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[ { "docid": "18993816#28", "text": "People have been using natural organic polymers for centuries in the form of waxes and shellac, which is classified as a thermoplastic polymer. A plant polymer named cellulose provided the tensile strength for natural fibers and ropes, and by the early 19th century natural rubber was in widespread use. Polymers are the raw materials (the resins) used to make what are commonly called plastics. Plastics are the final product, created after one or more polymers or additives have been added to a resin during processing, which is then shaped into a final form. Polymers that have been around, and that are in current widespread use, include carbon-based polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, nylons, polyesters, acrylics, polyurethane, and polycarbonates, and silicon-based silicones. Plastics are generally classified as \"commodity\", \"specialty\" and \"engineering\" plastics.", "title": "Solid" } ]

[ { "docid": "40851738#4", "text": "DNA, RNA and proteins are most common sequence-controlled polymers in living creatures. Inspired by them, polymerization methods, utilizing DNA or RNA as templates to control sequences of polymer, are developed. At first, taking DNA or RNA as templates, scientists developed a series of peptide nucleic acid (PNA)-based polymers, without using DNA polymerases. But this method is limited to polymerization scale and yield. After that, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is developed, which currently is still the most extensively used sequence-regulated method. By employing enzymes, the yields and scales are greatly increased, but the specificity of enzymes towards natural peptides limits this technique to a certain degree. Nowadays, more attention is paid to utilization of ribosomes to directly mimic the transcription and translation process. This technology called protein engineering is considered as the most promising biological polymerization method for synthesis of sequence-controlled polymers.", "title": "Sequence-controlled polymer" }, { "docid": "17177316#1", "text": "Just like erosion of rocks, natural phenomena can cause degradation in polymer systems. The elements of most concern to polymers are ultraviolet radiation, moisture and humidity, high temperatures and temperature fluctuations. Polymers are used in everyday life, so it is important for scientists and polymer producers to understand durability and expected lifespan of polymer products. Paint, a common polymer coating, is used to change the colour, change the reflectance (gloss), as well as forming a protective coating. The structure of paint consists of pigments in a matrix of resin.\nA typical example is painted steel roofing and walling products, which are constantly exposed to harmful weathering conditions.", "title": "Weather testing of polymers" }, { "docid": "43265702#0", "text": "A polymer is a macromolecule, composed of many similar or identical repeated subunits. Polymers are common, but not limited to organic media. They range from familiar synthetic plastics to natural biopolymers such as DNA and proteins. Their unique elongated molecular structure produces unique physical properties, including toughness, viscoelasticity, and a tendency to form glasses and semicrystalline structures. The modern concept of polymers as covalently bonded macromolecular structures was proposed in 1920 by Hermann Staudinger.\nOne sub-field in the study of polymers is polymer physics. As a part of soft matter studies, Polymer physics concerns itself with the study of mechanical properties and focuses on the perspective of condensed matter physics.", "title": "Path integrals in polymer science" }, { "docid": "28638#2", "text": "Some familiar household synthetic polymers include: Nylons in textiles and fabrics, Teflon in non-stick pans, Bakelite for electrical switches, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in pipes, etc. The common PET bottles are made of a synthetic polymer, polyethylene terephthalate. The plastic kits and covers are mostly made of synthetic polymers like polythene and tires are manufactured from Buna rubbers. However, due to the environmental issues created by these synthetic polymers which are mostly non-biodegradable and often synthesized from petroleum, alternatives like bioplastics are also being considered. They are however expensive when compared to the synthetic polymers.The eight most common types of synthetic organic polymers, which are commonly found in households are:", "title": "List of synthetic polymers" }, { "docid": "5579401#2", "text": "The Cohen brothers were looking for a commercial edge and became aware, in 1894, that Charles Cross, Edward Bevan and Clayton Beadle had patented their \"artificial silk\" which they named \"Viscose\" in the UK and \"Rayon\" in the US, and sold under the trade name \"Dacron\". Although natural polymers have been with around since time began, synthetic polymers are more recent and owe their origin to Alexander Parkes and his exhibits at the International Exhibition in London in 1862. The most basic building block of a polymer is a monomer, which, when combined with oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, or fluoride, becomes a \"polymers\". The most important polymer, for fabric construction is Polyethylene terephthalate, more commonly known as \"polyester\". The bright vibrant synthetic fabrics made from these synthetic \"building blocks\" exhibit a silk \"handle\"; and all the comfort properties of natural fibres, imitating silk, wool and linen.", "title": "Morada (company)" }, { "docid": "32002467#39", "text": "Generally, it has been found that scaffolds that closely resemble the natural environments of the tissue being engineered are the most successful. As a result, much research has gone into investigating natural polymers that can be tailored, through processing methodology, toward specific design criteria. Chitosan is currently one of the most widely used polymers as it is very similar to naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan (GAGs) and it is degradable by human enzymes.", "title": "Protein adsorption" }, { "docid": "44520102#5", "text": "Natural biodegradable polymers are formed in nature during growth cycles of all organisms. When searching for natural fibers to replace synthetic materials in athletic shoes, the major natural biodegradable polymer that offers the most potential are polysaccharides. Starch is a polysaccharide that is useful because it readily degrades into harmless products when placed in contact with soil microorganisms.", "title": "Biodegradable athletic footwear" }, { "docid": "59582393#0", "text": "Polyvinyl ethers are a class of organic polymers derived from vinyl ethers. The most common polymers of this class are derived from methyl vinyl ether and ethyl vinyl ether, the polymer having the formula [CHCH(OCH)]. Commercial interest has also focused on polymers derived from ethyl, isobutyl, octadecyl substituents in place of methyl. Like other vinyl polymers, the polymers exhibit tacticity. Polymerization is typically initiated with Lewis acids such as boron trifluoride.", "title": "Polyvinyl ether" }, { "docid": "10811867#0", "text": "Inorganic polymers are polymers with a skeletal structure that does not include carbon atoms in the backbone. Polymers containing inorganic and organic components are sometimes called hybrid polymers, and most so-called inorganic polymers are hybrid polymers. One of the best known examples is polydimethylsiloxane, otherwise known commonly as silicone rubber. Inorganic polymers offer some properties not found in organic materials including low temperature flexibility, electrical conductivity, and nonflammability. The term \"inorganic polymer\" refers generally to one-dimensional polymers, rather than to heavily crosslinked materials such as silicate minerals. Inorganic polymers with tunable or responsive properties are sometimes called smart inorganic polymers. A special class of inorganic polymers are geopolymers, which may be anthropogenic or naturally occurring.", "title": "Inorganic polymer" } ]

[ { "docid": "488945#9", "text": "The vast majority of the organisms that are natural enemies in Europe are not present in North America. Ecologically similar species do exist, but these species are unlikely to be able to eliminate those mussels already established and will have a limited role in their control.\nCrayfish could have a significant impact on the densities of 1- to 5-mm-long zebra mussels. An adult crayfish consumes around 105 zebra mussels every day, or about 6000 mussels in a season. Predation rates are significantly reduced at lower water temperatures.\nFish do not seem to limit the densities of zebra mussels in European lakes. Smallmouth bass are a predator in the zebra mussels' adopted North American Great Lakes habitat.", "title": "Zebra mussel" }, { "docid": "31127938#4", "text": "A native of western Russia, the zebra mussel most likely made its way to North America through the release of ballast water from cargo ships traveling from the Black Sea to the Great Lakes. After its introduction there, it was carried through the lakes and connected waterways via recreational and commercial traffic. A large part of the zebra mussel's ability to disperse has to do with its travel flexibility. In the larval stage, zebra mussels can float along passively. In the adult stage, zebra mussels can attach themselves to boats very well. Overland dispersal can be achieved, too, because these mussels can survive dry conditions for several days. This was most likely the way that they were introduced to California: agricultural inspection stations have reported finding mussels on the hulls or motor compartments of at least 19 trailered boats arriving into the state. In addition to being able to travel long distances during both immature and mature stages of life, zebra mussels can produce up to several hundred thousand eggs in a single season.", "title": "National Invasive Species Act" }, { "docid": "488945#0", "text": "The zebra mussel (\"Dreissena polymorpha\") is a small freshwater mussel. This species was originally native to the lakes of southern Russia and Ukraine. However, the zebra mussel has been accidentally introduced to numerous other areas, and has become an invasive species in many countries worldwide. Since the 1980s, they have invaded the Great Lakes and the Hudson River.", "title": "Zebra mussel" } ]

[ { "docid": "488945#15", "text": "Zebra mussels are also present in British waterways. Many water companies are reporting having problems with their water treatment plants with the mussels attaching themselves to pipeworks. Anglian Water has estimated that it costs £500,000 per year to remove the mussels from their treatment plants. It has been argued that zebra mussels have also had an effect on fishing, for example at Salford Quays, where the introduction of zebra mussels has changed the environment for the fish.", "title": "Zebra mussel" }, { "docid": "488945#4", "text": "Zebra mussels attach to most substrates including sand, silt, and harder substrates, but usually, juvenile mussels prefer harder, rockier substrates to which to attach. Other mussel species frequently represent the most stable objects in silty substrates, and zebra mussels attach to, and often kill these mussels. They build colonies on native unionid clams, reducing their ability to move, feed, and breed, eventually leading to their deaths. This has led to the near extinction of the unionid clams in Lake St. Clair and the western basin of Lake Erie. This pattern is being repeated in Ireland, where zebra mussels have eliminated the two freshwater mussels from several waterways, including some lakes along the River Shannon in 1997.", "title": "Zebra mussel" }, { "docid": "269945#24", "text": "Zebra mussel infestations in the Mississippi River, Great Lakes and other Midwest rivers are also negatively affecting American paddlefish populations. Zebra mussels are an invasive species well adapted for explosive population growth as a result of high rates of fecundity and recruitment. As filter feeders, zebra mussels rely on plankton and can filter significant amounts of phytoplankton and zooplankton from the water, altering the availability of an important food source for paddlefish and native unionidae. A few days after the fertilization of zebra mussel eggs, a microscopic larva emerges called a veliger. During this initial stage of development, which usually lasts a few weeks, veligers are able to swim freely in the water column with other microscopic animals comprising zooplankton. Veligers are poor swimmers, making them susceptible to predation by any animal that feeds on zooplankton. However, natural predation of zebra mussels at any stage of development has not made a significant contribution to the long-term reduction of zebra mussel populations.", "title": "American paddlefish" }, { "docid": "488945#19", "text": "From their first appearance in American waters in 1988, zebra mussels have spread to a large number of waterways, including Lake Simcoe in the Great Lakes region, the Mississippi, Hudson, St. Lawrence, Ohio, Cumberland, Missouri, Tennessee, Huron, Colorado, and Arkansas Rivers, and 11 lakes and 5 river basins in Texas. Today, the invasion continues. For instance, in 2009, the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation confirmed that zebra mussels had been found in Laurel Lake in the Berkshires.\nThat same year the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources announced that live zebra mussels have been found in Pelican Lake, Minnesota. This was the first confirmed sighting in the Red River Basin, which extends across the international border into the province of Manitoba. In 2013, their presence in Manitoba's Lake Winnipeg was confirmed and aggressive efforts to eradicate them in 2014 have not succeeded. New contamination was found outside treated areas of Lake Winnipeg in 2015 and they have also been found in the Red River near the lake in Selkirk Park in 2015. Large number were seen at Grand Beach (Manitoba) in 2017", "title": "Zebra mussel" }, { "docid": "488945#2", "text": "Zebra mussel and the closely related and ecologically similar quagga mussels are filter-feeding organisms. They remove particles from the water column. The zebra mussels process up to one liter of water per day, per mussel. Some particles are consumed as food, and feces are deposited on the lake floor. Nonfood particles are combined with mucus and other matter and deposited on lake floors as pseudofeces. Since the zebra mussel has become established in Lake Erie, water clarity has increased from 6 inches to up to three feet in some areas. This improved water clarity allows sunlight to penetrate deeper, enabling growth of submerged macrophytes. These plants, when decaying, wash up on shorelines, fouling beaches and cause water quality problems.", "title": "Zebra mussel" }, { "docid": "3102207#7", "text": "There has been some research on the freshwater drum's impact on the invasive Zebra mussel in northern lakes and rivers. Zebra mussels are consumed by freshwater drum once they reach a length of , but drum under in length only eat small mussels and reject the larger ones. The fish larger than exhibit less selectivity and consume mussels relative to their availability in lakes. These larger fish are not restricted by their ability to crush the zebra mussels, but they are restricted by the size of the clumps that they can remove. Though the drum do eat zebra mussels, they are not having an impact on the spread of this invasive species. Though they do not control the population of zebra mussels, they do contribute to a high mortality in the zebra mussels.", "title": "Freshwater drum" }, { "docid": "58113282#6", "text": "Medicine Lake has also been confirmed for the presence of zebra mussels. On November 1, 2017, a resident notified the Minnesota DNR regarding a potential zebra muscle on a dock that the resident had pulled from the lake. On November 2, Minnesota DNR staff verified it was a zebra mussel and found two additional zebra mussels on two other docks in the lake. On November 9, 2017, the Minnesota DNR issued a press release publicly confirming that it had found zebra mussels in the lake.", "title": "Medicine Lake (Minnesota)" } ]

[ { "docid": "11291214#2", "text": "Gabrielle Bonheur Chanel was born in 1883 to mother, Eugénie Jeanne Devolle—known as Jeanne—a laundrywoman, in the charity hospital run by the Sisters of Providence (a poorhouse) in Saumur, Maine-et-Loire, France. She was Jeanne's second child with Albert Chanel; the first, Julia, was born less than a year earlier. Albert Chanel was an itinerant street vendor who peddled work clothes and undergarments, living a nomadic life, traveling to and from market towns. The family resided in rundown lodgings. In 1884, he married Jeanne Devolle, persuaded to do so by her family who had \"united, effectively, to pay Albert to marry her.\"", "title": "Coco Chanel" }, { "docid": "11291214#0", "text": "Gabrielle Bonheur \"Coco\" Chanel (19 August 1883 – 10 January 1971) was a French fashion designer and business woman. The founder and namesake of the Chanel brand, she was credited in the post-World War I era with liberating women from the constraints of the \"corseted silhouette\" and popularizing a sporty, casual chic as the feminine standard of style. A prolific fashion creator, Chanel extended her influence beyond couture clothing, realizing her design aesthetic in jewellery, handbags, and fragrance. Her signature scent, Chanel No. 5, has become an iconic product. She is the only fashion designer listed on \"Time\" magazine's . Chanel herself designed her famed interlocked-CC monogram, which has been in use since the 1920s.", "title": "Coco Chanel" } ]

[ { "docid": "734019#0", "text": "Chanel S.A. (, ) is a French privately held company owned by Alain Wertheimer and Gérard Wertheimer, grandsons of Pierre Wertheimer, who was an early business partner of the \"couturière\" Gabrielle Bonheur Chanel. Chanel S.A. is a high fashion house that specializes only in women's haute couture and ready-to-wear clothes, luxury goods, and fashion accessories. In her youth, Gabrielle Chanel gained the nickname \"Coco\" from her time as a chanteuse. As a fashion designer, Coco Chanel catered to women's taste for elegance in dress, with blouses and suits, trousers and dresses, and jewellery (gemstone and bijouterie) of simple design, that replaced the opulent, over-designed, and constrictive clothes and accessories of 19th-century fashion. The Chanel product brands have been personified by fashion models and actresses, including Inès de La Fressange, Catherine Deneuve, Carole Bouquet, Vanessa Paradis, Nicole Kidman, Anna Mouglalis, Audrey Tautou, Keira Knightley, Kristen Stewart and Marilyn Monroe.", "title": "Chanel" }, { "docid": "11291214#6", "text": "Having learned to sew during her six years at Aubazine, Chanel found employment as a seamstress. When not sewing, she sang in a cabaret frequented by cavalry officers. Chanel made her stage debut singing at a \"cafe-concert\" (a popular entertainment venue of the era) in a Moulins pavilion, \"La Rotonde\". She was a \"poseuse\", a performer who entertained the crowd between star turns. The money earned was what they managed to accumulate when the plate was passed. It was at this time that Gabrielle acquired the name \"Coco\" when she spent her nights singing in the cabaret, often the song, \"Who Has Seen Coco?\" She often liked to say the nickname was given to her by her father. Others believe \"Coco\" came from \"Ko Ko Ri Ko\", and \"Qui qu'a vu Coco\", or it was an allusion to the French word for kept woman, \"cocotte\". As an entertainer, Chanel radiated a juvenile allure that tantalized the military habitués of the cabaret.", "title": "Coco Chanel" }, { "docid": "11291214#4", "text": "When Gabrielle was 12, her mother died of tuberculosis at the age of 32. Her father sent his two sons to work as farm laborers and sent his three daughters to the convent of Aubazine, which ran an orphanage. Its religious order, the Congregation of the Sacred Heart of Mary, was \"founded to care for the poor and rejected, including running homes for abandoned and orphaned girls\". It was a stark, frugal life, demanding strict discipline. Placement in the orphanage may have been the best thing for Coco's future because it is where she learned to sew. At age eighteen, Chanel, too old to remain at Aubazine, went to live in a boarding house for Catholic girls in the town of Moulins.", "title": "Coco Chanel" }, { "docid": "2364540#9", "text": "In 1925, he was introduced to Gabrielle (\"Coco\") Chanel after a party in Monte Carlo and pursued her. He was as extravagant with her as he was with all of his lovers. He purchased a home for Chanel in London's prestigious Mayfair district, and in 1927 gave her a parcel of land on the French Riviera at Roquebrune-Cap-Martin where Chanel built her villa, \"La Pausa\". His romantic liaison with Chanel lasted ten years. An illustration of both Westminster’s extravagance and orchestrated technique in the courting of women has endured in the form of various apocryphal stories. He purportedly concealed a huge uncut emerald at the bottom of a crate of vegetables delivered to Chanel. Disguised as a deliveryman, Westminster appeared at Chanel’s apartment with an enormous bouquet of flowers. His ruse was only uncovered after Chanel’s assistant offered “the delivery boy” a tip.", "title": "Hugh Grosvenor, 2nd Duke of Westminster" }, { "docid": "22507490#4", "text": "Several years after leaving the orphanage where her father abandoned her, a young Gabrielle Chanel finds herself working in a provincial bar. She is both a seamstress for the performers and a singer, earning the nickname 'Coco' from the song she sings nightly with her sister. A liaison with the charismatic Baron Balsan (Belgian actor Benoît Poelvoorde) gives her an entry into French high society, and a chance to develop her gift for designing increasingly popular hats.", "title": "Coco Before Chanel" }, { "docid": "58481603#0", "text": "Chanel is a privately held French company founded in 1909 by Gabrielle Bonheur Chanel, a former milliner. The Chanel ready-to-wear collection is showcased biannually for spring-summer and autumn-winter seasons during Paris Fashion Week to an audience of media, retailers, buyers, investors, and customers, under the auspices of the Chambre Syndicale du Prêt-à-Porter des Couturiers et des Créateurs de Mode, which is one of three trade associations affiliated with the Fédération française de la couture, du prêt-à-porter des couturiers et des créateurs de mode. The House of Chanel is known for liberating women from the corset in the early 20th century and designing fluid, jersey pieces, most notably the little black dress. Chanel died in 1971, Karl Lagerfeld has been the Creative Director since 1983.", "title": "Chanel ready-to-wear collection" }, { "docid": "8346715#21", "text": "For Chanel's 2013 exhibition at the Palais de Tokyo in Paris, Boom created a book filled with solid white, textural pages. The 300 page book was printed devoid of ink, instead embossed with text and image creating a semi-invisible narrative for Gabrielle “Coco” Chanel. The book structure is housed in a black box. The concept behind the book was inspired by the nature of perfume—it is best understood in an olfactive, not visual, manner—and relies on lesser dominant senses to convey the essence of the Chanel N ͦ5 fragrance. Its content came from the world of Mlle. It won the Dutch Design Awards in 2013 and is part of the permanent collection at MoMA.", "title": "Irma Boom" }, { "docid": "11291214#18", "text": "In 1923, Vera Bate Lombardi, (born Sarah Gertrude Arkwright), reputedly the illegitimate daughter of the Marquess of Cambridge, afforded Chanel entry into the highest levels of British aristocracy. It was an elite group of associations revolving around such figures as politician Winston Churchill, aristocrats such as the Duke of Westminster, and royals such as Edward, Prince of Wales. In Monte Carlo in 1923, at age forty, Chanel was introduced by Lombardi to the vastly wealthy Duke of Westminster, Hugh Richard Arthur Grosvenor, known to his intimates as \"Bendor\". The duke lavished Chanel with extravagant jewels, costly art, and a home in London's prestigious Mayfair district. His affair with Chanel lasted ten years.", "title": "Coco Chanel" } ]

[ { "docid": "10469364#0", "text": "Lieutenant Colonel Sir Michael Frederick Bruxner (25 March 1882 – 28 March 1970) was an Australian politician and soldier, serving for many years as Leader of the Country Party and its predecessors. Born in Tabulum in Northern New South Wales, Bruxner was educated at The Armidale School and started studies at University of Sydney but later dropped out to take up employment as a grazier and station agent in Tenterfield. After serving in the Citizen Military Forces from 1911, Bruxner enlisted into the Australian Light Horse upon the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. Serving with distinction in Gallipoli, Egypt and Palestine, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel and awarded the Distinguished Service Order.", "title": "Michael Bruxner" } ]

