Universal Register,Issue 8, January 1785, p. 2.", "Hydrogen balloons were used for all major ballooning accomplishments, such as the crossing of the English Channel on 7 January 1785 by the tireless aviators Jean-Pierre Blanchard and Dr. John Jeffries, from Boston.", "~1785 – Frenchman Jean-Pierre Blanchard and American John Jeffries traveled from Dover Castle to Gu�nes, France, in a gas balloon.", "In 1784, Miss Tible was the first woman to fly ever. Aerostat pilots started to think about going further: crossing the channel flying. Jean Pierre Blanchard built a flying ship equipped with oars, hanging on an helium balloon. Yet again Pilâtre entered the competition but this time he lost. Blanchard was thus the first in crossing the channel.", "1785: The first successful crossing of the English Channel by air is made by the French balloonist Jean-Pierre", "Jonathan Trappe, who became the first man to cross the English channel using a cluster of helium balloons, is the latest in a long list of pioneers to find new ways of travelling between Britain and France. Here are a few of the more original.", "On July 25, 1909, Louis Bleriot became the first man to fly over the English Channel. In 1959, the flight was commemorated with the first crossing by hovercraft. Taking a hovercraft between England and France was a reality for commercial passengers between 1968 and 2000, when a commercial hovercraft service offered transportation across the English Channel.", "Dover/Calais (dpa) - For 30 years riding on a cushion of air from the British port of Dover to Calais in France was one of the most spectacular ways of crossing the English Channel.", "The air-cushion vehicles went into service in 1968 and are the fastest seagoing vessels ever to cross the Channel. It takes them just 35 minutes to make the journey from England to France at a speed of nearly 100 kilometres per hour - making them faster than the trains which use the Channel Tunnel.", "No record of early British fliers could be made without the name of C. S. Rolls, a son of Lord Llangattock, on June 2nd, 1910, he flew across the English Channel to France, until he was duly observed over French territory, when he returned to England without alighting. The trip was made on a Wright biplane, and was the third Channel crossing by air, Bleriot having made the first, and Jacques de Lesseps the second.", "On 10 June 1821, English-built paddle steamer Rob Roy was the first passenger ferry to cross channel. The steamer was purchased subsequently by the French postal administration and renamed Henri IV and put into regular passenger service a year later. It was able to make the journey across the Straits of Dover in around three hours. ", "Many travellers cross beneath the Channel using the Channel Tunnel, first proposed in the early 19th century and finally opened in 1994, connecting the UK and France by rail. It is now routine to travel between Paris or Brussels and London on the Eurostar train. Cars can also be carried on special trains between Folkestone and Calais.", "Louis Blériot – The first person fly across the Channel in a heavier-than-air craft | The Dover Historian", "In 1909, Louis Blériot risked everything to become the first man to cross the English Channel by air.  A riches to rags to riches story, Blériot is a journey of discovery, both of oneself, and of the concept of flight.  ", "On this day (or perhaps one day earlier, on August 17th), Royal William's steam engines chuffed out of Pictou Harbour on its way to England, Captain John McDougall, with five cabin passengers, three steerage passengers, 254 tons of Pictou County coal, a crew of 36 men, and some general cargo including a harp and a \"box of stuffed birds\" sent by Rev. Thomas McCulloch , local pastor, to a London collector (it is believed that these stuffed birds were sent by McCulloch on behalf of one John J. Audobon, American naturalist, friend and guest of McCulloch, who was visiting Pictou at the time).  This was to be a one-way voyage; the vessel's owners were hoping to find a buyer.  On this trip, Royal William became the first vessel ever to cross the Atlantic under steam all the way.  She arrived at Cowes, Isle of Wight, 19½ days out of Pictou.  \"From Cowes she went to Liverpool, and for four years she was employed between England and Ireland, when she was again put upon the Atlantic station, and crossed and recrossed repeatedly...\"", "Pierre Andriel crossed the English Channel aboard the Élise , ex the Scottish p.s. \"Margery\" in March 1816, one of the earliest seagoing voyages by steam ship .", "Pierre Andriel crossed the English Channel aboard the Élise, ex the Scottish p.s. \"Margery\" in March 1816, one of the earliest seagoing voyages by steam ship.", "Latham arrived in Calais in early July, and set up his base at Sangatte in the semi-derelict buildings which had been constructed for an early attempt to dig a tunnel under the Channel. The event was the subject of great public interest: it was reported that there were 10,000 visitors at Calais, and a similar crowd gathered at Dover, and the Marconi Company set up a special radio link for the occasion, with one station on Cap Blanc Nez at Sangatte and the other on the roof of the Lord Warden Hotel in Dover. [24] The crowds were in for a wait: the weather was windy, and Latham did not make an attempt until 19 July, but 6 miles (9.7 km) from his destination his aircraft developed engine trouble and was forced to make the world's first landing of an aircraft on the sea . Latham was rescued by the French destroyer Harpon . [25] and taken back to France, where he was met by the news that Blériot had entered the competition. Blériot, accompanied by two mechanics and his friend Alfred Leblanc , arrived in Calais on Wednesday 21 July and set up their base at a farm near the beach at Les Baraques, between Calais and Sangatte. The following day a replacement aircraft for Latham was delivered from the Antoinette factory. The wind was too strong for an attempted crossing on Friday and Saturday, but on Saturday evening it began to drop, raising hopes in both camps.", "The American ship first crossed the Atlantic Ocean . The title of the first ship to make the transatlantic trip substantially under steam power is possibly the British-built Dutch-owned Curaçao, a wooden 438 ton vessel built in Dover and powered by two 50 hp engines, which crossed from Hellevoetsluis, near Rotterdam on 26 April 1827 to Paramaribo, Surinam on 24 May, spending 11 days under steam on the way out and more on the return. Another claimant is the Canadian ship in 1833. ", "On this day in 1909, a man named Louis Bleriot, a French engineer, was the first to fly across the English Channel, 21 miles from Calais in France to Dover, England.  Dayton photographer Dan Patterson is an aviation historian, and he's traveled the world to photograph significant aviation history sites.  A few years ago he went to see the places where Bleriot took off and landed.", "JULY 25, 1909: French pioneer aviator Louis Blériot became the first airman to cross the English Channel in an aeroplane on this day in 1909.", "24 August 1875 – 25 August 1875 Capt. Matthew Webb made the first crossing of the English Channel from England to France.", " \"Linking France and England will meet one of the present-day needs of civilization,\" wrote French writer, Louis Figuier, in 1888. He was only restating a conviction that had been expressed from time to time by many of his compatriots for more than 137 years. Britain and France were the world's leading maritime and commercial powers, and they were a mere 34 kilometers apart. Yet, trade between them was an extremely hazardous affair. The shortest route - across the Pas de Calais or Straits of Dover - was also the most difficult. Travelers making the current- and storm- besieged crossing could, with a fair wind and a skillful captain, be at their destination in six or seven hours. They could equally be delayed days or weeks and be extremely seasick by the time they reached the opposite shore. So, early on, quality-of-life issues spurred on engineering imagination.", ", Gibraltar, Dover.\" However on July 25 1909 Louis Blériot successfully made the first Channel crossing from Calais", "Louis Bleriot, was a French aviator, inventor and engineer who became the first to fly across the English Channel in July 1909." ]

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[ "\"Ring a Ring o' Roses\" or \"Ring Around the Rosie\" is a nursery rhyme or folksong and playground singing game. It first appeared in print in 1881, but it is reported that a version was already being sung to the current tune in the 1790s and similar rhymes are known from across Europe. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 7925. Urban legend says the song originally described the plague, specifically the Great Plague of London, or the Black Death, but folklorists reject this idea.", "The childrens' nursery rhyme 'Ring-a-Round-The-Rosies' actually refers to the Black Death which killed about 30 million people in the fourteenth-century.", "The British children’s rhyme ‘Ring a Ring a Roses’ is all about the plague - either the Great Plague of 1665-6, or the Black Death centuries earlier - and dates from those eras. The words describe contemporary practice in treating it, and refer to the fate so many befell.", "Ring a Ring o' Roses\" or \"Ring Around the Rosie\" is a nursery rhyme or folksong and playground singing game. It first appeared in print in 1881, but it is reported that a version was already being sung to the current tune in the 1790s and similar rhymes are known from across Europe. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 7925. Urban legend says the song originally described the plague, but folklorists reject this idea.", "Remove those ring-a-rosy-tinted spectacles, for Ring-a-Ring-a-Roses is all about the Great Plague; the apparent whimsy being a foil for one of London’s most atavistic dreads (thanks to the Black Death). The fatalism of the rhyme is brutal: the roses are a euphemism for deadly rashes, the posies a supposed preventative measure; the a-tishoos pertain to sneezing symptoms, and the implication of everyone falling down is, well, death.", "While nursery rhymes may seem innocent enough, with their harmonious melodies, the truth remains that they are rich with historical injustices, suffering and torture, rather than happy, feel-good poems we long ago were sung as children. So, the next time you catch yourself humming the rhythm of Mary Mary, Quite Contrary, remember that the nursery rhyme, like Ring-a Ring-a Rosie or London Bridge is Falling Down, is just another example of being reminded of the dark history of our ancestors.", "For Ring-a-Ring o� Roses the case today seems clear. It is no more than a nursery chant, first recorded in print in 1881, one �which instantly rises from the lips of small children whenever they join hands in a circle�. (Opie) There are several variants of the song, and in none of them do the words imply any reference to the Great Plague. Furthermore,", "\"Ring a Ring O' Roses\" is said to be a macabre parody on the horrors of the Great Plague . One of the first signs of the plague was a ring of rose-coloured spots, and the protection against this terrible disease was, in popular belief, a posy of herbs. Sneezing was taken as a sure sign that you were about to die of it, and the last line \"We all fall down\" omits the word, \"dead\"!", "Since the 20th century, the rhyme has often been associated with the Great Plague which happened in England in 1665, or with earlier outbreaks of the Black Death in England. Interpreters of the rhyme before the Second World War make no mention of this;Opie and Opie (1985), pp. 221–2. by 1951, however, it seems to have become well established as an explanation for the form of the rhyme that had become standard in the United Kingdom. Peter and Iona Opie, the leading authorities on nursery rhymes, remarked:", "\"Ring Around the Rosie\" or \"Ring a Ring o' Roses\" is an English nursery rhyme and a playground or garden game as well. The rhyme was first recorded in 'Mother Goose or the Old Nursery Rhymes\" in 1881; but it is possible the song and its melody date back a further 100 hundred years. The rhyme is better known as \"Ring a Ring o\" Roses\" in the UK; also the words can differ region by region, although the tune remains consistent. There was also a German rhyme from 1796 that loosely resembled the words and actions of \"Ring Around the Rosie\".", "Considering that some of today’s classic nursery rhymes are more than two centuries old, there are often several theories surrounding their origins—and not a lot of sound proof about which argument is correct. But of all the alleged nursery rhyme backstories, “Ring Around the Rosie” is probably the most infamous. Though its lyrics and even its title have gone through some changes over the years, the most popular contention is that the sing-songy verse refers to the 1665 Great Plague of London.“The rosie” is the rash that covered the afflicted, the smell from which they attempted to cover up with “a pocket full of posies.” The plague killed nearly 15 percent of the country’s population, which makes the final verse—“Ashes! Ashes! We all fall down”—rather self-explanatory.", "Many have interpreted this rhyme as referring to the bubonic plague, which swept through England at the turn of the 15th century and again in the 17th century. This interpretation correlates the rosie rings with the red circular rashes that were symptoms of the plague, and the pockets full of posies with an herbal treatment to deter the terrible ailment. However, folklorists and historical linguists take issue with this interpretation because the rhyme did not appear in print until the late 1800s, hundreds of years after the plague. Also, there is no known reference tying roses to symptoms of the plague in historical texts of the time. This dark interpretation appears to be a revisionist history of a silly children’s rhyme.", "The dark origins behind this little rhyme are pretty well known, but in case you weren’t aware; the rhyme comes from the Great Plague of London in 1665. England is pretty much the birthplace of most disturbing rhymes. As  brainz.org  reports, “The symptoms of bubonic plague included a rosy red ring-shaped rash, which inspired the first line. It was believed that the disease was carried by bad smells, so people frequently carried pockets full of fresh herbs, or “posies.” The “ashes, ashes” line is believed to refer to the cremation of the bodies of those who died from the plague.” Fun stuff!", "The song is one of the nursery rhymes most commonly referred to in popular culture. These include George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949), where it is used as a snippet of nursery rhyme which embodies the forgotten past that protagonist Winston Smith yearns for. Various characters contribute snippets of the rhyme as the book goes on, and the last lines figure symbolically into the closing events of the second section. A setting of the full Tommy Thumb's Pretty Song Book version for choir was written by Bob Chilcott. Entitled \"London Bells\", it is the third movement of \"Songs and Cries of London Town\". Benjamin Till composed music based upon the nursery rhyme and it was performed in 2009 at St Mary Le Bow Church, London to honour 150 years of the great bell, Big Ben. In the dystopian future of the video game Half-Life 2 (2004), oranges and lemons can be seen in graffiti on walls as symbols of the Resistance. This is a reference to the poem as it was used in Nineteen Eighty-Four. In Neil Gaiman's The Graveyard Book (2008), two lesser villains recite the rhyme to summon the man Jack. ", "According to rhymes.org.uk : “Many of the words and nursery rhymes lyrics were used to parody the royal and political events of the day, direct dissent would often be punishable by death! Strange how these events in history are still portrayed through children’s nursery rhymes, when for most of us the historical events relationship to the nursery rhymes themselves are long forgotten!”", "Regardless of its actual origins, whether in a dark period of history or a modern (less dark) one, Ring a Ring o’ roses has entertained children for generations. The words vary from area to area but the end result tends to be the same – mass dizziness and giggles!", "After her death, she was remembered by her subjects as \"Matilda the Good Queen\" and \"Matilda of Blessed Memory\", and for a time sainthood was sought for her, though she was never canonized. Matilda is also thought to be the identity of the \"Fair Lady\" mentioned at the end of each verse in the nursery rhyme London Bridge Is Falling Down.", "Nursery Rhymes - Every child has heard of Little Jack Horner, and has played, at some time, Ring a Ring O'Roses, little realising that these seemingly childish rhymes are based on fact.", "NB ;- There is another Nursery Rhyme called 'London bridge is broken down' - its origins relate to Queen Anne Boleyn - fascinating! And for other surprising revelations about Executions, Torturers and Lord Mayors check out London Bells a Nursery Rhyme containing the original lyrics to Oranges and Lemons!", "A novel of 1855, The Old Homestead by Ann S. Stephens, describes children playing \"Ring, ring a rosy\" in New York. William Wells Newell reports two versions in America a short time later (1883) and says that another was known in New Bedford, Massachusetts around 1790:", "The nursery rhyme Ring Around the Rosy is a rhyme about the plague. Infected people with the plague would get red circular sores (\"Ring around the ", "The Mary alluded to in this traditional English nursery rhyme is Mary Tudor, or Bloody Mary, who was the daughter of King Henry VIII. Queen Mary was a staunch Catholic and the garden referred to is an allusion to graveyards which were increasing in size with those who dared to continue to adhere to the Protestant faith. The silver bells and cockle shells were colloquialisms for instruments of torture. The 'maids' were a device to behead people similar to the guillotine.", "The sceptics must be referring to the later version of the rhyme, possibly with American origins, the English version is \"Ring a ring o' rosies\" using the Middle English \"o\" as a shortening of the word \"of\". The written word \" posies\" is first mentioned in a poem called 'Prothalamion or A Spousal Verse' by Edmund Spenser (1552-1599. We believe that this addresses the views of the sceptics.", "The talking bells of that omnipresent nursery rhyme, Oranges & Lemons, are a useful register of the capital's bell celebrity, many of which are still a-ringing. Some were cast in the Whitechapel (\"two sticks and an apple\") Bell Foundry including the titular St Clement's, St Martin's (\"I owe you five farthings\") and St Mary-le-Bow (\"I do not know\"). Established in 1570, the foundry is the oldest manufacturing company in Britain and has, since the last Elizabethan era, cast some pretty important bells, including the Liberty Bell and Big Ben.", "A German rhyme first printed in 1796 closely resembles \"Ring a ring o'roses\" in its first stanza and accompanies the same actions (with sitting rather than falling as the concluding action)", "Sing a Song of Sixpence is an English nursery rhyme dating back to at least the eighteenth century. References to the title can be traced back even further, including William Shakespeare's Twelfth Night. Some scholars contend it stems from a 16th practice of amusing dinner guests with live birds placed in pies, while others cite the wedding of Marie de Medici and Henry IV of France as inspiration.", "The eighteenth century nursery rhyme \"Oranges and Lemons\" starts out pleasantly enough as church bells are ringing around London.", "I found this longer version of Tom, Tom the Piper's Son in A History of Nursery Rhymes (1899) by Percy B. Green:", "The words of the Nursery Rhyme and children's song, 'Aiken Drum ' have been suggested by Helena.  This tune first appeared as a nursery rhyme in Percy Society's Early English Poetry, Ballads, and Popular Literature of the Middle Ages (1841).", "*\"Shchedryk,\" a Ukrainian tune celebrating springtime, was adapted in 1936 with English lyrics to become the Christmas carol \"Carol of the Bells.\"", "'Oranges and Lemons' is a well-known English Nursery Rhyme. Of unknown origin, it is possible that the children of London made up the words to fit the rhythm of the ringing bells.", "\"The Queen of Hearts\" proved by far the most popular of the stanzas, and entered popular culture, while the others fell into obscurity. Although it was originally published in a magazine for adults, it eventually became best known as a nursery rhyme. By 1785, it had been set to music." ]

