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resulted. Mlle de Lespinasse then set up a salon of her own that attracted many of the same people who had attended Mme du Deffand's salon. The mathematician and writer Jean le Rond d'Alembert became a close friend, joined her new salon, and eventually came to live in her house, although they were not romantically involved. This arrangement lent further influence to Mlle de Lespinasse's salon, which became a center for writers of the "Encyclopédie". Diderot, for example, made her a protagonist of his controversial philosophical dialogues entitled "D'Alembert's Dream". Although she had neither wealth nor rank

Jeanne Julie Éléonore de Lespinasse

and was not an outstanding beauty, Mlle de Lespinasse had intellect, charm, and ability as a hostess, qualities that made her salon gatherings the most popular in Paris. Her continuing notability is due less to her social success, however, than to a literary talent that remained a secret during her lifetime, even from her closest friends. Letters. Two volumes of Mlle de Lespinasse's letters, first published in 1809, displayed her as a writer of rare intensity. The literary critic Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve ranks her letters with those by Héloïse and with the "Letters of a Portuguese Nun" (the

Jeanne Julie Éléonore de Lespinasse

latter now believed to be epistolary fiction rather than real letters). Other writers, focusing on her theme of passionate love rather than on genre, place her work alongside that of novelists such as Abbé Prévost and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Mlle de Lespinasse's letters center on her great and thwarted love for two men: Don José y Gonzaga, Marquis de Mora, who was the son of the Spanish ambassador in Paris, and Jacques-Antoine-Hippolyte, Comte de Guibert, a French general and writer. Less dispassionately philosophical than those by such later eighteenth century letter writers as Madame de Stael, they

Jeanne Julie Éléonore de Lespinasse

offer a portrait of someone who saw herself as a tragic heroine sacrificing all for love. Letters to the Marquis de Mora. Mlle de Lespinasse first met the Marquis de Mora about two years after establishing her own salon. Encountering him again two years later, she fell in love with him, and he fully returned her feelings. He began to suffer symptoms of tuberculosis, however, and returned to Spain for his health. Mlle de Lespinasse's letters reveal the pain she experienced from the separation and her anxiety over Mora's poor health. On the way back to Paris in

Jeanne Julie Éléonore de Lespinasse

1774 to fulfill promises exchanged with Mlle de Lespinasse, the marquis died at Bordeaux at the age of 30. Letters to the Comte de Guibert. Soon after the Marquis de Mora returned to Spain, Mlle de Lespinasse became acquainted with the man who would become the main passion of her life, the Comte de Guibert, then a colonel. Her letters to Guibert began in 1773 and soon record her as torn between her affection for Mora and her new infatuation. Later letters describe her partial disenchantment occasioned by Guibert's marriage to another woman in 1775 and her increasing despair

Jeanne Julie Éléonore de Lespinasse

. Death. By early 1776, Mlle de Lespinasse was in a state of mental and physical collapse, apparently caused by the misery of her relationship with Guibert. She had earlier shown depressive tendencies and a consequent dependence on opium may have aggravated her breakdown. On her deathbed, she refused to receive Guibert and instead, was watched over by her friend d'Alembert. She died on 22 May 1776 in Paris at the age of 43, possibly of tuberculosis. Her last words are said to have been "Am I still alive?" Publications. Following the first publication of Mlle de Lespinasse's "Letters" in

Jeanne Julie Éléonore de Lespinasse

1809, a spurious additional collection appeared in 1820. Some later editions included a portrait of her written by her friend d'Alembert. Modern editions include that of Eugène Asse (1876–77). An 1887 collection edited M. Charles Henry, "Lettres inédités de Mademoiselle de Lespinasse à Condorcet, à D'Alembert, à Guibert, au comte de Crillon", contains copies of the documents available for her biography. In addition to the "Letters", she was the author of two unpublished chapters intended as a kind of sequel to Laurence Sterne's "Sentimental Journey". In popular culture. Julie Le Breton, a protagonist in Mary Augusta Ward's novel

Jeanne Julie Éléonore de Lespinasse

Lady Rose's Daughter is said to owe something to the character of Mlle de Lespinasse. The novelist Naomi Royde-Smith wrote a well-received biography, "The Double Heart: A Study of Julie de Lespinasse" (1931). Jeanne Julie Éléonore de Lespinasse Jeanne Julie Éléonore de Lespinasse (9 November 1732 – 23 May 1776) was a French salon holder and letter writer. She held a prominent salon in Paris during the Enlightenment. She is best-known today, however, for her letters, first published in 1809, which offer compelling accounts of two tragic love affairs. Early life. Julie-Jeanne-Éléonore de Lespinasse was

Jeanne Julie Éléonore de Lespinasse

George Dallas George Dallas George Dallas may refer to: George Dallas George Dallas may refer to:

George Dallas

Systembolaget Systembolaget Systembolaget (, "the System Company"), colloquially known as systemet ("the system") or bolaget ("the company"), is a government-owned chain of liquor stores in Sweden. It is the only retail store allowed to sell alcoholic beverages that contain more than 3.5% alcohol by volume. Systembolaget acts as a portal for private companies selling alcohol on the Swedish market and currently (2022) it represents 1200 vendors ranging from small local breweries to large scale importers and multinational companies, selling products from a total of over 5000 producers from all over the world. Systembolaget also sells non-alcoholic beverages, although this product

Systembolaget

segment represents less than half a percent of the company's total sales of beverages. The minimum age to buy alcohol at Systembolaget is 20 years. At Swedish restaurants and bars the legal age to buy alcoholic beverages is 18 years, though bars and clubs may voluntarily set an age limit higher than 18 if they prefer. Systembolaget's stores must close no later than 8 pm on weekdays and 3 pm on Saturdays. On Sundays and public holidays all Systembolaget's stores are closed. Systembolaget's stores are also closed on Christmas Eve and Midsummer Eve. Governing laws. There

Systembolaget

are several laws and rules governing how Systembolaget stores operate, such as: Systembolaget has a strict monopoly status on alcohol sales to consumers in Sweden, except for restaurant and bars, where alcohol can be sold for immediate consumption (bottles must be opened and can't be brought home). Taxation and pricing. As with other government-owned monopolies within free-trade areas, there are several aspects that govern the operation. All product selections and displays must be based on customer preferences, and every producer and distributor must be handled the same way. All marketing activities must be for the company itself