[ { "docid": "10469364#6", "text": "Bruxner started his military career when he was commissioned as a second lieutenant on 11 September 1911 in the 6th Australian (New England) Light Horse, Citizen Military Forces, which was redesignated the 5th the following year. When the First World War broke out in September 1914, Bruxner joined up soon after on 10 October 1914 with the 6th Light Horse Regiment in the Australian Imperial Force. Promoted to captain, Bruxner was sent with his unit to take part in the Gallipoli Campaign, being wounded several times. Later, in 1916, he commanded the 6th during part of the Battle of Romani and served with distinction in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign, for which he was mentioned in despatches twice. On 30 May 1917 was appointed by the President of France, Raymond Poincaré, as a Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur \"in recognition of distinguished services during the campaign\". Also in 1917, Bruxner was appointed to General Headquarters and rose to be assistant adjutant and quartermaster-general of the ANZAC Mounted Division. For his service he was promoted to lieutenant colonel and appointed as a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) in 1919.", "title": "Michael Bruxner" }, { "docid": "27737541#2", "text": "James Caird Bruxner, better known as 'Tim' (which was an old family nickname), was born 18 May 1923 in Tenterfield, New South Wales, the youngest son of NSW Country Party politician Michael Frederick Bruxner and Winifred Hay \"Midge\" Caird. His brother, John Michael Bruxner, later became a Judge of the District Court of New South Wales. He spent his early years on the family property \"Roseneath\", until he left to attend Cranbrook School, Sydney, becoming School Captain in 1940.", "title": "Tim Bruxner" }, { "docid": "10469364#4", "text": "Bruxner was born in Tabulum, near the Clarence River in Northern New South Wales, the second son of English-born grazier Charles Augustus Bruxner (1851–1915) and his wife Sarah Elizabeth Barnes (1858–1941). Bruxner was initially educated in private tuition but was soon sent as a boarder first at St Mark's Crescent School in Darling Point, Sydney and then to The Armidale School, where he became School Captain in 1900. From 1901 to 1903, he studied arts and law at the University of Sydney while resident at St Paul's College, but was expelled for non-attendance of lectures.", "title": "Michael Bruxner" }, { "docid": "55699491#1", "text": "Fleming was the only son of Sir William Fleming, 3rd Baronet of Rydal, Westmorland, and his wife Elizabeth Petyt, daughter of Christopher Petyt of Skipton, Yorkshire and was born on 10 December 1748. His father died when he was nine on 31 March 1757 and he succeeded to the baronetcy. Sir James Lowther became his ward. Fleming was educated at Eton College from 1760 to 1765. In 1770 he became High Sheriff of Cumberland and in 1779 was Lieutenant.-colonel in the Westmorland. Militia.", "title": "Sir Michael le Fleming, 4th Baronet" }, { "docid": "36054407#6", "text": "Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Kenneth Whistler Street, (1890–1972) was elevated as a judge of the Supreme Court on 7 October 1931. He thus joined the bench of which his father, Sir Philip Whistler Street, was then Chief Justice. According to Percival Serle, this is the only known case in Australian history of a father and a son sitting as judges together on the same bench. In 1949, as senior puisne judge, Street acted as Chief Justice when Sir Frederick Richard Jordan died. He was confirmed in that office from 6 January 1950 and was sworn in on 7 February. Street was Lieutenant-Governor from 1950 to 1972. Prior to his career as a judge, he served the Allied forces in World War I, having been commissioned on 29 September 1914 in the Duke of Cornwall’s Light Infantry and sent to France. He ultimately rose to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel in the Australian Army.", "title": "Street family" }, { "docid": "25599519#1", "text": "Barne was the only son of Lieutenant-Colonel Michael Barne and Mary Boucherett, daughter of Ayscoghe Boucherett. He served as a captain in the 12th Royal Lancers.In 1830 he was elected Member of Parliament for the rotten borough of Dunwich, the previous MP being his father. He held the seat until 1832 when it was abolished under the 1832 Reform Act. He lived at Sotterley HalI and was High Sheriff of Suffolk in 1851.", "title": "Frederick Barne" }, { "docid": "51405347#0", "text": "Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Edward Boscawen Frederick, 9th Baronet, (29 June 1880 – 26 October 1956) was a British Army officer, first-class cricketer and courtier.", "title": "Sir Edward Frederick, 9th Baronet" }, { "docid": "57252566#0", "text": "Lieutenant Colonel Sir William Frederick Travers O'Connor C.I.E. C.S.I. C.V.O (30 July 1870, Ireland - 14 December 1943, Chelsea.) was a British and Indian Army officer and diplomat. He was 6'1\" tall with blue eyes and a fair complexion. He is remembered for his travels in Asia, cartography, study and publication of local cultures and language, his actions on the Younghusband expedition to Tibet, Royal Geographic Society council member, member of the Royal Automobile Club and for his work negotiating and signing the Nepal–Britain Treaty of 1923.", "title": "William Frederick Travers O'Connor" }, { "docid": "10469364#1", "text": "Returning to Australia in 1919, Bruxner sold his business and joined the Progressive Party, being elected to the Parliament of New South Wales for Northern Tablelands at the 1920 election. Bruxner came to political prominence when he led the rural \"True Blues\" faction of the Progressive Party that went against their Leader's decision to form a coalition in Sir George Fuller's short-lived government in 1921. Bruxner emerged as the leader of the reduced Progressive Party, which consisted of the members of his faction, but they nevertheless joined with Fuller's Nationalists to form government in 1922. Bruxner also became involved in the New England New State Movement. Bruxner resigned the party leadership, now for the renamed Country Party, at the end of 1925.", "title": "Michael Bruxner" } ]

[ { "docid": "39064501#0", "text": "Jared Leto is an American entertainer with an extensive career in film, music, and television. He made his debut with minor roles in the television shows \"Camp Wilder\" (1992) and \"Almost Home\" (1993). He achieved recognition in 1994 for his role as Jordan Catalano in the teen drama television series \"My So-Called Life\". The show was praised for its portrayal of adolescence and gained a cult following, despite being canceled after only one season. The same year, he made his television film debut starring alongside Alicia Silverstone in \"Cool and the Crazy\". Leto's first film role was in the 1995 drama \"How to Make an American Quilt\". He later co-starred with Christina Ricci in \"The Last of the High Kings\" (1996) and received a supporting role in \"Switchback\" (1997). In 1997, Leto starred in the biopic \"Prefontaine\" in which he played the role of Olympic hopeful Steve Prefontaine. His portrayal received positive reviews from critics and is often considered his breakthrough role. The following year, Leto starred together with Alicia Witt in the horror \"Urban Legend\". He then acted alongside Sean Penn and Adrien Brody in the war film \"The Thin Red Line\" (1998). After playing supporting roles in \"Black and White\" and \"Girl, Interrupted\", Leto portrayed Angel Face in \"Fight Club\" (1999), which has since became a cult film.", "title": "Jared Leto filmography" } ]

[ { "docid": "483360#24", "text": "Leto's next project was \"Hurricane\" (2010), an experimental short film which explores personal demons and unlocking secret fantasies in what is believed to be a dream. Leto filmed it in New York City and described its concept as a \"surrealistic nightmare dream-fantasy.\" Upon release, \"Hurricane\" garnered controversy and was initially censored due to its elements of violence. At the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards, the short film received three nominations in the categories of Best Direction, Best Cinematography and Best Editing.", "title": "Jared Leto" }, { "docid": "32421123#2", "text": "The film follows rock band Thirty Seconds to Mars as they first learn of and then begin to fight a $30 million lawsuit brought by record label EMI. At the time, they had been writing songs in preparation for the follow-up to their 2005 album \"A Beautiful Lie\". For the bulk of the film, the band, consisting of Jared Leto, his brother Shannon Leto, and Tomo Miličević, is shown working with producers Flood and Steve Lillywhite to create what would eventually become \"This Is War\". Between recording sessions, they meet with lawyers to negotiate for the band's survival.", "title": "Artifact (film)" }, { "docid": "41315208#0", "text": "This is a list of awards and nominations received by Jared Leto. In 2009, Leto returned to acting with \"Mr. Nobody\". He was nominated for the Volpi Cup for Best Actor at the 66th Venice International Film Festival for his performance. As April 2017, Jared Leto has been nominated for 119 awards, winning 68. His awards in music are credited to him and fellow rock band members of Thirty Seconds to Mars", "title": "List of awards and nominations received by Jared Leto" }, { "docid": "41315208#1", "text": "In 2013, Leto played HIV positive trans woman Rayon in Jean-Marc Vallée's film \"Dallas Buyers Club\", his first film role in five years. The film was released in November 2013, receiving acclaim from reviewers and roused nominations for major awards. Leto won the Critics' Choice Movie Award, Golden Globe Award, Screen Actors Guild Award, and Academy Award—all of Best Supporting Actor.", "title": "List of awards and nominations received by Jared Leto" }, { "docid": "44755385#4", "text": "Leto described the series as an \"unofficial sequel\" to \"Artifact\", a documentary film about the legal dispute between Thirty Seconds to Mars and record label EMI. He explained, \"it's what happens when \"Artifact\" left off. Literally. The last shot of the film is the first shot of the series.\" The series is directed by Jared Leto under his longtime pseudonym Bartholomew Cubbins. A trailer for the series premiered in November 2014, featuring a British narrator and assorted live scenes, paired with some interviews and some of the band's songs, including \"Closer to the Edge\".", "title": "Into the Wild (TV series)" }, { "docid": "44418595#8", "text": "The episode was filmed on location at University High School in Los Angeles, CA. The pilot was written by series creator Winnie Holzman and directed by Scott Winant. During filming, Holzman changed the status of Jared Leto's character Jordan Catalano. Originally, he was only supposed to appear in the first episode, but after Holzman saw Leto's acting skills, she wanted to keep him as a series regular. \"But as soon as we got Jared on film, we knew he had to be a continuing character.\"", "title": "Pilot (My So-Called Life)" }, { "docid": "44755385#2", "text": "A concert film recorded during the tour was first announced through several teasers released in 2012. Jared Leto, however, after noticing the amount of live footage recorded, decided to release a documentary series which was officially announced on November 3, 2014. In an interview with \"Rolling Stone\", Leto stated, \"You travel the world, you get on stages all over the planet, you have all kinds of once-in-a-lifetime experiences, and what's special is to document that and then share it. This is us in Lebanon and Russia and Israel and Brazil and South Africa – we're sharing some of the most intimate moments of our lives, and also some of the biggest.\"", "title": "Into the Wild (TV series)" }, { "docid": "483360#12", "text": "Leto next appeared in the independent film \"Highway\". Set in 1994, Leto is caught with the wife of his employer, a Vegas thug, and flees to Seattle with his best friend Jake Gyllenhaal in the week preceding Kurt Cobain's suicide. Filming finished in early 2000, but the film was not released until March 2002 on home video formats, although originally scheduled for a theatrical release.", "title": "Jared Leto" }, { "docid": "483360#8", "text": "After landing the lead role of a British aristocrat in the 1998 drama \"Basil\", Leto starred in the horror \"Urban Legend\". The film was poorly received by most movie critics, however, it was a financial success. The same year, Terrence Malick cast Leto for a supporting role in the war film \"The Thin Red Line\" alongside Sean Penn and Adrien Brody. It garnered mostly positive reviews and was a moderate success in the box office. It received multiple awards and nominations, including seven Academy Award nominations; Leto shared a Satellite Award with the rest of the cast.", "title": "Jared Leto" } ]

[ { "docid": "2987730#0", "text": "Count Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld (6 August 1651 – 29 January 1722) was a Swedish Field Marshal (\"Fältmarskalk\") and Royal Councilor. He was King Charles XII's mentor and chief military advisor, and served as deputy commander-in-chief of the Carolean Army, an army he assisted both in its education and development.", "title": "Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld" } ]

[ { "docid": "2987730#3", "text": "After the battle, Rehnskiöld became a prisoner of war in Russia and spent the years in captivity together with Count Carl Piper by running a management office in Moscow to assist the other Swedish prisoners of war. Rehnskiöld was exchanged in 1718 and arrived at the siege of Fredriksten just before Charles XII was shot to death. Rehnskiöld later served as commander in western Sweden and, suffering from an old shrapnel injury, died in 1722.", "title": "Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld" }, { "docid": "2987730#55", "text": "In January 1722, Frederick I summoned Rehnskiöld to Kungsör. Rehnskiöld fell ill during the journey and was taken to Läggesta Inn outside of Mariefred. Having high fever and spitting blood, his declining health indicated that he was suffering from his old shrapnel injury from Veprik. He died on 29 January the same year, and with his death, both the noble and the count's branch of the Rehnskiöld family was extinguished. The funeral took place on 15 March at Storkyrkan in Stockholm. The officiant was Chaplain Jöran Nordberg, who had followed Rehnskiöld and the army from 1703 to 1715. Rehnskiöld's widow, Elisabeth, married Imperial Count Erasmus Ernst Fredrik von Küssow in 1724, and died on 23 November 1726.", "title": "Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld" }, { "docid": "2987730#5", "text": "Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld was the eighth of the Rehnskiölds' eleven children. After his father's death in 1658, Carl Gustav had two brothers and two sisters. The government councilor Philip Christoff von der Lancken and the regional councilor Joachim Cuhn von Owstien, both close friends to Gerdt Rehnskiöld before his death, received custody over the five siblings. The siblings suffered from financial hardship, partly due to Gerdt’s money problems during the latter part of his life, and partly because of inheritance disputes between the five siblings and Gerdt Rehnskiöld's third wife and widow Anna Catharina Gärffelt. The guardians had granted her Birgitta Rehnskiöld's family jewelery and 14,000 riksdaler from the heritage. As a result, the siblings complained about their guardians' way of treating them and wrote several letters of complaint to the Swedish government. Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld's brother-in-law Anders Appelman later came to participate more actively in the upbringing of the five siblings, and gave funds to Carl Gustav's and his brothers' continued education. Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld undertook home education and entered Lund University at the age of 20. Here he studied theology, history, language and philosophy. He participated in lectures with historian and philosopher Samuel von Pufendorf, who took notice of the keen student and offered individual lessons under his tutelage. Pufendorf left a lasting impression. Rehnskiöld re-wrote Pufendorf's work \"Einleitung zur Historie der vornehmsten Reichen und Staaten in Europa\" (printed in Frankfurt only in 1682), provided the manuscript with Pufendorf's personal comments, and kept it for the remainder of his life.", "title": "Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld" }, { "docid": "2987730#32", "text": "The victory at Fraustadt had a crippling effect in Denmark, Russia and Saxony, and caused shock waves around Europe. In France, the victory was celebrated, and Prussian policy immediately became friendlier to the Swedes. In June the same year, Rehnskiöld was made Count (in 1719, the count’s branch of the Rehnskiöld family was introduced at the House of Nobility under number 48). With the main Saxon army defeated, the Swedish Army had the opportunity to move into Saxony and force Augustus II out of the war. In August, Charles XII reunited with Rehnskiöld’s army. The joint army moved through Imperial Silesia, and by September, the Swedes had successfully occupied Saxony without resistance. The Treaty of Altranstädt (1706) was concluded between Sweden and Saxony on 14 September. Under Swedish terms, Augustus II was forced to break all ties with his allies, renounce his claims to the Polish crown, and accept Stanisław Leszczyński as the new King.", "title": "Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld" }, { "docid": "2987730#15", "text": "On January 17, 1697, Rehnskiöld married Elisabeth Funck, daughter of the assessor in Bergskollegium Johan Funck. Rehnskiöld was thus brother-in-law to Carl Magnus Stuart, who was married to his wife's older sister Margaretha Funck. In 1699, a daughter was born to the couple, who died before she was one year old. Rehnskiöld then left Sweden to embark on the Great Northern War, reuniting with his wife on the spring of 1707 in the castle of Altranstädt.", "title": "Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld" }, { "docid": "2987730#36", "text": "Throughout the campaign, Rehnskiöld held a fierce rivalry with the Marshal of the Realm, Count Carl Piper, who had accompanied Charles XII as chief of the perambulating chancellery since 1700. The tense relationship between Rehnskiöld and Piper dated back to the Swedish Army's march on Saxony. Both men desired the King's favor: as the senior civilian army official Piper sought to persuade the King not to make reckless actions, whilst Rehnskiöld, as second-in-command of the army supported the King's offensive plans. The antagonism between the two, in combination with their fiery temperament and pride in their own abilities, made them unable to reason with each other without an intermediary, a role usually filled by Quartermaster general Axel Gyllenkrok. Their relationship would eventually cause discord and division within the Swedish headquarters, as well as hopelessness and anxiety within the army.", "title": "Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld" }, { "docid": "2987730#4", "text": "Rehnskiöld was born on 6 August 1651 in Stralsund in Swedish Pomerania. His parents were the government councilor of Pomerania, Gerdt Antoniison Rehnskiöld (1610−1658), originally Keffenbrinck, and Birgitta Torskeskål (died 1655), niece of Baron Johan Adler Salvius. Keffenbrinck's descendants came from Westphalia, and their seat was the castle of Rehne in the northern part of the Münsterland province. Gerdt Rehnskiöld initially served as a scribe in Kammarkollegium, and later as the authorized representative of the Crown at King Gustavus Adolphus' administrative entourage during the King's military campaign in Germany. Thanks to his efforts in the maintenance of the Swedish troops during the Thirty Years War, he became a naturalized Swedish nobleman in 1639 by Queen Kristina and adopted the name Rehnskiöld after his family seat. He was also awarded the Griebenow, Willershusen, and Hohenwarth estates in Pomerania, as well as Stensättra farm in Södermanland. In 1640, the Rehnskiöld family was introduced in the House of Nobility at number 270.", "title": "Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld" }, { "docid": "2987730#47", "text": "During late autumn 1709, Rehnskiöld and the captured Swedish army were transported to Moscow, where Peter I arranged a massive victory parade on 22 December. The prisoners of war were arranged in ranks, with Rehnskiöld and Piper walking among the last. After the parade, the Swedish prisoners were distributed to cities and prison camps around Russia. Rehnskiöld and Piper moved into Avram Lopuchin's house in Moscow. During a dinner Rehnskiöld had an argument with Piper and Lewenhaupt, where Piper criticized Rehnskiöld's leadership during the battle of Poltava and blamed him for the loss. Piper's insults provoked Rehnskiöld to the point of violence. Lewenhaupt and Gyllenkrok separated them, and Rehnskiöld began accusing Lewenhaupt and the other officers for expressing criticism towards Charles XII:", "title": "Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld" }, { "docid": "2987730#6", "text": "Rehnskiöld joined the Swedish Army at the age of 22, and in 1673 obtained a commission as Ensign at Captain Reinhold Anrep's company in the Närke-Värmland Regiment. Already in the following year, he was appointed Lieutenant at the Queen Dowager of the Realm's Horse Life Regiment. In July 1675, he transferred to the Uppland Regiment, and on 12 February 1676 he became an officer of the prestigious Life Guards.", "title": "Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld" } ]

[ { "docid": "379330#0", "text": "A fighter-bomber is a fighter aircraft that has been modified, or used primarily, as a light bomber or attack aircraft. It differs from bomber and attack aircraft primarily in its origins, as a fighter that has been adapted into other roles, whereas bombers and attack aircraft are developed specifically for bombing and attack roles.", "title": "Fighter-bomber" }, { "docid": "59539823#1", "text": "After the Luftwaffe's specialist ground attack aircraft, the Junkers Ju 87, suffered heavy losses in attacks on Britain, it was decided to use modified Messerschmitt Bf 109s and Messerschmitt Bf 110 as fighter-bombers. The first unit equipped with these aircraft, \"Erprobungsgruppe\" 210, began conducting operations against shipping in the English Channel in the third week of July. The unit began operations against ground targets on 12 August, when aircraft from its three squadrons (\"staffel\") simultaneously attacked radar stations near Dover, Pevensey, Rye and Dunkirk. The unit continued fighter-bomber operations throughout July, but suffered heavy losses during raids on inland targets; casualties among the Bf 110s were particularly high, and it became clear that these large and relatively slow aircraft were not suited to the fighter-bomber role. Nevertheless, the Luftwaffe decided to expand its fighter bomber force, and an additional group equipped with modified Bf 109s became active in August. On 2 September Hermann Göring, the Commander-in-Chief of the Luftwaffe, directed that one squadron of each Bf 109 group was to be equipped with fighter-bombers, and that these aircraft were to be used to attack the British aircraft industry and other industrial facilities.", "title": "Fighter-bomber attacks on the United Kingdom during 1940" }, { "docid": "5578626#12", "text": "Ground Attack Aviation or Fighter-Bomber Aviation (Lovačko-Bombarderska Aviacija) was in the second plan of JRV. All attack aircraft were home-made. The new aircraft like J-22 Orao attack aircraft and G-4 Super Galeb light-attack trainer were replacing older J-21 Jastreb light-attack and G-2 Galeb light-attack trainer aircraft. The First Corps of AF and AD had two fighter-bomber squadrons and one reconnaissance squadron equipped with ground attack reconnaissance aircraft. 252nd from Batajnica Airbase was under direct command of its Corps of AF and AD (unlike other squadrons which were under the command of their Regiments/Brigades). It was equipped with older J-21 Jastreb light attack aircraft and G-2 Galeb trainer/attack aircraft, Utva-66 utility aircraft and new G-4 Super Galebs. Under command of the 97th Aviation Brigade (which was in 1st Corps of AF and AD) there was one fighter-bomber squadron, 240th, equipped with Jastrebs and one reconnaissance squadron, 353.IAE, equipped with IJ-22 Orao reconnaissance-attack aircraft. The Third Corps of AF and AD had two major fighter-bomber aviation units, 98th Aviation Brigade and 127th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment. 98th Aviation Brigade from Skopski Petrovac in Macedonia had three squadrons, two fighter-bomber squadron and one reconnaissance squadron. Fighter-bomber squadrons were 241st equipped with J-22 Orao attack aircraft, 247th with Jastrebs and 354th IAE was equipped with IJ-21 Jastreb reconnaissance aircraft. 127th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment at Golubovci Airbase comprised two fighter-bomber squadrons, 239th equipped with G-4 Super Galebs and 242nd equipped with Jastrebs and J-22 Orao aircraft. The Fifth Corps of AF and AD had most fighter-bomber aviation units, one Aviation Brigade and two Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiments. 82nd Aviation Brigade, at Cerklje Airbase, Slovenia, had two fighter-bomber squadrons and one reconnaissance squadron. Two fighter-bomber squadrons were 237.LBAE equipped with J-21 and NJ-21 Jastrebs, and 238th equipped with J-22 and NJ-22 Orao aircraft. Reconnaissance squadron was 351st equipped with IJ-21 Jastreb and IJ-22 Orao reconnaissance-attack aircraft. 105th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment at Zemunik-Zadar Airbase comprised two fighter-bomber aviation squadrons, 249th equipped with Super Galebs, 251st with Galebs and one aviation squadron, 333rd equipped with Utva 75 training aircraft, An-2 transport aircraft, Gazelle helicopters and Super Galebs. 185th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment at Pula Airport has compos of one fighter-bomber squadron, 229th equipped with G-4 Super Galebs and one fighter squadron, 129th equipped with MiG-21 aircraft in versions MiG-21PFM, MiG-21US and MiG-21UM.", "title": "Yugoslav Air Force" }, { "docid": "379330#38", "text": "Fighter-bombers became increasingly important in the 1950s and 1960s, as new jet engines dramatically improved the power of even the smallest fighter designs. Many aircraft initially designed as fighters or interceptors found themselves in the fighter-bomber role at some point in their career. Notable among these is the Lockheed F-104 Starfighter, first designed as a high-performance day fighter and then adapted to the nuclear strike role for European use. Another such aircraft was the Indian HAL HF-24 Marut. It was used during the Indo-Pak war of 1971, and only three aircraft were lost to ground fire. One aerial kill recorded by Marut flown by Squadron Leader K.K. Bakshi of 220 Squadron shot down a PAF F-86 Sabre on 7 Dec 71 (Flag Officer Hamid Khwaja of 15 Squadron PAF). Other U.S. examples include the North American F-100 Super Sabre and (perhaps most famously) the McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II, each of which were widely used during the Vietnam War.", "title": "Fighter-bomber" } ]