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[ "At the outbreak of World War II, which was sparked by the 1939 German invasion of Poland, Neville Chamberlain was the prime minister of the United Kingdom; he was succeeded by Winston Churchill in 1940, who remained prime minister until July 1945. Clement Attlee replaced Churchill as prime minister in July 1945 and, although the war was technically still ongoing at that point, Attlee is not considered to be a wartime prime minister. The United Kingdom had suspended elections during the war, and elections were not held again until Germany had surrendered.", "At the outbreak of World War II, Sir Winston Churchill became Britain’s primary political figure. He was an author, First Lord of the Admiralty, Prime Minister, First Lord of the Treasury, and Minister of Defense.", "After the outbreak of the Second World War , Churchill was again appointed First Lord of the Admiralty. Following the resignation of Neville Chamberlain on 10 May 1940, he became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and led Britain to victory against the Axis powers . [1] Churchill was always noted for his speeches, which became a great inspiration to the British people and embattled Allied forces .", "Neville Chamberlain was Prime Minister of Great Britain in September 1939 at the start of World War II. In May 1940, after the disastrous Norwegian campaign, Chamberlain resigned and Winston Churchill became prime minister.", "Nazi Germany was becoming more menacing as Hitler grew more powerful and aggressive. Finally Britain and France were forced to declare war on Germany after the invasion of Poland in September 1939, and so started the Second World War. The charismatic Winston Churchill (1874-1965) became the war-time Prime Minister in 1940 and his speeches encouraged the British to fight off the attempted German invasion. In one of his most patriotic speeches before the Battle of Britain (1940), Churchill address the British people with \"We shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender.\" And indeed, Britain did not surrender.", "In 1940, during World War II, German forces began invading the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Belgium and France. The same day, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain resigned, and Winston Churchill formed a new government.", "When War broke out in September 1939, Neville Chamberlain was Prime Minster. Winston Churchill was appointed First Lord of the Admiralty, and was also a member of the War Cabinet.", "On Sunday, 3 September 1939, there came the announcement broadcast by Mr. Neville Chamberlain, the British Prime Minister, that Great Britain and Nazi Germany were at war. France declared war the same day and the Australian and New Zealand governments associated themselves with Britain. Canada would follow suit only on 10 September.", "On September 1, 1939, 53 German army divisions invaded Poland despite British and French threats to intervene on the nation's behalf. Two days later, Chamberlain solemnly called for a British declaration of war against Germany, and World War II began. After eight months of ineffectual wartime leadership, Chamberlain was replaced as prime minister by Winston Churchill.", "Eleven days later German troops paraded through Paris. On 22 June the French Government signed an armistice with Germany. Now Britain faced the possibility of a Nazi invasion followed by all the horrors of brutal occupation suffered by many countries across Europe. Led and inspired by the Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, the people of Britain prepared to fight for their freedom.", "Britain's declaration of war against Germany in September 1939 included the Crown colonies and India, which it directly controlled. The dominions were independent in foreign policy but all of them (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and South Africa) soon declared war on Germany. The fears in London that South Africa would take the advice of Prime Minister J. B. M. Hertzog and remain neutral were relieved when the parliament voted 80 to 67 for war, and Hertzog resigned. [6] After the French defeat in June 1940, Britain and its empire stood alone in combat against Germany, until June 1941. The United States gave strong diplomatic, financial and material support, starting in 1940, especially through Lend Lease, which began in 1941, In August 1941, Churchill and Roosevelt met and agreed on the Atlantic Charter , which proclaimed \"the rights of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they live\" should be respected. This wording was ambiguous and would be interpreted differently by the British, Americans, and nationalist movements.", "Arthur Neville Chamberlain (18 March 1869 – 9 November 1940) was a British Conservative politician and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1937 to 1940. Chamberlain is best known for appeasement foreign policy, in particular for his signing of the Munich Agreement in 1938, conceding the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia to Nazi Germany, and, when Germany continued its aggression, for his \"containment\" policy of Germany in 1939 that culminated in declaring war on Germany on 3 September 1939.", "Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, DL, FRS, RA was a British politician who was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955. He was one of the Big Three during WWII", "When World War II began, Churchill was called as the First Lord of the Admiralty then later went on to be the chairman of the Military Coordinating Committee in 1940. In the midst of World War II, on May 10, 1940, Churchill was appointed Prime Minister. While Prime Minister, he was often criticized for “meddling” in military affairs; however, he proved to be a great inspiration to the British people in their war-torn country. He also helped to form strong allies with the United States, working closely with President Roosevelt after Pearl Harbor, and with the Soviet Union.", "British Prime Minister Chamberlain announced a committee of ministers to coordinate the war time economy. ww2dbase [ Main Article | CPC]", "Unlike the situation in the summer of 1914, the Labour Party was united and determined in its support for the declaration of war against Germany on 3 September 1939. Owing to their distrust of the Prime Minister, however, the Labour leaders refused to join Neville Chamberlain's government. The latter's poor war leadership (following the failure of the government's Norwegian Campaign) culminated in the historic debate in the House of Commons on 7-8 May 1940. The temper of the House of Commons at this moment was summed up by the Cromwellian outburst of Leo Amery, the Tory anti-appeaser, directed against the Prime Minister: 'In the name of God, go!' In the vote that followed the ending of the debate it became clear that Chamberlain had lost the support of an important section of the Conservative Party. A coalition government was now inevitable. But when Attlee made it clear that the Labour Party would not join any government led by Chamberlain, the latter resigned as Prime Minister on 10 May. Winston Churchill then became Prime Minister with Labour support.", "Winston Churchill became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom on May 10, the same date as the German invasion of France", "After the outbreak of the Second World War on 3 September 1939, the day Britain declared war on Germany, Churchill was appointed First Lord of the Admiralty and a member of the War Cabinet, as he had been during the first part of the First World War. When they were informed, the Board of the Admiralty sent a signal to the Fleet: \"Winston is back\". [160] [161] In this position, he proved to be one of the highest-profile ministers during the so-called \" Phoney War \", when the only noticeable action was at sea. Churchill advocated the pre-emptive occupation of the neutral Norwegian iron-ore port of Narvik and the iron mines in Kiruna , Sweden, early in the war. However, Chamberlain and the rest of the War Cabinet disagreed, and the operation was delayed until the successful German invasion of Norway .", "George now became king and the coronation took place on 12th May, 1937. Later that month, Neville Chamberlain replaced Stanley Baldwin as prime-minister. The following year Chamberlain travelled to Germany to meet Adolf Hitler in an attempt to avoid war between the two countries. The result of Chamberlain's appeasement policy was the signing of the Munich Agreement . However, after the invasion of Poland, Chamberlain was forced to declare war on Germany.", "On Sept. 1, 1939, Germany attacked Poland. Great Britain and France declared war on Germany on Sept. 3, and all the dominions of the Commonwealth except Ireland followed suit (see World War II). Chamberlain broadened his cabinet to include Labour representatives, but after German victories in Scandinavia he resigned (May, 1940) and was replaced by Winston S. Churchill. France fell in June, 1940, but the heroic rescue of a substantial part of the British army from Dunkirk (May–June) enabled Britain, now virtually alone, to remain in the war.", "On Sept. 1, 1939, Germany attacked Poland. Great Britain and France declared war on Germany on Sept. 3, and all the dominions of the Commonwealth except Ireland followed suit (see World War II ). Chamberlain broadened his cabinet to include Labour representatives, but after German victories in Scandinavia he resigned (May, 1940) and was replaced by Winston S. Churchill . France fell in June, 1940, but the heroic rescue of a substantial part of the British army from Dunkirk (May–June) enabled Britain, now virtually alone, to remain in the war.", "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during the Second World War. He was one of the most important leaders in modern British and world history.", "He had long warned of the threat posed by communism and the Soviet Union, but from 1933 onwards he began to highlight the new threat posed by fascism and Hitler's Germany.His warnings initially went unheeded, but in the aftermath of the Munich Crisis of 1938, his predictions were seen to be coming true. When World War II broke out, Churchill was brought back into the government as first Lord of the Admiralty. He became Prime Minister of a National Government on 10 May 1940, the day that Hitler launched his invasion of France, Belgium and Low Countries. He was aged 65.", "Neville Chamberlain   © Chamberlain was British prime minister between 1937 and 1940, and is closely associated with the policy of appeasement towards Nazi Germany.", "After eight months of ‘Phoney War’, following the outbreak of hostilities on 3 September 1939, stunning German victories in France and the Low Countries resulted in the British Army’s retreat to and evacuation from Dunkirk (26 May - 4 June 1940). Following the fall of France in June, as Churchill rallied the British people in the defence of their island and Empire, Hitler launched a strategy of economic blockade. Luftwaffe dive-bombers struck British merchant vessels repeatedly in the English Channel. During July over 30,000 tons of British shipping were sunk. Air attacks began on British ports, raw materials and food storage infrastructure and aircraft production centres. Hitler - at this stage hoping to pressure Britain into a negotiated peace - offered her a ‘last appeal to reason’ on 19 July. With Churchill's refusal, Hitler agreed to a plan submitted by his Air Minister and Luftwaffe Commander, Reichsmarschall Hermann Goering, to destroy the RAF prior to a seaborne invasion of Britain: Operation Sea Lion.", "In this position, he proved to be one of the highest-profile ministers during the so-called \"Phoney War,\" when the only noticeable action was at sea and the USSR's attack on Finland. Churchill advocated the pre-emptive occupation of the neutral Norwegian iron-ore port of Narvik and the iron mines in Kiruna, Sweden, early in the war. However, Chamberlain and the rest of the War Cabinet disagreed, and the operation was delayed until the successful German invasion of Norway.", "British Conservative politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from May 1937 to May 1940", "was a British politician and statesman known for his leadership of the United Kingdom during the Second World War (World War II). He is widely regarded as one of the great wartime leaders", "Prime minister of New Zealand joined World War 2 beside Great Britain when the war started.", "After allying with Japan in the Anti-Comintern Pact and then also with Benito Mussolini's Italy in the \"Pact of Steel\", and finally signing a non-aggression treaty with the Soviet Union in August 1939, Hitler launched the Second World War on 1 September 1939 by attacking Poland. To his surprise Britain and France declared war on Germany, but there was little fighting during the \"Phoney War\" period. War began in earnest in spring 1940 with the successful Blitzkrieg conquests of Denmark, Norway, the Low Countries, and France. Britain remained alone but refused to negotiate, and defeated Germany's air attacks in the Battle of Britain. Hitler's goal was to control Eastern Europe but because of his failure to defeat Britain and the Italian failures in North Africa and the Balkans, the great attack on the Soviet Union was delayed until June 1941. Despite initial successes, the German army was stopped close to Moscow in December 1941. ", "When World War II breaks out in 1939, Britain postpones further action on independence and brings India into the war without consulting them. This outrages Indian leaders, who begin a campaign of noncooperation. While the nationalist leaders are arrested, millions of Indians support Britain during the war.", "On September 1, 1939, Hitler began World War II with his quest to control Europe. The sudden invasion of Poland was immediately followed by the destroying of Jews and the Polish elite, and the beginnings of German colonization. Following the declaration of war by France and England, Hitler temporarily turned his military machine west, where the light, mobile attacks of the German forces quickly triumphed. In April 1940, Denmark surrendered, soon followed by Norway. In May and June the rapidly advancing tank forces defeated France and the Low Countries. In the Air Battle of Britain, England sustained heavy damage, but held out after German naval operations collapsed." ]

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[ "Alaska became the 49th state to enter the Union on Jan 3, 1959. Later that year, Hawaii would become the 50th state on August 21. Both states were signed into statehood by President Dwight D. Eisenhower.", "On January 3, 1959, Alaska, with a land mass larger than Texas, California and Montana combined, became the 49th state in the union. It is a large state, 1/5 the size of all the other states together, reaching so far to the west that the International Date Line had to be bent to keep the state all in the same day. It's also the only U.S. state extending into the Eastern Hemisphere.", "In 1959, the United States added two more states to the Union: Alaska and Hawaii, the non-contiguous states. Alaska was admitted to the Union on January 3, 1959, becoming the 49th state, and Hawaii joined on August 21, 1959, becoming the 50th state.", "In 1912, the region was granted territorial status. Alaskans approved statehood in 1946 and adopted a state constitution in 1955. On January 3, 1959, President Eisenhower announced Alaska’s entrance into the Union as the 49th state. It has a land mass larger than Texas, California and Montana combined.", "1959:January 3, 1959, Alaska officially became the 49th state of the union. The Alaska State Capitol, located in Juneau, was originally constructed in 1931 as the Federal and Territorial Building. When Alaska became a state in 1959, the building became property of the state. Juneau is the only capitol city in the U.S. that is only accessible by boat or plane.", "Hawaiians pressed for statehood after World War II, but Congress was reluctant, partly because of racial antipathy and partly because of fears that Hawaii's powerful International Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's Union was Communist controlled. The House of Representatives passed a statehood bill in 1947, but the Senate refused. Not until 1959, after Alaska became the 49th state, did Congress vote to let Hawaii enter the Union. President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the bill on 18 March, and the question was then put to the Hawaiian electorate, who voted for statehood on 27 June 1959 by a margin of about 17 to 1. Hawaii became the 50th state on 21 August 1959.", "Hawaiians themselves had been awaiting this for years, so much so that the “49th State” Record Label had been selling popular Hawaiian music since shortly after the War. As it turned out, Alaska entered as a state at the very beginning of 1959, making it the 49th, and when Hawaii came in several months later, it became the 50th state of the Union.", "Alaska became the 49th state on January 3, 1959, only seven months before Hawaii became the 50th state.", "Alaska became the 49th state of the United States on January 3, 1959. Alaska is on the northwest end of the North American continent, but separated from the rest of the United States Pacific coast by the Canadian province of British Columbia. In Alaska, given the ambiguity surrounding the usage of continental, the term \"continental United States\" is almost unheard of when referring to the contiguous 48 states. Several other terms have been used over the years. The term Lower 48 has, for many years, been a common Alaskan equivalent for \"contiguous United States\"; today, more Alaskans use the term \"Outside\", though a few persons may use \"Outside\" to refer to any location not within Alaska.", "1959 - Alaska (49th state) entered the United States of America; capital: Juneau; bird: willow ptarmigan; flower: forget-me-not; nickname: The Last Frontier.", "After the annual introduction of various statehood bills H.R. 7999 passed in the House on May 28, 1958, passed in the Senate on June 30, 1958 and was signed into law by the President on July 7, 1958. On January 3, 1959 he signed the official proclamation admitting Alaska as the 49th state.", "Alaska, admitted as the 49th state to the union is thought of as \"America's Last Frontier\" because of its distance from the lower 48 states and because of its rugged landscape and climate. This remote and rugged perception is evidenced by the fact that only about 1/3 of the state has been organized into political units; 13 boroughs (similar to counties) are defined.", "Eventually, the growth of the country resulted in a flag with 48 stars upon the admission of Arizona and New Mexico in 1912. Alaska added a 49th in 1959, and Hawaii a 50th star in 1960. With the 50-star flag came a new design and arrangement of the stars in the union, a requirement met by President Eisenhower in Executive Order No. 10834, issued August 21, 1959. To conform with this, a national banner with 50 stars became the official flag of the United States. The flag was raised for the first time at 12:01 a.m. on July 4, 1960, at the Fort McHenry National Monument in Baltimore, Maryland.", "Amidst continuing opposition from members of Congress to the idea of admitting Hawaii to the Union first, Eisenhower eventually relented, after receiving assurances that an Alaskan state government would not interfere in the federal operation of military installations in the region, or the president’s right to reserve territory for future bases. Alaska became a state in January 1959. Eight months later, southern opposition was finally overcome and Hawaii joined the Union.", "1912 - New Mexico and Arizona are admitted as states, the last new states to be admitted to the union until 1959.", "Texas used to be the biggest state in the U.S., and there were plenty of jokes based on that fact. These became virtually extinct when Alaska became the 49th, and largest, state. When did that occur?", "Eisenhower (1953–1961) signed the bill to let Hawaii enter the Union on March 18, 1959, and Hawaii became the fiftieth state on August 21, 1959. After the war, Hawaii's tourism industry grew as additional airports, built during the war, allowed for more air traffic. Airfare was less expensive than ocean-liner fare, and enabled more people to travel. As the number of visitors grew, so, too, did the construction business as hotels and shopping centers were built.", "No provision was made at the time of annexation for the eventual admission of Hawaii to statehood, and it was not until 1959, after Alaska was admitted to the union, that Hawaii became the 50th U.S. state.", "It was on this day in 1959 that the citizens of the United States said aloha to their new, fellow Americans. The Hawaiian Islands became the State of Hawaii by a proclamation signed by U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower.", "August 21, 1959 - President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed a proclamation admitting Hawaii to the Union as the 50th state.", "1959 – President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed an executive order proclaiming Hawaii the 50th state of the Union.", "In 1898 Hawaii was taken over by the United States, and in 1900 it became a U.S. territory. On August 21, 1959 it became the 50th American state.", "1850 - President Taylor dies 9 July; Vice-President Millard Fillmore succeeds him, becomes 13th U.S. President. U.S. census population is 23,191,876, up about one-third since 1840; New York is most populous state (just over 3 million). For the first time the U.S. census lists all household members. California attains statehood. Steamships have generally replaced sailing vessels for trans-Atlantic travel, reducing the passage time for immigrants from six weeks to two (and the passage can cost as low as $10 per person).", "On this day in 1959, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs a bill making Hawaii the 50th state.", "Five months later, on August 21, President Dwight D. Eisenhower made it official, signing the proclamation that welcomed Hawaii as the 50th state of the union. Hawaii had been annexed to the United States in 1898 and became a territory two years later.", "1898 - Annexed by McKinley over the protests of most of its natives. Admitted to statehood in 1959.", "9. My capital is Jackson. I was the 20th state to join the union. Oprah Winfrey was born in me. Which state am I?", "Montana was admitted to the Union as the 41st state of the United States of America on November 8, 1889 by presidential proclamation…", "North Dakota (; locally) is the 39th state of the United States, having been admitted to the union on November 2, 1889.", "After the signing, President Eisenhower said that he felt \"very highly privileged and honored\" to welcome the forty-ninth state. He noted that there had been no such ceremony as the one this noon in \"almost half a century.\"", "; locally [ˌno̞ɹθ dəˈko̞ɾə]) is the 39th state of the United States , having been admitted to the union on November 2, 1889.", "Admission to the Union on the 8th November 1889, it was admitted as the 41st state." ]