Systembolaget

and its own services, never for an individual product. This is also the reason why all products are taxed on alcohol content, not on price, and that all products are sold with the same profit margin. This explains why an off-brand vodka can be seen as very expensive when compared to a premium-brand spirit bottle of a similar size. Beer is not so highly taxed anymore in order to protect Swedish breweries and their employment opportunities against purchase during travel abroad. It is () 1.66 SEK per % alcohol and liter, which means 4.15 SEK for a 5% beer can

Systembolaget

(50 cl). Such a can usually costs about 10 SEK (1.05 EUR) at Systembolaget. For wine the tax follows a table. For 12% wine, the tax is 26.18 SEK per liter. For distilled products the tax is 5.1659 SEK per % and liter (516.59 SEK per liter alcohol, or 258 SEK for 1 liter of 50%). History. In 1766 the Swedish king, Adolf Frederick, decided, after several unsuccessful attempts at regulating alcohol consumption, to abolish all restrictions. This led to virtually every household making and selling alcohol. At the turn of the 19th century, alcohol was highly popular among Swedes. An

Systembolaget

estimated 175,000 home distilleries had developed by this time, using tremendous amounts of grain and potatoes that otherwise would have been consumed as food to manufacture alcohol. It was later said that most men in Sweden abused alcohol. Women rarely drank alcohol, since it was considered inappropriate. In 1830, the first moderate drinking society was started in Stockholm. In 1834, the Svenska Sällskapet för Nykterhet och Folkuppfostran [The Swedish Society for Temperance and Public Education] was founded as the first fully-fledged temperance organization. It was immediately promoted by the King, and quickly grew to 10,000 members with local chapters

Systembolaget

around the country. The Swedish Church also strongly promoted temperance. Private gain from selling alcohol was strongly criticized by these groups; this opinion was embraced by doctors and members of the Church of Sweden. In 1850, the state began to regulate alcohol. In the city of Falun, a state organization was established to regulate all alcohol sales in the city and ensure that sales were being done responsibly. In 1860, a bar was opened in Gothenburg where the state had handpicked the employees and decided how the bar should be run; antisocial and or intoxicated people were to be excluded

Systembolaget

. This was where people both bought and drank their alcohol. This was also the year it became illegal to sell to people under the age of 18. Similar state-regulated bars and stores began to open in other towns across the country, and they were hugely successful. Originally the profits were kept privately by the owners, but in 1870 the state decided all profits should go to the state. During the First World War, alcohol was strictly rationed. Thus, the state bars and stores started registering purchases. People were allowed only two liters of liquor every three months, and beer

Systembolaget

above 3.6% ABV (2.8% ABW) was banned. After the war, the rationing continued, using the Bratt System of a household ration book called a ""motbok"". Gender, income, wealth and social status decided how much alcohol you were allowed to buy. Unemployed people and those receiving social assistance were not allowed to buy any alcohol at all, while as the motbok was issued by household instead of per person, meant that wives shared their allowance with their husbands and in effect got nothing at all. A referendum on prohibition in 1922 advised government not to issue total prohibition. The rationing system

Systembolaget

was very unpopular. When even the temperance movement protested against it (they felt it encouraged consumption), the government decided a new policy was needed. In 1955, the rationing system was abolished, and people were allowed to start buying as much alcohol as they wanted from Systembolaget stores (as long as they are sober, over 21 and not suspected of buying for later private resale). This led to increased consumption, so the government increased taxes heavily and made it compulsory that everyone had to show ID to get served. There was also an age limit of 21, which in 1969 was

Systembolaget

changed to 20. In 1965, it became legal for privately run stores to sell beer up to 4.5% with an age limit of 18. 12 years later, after alcohol consumption – especially that of light beers – rose dramatically, the limit was lowered to 3.5%. Originally, Systembolaget customers were required to ask shop attendants or use desk service to retrieve desired products. This policy was based on the hypothesis that personal, face-to-face interaction would discourage patrons from buying in conspicuous quantities. Customers would not be permitted to serve themselves until 1991. This self service policy was gradually and subsequently expanded

Systembolaget

into all Systembolaget stores between 1991 and 2014. The last Systembolaget store to convert to self service was the branch at Högdalen in southern Stockholm, which was converted in October 2014. Still, several shops have their hard alcohol at the checkout where customers need to ask for it. In September 1996, Systembolaget began sales of bag-in-box cask wine after the European Court of Justice ruled in favour of the Swedish brewery Spendrups after it complained that Systembolaget's earlier refusal to sell boxed wine violated the EU's free trade agreement with Sweden. By the mid-2000s boxed wine

Systembolaget

accounted for over half the volume of wine sold at Systembolaget. In 2003, an almost free quota (for personal use) was allowed when traveling into Sweden from another EU country, resulting in lower sales for Systembolaget, especially in Scania, which borders Denmark by sea. Increase in Danish prices has resulted in people driving to Germany instead for purchase. Some cars have been stopped by Swedish police for overweight but not for alcohol import, since four people are collectively allowed to have a total of 800 liters of beer and wine, which is above the allowed load of many standard cars

Systembolaget

. In June 2007, a panel of EU judges commented that restrictions on the private import of alcohol by postal package were unjustified; as a result, Sweden allowed this some time after. Swedish municipalities retain the right to ban the establishment of Systembolaget shops within their jurisdiction. This has become more rare over time, because of a more liberal political attitude and because of the belief that other shops lose customers when people drive to other municipalities for shopping. Corruption controversy. The corruption scandal first gained widespread media attention in the autumn of 2003, with Systembolaget issuing its first press release

Systembolaget

regarding the preliminary investigations on 7 November 2003. On 11 February 2005, 77 managers of Systembolaget stores were charged with receiving bribes from suppliers, and one of the largest trials in modern Swedish history followed. 18 managers were found guilty on December 19, and then on February 23 another 15 managers were found guilty. In January 2009 allegations were aimed against Fondberg & Co, the second largest supplier of wine to Systembolaget with a market share of 8.5%, concerning large payments made to the Gibraltar firm Bodegas, and are under investigation by the Swedish Tax Agency. Advertisements. Systembolaget makes advertisements focused

Systembolaget

on the side effects of drinking, and the encouragement of drinking moderately. Many of their ads are focused at stopping teenagers from obtaining alcohol, and to press on people under 25 showing identification. During November 2008, Systembolaget launched a campaign where people under 25 would get a free pack of chewing gum saying "Thank you for showing ID" when showing their ID to the cashier before they were asked to. Systembolaget is not allowed to advertise its products to increase its sales. However, since 2005 the producers are allowed to advertise their products in Sweden (only products of less than