[ { "docid": "10929#5", "text": "Although the term \"fighter\" specifies aircraft designed to shoot down other aircraft, such designs are often also useful as multirole fighter-bombers, strike fighters, and sometimes lighter, fighter-sized tactical ground-attack aircraft. This has always been the case, for instance the Sopwith Camel and other \"fighting scouts\" of World War I performed a great deal of ground-attack work. In World War II, the USAAF and RAF often favored fighters over dedicated light bombers or dive bombers, and types such as the Republic P-47 Thunderbolt and Hawker Hurricane that were no longer competitive as aerial combat fighters were relegated to ground attack. Several aircraft, such as the F-111 and F-117, have received fighter designations though they had no fighter capability due to political or other reasons. The F-111B variant was originally intended for a fighter role with the U.S. Navy, but it was cancelled. This blurring follows the use of fighters from their earliest days for \"attack\" or \"strike\" operations against ground targets by means of strafing or dropping small bombs and incendiaries. Versatile multirole fighter-bombers such as the McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet are a less expensive option than having a range of specialized aircraft types.", "title": "Fighter aircraft" }, { "docid": "5179272#1", "text": "Attack aircraft are military aircraft used to attack targets on the ground with greater precision than strategic bombers. Modern attack aircraft may be expected to function in high threat environments where enemy air defences preclude the use of strategic bombers. Categories overlap depending on how the specific aircraft is used, along with that of fighters, fighter-bombers, and sometimes even trainers which have often been used for the role, particularly when they were obsolete in their original role.\nThe use of the term \"attack\" is primarily an American term as other countries have described identical aircraft variously as light bombers, army cooperation aircraft, close support aircraft and as reconnaissance aircraft though the last term is often used for aircraft not used for such roles.\nThis list is limited to those fixed-wing aircraft that have been built, and does not include projects, might have beens, and napkinwaffe. Dates after each entry are of first flight.", "title": "List of attack aircraft" }, { "docid": "32090#83", "text": "The fighter aircraft of the USAF are small, fast, and maneuverable military aircraft primarily used for air-to-air combat. Many of these fighters have secondary ground-attack capabilities, and some are dual-roled as fighter-bombers (e.g., the F-16 Fighting Falcon); the term \"fighter\" is also sometimes used colloquially for dedicated ground-attack aircraft, such as the F-117 Nighthawk. Other missions include interception of bombers and other fighters, reconnaissance, and patrol. The F-16 is currently used by the USAF Air Demonstration squadron, the Thunderbirds, while a small number of both man-rated and non-man-rated F-4 Phantom II are retained as QF-4 aircraft for use as Full Scale Aerial Targets (FSAT) or as part of the USAF Heritage Flight program. These extant QF-4 aircraft are being replaced in the FSAT role by early model F-16 aircraft converted to QF-16 configuration. The USAF has 2,025 fighters in service as of September 2012.", "title": "United States Air Force" }, { "docid": "15268562#26", "text": "No. 410 Squadron began flying the North American Harvard training aircraft and then flew the Boulton Paul Defiant from July 1941 to May 1942. The Boulton Paul Defiant was a \"turret fighter\" that was used as a night fighter. A problem with this aircraft was that it had no forward armament, and so it was exchanged for the Bristol Beaufighter II, long-range heavy fighter. The Beaufighter was used from April 1942 until January 1943. The Mk II used the Rolls Royce Merlin engine which provided greater power than the original Beaufighter had had. No. 410 Squadron transitioned to the de Havilland Mosquito Mk II in November 1942, and the Squadron then used the Mosquito exclusively until the end of the war. It used the variants VI (July 1943 – September 1943), XIII (December 1943 – August 1944), and XXX (August 1944 – June 1945). All of these fighters had the same basic design—that of a low- to medium-altitude daytime tactical bomber, high altitude night bomber, pathfinder, day or night fighter, fighter-bomber, intruder, maritime strike and photo reconnaissance aircraft.", "title": "410 Tactical Fighter Operational Training Squadron" }, { "docid": "214209#1", "text": "The modern strategic bomber role appeared after strategic bombing was widely employed, and atomic bombs were first used in combat during World War II. Nuclear strike missions (i.e., delivering nuclear-armed missiles or bombs) can potentially be carried out by most modern fighter-bombers and strike fighters, even at intercontinental range, with the use of aerial refueling, so any nation possessing this combination of equipment and techniques theoretically has such capability. Primary delivery aircraft for a modern strategic bombing mission need not always necessarily be a heavy bomber type, and any modern aircraft capable of nuclear strikes at long range is equally able to carry out tactical missions with conventional weapons. An example is France's Mirage IV, a small strategic bomber replaced in service by the ASMP-equipped Mirage 2000N fighter-bomber and Rafale multirole fighter.", "title": "Strategic bomber" }, { "docid": "46947588#22", "text": "The pride of the carrier, known as the \"Sunday Punch\", was the offensive power of 36 fighters, 36 dive bombers and 18 torpedo bombers. The Grumman F6F Hellcat would be the standard fighter, the Curtiss SB2C Helldiver the standard scout aircraft and dive-bomber, and the Grumman TBF Avenger was designed as a torpedo bomber but often used in other attack roles. Later in the war some \"Essex\"es, such as , also included Vought F4U Corsairs in fighter-bomber squadrons (VBFs), the precursor to modern fighter-attack squadrons (VFAs). In the last year of the Pacific War, all of the carrier-based combat aircraft could mount several 5-inch High Velocity Aircraft Rockets (HVARs), which greatly improved their effectiveness against ground targets.\nThe defensive plan was to use radio and radar in a combined effort to concentrate anti-aircraft fire.", "title": "Essex-class aircraft carrier" } ]

[ { "docid": "56637424#3", "text": "Like all Australian communities, Pialba was impacted by WWI, fought from 1914 to 1918. Of the 330,770 Australians who embarked for overseas service in WWI, 58,961 died and 170,909 were wounded, went missing or became prisoners of war. Even before the end of hostilities, memorials were being erected by Australian communities to honour local people who had served and died. These memorials were a spontaneous and highly visible expression of national grief; substitute graves for the Australians whose bodies lay in battlefield cemeteries in Europe and the Middle East.", "title": "Pialba Memorial Cenotaph" }, { "docid": "47276364#14", "text": "Like all Australian communities, Woody Point was affected by the impact of WWI. Of the 330,770 Australians who embarked for overseas service in WWI, 58,961 died and 170,909 were wounded, went missing or became prisoners of war. This meant that around 69% of embarked personnel became casualties - or 21% of eligible Australian males. To date, no previous or subsequent war has had such an impact on Australia in terms of loss of life; almost every community in every Australian state lost young people. Even before the end of hostilities, memorials were being erected by Australian communities to honour local people who had served and died. These memorials were a spontaneous and highly visible expression of national grief; substitute graves for the Australians whose bodies lay in battlefield cemeteries in Europe and the Middle East.", "title": "Woody Point Memorial Hall" }, { "docid": "56599884#16", "text": "Like all Australian communities, Colinton was affected by the impact of WWI. Of the 330,770 Australians who embarked for overseas service in WWI, 58,961 died and 170,909 were wounded, went missing or became prisoners of war. This meant that around 69% of embarked personnel became casualties - or 21% of eligible Australian males. To date, no previous or subsequent war has had such an impact on Australia in terms of loss of life; almost every community in every Australian state lost young people. Even before the end of hostilities, memorials were being erected by Australian communities to honour local people who had served and/or died. These memorials were a spontaneous and highly visible means of honouring those who served and expressing national grief; substitute graves for the Australians whose bodies lay in battlefield cemeteries in Europe and the Middle East.", "title": "Colinton War Memorial" }, { "docid": "49605510#3", "text": "Like all Australian towns and cities, Cairns was affected by the impact of WWI. Of the 330,770 Australians who embarked for overseas service in WWI, 58,961 died and 170,909 were wounded, went missing or became prisoners of war. This meant that around 69% of embarked personnel became casualties - or 21% of eligible Australian males. No previous or subsequent war has had such an impact on Australia in terms of loss of life; almost every community in every Australian state lost young people. Even before the end of hostilities, memorials were being erected by Australian communities to honour local people who had served and died. These memorials were a spontaneous and highly visible expression of national grief; substitute graves for the Australians whose bodies lay in battlefield cemeteries in Europe and the Middle East. The word \"cenotaph\" literally means \"empty tomb\" and was commonly applied to war memorials following its use for the famous Cenotaph at Whitehall, London. Cenotaphs were tapering structures like the London precedent but the term applied generally to war monuments.", "title": "Cairns War Memorial" }, { "docid": "19660852#13", "text": "Of the 130,000 Indians who served in Somme and Flanders theatre of operations during World War One, almost 9,000 died. According to the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, 8128 graves of soldiers of the British Indian Army and porters of the Indian Labour Corps who perished in WWI and WWII are located in France.", "title": "France–India relations" }, { "docid": "33111#0", "text": "The total number of military and civilian casualties in World War I were about 40 million: estimates range from 15 to 19 million deaths and about 23 million wounded military personnel, ranking it among the deadliest conflicts in human history.", "title": "World War I casualties" }, { "docid": "33111#3", "text": "Casualty statistics for World War I vary to a great extent; estimates of total deaths range from 9 million to over 15 million. Military casualties reported in official sources list deaths due to all causes, including an estimated 7 to 8 million combat related deaths (killed or died of wounds) and another two to three million military deaths caused by accidents, disease and deaths while prisoners of war. Official government reports listing casualty statistics were published by the United States and Great Britain. These secondary sources published during the 1920s, are the source of the statistics in reference works listing casualties in World War I. This article summarizes the casualty statistics published in the official government reports of the United States and Great Britain as well as France, Italy, Belgium, Germany, Austria and Russia. More recently the research of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC) has revised the military casualty statistics of the UK and its allies; they include in their listing of military war dead personnel outside of combat theaters and civilians recruited from Africa, the Middle East and China who provided logistical and service support in combat theaters. The casualties of these support personnel recruited outside of Europe were previously not included with British war dead, however the casualties of the Labour Corps recruited from the British Isles were included in the rolls of British war dead published in 1921. The methodology used by each nation to record and classify casualties was not uniform, a general caveat regarding casualty figures is that they cannot be considered comparable in all cases.", "title": "World War I casualties" }, { "docid": "33111#1", "text": "The total number of deaths includes from 9 to 11 million military personnel. The civilian death toll was about 8 million, including about 6 million due to war-related famine and disease. The Triple Entente (also known as the Allies) lost about 6 million military personnel while the Central Powers lost about 4 million. At least 2 million died from diseases and 6 million went missing, presumed dead. This article lists the casualties of the belligerent powers based on official published sources.", "title": "World War I casualties" } ]

[ { "docid": "1163002#1", "text": "Faulks developed the novel to bring more public awareness to the experience of war remembered by WWI veterans. Most critics found this effort successful, commenting on how the novel, like many other WWI novels, thematically focuses on the way in which the experience of trauma shapes individual psyches. Similarly, because of the parallel narratives WWI and 1970s Britain, the novel explores metahistorical questions about how to document and recover narratives about the past. Because of its genre, themes and writing style, the novel has been favourably compared to a number of other war novels, like Ian McEwan's \"Atonement\" and those in Pat Barker's Regeneration Trilogy.", "title": "Birdsong (novel)" }, { "docid": "41959688#0", "text": "Winfield Toll Bridge, also known as the Ross Booth Memorial Bridge, is a historic three-span cantilever Warren Truss bridge located at Winfield and Red House, Putnam County, West Virginia. It was built in 1955, and spans the Kanawha River, carrying West Virginia Route 34. The cantilever through-truss consists of two anchor spans each 245 feet in length and the main span 462 feet in length between pier center lines. The main span consists of two 128 feet, 4 inch, cantilever arms and a 205 feet, 4 inch, suspended span.", "title": "Winfield Toll Bridge" }, { "docid": "18691665#21", "text": "On 21 May 2012, Sanaʽa was attacked by a suicide bomber, resulting in the deaths of 120 soldiers.", "title": "Sanaʽa" }, { "docid": "240900#18", "text": "Included with total war dead are victims of Japanese war crimes.The total war dead in the USSR includes about 1 million victims of Stalin's regime. The number of deaths in the Gulag labor camps increased as a result of wartime overcrowding and food shortages. The Stalin regime deported the entire populations of ethnic minorities considered to be potentially disloyal. Since 1990 Russian scholars have been given access to the Soviet-era archives and have published data on the numbers of people executed and those who died in Gulag labor camps and prisons. The Russian scholar Viktor Zemskov puts the death toll from 1941–1945 at about 1 million based on data from the Soviet archives. The Soviet-era archive figures on the Gulag labor camps has been the subject of a vigorous academic debate outside Russia since their publication in 1991. J. Arch Getty and Stephen G. Wheatcroft maintain that Soviet-era figures more accurately detail the victims of the Gulag labor camp system in the Stalin era. Robert Conquest and Steven Rosefielde have disputed the accuracy of the data from the Soviet archives, maintaining that the demographic data and testimonials by survivors of the Gulag labor camps indicate a higher death toll. Rosefielde posits that the release of the Soviet Archive figures is disinformation generated by the modern KGB. Rosefielde maintains that the data from the Soviet archives is incomplete; for example, he pointed out that the figures do not include the 22,000 victims of the Katyn massacre. Rosefielde's demographic analysis puts the number of excess deaths due to Soviet repression at 2,183,000 in 1939–40 and 5,458,000 from 1941–1945. Michael Haynes and Rumy Husun accept the figures from the Soviet archives as being an accurate tally of Stalin's victims, they maintain that the demographic data depicts an underdeveloped Soviet economy and the losses in World War Two rather than indicating a higher death toll in the Gulag labor camps.", "title": "World War II casualties" }, { "docid": "23735001#81", "text": "The Canadian author James Bacque (a novelist with no previous historical research experience) has written a book \"Other Losses\" in which he claims that the United States are responsible for the deaths of 800,000 to 1,000,000 German POW. Based on his own research Bacque claims that documents from the US Archives show that there were 800,000 German POW who did not survive US captivity. Bacque alleges that General Eisenhower and the US military deliberately withheld support for the German POW, causing their deaths. Bacque presents his arguments with a description of the horrific conditions at the Rheinwiesenlager POW camps and eyewitness accounts of retired US military officers. Bacque maintains that there has been a conspiracy by the United States to cover up these losses. Bacque’s book received wide attention when it was first published in 1989, since then his claims have been challenged by historians who have found his thesis to be unsubstantiated. The US military historian Stephen Ambrose was co-editor of the book \"Eisenhower and the German POWs\" in which he refutes Bacque’s claims. Ambrose maintains that the figure of 800,000 POW missing from the US records was a bookkeeping error, that many POW were released and no records were maintained. Ambrose points out that the US and the UK had to cope with a major logistical problem in order to maintain the huge number of surrendered German personnel and finds the claim that Eisenhower and the US military deliberately withheld support for the German POW to be without merit. Rüdiger Overmans believes that \"on the basis of factual individual data, shown before, the thesis of the Canadian James Bacque cannot be supported\".", "title": "German casualties in World War II" }, { "docid": "33111#6", "text": "The war involved multi-ethnic empires such as Great Britain, France, Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary and Turkey. Many ethnic groups in these territories were conscripted for military service. The casualties listed by modern borders are also included in the above table of figures for the countries that existed in 1914. The casualty figures by 1924 post war borders are rough estimates by Russian historian Vadim Erlikman in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century, the sources of his figures were published in the Soviet era and in post-Soviet Russia. According to the 1914–1918 Online Encyclopedia \"In addition to losses suffered by African military personnel and the laborers supporting their operations, very large, but unknown numbers of African civilians perished during the war.\" They made an estimate of civilian losses in Africa of 750,000 based on the study by the Vadim Erlikman. They noted that Erlikman's figures are based on the work of the Russian demographer Boris Urlanis, they noted that these estimates were \"imprecise\" and \"could be used to provide a frame of reference for further inquiry\". The \"Oxford History of World War One\" notes that \"In east and central Africa the harshness of the war resulted in acute shortages of food with famine in some areas, a weakening of populations, and epidemic diseases which killed hundreds of thousands of people and also cattle.\"\nThe following estimates of Austrian deaths, within contemporary borders, were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Total dead 175,000: including military losses 120,000 with the Austro-Hungarian forces and POW deaths in captivity of 30,000. Civilian dead due to famine and disease were 25,000.\nThe following estimates of Belarusian deaths, within contemporary borders, were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Total dead 130,000: including military losses 70,000 with the Russian forces. Civilian dead were 60,000.\nThe following estimates of Ukrainian deaths, within contemporary borders, were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Total dead 590,000: including military losses 450,000,(Erlikman did not break out military losses between Austro-Hungarian and Russian armed forces). Civilian dead were 140,000.\nThe Belgian Congo was part of the Kingdom of Belgium during the war. A Russian historian Vadim Erlikman in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century based on sources published in the Soviet Union and Russia estimated a total of 155,000 deaths in the Belgian Congo during the war.\nCzechoslovakia was part of Austro-Hungary during the war. The estimates of Czechoslovak deaths within 1991 borders were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Total dead 185,000: including military losses 110,000 with the Austro-Hungarian forces and POW deaths in captivity of 45,000. Civilian dead due to famine and disease were 30,000. The Czechoslovak Legions fought with the armies of the Allies during the war.\nEstonia was part of the Russian Empire during the war and about 100,000 Estonians served in the Russian Army. Of them about 10,000 were killed.\nFrom 1809 Finland was an autonomous Grand Duchy in the Russian Empire until the end of 1917. In 1924 the Finnish government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office, an agency of the League of Nations, reported 26,517 were dead and missing in World War I.", "title": "World War I casualties" } ]

[ { "docid": "4467453#5", "text": "In 2004, all North Dakota State athletic teams moved to Division I. From 2004 to 2007, the Bison were members of the Great West Football Conference. Since 2008 they have been affiliated with the Missouri Valley Football Conference. Since moving to Division I, their primary rival are the South Dakota State University Jackrabbits whom they compete with each year for the Dakota Marker. The team's former head coach was Craig Bohl, who led the Bison from 2003 to 2013, holds the school record for most wins by a head coach, going 104–32 in his tenure at NDSU. Bohl's successor Chris Klieman went 69–6 in his five seasons (2014–2018). During the Bison's successful run to the 2018 FCS title, Klieman was named as the successor to the retiring Bill Snyder as head coach at Kansas State, though both schools agreed that Klieman would remain at NDSU while the Bison were involved in the FCS playoffs. Bison defensive coordinator Matt Entz took over as head coach following that season's championship game.", "title": "North Dakota State Bison football" }, { "docid": "4501299#0", "text": "The North Dakota State Bison men's basketball team is a part of the athletic program at North Dakota State University in Fargo, North Dakota, U.S. They are members of the NCAA Division I and have been part of The Summit League since May 2007. Home games are played at the Bison Sports Arena which is located on the NDSU campus in Fargo, ND. The team shares a conference rival with the South Dakota State Jackrabbits. The Bison men's head coach is David Richman. On March 10, 2009 the Bison made their biggest comeback in school history with a 66–64 win over Oakland University to win the Summit League tournament championship and became the first team since Southwestern Louisiana (now Louisiana-Lafayette) in 1972 to advance to the NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship in their first year of eligibility.", "title": "North Dakota State Bison men's basketball" } ]

[ { "docid": "1585387#4", "text": "Meanwhile, Ryu's American best friend and fighting rival, Ken Masters, has settled down with his girlfriend, Eliza, but still yearns for a good challenge and desires a rematch with Ryu. During a tussle with T. Hawk, who had sought out Ken to challenge him, Ken is seen by a monitor cyborg and the footage of the fight is sent to the Shadowlaw base. Bison sees the footage and learns of Ken's history with Ryu, and decides to hunt him down and hypnotize him in Ryu's stead. Along the way, Bison sees Chun-Li and Guile warning Dee Jay about the monitor cyborgs and destroying one in the process, and subsequently sends Vega to New York to kill Chun-Li. Vega ambushes Chun-Li in her apartment, but after a bloody fight, Chun-Li knocks Vega through the wall of the building and he falls to his death, yet she is badly wounded and falls into a coma. Guile arrives and rushes her to the hospital. He also learns of Ryu and Ken from Interpol, and after learning that Bison has captured Ken, Guile rushes to Thailand to warn Ryu, who is training in the mountains with E. Honda.", "title": "Street Fighter II: The Animated Movie" }, { "docid": "733846#28", "text": "Bison is heavily featured as the primary antagonist of the UDON-published \"Street Fighter\" comic series. His story is mostly unchanged from the official version, portraying him as the dark and sinister leader of Shadaloo. He operates behind a veil of various agents and associates who do his bidding as well as having numerous enemies (such as Chun-Li and Guile). Bison is the student of a mysterious woman whose tribe has mastered the art of Soul Power. After being exiled from further training, he studies the forbidden texts of their people and learns the nature of Psycho Power, the negative half of Soul Power. He returns to her later in life and uses this power to massacre his mentor's tribe, leaving only one survivor (Rose). Like the official story, Bison has a great interest in Ryu after watching him defeat Sagat at the last Street Fighter tournament and observing the nature of the \"Satsui no Hadō\". At the end of the first series of comics, Bison is defeated in a battle with his own creation (Charlie, who had been empowered with Shadaloo technology) when Charlie sacrifices himself to plunge Bison into a river. Bison survives the fall and his body is reanimated with the Psycho Drive, whereupon he resumes his role as Shadaloo dictator. As the comic moves forward, Bison announces his \"Street Fighter II\" tournament, the second global gathering of martial artists, and is documented in the \"Street Fighter II Turbo\" series of comics. The tournament itself runs smoothly up until what would have been the final battle between Ryu and Bison. At this point, Akuma intervenes (much like the official story) and demands a fight with Ryu. Bison senses the amount of great power Akuma carries and attempts to subdue him in combat, only to be halted by Rose's spirit who restrains him while Akuma delivers the final blow and seals Bison's soul for good.", "title": "M. Bison" }, { "docid": "3853632#2", "text": "Billy Kitson was a champion basketball player who won a college scholarship and planned to become a professional basketball player, until another player accidentally tripped him resulting in Billy getting a broken leg. This ended his dreams and his relationship with his girlfriend Shimari Asbery. Billy later made contact with the Egyptian God Seth who turned Billy into the man-bull creature Bison to serve Seth in exchange for his leg being healed. Seth sent Bison to capture a sample of the Inferno-42 weapon from S.H.I.E.L.D. This resulted in Shimari turning to Luke Cage (who was an old neighborhood friend of Billy) and Thunderstrike to help Billy. Bison also ran afoul of Seth's other minions Quicksand and Mongoose, whom Bison later teamed up with to fight Luke Cage and Thunderstrike. However, Billy later turned on his partners, and after saving agent Alex DePaul from his Mandroid armor, Bison was let go. Cage and Thunderstrike left the scene with Bison and Shamari back together again.", "title": "Bison (comics)" }, { "docid": "21798329#9", "text": "Men's Soccer – 1974Howard's top rival is Hampton University. The two schools call their intense rivalry Battle of \"The Real HU\".", "title": "Howard Bison" }, { "docid": "733846#25", "text": "Bison is the main antagonist of the anime film \"\", voiced by Takeshi Kusaka in the Japanese version and Tom Wyner in the English dub with a Trans-Atlantic accent. Bison's organization, Shadaloo (here named \"Shadowlaw\"), is stated as being an international terrorist organization, employing a great deal of scientific technology, including cyborgs (known as \"Monitor Cyborgs\") which pose as humans while broadcasting live images to Bison. As in the games, the \"M\" in his name is not revealed, although his scientist, Senoh, refers to him as \"Master Bison\". Intrigued by Ryu's fighting skills after seeing him defeat Sagat, Bison orders a nationwide manhunt to capture and brainwash him to work for Shadowlaw, but after failing to locate him, he abducts and brainwashes Ken in his stead, while instructing Vega to assassinate Chun-Li. In the film's climax, Bison enters the battlefield by setting Ken on Ryu and fighting Guile. He defeats but spares Guile as an insult, just as Ken manages to overcome Bison's brainwashing. Bison disposes of Ken and faces Ryu, toying with the warrior when he refuses Bison's offer to work under him for Shadaloo. Ken recovers and Bison fights both Ryu and Ken hand-to-hand, and is defeated when he is struck with a combined Hadoken. Bison survives the attack, however, and reappears in the film's final scene, driving a lorry towards Ryu, who prepares to fight Bison again as the film ends.", "title": "M. Bison" }, { "docid": "2678921#3", "text": "Reagan/Doral's athletic rivals are Miami Springs High School and Doral Academy Charter High School. A more informal rival is Mater Academy Charter School. At the 2007 homecoming pep rally, the classes of 2009, 2010, and 2011 named the mascot \"Tyson D. Bison.\" (formerly known as Tyson Bison)", "title": "Ronald W. Reagan/Doral High School" }, { "docid": "733846#27", "text": "Voiced by Richard Newman, Bison's portrayal in the American \"Street Fighter\" animated series is considerably close to his portrayal in both the live-action film and significant aspects of the video game. His primary nemesis is Guile, as in the movie. In the first season, Bison's attack on Chun-Li's village (referenced in the live-action film), appears in a flashback, revealing how he killed Chun-Li's father, who attacked him in futile defiance. Bison later reveals to a vengeful Chun-Li that he also slew his own father in cold blood, and remarks that she doesn't see \"him\" whining about it as she does. The second season explored Bison's relationship with Cammy in the same manner as the games and the anime movie, with Cammy being triggered as a \"sleeper agent\" in the opening episodes. She discovers the truth about Bison in the series finale, but not before she reestablishes her romantic bond with him. Bison seems to worship a Thai deity that instructs him on what to do with his resources, and in the finale, Bison convinces himself he has been told to destroy the Earth through the launching of nuclear missiles. Bison eventually engages Guile in a showdown which concludes when Guile, in a manner reminiscent of the 1994 film, kicks Bison into a computer and fires a sonic boom at him, unleashing a strong magnetic force that pulls Bison into the computer, which explodes afterwards, destroying him completely.", "title": "M. Bison" }, { "docid": "733846#7", "text": "Bison later appears in the \"Street Fighter Alpha\" trilogy, a prequel to the \"Street Fighter II\" series. In \"Street Fighter Alpha: Warriors' Dreams\", Bison appears as the final boss for certain characters and a hidden playable character available via a code. Two characters with ties to Bison were introduced: Rose, a fortune teller with spiritual ties to Bison, whose Soul Power is the opposite of Bison's Psycho Power; and Charlie (Nash in Japan), Guile's deceased war buddy previously mentioned in \"Street Fighter II\", who seeks to track him down. Bison, as he appears in the Alpha games, fights wearing a cape, and gains a teleport and a projectile move. \"Street Fighter Alpha 2\", released the following year in 1996, follows the same plot as the original \"Alpha\", but features completely revamped endings. Bison is featured in this game as a playable character without any cheat codes required. In \"Street Fighter Alpha 3\", released in 1998, a powered-up version of M. Bison serves as the final boss of the game. He is the final boss for every character in the game except for Evil Ryu, whose final boss is Shin Akuma, and his final opponent is Ryu himself. Several revelations are made in this game, including the fact that Rose is the good half of Bison's soul and the fact that Cammy is a female clone of Bison. In the canonical ending of \"Alpha 3\", Bison fights Ryu and very nearly possesses him, but Ryu is able to counter Bison's Psycho Power with his Hadou and ultimately overcomes the warlord, defeating him and destroying his body. Similar endings apply to the game's other characters.", "title": "M. Bison" } ]