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[ "The first translation of the English Bible was initiated by John Wycliffe and completed by John Purvey in 1388.", "The first complete English-language version of the Bible dates from 1382 and was credited to John Wycliffe and his followers.", "Myles Coverdale and John Rogers were loyal disciples the last six years of Tyndale's life, and they carried the project forward and even accelerated it. Coverdale finished translating the Old Testament, and in 1535 he printed the first complete Bible in the English language, making use of Luther's German text and the Latin as sources. Thus, the first complete English Bible was printed on October 4, 1535, and is known as the Coverdale Bible.", "Coverdale Bible  The Coverdale Bible, compiled by Myles Coverdale and published in 1535, was the first complete Modern English translation of the Bible (not just the Old Testament or New Testament ), and the first complete printed translation into English (cf. Wycliffe's Bible in manuscript). The later editions (folio and quarto) published in 1539 were the first complete Bibles printed in England. The 1539 folio edition carried the royal licence and was therefore the first officially approved Bible translation in English.", "In 1535 – Miles Coverdale – working from the European continent – published the first English translation of the entire Bible. Coverdale was a writers’ writer – delivering his translation in beautifully constructed phrasing. The Coverdale translation was a remarkable contribution to the English Bible and the English language.", "    Although there were earlier attempts of an English translation of the Bible, the first whole translation of the Bible into the English language is ascribed to John Wycliffe (1384), who was an English theologian and religious reformer.    Wycliffe born in 1320 grew up when the prestige of the Roman Catholic church was low, with the rival of two popes, one at Avignon (1309-1378) and one at Rome.    His rejection of the biblical basis of papal power and dispute with the doctrine of the transubstantiation of the host anticipated the Protestant Reformation.    All he tried to do is \"put the Bible into the hands of the common people.\"", "The first English translations of Psalms (1530), Isaiah (1531), Proverbs (1533), Ecclesiastes (1533), Jeremiah (1534) and Lamentations (1534), were executed by the Protestant Bible translator George Joye in Antwerp. In 1535 Myles Coverdale published the first complete English Bible also in Antwerp. ", "John Wycliffe and his Lollard followers complete the first full English translation of the Bible. Wycliffe expelled from Oxford because of his opposition to Church doctrines and his views officially condemned as heresy. A later version of the Wycliffite Bible follows in 1388.", "1380 A.D. The first English translation of the Bible was by John Wycliffe. He translated the Bible into English from the Latin Vulgate. This was a translation from a translation and not a translation from the original Hebrew and Greek. Wycliffe was forced to translate from the Latin Vulgate because he did not know Hebrew or Greek.", "John Wyclife, of Yorkshire, England, translated the first Bible into English in 1382, not from the original languages, but from the Latin. Therein, John translated the Latin word ecclesiam into chirche (in old English spelling):", "Before we begin it must be understood that our English bibles are not the original language in which scriptures were written. I sometimes talk to people who don't understand this very basic principle, but it is totally true. The King James Version was the first major translation into English and was created approximately 1600 years after Yahushua the Messiah came to earth.", "4. King James I of England appointed 54 biblical scholars to produce a new translation of the Bible in 1604. Six groups worked separately and then met together to critique each other’s work. In 1611 the work was complete, giving the English-speaking world the standard Bible used for over 3 centuries.", "The Tyndale Bible generally refers to the body of biblical translations by William Tyndale (c. 1494–1536). Tyndale’s Bible is credited with being the first English translation to work directly from Hebrew and Greek texts. Furthermore, it was the first English biblical translation that was mass-produced as a result of new advances in the art of printing. The term Tyndale's Bible is not strictly correct, because Tyndale never published a complete Bible. Prior to his execution Tyndale had only finished translating the entire New Testament and roughly half of the Old Testament. Of the latter, the Pentateuch, Jonah and a revised version of the book of Genesis were published during his lifetime. His other Old Testament works were first used in the creation of the Matthew Bible and also heavily influenced every major English translation of the Bible that followed.", "The first hand-written English language Bible manuscripts were produced in 1380's AD by John Wycliffe, an Oxford professor, scholar, and theologian. Wycliffe, (also spelled “Wycliff” & “Wyclif”), was well-known throughout Europe for his opposition to the teaching of the organized Church, which he believed to be contrary to the Bible. With the help of his followers, called the Lollards, and his assistant Purvey, and many other faithful scribes, Wycliffe produced dozens of English language manuscript copies of the scriptures. They were translated out of the Latin Vulgate, which was the only source text available to Wycliffe. The Pope was so infuriated by his teachings and his translation of the Bible into English, that 44 years after Wycliffe had died, he ordered the bones to be dug-up, crushed, and scattered in the river!", "Wycliffe was also an early advocate for translation of the Bible into the common language. He completed his translation directly from the Vulgate into vernacular English in the year 1382, now known as Wycliffe's Bible. It is probable that he personally translated the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John; and it is possible he translated the entire New Testament, while his associates translated the Old Testament. Wycliffe's Bible appears to have been completed by 1384, with additional updated versions being done by Wycliffe's assistant John Purvey and others in 1388 and 1395.", "Back in the fourteenth century, John Wycliffe was the first to make (or at least oversee) an English translation of the Bible, but that was before the invention of the printing press and all copies had to be hand written. Besides, the church had banned the unauthorized translation of the Bible into English in 1408.", "Although John Wycliff is often credited with the first translation of the Bible into English, there were, in fact, many translations of large parts of the Bible centuries before Wycliff's work. Toward the end of the seventh century, the Venerable Bede began a translation of Scripture into Old English (also called Anglo-Saxon). Aldhelm (AD 640�709), likewise, translated the complete Book of Psalms and large portions of other scriptures into Old English. In the 11th century, Abbot Ælfric translated much of the Old Testament into Old English.", "* 1537: William Tyndale's partial translation of the Bible into English is published, which would eventually be incorporated into the King James Bible.", "1885 The complete Old and New Testament English Revised Version (EV or ERV) of the Bible was first published in England. After a promised 20-year wait, US scholars on the ERV committee published an \"Americanized\" edition in 1905, known afterward as the American Standard Version (ASV) of the Bible.", "The first translation of the Bible into English was initiated by The Venerable Bede toward the end of the 7th century. Bede also gave accounts of one of the first English poets – Caedmon – writing religious verse. Bede translated The Gospel according to John and – according to his follower Cuthbert – translated the last word of John virtually at the moment of his death. It is thought that Bede also translated other Scripture of the Bible but none survived. English was much different then – of course; it was the Anglo-Saxon language – resembling modern German.", "This \"translation to end all translations\" (for a while at least) was the result of the combined effort of about fifty scholars. They took into consideration: The Tyndale New Testament, The Coverdale Bible, The Matthews Bible, The Great Bible, The Geneva Bible, and even the Rheims New Testament. The great revision of the Bishop's Bible had begun. From 1605 to 1606 the scholars engaged in private research. From 1607 to 1609 the work was assembled. In 1610 the work went to press, and in 1611 the first of the huge (16 inch tall) pulpit folios known today as \"The 1611 King James Bible\" came off the printing press. A typographical discrepancy in Ruth 3:15 rendered a pronoun \"He\" instead of \"She\" in that verse in some printings. This caused some of the 1611 First Editions to be known by collectors as \"He\" Bibles, and others as \"She\" Bibles. Starting just one year after the huge 1611 pulpit-size King James Bibles were printed and chained to every church pulpit in England; printing then began on the earliest normal-size printings of the King James Bible . These were produced so individuals could have their own personal copy of the Bible.", "    The German Protestant reformer Martin Luther translated the New Testament into German in 1522 and the rest of the Bible in 1534.    Martin Luther based his German translation of the New Testament (1522) on Erasmus's Greek text (1516).    This marked the first significant departure from the sole use of the Vulgate as a basis for translation.    Twelve years later, Luther completed his work with a translation of the Old Testament from a Hebrew edition that had been published in 1495.    It marked a milestone by giving people who could read vernacular, but not the classical languages, access to an accurate rendering of the ancient texts.    It was the first complete version of the Bible in any modern language.", "The first printing (1663) of the Bible in the American colonies; it was translated by Christian …", "John Wycliffe was responsible for the very first translation of the entire Bible into the English language. John Wycliffe is called “the father of English prose” because the clarity and the popularity of his writings and his sermons in the Middle English dialect did much to shape our language today.", "----This translation was produced in large part by Miles Coverdale as well. Large portions of it were an update of the work of William Tyndale. It has the distinction of be the first officially authorized English translation. King Henry VIII declared it to be the official English Bible to be used by the Church of England. The Wikipedia article effectively summarizes this work:", "Dr. John Reynolds, the Puritan who first suggested a new translation, had a reputation as a Hebrew and Greek scholar. He had read and studied all the Greek and Latin fathers, as well as the ancient records of the Church. Those who knew him held him to be the most learned man in England. It is said of him, that He alone was a well-furnished library, full of all faculties, all studies, and all learning. His memory and reading were near to a miracle. He worked on the translation of the Prophets until his death in 1607.", "The KJV was not the first English-language Bible.  There had been several before it.  In fact, the famous Tyndale translation which preceded it formed the basis and much of the wording of the KJV.", "Here is John Wycliffe’s greatest accomplishment: the translation of the Holy Scriptures into English.  Producing the first complete English bible, Wycliffe was the first to set aside Latin as the language of the Scriptures and to reach the English people in their own tongue. Working from contemporary manuscripts of the Latin Vulgate, he sought “no strange English” but only the easiest, most common— albeit the most Latin-like—language possible. (Latin constructions and word order were preserved even where they conflicted with English idiom.) His work was used by the Lollards, a group of itinerant preachers (“poor priests”) who went about preaching, reading, and teaching from the English Bible.", "+Puritan translates Bible into the \"Indian Language\"To help Christianize the Native peoples living in communities around Massachusetts Bay, Puritan missionary John Eliot translates the Bible into an Algonquian dialect. The \"Eliot Bible,\" as it comes to be known, is the first complete Bible printed in America. The Puritans also publish the first book in America, a book of hymns titled The Whole Booke of Psalmes Faithfully Translated Into English Metre.", "who produced the first English translation of the new testament and later died a martyrs death ", "John Wycliffe translated the Bible into English on the belief that everyone should have a copy in their possession.", "Laurence Chaderton - one of the original translators of the Authorized King James Version of the Bible." ]

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[ "The largest Lake in England is Lake Windermere in the English Lake District and the largest lake in Great Britain is Loch Lomond in Scotland.", "The largest lake in the United Kingdom is Lough Neagh (396 square kilometers/153 square miles), in the center of Northern Ireland. Southwest of Lough Neagh are the Upper and Lower Lough Erne, which extend across the country and into Ireland. Scotland is a region of many lakes; here they are called Lochs. Loch Lomond (70 square kilometers/ 27 square miles) is the largest lake in Great Britain. Loch Ness is famous for its legendary Loch Ness monster. There are no large lakes in England or Wales. On the northwest coast of England, however, near the border with Scotland, there is a region called the Lake District containing many small, picturesque lakes.", "England's largest lake is Windermere and England's deepest lake is Wastwater at a depth of 79 m (259 feet), both lakes are in the Lake District National Park.", "Kielder Water is a large man-made reservoir in Northumberland in North East England. It is the largest artificial lake in the United Kingdom by capacity and it is surrounded by Kielder Forest, the largest man-made woodland in Europe. It was planned in the late 1960s to satisfy an expected rise in demand for water to support a booming UK industrial economy. It was constructed between 1975 and 1981 by an AMEC/Balfour Beatty[1] joint venture and was opened by Queen Elizabeth II in 1982. It took two years for the valley to fill with water completely once construction was completed.", "Windermere is the largest natural lake in England. It is a ribbon lake formed in a glacial trough after the retreat of ice at the start of the current interglacial period. It has been one of the country's most popular places for holidays and summer homes since the arrival of the Kendal and Windermere Railway's branch line in 1847. Historically forming part of the border between Lancashire and Westmorland, it is now within the county of Cumbria and the Lake District National Park.", "Lake Windermere is the largest natural lake in England, covering more than 3,600 acres (1,476 hectares) in northwest England's famous Lake District. Called ...", "Kielder Water is a large artificial reservoir in Northumberland in North East England. It is the largest artificial lake in the United Kingdom by capacity and it is surrounded by Kielder Forest, the largest human-made woodland in Europe. It was planned in the late 1960s to satisfy an expected rise in demand for water to support a booming UK industrial economy. It was constructed between 1975 and 1981 by an AMEC/Balfour Beatty[1] joint venture and was opened by Queen Elizabeth II in 1982. It took two years for the valley to fill with water completely once construction was completed.", "Windermere, England's biggest natural lake is 10.56 miles long, a mile wide and about 220 feet deep.", "Loch Ness (a lake in the Scottish highlands; the largest body of fresh water in Great Britain)", "The largest lake - actually a man-mad reservoir - is at Bewl Water , which straddles the Kent/Sussex border. It was created by constucting a large dam, and flooding three linked valleys. Underneath the waters, that now buzz with watersports enthusiasts, remain a church, a farm house, and various other structures.", "Set out to the mountainous region in north west England known as the Lake District . England’s largest national park is a very popular holiday destination and famous for its lakes and mountains, as well as its associations with the early 19th-century poetry and writings of William Wordsworth and the Lake Poets. Nearly 16 million people visit the national park each year. Also located here is the deepest lake in England – Wastwater which, though a bit further away, is definitely worth seeing.", "Fertile land and soil can be found throughout the Lake District ; the land lying along the western side of the Lake District is less populated; therefore offering great opportunities for farmland.  The valleys that sit in the western part of the Lake District are surrounded by beautiful mountains and three known lakes.  Buttermere is a smaller lake that sits on the western side of the Lake District ; although small and shallow- it is often home to those that enjoy wind-surfing, canoeing, and boating in smaller vessels.  Ennerdale Water is another western lake of the Lake District ; perhaps not as well known as other lakes of the Lake District ; however, it is the underlying lake to famous mountain peaks, such as Green Gable and Great Gable .", "This lake is largest lake of British Isles, and one of the forty largest lakes in Europe.", "Historically shared by the counties of Cumberland, Westmorland and Lancashire, the Lake District now lies within the county of Cumbria. All the land higher than 3,000 feet above sea level lies within the National Park, including Scafell Pike, which is the highest mountain in England at 978 metres. The deepest and longest lakes are also situated in the Lake District – Wastwater and Windermere.", "Ullswater is the second biggest lake in the English Lake District, measuring approximately 9 miles (14.5 kilometres) long and 0.75 miles (1,200 metres) wide with a maximum depth of sightly over 60 metres (197 ft). Many regard Ullswater as the most beautiful of all the English lakes and it has been frequently compared to Lake", "Only one of the lakes in the Lake District is called by that name, Bassenthwaite Lake. All the others such as Windermere, Coniston Water, Ullswater and Buttermere are meres, tarns and waters, with mere being the least common and water being the most common. The major lakes and reservoirs in the National Park are given below.", "275 Magnificent Wastwater: England’s deepest, most dramatic and most beautiful lake. It also has an underwater ‘gnome garden’", "The Lake District National Park is the largest park of its type in the UK and it lies within the county of Cumbria.", "Located on the north-westerly side of England and within the spreading county of Cumbria, the Lake District is quite huge, and encompasses a series of different towns and villages. Often referred to simply at the 'Lakeland' or alternatively as 'The Lakes', the Lake District has become a leading English tourist destination and famed for its mountain trails and stunning lakes, such as Coniston, Grasmere, Ullswater and Windermere, amongst many others.", "Crummock Water is situated in the north-west of the English Lake District between Loweswater and Buttermere. It is two and a half miles long, three quarters of a mile wide and 144 feet deep and is a clear, rocky bottomed lake. The lake is fed by numerous streams including the beck from Scale Force, which with a drop of 170 feet is Lakeland's tallest waterfall.", "Ullswater, at 9 miles long, is the second largest of the lakes. It is also the closest to the M6 motorway, so Pooley Bridge at the northern end of the lake is very popular with day trippers and holiday makers alike. At the southern end of the lake is Glenridding village, which is extremey popular with walkers due to it being close to Helvellyn, our 3rd highest mountain.", "Kielder Water is owned by Northumbrian Water , and holds 200 billion litres (44 billion gallons, or 0.2 cubic km), making it the largest reservoir in the UK by capacity ( Rutland Water is the largest by surface area). Kielder Water has a 27.5-mile (44.3 km) shoreline.", "Those interested in Arthurian legends should also visit Dozmary Pool, where the ghostly hand reputedly appeared to take the sword Excalibur when the knight Sir Bedivere returned it to the lake. Whirlpools are said to rage here to this day. On top of Bodmin moor on a sunny August day, clouds racing across the sky, Dozmary seems rather benign and the swimming a little shallow. The shores of Colliford lie across the field and provide a more satisfying swim. This is Cornwall’s largest and highest lake. It is also situated close to the famous Jamaica Inn, setting for Daphne du Maurier’s evocative novel of smugglers and pirates.", "Esthwaite Water is one of the smaller and lesser known lakes in the Lake District national park in northern England. It is situated between the much larger lakes of Windermere and Coniston Water, in the traditional county of Lancashire; since 1974 in the administrative county of Cumbria. To the north is the village of Hawkshead and to the west is Grizedale Forest.", "The list of Lakes and lochs of the United Kingdom is a link page for some large lakes of the United Kingdom (England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland), including lochs fully enclosed by landghs (pronounced the same way). In Wales a lake is also called a llyn. The words \"loch\" and \"lough\", in addition to referring to bodies of freshwater (\"lakes\"), are also applied to bodies of brackish water or seawater, which in other countries or contexts may be called fjord, firth, estuary, bay etc.", "Kielder Water is owned by Northumbrian Water, and holds 200 billion litres (44 billion gallons, or 0.2 cubic km), making it the largest reservoir in the UK by capacity (Rutland Water is the largest by surface area). It has a shoreline, and is 39.7 km (24.6 miles) from the sea. ", "Kielder Water, within the forest is the largest man made lake in Western Europe. With 27 miles of shore line there is plenty of room for a wide variety of water sports, fishing and ferry cruising. The main water sports centre is at Leaplish waterside Park.", "The most northerly of the major lakes in the Lake District, Bassenthwaite has been in the posession of the National Park authority since 1979. It is the only lake that is actually called a 'lake'; all the others are called 'water' or 'mere'. Bassenthwaite is bounded by two major roads; the busy A66 on the west, and A591 on the east.", "This list contains the lakes, tarns and reservoirs in the Lake District National Park in Cumbria, England.", "Virginia Water Lake lies within Windsor Great Park. It was created from a body of water of the same name, originally little more than a stream, which existed from at least the 17th century and may well be named after Elizabeth I, the Virgin Queen. The lake is mostly in Surrey, though the western extremities are in the civil parishes of Old Windsor and Sunninghill and Ascot in Berkshire.", "      n   a lake in NW England, in Cumbria in the Lake District. Length: 4 km (2.5 miles)  ", "This walk visits Devoke Water, the largest tarn in the Lake District. It's a very peaceful area being a bit of a hidden Lake District gem." ]

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[ "Venice Marco Polo Airport is the international airport of Venice, Italy. It is located on the mainland north of the city in Tessera, a Frazione of the Comune of Venice nearest to Mestre. Due to the importance of Venice as a leisure destination it features flights to European metropolitan areas as well as some partly seasonal long-haul routes to the United States, Canada and the Middle East. With 8,751,028 passengers having passed through the airport in 2015 and almost 82,000 aircraft movements, it remains the fourth busiest airport in Italy. The airport is christened after Marco Polo and serves as a base for Volotea and easyJet. ", "Venice Marco Polo Airport (IATA: VCE, ICAO: LIPZ) is an airport located on the Italian mainland 4.3 nautical miles (8.0 kilometres; 4.9 miles) north of Venice, Italy, in Tessera, a Frazione of the Comune of Venice nearest to Mestre. The airport was named after the Venetian traveller Marco Polo, whose book introduced Central Asia and China to Europeans.", "Marco Polo Venice Airport (VCE) is an airport located on the Italian mainland near Venice. The airport was named after the Venetian traveller Marco Polo, who is considered the European rediscoverer of China. It is considered one of the three most important airports in northern Italy (with the two international airports of Milan, Malpensa and Linate). The airport is connected to the nearby railway stations of Venice-Santa Lucia and Mestre-Venice by scheduled bus services, and to Piazza San Marco by water taxi.", "The airport in Venice, Italy is named Marco Polo International Airport. See also the Marcopolo satellites.", "Marco Polo airport is located on the mainland, about five miles from Venice. You have several options for getting from the airport to the island of Venice, ranging from very expensive to budget-friendly.", "Venice Marco Polo International Airport is on the Italian mainland at Tessera, just north of Venice. It's a 20- to 25-minute road trip from the Piazzale Roma , the main automotive point of entry into Venice's historic center. Two different bus routes are available, and both are inexpensive:", "Venice Marco Polo airport has seen a noticeable increase in passenger numbers since the development of its new terminal in 2002. The airport is located in Tessera, 13 km from Venice, 8 km from Mestre and 47 km from Padua. It consists of two buildings with different levels for arrivals and departures, and a large check-in hall.", "Exit from the A4 motorway at the Mestre tollgate and follow the direction to Marco Polo Airport of Venice. After passing the airport go straight for 5 minutes until the first crossing with traffic lights. The Hotel will be on your right side.", "Venice Marco Polo Airport is located 12km (7.5 miles) from Venice by road, 10km (6 miles) by water.", "Many rental car companies operate at Venice Marco Polo Airport. ( check out for availability ) Many large airlines (British Airways, US Airways, Lufthansa etc.) frequently arrive in Marco Polo`s Airport in Venice.", "Venice is served by the Marco Polo International Airport , or Aeroporto di Venezia Marco Polo , named in honor of its famous citizen. The airport is on the mainland and was rebuilt away from the coast. From the Venice airport, it's possible to reach by public transport:", "There are no dedicated sleeping facilities at Venice Marco Polo Airport, but budget travelers may decide to sleep on the benches in the departure hall as the airport is not closing overnight. For a more comfortable stay at Venice Marco Polo Airport, there are three hotels nearby.", "Venice, Italy is an extremely popular tourist and business destination and the city is easy to reach by plane, with extremely frequent flights and good connections from all over the world. The city is served by two airports, Marco Polo Airport, which has mainly schedule flights and the smaller Treviso airport, which is situated slightly further from the city and is for cheaper, charter flights. In general, flying into Italy tends to be a relatively hassle-free experience.", "For many foreign visitors, flying to Italy means booking a ticket to Milan or Rome. And that's a shame, because Venice's Marco Polo International Airport is often a more convenient gateway.", "The Courtyard Venice Airport and Venice Resort are two four star options. There’s also a Best Western Hotel with three stars just a few hundred meters away from Venice Marco Polo Airport. Sleeping in the city is no real option for a spot-over as it takes a while till you reach the city center.", "Venice Marco Polo Airport is connected to the nearby railway station of Venice-Mestre and to the bus terminal of Venice-Piazzale Roma by scheduled bus services, and to Piazza San Marco by water taxi.", "Boating over the lagoon from Marco Polo International Airport upon your arrival in Venice is easily the most exclusive and romantic airport transfer in the world.", "The cheapest transport from the airport into Venice is by bus, and there are two options which link Marco Polo Airport with Piazzale Roma (this is as far into Venice as you can get with land transport). Piazzale Roma is in the corner of Venice alongside the lagoon's road-bridge. Unless you are staying nearby, you will then need to use Venice's public boat services to continue your journey - this is why the Alilaguna ferry from the airport is often a quicker option.", "From Venice: Marco Polo International Venice Airport is just 3 km to the hotel and is served by the ACTV public transport (bus no. 5 and the hotel stop is Via Passo Campalto) and by taxi (on request you can book a private transfer).", "Best way to get from St. Mark's Square Venice to Marco Polo airport? - Rick Steves Travel Forum", "We will be staying near St. Mark's square in Venice post Cruise. Please let me know what reasonable options we have to get to Marco Polo Airport. How much time should we plan?", "The Marco Polo lounge is upstairs from the main departures area, after security. It's open to various types of traveller including holders of the Priority Pass. The lounge is furnished with comfortable armchairs, tables and computer stations. It's considerably smarter than the rest of the airport, with rugs on the wooden floor and great views over the lagoon towards Torcello. There's a terrace outdoors for admiring the views and the aeroplanes. A selection of snacks and drinks are offered free, including croissants, cold pizza squares, small sandwiches, wine and soft drinks. There are newspapers to read. Wireless internet isn't free. You can see the same lagoon views, though less close-up, in the main departures area, which rarely gets hectic or overcrowded, so generally I wouldn't say that the lounge is a necessary expense, but it is a more comfortable way to start your journey.", "Leonardo da Vinci/Fiumicino International Airport ( Fiumicino , IATA : FCO, ☎ +39 06 65951) - Rome's main airport is modern, large, rather efficient and well connected to the city centre by public transport. However, late-night arrivals may limit you to an irregular bus into town unless you can afford a taxi.", "Yangon International Airport, located 12 miles (19 km) from downtown, is the country's main gateway for domestic and international air travel. The airport currently has two main international terminals, known as T1 and T2, and a domestic terminal. It has direct flights to regional cities in Asia – mainly, Dhaka,Kolkata, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Hong Kong, Tokyo, Beijing, Seoul, Guangzhou, Taipei, Bangkok, Kuala Lumpur, Kunming and Singapore. Although domestic airlines offer service to about twenty domestic locations, most flights are to tourist destinations such as Bagan, Mandalay, Heho and Ngapali, and to the capital Naypyidaw.", "The airport serves as the main hub for Alitalia, the largest Italian airline and Vueling, a Spanish low-cost carrier owned by International Airlines Group. Based on total passenger numbers, it is the eighth busiest airport in Europe and was the world's 35th busiest airport in 2014. It covers an area of 29 km2 and is named after the most recognized polymath Leonardo da Vinci, who designed the first proto helicopter and a flying machine with wings in 1480.", "Don Muang Airport ( IATA : DMK) (or Don Mueang), about 30 km (19 mi) north of downtown, was Bangkok's main airport until 2006. The airport currently handles Nok Air and Orient Thai domestic flights, the international terminal is now used by Air Asia and charters. Since 1 Oct 2012 all Air Asia flights arrive at and leave from DMK (Don Muang) instead of BKK (Suvarnabhumi). This might be something to consider when you have a connecting flight, since most non-Air Asia international flights will be leaving from BKK (Suvarnabhumi).", "2. Beijing Capital International Airport kept its second-place spot, with more than 86 million passengers in 2014. It also ranked fifth on the list of aircraft movements (takeoffs and landings).", "Sofia Airport (Летище София) ( IATA : SOF) is 9 km east of the city center. It is the busiest airport in Bulgaria, with annual passenger traffic of over 4 million.", "( IATA code : HAN). North Vietnam's major airport is situated in a distance of about 27 km (17 mi) by road (via Võ Nguyên Giáp Rd) north of Hanoi's city center.", "Magway (,) is the capital city of Magway Region (formerly Magway Division) of Myanmar, and home to Magway Airport.", "Guangzhou's main airport is the Baiyun International Airport in Huadu District; it opened on August 5, 2004. This airport is the second busiest airport in terms of traffic movements in China. It replaced the old Baiyun International Airport, which was very close to the city centre and failed to meet the city's fast-growing air traffic demand. The old Baiyun International Airport was in operation for 72 years.", "The Airbus route A41 serves Sha Tin in the New Territories . The journey distance between the airport and Yu Chui Court is about 45 km. The approximate journey time is 65 mins and varies according to the traffic conditions." ]