Systembolaget

15% alcohol, and not on radio and TV). Systembolaget Systembolaget (, "the System Company"), colloquially known as systemet ("the system") or bolaget ("the company"), is a government-owned chain of liquor stores in Sweden. It is the only retail store allowed to sell alcoholic beverages that contain more than 3.5% alcohol by volume. Systembolaget acts as a portal for private companies selling alcohol on the Swedish market and currently (2022) it represents 1200 vendors ranging from small local breweries to large scale importers and multinational companies, selling products from a total of over 5000 producers from all over the world. Systembolaget

Systembolaget

George Trevelyan George Trevelyan George Trevelyan may refer to: George Trevelyan George Trevelyan may refer to:

George Trevelyan

Apoteket Apoteket Apoteket AB is a state-owned pharmaceuticals retailer in Sweden which formerly held a monopoly on the retail sale of medicines in the country. Formerly known as Apoteksbolaget, the company is a government owned enterprise reporting to the Ministry of Finance. History. The company was founded in 1970 under the name "Apoteksbolaget AB". In 1998 the name was changed to the current one, "Apoteket AB". On 1 July 2009, the government monopoly was lifted, allowing the opening of private pharmacies in Sweden. The Swedish government cited the fact of Sweden being the only democracy, along with Cuba and North

Apoteket

Korea, to retain its monopoly as an argument for its abolishment. Apoteket Apoteket AB is a state-owned pharmaceuticals retailer in Sweden which formerly held a monopoly on the retail sale of medicines in the country. Formerly known as Apoteksbolaget, the company is a government owned enterprise reporting to the Ministry of Finance. History. The company was founded in 1970 under the name "Apoteksbolaget AB". In 1998 the name was changed to the current one, "Apoteket AB". On 1 July 2009, the government monopoly was lifted, allowing the opening of private pharmacies in Sweden. The Swedish government cited the fact

Apoteket

George Foot Moore George Foot Moore George Foot Moore (October 15, 1851 – May 16, 1931) was an eminent historian of religion, author, Presbyterian minister, 33rd Degree Mason of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite, and accomplished teacher. Life. Moore was born in West Chester, Pennsylvania, the son of Rev. William Eves Moore and Harriet Foot Moore. He was educated at private schools, West Chester Academy and Wyer's School, entered Yale College as a junior in 1870, then graduated from Yale in 1872, as a Phi Beta Kappa and member of the Skull and Bones society. After teaching at Hopkins Grammar School from

George Foot Moore

1872–73, he engaged in study and private teaching in Columbus, Ohio, 1873–74, then served as principal of Lancaster (Ohio) High School 1874-75. He studied theology in Columbus 1875-76 and graduated from Union Theological Seminary (New York) in 1877. He was ordained to the Presbyterian ministry at Columbus February 8, 1878 and became pastor of Putnam Presbyterian Church in Zanesville, Ohio from 1878 to 1883. He Married Mary Soper, daughter of Albert Gallatin and Mary Ann (Chester) Hanford on April 25, 1878, in Chicago. They had two sons, William Eves, who died in infancy, and Albert Hanford. In 1883

George Foot Moore

he was appointed to the chair of Hebrew at Andover Theological Seminary where he taught until 1902, serving as president of the seminary from 1899 to 1901 and lectured on the history of religion from 1893 to 1901. During his service to Andover, he received the degree of Doctor of Divinity in 1885 from Marietta College, Ohio and 12 years later, from Yale University in 1897. In 1902, he became a professor at the Harvard Divinity School, where he was appointed Frothingham Professor of the History of Religion in 1905, and Cabot Fellow for three years beginning in 1906. During

George Foot Moore

his service at Harvard he obtained a degree of Legum Doctor in 1903 from Western Reserve University. He was a member of Harvard faculty from 1902 until retirement in 1928 and a preacher to the University from 1900 to 1903. Moore was a member of the Deutsche Morgenlandische Gesellschaft, American Philological Association, Archaeological Institute of America, Society of Biblical Literature, among others, In addition, he was a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, serving as its president from 1921–24, and was a member of the American Oriental Society. Besides contributing many articles on Biblical and Oriental subjects

George Foot Moore

in learned journals, he wrote extensively for the "Encyclopaedia Biblica" and served as editor of the "Harvard Theological Review". Among his books, "History of Religions" (1914, 1919) and "Judaism" (two volumes, 1927) stand out as especially praiseworthy. Mrs. Mary Soper Moore died April 16, 1924. Moore died 7 years later due to general arteriosclerosis and chronic myocarditis, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, May 16, 1931. George Foot Moore George Foot Moore (October 15, 1851 – May 16, 1931) was an eminent historian of religion, author, Presbyterian minister, 33rd Degree Mason of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite, and accomplished teacher. Life. Moore was

George Foot Moore

Mariana Alcoforado Mariana Alcoforado Sóror Mariana Alcoforado (Santa Maria da Feira, Beja, 22 April 1640Beja, 28 July 1723) was a Portuguese nun living in the convent of the Poor Clares (Convento de Nossa Senhora da Conceição, "Convent of Our Lady of the Conception") in Beja, Portugal. Debate continues as to whether Mariana was the real Portuguese author of the "Letters of a Portuguese Nun" (comprising five letters). Her purported love affair with the French officer Noël Bouton, Marquis de Chamilly and later Marshal of France, has made Beja famous in literary circles, mainly in Portugal and France. Some literary scholars consider the

Mariana Alcoforado

letters a fictional work and their authorship is ascribed to Gabriel-Joseph de Lavergne, comte de Guilleragues (1628–1684), although a real nun named Mariana Alcoforado indeed existed. In her recent book "Letters of a Portuguese Nun: Uncovering the Mystery Behind a Seventeenth-Century Forbidden Love" (2006), the author Myriam Cyr has attempted to reassert the attribution of the letters to the real Mariana Alcoforado. "For information about authorship and publication of the letters, see "Letters of a Portuguese Nun"." Biography. Mariana Alcoforado was born in Beja, daughter of landed proprietor of Alentejo Francisco da Cunha Alcoforado, born at Cortiços, Macedo

Mariana Alcoforado

de Cavaleiros, and first wife Leonor Mendes. She had three brothers: Baltasar Vaz Alcoforado, Miguel da Cunha Alcoforado and Francisco da Cunha Alcoforado, and two sisters: Anna Maria da Cunha Alcoforado, wife of Rui de Mello Lobo Freire, and Maria Peregrina Alcoforado. Beja was the chief garrison town of the province and the principal theatre of the twenty-eight years' war with Spain that followed the Portuguese Revolution of 1640. Mariana's widowed father, occupied with administrative and military commissions, placed her in the wealthy convent of the Conception for security and education. He later remarried and had two more