[ { "docid": "84274#1", "text": "The battle was won by the combined forces of the Holy Roman Empire and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the latter represented only by the forces of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland (the march of the Lithuanian army was delayed, and they reached Vienna after it had been relieved). The Viennese garrison was led by Ernst Rüdiger Graf von Starhemberg, an Austrian subject of Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I. The overall command was held by the senior leader, the King of Poland, John III Sobieski, who led the relief forces.", "title": "Battle of Vienna" }, { "docid": "84274#0", "text": "The Battle of Vienna ( or \"Kahlenberg\" (Battle of the Bald Mountains); or \"odsiecz wiedeńska\" (The Relief of Vienna); Modern Turkish: \"İkinci Viyana Kuşatması\", Ottoman Turkish: \"Beç Ḳalʿası Muḥāṣarası\") took place at Kahlenberg Mountain near Vienna on 1683 after the imperial city had been besieged by the Ottoman Empire for two months. The battle was fought by the Habsburg Monarchy, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Holy Roman Empire, under the command of King John III Sobieski against the Ottomans and their vassal and tributary states. The battle marked the first time the Commonwealth and the Holy Roman Empire had cooperated militarily against the Ottomans, and it is often seen as a turning point in history, after which \"the Ottoman Turks ceased to be a menace to the Christian world\". In the ensuing war that lasted until 1699, the Ottomans lost almost all of Hungary to the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I.", "title": "Battle of Vienna" } ]

[ { "docid": "84274#27", "text": "The Ottoman troops were tired and dispirited following the failure of the attempt at sapping, the assault on the city and the advance of the Holy League infantry on the Türkenschanze. The cavalry charge was the final deadly blow. Less than three hours after the cavalry attack, the Christian forces had won the battle and saved Vienna. The first Christian officer who entered Vienna was Margrave Ludwig of Baden, at the head of his dragoons. Afterwards Sobieski paraphrased Julius Caesar's famous quotation (\"Veni, vidi, vici\") by saying \"\"Veni, vidi, Deus vicit\"\"—\"I came, I saw, God conquered\".", "title": "Battle of Vienna" }, { "docid": "2353203#1", "text": "The Great Turkish War began in July 1683 with an attack on Vienna by the Ottoman army. The siege was broken by the Battle of Vienna on 12 September, won by the combined forces of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nations and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, under the overall command of the King of Poland, John III Sobieski, who led the Polish forces. From September the initiative passed to the imperial troops. In the following years the Imperial Habsburg armies under Charles of Lorraine drove the Ottomans back, conquering many fortresses (such as Esztergom, Vác, Pest). After the Battle of Buda they laid siege to and took over the former Hungarian capital of Buda. At the end of 1686 the Ottomans made peace overtures; however, the Imperial Habsburgs saw a chance to conquer the whole of Hungary and the overtures were rejected.", "title": "Battle of Mohács (1687)" }, { "docid": "84274#20", "text": "The confederated troops signaled their arrival on the Kahlenberg above Vienna with bonfires. The forces in the city of Vienna responded by sending a Polish-Ukrainian former Zaporozhian Cossack and trader who was fluent in Turkish, by the name of Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki, in a successful spy mission to penetrate the Turkish forces and notify the relief troops of when the joint attack was to be made. Before the battle a Mass was celebrated, said by Marco d'Aviano, the religious adviser of Emperor Leopold I.", "title": "Battle of Vienna" }, { "docid": "32066893#15", "text": "The Town of Vienna has given the name of \"Battle Street\" to a street near the battle site. To commemorate the 100th anniversary of the battle, the Town hosted in 1961 a battle reenactment that featured a steam train that operated on the Washington and Old Dominion Railroad's tracks, which were still in active use. The Town also commemorated the 125th anniversary of the battle in 1986. On June 18, 2011, the Town and other organizations presented a reenactment of the battle near its site to commemorate the battle's 150th anniversary. That reenactment featured a replica steam locomotive that had been leased from the Town of Strasburg, Virginia for $2,500 and transported to Vienna.", "title": "Battle of Vienna, Virginia" }, { "docid": "2109648#10", "text": "Throughout the centuries the suburb, due to its strategic location (elevated in respect to the centre of Vienna) was occupied and often looted. The decisive encounter of the Battle of Vienna in 1683 was fought on September 12, between Jan III Sobieski and the forces of the Ottoman Empire, commanded by the Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha.\nAt the 2010 elections the FPÖ won 6.3% and reached 14.7% The Greens lost 0.3% and now have 13.6%. \nThe ÖVP lost dramatically 4.3% and now only has 36.4%, the SPÖ lost 2.5% and now only has 31.8%. \nThe BZÖ could practically double itself through winning of 0.6% up to now 1,3%, whereas the KPÖ reached 0.8% and is stagnating.", "title": "Döbling" }, { "docid": "32066893#1", "text": "The Union was trying to protect the areas of Virginia opposite Washington, D.C., and established a camp at Vienna, at the end of a 15-mile railroad to Alexandria. As Union Brig. Gen. Robert C. Schenck was transporting the 1st Ohio Infantry to Vienna by train, they were overheard by Confederate scouts led by Colonel Maxcy Gregg, who set up an ambush. They hit the train with two cannon shots, inflicting casualties of eight killed and four wounded, before the Union men escaped into the woods. The engineer had fled with the locomotive, so the Union force had to retreat on foot. The Confederates briefly attempted a pursuit in the dark, but it was called off.", "title": "Battle of Vienna, Virginia" }, { "docid": "32066893#11", "text": "The Union officers were criticized for not sending skirmishers in front of the train which had moved slowly along the track and for disregarding the warning given to them by the local Union sympathizer. The Battle of Vienna followed the Union defeat at the Battle of Big Bethel only a week earlier and historian William C. Davis noted that \"the press were much agitated by the minor repulse at Vienna on June 17, and the people were beginning to ask when the Federals would gain some victories.\"", "title": "Battle of Vienna, Virginia" }, { "docid": "26531491#4", "text": "The narration picks up the action in Vienna on May 16, 1809 and introduces colonel Louis-François Lejeune, a professional soldier and officer of the General Staff; he and Napoleon are the pivotal characters of the novel. As a liaison officer, Lejeune has access to Napoleon and his entourage. Napoleon is shown \"as a foul-mouthed, callous bully, driven by vanity and detested even by his closest comrades.\" The book describes Napoleon's preparations for the battle, his hasty and ultimately disastrous decision to build a pontoon bridge across the raging Danube, and his often tense relationship with his subordinates, among them André Masséna, Pierre Daru, Jean-Baptiste Bessières, Louis-Alexandre Berthier, Jean Boudet, Jean-Baptiste Marbot, and the fatally wounded Jean Lannes. The two-day battle is described in gory detail, including the mass murder of hundreds of prisoners. Lejeune’s friend is Henry Beyle, later known as Stendhal, who, afflicted with syphilis, remains in Vienna as an observer; they both have a common love interest in Anna Krauss, an Austrian woman.", "title": "The Battle (Patrick Rimbaud novel)" } ]

[ { "docid": "23853115#18", "text": "Swallow Street (whose name was Gage prior to 1790) was one of the few bird streets whose name was not kept, its name being changed to Knox Street in 1809. Knox Street would stretch north from Myrtle Avenue to Clinton Avenue, and eventually to Livingston Avenue. In 1896 Northern Boulevard was built from that intersection of Knox and Livingston north to Van Rensselaer Boulevard, including a 653-foot-long bridge over Tivoli Hollow and the New York Central Railroad's tracks, a modern bridge still carries Northern Boulevard at that location. In 1898 a 759-foot-long bridge was built to carry Knox from Central Avenue over Sheridan Hollow to Sheridan Avenue, and again a modern bridge is there today. When Washington Park was being created, Knox Street between Madison Ave and State Street was purchased in 1880 and all buildings were removed. Knox Street in the park is now a pedestrian mall, called the Knox Street Mall; it is the only straight path in the park. Later, Knox Street from State to Livingston would be changed to Northern Boulevard to match the street it met up with, this left the name Knox Street as only the three blocks between Myrtle and Madison in the Park South neighborhood. In 1991 Northern Boulevard from Livingston to State along with its extension within Washington Park to Madison Avenue at Willett Street was renamed Henry Johnson Boulevard in honor of an African-American World War I hero. The name Northern Boulevard remains from Livingston to Van Rensselaer Boulevard.", "title": "Streets of Albany, New York" } ]

[ { "docid": "4553010#1", "text": "NY 377 begins adjacent to Albany Memorial Hospital at an interchange with US 9 in the city of Albany. The highway initially heads to the northeast as a four-lane, city-maintained road, following Northern Boulevard along the south side of Wolfert's Roost Country Club and the northern edge of a housing tract. After a quarter-mile (0.4 km), the route turns northward onto Van Rensselaer Boulevard, another four-lane street divided by a narrow median. The route runs past two blocks of homes before leaving the Albany city limits and becoming state-maintained as it crosses into the town of Colonie and its village of Menands. Within Menands, NY 377 traverses another mile (1.6 km) of housing tracts before ending at an intersection with NY 378 (Menand Road) northwest of the village center. The northern terminus of NY 377 also serves as the south entrance to Albany Rural Cemetery.", "title": "New York State Route 377" }, { "docid": "28814220#22", "text": "North Albany's main streets are North Pearl Street and Broadway which run north-south from Arbor Hill and Downtown to Menands. Most other streets in the neighborhood are cross streets that intersect either or both of those main streets. North Pearl Street is also part of NY 32. Loudonville Road connects North Pearl Street and Broadway northwest to US 9 and Van Rensselaer Boulevard. Van Rensselaer Boulevard on the western border of North Albany travels north to Menands and the Albany Rural Cemetery, at the intersection with Northern Boulevard and Lawn Avenue it becomes New York Route 377 (NY 377). I-90 cuts through the neighborhood and intersects with I-787 along the Hudson River crossing the Patroon Island Bridge into the city and county of Rensselaer. I-787 travels along the Hudson River at the eastern edge of North Albany and at exit 4A at Water and North Ferry streets allows access to the southern edge of the neighborhood.", "title": "North Albany, Albany, New York" }, { "docid": "28814220#8", "text": "Many of North Albany's former turnpikes continued to be of importance to long-distance travel throughout the 20th century as evidenced by the designation of several US and state routes. North Pearl Street was extended from Pleasant Street to Emmett Street and then on to the city line at the village of Menands in 1925, and as a consequence of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York North Pearl Street became a part of New York Route 32 (NY 32). In the 1940s NY Route 2 (NY 2) was extended south to NY Route 5 (NY 5) downtown by way of an overlap with NY 32. NY 2 was rerouted in the early 1950s to leave NY 32 at the junction of Wolfert Avenue and Broadway in Menands and then follow Broadway into downtown. In the mid-1960s, Route 2 was shortened to end prior to North Albany.", "title": "North Albany, Albany, New York" }, { "docid": "23853115#26", "text": "Manning Boulevard today extends from Whitehall Road northeast to Western Avenue and then northeast and east on to the intersection of Central and Clinton avenues. The boulevard then travels along the western edge of Swinburne Park. It then turns east to Tivoli Park. On the other side of Tivoli Park, Manning Boulevard continues alongside Livingston Middle School to Northern Boulevard. Manning Boulevard starts again to the south where Northern Boulevard turns southwest to join Henry Johnson Boulevard but the road continues southeast as Manning Boulevard. Manning Boulevard finally ends at Livingston Avenue across from Ten Broeck Street. Between Western and Washington avenues, Manning Blvd is unusual for an Albany city street for the houses along that section are along frontage roads on either side of that boulevard. There are four intersections for access to and from the frontage roads, including one that is also an intersection for Lancaster Street.", "title": "Streets of Albany, New York" }, { "docid": "5895646#21", "text": "After the bridge, Route 9 runs under I-787 for several blocks, then takes an offramp past the Albany Pump House to become Clinton Avenue. There it intersects the two routes which have paralleled 9 up the west side of the Hudson. At Pearl Street and the Palace Theatre, it crosses NY 32 (North Pearl Street), which continues north, and US 9W (Lark Street), which ends at the junction. Route 9 turns north on Henry Johnson Boulevard and widens to cross I-90 again via a flyover originally built for the canceled Mid-Crosstown Arterial, exiting the city of Albany in the process.\nJust before reaching the northern suburb of Colonie, 9 returns to two lanes and follows Loudon Road through well-to-do residential neighborhoods past Albany Memorial Hospital and Wolferts Roost Country Club. The short NY 377 forks off to the north while Route 9 trends slightly westward. A five-way intersection marks Loudonville. Siena College in Newtonville is on the east side a mile past the junction, with the Colonie Town Hall opposite.", "title": "U.S. Route 9 in New York" }, { "docid": "23853115#25", "text": "Originally called Northern Boulevard the first section built in 1876 by the Board of Commissioners of Washington Park at the same time as Washington Park. It was also referred to as Boulevard. That first section constructed was just east of the toll-booth on Western Avenue, north and east to intersection of Central and Clinton avenues, at what would be called Manning Square. South of Western Avenue, Manning Boulevard was named Hawkins Avenue. In \"Stvdies for Albany\" (1914) which was commissioned by the city, it was proposed that Manning Boulevard be extended through Hawkins Avenue and continued to New Scotland Avenue and eventually to Delaware Avenue which it would then form a semicircular parkway around the city. The boulevard received its current name in honor of Daniel Manning, a former park commissioner and Secretary of the Treasury\nunder President Grover Cleveland.", "title": "Streets of Albany, New York" }, { "docid": "4553010#2", "text": "On April 30, 1919, the state of New York awarded a contract to improve the portion of Van Rensselaer Boulevard north of the Albany city limits to state highway standards. The project cost $33,796 to complete (equivalent to $ in 2022), and the rebuilt road was added to the state highway system on November 11, 1919, as unsigned State Highway 1518 (SH 1518). It did not have a posted route number until the mid-1930s when SH 1518 became part of NY 377, a new route continuing south to the intersection of Northern Boulevard and Loudonville Road in Albany by way of city-owned streets. The alignment of NY 377 has not changed since that time; however, the junction at the south end of the route was reconfigured into an interchange when the portion of US 9 in northern Albany was converted into a limited-access highway in the 1970s.", "title": "New York State Route 377" }, { "docid": "1714470#3", "text": "Northern Boulevard continues through Flushing—where it was once known as Broadway—towards Bayside. The route travels generally easterly across Bayside, intersecting with the Clearview Expressway (I-295) along the way. Not far to the east, it crosses over the Cross Island Parkway at Alley Pond Park. Past the Cross Island Parkway, NY 25A goes through Douglaston and Little Neck before crossing the New York City line into Nassau County. The five-mile stretch of Northern Boulevard stretching eastward from Flushing has been described as roughly coterminous with the Long Island Koreatown (롱 아일랜드 코리아타운).", "title": "New York State Route 25A" }, { "docid": "28814220#11", "text": "During the 1960s the Albany municipal landfill was located on the site of a former river water filtration plant that operated from the early 20th century to the 1930s. While the tanks are assumed to have been demolished, several structures associated with the plant are still buried under the trash, such as concrete foundations and tunnel structures. Located along Erie Boulevard on approximately between Interstate 787 (I-787), Interstate 90 (I-90), Erie Boulevard, and the Albany County Wastewater Treatment Plant, it was closed to municipal waste in 1969 in favor of a new landfill in the Albany Pine Bush area in the western section of the city. The landfill continued to operate as the North Albany Demolition Landfill, for demolition/construction debris until 1988. The city's Department of Public Works garage was built on a part of the landfill, with land near by used for the creation of the Erie Boulevard Commerce Park on . Original plans were for Erie Boulevard, which was built on top of the old Erie Canal, to be extended through to Menands to Exit 6 of I-787. Though Albany would have borne all the costs of construction Menands still refused. Erie Boulevard was subsequently built to the border and no further in 1988 as part of the park construction.", "title": "North Albany, Albany, New York" } ]

[ { "docid": "5869518#3", "text": "Rajamouli started directing Telugu soap operas on Eenadu Television, under the guidance of K. Raghavendra Rao. Later on, he directed Santhi Nivasam TV Serial which was produced by K. Raghavendra Rao. His first shot at Telugu films was \"Student No.1\", with \"Jr. NTR\" in 2001. It took two years for Rajamouli to come up with his second movie \"Simhadri\". In the two-year gap between \"Student No.1\" and \"Simhadri\", Rajamouli planned his first mythological film with Malayalam actor Mohanlal, but the film eventually got shelved. In 2015, Assistant art director Manu Jagath, who later worked as the art director for Baahubali, released several sketches he had drawn for the shelved Mohanlal project. Rajamouli's third movie was \"Sye\", with actors Nithin and Genelia D'Souza. It was a first-of-its-kind movie in Tollywood, in that it was based on a rugby game. This movie was also the first instance where Rajamouli collaborated with K. K. Senthil Kumar. His next was \"Chatrapathi\", with the music of M. M. Keeravani and cinematography by Senthil Kumar.", "title": "S. S. Rajamouli" } ]