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[ "Maine is the only state in the United States whose name has only one syllable.  There is one U.S. territory that also has only one syllable, the island nation of Guam.", "What Is The Name Of The Only US State That Contains Only One Syllable? - The Pickering Post", "● In the United States, Maine is the only state which name is just one syllable.", "Michigan [1] (pronounced \"MISH-i-g'n\") is an American state in the upper Midwest and the heart of the Great Lakes region. It has many attractions, famous landmarks, and scenic state and national parks and forests. In addition to the great ones, it has about 12,000 inland lakes, 38 deep-water ports, and more miles of coastline than any state but Alaska, and more lighthouses than any other U.S. state. Its agriculture features tourist-friendly fare such as cherries, blueberries, peaches, apples, and wine. And its cities include a major metropolis, some university towns, and countless rustic villages.", "The names of eight states are never abbreviated in text: Alaska, Hawaii, Idaho, Iowa, Maine, Ohio, Texas and Utah. Use the state abbreviations (listed below) in: lists, tabular material and credit lines or in short-form listings of political party affiliation: D-Ala., R-Mont.", "The name \"Utah\" is derived from the name of the Ute tribe. It means \"people of the mountains\" in the Ute language.  Utah or Arapaho: Wo'tééneihí is a state in the United States. It became the 45th state admitted to the Union on January 4, 1896. Utah is the 13th-largest, the 33rd-most populous, and the 10th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States. Utah has a population of about 2.9 million, approximately 80% of whom live along the Wasatch Front, centering on Salt Lake City, leaving vast expanses of the state nearly uninhabited. Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east, Wyoming to the northeast, Idaho to the north, Arizona to the south, and Nevada to the west. It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast.", "Indiana, constituent state of the United States of America. The state sits, as its motto claims, at “the crossroads of America.” It borders Lake Michigan and the state of Michigan to the north, Ohio to the east, Kentucky to the south, and Illinois to the west, making it an integral part of the American Midwest . It ranks 38th among the 50 U.S. states in terms of total area and, except for Hawaii , is the smallest state west of the Appalachian Mountains . With a name that is generally thought to mean “land of the Indians,” Indiana was admitted on December 11, 1816, as the 19th state of the union. Its capital has been at Indianapolis since 1825.", "Louisiana ( or; ,; Louisiana Creole: Léta de la Lwizyàn) is a state located in the southern region of the United States. Louisiana is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States. Its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans. Louisiana is the only state in the U.S. with political subdivisions termed parishes, which are the local government's equivalent to counties. The largest parish by population is East Baton Rouge Parish, and the largest by land area is Plaquemines. Louisiana is bordered by Arkansas to the north, Mississippi to the east, Texas to the west, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south.", "Vermont is a New England state bordered by Canada to the north, New Hampshire to the east, Massachusetts to the south, and New York to the west. The Connecticut River flows along the state's border with New Hampshire. It is the only New England state not bordered by the Atlantic Ocean. The state shares Lake Champlain with New York and Canada. The lake was named after Samuel de Champlain, who, in 1609, was the first European to explore the region. Vermont became the first state added to the original 13 colonies when it joined the Union in 1791 as the 14th state. The abbreviation for Vermont is VT.", "There are only three cities that are named exactly after the state they are located in: Maine, ME; New York, NY; and Wyoming, WY.", "Alaska and Hawaii are the only states that are not physically connected to other states; Maine is the only state that borders only one other state (New Hampshire). Missouri and Tennessee each border eight other states, the most for any state.", "We have 1 possible answer for the clue US state known as the Land of Enchantment which appears 1 time in our database.", "Nickname(s): Ocean State; Little Rhody; Plantation State; Smallest State; Land of Roger Williams ; Southern Gateway of New England", "3. What is the only American state which starts with the letter `A` but doesn`t end with `A`?", "Hawaii is the southernmost state of the United States, and would be the westernmost, if not for Alaska. It is one of the only two states (Alaska being the other) that are outside the contiguous United States, and do not share a border with another U.S. state. Hawaii is the only state that (1) is without territory on the mainland of any continent; (2) is completely surrounded by water; and (3) continues to grow in area because of active extrusive lava flows, most notably from Kilauea (Kilauea).", "Indigenous languages of the United States include the Native American languages, which are spoken on the country's numerous Indian reservations and Native American cultural events such as pow wows; Hawaiian, which has official status in the state of Hawaii; Chamorro, which has official status in the commonwealths of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands; Carolinian, which has official status in the commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands; and Samoan, which has official status in the commonwealth of American Samoa. American Sign Language, used mainly by the deaf, is also native to the country.", "With a total area of 1,214 square miles, it is the smallest US state. The state is bordered by Connecticut in the north, Massachusetts to the northeast, the Atlantic Ocean and Rhode Island Sound in the south, and a water boundary with New York's Long Island to the southwest.", "The state of Hawaii gets its name from the island of Hawaii, one of the eight major islands. However, no one is sure of the origin of the island's name. Some people believe that the island was named after Hawaii Loa, the Polynesian who discovered the island. Other people think the name came from Hawaiki, the old name of islands where Polynesians live. Hawaii's nickname is the \"Aloha State.\" Aloha means love. The abbreviation for Hawaii is HI. Hawaii is the only state with an official second language, Hawaiian.", "The state of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations is a state of the United States. The state has an area of the smallest among the states that exist across the United States in addition, Rhode Island, directly adjacent to the Connecticut and Massachusetts. This is smallest state in United States.", "According to the United States Census 2010, Idaho had a population of 1,567,582. The state's postal abbreviation is ID. Idaho's nickname is the Gem State because nearly every known gem has been found there. In addition, Idaho is one of only two places in the world where star garnets can be found (the other is the Himalaya Mountains, in India), and is the only place six pointed star garnets have been found. The state motto is Esto Perpetua (Latin for \"Let it be forever\").", "The smallest state (but the one with the longest full name of \"Rhode Island and Providence Plantations\") is often just called Little Rhody, dating back perhaps as early as 1851 (and more recently, the Smallest State). In 1847, it was being referred to as the Plantation State (a reference to the state's full name). Because of its position, its other common nickname (mainly for the benefit of tourists) is the Ocean State, and this is what appears on its licence plates.", "The United States is made up of 50 individual states that vary greatly in size. When talking about land area, Rhode Island ranks as the smallest. Yet, when we discuss population, Wyoming - the 10th largest state in area - comes in with the smallest population.", "However the Vatican remains the smallest state in the world at only 0.2 sq miles. While Rhode Island is the smallest in area size, it has the longest name. Its official name is “The State of Rhode Island and the Providence Plantations.”", "Montana is a state located in the northwestern United States. The state was named for the Spanish word for mountain, Montana, because of the Rocky and Bitterroot Mountains that run through it.", "In U.S. dialects in the southern regions of the Appalachians, the word is pronounced , with the third syllable sounding like “latch”. In northern parts of the mountain range, it is pronounced or; the third syllable is like “lay”, and the fourth “chins” or “shins”. [13] There is often great debate between the residents of the regions as to which pronunciation is the more correct one. Elsewhere, a commonly accepted pronunciation for the adjective Appalachian is , with the last two syllables “-ian” pronounced as in the word “Romanian”. [14]", "1. Which is the only US state that does not have a straight line in its borders?", "8. How many states can you name that have only one vowel? Hint: The vowel can be repeated.", "68 Which state became the first to ratify the United States constitution in 1787, hence its official nickname of The First State?", "The name of the state is derived from the Mississippi River, which flows along its western boundary. Settlers named it after the Ojibwe word misi-ziibi (\"Great River\").", "Whereas, confusion of practice has arisen in the pronunciation of the name of our state and it is deemed important that the true pronunciation should be determined for use in oral official proceedings.", "What was the first town in the United States to be given a biblical name? Hint: Its name is the most coarse biblical place name in the country.", "If the District were to achieve statehood, what name has been suggested for the new state?" ]

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[ "Uniquely amongst English counties, Devon has two separate coastlines: to the south is on the English Channel and to the north, the Irish Sea and Bristol Channel. They are studded with resort towns, harbours and (more recently) surfing beaches. Devon is also home to two National Parks ( Dartmoor and Exmoor ) and includes the island of Lundy in the Bristol Channel/Irish Sea. Note that Exmoor is shared with Somerset, which has the larger share.", "Devon is a large county in England's West Country , bordered to the west by Cornwall and to the east by Dorset and Somerset. Uniquely amongst English counties, Devon has two separate coastlines: to the south, on the English Channel and to the north, on the Irish Sea and Bristol Channel.", "Devon, or Devonshire, is a large county in south west England and the third largest in the country. It has separate coastlines on both the north and south of the county - the only English county to do so. The geography varies from the wild, vast moors and tors of Dartmoor to the rolling hills of South Devon and the coastal beauty of the English Riviera resort of Torbay.", "Devon's are physically separated though, so I'd say that counts as two. Cornwall may have two coasts, but they are connected at the end.", "Hampshire (,; abbreviated Hants, archaically known as the County of Southampton) is a county on the southern coast of England in the United Kingdom. The county town of Hampshire is Winchester, the former capital city of England. Hampshire is the most populous ceremonial county in the United Kingdom (excluding the metropolitan counties) with almost half of the county's population living within the South Hampshire conurbation which includes the cities of Southampton and Portsmouth. The larger South Hampshire metropolitan area has a population of 1,547,000. Hampshire is notable for housing the birthplaces of the Royal Navy, British Army, and Royal Air Force. It is bordered by Dorset to the west, Wiltshire to the north-west, Berkshire to the north, Surrey to the north-east, and West Sussex to the east. The southern boundary is the coastline of the English Channel and the Solent, facing the Isle of Wight.", "Sussex ( /ˈsʌsᵻks/ ; abbreviated Sx), [6] from the Old English Sūþsēaxe ( South Saxons ), is a historic county in South East England corresponding roughly in area to the ancient Kingdom of Sussex . It is bounded to the west by Hampshire , north by Surrey , north-east by Kent , south by the English Channel , and divided for local government into West Sussex and East Sussex and the city of Brighton and Hove . Brighton and Hove was created as a unitary authority in 1997, and granted City status in 2000. Until then, Chichester was Sussex's only city.", "t / ) (or archaically , Dorsetshire), is a county in South West England on the English Channel coast. The ceremonial county comprises the non-metropolitan county , which is governed by Dorset County Council , and the unitary authorities of Poole and Bournemouth . Covering an area of 2,653 square kilometres (1,024 sq mi), Dorset borders Devon to the west, Somerset to the north-west, Wiltshire to the north-east, and Hampshire to the east. The county town is Dorchester which is situated in the south. After the reorganisation of local government in 1974 the county's border was extended eastward to incorporate the Hampshire towns of Bournemouth and Christchurch. Around half of the population lives in the South East Dorset conurbation , while the rest of the county is largely rural with a low population density.", "Question: which English county has only one continuous coastline and is bordered by one county? If you answered 'Cornwall', well done. Potentially, you could host your event in Lands End, with its hotel both the first and last conference venues in the UK! ", "With an approximate population of 410,950, and urban area of 550,200, it is England's sixth, and the United Kingdom 's ninth most populous city, one of England's core cities and the most populous city in South West England. It received a royal charter in 1155 and was granted county status in 1373. For half a millennium it was the second or third largest English city, until the rapid rise of Liverpool , Birmingham and Manchester in the Industrial Revolution during the latter part of the 18th century . It borders the counties of Somerset and Gloucestershire, lying between the cities of Bath , Gloucester and Newport, and has a short coastline on the estuary of the River Severn , which flows into the Bristol Channel.", "With an estimated population of 416,400 for the unitary authority in mid-2007, [2] and a surrounding urban area with an estimated 561,500 residents, [2] it is England's sixth, and the United Kingdom's eighth most populous city, one of England's core cities and the most populous city in South West England . It received a Royal Charter in 1155 and was granted County status in 1373. From the 13th century, for half a millennium, it ranked amongst the top three English cities after London, alongside York and Norwich , [3] until the rapid rise of Liverpool , Birmingham and Manchester during the Industrial Revolution in the latter part of the 18th century. It borders the counties of Somerset and Gloucestershire , also located near the historic cities of Bath to the south east and Gloucester to the north. The city is built around the River Avon , and it also has a short coastline on the estuary of the River Severn where it flows into the Bristol Channel .", "Bognor Regis is a seaside resort town and civil parish, administratively in the Arun district of the non metropolitan county of West Sussex, within the historic county of Sussex, on the south coast of England. It is south-west of London, 24 mi west of Brighton, and south-east of the city of Chichester. Other nearby towns include Littlehampton east-north-east and Selsey to the south-west. The nearby villages of Felpham, and Aldwick are now suburbs of Bognor Regis, along with those of North and South Bersted.", "Cornwall forms the tip of the south-west peninsula of the island of Great Britain, and is therefore exposed to the full force of the prevailing winds that blow in from the Atlantic Ocean. The coastline is composed mainly of resistant rocks that give rise in many places to impressive cliffs. Cornwall has a border with only one other county, Devon, which is formed almost entirely by the River Tamar and (to the north) by the Marsland Valley.", "Portsmouth is the second largest city in the ceremonial county of Hampshire on the south coast of England . The local authority, Portsmouth City Council was given unitary authority district status in 1997. Located mainly on Portsea Island , it is the United Kingdom's only island city.", "The coasts of both Great Britain and Northern Ireland are very irregular, with many long peninsulas and deep bays, firths (estuaries), and inlets. The most even part of the nation's coastline is the eastern coast of England. Along the southeast coast, white chalk cliffs that rise to 250 meters (825 feet) border the Strait of Dover. Several short promontories, including Dungeness and Beachy Head, mark England's southern coast. The whole of southwestern England is a peninsula called Cornwall, which extends 120 kilometers (75 miles) west into the Atlantic.", "The other two major settlements in the county are Dorchester, which has been the county town since at least 1305, and Weymouth, a major seaside resort since the 18th century. Blandford Forum, Sherborne, Gillingham, Shaftesbury and Sturminster Newton are historic market towns which serve the farms and villages of the Blackmore Vale in north Dorset. Beaminster and Bridport are situated in the west of the county; Verwood and the historic Saxon market towns of Wareham and Wimborne Minster are located to the east. Lyme Regis and Swanage are small coastal towns popular with tourists. Under construction on the western edge of Dorchester is the experimental new town of Poundbury commissioned and co-designed by Prince Charles. The suburb, which is expected to be fully completed by 2025, was designed to integrate residential and retail buildings and counter the growth of dormitory towns and car-oriented development. ", "Sussex is a historic county in South East England corresponding roughly in area to the ancient Kingdom of Sussex. It is bounded on the north by Surrey, northeast by Kent, south by the English Channel, and west by Hampshire, and is divided for local government into West Sussex and East Sussex and the City of Brighton and Hove. The latter was created a unitary authority in 1997; and was granted City status in 2000. Until then Chichester had been Sussex's only city.", "The Weald is the name given to the area between the North Downs and the South Downs in south east England. The downs mentioned are two ridges of chalk hills, running very roughly east to west across (mainly) Sussex and Kent, but meeting at the chalk hill plateau of north Hampshire and Salisbury Plain. They meet the sea at Dover (North Downs, forming the famous White Cliffs) and near Eastbourne (South Downs, forming the high cliffs of Beachy Head). The Weald itself was once heavily forested (the word weald is an Old English word meaning \"woodland\") and a centre for making charcoal for use in smelting iron.", "A line of chalk hills (the North Downs ) running from west to east forms the spine of the county. North of the ridge the land falls to the marshy and low-lying shore of the Thames estuary, and to the south there is an area of clays and sands forming a rolling wooded region known as The Weald . The long coastline of Kent is alternately flat and cliff-lined. The low Thames coast is bordered by marshes and islands (Grain and Sheppey), and farther east the former Isle of Thanet now forms part of Kent. There are chalk cliffs at Thanet at the North Foreland and again between Dover and Deal , but farther south is the low-lying area of Romney Marsh , which has emerged from the sea, in part by reclamation, since Roman times. In the extreme southeast is the shingle promontory of Dungeness .", "administrative and historic county of eastern England. It is bounded by Suffolk (south), Cambridgeshire and Lincolnshire (west), and the North Sea (north and east). The administrative county comprises seven districts: Breckland, Broadland, North Norfolk, and South Norfolk; the boroughs of Great...", "Brighton is a town on the south coast of Great Britain. It makes up most of the city and unitary authority of Brighton and Hove (formed from the previous towns of Brighton, Hove, Portslade and several other villages) . Formerly part of the non-metropolitan county of East Sussex, it remains part of the ceremonial county of East Sussex, within the historic county of Sussex.", "The main settlements in Devon are the cities of Plymouth, a historic port now administratively independent, Exeter, the county town, and Torbay, the county's tourist centre. Devon's coast is lined with tourist resorts, many of which grew rapidly with the arrival of the railways in the 19th century. Examples include Dawlish, Exmouth and Sidmouth on the south coast, and Ilfracombe and Lynmouth on the north. The Torbay conurbation of Torquay, Paignton and Brixham on the south coast is now administratively independent of the county. Rural market towns in the county include Barnstaple, Bideford, Honiton, Newton Abbot, Okehampton, Tavistock, Totnes and Tiverton.", "Devon has the highest coastline in southern England and Wales on its Exmoor seaboard. The \"hob-backed\" hills of the Exmoor national park tumble down to the coast on Devon's Bristol Channel coast, culminating at the awesome \"Great Hangman\", a 318m (1043ft) hill with a cliff-face of 250m (820ft), while the \"Little Hangman\" has a cliff-face of 218m (716ft). The best way to see these cliffs is from a boat trip from Ilfracombe or (occasionally) Lynmouth or Swansea ; the ferry service from Penarth in South Wales to Ilfracombe also passes by this massive coastline (see below).", "Seaton is a seaside town in East Devon on the south coast of England. It faces onto Lyme Bay, to the west of the mouth of the River Axe with red cliffs to one side and white cliffs on the other. Axmouth and Beer are nearby. A sea wall provides access to the mostly shingle beach stretching for about a mile, and a small harbour.", "is a seaside town in Lincolnshire, England, located along the North Sea; best known as one of the more famous seaside resorts in the United Kingdom", "What an amazing County! Plan to stay on the Isle of Portland at the heart of the World Heritage coast. Portland is centrally located to visit the ‘Broadchurch’ coastal scenes made famous by the television drama.", "Exmoor has 55 kilometres (34 mi) of coastline, including the highest sea cliffs in England, which reach a height of 314 metres (1,030 ft) at Culbone Hill. However, the crest of this coastal ridge of hills is more than 1.6 km (0.99 mi) from the sea. If a cliff is defined as having a slope greater than 60 degrees, the highest sea cliff on mainland Britain is Great Hangman near Combe Martin at 318 metres (1,043 ft) high, with a cliff face of 250 metres (820 ft). Its sister cliff is the 250 metres (820 ft) Little Hangman, which marks the edge of Exmoor.", "The County has a diversity of landscape including part of the Exmoor National Park, long sandy beaches, family resorts, intriguing follies, historic villages and market towns.", "Sandy beaches, rock pools and dramatic cliffs are all on offer in this amazing county. To the east the town of Christchurch can be found with a natural harbour and close to the World Heritage Coast. Here you can explore the pebble beaches and cliff for the many fossils which have formed in the strata.", "In the downloadable fullsize version, you can see the resort of Seaton, and the once-important port (later silted up) of Axmouth just beyond. Around the mouth of the Axe estuary are cliffs of red 'Devon' sandstone, contrasting with the white chalk seen elsewhere (e.g. left foreground). The wooded undercliff in the distance, now a Nature Reserve, was created by a massive landslip in 1839.", "Mudflats, bleakly beautiful in a certain light, cling to the island, which sits in the estuary of the Colne and Blackwater rivers. There's a dark blonde beach backed by a strip of pastel huts, good spots to swim and a windsurfing club. More beaches can be found in the Cudmore Grove country park.", "The largest town on the island is Sheerness. Other villages include Minster, which has a pebble beach, and Leysdown-on-Sea, which has a coarse sandy one. The whole north coast is dotted with caravan parks and holiday homes; there is also a naturist beach beyond Leysdown, towards Shellness. The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds managed a portion of Elmley National Nature Reserve known as Elmley Marshes up until 2013, at which point it reverted to management by Elmley Conservation Trust, owners of the site.", "This rural, blue flag beach is clean, quiet and secluded. To the south is the mouth of the Blyth river, and to the north is Southwold itself, which means day-trippers can enjoy the quirky arcades and ice-cream in the morning, before retreating to the dunes here. You'll share space with the odd walker, rare wildflowers and sea grasses." ]