Mariana Alcoforado

daughters, Maria da Conceição Alcoforado and Catarina Alcoforado, and was also made a Knight of the Order of Christ on December 15, 1647. She made her religious profession as a Franciscan nun of the Poor Ladies at sixteen or earlier, without any real vocation, and lived a routine life in that somewhat relaxed house until her twenty-fifth year, when she purportedly met the young French nobleman Noël Bouton. This man, afterwards known as marquis of Chamilly, and marshal of France, was one of the French officers who came to Portugal to serve under the captain, Frederick Schomberg, 1st Duke

Mariana Alcoforado

of Schomberg, the re-organizer of the Portuguese army, campaigning against the Spanish army in the Alentejo. During the years 1665-1667, the marquis of Chamilly spent much of his time in and about Beja, and probably became acquainted with the Alcoforado family through Sóror Mariana's brother, who was a soldier. Custom permitted those in religious orders to receive and entertain visitors, and Chamilly found it easy to get round the trustful nun. Before long their affair became known and caused a scandal, and to avoid the consequences Chamilly deserted Soror Mariana and returned to France. This resulted in

Mariana Alcoforado

Soror Mariana writing the letters. There are signs in the fifth letter that Soror Mariana had begun to conquer her passion. After a life of rigid penance, accompanied by much suffering, she died, aged 83. Soror Mariana's life story has also been described in the novel by Katherine Vaz, "Mariana", published by Aliform Publishing in 2005. Mariana Alcoforado Sóror Mariana Alcoforado (Santa Maria da Feira, Beja, 22 April 1640Beja, 28 July 1723) was a Portuguese nun living in the convent of the Poor Clares (Convento de Nossa Senhora da Conceição, "Convent of Our Lady of the Conception") in Beja

Mariana Alcoforado

New Albany New Albany New Albany is the name of several places in the United States of America: New Albany New Albany is the name of several places in the United States of America:

New Albany

Karl Lennart Oesch Karl Lennart Oesch Karl Lennart Oesch (8 August 1892 – 28 March 1978) was one of Finland's leading generals during World War II. He held a string of high staff assignments and front commands, and at the end of the Continuation War fully two-thirds of the Finnish ground forces were under his command. Oesch earned a reputation of being able to deal with difficult situations, a trait that Mannerheim used fully. Early life. Oesch, who used Lennart as his first name, was born to parents of Swiss origin, who had moved to Finland before his birth. Oesch himself held

Karl Lennart Oesch

dual Finnish-Swiss citizenship until 1920. He attended school in Sortavala and studied in the Department of Mathematics and Physics at the University of Helsinki from 1911 to 1915. Jaeger Movement and Civil War. Oesch joined the Jaeger Movement in 1915 and trained and fought in the Royal Prussian 27th Jäger Battalion. When the Jaegers returned to Finland in February 1918, he was commissioned a captain in the Finnish Army. During the Finnish Civil War Oesch commanded an infantry battalion. Oesch returned to Finland with the main group of Jaegers in February 1918. He was ordered to mobilize and train

Karl Lennart Oesch

the 8th Jaeger Battalion on 4 March. While Oesch was busy accomplishing this mission, the Civil War was progressing along the Karelian Isthmus front. This sector was under the overall command of Lieutenant-Colonel Aarne Sihvo and consisted of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Karelian Regiments totaling some 7000 troops. The Red forces had failed to make any substantial gains against Sihvo's energetic defense so they enacted a change in their tactics. The Reds planned to use the Petrograd railway, that remained under their control, to transport approximately 3000 reinforcements from Petrograd to Rautu. The reinforcements would then be

Karl Lennart Oesch

used to turn Sihvo's left flank by crossing the Vuoksijoki River at Kiviniemi. Fortunately for the White Finns, local intelligence picked up on the Red's intentions and alerted the local commander, Lieutenant-Colonel Georg Yrjo Elfvengren of the 1st Karelian Regiment. Elfvengren deployed 500 troops and destroyed two rail bridges and one water tower south of the frontier. However, an attack against the Raasuli rail station failed in large part due to the Reds deploying an armored train. This train traveled frequently between Raasuli and Rautu rail stations carrying supplies to the isolated Rautu station. Elfvengren now called

Karl Lennart Oesch

for reinforcements. On 30 March, Captain Oesch was ordered to the Karelian front with his newly formed 8th Jaeger Battalion in support of Elfvengren's operations. Between 1–5 April, the 8th Jaeger Battalion was in the thick of the fighting both on the frontline and at headquarters. Tensions surfaced between Oesch and Elfvengren. There was much animosity between the German trained Jaeger officer and the Russian trained White commander which led to arrogance and scornful attitudes between the two men. Oesch felt that Elfvengren was too hasty in his attacks which lead to unnecessary losses and low morale. It was

Karl Lennart Oesch

reported that Elfvengren was jealous of Oesch. As the relationship continued to deteriorate Sihvo himself eventually had to intercede. The ongoing dispute undoubtedly affected battlefield operations. After several failed attacks, the Rautu rail station remained under Red control but isolated. After the capture of the Red armored train, the Rautu garrison attempted to breakout on 5 April. Oesch ordered 2 machine guns placed on a nearby hill to cover the valley along the route the Reds were utilizing in their effort to reach St. Petersburg. This valley became known as the Valley of Death since approximately 400 Reds were killed

Karl Lennart Oesch

there. By the end of operations, Oesch reported 1200 Reds killed and 600-800 captured. The 8th Jaeger Battalion lost 199 men with 160 wounded. Total White losses totaled 670 men. Interwar years. In the 1920s and 1930s Oesch advanced rapidly in the Finnish Defence Forces. He studied in French military academies from 1923 to 1926. Once he had returned to Finland, Oesch commanded the newly created general staff academy Sotakorkeakoulu in 1926–1929. In 1930 Oesch was promoted to major general and appointed Chief of the General Staff—-an assignment he was to hold almost a decade. As Chief of the

Karl Lennart Oesch

General Staff, Oesch was one of the most influential men in the Finnish Defence Forces. He was a driving force behind the mobilization reform effected in the early 1930s (The new mobilization plans were mainly drafted by then Lieutenant Colonel Aksel Airo). Oesch also served briefly as Deputy Minister of the Interior Affairs from 3 to 14 March 1932, during the crisis caused by the Mäntsälä rebellion. He was promoted to Lieutenant General in 1936. Winter War and the Interim Peace. When the Soviet invasion started the Winter War on 30 November 1939, Oesch continued as Chief of the General