[ { "docid": "5869518#0", "text": "Koduri Srisaila Sri Rajamouli (born 1973), known professionally as S. S. Rajamouli is an Indian film director and screenwriter, known for his works primarily in Telugu cinema. He is known for directing high fantasy works such as \"Magadheera\" (2009), \"Eega\" (2012), the two part \"\" (2015) and \"\" (2017). The Baahubali franchise has achieved the highest grossing Indian multilingual film franchise of all time globally, with a box office of approximately . The first edition, Baahubali: The Beginning was nominated for Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film, while the second edition, Baahubali 2: The Conclusion received the Saturn Award for Best International Film by the American Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror Films. The second edition, garnered the Australian Telstra People's Choice Award at the 2017 Indian Film Festival of Melbourne.", "title": "S. S. Rajamouli" }, { "docid": "5869518#5", "text": "In 2015, he directed \"\", which became the second Global highest grossing Indian film of all time, and the highest grossing Indian film of all time within India. The making of the epic film was featured in BBC's documentary on 100 Years of Indian cinema, directed by Sanjeev Bhaskar. The film was shot using Arri Alexa XT camera, marking Rajamouli's first film using digital camera. Rajamouli's work was cited by \"The Hollywood Reporter\", \"The Guardian\" and \"The Huffington Post\". The film was Nominated in four categories at the 42nd Saturn Awards of the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror Films in Los Angeles, USA.", "title": "S. S. Rajamouli" }, { "docid": "33374981#11", "text": "The script was doctored by Rajamouli's brother, S. S. Kanchi, while Janardhan Maharshi and Crazy Mohan wrote the dialogue for the Telugu and Tamil versions respectively, marking their first collaboration with Rajamouli. James Fowlds was initially chosen as the film's director of photography, but was replaced by K. K. Senthil Kumar due to creative differences and scheduling conflicts. M. M. Keeravani composed the film's soundtrack and score, Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao edited the film, Ravinder Reddy was its art director, and Rajamouli's wife Rama worked on the costume design.", "title": "Eega" }, { "docid": "10252692#4", "text": "Sudeep made his debut in Telugu cinema in 2012, with S. S. Rajamouli's \"Eega\", a fantasy film in which he portrayed an industrialist who, on falling for an NGO worker (played by Samantha Ruth Prabhu), kills her alleged lover, who begins to haunt him in the form of a housefly. The film and Sudeep's performance were highly acclaimed. In 2013, \"Bachchan\" and \"Varadanayaka\" were released. His next film was a drama titled \"Maanikya\" that he also directed, a remake of the Telugu film, \"Mirchi\" (2013). In 2015 he starred in \"Ranna\", a remake of the Telugu film, \"Attarintiki Daredi\", and played a cameo role as a Persian arms trader in \"\", directed by S. S. Rajamouli—the year's highest-grossing film.", "title": "Sudeep" }, { "docid": "38222746#9", "text": "K. V. Vijayendra Prasad, father of S. S. Rajamouli and the storywriter of \"Baahubali: The Beginning\" had revealed that he was inspired by the hero introduction sequence of the 1967 Kannnada film, \"Immadi Pulikeshi\", based on the life of the Chalukya king, Pulakeshin II and hence incorporated a similar sequence. He had further revealed that the core storyline – where one brother is not given the throne because of his disability leading to animosity between blood relatives – was also partly inspired by this movie. In February 2011, S. S. Rajamouli announced that Prabhas will star in his upcoming movie. In January 2013, he announced that the working title as \"Baahubali\" and the actual film production started at Rock Gardens in Kurnool on 6 July 2013. The waterfall scenes in the film were shot at Athirappilly Falls in Kerala, huge sets for the Mahishmati kingdom were constructed at Ramoji Film City in Hyderabad and the snow episodes in the film were shot in Bulgaria. The screen writer, K. V. Vijayendra Prasad who wrote stories for most of Rajamouli's films once again penned the story for Baahubali. The film boasts of one year pre production work where in 15,000-story board sketches for the film were created which is highest for any Indian Film as of this date. More than 90 percent of the film had visually enhanced shots and according to the producer, more than 600 VFX artists worked for the film from 18 facilities around the world led by Makuta VFX and Firefly in Hyderabad, Prasad Studios in Hyderabad and Chennai, Annapurna Studios in Hyderabad, Tau Films in Malaysia, and Dancing Digital Animation and Macrograph in South Korea. Makuta VFX which had prior experience of working with S.S.Rajamouli was chosen as principal visual effects studio. The cinematography of the movie was done by KK Senthil Kumar for 380 days using Arri Alexa XT camera with Master Prime lens marking Rajamouli's first film using digital camera.", "title": "Baahubali: The Beginning" }, { "docid": "5869518#1", "text": "His other works include the sports drama film \"Sye\" and the social problem film \"Vikramarkudu\", which was screened at the 37th International Film Festival of India in the mainstream section. The melodrama films \"Maryada Ramanna\", \"Vikramarkudu\" and \"Chhatrapati\" were remade in various Indian languages, with successful reviews. Rajamouli has garnered several awards including three National Film Awards, four Filmfare Awards South, five state Nandi Awards, the IIFA Award, two SIIMA Awards, the Star World India, \"Entertainer of The Year\" in 2012, and the \"CNN-News18 Indian of the Year in Entertainment\" for 2015. In 2016, he was honoured with the Padma Shri, India's fourth highest civilian honour for his contributions towards the field of Art. \nRajamouli was born on 1973 in Amareshwara Camp Raichur, Karnataka to screenwriter K. V. Vijayendra Prasad and Raja Nandini. His family hails from Kovvur in Andhra Pradesh. His primary education was done at Kovvur and his higher education was at Eluru. He lived in Vizag for several years as his mother was from there. Rajamouli is an atheist.", "title": "S. S. Rajamouli" }, { "docid": "5654699#0", "text": "Simhadri is a 2003 Telugu action masala film directed by S. S. Rajamouli. The film was presented by V. Doraiswamy Raju and produced by V. Vijay Kumar Varma for the production company VMC Combines. The film stars Jr. NTR, Ankitha, and Bhumika Chawla in lead roles with Mukesh Rishi, Nassar, and Rahul Dev portraying supporting roles. The film's story was penned by Rajamouli's father V. Vijayendra Prasad and the dialogues were penned by M. Rathnam", "title": "Simhadri (2003 film)" }, { "docid": "33374981#9", "text": "The young girl is impressed with the story of the fly her father narrates.The idea for \"Eega\" originated in the late 1990s in screenwriter K. V. Vijayendra Prasad mind. At that time, he was joking about a housefly seeking revenge on a human in a conversation with his son S. S. Rajamouli. Prasad later developed the idea as a script for an English-language film set in 1830s America, in which an African-American boy dies in an attempt to free his family from slavery and is reincarnated as a fly. After completing \"Maryada Ramanna\" (2010), Rajamouli reconsidered the concept after thinking of directing a film that was distinct from any other. He decided to make \"Eega\" a bilingual film in Telugu and Tamil – each scene including speech was filmed twice, once for each language. The Tamil version, titled \"Naan Ee\", was Rajamouli's directorial debut in Tamil cinema. The film was presented by Daggubati Suresh Babu of Suresh Productions.", "title": "Eega" }, { "docid": "23103066#34", "text": "Oneindia Entertainment stated, \"S. S. Rajamouli has chosen a fantastic love story for his movie Magadheera and linked it to a love story that dated back to some 400 years. He has filled complete energy in the film and no doubt, the graphic works and modern technology are perfectly used for the movie. As a whole, the film reminds the audiences of watching a Hollywood movie with perfect local flavor\", and called the film's screenplay by Rajamouli a highlight. Upperstall.com stated \"Magadheera is not an epic, not a legend, not even a cult movie, but it is certainly an artistic extravaganza and a sensory treat. Like we said before, a must watch! A mast watch!\".", "title": "Magadheera" } ]

[ { "docid": "255338#0", "text": "Sir Anerood Jugnauth GCSK, , QC, MP, PC (born 29 March 1930) is a Mauritian politician who has served as both President and Prime Minister of Mauritius. He is Member of Parliament for Piton & Riviere Du Rempart.", "title": "Anerood Jugnauth" } ]

[ { "docid": "22379788#0", "text": "Ashok Kumar Jugnauth (born आशोक कुमार जग्नोथ on 4 January 1953) is a former Mauritian Member of Parliament and was the Minister of Health of Mauritius from 2000 to 2005. He served in the cabinet of Anerood Jugnauth from 2000 to 2003 and that of Paul Berenger from 2003 to 2005. He is part of the Jugnauth family. He is the younger brother of Sir Anerood Jugnauth. He was minister during his brother's term as Prime Minister.", "title": "Ashok Jugnauth" }, { "docid": "255338#5", "text": "He was made Queen's Counsel in 1980 and was made a member of the Privy Council in 1983. He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in 1988 when Mauritius was still one of the Queen's realms and the Queen was titular head of state. Therefore, he still uses his formal title of \"Sir Anerood\" and also the prefix used by Privy Councillors, \"The Right Honourable\". His name is often abbreviated as 'SAJ' being the initials of Sir Anerood Jugnauth. He is currently one of the last Mauritian Knights of the United Kingdom and is the last Mauritian to be member of the Privy Council.", "title": "Anerood Jugnauth" }, { "docid": "20759003#2", "text": "He is the only son of Sir Anerood Jugnauth and Sarojini Ballah. His candidacy for Parliamentary General Elections in Constituency No 9, Rose Belle and Vieux Grand Port in 2000 made him elected as Member of Parliament from there. He was appointed as Minister of Agriculture by President Uteem to serve in the cabinet. He served as Minister under the premiership of his father Anerood Jugnauth who became Prime Minister in 2000 after winning the elections with the MSM/MMM coalition.", "title": "Pravind Jugnauth" }, { "docid": "255338#41", "text": "Due to the end of the mandate of Sir Anerood, two persons, Vice President (Angidi Chettiar) and himself were the two persons nominated to the Presidency. He was voted for by both governing members of parliament as well as opposition MPs. Jugnauth was elected to the ceremonial post of President in 2003. After five years in office, he was re-elected by the National Assembly in a unanimous vote on 19 September 2008, supported by both the government and the opposition.", "title": "Anerood Jugnauth" }, { "docid": "1826511#3", "text": "The MSM was founded in 1983 by Sir Anerood Jugnauth, who has been Prime Minister three times, for a total of sixteen years (1982-1995, 2000-2003, and again since 2014). He was also President from 2003 to 2012. He led the MSM from 1983 to 2003, when his son Pravind Jugnauth, officially assumed the leadership. Pravind Jugnauth served as Vice Prime Minister in his father's cabinet. Other members of the Jugnauth family have also been politically active, including Lall Jugnauth (a former Attorney General), Ashok Jugnauth (former Minister of Health) and Maya Hanoomanjee (also former Minister of Health).", "title": "Militant Socialist Movement" }, { "docid": "20759003#5", "text": "Born on 25 December 1961 in La Caverne, a suburb area in Vacoas-Phoenix, Mauritius, Jugnauth was born into a high class Hindu Yadav family. He was born to Anerood Jugnauth, a famous well known barrister who was the second prime minister of Mauritius and Sarojini Ballah, a school teacher form a well-off family. He has an elder sister, Shalini Jugnauth, married to Dr Kishan Malhotra.", "title": "Pravind Jugnauth" }, { "docid": "450058#10", "text": "Sir Anerood Jugnauth was elected in 2003. Taking office on 7 October 2003, he was re-elected in 2008. In March 2012, Sir Anerood criticised the government, saying that the economy has entered in a vicious circle of economic loss and the population are suffering. The Prime Minister Dr. Navin Ramgoolam said that the Presidency was an apolitical office and invited him to join the political arena. SAJ resigned on 31 March 2012 and make his comeback in politics, he took the lead of his former party Militant Socialist Movement (MSM) which just break it alliance with the Labour party and left the government because of corruption accusation, the Medpoint Scandal. After the return of Sir Anerood, the MSM concluded an alliance with the opposition party Mauritian Militant Movement.", "title": "President of Mauritius" }, { "docid": "255338#35", "text": "In early 1999 when the Labor Party and MMM decided to end up their team, MMM became the opposition party and MLP formed the government.Sir Anerood Jugnauth then initiated the idea of the \"\"Medpoint Deal\"\"The MSM led by Anerood Jugnauth and MMM led by Paul Bérenger agreed that if they won the election Anerood Jugnauth would become Prime Minister. They agreed that after 3 years he would step down as Prime Minister to become the President of Mauritius with enhanced powers and Bérenger would become Prime Minister, the first non-Hindu to do so. The idea was both agreed by the MSM members and MMM members.It was agreed that Paul Berenger would remain Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance for 3 years up to 2003 and after that would take up the leadership of both parties becoming prime minister for the rest of the term thus up to 2005.He was prime minister for 21 months. They formed up the MSM/MMM in 2000.", "title": "Anerood Jugnauth" }, { "docid": "22219355#2", "text": "Sarojini Ballah married Sir Anerood Jugnauth on 18 December 1957, she has two children, Shalini (now Mrs. Malhotra) and Pravind who is the former Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of Finance and Economic Development. She is the grandmother of five grandchildren that is Anusha, Divya, Sonika, Sonali and Sara.", "title": "Sarojini Jugnauth" } ]

[ { "docid": "742356#36", "text": "This giant breed matures slowly in both mind and body, taking anywhere from 2 to 3 years. The objective in training this dog is for the owner to build trust through humane methods. As youngsters, they can be quite boisterous and they do require steady and reliable training to develop manners and physical self-control. As with all large, active working dogs, this breed should be well socialized early in life with other dogs and people, and be provided with regular activity and training.", "title": "Greater Swiss Mountain Dog" } ]

[ { "docid": "11351013#0", "text": "A giant dog breed has no universal height or weight classification, although some groups define \"giant breeds\" as those heavier than . Giant breeds grow rapidly, but take longer to mature into their full adult sizes than smaller dogs.", "title": "Giant dog breed" }, { "docid": "11351013#1", "text": "Many giant breeds are mature, soft and relaxed dogs as adults and require less exercise than most smaller dogs, so they can make better pets for small living arrangements, such as apartments. Because they are larger animals, they are less likely to be intimidated by other people and thus are much more adaptable to meeting friends, family members, and children of owners. They are normally very calm and are great family dogs. If they sense a threat towards their owner, they will become very protective. They are, in general, stronger than other breeds and many giant breeds are well known for their working abilities.", "title": "Giant dog breed" }, { "docid": "11351013#2", "text": "Giant breeds often have health-related disadvantages when compared to smaller dogs and caring for them is usually more expensive than for smaller dogs. They eat more than smaller breeds and sometimes require speciality diets to tackle weight and joint management.", "title": "Giant dog breed" }, { "docid": "11351013#3", "text": "In addition to spending more on food, expenses overall may be more than for most breeds. Larger beds, collars, and toys cost more, as do grooming and kenneling very large dogs. There is also the issue of more expensive veterinary bills. For instance, anaesthetics and pharmaceuticals are charged by volume/mass, which is determined by the weight of the dog. Joint problems, such as hip dysplasia and arthritis, are common. Large breeds are also quite prone to osteosarcoma and susceptible to other debilitating bone and cartilage diseases. This is the result of a much higher growth factor—adult weight versus birth weight—and much longer growth period. Their life span is generally shorter than that of smaller dogs, often living only 6 to 10 years.The following breeds are generally described as giant breeds:", "title": "Giant dog breed" }, { "docid": "889014#2", "text": "The breed is of above average intelligence and can be independent minded, so early training and diverse daily exercise is recommended. Based on Stanley Coren's book \"The Intelligence of Dogs\" (2006) ranking methodology, the Miniature ranked 12th, Standard 18th, and Giant 28th out of 140 breeds within 79 ranks on the ability to learn and obey new commands i.e. working and obedience intelligence. The first two were grouped among \"excellent working dogs\", while the Giant among \"above-average working dogs\". Additionally, experts ranked the Miniature as 5th among top 15 breeds at watchdog barking ability, the Giant as 6th among top 13 breeds at effective guard ability, while in adaptive intelligence all three breeds showed good problem-solving abilities. They are protective and energetic, and will alert members of the household to any potential danger, although its watchful nature can lead to persistent barking. To avoid annoying the neighbors, dog owners should make every effort to curb excessive barking through training.", "title": "Schnauzer" }, { "docid": "1272987#15", "text": "According to the Standard Schnauzer Club of America, “The Standard Schnauzer is considered a high-energy dog. They need ample exercise not only for physical well-being but also for emotional well-being. The minimum amount an adult dog should get is the equivalent of one long walk a day. This walk should be brisk enough to keep the dog at a steady trotting pace in order to keep the dog in prime physical condition. The Standard Schnauzer puppy is constantly exploring, learning and testing his limits. As adults, they are always ready for a walk in the woods, a ride in the car, a training session or any other activity that allows them to be with their owner. This is a breed that knows how to be on the alert, even when relaxing by the feet of their owner.", "title": "Standard Schnauzer" }, { "docid": "243549#18", "text": "Though physically grown at one year, many dog breeds including Xolos, are not 'emotionally mature' until around two years. Like active breeds such as terriers, Xolos need calm, consistent, and loving obedience training and regular socialization during their growing years. Well-raised Xolos bond strongly with their owners, becoming highly devoted to their families while frequently choosing one specific family member as favorite.\nAnyone considering acquiring a Xolo should expect to spend time educating themselves in positive dog training techniques, and, ideally, should have prior experience with active and intelligent dog breeds. A spacious, well-fenced, and safe physical environment is desirable for this breed. Daily walks are ideal for exercising most toy-sized Xolos, however more stimulating physical and mental exercise is advised for larger and more active individuals. Behavior problems in Xolos are typically a result of a dog receiving inadequate or inconsistent supervision, as well as inadequate exercise and mental stimulation. The Xoloitzcuintli is a social dog that should not, in most cases, be an \"only dog\". It does not do well when kept as an outside-only dog. This is a breed that is at its best when it is made part of the family, receiving regular interaction and socialization with its humans (and other dogs, whether present in the home or as regular playmates).", "title": "Mexican Hairless Dog" }, { "docid": "1615694#2", "text": "Many breeds of dog participate in skijoring. The only prerequisite is a desire to run down a trail and pull, which is innate in many dogs. Small dogs (less than 40 pounds) are rarely seen skijoring, because they do not greatly assist the skier; however, since the skier can provide as much power as is required to travel, any enthusiastic dog can participate. Athletic dogs such as Pointers, Setters and herding breeds take to skijoring with glee, as do the northern breeds, such as Siberian and Alaskan huskies, malamutes, Samoyeds, and Inuit dogs; however, any large energetic dog is capable of enjoying this sport. Golden retrievers, giant schnauzers, Labrador retrievers, and many cross-breeds are seen in harness. Pulling breeds work well also such as American bull terriers, Staffordshire terriers, American bull dogs, and mastiffs.", "title": "Skijoring" }, { "docid": "79676#2", "text": "The domestic dog is the first species, and the only large carnivore, to have been domesticated. Over the past 200 years, dogs have undergone rapid phenotypic change and were formed into today's modern breeds due to artificial selection imposed by humans. These breeds can vary in size and weight from a teacup poodle to a giant mastiff. The skull, body, and limb proportions vary significantly between breeds, with dogs displaying more phenotypic diversity than can be found within the entire order of carnivores. Some breeds demonstrate outstanding skills in herding, retrieving, scent detection, and guarding, which demonstrates the functional and behavioral diversity of dogs. The first dogs were certainly wolflike, however the phenotypic changes that coincided with the dog–wolf genetic divergence away from each other are not known.", "title": "Dog breed" } ]

[ { "docid": "32113#0", "text": "The Conservative Party, officially the Conservative and Unionist Party, is a centre-right political party in the United Kingdom. It is currently the governing party, having been so since the 2010 general election, where a coalition government with the Liberal Democrats was formed. In 2015, the Conservatives led by David Cameron won a surprise majority and formed the first majority Conservative government since 1992. However, the snap election on 8 June 2017 resulted in a hung parliament, and the party lost its parliamentary majority. It is reliant on the support of a Northern Irish political party, the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), in order to command a majority in the House of Commons through a confidence-and-supply deal. The party leader, Theresa May, has served as both Leader of the Conservative Party and Prime Minister since July 2016. It is the largest party in local government with 9,008 councillors. The Conservative Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United Kingdom, the other being its modern rival, the Labour Party.", "title": "Conservative Party (UK)" }, { "docid": "1164552#31", "text": "The three largest and most significant political parties that support the Union are the Labour Party, the Liberal Democrats and the Conservative and Unionist Party, all of which organise and stand in elections across Great Britain. The three parties have philosophical differences about what Scotland's status should be, particularly in their support of devolution (historically Home Rule) or federalism. These parties hold representation in both the Scottish and UK Parliaments. Other smaller political parties support the Union, including the UK Independence Party (UKIP), A Better Britain – Unionist Party, Britain First, Britannica Party, the British National Party (BNP), National Front (NF) and the Scottish Unionist Party (SUP).", "title": "Unionism in Scotland" }, { "docid": "240578#4", "text": "Since then the Conservative and Labour parties have dominated British politics, and have alternated in government ever since. However, the UK is not quite a two-party system as other parties have significant support. The Liberal Democrats were the third largest party until the 2015 general election when they were overtaken by the Scottish National Party in terms of seats and UK political party membership, and by the UK Independence Party in terms of votes.", "title": "List of political parties in the United Kingdom" }, { "docid": "31717#48", "text": "The Conservative Party, the Labour Party and the Liberal Democrats (formerly as the Liberal Party) have, in modern times, been considered the UK's three major political parties, representing the British traditions of conservatism, socialism and liberalism, respectively. However, in both the 2015 and 2017 general elections, the Scottish National Party was the third-largest party by number of seats won, ahead of the Liberal Democrats. Most of the remaining seats were won by parties that contest elections only in one part of the UK: Plaid Cymru (Wales only); and the Democratic Unionist Party and Sinn Féin (Northern Ireland only). In accordance with party policy, no elected Sinn Féin members of parliament have ever attended the House of Commons to speak on behalf of their constituents because of the requirement to take an oath of allegiance to the monarch.", "title": "United Kingdom" } ]

[ { "docid": "21356347#10", "text": "The Green Party is the only major political party in the UK which receives the majority of its funding through membership fees and these are what cover the running costs of the organisation. Membership subs have become a more significant source in income for both the SNP and Labour in recent years, as both have seen substantial increases in membership", "title": "Political funding in the United Kingdom" }, { "docid": "23996#30", "text": "The UK political system, while technically a multi-party system, has functioned generally as a two-party (sometimes called a \"two-and-a-half party\") system; since the 1920s the two largest political parties have been the Conservative Party and the Labour Party. Before the Labour Party rose in British politics the Liberal Party was the other major political party along with the Conservatives. Though coalition and minority governments have been an occasional feature of parliamentary politics, the first-past-the-post electoral system used for general elections tends to maintain the dominance of these two parties, though each has in the past century relied upon a third party to deliver a working majority in Parliament. (A plurality voting system usually leads to a two-party system, a relationship described by Maurice Duverger and known as Duverger's Law.) There are also numerous other parties that hold or have held a number of seats in Parliament.", "title": "Political party" }, { "docid": "457392#7", "text": "The RCG argues that socialists should not give their support to the centre/centre-left Labour Party, which is one of the major political parties in the United Kingdom. On this subject, David Yaffe stated the RCG's position that \"no anti-imperialist or socialist movement can be built unless the British left makes a fundamental and irrevocable break with the British Labour Party.\" He went on to characterise the party's policies in government as being \"openly racist, imperialist and warmongering\". At the same time it has remained critical of other socialist organisations in Britain such as the Communist Party of Great Britain, Militant, the International Marxist Group and the Socialist Workers Party for what it sees as being \"major obstacle[s]\" to the building of an anti-imperialist movement in Britain. This is because many of these groups denounced the governments of socialist states such as the Soviet Union, China and Cuba, and instead encouraged their members to vote for the Labour Party.", "title": "Revolutionary Communist Group (UK)" }, { "docid": "31726#1", "text": "The UK political system is a multi-party system. Since the 1920s, the two dominant parties have been the Conservative Party and the Labour Party. Before the Labour Party rose in British politics, the Liberal Party was the other major political party, along with the Conservatives. While coalition and minority governments have been an occasional feature of parliamentary politics, the first-past-the-post electoral system used for general elections tends to maintain the dominance of these two parties, though each has in the past century relied upon a third party, such as the Liberal Democrats, to deliver a working majority in Parliament. A Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition government held office from 2010 until 2015, the first coalition since 1945. The coalition ended following parliamentary elections on 7 May 2015, in which the Conservative Party won an outright majority of 330 seats in the House of Commons, while their coalition partners lost all but eight seats.", "title": "Politics of the United Kingdom" }, { "docid": "25767045#26", "text": "Political parties are the dominant organisations in the modern UK political system. The majority of election candidates stand on behalf of political parties of varying sizes. All parties, however large or small, must be registered with the Electoral Commission to be able to operate and stand candidates. Parties must regularly report donations, loans and spending on national elections. Larger parties must also submit audited accounts on an annual basis.", "title": "Elections in the United Kingdom" }, { "docid": "32113#94", "text": "No subject has proved more divisive in the Conservative Party in recent history than the role of the United Kingdom within the European Union. Though the principal architect of the UK's entry into the European Communities (which became the European Union) was Conservative Prime Minister Edward Heath, and both Winston Churchill and Harold Macmillan favoured some form of European union, the bulk of contemporary Conservative opinion is opposed to closer economic and particularly political union with the EU. This is a noticeable shift in British politics, as in the 1960s and 1970s the Conservatives were more pro-Europe than the Labour Party. Divisions on Europe came to the fore under the premiership of Margaret Thatcher (1979–1990) and were cited by several ministers resigning, including Geoffrey Howe, the Deputy Prime Minister, whose resignation triggered the challenge that ended Thatcher's leadership. Under Thatcher's successor, John Major (1990–1997), the slow process of integration within the EU forced party tensions to the surface. A core of Eurosceptic MPs under Major used the small Conservative majority in Parliament to oppose Government policy on the Maastricht Treaty. By doing so they undermined Major's ability to govern.", "title": "Conservative Party (UK)" } ]