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[ "Map is showing Ukraine, the country in eastern Europe, north of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov, at the crossroads between Europe and Asia. This fertile country is known as the breadbasket of Europe. With an area of 600,000 km² it is the second largest country in Europe after Russia, twice the size of Italy or slightly smaller than the U.S. state of Texas . Ukraine is bordered by Belarus , Hungary , Moldova , Poland , Romania , Russia , and Slovakia , its capital is Kiev .", "2. Ukraine – The Second largest country in Europe is Ukraine, which has an area of 603,628 km² (233,062 mi²) including Crimea, over which it is currently in dispute with Russia", "The two capitals of the Monarchy were Vienna for Austria and Budapest for Hungary. [4] Austria-Hungary was geographically the second largest country in Europe after the Russian Empire (621,538 square kilometres (239,977 sq mi) in 1905 [6] ), and the third most populous (after Russia and the German Empire ). Today, the territory it covered has a population of about 69 million.", "Canada is the second largest country in the world after Russia. However, its population is only about one-fifth of Russia's.", "Europe is the second smallest continent in the world. It comprises the westernmost peninsula of the giant Eurasian landmass. Covering almost 2 percent of the earth’s surface Europe takes 6.8 percent of the world’s total land area. Europe is home to almost 50 countries and is the third most populated continent in the world after Asia and Africa. About 11 percent of the world’s population lives in Australia. Russia is the largest country in Europe and Vatican City is the smallest. Russia has got territory in both the continents of Europe and Asia, and it takes up around 40% of the land area of Europe.", "Russia (; ), also officially known as the Russian Federation (), is a sovereign state in northern Eurasia. At 17075200 km2, Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one eighth of Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 146.6 million people at the end of March 2016. Extending across the entirety of northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait.", "Since the breakup of the Soviet Union, the Ukraine is the largest country in Europe, followed by France , Spain , and then Sweden . Here are their respective land areas:", "It was the second-largest European nation next to Russia and boasted a multi-ethnic population made up of at least ten different nationalities. These included Austrian Germans, Hungarians, Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Romanians, Italians, Croats and Bosnians among others.", "officially the Russian Federation, Rus. Rossiya, republic (2005 est. pop. 143,420,000), 6,591,100 sq mi (17,070,949 sq km). The country is bounded by Norway and Finland in the northwest; by Estonia, Latvia, Belarus, and Ukraine in the west; by Georgia and Azerbaijan in the southwest; and by Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and China along the southern land border. The Kaliningrad Region is an exclave on the Baltic Sea bordered by Lithuania and Poland. Moscow is the capital and largest city.", "Ukraine (; , tr. ) is a sovereign state in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the east and northeast, Belarus to the northwest, Poland and Slovakia to the west, Hungary, Romania, and Moldova to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast, respectively. Ukraine is currently in territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula which Russia invaded and annexed in 2014 but which Ukraine and most of the international community recognise as Ukrainian. Including Crimea, Ukraine has an area of 603628 km², making it the largest country entirely within Europe and the 46th largest country in the world, and a population of about 44.5 million, making it the 32nd most populous country in the world.", "Canada is the second largest country in the world. Only Russia has a greater land area.", "In the early twenty-first century, with a metropolitan population of 4.8 million people, St. Petersburg is the second-largest city in Russia and the fourth-largest in Europe (behind Moscow , London, and Berlin ). It is also Russia's second-most important industrial center, having benefited from Soviet investment in heavy industry, research and development, military-industrial production, and military basing and training. The city is a major international port and tourist destination, with tourists flocking there in May and June for the legendary \"White Nights,\" during which the sun seems to never set.", "Estonia is located in northeastern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea in the west and north. The country also borders Latvia to the south, and Russia in the east. Estonia has been populated by Finno-Ugric tribes since prehistoric times. They were christened after a protracted crusade, which ended in 1227, when Denmark conquered the north, and the Teutonic Knights conquered the South. Denmark kept northern Estonia occupied, until the year 1346.", "The eastern European nation shares a nearly 2,300 km border with Russia. It also borders six other countries — Belarus, Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania and Moldova, as well as the Black Sea.", "With an area of 237,499 square kilometers, Romania is slightly smaller than the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and is the twelfth largest country in Europe. Situated in the northeastern portion of the Balkan Peninsula, the country is halfway between the equator and the North Pole and equidistant from the westernmost part of Europe--the Atlantic Coast--and the most easterly--the Ural Mountains. Of its 3,195 kilometers of border, Romania shares 1,332 kilometers with the Ukraine and Moldova to the east and north. Bulgaria lies to the south, Serbia and Montenegro to the southwest, and Hungary to the west. In the southeast, 245 kilometers of Black Sea coastline provide an important outlet to the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean.", "Croatia is the second ex-Yugoslav country after Slovenia to join. It is also the first new EU member state since Bulgaria and Romania joined in 2007.", "Latvia is a democratic, parliamentary republic located in Baltic region neighboring with Russia with population of 2.1 million.  Latvia became independent in 1918, and was occupied by the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany during the second world war and again by the Soviet Union after the second world war until it regained it's independence in 1991. Today Latvia is a member of both the European Union and  North Atlantic Treaty Organization( NATO). Latvia is ranked as world's second greenest country and the Latvian capital Riga is the biggest city in the Baltic countries.", "Italy (), officially the Italian Republic (), is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe.The Italian peninsula is geographically located in Southern Europe, while North Italy can be placed partly or totally in Central Europe. Due to cultural, political and historical reasons, Italy is a Western European country. Italy covers an area of 301338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate or Mediterranean climate; due to its shape, it is often referred to in Italy as lo Stivale (the Boot). With 61 million inhabitants, it is the third most populous EU member state. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino and Vatican City.", "The second longest river in Europe is Danube. It originates from Germany’s Black Forest and flows into the Black Sea. During its course, it covers a length of 1,785 kilometers.", "Danube   The second longest river in Europe, flowing 2860 kilometres (1777 miles) from western Germany to the Black Sea in Ukraine . ", "Albania, Belarus, Moldova, Russia and Serbia allow dual citizenship. But in Russia, a second citizenship must be reported.", "1. the second smallest continent, forming the W extension of Eurasia: the border with Asia runs from the Urals to the Caspian and the Black Sea. The coastline is generally extremely indented and there are several peninsulas (notably Scandinavia, Italy, and Iberia) and offshore islands (including the British Isles and Iceland). It contains a series of great mountain systems in the south (Pyrenees, Alps, Apennines, Carpathians, Caucasus), a large central plain, and a N region of lakes and mountains in Scandinavia. Pop.: 724 722 000 (2005 est.). Area: about 10 400 000 sq. km (4 000 000 sq. miles)", "the largest country in the world, covering N Eurasia and bordering on the Pacific and Arctic Oceans and the Baltic, Black, and Caspian Seas: originating from the principality of Muscovy in the 17th century, it expanded to become the Russian Empire; the Tsar was overthrown in 1917 and the Communist Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic was created; this merged with neighbouring Soviet Republics in 1922 to form the Soviet Union; on the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991 the Russian Federation was established as an independent state. Official language: Russian. Religion: nonreligious and Russian orthodox Christian. Currency: rouble. Capital: Moscow. Pop: 142 500 482 (2013 est). Area: 17 074 984 sq km (6 592 658 sq miles)", "Saint Petersburg is the second largest city in Russia, politically incorporated as a federal subject. It is located on the Neva River at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea. In 1914 the name of the city was changed from Saint Petersburg to Petrograd, in 1924 to Leningrad, and in 1991, back to Saint Petersburg.", "The republics include a wide variety of peoples, including northern Europeans, Tatars, Caucasus peoples, and indigenous Siberians. The largest federal subjects are in Siberia. Located in east-central Siberia, the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) is the largest federal subject in the country (and the largest country subdivision in the world), twice the size of Alaska. Second in size is Krasnoyarsk Krai, located west of Sakha in Siberia. Kaliningrad Oblast, which is a noncontiguous constituent entity of Russia, is the smallest oblast. The Republic of Ingushetia is both the smallest republic and the smallest federal subject of Russia except for the three federal cities. The two most populous federal subjects, Moscow Oblast (with Moscow) and Krasnodar Krai, are in European Russia.", "A vast nation that stretches from eastern Europe across the Eurasian land mass. It was the most powerful republic of the former Soviet Union ; ethnic Russians composed about half of the population. It is the world's largest country. Its capital and largest city is Moscow .", "* is a transcontinental country where the Western part is in Eastern Europe and the rest is in Asia.", "Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. To the east and southeast, Europe is generally considered as separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways of the Turkish Straits. Yet the non-oceanic borders of Europe—a concept dating back to classical antiquity—are arbitrary; the primarily physiographic term \"continent\" as applied to Europe also incorporates cultural and political elements whose discontinuities are not always reflected by the continent's current boundaries.", "..... Click the link for more information.  in Russia are major ports. Other important ports are Constanţa Constanţa", "2. a city in the Russian Federation in Europe, on the Volga River opposite Saratov. 182,000.", "It is the second largest country in Africa by area and the eleventh largest in the world.", "Two Eastern European countries stand out from the others in terms of the form and structure of names." ]

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[ "    The Balearic Islands, or Islas Baleares in Spanish, consist of four main islands � Mallorca, Menorca, Ibiza, and Formentera � and many smaller islets.  The islands are under Spanish sovereignty.", "An archipelago in the western Mediterranean Sea , the Balearic Islands are located just off the coast of Spain , and contain four major islands: Majorca, Minorca, Ibiza, and Formentera, as well as the minor outlying islands and islets.", "The four main Balearic Islands – Ibiza, Formentera, Mallorca and Menorca – have a character that is distinct from the Spanish mainland, and from each other.", "East of the Spanish mainland, the four chief Balearic Islands – Ibiza, Formentera, Mallorca and Menorca – maintain a character distinct from the rest of Spain and from each other. Ibiza is wholly unique, its capital Ibiza Town is loaded with historic interest and a draw for thousands of clubbers and gay visitors, while the north of the island has a distinctly bohemian character. Tiny Formentera has even better beaches than its neighbour and makes up in rustic charm what it lacks in cultural interest. Mallorca , the largest and best-known Balearic, battles with its image as an island of little more than sun, booze and high-rise hotels. In reality, you’ll find all the clichés, most of them crammed into the mega-resorts of the Bay of Palma and the east coast, but there’s lots more besides: mountains, lovely old towns, some beautiful coves, and the Balearics’ one real city, Palma . Mallorca is, in fact, the one island in the group you might come to other than for beaches and nightlife, with scope for plenty of hiking. And finally, to the east, there’s Menorca – more subdued in its clientele, and here, at least, the modern resorts are kept at a safe distance from the two main towns, the capital Maó , which boasts the deepest harbour in the Med, and the charming, pocket-sized port of Ciutadella .", "The four largest islands are: Majorca, Minorca, Ibiza and Formentera. The archipelago forms an autonomous community and a province of Spain with Palma as the capital city. The co-official languages in the Balearic Islands are Catalan and Spanish. The current Statute of Autonomy declares the Balearic Islands as one nationality of Spain.", "The Balearic Islands are an extension of the Baetic Cordillera, which stretches across the southern border of Spain and reaches underwater into the Mediterranean. The major islands of the archipelago are Majorca, Miñorca, and Ibiza, with Majorca by far the largest. Formentera and Cabrera are smaller islands within the Balearics. All of the islands are mountainous.", "The Balearic Islands lie 50 to 190 mi. (80 to 300 km.) off the east coast of Spain. They are made up of three large, densely populated islands—Majorca, Minorca, and Ibiza—and several smaller islands. The capital, Palma, is on the island of Majorca. The islands' magnificent scenery and mild climate have made them popular year-round resorts.", "The Balearics consist of four inhabited islands, off the east coast of Spain from Valencia. All four are now well established tourist havens. Majorca is the largest, then Minorca, Ibiza, with Formentera the smallest, very close and south of Ibiza.Traditionally, access to Ibiza was by boat, and the natural harbour, overlooked by the 'Dalt Vila' on the hilltop, it provided shelter from both weather and enemies.", "The Balearic Islands lie off the coast of Spain southeast of Barcelona. The three major islands are Ibiza, Minorca and the largest of the group, Mallorca, also known as Majorca. This tranquil spot offers the best of Spain combined with an island environment. Mallorca is a favorite destination for Spaniards and other Europeans particularly the English but less visited by American travelers. Your stay on the island introduces you to its natural beauty, some quirky diversions like an old steam train, and superb dining at some of the island’s best restaurants.", "The Balearic Islands lie off the coast of Spain southeast of Barcelona. The three major islands are Ibiza, Minorca and the largest of the group, Mallorca, also known as Majorca. This tranquil spot offers the best of Spain combined with an island environment. You will be staying in the centre of the island in an elegant resort owned by an English lawyer and noted both for its spa and its cuisine. You will travel to a farm to see the production of olive oil and to vineyards with grapes indigenous to the island. While at the resort you have the opportunity to try biking around the area.", "Balearic Islands, Spanish Islas Baleares, Catalan Illes Balears, archipelago in the western Mediterranean Sea and a comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Spain coextensive with the Spanish provincia (province) of the same name. The archipelago lies 50 to 190 miles (80 to 300 km) east of the Spanish mainland. There are two groups of islands. The eastern and larger group forms the Balearics proper and includes the principal islands of Majorca (Mallorca) and Minorca (Menorca) and the small island of Cabrera. The western group is known as the Pitiusas and includes the islands of Ibiza (Eivissa) and Formentera. The archipelago is an extension of the sub-Baetic cordillera of peninsular Spain, and the two are linked by a sill near Cape Nao in the province of Alicante. The Balearic Islands autonomous community was established by the statute of autonomy of 1983. Palma is the capital as well as the military, judicial, and ecclesiastical centre of the autonomous community. The government encompasses the insular councils of Majorca, Minorca, and Ibiza-Formentera. Area 1,927 square miles (4,992 square km). Pop. (2007 est.) 1,030,650.", "Very attractive antique chart by Santini of Spain's Balearic Islands: Ibiza ( Yvice ), Majorca ( Maillorque ), Minorca ( Minorque ) and Formentera and other smaller islands in the . . .", "The largest of the Balearics is Mallorca (Majorca) with an area of 3,640 km2, the other main islands in order of size are Menorca, Ibiza and Formentera .", "The Balearic Sea is a part of the Mediterranean Sea positioned between the eastern coast of Spain, the southern coast of France, and the islands of Corsica and Sardinia.", "The Balearic Islands: Mallorca Minorca Ibiza Formentera and Cabrera are the most popular holiday destinations in Europe. The Balearic Islands are sunny and the water is always clean and clear!", "Majorca or Mallorca ( or; , ) is the largest island in the Balearic Islands archipelago, which are part of Spain and located in the Mediterranean.", "The remaining regions of Spain are the Balearic and the Canary Islands, the former located in the Mediterranean Sea and the latter in the Atlantic Ocean. The Balearic Islands, encompassing a total area of 5,000 square kilometers, lie 80 kilometers off Spain's central eastern coast. The mountains that rise up above the Mediterranean Sea to form these islands are an extension of the Sistema Penibetico. The archipelago's highest points, which reach 1,400 meters, are in northwestern Majorca, close to the coast. The central portion of Majorca is a plain, bounded on the east and the southeast by broken hills.", "The Balearic Islands fell under Moorish control in the 10th Century, somewhat later than most of the Spanish mainland, when forces under the Emir of Cordoba conquered Mallorca and Menorca. The Moors remained in the islands for three centuries and changed their appearance with their architecture and irrigation methods.", "inorca or Menorca is one of the Balearic Islands located in the Mediterranean Sea belonging to Spain. Its name derives from its size, contrasting it with nearby Majorca. Minorca has a population of approximately 95,000. Its highest point, called El Toro or Monte Toro, is 358 metres (1,175 feet) above sea level, and the island is known for its collection of megalithic stone monuments: navetes, taules and talaiots, which speak of a very earlyprehistoric human activity.", "The capital of the island, Palma, is also the capital of the autonomous community of the Balearic Islands. The Balearic Islands have been an autonomous region of Spain since 1983. The Cabrera Archipelago is administratively grouped with Majorca (in the municipality of Palma). The anthem of Majorca is La Balanguera.", "Located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, the Balearic Islands unsurprisingly have typical Mediterranean climate. The below-listed climatic data of the capital Palma is typical for the archipelago, with minor differences to other stations in Majorca, Ibiza and Menorca. ", "Balearic Islands - A small group of islands located just off the eastern coast of Spain, the Balearic Islands are only 51 miles from the Spanish mainland. The Balearic Islands cover and area of 5,000 km2 and comprise 4 main islands plus some smaller islands, and together form an autonomous region of Spain .", "Ibiza ()#Toponymy|[p] is an island in the Mediterranean Sea, 150 km off the coast of the city of Valencia, in eastern Spain. It is the third largest of the Balearic Islands, an autonomous community of Spain. Its largest cities are Ibiza Town (), Santa Eulària des Riu, and Sant Antoni de Portmany. Its highest point, called Sa Talaiassa (or Sa Talaia), is 475 m above sea level.", "Majorca is the largest island and the most commercial. Much of its countryside has given way to large expanses of hotels and apartment complexes, although there are still some parts of the island that remain untouched. Here you will find the capital of the Balearic Islands, Palma .", "Mallorca is some 180 kilometres distant from the port of Barcelona to the North, and Ibiza is around 90 kilometres to the east of the port of Denia on the Costa Blanca. All four inhabited islands have at their disposal modern international airport links.", "The Balearic Islands are an archipelago of Spain in the western Mediterranean Sea, near the eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula.", "Official Name: The Balearic Islands has two official names.  The island's Spanish name is Islas Baleares. The other name in Catalan is Llles Balears.", "Major Bodies of Water:The only body of water that surrounds the Balearic Islands is the Mediterranean Sea.", "Furthermore, there are a few scattered smaller islands near the coastline which are closest to local provinces; these mainly see Spanish visitors during the summer months, if they are inhabitable.", "The Balearic Island stoday is a  very interesting location  any one can dream of visiting with a reliable climate. There are quite a number of  very good beaches, a good number of places  one can explore and widely varying locations that you will have an amazing time enjoying the places. oint of visiting the Balearics Islands and you will have a life time experience. Every one who happens to have visited this place happens to be having a posive confession about the area. It is an adventure worth trying as it is so rewarding.", "Public life is generally quiet on the Balearic Islands on the Day of the Balearic Islands. Many businesses and other organizations are closed. Most stores are closed but some bakers and food stores may be open. Outside of tourist areas, restaurants and cafes may be closed. Public transport services generally run to a reduced schedule but there may be no services in rural areas. Some events may cause local disruption to traffic.", "Geographically the island can be divided into three parts. The Serra de Tramuntana rocks extend from south-west to north-east, while the Serra de Llevant stretches along the eastern coast. Between them lies the central plain (Es pla)." ]