Karl Lennart Oesch

Staff at Finnish Supreme headquarters under Commander-in-Chief Mannerheim. Curiously, there's very little study of Oesch's role at the Supreme headquarters; he is usually left in Mannerheim's and Aksel Airo's shadow. Oesch got the opportunity to show his talents as front commander in March 1940. The Red Army had surprised the Finns by crossing the frozen Bay of Viipuri and gained a foothold on its western shore. Mannerheim had created the Coast Group to repel the enemy, but its first commander Major General Kurt Martti Wallenius was dismissed in disgrace after holding the command for

Karl Lennart Oesch

only three days. The situation was extremely critical, and Oesch was appointed to deal with it. Finnish defenses consisted mainly of badly equipped coast defense battalions manned by older reservists and battalions hastily transferred from Lapland. Oesch was able to hold this motley and weary force together until the end of the war on 13 March 1940, causing heavy losses for the Red Army and significantly slowing its advance. Mannerheim began to regard Oesch as a man who could deal with difficult situations. During the ensuing peace, known as the Interim Peace by Finns, Oesch first returned to his previous

Karl Lennart Oesch

post as the Chief of the General Staff for a few weeks, until taking the command of II Army Corps in April 1940. Continuation War. At the start of the Continuation War in June 1941, Oesch's army corps became the IV Army Corps. Its mission was to advance into the southern Karelian Isthmus. But Mannerheim gave priority to Lieutenant General Erik Heinrichs’s Army of Karelia, which advanced into northern Karelia north of Lake Ladoga. Oesch didn't get permission to go on the offensive until 20 August 1941, almost two months after the start of the war. Oesch

Karl Lennart Oesch

and his chief of staff Colonel Valo Nihtilä decided to start the attack two days later. Once the IV Army Corps's offensive started, it made rapid progress. But Oesch became overstressed with work, and was forced to take a fortnight's sick leave on 25 August 1941. However, on Nihtilä's request, Oesch returned already on 30 August 1941, because Oesch's deputy, Major General Taavetti Laatikainen, had neglected his new duties. On the previous day the IV Army Corps's forces had entered Viipuri, the second largest city of pre-1939 Finland. But Oesch's greatest triumph was still

Karl Lennart Oesch

to come. In the last days of August 1941 Oesch's forces enclosed elements of three Soviet divisions (43rd, 115th and 123rd Rifle Divisions) in a pocket at the Battle of Porlampi, south of Viipuri. Although part of the Soviet 23rd Army was able to escape leaving all their heavy equipment behind, on 1 September 1941 the remaining troops began to surrender. The Finns took 9,325 POWs, among them commander of the 43rd Rifle Division Major General Vladimir Kirpichnikov. Some 7,500 fallen Red Army soldiers were buried in the battlefield, and great booty was taken. At the cost of fewer

Karl Lennart Oesch

than 3,000 casualties, Oesch had won the greatest victory in Finland's military history. However, around this time Oesch gave a controversial order that resulted in him being tried and convicted as a war criminal after the war (see below). In March 1942 Finnish forces were reorganized into three groups. Oesch was given command of Olonets Group in the Olonets Isthmus between Lakes Onega and Ladoga. Almost immediately, in April 1942, he faced a strong Soviet attack which was decisively beaten in ten days of battle. As the war progressed, it became increasingly clear Germany would lose the war, and

Karl Lennart Oesch

the Finns would have to find a way out. Oesch was preoccupied with planning the fortification and defense of his front, but kept a worried eye on the developments elsewhere. The Red Army offensive in the Karelian Isthmus started on 9 June 1944, and broke through the Finnish main defense position the next day. There was no unified command in place, and this was soon recognized as a serious flaw in the Finnish organisation. On the morning of 14 June 1944, Oesch received a call from Lieutenant General Aksel Airo with the following message: Oesch was given the title Commander

Karl Lennart Oesch

of the Isthmus Forces, and a staff was gathered to serve under him. For the second time Oesch was sent to take over a critical part of the front; this time it was the most critical ever. A decisive Soviet breakthrough in the Karelian Isthmus would probably have meant Soviet occupation of Finland and Finland becoming a Soviet satellite. Despite the loss of Viipuri on 20 June 1944, Oesch was able to pull the Finnish forces together. New divisions and brigades were sent to reinforce the Isthmus and the Bay of Viipuri, and finally Oesch had under his command three

Karl Lennart Oesch

army corps (III, IV and V), fully two thirds of the whole Finnish Army manpower. The triple defensive victories of the Tali-Ihantala, Bay of Viipuri and Vuosalmi followed. Already during the Tali-Ihantala Oesch had been awarded the coveted Mannerheim Cross on 26 June 1944. He remained Commander of the Isthmus Forces until October 1944, a month after the end of the Continuation War. Oesch had a very impressive record during the war, but he felt that his achievements weren't fully recognized. Mannerheim never promoted him to full general. Mannerheim recognized Oesch's abilities, but Oesch never was

Karl Lennart Oesch

one of his favorites. Mannerheim trusted most the men he himself had made; and Oesch, who had held very high posts already in peace-time, was not one of them. Trial for war crimes. After the Continuation War, Oesch's career took a turn for worse. After serving again as the Chief of the General Staff for almost a year, Oesch retired of his own will in September 1945. He was aware that the Soviets had demanded his arrest as a war criminal. For a moment Oesch thought of escaping to Sweden, but in the end decided to stay and

Karl Lennart Oesch

face the charges. He was arrested the same month and later tried. Four years earlier, in September 1941, Oesch had given an order that permitted the guards to use their arms if POWs refused to follow orders. The details of the affair are not clear, but apparently some trigger-happy men took liberties with the orders, and a number of Soviet POWs were killed. Oesch stood accused of ordering the execution of 17 POWs. According to Finnish sources, proof for Oesch's personal responsibility for these deaths was rather dubious. But in the postwar political climate it was imperative to

Karl Lennart Oesch

fulfill the Soviet demands in order not to give them any excuses to intervene even more in Finnish affairs. Oesch was condemned to twelve years of penal servitude by a Finnish military court on 19 July 1946, although the sentence was commuted to three years by the highest court on 2 February 1948. Nevertheless, Oesch's military career was finished. Oesch was the only senior Finn to be convicted of war crimes. Later life. After Oesch was released from prison in February 1948, he devoted himself to military history, researching and writing extensively on Finnish experiences in World War II