[ { "docid": "5950#0", "text": "Columbus ( ) is the state capital of and the most populous city in the U.S. state of Ohio. With a population of 879,170 as of 2017 estimates, it is the 14th-most populous city in the United States and one of the fastest growing large cities in the nation. This makes Columbus the third-most populous state capital in the US (after Phoenix, Arizona and Austin, Texas) and the second-most populous city in the Midwest (after Chicago, Illinois). It is the core city of the Columbus, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area, which encompasses ten counties. With a population of 2,078,725, it is Ohio's second-largest metropolitan area.", "title": "Columbus, Ohio" }, { "docid": "22199#32", "text": "Ohio has had three capital cities: Chillicothe, Zanesville, and Columbus. Chillicothe was the capital from 1803 to 1810. The capital was then moved to Zanesville for two years, as part of a state legislative compromise to get a bill passed. The capital was then moved back to Chillicothe, which was the capital from 1812 to 1816. Finally, the capital was moved to Columbus, to have it near the geographic center of the state.", "title": "Ohio" }, { "docid": "22199#0", "text": "Ohio is a Midwestern state in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Of the fifty states, it is the 34th largest by area, the seventh most populous, and the tenth most densely populated. The state's capital and largest city is Columbus.", "title": "Ohio" }, { "docid": "1758506#6", "text": "Work on the building's foundation and lower level had only just begun when the Statehouse project encountered the first of many difficulties. The legislation that made Columbus the official capital city of Ohio was set to expire. While various factions within the government engaged in debate over relocating the capitol to another city, construction of the Statehouse was stopped. Open excavations were refilled with earth, and Capitol Square became open pasture for livestock.", "title": "Ohio Statehouse" }, { "docid": "22199#19", "text": "Columbus (home of The Ohio State University, Franklin University, Capital University, and Ohio Dominican University) is the capital of Ohio, near the geographic center of the state.", "title": "Ohio" }, { "docid": "93120#0", "text": "Franklin County is a county in the U.S. state of Ohio. As of 2017 census estimates, the population was 1,291,981, making it the most populous county in Ohio. Its county seat is Columbus, the state capital and most populous city in Ohio. The county was established on April 30, 1803, less than two months after Ohio became a state, and was named after Benjamin Franklin. Franklin County originally extended all the way north to Lake Erie before Ohio subdivided further into more counties.", "title": "Franklin County, Ohio" } ]

[ { "docid": "129782#0", "text": "Chillicothe ( ) is a city in and the county seat of Ross County, Ohio, United States. Located along the Scioto River 45 miles south of Columbus, Chillicothe was the first and third capital of Ohio.", "title": "Chillicothe, Ohio" }, { "docid": "129694#0", "text": "Port Clinton is a city in and the county seat of Ottawa County, Ohio, United States, located along the Portage River and Lake Erie, about 44 miles east of Toledo. The population was 6,056 at the 2010 census. The city has been nicknamed the \"Walleye Capital of the World.\"", "title": "Port Clinton, Ohio" }, { "docid": "4169449#2", "text": "Valley City is known for being \"The Frog Jump Capital of Ohio.\" Since 1962, it has held an annual contest patterned after Mark Twain's story, \"The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County.\" On April 2, 1964, two years after the first contest was held, Governor Jim Rhodes proclaimed this contest the official state frog jumping championship. In 1969, some of the Valley City champion frogs competed in the larger contest in Calaveras County, California, including one belonging to Governor Rhodes. Today, the contest is held at the Mill Stream Park in early August.", "title": "Valley City, Ohio" }, { "docid": "14842698#0", "text": "Georgesville is an unincorporated community in western Pleasant Township, Franklin County, Ohio, United States. It is located southwest of Columbus, the county seat of Franklin County and the capital and largest city of Ohio. Georgesville lies at the confluence of Little Darby Creek and Big Darby Creek, which are State and National Scenic Rivers and tributaries of the Scioto River. Much of the swamp forest and prairie surrounding Georgesville is part of Battelle Darby Creek Park.", "title": "Georgesville, Ohio" } ]

[ { "docid": "6270795#1", "text": "Animax is the first television channel in Asia fully dedicated to broadcasting anime 24 hours a day. It was initially launched in Hong Kong, Taiwan and Southeast Asia in January 2004, and was launched in several other countries soon after. The company has reached over 66 million viewers spanning 15 markets throughout Asia. Since 2013, the network is unavailable in Vietnam due to government content restrictions.", "title": "Animax Asia" } ]

[ { "docid": "22093#60", "text": "According to Nielsen's survey, the NBA has the youngest audience, with 45 percent of its viewers under 35, but the least likely, along with Major League Baseball, to be watched by women, who make up only 30% of the viewership. It also has the highest share of black viewers with 45 percent of its viewers being black and only about 40 percent of viewers being white, making it the only top North American sport that does not have a white majority audience.\nFollowing pioneers like Vlade Divac (Serbia) and Dražen Petrović (Croatia) who joined the NBA in the late 1980s, an increasing number of international players have moved directly from playing elsewhere in the world to starring in the NBA. Below is a short list of foreign players who have won NBA awards or have been otherwise recognized for their contributions to basketball, either currently or formerly active in the league:", "title": "National Basketball Association" }, { "docid": "41959688#0", "text": "Winfield Toll Bridge, also known as the Ross Booth Memorial Bridge, is a historic three-span cantilever Warren Truss bridge located at Winfield and Red House, Putnam County, West Virginia. It was built in 1955, and spans the Kanawha River, carrying West Virginia Route 34. The cantilever through-truss consists of two anchor spans each 245 feet in length and the main span 462 feet in length between pier center lines. The main span consists of two 128 feet, 4 inch, cantilever arms and a 205 feet, 4 inch, suspended span.", "title": "Winfield Toll Bridge" }, { "docid": "2717395#45", "text": "Animax's programming is dedicated to anime, and it has been acknowledged as the largest 24-hour anime-only network in the world. In its original network in Japan, it has exclusively premiered several anime, which have aired first on Animax, including \"\" and its sequel \"\", \"\", \"Aishiteruze Baby\", \"Wangan Midnight\" and the 2010 anime adaptation of Marvel's \"Iron Man\" by Madhouse Studios. In addition, its English language network, Animax Asia, aired the first ever anime simulcast with their simulcast of \"Tears to Tiara\" on the same time as the Japanese premiere and the new \"Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood\" series, on the same week as the Japanese premiere. Its viewer reach has been quoted as spanning over 89 million homes. across 62 countries and 17 languages.", "title": "Animax" }, { "docid": "55853074#1", "text": "s͎ is represented in Unicode by an s and U+034E (Combining Upwards Arrow Below).", "title": "S͎" }, { "docid": "2717395#40", "text": "In August 2007, it was announced that Animax would be launching across several countries in Africa, including South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Zambia, Mozambique and Lesotho, on the DStv satellite service and in Nigeria on HiTV, from March 19, 2009. On 31 October 2010, Animax was removed from DSTV, due to a lack of viewers brought on by channel drift (as reality shows occupied the majority of the schedule, similar to Animax Latin America and Animax Spain), to be replaced with a more general Sony channel in February 2011, as Sony MAX.", "title": "Animax" }, { "docid": "3656690#0", "text": "Its numerical value is 800 (see Abjad numerals).", "title": "Ḍād" }, { "docid": "19477084#6", "text": "Recent exhibitions at Tensta konsthall include\n• “Abstract Possible: The Stockholm Synergies,” with Doug Ashford, Claire Barclay, Goldin+Senneby, Wade Guyton, Mai-Thu Perret, Walid Raad, and Haegue Yang, among others\n• “Kami, Khokha, Bert and Ernie: World Heritage” by Hinrich Sachs\n• “Doing what you want: Marie-Louise Ekman accompanied by Sister Corita Kent, Mladen Stilinović, and Martha Wilson” \n• “The Society without qualities” with Sören Andreasen, Ane Hjort Guttu, Sture Johannesson, Sharon Lockhardt, and Palle Nielsen (part of “The new model” and curated by Lars Bang Larsen)\n• “Working With…” by Zak Kyes\n• “We are continuing BBDG” with Bernd Krauss\n• “Two Archives” by Babak Afrassiabi and Nasrin Tabatabai", "title": "Tensta Konsthall" }, { "docid": "28025488#0", "text": "ㅅ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅅ is U+3137.", "title": "ㅅ" }, { "docid": "49690788#0", "text": "ㅗ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅗ is U+3151.", "title": "ㅗ" } ]

[ { "docid": "87241#4", "text": "The YMCA was founded by George Williams, a London draper, who was typical of the young men drawn to the cities by the Industrial Revolution. He and his colleagues were concerned about the lack of healthy activities for young men in major cities; the options available were usually taverns and brothels. Williams's idea grew out of meetings he held for prayer and Bible-reading among his fellow-workers in a business in the city of London, and on 6 June 1844, he founded the first YMCA in London with the purpose of \"the improving of the spiritual condition of young men engaged in the drapery, embroidery, and other trades.\" By 1851, there were YMCAs in the United Kingdom, Australia, Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the United States.", "title": "YMCA" } ]

[ { "docid": "87241#20", "text": "The International Coalition of the YMCA Universities brings together universities from all over the world, including Brazil, England, Germany, Hong Kong, India, Mexico, Uruguay, USA, and Venezuela. The universities offer a wide variety of courses on different levels.\nMultiple colleges and universities have historically had connections to the YMCA. Springfield College, of Springfield, Massachusetts, was founded in 1885 as an international training school for YMCA Professionals, while one of the two schools that eventually became Concordia University—Sir George Williams College—started from night courses offered at the Montreal YMCA. Northeastern University began out of a YMCA in Boston, and Franklin University began as the YMCA School of Commerce. San Francisco's Golden Gate University traces its roots to the founding of the YMCA Night School on 1 November 1881. Detroit College of Law, now the Michigan State University College of Law, was founded with a strong connection to the Detroit, Michigan YMCA. It had a 99-year lease on the site, and it was only when it expired that the college moved to East Lansing, Michigan. Youngstown State University traces its roots to the establishment of a law school by the local YMCA in 1908. The Nashville School of Law was the YMCA Night Law School until November 1986, having offered law classes since 1911 and the degree of Juris Doctor since January 1927. YMCA pioneered the concept of night school, providing educational opportunities for people with full-time employment. Many YMCAs offer ESL programmes, alternative high school, day care, and summer camp programs. In India, YMCA University of Science and Technology Faridabad was founded in 1969. It offers various programme-related to science and engineering.", "title": "YMCA" }, { "docid": "55850536#0", "text": "The Granite City YMCA is a historic YMCA building located at 2001 Edison Avenue in Granite City, Illinois. The building was built in 1924–26 for Granite City's branch of the YMCA, which was founded in 1916. St. Louis, Missouri-based architects Wedemeyer and Nelson designed the Late Gothic Revival style building; their design features a red brick and green tile exterior punctuated by vertical shafts and topped by a parapet. The building is the only institutional building in Granite City designed in the Gothic Revival style. The YMCA used the building for their activities, which included athletics, community education and citizenship classes, community gatherings, and charity work. The building closed in 2004 when the YMCA moved elsewhere.", "title": "Granite City YMCA" }, { "docid": "12391330#3", "text": "The Akron Area YMCA was founded in 1870. In the 1920s, the Akron YMCA Building was constructed, and the YMCA moved into the building. It was intended to be used as most YMCA branches were used in that era: a Christian organization that was meant to give people a place to eat, stay for short or long terms, and worship. The exercise facilities in place today were used for a variety of different reasons then, but it was originally constructed with an indoor pool which is still in use. The main part of the building was used as living space for many of its members (of both sexes), and was the only place some could turn when they had not much else.", "title": "Akron YMCA Building" }, { "docid": "981688#9", "text": "YMCA North Tyneside was founded in 1870 and was originally known as The Borough of Tynemouth YMCA. After an inaugural meeting on 7 June 1879 weekly meetings followed in the Sons of Temperance Hall, Norfolk Street, North Shields. The YMCA grew in popularity. Within a year larger premises were needed. Meetings moved to 53 Tyne Street, North Shields and in 1879 to Camden Street, North Shields. In 1920 the YMCA moved to a building in Bedford Street (which is still owned by the YMCA and now occupied by the Citizens Advice Bureau) where it remained until 1938 when it moved to the present building and the current registered office at Church Way, North Shields.", "title": "North Shields" }, { "docid": "474298#4", "text": "In 1969, prior to the founding of the SPLC, Dees sued the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) in Montgomery, Alabama at the request of civil rights activist Mary Louise Smith, whose son Vincent and nephew Edward had been refused admission to attend a YMCA summer camp. The YMCA, being a private organization, was presumptively not bound by the provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which would have forbidden them to discriminate against children on the basis of race. However, Dees discovered that, in order to avoid desegregating its recreational facilities, the city of Montgomery had instead signed a secret agreement with the YMCA to operate them as private facilities but on the city's behalf. This led the trial court to rule that the YMCA had a \"municipal charter\" and was therefore bound by the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution to desegregate its facilities. According to historian Timothy Minchin, Dees was \"emboldened by this victory\" when he founded the SPLC in 1971. The United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit later affirmed the trial judge's finding, reversing only his order that the YMCA use affirmative action to racially integrate its board of directors.", "title": "Morris Dees" }, { "docid": "42698671#0", "text": "YMCA Football Club was an Irish football club based in Belfast, formed by the members of the Belfast YMCA. It was founded in 1883 and competed as a senior club in the Irish Cup. Its best season was 1888-89, when the club reached the final of both the Irish Cup and the first County Antrim Shield, losing to Distillery on both occasions. The club also competed that season in the 1888-89 FA Cup. Later in 1889, however, the club folded, with most players joining Cliftonville, in what was described as an \"amalgamation\". In 1891, however, the YMCA Athletic Club acquired the Enfield ground on the Crumlin Road with a view to reviving the football team for the 1891-92 season. The revival was not a success, however, and the team, bottom of the league, resigned before Christmas. The club appears to have folded in 1892.", "title": "YMCA F.C. (Belfast)" }, { "docid": "87241#70", "text": "The Panama YMCA was founded on 24 May 1966. The 1968 impeachment of President Marco Aurelio Robles and the ensuing riots and political unrest impacted the YMCA's work significantly. Due to the chaos, the schools were closed for five months, and the after-school programmes at the Panama YMCA were cancelled. Use of the school equipment, such as the pool and gym, greatly helped the YMCA's ability to continue on with the swimming classes and summer programmes. These programmes remained popular throughout this time.", "title": "YMCA" }, { "docid": "302342#65", "text": "The Ohio YMCA Youth in Government program was led by Ohio-West Virginia Area YMCA from 1952 until 1970 when the Ohio-West Virginia Area Council ceased to operate program in the 1970s as the Ohio-West Virginia Area YMCA and the State YMCA of Michigan became the Great Lakes Region YMCA. In 1972 the Great Lakes Region YMCA appointed an Executive of what was called the West Virginia-Ohio YMCA, operated by the Great Lakes Region to run the YMCA Youth in Government and HI-Y programs throughout the states of West Virginia and Ohio. The Great Lakes Region continued to support these programs into the 1980s. In 1984 a new Ohio-West Virginia YMCA is chartered by the National YMCA. At the end of 2012 the Ohio-West Virginia YMCA made the decision to no longer be a YMCA and chose to return their charter to Y-USA, at this time the Ohio Alliance of YMCA's began operating the Ohio YMCA Youth in Government programs.", "title": "YMCA Youth and Government" }, { "docid": "87241#72", "text": "In 1975, a treaty was being negotiated to relinquish US control of the Panama Canal. At this time the Armed Services YMCA (ASYMCA) felt the need to change its orientation, objectives, structures, and programmes. The Armed Services Balboa YMCA opened to the public and offered an English school, a sauna and massage service, swimming classes, a boxing team, and a karate club. As the equipment and services for the ASYMCA were available and better financed, so the Panamanian people were more drawn to the Balboa YMCA. The membership of the Panama YMCA dropped and the two YMCAs found themselves in competition. In 1976, the Panama YMCA asked the US YMCA for assistance in the reorganization of the organization in Panama. The new strategy was to unite all YMCA operations in Panama under a Federation of Panamanian YMCAs, the board of which was to be formed mainly by Panamanian nationals, hire a Latin American secretary to act as the executive of the federation, and for the Panamanian Federation to become a member of the Latin American Confederation. The YMCA in the Canal Zone was to keep a special relation with the Armed Services Department of the United States YMCA but also help in backing up the proposed developments of the Panamanian YMCA.", "title": "YMCA" } ]

[ { "docid": "30884765#2", "text": "Blaxploitation is a mix of the words black and exploitation. It makes a point to enforce stereotypes that have been afflicted on African Americans by the so-called white media. The first movie to be considered blaxploitation was \"Sweet Sweetback’s Baadasssss Song\" (1971). Melvin Van Peebles directed, produced, and took the lead role of this hyper sexual film. It is about a male prostitute who is out to fight \"[the man]\" (white oppression). It spanned a new type of film genre that evolved all the way to what is now the urban blaxploitation horror films of the 21st century.", "title": "Blaxploitation horror films" }, { "docid": "1543289#6", "text": "Blaxploitation is a genre of exploitation films that usually targets the black audience in urban communities. Blaxploitation was very popular at the time this film was made after parts of the film industry saw untapped box-office potential in the black audience. The reputation of the blaxploitation film genre has gone from being categorized as low-budget black films to American classics that people read and teach discourse on. Although it is criticized for being another avenue of exploiting African-American culture, at the time, it was one of the few ways for African Americans to get into the film industry. Grier talks about this in an interview with \"Essence\" in 1979:", "title": "Foxy Brown (film)" }, { "docid": "18934784#0", "text": "Blaxploitation or blacksploitation is an ethnic subgenre of the exploitation film that emerged in the United States during the early 1970s. The films, though receiving backlash for stereotypical characters, are among the first in which black characters and communities are the heroes and subjects of film and television, rather than sidekicks or villains or victims of brutality. The genre's inception coincides with the rethinking of race relations in the 1970s.", "title": "Blaxploitation" } ]

[ { "docid": "30884765#1", "text": "Blaxploitation films, regardless of subgenre, spanned from race movies. These were films that started appearing in the 1930s–1940s. They were meant to segregate films featuring an all black class from mainstream Hollywood movies. Many of these films already had the element of horror integrated into them. Over time these films transcended into their own subgenre of film, blaxploitation horror films. In the 1950s to 1960s Hollywood started to integrate films produced and starring African Americans into mainstream media. There was backlash by several African American directors and actors that did not want to be integrated into mainstream media. They wanted to stay independent which caused them to create more of what were originally known as race movies. This happened during the 1960s–70s which was during the time of the Civil Rights Movement. African Americans were in fury at ongoing white oppression and wanted something that they could call their own. They began creating films that were directed, starring, and produced by African Americans. In an effort to maintain their cultural identity they made it a point to emphasize the stereotypes the white media was portraying them as. They called this genre blaxploitation. Many blaxploitation films has a mix of comedy and horror. However, director William Crain to the aspect of horror in these films one step further and created the first blaxploitation horror film, \"Blacula\". As a result, a new subgenre of blaxploitation was created, dedicated solely to horror.", "title": "Blaxploitation horror films" }, { "docid": "18934784#4", "text": "When set in the Northeast or West Coast, blaxploitation films are mainly set in poor urban neighborhoods. Pejorative terms for white characters, such as \"cracker\" and \"honky,\" are commonly used. Blaxploitation films set in the South often deal with slavery and miscegenation. Blaxploitation films are often bold in their statements and rely on violence, sex, drug trade, and other shock-value characteristics to provoke the audience. The films usually portray black protagonists overcoming \"The Man\" or emblems of the white majority that had oppressed the black community in the preceding decades.", "title": "Blaxploitation" }, { "docid": "18934784#16", "text": "John Singleton's \"Shaft\" (2000), starring Samuel L. Jackson, is a modern-day interpretation of a classic blaxploitation film. The 1997 film \"Hoodlum\" starring Laurence Fishburne portrays a fictional account of black mobster Ellsworth \"Bumpy\" Johnson and recasts gangster blaxploitation with a 1930s twist. In 2004, Mario Van Peebles released \"Baadasssss!\", about the making of his father's movie (Mario plays his father). 2007's \"American Gangster\", based on the true story of heroin dealer Frank Lucas, takes place in the early 1970s in Harlem and has many elements similar in style to blaxploitation films, specifically its prominent featuring of the song \"Across 110th Street\".", "title": "Blaxploitation" }, { "docid": "18934784#27", "text": "FOX's network television comedy, \"MADtv\", has frequently spoofed the Rudy Ray Moore-created franchise \"Dolemite\", with a series of sketches performed by comic actor Aries Spears, in the role of \"The Son of Dolemite\". Other sketches include the characters \"Funkenstein\", \"Dr. Funkenstein\" and more recently Condoleezza Rice as a blaxploitation superhero. A recurring theme in these sketches is the inexperience of the cast and crew in the blaxploitation era, with emphasis on ridiculous scripting and shoddy acting, sets, costumes, and editing. The sketches are testaments to the poor production quality of the films, with obvious boom mike appearances and intentionally poor cuts and continuity.", "title": "Blaxploitation" }, { "docid": "18934784#10", "text": "The genre's role in exploring and shaping race relations in the US has been controversial. Some held that the blaxploitation trend was a token of black empowerment, but others accused the movies of perpetuating common white stereotypes about black people. As a result, many called for the end of the genre. The NAACP, Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and National Urban League joined to form the Coalition Against Blaxploitation. Their influence in the late 1970s contributed to the genre's demise. Literary critic Addison Gayle wrote in 1974, \"The best example of this kind of nihilism / irresponsibility are the Black films; here is freedom pushed to its most ridiculous limits; here are writers and actors who claim that freedom for the artist entails exploitation of the very people to whom they owe their artistic existence.\"", "title": "Blaxploitation" }, { "docid": "30884765#6", "text": "Source:Blaxploitation horror films are a way for African Americans to maintain a cultural identity that the white media has been trying to take away from them. Harry M. Benshoff, a professor of film at the University of North Texas, describes blaxploitation horror films as, \"address[ing] the specific fantasy needs of the black social imaginary.\" In other words, these films are helping to portray what the African American community wants to see in their community. These films were meant to be a form of identification and empowerment to the black community and to help overcome racial bias. Many of the monsters portrayed in these films can be seen as representations of black power and black pride. They also tend to push the boundaries of human sexuality. Much of the plot tends to be driven by sex. These films are also more open and accepting of homosexuals and these horror films tend to draw large homosexual audiences. It is believed that the homosexual community is drawn to these films because they can relate to the oppression that the African American community has and is feeling to this day. Characters that are seen as stereotypically \"normal\" are often rejected by the audience because they are not as easy to relate to. These characters would include the authority figure (mentioned above) and heterosexual couples. While these characters are often able to be related to in mainstream media, oppressed people tended to see them as a representation of their oppressors.", "title": "Blaxploitation horror films" }, { "docid": "30884765#7", "text": "While many people viewed blaxploitation horror as a celebration of African American culture others did not view them in such a positive light. People started to view these films as perpetuating negative stereotypes about the African American community. There were leagues formed to prevent the making of these types of films. Members of the NAACP founded The Coalition Against Blaxploitation Movies. They even went on to use radical tactics to stop the productions of certain films. William Crain stated in an interview that members of the Coalition Against Blaxploitation Movies tied him up in a chair and told him to leave his studio in an effort to stop production of one of his films. Many of the films portrayed African American males as hyper-sexual beasts who tend to demoralize woman. They help to portray the fear that the white media has instilled in its viewers. These films depicting motifs of the African American male raping white women are seen as misogynists. Many of these horror films address the stereotype of African Americans partaking in bestiality. The monsters that African Americans portray in these films tend to be more animalistic compared with monsters in mainstream Hollywood films. The animalistic- like monsters supposedly go around terrorizing and having sex with the female actors in an effort to portray bestiality. As urban horror films emerged in the 1990s they began to portray African Americans as gangsters and thugs living in the \"ghetto\" that partake in illegal activities and take advantage of women.", "title": "Blaxploitation horror films" } ]