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[ "Cape Canaveral, from the Spanish Cabo Cañaveral, is a cape in Brevard County, Florida, United States, near the center of the state's Atlantic coast. Known as Cape Kennedy from 1963 to 1973, it lies east of Merritt Island, separated from it by the Banana River. It was discovered by the Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León in 1513.", "The John F. Kennedy Space Center is the United States launch site that has been used for every NASA human space flight since December 1968. Although such flights are currently on hiatus, KSC continues to manage and operate unmanned rocket launch facilities for the U.S. government's civilian space program from three pads at the adjoining Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. Its Vehicle Assembly Building is the fourth-largest structure in the world by volume, and was the largest when completed in 1965. Located on Merritt Island, Florida, the center is north-northwest of Cape Canaveral on the Atlantic Ocean, midway between Miami and Jacksonville on Florida's Space Coast. It is 34 miles long and roughly 6 miles wide, covering 219 square miles. A total of 13,100 people worked at the center as of 2011. Approximately 2,100 are employees of the federal government; the rest are contractors. Since December 1968, all launch operations have been conducted from Pads A and B at Launch Complex 39. Both pads are on the ocean, 3 miles east of the VAB. From 1969–1972, LC-39 was the departure point for all six Apollo manned Moon landing missions using the Saturn V, the largest and most powerful operational launch vehicle in history, and was used from 1981–2011 for all Space Shuttle launches. The Shuttle Landing Facility, located just to the north, was used for most Shuttle landings and is among the longest runways in the world.", "The space shuttle Columbia is launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida, becoming the first reusable manned spacecraft to travel into space. Piloted by astronauts Robert L. Crippen and John W. Young, the Columbia undertook a 54-hour space flight of 36 orbits before successfully touching down at California’s Edwards Air Force Base on April 14.", "In response to the early Soviet successes, the United States built up a major spaceport complex at Cape Canaveral in Florida. A large number of unmanned flights, as well as the early human flights, were carried out at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. For the Apollo programme, an adjacent spaceport, Kennedy Space Center, was constructed, and achieved the first manned mission to the lunar surface (Apollo 11) in July 1969. It has been the base for all Space Shuttle launches and most of their runway landings. For details on the launch complexes of the two spaceports, see List of Cape Canaveral and Merritt Island launch sites.", "Cape Canaveral and the Kennedy Space Center are located in Brevard County, Florida. The chief assistant to the medical examiner in Brevard County told Tropic magazine the Johnson Space Center death certificates were invalid because of the date, and because they were not signed by Florida authorities. He said the public may never know exactly how the astronauts died since the remains were not made available to Florida pathologists, whose records would be public.", "It is part of a region known as the Space Coast, and is the site of the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. Since many U.S. spacecraft have been launched from both the station and the Kennedy Space Center on adjacent Merritt Island, the two are sometimes conflated with each other. In homage to its spacefaring heritage, the Florida Public Service Commission allocated area code 321 to the Cape Canaveral area. ", "The Space Race Started Here NASA’s space program was born at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, adjacent to Kennedy Space Center. Cape Canaveral Early Space tour stops include historic launch complexes where the Mercury 7 blasted into orbit, the Air Force Space & Missile Museum, and the Apollo 1 memorial. From the comfort of an air-conditioned motor coach, visitors can view the icons of Florida’s Space Coast where the journey to space began in America.", "1984 : the Space Shuttle Discovery landed at Cape Canaveral, Florida, carrying on board the first two satellites ever salvaged from outer space. The astronauts who achieved this were Fred Hauck, David Walker, Dale Gardner, Anna Fisher and Joseph Allen.", "1972 – The Pioneer 10 space probe is launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida with a mission to explore the outer planets. It carried a plaque designed by Carl Sagan and Frank Drake showing some details of human civilization on Earth. Pioneer is expected to reach the red star Aldebaran in Taurus in about 2 million years.", "Atlantis will be on display at the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex, near Cape Canaveral, Florida.", "Cape Canaveral became the test site for missiles when the legislation for the Joint Long Range Proving Ground was passed by the 81st Congress and signed by President Harry Truman on May 11, 1949. Work began on May 9, 1950, under a contract with the Duval Engineering Company of Jacksonville, Florida, to build the Cape's first paved access road and its first permanent launch site.", "1988 : The space shuttle Discovery blasted off from Cape Canaveral, Fla., Marking America's return to manned space flight following the Challenger disaster.", "The city of Cape Canaveral is located at the northern tip of a barrier island on the Atlantic coast of Florida. It is due south of the geographical feature Cape Canaveral (known as Cape Kennedy from 1963 to 1973). It is separated from the mainland by the Banana River, Merritt Island and the Indian River from east to west. Port Canaveral is an important port for cruise liners, which take passengers for cruises to the Caribbean.", "The Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, a National Historic Landmark , is located on Patrick Air Force Base in the Cocoa and Cocoa Beach vicinity on the east coast of Florida. The Air Force Space and Missile Museum is open to the public daily. Please call 321-853-9171, or visit the museum's website for further information. Visitors may alse be interested in the nearby Canaveral National Seashore . You can also download (in pdf) the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station National Historic Landmark nomination.", "The John F. Kennedy Space Center (KSC) is one of ten National Aeronautics and Space Administration field centers, and is NASA's Center of Excellence for launch and payload processing systems. Located on the east coast of Florida, KSC is adjacent to Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS). The management of the two entities work very closely together, share resources, and even own facilities on each other's property.", "The Radisson Resort at the Port in Cape Canaveral, FL, is close to Port Canaveral cruise ships. Additionally, the Cape Canaveral hotel is close to Cocoa Beach and the Kennedy Space Center. Orlando International Airport is 47 miles away.", "Midway between Miami and Jacksonville, Florida, dreams of outer space take flight. The Kennedy Space Center has been the launch site of every U.S. human space flight since 1968. At the KSC Visitors Complex discover the thrill of takeoff with a Shuttle Launch Experience, a motion control ride that simulates a shuttle launch.", "NASA's Launch Operations Center is established on Merritt Island in Florida. The center is renamed John F. Kennedy Space Center following the president's death in 1963.", "When a city’s name is one of the first words spoken on the surface of another world, the link between that city and NASA through its Johnson Space Center is rather obvious. And as the site of the memorable vista of Mercury, Gemini, Apollo and shuttle launches, Florida’s Space Coast has a clear connection to NASA and its Kennedy Space Center as well.", "in Florida, is the site of the John F. Kennedy Space Center, where the space program launches rockets.", "American astronauts won’t be launched from Boca Chica. SpaceX will continue its NASA-funded launches at Cape Canaveral. But Musk said Boca Chica would be focused on business from companies and foreign governments as well as, eventually, space tourism.", "On November 29, 1963 just one week after Kennedy's assassination, Johnson issued an executive order to rename NASA's Apollo Launch Operations Center and the NASA/Air Force Cape Canaveral launch facilities as the John F. Kennedy Space Center. Cape Canaveral was officially known as Cape Kennedy from 1963-1973. ", "Why not kill 2 birds with one stone, and visit a famous attraction as well as view some excellent wildlife? A nice drive from Miami Beach brings you to the Space Coast, the location of the Kennedy Space Center, one of major attractions in Florida. Explore actual space shuttles; satellites and moon walk suits, and so much more. This is great fun for both youngsters as well as adults.", "Alaska Spaceport is a commercial launch facility on 3,100 acres of Kodiak Island, Alaska, from which satellites can be blasted to polar orbit. The launch site is located on Narrow Cape, of Kodiak Island, Alaska, 41 miles south of the city of Kodiak and 250 miles south of Anchorage. A hilly, almost-treeless island, Kodiak Island is a volcanic peak in the ocean 30 miles off the southern coast of the state of Alaska in the Gulf of Alaska. The Alaska Aerospace Development Corporation (AADC) built the launch complex on the island. The first launch from the Kodiak Island site was an Athena-I rocket boosting the Kodiak Star payload of four satellites in 2001. The Kodiak Island site also provides a backup launch facility for Vandenberg Air Force Base for satellites needing delivery to polar orbit.", "1972 - Apollo 17 was launched at Cape Canaveral. It was the last U.S. moon mission.", "President John F. Kennedy's 1961 goal of a manned lunar landing before 1970 required an expansion of launch operations. On July 1, 1962, the Launch Operations Directorate was separated from MSFC to become the Launch Operations Center (LOC). Also, Cape Canaveral was inadequate to host the new launch facility design required for the mammoth 363 ft tall, 7500000 lbf thrust Saturn V rocket, which would be assembled vertically in a large hangar and transported on a mobile platform to one of several launch pads. Therefore, the decision was made to build a new LOC site located adjacent to Cape Canaveral on Merritt Island.", "By taking up residence on the Space Coast, Bezos’s company will join a growing number of commercial entities that are slowly transforming Cape Canaveral into what NASA calls a “multi-user spaceport.” The commercial investment is slowly reinvigorating a historic stretch of coast, which has suffered since the retirement of the space shuttle in 2011.", "The Redstone booster carrying Mercury astronaut Alan B. Shepard, Jr. lifts off from Cape Canaveral at 9:34 a.m. Eastern on May 5, 1961. His 15 minute sub-orbital flight lifted him to an altitude of over 116 miles and a maximum speed of 5,134 miles per hour. Shepard had become the first American in space.", "Image above: After arriving at the Cape Canaveral Missile Test Annex Skid Strip on Sept. 11, 1962, President John F. Kennedy is welcomed by a color guard and Center Director Kurt Debus (right). Image credit: NASA › View larger image", "The proposed commercial Southwest Regional Spaceport is near the White Sands Space Harbor at Las Cruces, which NASA uses as one of its three space shuttle landing sites in the United States. The Ansari X-Prize will be be awarded at Las Cruses.", "Upham, near Truth or Consequences is the location of the world's first operational and purpose-built commercial spaceport, Spaceport America. Rocket launches began in April 2007. It is undeveloped and has one tenant, UP Aerospace, launching small payloads. Virgin Galactic, a space tourism company, plans to make this their primary operating base. ", "Baikonur, formerly Leninsk, is a city in Kazakhstan rented and administered by the Russian Federation to service the Baikonur Cosmodrome. The Soviet government established the site as a missile test range, and launched Sputnik from here in 1957. Baikonur was photographed by the U.S. U-2 plane in 1957 (according to Wikipedia). The site is used for launch of all Russian crewed missions, as well as geostationary, lunar, planetary and ocean observing missions. The U.S. uses the Russian launch capabilities to send our astronauts to the Space Station while we are developing our own heavy launch vehicle to replace the Space Shuttle. The image covers 15 x 23 km, was acquired on July 27, 2010, and is located at 46 degrees north latitude, 63.6 degrees east longitude." ]

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[ "The largest country in Africa is Algeria, the smallest is the Seychelles. The most populated country is Nigeria.", "The largest country in Africa is Algeria. This country has an area of 919,595 square miles or 2,381,740 square kilometers. Algeria is located is northern Africa and borders Morocco, Tunisia, Libya, Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Western Sahara and the Mediterranean Sea. It is also the tenth largest country in the world.", "Africa’s largest country is Algeria , and its smallest country is the Seychelles , an archipelago off the east coast. [72] The smallest nation on the continental mainland is the Gambia .", "Africa is made up of over fifty sovereign nations, and several more territories and dependencies. Of the countries in Africa, Algeria is the largest country by area, with an area of 2,381,740 square kilometers.", "Sudan was the largest country in Africa and the Arab world until 2011, when South Sudan separated into an independent country, following an independence referendum. Sudan is now the third largest country in Africa (after Algeria and the Democratic Republic of the Congo) and also the third largest country in the Arab world (after Algeria and Saudi Arabia).", "The fourth largest country in Africa is Libya, with an area of 1,759,540. Libya is situated in the far north of Africa along the Mediterranean Sea, and its capital is Tripoli. The population of Libya is just over 6 million people.", "The Democratic Republic of the Congo ( French : République Démocratique du Congo (or RDC); often shortened to DRC or D.R. Congo) is the largest and most populous country in Central Africa . It straddles the Equator and is surrounded by Angola to the southwest; Angola's Cabinda exclave and the Republic of the Congo to the northwest; the Central African Republic to the north; South Sudan to the northeast; Uganda , Rwanda , Burundi , and Tanzania in the east from north to south; and Zambia to the southeast.", "Africa is the world’s second-largest and second-most-populous continent . At about 30.2 million km2 (11.7 million sq mi) including adjacent islands, it covers six percent of Earth ‘s total surface area and 20.4 percent of its total land area. [2] With 1.1 billion people as of 2013, it accounts for about 15% of the world’s human population. [3] The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, both the Suez Canal and the Red Sea along the Sinai Peninsula to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The continent includes Madagascar and various archipelagos . It has 54 fully recognized sovereign states (“ countries “), nine territories and two de facto independent states with limited or no recognition . [4]", "The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), formerly Zaire is the third largest country in Africa by area, the DRC has a large amount of neighbouring countries; the Central African Republic, Sudan, Rwanda, Burundi, Zambia, Angola, the Republic of Congo and Tanzania across the shores of Lake Tanganyika. It has a short 40 kilometre stretch of Southern Atlantic Ocean coast to the west of the country, and the capital, Kinshasha, is on the western banks of the Congo River.", "The most populated country in Africa is Nigeria, with a population of over 177 million people. Nigeria is located in Western Africa and is a country that is comprised of 36 states.", "The Democratic Republic of the Congo ( French : République démocratique du Congo) is a state located in Central Africa . It is the second largest country in Africa by area and the eleventh largest in the world. With a population of over 71 million, the Democratic Republic of the Congo is the eighteenth most populous nation in the world, and the fourth most populous nation in Africa, as well as the most populous officially Francophone country .", "* Africa's hundreds of ethnic groups are subsumed into 53 nation states, often leading to ethnic conflict and separatism, including in Angola, Algeria, Burundi, the Caprivi Strip in Namibia, Congo and The Democratic Republic of the Congo, Darfur in Sudan, Ethiopia, Senegal, South Africa, Uganda, Western Sahara and Zimbabwe.", "South Africa is the ninth largest country in Africa. Located in the far south of the African continent, South Africa has an area of 1,221,037 square kilometers. The capital of South Africa is in three cities: Bloemfontein, Cape Town, and Pretoria, and the population of the country is about 47.5 million.", "South Africa is the second-highest ranking African country, after Lesotho at 14. the only other African country in the top 20, recognised as having no gap in education and health. Mozambique (23), Burundi (24) and Uganda (28) complete Africa’s top five.", "Kenya: Kenya officially the Republic of Kenya, is a sovereign state in Africa. Its capital and largest city is Nairobi. Kenya lies on the equator with the Indian Ocean to the south-east, Tanzania to the south, Uganda to the west, South Sudan to the north-west, Ethiopia to the north and Somalia to the north-east. Kenya covers 224,445 sq mi and has a population of about 44 million in July 2012. The country is named after Mount Kenya, the second highest mountain in Africa.Mount Kenya was originally referred to variously as \"Mt. Kirinyaga\" and \"Mt. Kiinyaa\" by the indigenous people. \"Kirinyaga, Kerenyaga, Kiinyaa\" meaning the 'mountain of whiteness' because of its snow capped peak; the name was subsequently appropriated to Mt. Kenya because of the inability of the British to pronounce \"Kirinyaga/Kiinyaa\" correctly.", "Nigeria: The Giant of Africa - Nigeria, a country that exalts itself as the “Giant of Africa”, viewed by neighboring countries as “big in words, little in action,” has an opportunity to walk softly, but carry a big stick. Islamic terrorist group, Boko Haram, which operates in the northern states of Nigeria, has arguably gained control of the area and has incited fear in many of northern Nigeria’s citizens. Violence has spread like wildfire in parts of Nigeria, and people are asking, “is Nigeria capable of dealing with an insurgency of this level?”, and “If Nigeria is being significantly threatened by a group as loosely organized, but as deadly, as Boko Haram, what chance do we have to contain an insurgency?” Nigeria has t...   [tags: boko haram, wealthiest african nation]", "8) Africa is fairly non-urbanized. Only 39% of Africa's population lives in urban areas. Africa is home to only two megacities with a population greater than ten million: Cairo, Egypt and Lagos, Nigeria. The Cairo urban area is home to somewhere between 11 and 15 million people and Lagos is home to about 10 to 12 million people. The third largest urban area in Africa is likely Kinshasa, the capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, with about eight to nine million residents.", "South Africa: South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa, is a country located at the southern tip of Africa. It has 1,740 miles of coastline that stretches along the South Atlantic and Indian oceans. To the north lie the neighboring countries of Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe; to the east are Mozambique and Swaziland; and within it lies Lesotho, an enclave surrounded by South African territory. South Africa is the 25th-largest country in the world by land area, and with close to 53 million people, is the world's 24th-most populous nation.", "It is the second largest country in Africa by area and the eleventh largest in the world.", "Africa is the second largest continent in the world and houses more than 50 countries. Take a look at the various African countries and their capitals.", "Angola , officially the Republic of Angola (República de Angola ; Kikongo , Kimbundu and Umbundu : Repubilika ya Ngola), is a country in Southern Africa . It is the seventh-largest country in Africa and is bordered by Namibia to the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north and east, Zambia to the east, and the Atlantic Ocean to west. The exclave province of Cabinda Province has borders with the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The capital and largest city of Angola is Luanda .", "South Sudan, officially the Republic of South Sudan, is a landlocked country in northeastern Africa that gained its independence from Sudan in 2011. Its current capital is Juba, which is also its largest city. South Sudan is bordered by Sudan to the north, Ethiopia to the east, Kenya to the southeast, Uganda to the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the southwest, and the Central African Republic to the west. It includes the vast swamp region of the Sudd, formed by the White Nile and known locally as the Bahr al Jabal.", "South Africa is the southernmost country on the African continent. South Africa encloses two landlocked African countries which are Swaziland and Lesotho. Both countries are ruled by kings and the people there are very poor. South Africa also shares borders with Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe in the North, and Mozambique in the East. ", "Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia ( Afrikaans Republiek van Namibië, German : Republik Namibia), is a country in Southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean . It shares land borders with Angola and Zambia to the north, Botswana and Zimbabwe to the east, and South Africa to the south and east. It gained independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990 following the Namibian War of Independence . Its capital and largest city is Windhoek ( German : Windhuk).", "landlocked country located in east-central Africa. It borders with Rwanda to its north, Tanzania to the east and south and to the west by Zaire.", "South Africa is a medium-sized country, with a total land area of slightly more than 1.2-million square kilometres, making it roughly the same size as Niger, Angola, Mali, and Colombia.", "South Africa is a parliamentary republic. The head of state and head of government are merged in a parliamentary dependent president. It has the largest economy of any African Union member and is also a founding member of the U.N. and NEPAD.", "Here is a brief overview of the top 10 most populous countries in Africa as of 2014.", "Today, Africa contains 54 sovereign countries, most of which have borders that were drawn during the era of European colonialism. Since colonialism, African states have frequently been hampered by instability, corruption, violence, and authoritarianism. The vast majority of African states are republics that operate under some form of the presidential system of rule. However, few of them have been able to sustain democratic governments on a permanent basis, and many have instead cycled through a series of coups, producing military dictatorships.", "The most populous country of the African continent, which today comprises a confederation of the Yoruba, Ibo, and northern Muslim peoples, is _____.", "Today, Africa contains 54 sovereign countries, most of which have borders that were drawn during the era of European colonialism. Since colonialism, African states have frequently been hampered by instability, corruption, violence, and authoritarianism . The vast majority of African states are republics that operate under some form of the presidential system of rule. However, few of them have been able to sustain democratic governments on a permanent basis, and many have instead cycled through a series of coups , producing military dictatorships .", "What is the most populous capital city in Africa? What African capital city has the largest land area?" ]