Karl Lennart Oesch

. His book on the battles of summer 1944 is still a valuable study on the subject. Oesch was also one of the founders and chief editor of a popular magazine on World War II Finnish history. He was made a Doctor of Philosophy honoris causa by the University of Turku in 1960. But when Oesch died in Helsinki on 28 March 1978, he was still embittered because he didn't reach the rank of full general even in the post-war years, when a number of retired officers were given honorary promotions in reserve. Personal life. Karl Lennart Oesch married

Karl Lennart Oesch

Anna Niskanen and they had two children: son Karl Christian (born 1921) and daughter Ann-Mari (born 1922). A number of his descendants still live on his erstwhile property near the city of Tampere. Karl Lennart Oesch Karl Lennart Oesch (8 August 1892 – 28 March 1978) was one of Finland's leading generals during World War II. He held a string of high staff assignments and front commands, and at the end of the Continuation War fully two-thirds of the Finnish ground forces were under his command. Oesch earned a reputation of being able to deal with difficult situations

Karl Lennart Oesch

George Baker George Baker George Baker may refer to: George Baker George Baker may refer to:

George Baker

Ie (Japanese family system) Ie (Japanese family system) Ie , home is a Japanese term which translates directly to household. It can mean either a physical home or refer to a family’s lineage. It is popularly used as the “traditional” family structure. The physical definition of an ie consists of an estate that includes a house, rice paddies and vegetable gardens, and its own section in the local cemetery. The symbolic definition of ie has been referred to as the cultural medium for the physical processes of kinship, such as mating and procreation. The symbolic ie refers not only to blood lines, however, but

Ie (Japanese family system)

also to economic and socioreligious functions that take place within the family Family registration and status. The ie is a patriarchal household and is considered to consist of grandparents, their son, his wife and their children. In a “traditional” Japanese household, the eldest son inherits the household property as well as the responsibility of taking care of his parents as they age. The eldest son is also expected to live with his parents when they grow older. Today all households are obligated to record their information in the koseki, the family registration system, which records any and all changes in

Ie (Japanese family system)

family composition and identity. The koseki also requires a household to appoint one person as the head of the house. Although a woman may also be head of household, the heads are typically male (98 percent of households elect a male as the head of the household). Once the head is chosen, other members of the house must change their surnames to that of the head. Japanese law obligates married spouses to have the same surname. Although the chosen surname can be of the wife too, this rarely happens. In 2015, the Japanese Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the

Ie (Japanese family system)

law, noting that women could use their maiden names informally, and stating that it was for the legislature to decide on whether to pass new legislation on separate spousal names. Even with the death of a koseki, the family will keep the name as long as they are listed in the system as part of his koseki. One to two generations can be included in a koseki, a couple and their children. If a household consists of grandparents and children, then the grandparents must start to have their own koseki. This system has been noted to be particularly strict in

Ie (Japanese family system)

that it excludes any families who do not fit into the patrilineal structure encouraged by the koseki. Another important aspect of the ie is the role of dead ancestors. Dead ancestors may be separated into two categories: the "generation dead", and the "juvenile dead." "Generation dead" are husband and wife pairs who held the status of household heads during their living years. These ancestors are representative of the history of the ie and provide living members of the ie means of relating to their history and ancestors. They play a pivotal role in the daily lives of most Japanese households

Ie (Japanese family system)

in that they must be given a great deal of respect and are commemorated through Buddhist rites. In contrast, if an ancestor does not qualify as a "generation dead" then they are considered "juvenile dead" and are destined to be forgotten. Arranged marriage. Marital and affinial ties are of great concern to the identity of an ie and therefore arranged marriage was very common in Japan prior to World War II. Studies have shown that families in the middle and upper classes are more committed to arranged marriages than those in lower classes because they are most concerned with the

Ie (Japanese family system)

security of the household and recognize that “romantic love, ren’ai, cannot be counted on.” Household duties. The ie is often defined by the gendered roles within a family. These roles are most often exemplified by the household duties that each family member is expected to uphold. Until recently, wives took on the duties of cooking, cleaning, and raising the children, while the typical husband served as a salary man and earned the income for the family. While this familial structure is still in place, it is changing as more and more women join the workforce. Among the lower class

Ie (Japanese family system)

society, a rising number of women are achieving economic independence and good career prospects leading to a shift in the typical patriarchic society. Today, the Japanese government has encouraged working fathers to become Iku-men (or stay-at-home fathers), and in 1992, the Japanese government passed a law that allowed for time off for both the mother and the father of a newborn child. Ie (Japanese family system) Ie , home is a Japanese term which translates directly to household. It can mean either a physical home or refer to a family’s lineage. It is popularly used as the

Ie (Japanese family system)

A Certain Ratio A Certain Ratio A Certain Ratio (abbreviated as ACR) are an English post-punk band formed in 1977 in Flixton, Greater Manchester by Peter Terrell (guitar, electronics) and Simon Topping (vocals, trumpet), with additional members Jez Kerr (bass, vocals), Martin Moscrop (trumpet, guitar), Donald Johnson (drums), and Martha Tilson (vocals) joining soon after. Among the first white indie groups to draw heavy influence from funk as well as disco and Latin percussion, the band were among the first to debut on Tony Wilson's Factory Records in 1979 with "All Night Party," produced by Martin Hannett. During ACR's early

A Certain Ratio

years with Factory, they scored seven Top Ten U.K. independent releases, highlighted by "Flight" and "Waterline," and released five albums beginning with "The Graveyard and the Ballroom" (1979). Following late 1980s and early 1990s phases with major-label A&M and Rob Gretton's independent Robs Records, ACR were intermittently active. They returned to the studio for the 2008 album "Mind Made Up" and since then have continued to perform, with their back catalogue recirculated through an arrangement with Mute Records. ACR continued to perform into the 2020s, and during 2017-2019 expanded, reissued, and anthologised their catalogue once more, this

A Certain Ratio

time through Mute Records, through whom they continue to release new recordings. History. The Factory era. The band was formed by singer Simon Topping and guitar/electronics player Peter Terrell, who after initially performing as a duo, were soon joined by bass guitarist/vocalist Jez Kerr and then guitarist/trumpeter Martin Moscrop, the band playing without a drummer for a year. The band's name is taken from the lyric of Brian Eno's song "The True Wheel" from the 1974 album "Taking Tiger Mountain (By Strategy)". Their early influences included the Velvet Underground, Kraftwerk, The Pop Group, Pere Ubu