[ { "docid": "33988465#0", "text": "Slavery in South Africa existed until the abolition of slavery in 1834.", "title": "Slavery in South Africa" }, { "docid": "33988465#5", "text": "In 1833, the Slavery Abolition Act received Royal Assent; this paved the way for the abolition of slavery within the British Empire and its colonies. On 1 August 1834, all slaves in the British Empire were emancipated, but they were indentured to their former owners in an apprenticeship system which was abolished in two stages; the first set of apprenticeships came to an end on 1 August 1838, while the final apprenticeships were scheduled to cease on 1 August 1840, six years after the official emancipation.", "title": "Slavery in South Africa" } ]

[ { "docid": "33657296#3", "text": "The first African slaves brought to the British colonies in Virginia in 1619 came on a Dutch ship. At the time, slaves were treated similarly to indentured servants, becoming free with the passage of a certain period of time. Others gained freedom by converting to Christianity, since the English of that time did not typically enslave Christians. Slave labor was used in many efforts to drain and log the Great Dismal Swamp during the 18th and 19th centuries. Escaped slaves living in freedom came to be known as maroons or outlyers. The origin of the term \"maroon\" is uncertain, with competing theories linking it to Spanish, Arawak or Taino root words. Maroonage, runaway slaves in isolated or hidden settlements, existed in all the Southern states, and swamp-based maroon communities existed in the Deep South, in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and South Carolina. Maroonage in the Upper South was largely limited to Virginia and the Great Dismal Swamp.", "title": "Great Dismal Swamp maroons" }, { "docid": "12240336#38", "text": "After General Benjamin Butler decided to treat slaves flocking to his Union lines as contraband of war, plantation owners began moving their slaves far away from Union armies. Some planters moved south to Brazil during the war, including Arkansans. Congress passed the Confiscation Act of 1862 that stated if their master was fighting for the South; a slave could gain freedom by crossing behind Union lines. Following the Union victory at the Battle of Antietam, the Emancipation Proclamation defined the impetus of further fighting to be slavery. This kept the United Kingdom out of the war, who were rumored to ready to help the Confederate cause but did not want to be viewed as promoting slavery. Many slaves sought freedom in the North, but arrived only to work on plantations for meager wages since cotton was still an important commodity.", "title": "History of Arkansas" }, { "docid": "30395#40", "text": "When the Emancipation Proclamation was announced, Tennessee was largely held by Union forces. Thus, Tennessee was not among the states enumerated in the Proclamation, and the Proclamation did not free any slaves there. Nonetheless, enslaved African Americans escaped to Union lines to gain freedom without waiting for official action. Old and young, men, women and children camped near Union troops. Thousands of former slaves ended up fighting on the Union side, nearly 200,000 in total across the South.", "title": "Tennessee" }, { "docid": "44136908#10", "text": "In the settlement of the court case, the slaves gained their freedom and the plantation was sold to fund their migration to the colony in West Africa, which the final group reached in 1848. They never received any of the pay owed for their three years of working for Wade. The area near Monrovia where freed slaves from Mississippi were settled became known as Mississippi-in-Africa. It later became part of the country of Liberia.", "title": "Prospect Hill Plantation" }, { "docid": "1146288#15", "text": "As a result of the looming crisis in 1775 the Royal Governor of Virginia, Lord Dunmore, issued a proclamation that promised freedom to servants and slaves who were able to bear arms and join his Loyalist Ethiopian Regiment. Many of the slaves in the South joined the Loyalists with intentions of gaining freedom and escaping the South. About 800 did so; some helped rout the Virginia militia at the Battle of Kemp's Landing and fought in the Battle of Great Bridge on the Elizabeth River, wearing the motto \"Liberty to Slaves\", but this time they were defeated. The remains of their regiment were then involved in the evacuation of Norfolk, after which they served in the Chesapeake area. Eventually the camp that they had set up there suffered an outbreak of smallpox and other diseases. This took a heavy toll, putting many of them out of action for some time. There was a slave by the name of Boston King who joined the Loyalists and wound up catching smallpox. Boston King and other soldiers who were sick were relocated to a different part of the camp so that they did not contaminate the healthy soldiers. The survivors joined other British units and continued to serve throughout the war. Black colonials were often the first to come forward to volunteer and a total of 12,000 African Americans served with the British from 1775 to 1783. This factor had the effect of forcing the rebels to also offer freedom to those who would serve in the Continental Army; however, such promises were often reneged upon by both sides.", "title": "Loyalist (American Revolution)" }, { "docid": "54959#30", "text": "The historian Steven Hahn proposes that the self-organized involvement of slaves in the Union Army during the American Civil War composed a slave rebellion that dwarfed all others. Similarly, tens of thousands of slaves joined British forces or escaped to British lines during the American Revolution, sometimes using the disruption of war to gain freedom. For instance, when the British evacuated from Charleston and Savannah, they took 10,000 slaves with them. They also evacuated slaves from New York, taking more than 3,000 for resettlement to Nova Scotia, where they were recorded as Black Loyalists and given land grants.In 1808 and 1825, there were slave rebellions in the Cape Colony, newly acquired by the British. Although the slave trade was officially abolished in the British Empire by the Slave Trade Act of 1807, and slavery itself a generation later with the Slavery Abolition Act 1833, it took until 1850 to be halted in the territories which were to become South Africa.", "title": "Slave rebellion" }, { "docid": "91318#10", "text": "During that engagement, nearly 10,000 slaves left area plantations and city households to gain freedom by crossing the Rappahannock River to Stafford County and join the Union lines, part of a movement by slaves throughout the South in wartime. John Washington, a literate slave who shortly crossed to freedom, wrote later about people watching the approach of Union troops across the river from Fredericksburg: “No one could be seen on the street but the colored people. and every one of them seemed to be in the best of humors.”", "title": "Fredericksburg, Virginia" }, { "docid": "1839540#2", "text": "The Dutch East India Company gave van Riebeeck authority to bring slaves to South Africa in 1654. The \"Roode Vos\" ship sailed to Mauritius and Anongil Bay, Madagascar in search of slaves, but brought back none. In 1658, the \"Amersfoort\" ship stole 250 slaves from a Portuguese slave trading trafficking slaves from Angola to Brazil. The ship arrived in South Africa on 28 March with 170 slaves. 80 died during the trip. Later that year, the \"Hassalt\" ship brought 228 out of an initial 271 slaves from the Gulf of Guinea to South Africa on 6 May. 43 died at sea. After these two shipments, the Dutch East and West companies agreed to stop enslaving natives from lands controlled by the other company. Slave traffickers brought 63,000 slaves to South Africa between 1658 and 1808, when the British abolished the slave trade.", "title": "1650s in South Africa" }, { "docid": "1219284#6", "text": "The slaves took overseer William Merritt at his word that he would navigate for them. They first demanded that the ship be taken to Liberia, which the US had established as a free colony in West Africa. Merritt said that voyage was impossible as they did not have enough food or water. Another slave leader, Ben Blacksmith, said they should be taken to the British West Indies, as he knew the slaves from the \"Hermosa\" had gained freedom there the previous year.", "title": "Creole case" }, { "docid": "29860034#27", "text": "The proclamation did receive some criticism, particularly from the South. It also only freed slaves in Confederate controlled areas, exempting about 800,000 of the country’s 2.9 million slaves. In addition, it depended on Union gains in the war for its enforcement. Among opponents were General William T. Sherman, who frequently complained about emancipation and enlistment but who complied with the edicts.\nThroughout the war, slave were emancipating themselves. The two major events which allowed slaves to choose freedom were the increased possibility of escaping as white men who otherwise controlled slaves leaving the plantations for the Confederate Army and the advance of Union troops into close proximity. To prevent the former, attempts were made to better organize slave patrol and use the militia for such control, but these were less effective because the slave owners especially experienced in keeping their own slaves in bondage were often away in the Army. The advance of the Union Army had large effect on slavery in the areas they came to control. The first region the Union Army captured was the Sea Islands off the coast of South Carolina and Georgia. Confederates reported that after their masters fled, the slaves in those areas pillaged their masters’ property. The Union also made gains in western Kentucky, western Tennessee, and northern Mississippi.", "title": "Slavery during the American Civil War" } ]

[ { "docid": "64646#108", "text": "The Toronto District School Board (TDSB) operates 588 public schools. Of these, 451 are elementary and 116 are secondary (high) schools. Additionally, the Toronto Catholic District School Board manages the city's publicly funded Roman Catholic schools, while the Conseil scolaire Viamonde and the Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir manage public and Roman Catholic French-language schools, respectively. There are also numerous private university-preparatory schools including the University of Toronto Schools, the Upper Canada College and Havergal College.", "title": "Toronto" }, { "docid": "39477220#0", "text": "The Toronto District School Board is Canada's largest school board, governing 451 elementary schools, 110 secondary schools, and five adult education schools educating over 289,577 students. The TDSB was created in 1998 following the merger of the Board of Education for the City of York, the East York Board of Education, the North York Board of Education, the Scarborough Board of Education, the Etobicoke Board of Education and the Toronto Board of Education.", "title": "List of schools in the Toronto District School Board" } ]

[ { "docid": "1601502#13", "text": "Schooling for children living in poverty was a concern of many of the Chief Inspectors of the TPSB, including Inspector Hughes. He and others campaigned for the passage of legislation to allow for the creation of industrial schools, similar to those created in England. In the meantime, a class for expelled students was created in a church mission run by theAnglican Grace Church. The space was provided for free by the church and the class was staffed by the TPSB, who provided Esther Frances How who would go on to be widely remembered for her work at the school. Although the Ontario Industrial Schools Act was passed in 1874, industrial schools were not built in Toronto until 1887 when the province provided funding to support the construction of such schools. The first two industrial schools in Toronto were the Victoria Industrial School for Boys and the Alexandra School for Girls. The schools were both part of the Industrial Schools Association of Toronto.", "title": "Toronto District School Board" }, { "docid": "10314163#0", "text": "Toronto District Christian High School (TDChristian) is an independent Christian secondary school located in the city of Vaughan, Ontario, Canada, in the city's Woodbridge neighbourhood. It was founded in 1960 and began classes in 1963. TDCH currently has an enrollment of about 450 students. TDCH is a member of the Ontario Alliance of Christian Schools.\nIn the 1950s, after a relatively large wave of Dutch immigration to Ontario, several Christian elementary schools were founded in the Greater Toronto Area. Eventually, many of the members of this community began to look ahead to Christian secondary schooling.", "title": "Toronto District Christian High School" }, { "docid": "39386017#0", "text": "The Toronto Catholic District School Board governs 196 schools in the Toronto area that makes up 163 elementary schools, 28 secondary schools, 3 schools that combine both elementary and secondary grades, and 2 alternative schools.Previously the district operated French-language schools in addition to English-language schools. As of May 1980 the district operated five of the seven public French-language schools in Metropolitan Toronto, with the other two being operated by the North York Board of Education. The Metropolitan Separate School Board required any potential student to have at least one French-speaking parent before being admitted to a French-speaking school. One of the francophone schools operated by the board was the Ecole Sacre Coeur, which first opened in 1891 in a building basement and moved to its own facility in 1896. In the year it started, Toronto had 130 francophone families. As of , all French-language public schools in Toronto are operated by the \"Conseil scolaire Viamonde\" and the \"Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir\".", "title": "List of schools in the Toronto Catholic District School Board" }, { "docid": "2734083#0", "text": "The Toronto Catholic District School Board (TCDSB, known as English-language Separate District School Board No. 40 prior to 1999) is an English-language public-separate school board for Toronto, Ontario, Canada, headquartered in North York. It is one of the two English boards of education in the City of Toronto, serving the former municipalities of Scarborough, North York, York, East York, Old Toronto and Etobicoke. With 85,864 students, the TCDSB is one of the largest school boards in Canada, and is the largest publicly funded Catholic school board in the world. Until 1998, it was known as the Metropolitan Separate School Board (MSSB) as an anglophone and francophone separate school district.", "title": "Toronto Catholic District School Board" }, { "docid": "4494644#4", "text": "There is a strong alternative school movement. The Toronto District School Board has many alternative schools. The oldest is ALPHA Alternative School, which opened in 1972. There are also private alternative organizations.", "title": "Education in Toronto" }, { "docid": "12645055#3", "text": "Most students from Toronto receive their primary and secondary education via the public school system, operated by school boards funded by the province via provincial income tax and federal financial transfers to the provincial government. The Toronto District School Board (TDSB) is a public secular English-first language school board. TDSB is the city's largest public school board in the country, operating 451 public schools and 102 secondary or high schools. Other public school boards in Toronto include the Toronto Catholic District School Board (TCDSB), a separate English-first language school board; Conseil scolaire Viamonde (CSV), a secular French-first language school board; and Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir, a separate French-first language school board. In addition to schools operated by public school boards, the city is also home to a number of private schools.", "title": "Public services in Toronto" }, { "docid": "1601502#4", "text": "Six trustees were appointed to the original 1847 board by the municipal council of Toronto to serve with the mayor. The board was composed entirely of white men until the election of the first female trustee Augusta Stowe-Gullen in 1892. The board was created after the passage of the Common School Act of 1846 spearheaded by Egerton Ryerson, architect of both publicly funded schooling and the residential school system. The Act also called for the creation of a provincial normal school which would become the Toronto Normal School. Prior to the 1846 Common School Act, individual schools were governed by boards created under the Grammar School Act of 1807 and the Common Schools Act of 1816. Like all boards of education at the time, the Toronto Public School Board was responsible for raising money to fund schools in addition to grants provided by the provincial government. However, they were not empowered to make these levies compulsory until the passage of the Common School Act in 1850 brought on in part by the closure of schools in Toronto in 1848 due to lack of funds. This act also allowed for the creation of separate schools boards in Ontario including racially segregated schools. In Toronto, the act allowed for the creation of a Catholic school board which would eventually become today's Toronto Catholic District School Board. While elementary schooling across the province was not made free by law until 1871, the 1850 Common School Act allowed for individual boards to entirely fund their schools through public funds. The Toronto Public School Board voted to do so in 1851, making elementary schooling in the city free. Minutes from the first meetings of the Toronto Public School Board have been preserved by the Toronto District School Board Museum and Archives.", "title": "Toronto District School Board" }, { "docid": "310479#45", "text": "In 1954, the Scarborough Board of Education was established to operate the English-language, secular public schools in Scarborough. In 1998, the board was merged with the other Metro boards to form the Toronto District School Board. , there are 28 secondary schools in Scarborough. In 1953, the Metropolitan Separate School Board, now known as the Toronto Catholic District School Board was formed to operate public anglophone separate schools in Metropolitan Toronto. , Scarborough's Mary Ward Catholic Secondary School is one of two self-directed learning schools in Ontario, and one of seven in Canada.", "title": "Scarborough, Toronto" } ]

[ { "docid": "2381423#18", "text": "The Marquis was again offered in a standard trim, Marquis Brougham, and the Mercury Grand Marquis made its return. In Canada, a base-level Marquis Meteor trim was offered through 1981. A two-door sedan and four-door sedan was offered, alongside two Marquis station wagons: a body-color Marquis wagon and a woodgrain trim Mercury Colony Park wagon.", "title": "Mercury Marquis" }, { "docid": "881728#1", "text": "It was produced nearly exclusively as a four-door sedan, from 1975 to 1986, the Grand Marquis was also offered in a two-door body style. From 1979 to 1991, the wood-trimmed Mercury Colony Park station wagon was included as part of the model line.", "title": "Mercury Grand Marquis" } ]

[ { "docid": "881728#10", "text": "For the 1983 model year, Ford underwent a major revision of its full-size and mid-size model ranges for both the Ford and Mercury divisions. Within Mercury, the Marquis was repackaged as its mid-size offering (replacing the Cougar sedan and wagon). While a redesigned Cougar returned solely as the counterpart of the Thunderbird, the Grand Marquis remained as the Mercury full-size sedan. For the first time since 1951, Mercury offered a single product line in the full-size segment.", "title": "Mercury Grand Marquis" }, { "docid": "881728#50", "text": "Ford de Mexico would market the Mercury Grand Marquis under the Ford brand twice. In 1982, the Grand Marquis was introduced as the replacement for the Ford LTD Crown Victoria sedans (though the Ford LTD Country Squire remained); it was sold through the 1984 model year. As Mexico banned the sale of vehicles with 8-cylinder engines, the Grand Marquis was replaced by a Ford-badged version of the Mercury Cougar. For 1992, Ford de Mexico reintroduced the Grand Marquis, marketing it as the flagship of the Ford model line. From 1992 to 1994 it was manufactured in Mexico., after which it was imported from St. Thomas, Ontario, Canada. Wearing both Ford and Mercury badging, the Grand Marquis adapted a Ford Blue Oval on the trunklid after 1998.", "title": "Mercury Grand Marquis" }, { "docid": "881728#27", "text": "For 2003, the Grand Marquis saw an extensive styling update. However, many of the changes were under the skin, as the underpinnings of the Ford Panther chassis underwent its first complete redesign since its introduction for 1979. During the 2000s, Mercury would introduce two additional full-size sedans: the 2003-2004 Mercury Marauder and the 2005-2007 Mercury Montego (rebranded the 2008-2009 Mercury Sable). In addition, the Grand Marquis largely replaced the Ford Crown Victoria in retail markets as it was discontinued from retail sale for the 2008 model year.", "title": "Mercury Grand Marquis" }, { "docid": "256339#57", "text": "By the beginning of the 2000s, the Mercury division began to struggle in efforts to modernize its brand image. While sales of the Grand Marquis (then the best-selling Mercury vehicle) were highly profitable, the mid-60s age of a Grand Marquis buyer was nearly two decades higher than what Lincoln-Mercury dealers sought to attract into showrooms. During the 2000s, in multiple efforts to attract younger buyers to the brand, Mercury made a number of product changes and replacements. While the Mercury Grand Marquis and Sable retained market share at the beginning of the decade, the division effectively withdrew from compact sedans, discontinuing the Tracer in 1999 (three years before the Ford Escort) and the Mystique late in the same year.", "title": "Mercury (automobile)" }, { "docid": "881728#52", "text": "The Grand Marquis and its Ford Crown Victoria counterpart were marketed in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia, two members of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). The \"GCC-Spec\" vehicles initially offered a lower price, reliability, and relative simplicity (compared to German and Japanese luxury sedans), but the GCC-spec Mercury Grand Marquis began to lose market share in the 2000s towards updated competitors (such as the Holden-produced Chevrolet Caprice and Dodge Charger).", "title": "Mercury Grand Marquis" }, { "docid": "256339#61", "text": "While the Ford shift towards \"F\" nameplates was met with controversy in the marketplace, the reaction to \"M\" nameplates by Mercury for its product range was much less extreme. Along with its previous use from the 1950s to the 1970s for the Mercury product line, the renaming marked the revival of several nameplates previously used by the brand (Marauder, Montego, Monterey). While the Milan was outsold by its Ford Fusion counterpart (by a significant margin), the product line met with success, overtaking the Grand Marquis as the best-selling Mercury sedan in 2008. In contrast to Ford (which had largely ended the marketing of the Crown Victoria), the model overlap of the Montego and Grand Marquis led to the newer product line struggling to gain model share against competitive sedans. After being outsold nearly five-to-one by the Grand Marquis, for the 2008 model year, the Montego nameplate was retired in favor of reviving the Mercury Sable (as the Ford Five Hundred was renamed the Ford Taurus) as part of a mid-cycle update.", "title": "Mercury (automobile)" }, { "docid": "894238#0", "text": "The Mercury Sable is a range of automobiles that were manufactured and marketed by the Mercury brand of Ford Motor Company. Introduced on December 26, 1985 as the replacement for the Mercury Marquis, the Sable marked the transition of the mid-size Mercury product range to front-wheel drive. From October 1985 to 2005, the Sable was produced as a mid-size four-door sedan and station wagon, serving as the Mercury counterpart of the Ford Taurus (no Sable version of the Taurus SHO was produced). For 2006, the Sable was withdrawn, replaced by the smaller Mercury Milan and larger Mercury Montego. For 2008, alongside the return of the Ford Taurus, the Sable nameplate was revived; as a mid-cycle revision of the Montego, the Sable became a full-size sedan slotted below the Grand Marquis.", "title": "Mercury Sable" }, { "docid": "2381423#4", "text": "For 1969, the full-size cars of both Ford and Mercury were completely redesigned, with the Lincoln Continental following suit in 1970. In a model shift, the Park Lane was discontinued, with the Marquis gaining a full range of body styles. Alongside the previous two-door hardtop were a four-door hardtop, four-door pillared sedan, and a two-door convertible; Mercury also consolidated the Mercury Colony Park station wagon series into the Marquis lineup. All full-sized Mercury sedans and coupes were built on a 124-inch wheelbase, but Colony Park station wagons shared the 121-inch wheelbase as the Ford wagons and sedans. While built on a Ford chassis, Colony Parks shared the front bodywork and interior trim as Marquis Brougham sedans.", "title": "Mercury Marquis" } ]

[ { "docid": "284758#2", "text": "It is the world's largest security company measured by revenues and has operations in more than 90 countries. With over 570,000 employees, it is the world's third-largest private employer, the largest European and African private employer, and among the largest on the London Stock Exchange. G4S was founded in 2004 by the merger of the UK-based Securicor plc with the Denmark-based Group 4 Falck.", "title": "G4S" } ]