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[ "2. Texas – 695,662 km2 (268,596 mi2) – The Lone Star State is the second largest state, but it’s less than half the size of Alaska", "The City and Borough of Juneau ( / ˈ dʒ uː n oʊ / ; Tlingit : Dzánti K'ihéeni [ˈtsántʰì kʼìˈhíːnì]), is the capital city of Alaska . It is a unified municipality located on the Gastineau Channel in the Alaskan panhandle , and it is the second largest city in the United States by area . Juneau has been the capital of Alaska since 1906, when the government of what was then the District of Alaska was moved from Sitka as dictated by the U.S. Congress in 1900. The municipality unified on July 1, 1970, when the city of Juneau merged with the city of Douglas and the surrounding Greater Juneau Borough to form the current municipality, [1] which is larger by area than both Rhode Island and Delaware .", " File:Map of USA TX.svg|The second largest state, Texas, is only of the total area of the largest state, Alaska", "The City and Borough of Juneau (; Tlingit: Dzánti K'ihéeni), is the capital city of Alaska. It is a unified municipality located on the Gastineau Channel in the Alaskan panhandle, and it is the second largest city in the United States by area. Juneau has been the capital of Alaska since 1906, when the government of what was then the District of Alaska was moved from Sitka as dictated by the U.S. Congress in 1900. The municipality unified on July 1, 1970, when the city of Juneau merged with the city of Douglas and the surrounding Greater Juneau Borough to form the current municipality, which is larger by area than both Rhode Island and Delaware.", "Alaska has vast energy resources, although its oil reserves have been largely depleted. Major oil and gas reserves were found in the Alaska North Slope (ANS) and Cook Inlet basins, but according to the Energy Information Administration, by February 2014 Alaska had fallen to fourth place in the nation in crude oil production after Texas, North Dakota, and California. Prudhoe Bay on Alaska's North Slope is still the second highest-yielding oil field in the United States, typically producing about 400000 oilbbl/d, although by early 2014 North Dakota's Bakken Formation was producing over 900000 oilbbl/d. Prudhoe Bay was the largest conventional oil field ever discovered in North America, but was much smaller than Canada's enormous Athabasca oil sands field, which by 2014 was producing about of unconventional oil, and had hundreds of years of producible reserves at that rate. ", "But unless you're John McPhee, blessed with organic sensibility and years to explore, Alaska may seem inscrutable. Figures offer some insight for the would-be adventurer. At 586,412 square miles it's by far the largest U.S. state (twice the size of Texas), and it would rank 20th on a list of countries, just behind vast, steppe-laden Mongolia. Snow-covered Mt. McKinley rises up to 20,320 feet, making it the highest peak in North America; the enormous (and melting) Bering Glacier is the largest glacier in continental North America. The many native cultures that survive here include the Eskimo, Aleut and Tlingit.", "\"The last American frontier, Alaska is the largest of the states in size and the second smallest in population. Nearly everything about this 49th state is big. Its Mount McKinley is higher than any other peak in North America. Its Yukon River is one of the longest navigable waterways in the world. Huge animals still thrive in its open spaces—Kodiak, grizzly, black, and polar bears; moose, caribou, musk-oxen, wolves; otter, walrus, seals, humpback and killer whales.", "Downtown Juneau 58°18′07″N 134°25′11″W / 58.30194, -134.41972 is nestled at the base of Mount Juneau and across the channel from Douglas Island . As of the 2010 census , the City and Borough had a population of 31,275. In 2014, the population estimate from the United States Census Bureau was 32,406, making it the second most populous city in Alaska after Anchorage . [2] Fairbanks , however, is the second most populous metropolitan area in the state, with roughly 100,000 residents. Juneau's daily population can increase by roughly 6,000 people from visiting cruise ships between the months of May and September.", "Alaska is the northernmost and westernmost state in the United States and has the most easterly longitude in the United States because the Aleutian Islands extend into the eastern hemisphere. Alaska is the only non-contiguous U.S. state on continental North America; about 500 mi of British Columbia (Canada) separates Alaska from Washington. It is technically part of the continental U.S., but is sometimes not included in colloquial use; Alaska is not part of the contiguous U.S., often called \"the Lower 48\". The capital city, Juneau, is situated on the mainland of the North American continent but is not connected by road to the rest of the North American highway system.", "Alaska is a state situated in the northwest extremity of the North American continent and is the largest and most sparsely populated. Bordering the state to the east is the Canadian Yukon Territory and the province of British Columbia, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south, with Russia (specifically, Siberia) further west across the Bering Strait.", "The current population of Alaska ranks the state 48th in the country in total population. With a massive surface area of 665,384 square miles, Alaska is by far the largest state in the US. It's obvious that Alaska is also by far the most sparsely populated state in the Union, with an average of just 1.2 people per square mile.", "Alaska is the northernmost state and the westernmost state. Some would argue that it is also the easternmost state, as the Aleutian island chain crosses the 180ú line of longitude.", "Alaska is the largest and least densely populated state in the US, with a reputation for scenic grandeur and bountiful fish and wildlife. From the dense moss-carpeted rainforests of southeast Alaska, to the wide-open expanses of the tundra on the North Slope these ecosystems and provide habitat for a variety of fish and wildlife species ( http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=ecosystems.main ).", " Image:Map of USA AK full.png|Alaska is the largest state by total area, land area, and water area", "Alaska consists of nineteen organized boroughs and one unorganized. It is one of only two states in the US that do not refer to areas as counties. Alaska has one hundred and forty-eight incorporated cities. The cities and towns cover less than 2.1% of the land mass.  Over one third of the population lives in Anchorage. Alaska defines its cities as a unified home rule municipalities, home rule cities, first class cities, and second class cities. Transporting products between cities is mostly done with freight trucking services. The state capital of Alaska is Juneau. A land route cannot reach Juneau.  The top ten cities by population in Alaska are.", "Alaska is the longest of all the states in the United States. Alaska is 1,400 miles long, 2,700 miles wide and has more than 33,904 miles of shoreline.", "Alaska is bounded by the Beaufort Sea and the Arctic Ocean to the north; Canada ’s Yukon territory and British Columbia province to the east; the Gulf of Alaska and the Pacific Ocean to the south; the Bering Strait and the Bering Sea to the west; and the Chukchi Sea to the northwest. The capital is Juneau , which lies in the southeast, in the panhandle region .", "The largest, Anchorage, was home to 298,695 people in 2015, making it the 82nd largest city in the USA. Aside from Anchorage, there are only two cities with a population of more than 10,000 people - Juneau, the State capital, (pop: 32,756) and Fairbanks (pop: 32,325).", "Today is Alaska Day, a legal holiday in the state of Alaska.   It is the anniversary of the formal transfer of the Alaska territory from Russia to the US following the Alaska Purchase, which took place at a flag-raising ceremony at Sitka on this day in 1867.   The price paid was 7.2 million dollars, or 2 cents per acre.   Nowadays, a house in Frost Street, Sitka, can cost you half a million bucks.   In area, Sitka is the largest city in the US, at 2,874 square miles.   The population density is about 3 people per square mile.   So, plenty of room to hoist a flag.   Talking of which...", "Largest city in area: Sitka, with 4,710 square miles, 1,816 square miles of which are water. Juneau is second, with 3,108 square miles, part of which is icefield.", "Alaska: History and Modern Characteristics of the 49th State - Alaska, with a population of 626,932, became the 49th state of the United States on June 30, 1958, when the Alaska Statehood Act was approved. Juneau, the capital of Alaska, has a population of 31,262 and is the only state capital that has to be reached by air or sea. In 1959, Alaska adopted the territorial flag as the official flag. The blue field symbolizes the sky, sea, mountain lakes and wildflowers, the eight golden stars represent the constellation Ursa Major and Alaska as the most northern state of the U.S....   [tags: american history, alaska]", "Juneau is also the largest city in the United States, covering 3,108 square miles. Juneau is larger than the state of Rhode Island.", "Juneau is larger in area than the state of Delaware and was, for many years, the country's largest city by area. Juneau continues to be the only U.S. state capital located on an international border: it is bordered on the east by Canada. It is the U.S. state capital whose namesake was most recently alive: Joe Juneau died in 1899, a year", "State Capital: Juneau, located in the Southeast region of Alaska, has a population of 33,277 (2015 Estimate of Population, Alaska Department of Labor and Workforce Development)", "Because of the permanently frozen ground, the Arctic coastal plain contains countless shallow lakes that provide summer food for migratory birds. The two largest lakes in Alaska are Iliamna Lake and Becharof Lake. The major river system in Alaska is the Yukon , which originates in Canada’s Yukon territory. It receives drainage from the southern slopes of the Brooks Range, from the interior, and from the northern slopes of the Alaska Range. Its major tributary is the Tanana River .", "The name Alaska is derived from “Alayeksa,” an Aleut word meaning “great land.” Alaska became the 49th state on Jan. 3, 1959. Today, Alaska produces about about 15 percent of the crude oil produced in the U.S.", "Alaska is well known for its dramatic landscape. Large mountainous, volcanic regions and wilderness. Mount McKinley is the tallest mountain in the U.S. at 20,320 feet.", "The Alaska Range is the largest mountain chain in the state. It covers from the Alaska Peninsula to the Yukon Territory.", "1959:January 3, 1959, Alaska officially became the 49th state of the union. The Alaska State Capitol, located in Juneau, was originally constructed in 1931 as the Federal and Territorial Building. When Alaska became a state in 1959, the building became property of the state. Juneau is the only capitol city in the U.S. that is only accessible by boat or plane.", "11) Alaska has one K in its name. What state has two Ks in its name?", "The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Alaska was 738,432 on July 1, 2015, a 3.97% increase since the 2010 United States Census.", "The United States purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867 for $7.2 million, or about two cents per …" ]

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[ "Re: \"I am so fragile that even saying my name can break me. What am I?\"", "Well, what am I? Can you answer the riddle? I am so fragile that even saying my name can break me.", "I am lighter than air but a hundred people cannot lift me. Careful, I am fragile. What am I?", "Though liquid in nature, don't push me too far, for then I will break, and the damage may scar. What am I?", "I am but three holes. When you come out of me, you are still inside me. What am I?", "When you know me, I am nothing. What you don't know me, I am something. What am I?", "You throw me out when you use me and take me in when you are done. What am I?", "I make you weak at the worst of all times. I keep you safe, I keep you fine. I make your hands sweat and your heart grow cold. I visit the weak, but seldom the bold. What am I ??", "You do not want to have me, but when you have me, you do not want to lose me. What am I?", "My voice is tender, my waist is slender and I'm often invited to play. Yet wherever I go, I must take my bow or else I have nothing to say. What am I ??", "I have memories, but none of my own, whatever's on my inside is what is shown. If I'm ever different it's because you changed me, I feel like a decoration, here for you to arrange me. What am I ??", "Squeeze me and I cry tears as red as my flesh, but my heart is made of stone. What am I ??", "If you have me, you want to share me. Once you share me, you won't have me. What am I?", "What force and strength cannot get through, I with my unique teeth can do. What am I?", "I am always with you but commonly forgotten. You use me constantly and can sometimes be rotten. What am I?", "I hold two meanings. With one I may be broken, with the other I hold on. What am I?", "I am easy to see, but no one likes looking at me. Without me, there would be no you. I can make you complain, or make you happy. But you almost always take me for granted. What am I ??", "I am easy to see, but no one likes looking at me. Without me, there would be no you. I can make you complain, or make you happy. But you almost always take me for granted. What am I?", "When I live I cry, if you don't kill me I'll die. What am I ??", "I am fun and sad. I am fast and slow. I get louder and I get softer. And I am created by great geniuses. What am I?", "broken, so do I fear it may be' my fate. I who have exposed my life", "The name of my unfortunate and murdered friend was an agitation too great to be endured in my weak state; I shed tears. \"Alas! Yes, my father,\" replied I; \"some destiny of the most horrible kind hangs over me, and I must live to fulfil it, or surely I should have died on the coffin of Henry.\"", "\"Through me you go to the grief wracked city; Through me you go to everlasting pain; Through me you go a pass among lost souls. Justice inspired my exalted Creator: I am a creature of the Holiest Power, of Wisdom in the Highest and of Primal Love. Nothing till I was made was made, only eternal beings. And I endure eternally. Abandon all hope-- Ye Who Enter Here.\"", "Born to worry and tears, I kept silent the pain in my heart; but by a sweet magic, in the flower of my youth, as quick as lightning, my life changed. (to Magnifico and the sisters) No, no: do not cry. Why are you frightened, why? In my arms let me hold you. Daughter, sister, friend: all of these you find in me. No longer tending to the fire, I shall no longer sing alone, no! Ah, it was a flash, a dream, a sham, my long time of yearning.", "How can I describe my emotions at this catastrophe, or how delineate the wretch whom with such infinite pains and care I had endeavoured to form? His limbs were in proportion, and I had selected his features as beautiful. Beautiful! Great God! His yellow skin scarcely covered the work of muscles and arteries beneath; his hair was of a lustrous black, and flowing; his teeth of a pearly whiteness; but these luxuriances only formed a more horrid contrast with his watery eyes, that seemed almost of the same colour as the dun-white sockets in which they were set, his shrivelled complexion and straight black lips.", "Name: Saber (At this time, calling me Saber is fine. You will remember my true name, which you have lost, when that time comes.)", "Sometimes people let the same problem make them miserable for years when they could just say, “So what.” That’s one of my favorite things to say. “So what.” “My mother didn’t love me.” So what. “My husband won’t ball me.” So what. “I’m a success but I’m still alone.” So what. I don’t know how I made it through all the years before I learned how to do that trick. It took a long time for me to learn it, but once you do, you never forget.", "\"I am extremely concerned, my dearest friend, for the disturbance that have happened in your family. I know how it must hurt you to become the subject of the public talk: and yet, upon an occasion so generally known, it is impossible but that whatever relates to a young lady, whose distinguished merits have made her the public care, should engage every body's attention. I long to have the particulars from yourself; and of the usage I am told you receive upon an accident you could not help; and in which, as far as I can learn, the sufferer was the aggressor.\"", "����������� �I mess you all terribly � especially you, who have come to mean something miraculous to me. You reside at the very core of my life, my darling.�", "I looked back at my cousin, who began to ask me questions in her low, thrilling voice. It was the kind of voice that the ear follows up and down, as if each speech is an arrangement of notes that will never be played again. Her face was sad and lovely with bright things in it, bright eyes and a bright passionate mouth, but there was an excitement in her voice that men who had cared for her found difficult to forget: a singing compulsion, a whispered “Listen,” a promise that she had done gay, exciting things just a while since and that there were gay, exciting things hovering in the next hour.", "A punishment = Insane thump = I spent human = U pen this man = Pain hunts me", "DS: I read something recently. It sounds like you've been through a lot in your life, too, and this one phrase leapt out at me from the book Damage by Josephine Hart. It says, \"Damaged people are dangerous. They know they can survive.\"" ]

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[ "I can run but not walk, have a mouth but can't talk, and a bed but I do not sleep. What am I?", "What can run but never walks, has a mouth but never talks, has a head but never weeps, has a bed but never sleeps?", "I always run but never walk, often murmur but never talk, have a bed but never sleep, has a mouth but never eat. What am I?", "I have an end but no beginning, a home but no family, a space without room. I never speak but there is no word I cannot make. What am I?", "I can fly but I have no wings. I can cry but I have no eyes. Wherever I go, darkness follows me. What am I?", "I cannot walk and cannot see, I'm straw on a stick but keep things tidy. What am I?", "I run smoother than any rhyme, I love to fall but cannot climb. What am I ??", "I am partly blind but can still see. I have legs but only use them for sleeping. What am I?", "I can sing, but I can't talk. I can climb a high tree, but can't run. I have very soft hair and a very hard mouth.", "I can sizzle like bacon. I am made with an egg, I have plenty of backbone, but lack a good leg. I peel layers like onions, but still remain whole. I can be long, like a flagpole, yet fit in a hole. What am I?", "I have no head, and a tail I lack, but I do have arms, and legs, and back; I inhabit the palace, the tavern, the cot, 'tis a beggarly residence where I am not. If a monarch were present (I tell you no fable), I still should be placed at the head of the table. What am I ??", "I can be simple or I can be complex. I can be found in this riddle or in everyday life. I c an be shapes or even colors. What am I?", "I can be simple or I can be complex. I can be found in this riddle or in everyday life. I can be shapes or even colors. What am I ??", "I am partly blind but can still see. I have legs but use them only for sleeping? What am I?", "I can speak with my hard metal tongue. But I cannot breathe, for I have no lung. What am I ??", "I am bushy headed but have no air. No moisture will not enter my skin, but it's good at keeping it in. What am I?", "I fly, yet I have no wings. I cry, yet I have no eyes. Darkness follows me. Lower light I never see. What am I ??", "I am set in white but colored myself. I have no words, but I reveal much. What am I?", "I am not eaten or baked, but I'm sure you'll find that some problems are solved with me in mind. What am I?", "I am a food with 5 letters. If you remove the first letter I am a form of energy. Remove two and I'm needed to live. Scramble the last 3 and you can drink me down. What am I?", "I have no eyes, no legs or ears and I help move the earth. What am I?", "a person who is subject to somnambulism; one who walks in his sleep; a sleepwalker; a noctambulist", "I am a man without bones,without blood, without life. My flesh is white, cold and shrinking. What am I?", "In your fire you hear me scream, creaking and whining, yet I am dead before you lay me in your hearth. What am I ??", "I am all around you, but you cannot see me. I have no throat, but you can hear me. Valued during summer but despised in the winter. What am I?", "Minotaur: I have millions of eyes, yet I live in darkness. I have millions of ears, yet only four lobes. I have no muscles, yet I rule two hemispheres. What am I?", "9. A bacteria-resistant amoeba with an attractive do. 10. To throw a boomerang weakly. 11. Any kind of lump. (slang) 12. A hundred mittens. 13. An earthling who has been taken over by an alien. 14. The smallest whole particle in the universe, so small you can hardly see it. 15. A big, nasty cut on the hand. 16. The rantings of a flibbertigibbet. 17. My wife never supported me. 18. It was as though I worked my whole life and it wasn't enough for her. 19. My children think I'm a nerd.", "The Dormouse : [talking in his sleep, then suddenly awake] Aah! You-you, or you might as well say \"I breathe when I sleep\" is the same thing as \"I sleep when I breathe.\"", "4. (of a person) strained and tired. His face was pale and drawn. strak شاحِب ومُرهَق изморен abatido vyčerpaný verzerrt fortrukket καταβεβλημένος cansado , demacrado kuhtunud نحیف؛ رنجور väsynyt hagard מוּתָש थका-मान्दा आदमी uvučen megnyúlt, fáradt kelelahan herptur, grettur teso , contratto やつれた 긴장된, 굳은 išvargęs, sunykęs (par seju) izmocīts keletihan afgetrokken dradd , stram wymizerowany رنځور abatido supt вымотанный vyčerpaný upadel ispijen härjad, spänd ซูบซีด solgun , bitkin , yorgun 疲倦的 натягнутий; напружений تھکا ہوا mệt mỏi 疲倦的", "(A self-eating, circular being as the first living thing in the universe—an immortal, perfectly constructed animal. The living being had no need of eyes when there was nothing remaining outside him to be seen; nor of ears when there was nothing to be heard; and there was no surrounding atmosphere to be breathed.)", "The word deaf can have at least two different meanings. The first term is used to indicate the presence of enough hearing loss such that an individual is not sensitive to sound. Someone with a partial loss of hearing is more likely to be referred to as hearing impaired or the qualified partially deaf by professionals. The second term is used to indicate someone who considers themselves 'culturally deaf', and they often use a capital D to distinguish this. Deaf people often are signers and consider that their Deafness is not something that needs to be medically fixed.", "The Voiceless : If you were to count the Road Runner's \"MEEP MEEP\" as a voice, he would fall under The Unintelligible ." ]