A Certain Ratio

, Wire, Brian Eno, Parliament, Funkadelic, and Earth, Wind and Fire. A Certain Ratio, by early 1979, were “beginning to forge links between post-punk industrial and dance-floor funk” (Tony Wilson, Factory Records). ACR's line-up, with a dark bass-heavy industrial/funk sound, recorded the group's debut single, "All Night Party", released by Factory Records in September 1979 (the label's first single artist release), with Factory label boss Tony Wilson also becoming their manager, proclaiming the band to be "the new Sex Pistols". The 5,000 copies that were pressed soon sold out. On 1 October 1979

A Certain Ratio

the band recorded a session for John Peel's BBC Radio 1 show, by which time Donald Johnson had joined the band on drums. The session included “Do The Du”, “All Night Party”, “Flight” and “Choir” and was broadcast on 17 October. ACR played their first tour of bigger venues as the support act on the Talking Heads UK tour in December 1979. There are suggestions that watching ACR perform encouraged David Byrne and Talking Heads to go in a more funky musical direction. Section::::"The Graveyard and The Ballroom". Their next release, the cassette-only compilation of demos and live

A Certain Ratio

tracks "The Graveyard and the Ballroom", was released in January 1980. "The Graveyard" side of the album was recorded at Graveyard Studios, Prestwich, Manchester in September 1979, while "The Ballroom" side was a live recording of ACR’s October 1979 gig at the Electric Ballroom, London. Martin Moscrop started a second band in 1980, Swamp Children (the name later changed to Kalima), that would go on to share several members with A Certain Ratio. In July 1980, the band's second single, a cover version of Banbarra's "Shack Up", recorded at a cost of £50, was released. This

A Certain Ratio

was followed in November with "Flight" on 12", which saw their first placing on the UK Independent Chart, peaking at no. 7. "Shack Up" got a US release in January 1981, going on to peak at no. 46 on the "Billboard" Dance Club Songs chart, and the band expanded to a six-piece with the addition of former Occult Chemistry singer Martha Tilson, with Topping focusing on trumpet and percussion. Section::::"To Each...". The expanded lineup recorded their debut studio album, "To Each..." The album was recorded in New Jersey with Martin Hannett producing, and released in May 1981. It topped

A Certain Ratio

the UK Independent Chart. "To Each…" represents a development in the ACR sound from the raw harshness of "The Graveyard and The Ballroom" to a percussion-based post-punk funk. They recorded a second Peel session in June 1981. The session, which included “Knife Slits Water”, “Day One” and “Skipscada”, was broadcast on 2 July. ACR finished the year with the single "Waterline", which was another top 10 indie chart hit. “Waterline” was the first record self-produced by the group. All of ACR’s previous recordings had been produced by Factory’s Martin Hannett but the band wanted a

A Certain Ratio

different sound. “We thought he was making us sound too much like Joy Division” (Martin Moscroft, ACR). “Waterline” has a more funk and jazz sound than earlier recordings. Section::::"Sextet". The band's third album, "Sextet", followed in January 1982, now incorporating elements of acid jazz, funk, and latin music, and again topped the indie albums chart, also peaking at no. 55 on the UK Albums Chart. The band’s recent stay in New York had increased the Latin, jazz and Cuban percussion influences in their music. "Sextet" was the first album that was self-produced by ACR and is closer

A Certain Ratio

to the sound the band wanted and their live performances. ACR rate "Sextet" as one of their stand out albums. In February 1982 they released the dub reggae single "Abracadubra" under the pseudonym 'Sir Horatio'. ACR had further indie charting singles that year with "Guess Who?" and "Knife Slits Water". The group recorded a third Peel session in November, now without Tilson, but with Andy Connell added on keyboards and percussion. This session saw the group show more of a jazz influence in the three tracks (“Who’s To Say”, “Piu Lento” and “Touch”) which were broadcast on the John

A Certain Ratio

Peel show of 1 December 1982. Section::::"I'd Like To See You Again". The band's fourth album, "I'd Like to See You Again", was released in November 1982, reaching no. 2 on the indie albums chart. “The new music offered disciplined latin disco, inspired in part by Cameo.” The album received mixed reviews. “ACR aren’t sounding like ACR anymore so much as the latest New York disco imports” (New Musical Express, 1982) “I’d Like To See You Again represented an aesthetic low. In striving for a more accessible sound, the group had become overly clinical.” (Adrian Thrills

A Certain Ratio

, "New Musical Express", August 1985) The band's two founding members, Topping and Terrell, left the band in late 1982. Simon Topping recorded a solo single before forming T-Coy with former Quando Quango (and later M People member) Mike Pickering. Section::::"I Need Someone Tonight". The band regrouped and returned in October 1983 with the single "I Need Someone Tonight" (with Carol McKenzie on vocals), another top-10 indie hit. Section::::"Life's A Scream & Wild Party". Tony Quigley (of Kalima) joined on saxophone, and the band released three singles in late 1984 and 1985 - "Life's A Scream" (December 1984), "Brazilia

A Certain Ratio

(February 1985) and Wild Party" (June 1985). Section::::"The Old And The New". "The Old and the New", a compilation album bringing together many of the non-album singles released from ACR's formation up to the end of 1985, came out on Factory records in January 1986. The tracks “Flight”, “And Then Again” and “Blown Away” were taken from a 12” released in 1980. “Do The Du” and “Fox” were lifted from a single that came out in 1981. “Life’s A Scream” and “There’s Only This” were the two tracks on a 12” released at the end of

A Certain Ratio

1984. “Wild Party” and “Sounds Like Something Dirty” originally appeared as a 12” in 1985. An additional 7” single that made the centrepiece of the front cover of the compilation album included “Shack Up”, which came out as a single in 1980, and “Thin Boys”, which was the b-side on ACR’s very first single. Connell left in 1985 to form Swing Out Sister, whose singer Corinne Drewery guested on ACR's next album, "Force" (1986), their last for Factory. Section::::"Force". "Force" was released on Factory records in November 1986. The album received good reviews from the music press

A Certain Ratio

. In January 1986 ACR performed live on Channel 4 music show "The Tube". 1989–1997: A&M, Rob's Records, and Creation Records. New releases were sparse during the next two years. Dojo Records released a 1985 live recording as "Live in America" in February 1987, and Italian label Materiali Sonori released the 'Greeting Four' EP five months later. The band signed with A&M Records in 1987, the lineup now Kerr, Moscrop, Johnson, and Quigley, the first releases for the label the singles "The Big E" and "Backs to the Wall", which preceded the album "Good Together", released in September 1989. A

A Certain Ratio

50–minute recording of a live show from London was broadcast on British television in October. They also set up their own SoundStation studio in Manchester. The band's only significant chart success with A&M came with the 1990 single "Won't Stop Loving You", which peaked at no. 55 on the UK Singles Chart, although the first two singles also made the lower reaches of the chart. The album "acr:mcr" followed, but the band were then dropped from the label. In 1991, they signed with Rob's Records, owned by New Order manager and former Factory Records partner

A Certain Ratio

Rob Gretton, releasing a string of singles and the album "Up in Dowsnville" (1992). In 1994, Creation Records began reissuing the band's albums on the Rev-Ola sub-label, and also released two EPs of remixes. The band's first original material for almost three years was released in August 1996, with the live "Soundstation Volume 1" EP, followed in November with the "Change the Station" album. A second "Soundstation" live EP was released in March 1997, the band's last release for some time. In 2002 Soul Jazz Records reissued the albums with bonus tracks (but using the

A Certain Ratio

same masters as the Creation editions). Further re-issues and a live recording from 1980 were also made available on the LTM label. 2000s return. The band played occasional live shows between 2002 and 2007, and performed in the US for the first time since 1985 on 16 November 2008, headlining the Part Time Punks festival at The Echo in Los Angeles, releasing a new album "Mind Made Up" the same month, on French label Le Maquis. They performed a headline set at the Offset Festival in London in September 2009, playing alongside fellow post-punk artists The Slits, following

A Certain Ratio

a one-off live performance commemorating Factory Records in Dublin, in March that year. They performed at the Plan K, Molenbeek in West Brussels on 12 December 2009 as part of the event, 'A Factory Night (And Then Again)'. This event also featured Section 25, The Wake, The Names and Biting Tongues. Towards the end of 2009, the band announced a live appearance at a fund-raising event at Brighton's Concorde 2 venue on 7 March 2010. Their 2008 album, "Mind Made Up" was re-issued via LTM Recordings during 2010, along with a redux version of the 1986

A Certain Ratio

set, "Force". In May 2011, they performed on The Satellite Stage at Friends of Mine Festival at Capesthorne Hall near Macclesfield, and were introduced by their friend Terry Christian. In 2018, Mute Records began reissuing their back catalogue, they released "acr:set", an album of mostly old tracks with two new tracks, one ("Dirty Boy") recorded with Barry Adamson and featuring a recording of Tony Wilson, and undertook a tour of the UK with dates in Ireland and Finland. In November 2018 they recorded a session for Marc Riley's BBC Radio 6 Music show, performing new song "Dirty Boy

A Certain Ratio

, Mickey Way", and "Flight". They released a box set, a 40th anniversary retrospective named "acr:box", in May 2019 and toured in support of this. It consists of 53 songs providing a detailed career overview to date. After collecting their past on 2019's ACR: Box collection, A Certain Ratio has released ACR Loco in September of 2020. Their first album of new material in 12 years. Featuring three original band members – Jez Kerr, Martin Moscrop, and Donald Johnson – along with members of the band's current live ensemble. Loco finds the band in an expansive, jazzy, danceable state of

A Certain Ratio

mind. Musically, A Certain Ratio sound far removed from their post-punk roots now, relying more on their sound's dance and funk elements. In film. "Wild Party" was used in the soundtrack of the 1985 film "Letter to Brezhnev". "Shack Up" was used in the soundtrack of Patrice Chéreau's "Intimacy" (2001). The band are featured in the 2002 film "24 Hour Party People" where Tony Wilson (played by Steve Coogan) describes them as "having all the energy of Joy Division but better clothes". Martin Moscrop was musical supervisor of the film. A Certain Ratio A Certain Ratio (abbreviated

A Certain Ratio

Johan Hendrik Weidner Johan Hendrik Weidner Johan Hendrik Weidner (October 22, 1912, Brussels, Belgium - May 21, 1994, Monterey Park, California, United States) was a highly decorated Dutch hero of World War II. Early life. Johan Hendrik Weidner Jr. was born in Brussels to Dutch parents. Although his birth name was Johan Hendrik, he used to call himself "Jean" and later in the U.S., "John". He was the eldest of four children, and grew up in Switzerland, near the French border at Collonges-sous-Salève - a village in the French department of Haute-Savoie, where his father taught Latin and Greek at the Seventh

Johan Hendrik Weidner

-day Adventist Church seminary. Following his education at French public schools, he attended basic courses at the Seventh-day Adventist Seminary in Collonges-sous-Salève. His father Johan Hendrik Weidner Sr. who studied at the University of Geneva, and had been a minister for the Seventh-day Adventists in Brussels and Switzerland, hoped Jean would follow in his footsteps. To his father's regret, he decided to go into business, and in 1935 he established a textile import/export business in Paris, France. Around this time he went to Geneva to attend sessions of the League of Nations, and saw

Johan Hendrik Weidner

firsthand how ineffective that body was in preventing the outbreak of war in 1939. Activities during World War II. At the outbreak of World War II Jean was living in Paris. With the subsequent German occupation of France he fled with several others from Paris to Lyon in the unoccupied part of France. Because he had to abandon his Parisian business, he began a new business in Lyon. In 1941, Jean founded "Dutch-Paris", an underground network of which the location of his Lyonnaise textile business soon became its headquarters. In order to get passes to go in and out

Johan Hendrik Weidner

of the Swiss frontier zone, he set up a second textile shop in Annecy at the end of 1942. Dutch-Paris became one of the largest and most successful underground networks for people persecuted for faith or race, Allied pilots, and persons of great Dutch importance to help them escape via Switzerland and Spain. This escape route was also used for smuggling documents. In the Netherlands this message line was also known as "The Swiss Way". In its heyday, 300 people were part of this underground network, of which about 150 people were arrested. 40 people were slain or died

Johan Hendrik Weidner

from the effects of captivity, including his sister who helped to coordinate escapes from Paris. The escape route has greatly contributed to the French Resistance, and is responsible for the rescue of more than 1,080 people, including 800 Dutch Jews and more than 112 downed Allied pilots. Jean was one of the most sought after underground leaders of France, for whom the Gestapo at one time offered a reward of five million francs for his arrest. Arrests. In February 1944, a young female courier was arrested by the French police and extradited to the Gestapo. Against all rules, she had

Johan Hendrik Weidner

a notebook with her containing names and addresses of Dutch-Paris members. She was brutally interrogated by a guard that held her head under cold water until she nearly drowned. Under torture she revealed many names of key members of the underground network. As a result, a large number of Dutch-Paris members were arrested (See more details in ). The name of Jean's sister Gabrielle Weidner was among the names listed in the notepad. She was arrested by the Gestapo and imprisoned at the Fresnes prison in Paris, because it was hoped for that her comrades would try to

Johan Hendrik Weidner