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[ "Mary's father has 4 children; three are named Nana, Nene, and Nini. So what is the 4th child's name?", "Mary's father has 4 children, three are named Nana, Nene, and Nini. So what is the 4th child's name?", "Anne’s first child, a daughter, was stillborn. Her second and third children, two daughters (Mary and Anne Sophia) died as small children from smallpox. Anne’s fourth pregnancy resulted in a miscarriage. Two more pregnancies followed: one stillborn and another miscarriage…. Until finally, on 24 July 1689, Anne gave birth to a son William, aka the Duke of Gloucester.", "A daughter, Margaret, died unmarried. There is mention of another daughter, Anne; but there is  doubt as to whether she ever existed.", "Q: Mary’s father has 5 daughters – Nana, Nene, Nini, Nono. What is the fifth daughters name?", "The canonical Gospel accounts in the New Testament do not explicitly name either of Mary's parents, but some argue that the genealogy in Luke 3 is that of Mary rather than Joseph, thereby naming her father as Eli (Heli).[1] Later traditions, however, specify that this Eli was a first cousin of Mary's father Joachim.[2]", "At a visit in England, 1857. From left to right: Oswell, Livingstone, Thomas, Agnes, Mary and Robert. One child died at birth; another child, Anna Mary, was born the following year.", "An identification system has been adopted to help follow the tree and its branches as a number of duplicate Christian names appear. The original family has been designated: (A) Patrick; (B) Catherine; (C) Margaret; (D) Mary; (E) Ellen; (F) John; (G) Thomas; (H) Margaret Dunne and (J) Anne Dunne. Children of each of these have been numbered in order of birth e.g. Patrick's 13 children are numbered A1 to A13 in order.", "Inspired by Jane's generosity, Mary helps reconcile her little sister Elizabeth with Henry in 3.03. Despite Elizabeth being the daughter of her former enemy Anne Boleyn, this reconciliation works in Mary's favor as Henry is joyful to be reunited with his younger daughter akin to \"daddy's little girl\". However, in the next episode she, Henry and Elizabeth are saddened when Jane dies after giving birth to Henry's son Edward . While loyal to her father, Mary privately shows sympathy for the persecuted Catholic rebels during the Pilgrimage of Grace , as shown by her secret meeting with Robert Aske ; when the movement is brutally crushed and Aske is hanged, she and Chapuys express sadness over his fate in episode 3.04. In 3.05, after Jane's demise, Mary tells Lady Margaret Bryan (the former governess of Elizabeth and Edward's new caregiver) that she intends to return to her country estates and spend some time with Elizabeth, as she, Henry and Edward are Mary's only surviving family in England.", "Joachim and Anna, the parents of St. Mary, are not named in canonical writings. All information about them comes from apocryphal literature, the Gospel of the Nativity of Mary and the Gospel of James.", "1 The parentage of Mary. 7 Joachim her father, and Anna her mother, go to Jerusalem to the feast of the dedication. 9 Issachar the high priest reproaches Joachim for being childless.", "Saints Anne and Joachim, (flourished 1st century bc, Palestine; Western feast day July 26, Eastern feast day July 25), the parents of the Virgin Mary , according to tradition derived from certain apocryphal writings. Information concerning their lives and names is found in the 2nd-century-ad Protevangelium of James (“First Gospel of James”) and the 3rd-century-ad Evangelium de nativitate Mariae (“Gospel of the Nativity of Mary”). According to these sources, Anne (Hebrew: Ḥannah) was born in Bethlehem, Judaea. She married Joachim, and, although they shared a wealthy and devout life at Nazareth, they eventually lamented their childlessness. Joachim, reproached at the Temple for his sterility, retreated into the countryside to pray, while Anne, grieved by his disappearance and by her barrenness, solemnly promised God that, if given a child, she would dedicate it to the Lord’s service. Both received the vision of an angel, who announced that Anne would conceive and bear a most wondrous child.", "The couple had two daughters, Eliza and Anna, and Thomas died three months before the birth of the latter, leaving his wife penniless. When Anna was two months old, her mother remarried, this time to a corporal who not long afterwards was demoted to private. Here the record blurred, but somehow - possibly through the assistance of a charity - Anna and Eliza were sent to her father's relations in England, where they presumably received an education.", "Parents: Peter Jefferson and Jane Randolph. Siblings: Jane, Mary, Elizabeth, Martha, Peter, unnamed son, Lucy, Anna, and Randolph.", "Mary’s marriage to Charles produced four children and through their eldest daughter Frances, Mary was the maternal grandmother of Lady Jane Grey.", "While commentators generally agree that the genealogy found at the beginning of the first Gospel is that of St. Joseph , Annius of Viterbo proposes the opinion, already alluded to by St. Augustine , that St. Luke's genealogy gives the pedigree of Mary. The text of the third Gospel ( 3:23 ) may be explained so as to make Heli the father of Mary: \" Jesus . . .being the son (as it was supposed of Joseph ) of Heli \", or \" Jesus . . .being the son of Joseph , as it was supposed, the son of Heli \" (Lightfoot, Bengel, etc.), or again \" Jesus . . .being as it was supposed the son of Joseph , who was [the son-in-law] of Heli \" [23]. In these explanations the name of Mary is not mentioned explicitly, but it is implied; for Jesus is the Son of Heli through Mary.", "Mary (; ; ), also known by various titles, styles and honorifics, was a 1st-century Galilean Jewish woman of Nazareth and the mother of Jesus, according to the New Testament. ", "The medieval vernacular forms Annis and Annes reflected the silent 'g' in the pronunciation of Agnes then. Annis gave rise to the surname, while Annes contributed to the name Nancy via the form Nance. The name Agnes declined in use after the Reformation, as it does not appear in the Bible . It was strongly revived under the Victorians, especially in 19th-century Scotland. In literature , the name has appeared in the Anne Bronte novel Agnes Grey (1847). It was later adopted as an Anglicized form of Úna in Ireland as both were associated with 'lamb'.", "Since the genealogies of Jesus in Matthew and Luke do not explicitly name either of Mary's parents, but apparently name two different fathers for Saint Joseph, many scholars from John of Damascus (8th century), and particularly Protestant scholars, argue that the genealogy in Luke is actually the family tree of Mary, and that Heli is her father. To resolve the problem of Joseph having two fathers - one descended from Solomon, son of David, one descended from Nathan (son of David), traditions from the 7th century specify that Heli was a first cousin of Joachim. ", "His mother's name was Mary, and he had a human father whose name may      not have been Joseph.", "Mary Magdalene had her surname of Magdalo, a castle, and was born of right noble lineage and parents, which were descended of the lineage of kings. And her father was named Cyrus, and her mother Eucharis. She with her brother Lazarus, and her sister Martha, possessed the castle of Magdalo, which is two miles from Nazareth, and Bethany, the castle which is nigh to Jerusalem, and also a great part of Jerusalem, which, all these things they departed among them. In such wise that Mary had the castle Magdalo, whereof she had her name Magdalene. And Lazarus had the part of the city of Jerusalem, and Martha had to her part Bethany. And when Mary gave herself to all delights of the body, and Lazarus entended all to knighthood, Martha, which was wise, governed nobly her brother's part and also her sister's, and also her own, and administered to knights, and her servants, and to poor men, such necessities as they needed. Nevertheless, after the ascension of our Lord, they sold all these things. ", "Even Evil Has Loved Ones : Makes mention of a daughter named Annie in the first act, whom he seems to love, at least.", "While discussing the epithet yā ukhta harūn (\"O sister of Aaron\"), Muslim scholars such as Yusuf Ali[34] and Muhammad Asad[35] have depicted Mary, mother of Jesus, as a Levite and claimed that she originated from a priestly family. There is an element of uncertainty over the exact genealogy of Mary in the New Testament. The clue about Mary's genealogy comes from the Gospel of Luke.", "Mary was a relative of Elizabeth, wife of the priest Zechariah of the priestly division of Abijah, who was herself part of the lineage of Aaron and so of the tribe of Levi.[16]:p.134 [Lk 1:5] [1:36] In spite of this, some speculate that Mary, like Joseph to whom she was betrothed, was of the House of David and so of the tribe of Judah, and that the genealogy presented in Luke was hers, while Joseph's is given in Matthew.", "Some years later, she and Great-Grandpa William married and moved to Hersham, where their first daughter, my maternal grandmother, Julia Mary Ward, was born in 1887. There was to be a barren lapse of nine years before the rest of the family came along at two-year intervals, in a vain effort to produce a son. Four daughters were born, who were collectively known as \"the girls,\" all bearing highfalutin names, starting with Wilhelmina Hearmon, followed by Fenella Henrietta, Nona Doris, and finally, Kathleen Lavinia. Mercifully, they were all shortened, to Mina, Fen, Doll, and Kath. Finally, the longed-for son arrived-William Henry, shortened to Harry and then to Hadge, by which time Julia, being the eldest, had married ... and soon after, gave birth to my mother, Barbara Ward Morris, in July 1910. This meant that my mum had an uncle only a few years older than she, and therefore a built-in playmate.", "Grimes, Ann, and James McGough are listed by the IGI as parents of Sarah McGough born on January 29, 1867, at Killyleagh, Down, Ireland; and James McGough, born on November 7, 1873, in Antrim, Ireland. Grimes, Ann, and James Magoff are listed by the IGI as parents of Elizabeth Magoff born on June 28, 1864, at Killyleagh, Down, Ireland. Grimes, Rose Ann, and James Magoff are listed by the IGI as parents of Rose Ann Magoff born on January 28, 1866, at Killyleagh, Down, Ireland.", "He had three daughters by his first wife. He had met her during the Civil War and she had died giving birth to Clara. The three girls had been brought up by their step-mother, who had succeeded in being what is known as a good mother to them. His daughters’ names were Danera, Datoma and Clara. As was the fashion in those days, Danera stood for daughter of the New Era and Datoma stood for daughter of the Toiling Masses. Clara was just Clara, and no one in the family could remember whether her name was supposed to mean anything. The girls had been born at two-year intervals. The middle one, Datoma, finished school in 1940 and breasted the tape just ahead of Danera by getting married a month before her in the spring of 1941. She was a slim girl with blonde curls down to her shoulders and loved it when her fianc� took her dancing at the Metropole. Her father disapproved of her marrying so young, but he had to give his consent. His son-in-law was an extremely eligible young man – a brilliant graduate of the Diplomatic School with powerful connections, the son of a famous father who had been killed in the Civil War.", "Mynogan married Cousin To Virgin Mary Anna 1601 in <, , Great Britain>. Anna was born in <, , Great Britain>.", "Frances Brandon was the elder daughter of Charles Brandon Duke of Suffolk (a country gentleman ennobled by Henry VIII ) and Henry 's younger sister, Mary Tudor , formerly Queen of France, whose marriage to Louis XII lasted three months, leaving her free to give her hand to Suffolk as soon as her period of mourning was over. This young man, Lady Jane's maternal grandfather, was an extremely shady character. He had divorced two wives and buried a third before he married the Queen Dowager , by whom he had two daughters, Frances and Eleanor . In 1533 Mary died and about two years later, in 1535, Brandon married a fifth wife, Lady Catherine Willoughby , B. d'Eresby, by whom he had two sons.", "Offa was married to Cynethryth, who is the only Anglo-Saxon queen to have coins issued in her own name, apparently following the model of the contemporary Byzantine empress Irene (see Grierson and Blackburn, pp.279-80). They had at least three daughters: Eadburh, who married Beorhtric of Wessex in 789 , Ælfflæd, who married Æthelred of Northumbria in 792 , and Æthelburh, an abbess. The later legends of Æthelberht of East Anglia note that he had hopes of marrying a fourth, Ælfthryth, and an uncertain charter mentions three more daughters ( S 127 ). Only one son is known, Ecgfrith: Offa worked strenuously to ensure that Ecgfrith should succeed him, going so far as to have Ecgfrith consecrated as king while he (Offa) was still alive, following the recent Frankish precedent. It may have been the unwillingness of the archbishop of Canterbury in occupied Kent to oblige Offa on this point which resulted in Offa's scheme to create a third English archbishopric, at Lichfield within Mercia (see entry on 787 ). Doubtless the papal legates who visited in 786 were involved in negotiations on this point.", "John and Emma's daughters, Ellen and Eileen, did not marry. Ellen (known as Nell) was housekeeper for her aunt who brought the family to Adelaide. Eileen worked in the theatre and later as bookkeeper at the local butchers.", "It is quite likely that John had already fathered one child, a daughter, Blanche, by Marie de St Hilaire before his marriage. Blanche was born sometime before 1360 and would go on to marry Sir Thomas Morieux before her death in 1388 or 1389." ]

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[ "3. A woman was pushing her car. When she stopped at a hotel, she realised she was bankrupt. Why?4. A man walks into a shop and asks the shopkeeper how much one would cost. The shopkeeper replies \"�1.20\", so the man asks how much ten would cost. The shopkeeper replies \"�2.40\". The man then asks for one hundred and thirty and hands �3.60 to the shopkeeper. What was he buying?", "Movie actress, Debbie Reynolds, purchased a hotel in Las Vegas in 1992 and called it the Debbie Reynolds Hotel and Casino. She thought she could operate the hotel successfully, however, it was plagued by a weak cash flow almost from the start. In July 1997 the hotel filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy and Ms. Reynolds filed for personal bankruptcy. The hotel was sold at auction in 1998 to the World Wrestling Federation.", "She thought of her long past life, and all the dismal incidents of it.  Ah, how dreary it seemed, how miserable, lonely, and profitless!  Should she take laudanum, and end it, to�have done with all hopes, schemes, debts, and triumphs?  The French maid found her in this position�sitting in the midst of her miserable ruins with clasped hands and dry eyes�.  All her lies and her schemes, all her selfishness and her wiles, all her wit and genius had come to this bankruptcy.   (622)", "Instead of starring as a woman with no arms or legs who is kept in a box by an obsessed admirer she was accused of reneging on an oral agreement. A jury awarded $8.9 million dollars against her and it was revealed that her net worth was $5,387, 382 dollars and 19 cents. The arithmetic of that court decision added up to her filing for bankruptcy in the case which finally cost her more than $3 million.", "She reports the two wheels on the right side of her car are lifted off the ground for several seconds, tilting the vehicle.  It is let down, then partially lifted again.  It takes her 25 to 30 minutes to restart the motor and leave the scene.", "Without any negotiation, Marion agrees to his first offer, her out-of-state car's trade-in value (and proof of ownership) plus $700, adding warily: \"I take it you can prove that car is yours.\" Before paying, she enters the enclosed ladies room to unwrap and handle the stolen money and to take the car title out of her purse. (Her image is schizophrenically reflected in the lavatory's mirror.) She counts out seven $100 dollar bills over the grimy rest room's sink and returns to California Charlie, who is terribly suspicious of her uneasy, atypical behavior and her refusal to take a trial spin. She defends her own impatience: \"Can't we just settle this?...Is there anything so terribly wrong about making a decision and wanting to hurry? Do you think I've stolen my car?\" After they have made the deal and she rushes to her new car, the patrolman slowly pulls his vehicle into the car lot. When she hurriedly begins driving off, the greasy mechanic calls out: \"Hey!\" giving her quite a fright - but it is only because she has forgotten her luggage. It is loaded into the back seat of her car before she drives off, leaving the dumbfounded trio (the cop, the salesman, and the mechanic) staring at her restless departure.", "The owner of Quechee Mobil Mart pointed to credit and debit card usage as leading to her decision to file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy.", "just robbed a bank,\" said the woman, who wrote what she could see of the car's license plate: unable to determine the first two characters, she", "The car was unlocked, the key still in the ignition. She must have left on foot, which worried him, since driving straight to the Airport would have been her best bet for a swift departure. He opened the boot. Her bag had gone, along with the Juniuses. His bag – and his box of Junius-related papers – remained.", "Kidder was in a car crash in December 1990, after which she was unable to work for two years, causing her financial problems. ", "In a moment of weakness, Marion steals the money and decides to make a new life for herself. She pays cash for a new car, but her nervous behavior draws the attention of a state policeman who follows her and, when catching her asleep in the car, warns her not to sleep along the roadside. Marion drives through the night until she is exhausted and begins looking for a place to stay.", "bad day. She's totaled her clunker car, gotten fired from her thankless job at a greasy burger joint, and instead of finding comfort at home, finds her husband getting comfortable with the neighbor in her own house.", "For them, she opened her chequebook, paying a $2,000 phone bill, lending them her credit card and posting bail for Panthers who’d been arrested. The Panthers promptly charged a car to her Visa card — then lost both the car and the card. One of them skipped town after she’d stumped up $50,000 bail money. When she heard the Panthers were calling her a ‘white honky bitch’ behind her back and spreading false rumours that she was sleeping with their leader, she called it a day.", "   Here�s one that could happen to you. A lady was driving north of St. Peter. Her purse jiggled off the seat. While it could not get out, the dame reached down to pick up the purse. It took 3 seconds, not long, but 3 seconds are too long to take your eyes off the road. Her car went over the white line and they both went to the garage, with damages of $375.00.", "A woman who claimed she was unable to work because of injuries from a 1997 car accident lost part of her $850 a month in maintenance for life after her ex-husband spotted online pictures of her belly dancing. Brian McGurk took his", "Towards the end, Lana lived in Century City in a condo. I worked there and one night I realized she was next to me at a light. She was about a year away from dying. She was driving a silver Cadillac Seville and smoking. Her hair was fashionably cut, her collar up, and she looked elegant.", "If it had been the old car I should have jammed the gear-lever into the reverse, and seen what would happen. I expect she would have stripped her gears or smashed up somehow, but it would have been a chance. As it was, I was helpless. Perkins tried to climb across, but you couldn’t do it going at that pace. The wheels were whirring like a high wind and the big body creaking and groaning with the strain. But the lights were brilliant, and one could steer to an inch. I remember thinking what an awful and yet majestic sight we should appear to any one who met us. It was a narrow road, and we were just a great, roaring, golden death to any one who came in our path.", "Otto : So the lady drove faster, but the strange car kept banging into her from behind...", "Note: Said before she got in her car to go home. Her scarf got caught around the wheel and strangled her instantly as the driver took off.", "'Whenever the authorities did not like something, it was our car that suffered. Either two tires would be punctured, or a window smashed or smeared with glue. This was how we knew that we had done something bad by their standards.' —Yelena Bonner", "Every window on the sports car outside, a vehicle she had borrowed from her jittery boss after he received a tip-off that his car was being tracked, has been smashed. The exact scrawled words on the note stuck to the remains of the windshield have been lost to myth, speculation and faltering memories, but the gist of the message is clear to this day. Pull the plug on The Godfather, or else.", "The businesswoman suffered horrific injuries in a car crash in 2004, breaking her pelvis in six places and damaging her arms and legs.", "We have been advised not to venture out on foot... alone or otherwise. Take a cab where you want to go, do whatever you went to do, then take a cab back to the hotel. It is not that the people in this town are bad or dangerous... they are just desperately poor.", "\"Well, she did,\" Chance said. Winston must have dozed off and not heard her leave. But then, he hadn't, either, and Winston was right about the noise the Buick's doors made. \"She can't have gotten far…. I don't like this. She could have hit her head when her bike crashed, wandered off when we stopped. We better cruise the park. See if we can find her or someone still up we can ask where she and her aunt live.\"", "Jake: No I didn't. Honest... I ran out of gas! I--I had a flat tire! I didn't have enough money for cab fare! My tux didn't come back from the cleaners! An old friend came in from out of town! Someone stole my car! There was an earthquake! A terrible flood! Locusts! IT WASN'T MY FAULT, I SWEAR TO GOD!!!", "A Ukrainian Village woman says someone cut her car's brake lines after she parked in a spot marked with chairs.", "The old lady looked scandalized but walked over anyway. Wyatt shoved Chris back in the car. \"Sorry 'bout him,\" Wyatt said. \"He's a bit insensitive. We need your help, cause were on Cash Cab.\"", "The distribution of keys felt like we were cattle being herded into market, but the worst was to come when we drove round to our 'budget' apartment - ok, we werent expecting the ritz but the bleak and depressing sight of rows and rows of dated, shabby apartments made our hearts sink. Things didnt get much better when we arrived at our apartment to find a bag of dirty laundry outside. Inside we were shocked at the poor standard of the accomodation; a dirty fold out bed, tiny oven, no shower, obscene grafitti in the cupboard doors and on the front door, shabby plastic chairs, draughty windows, un-vacuumed bedroom floor etc etc.", "Cab Driver: I hope you don't value your life too much and got good life insurance. The brakes in this car just failed. It's the worst car I ever bought, it's British, and I never thought a car could be made that bad.", "Once rented a yacht on the Mediterranean Sea; between seasickness and breaking a rib while diving, she described it later as \"the stupidest, most expensive thing I've ever done\".", "Interesting . Wells Fargo. So back in probly 2002 or 2003ish I had an account with wells Fargo. I was being very good and diligent about updating and balancing my checkbook properly and was on point. It’s Xmas and I owe my friend money and she needs it to buy a train ticket to visit her family. So I get cash back on a purchase to pay her back, knowing I’m going to incur ONE OVERDRAFT FEE for this and willing to accept so she can see her family since I owed her money.", "I ran out of gas!  I got a flat tire!  I locked my keys in the car!  An old" ]

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