[ { "docid": "42855234#1", "text": "Gurkha Services was formed in 2007 and employed 600 people as of November 2011. In the north east of England they were hired in an attempt to reduce metal theft from railways.", "title": "G4S Gurkha Services" }, { "docid": "1586498#13", "text": "CNS Y-12 currently employs approximately 4,700 people. About 1,500 additional personnel work onsite as employees of organizations that include UT-Battelle, Science Applications International Corporation, Bechtel Jacobs, UCOR, and WSI Oak Ridge (an American-controlled unit of G4S Secure Solutions), which holds the security contract for the site.", "title": "Y-12 National Security Complex" }, { "docid": "9132239#4", "text": "It is the main employer in the area, with the Iron and Steel Works employing 5,519 people in 2005. The number of permanently employed workers has historically been declining, numbering 9,276 people in 1998, while during the communist era more than 15,000 worked there. The actual number of people working for TŽ is still somewhat higher, as many people are employed seasonally in brigade work and in affiliated facilities. The company is the main sponsor of the local ice hockey team HC Oceláři Třinec (Třinec Steelers).", "title": "Třinec Iron and Steel Works" }, { "docid": "57499293#2", "text": "He formed GSM with a colleague from his days at ICI in 1974. The company specialises in labels and barcoding equipment, sheet metal assemblies and automotive components. Through many acquisitions, the company employed over 400 people at nine sites across the United Kingdom by the time of Dodd's death.", "title": "Barry Dodd" }, { "docid": "26322119#4", "text": "On March 25, 2004, Comcast's G4 gaming channel announced a merger with TechTV. This move became hugely controversial among loyal fans of TechTV. Around May 6, G4 announced the termination of 250 employees from the San Francisco office by July 10, 2004, allowing approximately 80 to 100 employees to transition to G4's main office in Los Angeles, California if they agreed to relocate there. Norton chose to stay in San Francisco instead of moving to Los Angeles, and left the company.", "title": "Patrick Norton" }, { "docid": "284758#14", "text": "On 12 July 2012, it was announced that 3,500 British troops would be deployed at the 2012 Summer Olympics due to a shortage of adequately trained G4S security staff, with Labour MP Keith Vaz claiming that, \"G4S has let the country down and we have literally had to send in the troops\". Shares in G4S later dropped 9 percent after the firm claimed it faced a possible £50 million loss as a result of failing to provide sufficient trained staff for the 2012 Olympic Games. On 17 July, the company's chief executive, Nick Buckles, appeared before the Home Affairs Select Committee, where he apologised for the organisational failings, expressed regret at having taken on the Olympic security contract, and agreed in principle to pay bonuses to soldiers drafted at the last moment as replacement security staff. Pressed by Labour MP David Winnick, he was forced to admit that organisational situation had become a \"humiliating shambles\".", "title": "G4S" }, { "docid": "572831#1", "text": "In late 2012, G4's studio programming ceased in preparation for its relaunch as Esquire Network on September 23, 2013, as part of a licensing deal with Hearst Corporation, owner of \"Esquire\" magazine. However, on September 9, 2013, NBCUniversal announced that Esquire Network would instead replace sister channel, Style, leaving G4 \"as is for the foreseeable future, though it's highly unlikely the company will invest in more original programming\". In August 2013, it was reported that approximately 61,217,000 American households (53.61% of households with television) were receiving G4, though this declined with later removals by several cable services as carriage agreements expired.", "title": "G4 (U.S. TV channel)" }, { "docid": "186616#34", "text": "The city is home to some internationally active and well known enterprises. The Buderus company was created in the year 1731 and is one of the oldest still existing (large) enterprises. As BBT Thermotechnik, now part of the Bosch group, Buderus was for many decades one of the largest employers in the central Hessian area with more than 10,000 persons employed in Wetzlar alone (worldwide over 16,000), working in the areas casting (with cement), high-grade steel and heating technologies. Economic changes, repeated shifts of the stock majority as well as close-downs and sales of various divisions have strongly changed the company in the meantime. However, it ranks among the largest enterprises in Hesse. Wetzlar is apart from Jena and Oberkochen a German centre for optics as well as the most important German location for the precision engineering industry. The manufactured products have gained worldwide reputation. One of the most important companies in the area of microscopy is Leica Microsystems (formerly known as Ernst Leitz), which in its peak times employed over 7000 people in the city. Small format (35 mm) photography was invented in Wetzlar, and Leica cameras are well known for their excellent quality. In addition there are cameras of the companies Leidolf and Minox, binoculars and telescopes made by the company Hensoldt AG (now Carl Zeiss), part of the Zeiss group (over 2,000 people employed in peak times). Other well-known firms are Philips (with about 1,200 employed at times) or Siemens AG and Siemens VDO, since 2007 Continental AG or the Sancura BKK, a supraregional health insurance company, which is combined with the Taunus BKK. The Business park \"Spilburg\", former barracks, became home to a number of innovative enterprises, particularly in the area of optics/precision mechanics, information technology and services. Additionally, areas in the \"Westend\" as well as the \"Hörnsheimer Eck\" and the \"Dillfeld\" are available for new businesses to set up.", "title": "Wetzlar" }, { "docid": "50677561#41", "text": "Justice secretary Liz Truss informed Members of Parliament that insufficient staffing lay at the root of the Birmingham riot. She said G4S would have to pay the costs of ten highly trained public sector Tornado elite teams dispatched to end the 12-hour riot at its Birmingham prison. Three hundred and eighty prisoners were transferred from wrecked wings of the prison to other jails across England, but their dispersal led to two incidents at HM Prison Hull on Sunday and another at HM Prison Cardiff and yet another at HM Prison Swaleside. At the riot's start, prisoners took keys from a G4S guard. At 10:00 a.m. G4S deployed two Tornado teams but that response was insufficient. Seven public sector Tornado teams were therefore necessarily dispatched to Birmingham at 11:29 a.m. “Shortly after 10 p.m., the teams had secured all four wings,\" she said. Labour MPs pressed Truss over whether prior warnings from the Birmingham independent monitoring board had been acted upon, and about the consequences of a 700 million pound budget cut and the reduction of 7,000 prison officers on the overall stability of the Prison Service. Labour said the riot should prompt the government to review the operation of prisons by private companies such as G4S and Serco. Although Truss repeatedly refused to acknowledge if she had read the Birmingham prison watchdog’s October report that warned of the need for urgent action to tackle understaffing and the spread of psychoactive drugs, she said they had been discussed with the prison's governor. The Truss statement followed still another warning from John Thornhill, the president of the independent monitoring board. He said insufficient staff had caused rising levels of violence in prisons in England and Wales: “It is the board’s view, echoed by prison staff, that there are insufficient staff numbers to deal with many of the day-to-day situations that occur in a local prison… The result, as we have seen in recent weeks, is an increase in riots that damage the system.” “The impact of this unrestrained violence is that a large number of prisoners have to be transferred to other prisons that are already stretched with their own problems and staffing issues.”", "title": "Controversies surrounding G4S" } ]

[ { "docid": "228613#9", "text": "In some situations, particularly when hunting or in danger, starfish may move in a bilateral fashion. When crawling, some arms act as the leading arms, while others trail behind. Most starfish cannot move quickly, a typical speed being that of the leather star (\"Dermasterias imbricata\"), which can manage just in a minute. Some burrowing species from the genera \"Astropecten\" and \"Luidia\" have points rather than suckers on their long tube feet and are capable of much more rapid motion, \"gliding\" across the ocean floor. The sand star (\"Luidia foliolata\") can travel at a speed of per minute. When a starfish finds itself upside down, two adjacent arms are bent backwards to provide support, the opposite arm is used to stamp the ground while the two remaining arms are raised on either side; finally the stamping arm is released as the starfish turns itself over and recovers its normal stance.", "title": "Starfish" }, { "docid": "228613#3", "text": "Most starfish have five arms that radiate from a central disc, but the number varies with the group. Some species have six or seven arms and others have 10–15 arms. The Antarctic \"Labidiaster annulatus\" can have over fifty. Having descended from bilateral organisms, starfish move in a bilateral fashion, with certain arms acting like the front of the animal.", "title": "Starfish" } ]

[ { "docid": "35838106#4", "text": "Starfish can locate their prey by chemoreception. In a trial, sixty \"Asterias forbesi\" that had not been fed for a week were used. The bait was a piece of mussel flesh in a tank of slowly circulating water. Test starfish were placed in the downstream odour plume, one metre (3 ft 3 in) away from the food source and the movements of each starfish were recorded on videotape. A control was provided using the same flow conditions but without an odour being present. 12 of the test starfish (20%) moved towards the target and got within of it in the allotted 15 minute timespan. The direction of movement became more accurate as the distance from the bait shortened. The rate of movement was slower than that of the control starfish and it was thought that this slower speed might improve the ability of the starfish to taste the water and make accurate comparisons of odour concentrations. None of the control starfish moved purposely in any direction, tending to move in random directions, circling and crossing their previous paths. It was proposed that more starfish would have moved towards the bait if they had previously been starved for a longer period. Other similar trials have involved starving starfish for two months prior to the experiment and this provides greater motivation to seek prey.", "title": "Asterias forbesi" }, { "docid": "43143#46", "text": "Nearly all starfish are detritivores or carnivores, though a few are suspension feeders. Small fish landing on the upper surface may be captured by pedicilaria and dead animal matter may be scavenged but the main prey items are living invertebrates, mostly bivalve molluscs. To feed on one of these, the starfish moves over it, attaches its tube feet and exerts pressure on the valves by arching its back. When a small gap between the valves is formed, the starfish inserts part of its stomach into the prey, excretes digestive enzymes and slowly liquefies the soft body parts. As the adductor muscle of the shellfish relaxes, more stomach is inserted and when digestion is complete, the stomach is returned to its usual position in the starfish with its now liquefied bivalve meal inside it. The same everted stomach process is used by other starfish to feed on sponges, sea anemones, corals, detritus and algal films.", "title": "Echinoderm" }, { "docid": "607457#17", "text": "The adult crown-of-thorns is a corallivorous predator that usually preys on reef coral polyps. It climbs onto a section of living coral colony using the large number of tube feet on its oral surface and flexible body. It fits closely to the surface of the coral, even the complex surfaces of branching corals. It then extrudes its stomach out through its mouth over the surface to virtually its own diameter. The stomach surface secretes digestive enzymes that allow the starfish to absorb nutrients from the liquefied coral tissue. This leaves a white scar of coral skeleton which is rapidly infested with filamentous algae. An individual starfish can consume up to of living coral reef per year. In a study of feeding rates on two coral reefs in the central Great Barrier Reef region, large starfish (40 cm and greater diameter) killed about 61 cm²/day in winter and 357–478 cm²/day in summer. Smaller starfish, 20–39 cm, killed 155 and 234 cm²/day in the equivalent seasons. The area killed by the large starfish is equivalent to about from these observations. Differences in feeding and locomotion rates between summer and winter reflect the fact that the crown-of-thorns, like all marine invertebrates, is a poikilotherm whose body temperature and metabolic rate are directly affected by the temperature of the surrounding water. In tropical coral reefs, crown-of-thorns specimens reach mean locomotion rates of 35 cm/min, which explains how outbreaks can damage large reef areas in relatively short periods.", "title": "Crown-of-thorns starfish" }, { "docid": "36324608#4", "text": "\"Anasterias rupicola\" is a carnivore. Even juveniles a few millimetres across actively seek out prey. Smaller starfish feed on isopods, pelecypods and chitons. Larger starfish also feed on amphipods, polychaete worms and the limpet \"Nacella delesserti\", which makes up 90% of its diet by mass. The feeding method depends on the relative size of starfish and victim. Small items are swallowed whole but larger items are tackled by the starfish everting its cardiac stomach over the prey and secreting enzymes to start the digestive process. Faster moving prey animals have sometimes been observed to take refuge under a starfish and subsequently been invaginated.", "title": "Anasterias rupicola" }, { "docid": "43143#37", "text": "Brittle stars are the most agile of the echinoderms, raising their discs and taking strides when moving. The two forward arms grip the substrate with their tube feet, the two side arms \"row\", the hindermost arm trails and the animal moves in jerks. The arm spines provide traction and when moving among objects, the supple arms can coil around things. A few species creep around on pointed tube feet. Starfish extend their tube feet in the intended direction of travel and grip the substrate by suction, after which the feet are drawn backwards. The movement of multiple tube feet, coordinated in waves, moves the animal forward, but progress is slow. Some burrowing starfish have points rather than suckers on their tube feet and they are able to \"glide\" across the seabed at a faster rate.", "title": "Echinoderm" }, { "docid": "607457#64", "text": "An autonomous starfish-killing robot called COTSBot has been developed and as of September 2015 was close to being ready for trials on the Great Barrier Reef. The COTSbot, which has a neural net-aided vision system, is designed to seek out crown-of-thorns starfish and give them a lethal injection of bile salts. After it eradicates the bulk of the starfish in a given area, human divers can move in and remove the survivors. Field trials of the robot have begun in Moreton Bay in Brisbane to refine its navigation system, according to Queensland University of Technology researcher Matthew Dunbabin. There are no crown-of-thorns starfish in Moreton Bay, but when the navigation has been refined, the robot will be used on the reef.", "title": "Crown-of-thorns starfish" }, { "docid": "228613#8", "text": "When longitudinal muscles in the ampullae contract, valves in the lateral canals close and water is forced into the tube feet. These extend to contact the substrate. Although the tube feet resemble suction cups in appearance, the gripping action is a function of adhesive chemicals rather than suction. Other chemicals and relaxation of the ampullae allow for release from the substrate. The tube feet latch on to surfaces and move in a wave, with one arm section attaching to the surface as another releases. Some starfish turn up the tips of their arms while moving which gives maximum exposure of the sensory tube feet and the eyespot to external stimuli.", "title": "Starfish" }, { "docid": "13570187#4", "text": "The ciliate protozoan \"Orchitophrya stellarum\" is sometimes a parasite of the common starfish.\nIt normally lives on the outer surface of the starfish feeding on sloughed-off epidermal tissue. It appears to become parasitic when the host starfish has ripe gonads and is a male. It enters the starfish through the gonopores, the orifices where gametes are released. There may be a pheromone that alerts it to the fact that the testes are ripe and causes it to change its behaviour. As different species of starfish breed at different times of year, \"Orchitophrya stellarum\" may move from one species to another in accordance with their reproductive cycles. In the Atlantic Ocean, it may alternate between parasitising \"Asterias forbesi\" and \"Asterias rubens\" during the spring and summer and the winter host may be \"Leptasterias spp.\". The ciliate has been found in the testes of all these species. When inside the gonad, it phagocytoses the sperm thus rendering the starfish infertile. Researchers have found a change in the sex ratios of affected populations with fewer males than females being present with the males being consistently smaller than the females.", "title": "Common starfish" } ]

[ { "docid": "38894#2", "text": "France abolished slavery within the French Kingdom (continental France) in 1315. In May 1787 the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade was formed in London to end the British slave trade. Revolutionary France abolished slavery in France's colonies in 1794, although it was restored by Napoleon with the Law of 20 May 1802 as part of a program to ensure French sovereignty over its colonies. Haiti formally declared independence from France in 1804 and brought an end to slavery in its territory. The northern states in the U.S. all abolished slavery by 1804. Great Britain and Ireland and the United States outlawed the international slave trade in 1807, after which Britain led efforts to block slave ships. Britain abolished slavery throughout the British Empire with the Slavery Abolition Act 1833, the French colonies re-abolished it in 1848 and the U.S. abolished slavery in 1865 with the 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.", "title": "Abolitionism" }, { "docid": "1978042#12", "text": "Slavery was first abolished by the French Republic in 1794, but Napoleon revoked that decree in 1802. In 1815, the Republic abolished the slave trade but the decree did not come into effect until 1826. France re-abolished slavery in her colonies in 1848 with a general and unconditional emancipation.\nWilliam Wilberforce's Slave Trade Act 1807 abolished the slave trade in the British Empire. It was not until the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 that the institution finally was abolished, but on a gradual basis. Since slave owners in the various colonies (not only the Caribbean) were losing their unpaid labourers, the government set aside £20 million for compensation but it did not offer the former slaves reparations.", "title": "Slavery in the British and French Caribbean" }, { "docid": "6585135#115", "text": "Slavery in the French Republic was abolished on 4 February 1794, including in its colonies. The lengthy Haitian Revolution by its slaves and free people of color established Haiti as a free republic in 1804 ruled by blacks, the first of its kind. At the time of the revolution, Haiti was known as Saint-Domingue and was a colony of France. Napoleon Bonaparte gave up on Haiti in 1803, but re-established slavery in Guadeloupe and Martinique in 1804, at the request of planters of the Caribbean colonies. Slavery was permanently abolished in the French empire during the French Revolution of 1848.", "title": "History of slavery" } ]

[ { "docid": "38894#11", "text": "The Convention, the first elected Assembly of the First Republic (1792–1804), on 4 February 1794, under the leadership of Maximilien Robespierre, abolished slavery in law in France and its colonies. Abbé Grégoire and the Society of the Friends of the Blacks were part of the abolitionist movement, which had laid important groundwork in building anti-slavery sentiment in the metropole. The first article of the law stated that \"Slavery was abolished\" in the French colonies, while the second article stated that \"slave-owners would be indemnified\" with financial compensation for the value of their slaves. The French constitution passed in 1795 included in the declaration of the Rights of Man that slavery was abolished.", "title": "Abolitionism" }, { "docid": "201973#59", "text": "The monarchy made a distinction between French soil on the mainland and soil under French control such as the colonies. This distinction allowed for slavery to be illegal in France but continue in the colonies. Colonists in Saint Domingue wanted to have representation, 21 members due to their population size and contribution to the economy. This was shot down by the National Convention as the majority of their population were slaves and thus had no rights as citizens and contributed nothing to representative population. The Société des amis des Noirs in France originally did oppose slavery during the 1780s, however much of this opposition was ignored as a result of the French Revolution breaking out. The French showed a much greater willingness to act on the issue of slavery when the threat of a war with Spain seemed imminent. In 1792 the National Convention agreed to delegate 3 commissaries for Saint Domingue. Two of the commissaires, Léger-Félicité Sonthonax and Étienne Polverel, implemented rights for free men of color that were equal to their white counterparts. On May 5, 1793, Sonthonax and Polverel, first attacked the plantation system and forced the owners to treat the slaves better and care more for their well-being. Sonthonax then attacked slavery itself by freeing any slave Huzards, Latin for hazards, who had been armed by their masters since they could not return to peaceful plantation life. Polverel issued a proclamation in Cap Francais on June 21, 1793 which freed all slaves who agreed to fight for the French Republic from both internal and external threats. The commissaires then ruled that the Republic would pay an indemnity to the owners of female slaves marrying free men and that all children of that union would be free. The National Convention eventually allowed for 6 representative members for the colony. When pressured by the Friends of the Blacks to end the slave trade in the colonies, the National Convention refused on the grounds of slavery being too core to the French economic wealth. The committee felt “six million French people relied on the colonies to survive” and continued to stand by this argument. On October 12, 1790 the National Convention declared the only body of power who could control the status of people in the colonies were committees in the colonies themselves--this meant although free blacks met the requirement for active citizenship the white colonists would not allow it. This was done in an attempt to please the white colonists and convince them not to join forces with the British. This also gave the colonies the power to control their own laws regarding slavery and allowed for the National Convention to wash their hands of the issue. Three deputies from Saint Domingue traveled to France to attempt to persuade the National Convention to abolish slavery. The National Convention abolished slavery after hearing speeches from the deputies on February 4, 1794. However, the Committee of Public Safety delayed sending the proclamation to the colonies for two months. This was due to the apparent opposition of Robespierre to the abolition of slavery. The issue was eventually resolved following the Committee circumventing Robespierre and ordering the abolition decree to be sent to Saint Domingue. However, Napoleon's attempt to return to slavery in 1801 removed France's state of being the first to abolish slavery and led to the loss of the most prosperous French colony.", "title": "National Convention" }, { "docid": "57736445#11", "text": "On 4 February 1794, during the French Revolution, the National Assembly of the First Republic abolished slavery in France and its colonies. The military successes of the French Republic and Napoleon carried across Europe the ideals of egalitarianism and brought into question the practice of slavery in the colonies of other European powers.", "title": "Planter class" }, { "docid": "28579613#21", "text": "In 1789, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen abolished slavery. However, it was only truly abolished in the colonies in 1794 thanks to the Society of the Friends of the Blacks’ efforts. In 1802, Napoleon, encouraged by wife Josephine who originated from and owned many assets in Martinique, reestablished slavery, the slave trade and the Black Code. This sparked a rebellion. He sent military expeditions in Saint-Domingue and Guadeloupe to contain the rebellion. The rebels of Saint-Domingue ended up being victorious and proclaimed their independence after what is commonly known as the Haitian Revolution. In January 1803, this first black republic was founded and took the name of Haiti. In 1815, after the Napoleon's Hundred Days, Napoleon aligned himself with Congress and decreed the abolition of slavery. However, slavery continued all the way up to the 1840s on Gorée Island, Senegal. In 1848 King Louis-Phillippe abdicated and the provisional government of the Republic was founded, proclaiming that “No French territory can hold slaves”. Finally, on April 27, 1848, the provisional Government abolished slavery in all French colonies. The government abolished slavery on May 23 for Martinique, May 27 for Guadeloupe, August 10 for Guyana and December 20th for Reunion. An illegal slave commerce persisted for a short time after but was quickly transformed into a commerce of Chinese or Indian “engagés” workers.", "title": "Racism in France" }, { "docid": "25975#21", "text": "On 16 Pluviôse (4 February 1794), the National Convention decreed that slavery be abolished in all of France and French colonies.", "title": "Reign of Terror" }, { "docid": "1978091#26", "text": "Support for abolitionism rose in Great Britain. Slavery was abolished under the French Revolution, for the French Caribbean colonies, (the slavery was abolished in European part of France in 1315 by Louis X) but was restored under Napoleon I. Slaves in Saint-Domingue established independence, founding the republic of Haiti in 1804.", "title": "Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies" }, { "docid": "5822490#1", "text": "Slavery in France, throughout the Revolution, remained common in the colonies. The abolition of slavery in the colonies would have affected planters who were represented in the assemblies by deputies, particularly the Lameths. The coloured free saw that their rights were being taken from them and finally on this date in 1791 the assembly decided to withdraw their civil rights. However, after the Haitian Revolution and new freedom of blacks in French colonies, in 1794 radical Jacobins reinstated the rights of blacks. Furthermore, slavery was abolished in all French colonies, and free blacks of those colonies were made electable to the French government as colonial representatives. Along with this the rights for free association for workers and the right to strike were also taken away. After a series of strikes on June 14, 1791, in workshops located in Paris, the Loi Le Chapelier was passed. The intention was to establish a free labour market by forbidding associations by workers and also the formation of trade unions.", "title": "Active and passive citizens" } ]

[ { "docid": "1794553#0", "text": "The general sejm (, also translated as the full or ordinary sejm) was the bicameral parliament of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. It was established by the Union of Lublin in 1569 from the merger of the Sejm of the Kingdom of Poland and the Seimas of Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Ruthenia and Samogitia. It was one of the primary elements of the democratic governance in the Commonwealth (see Golden Liberty). The sejm was a powerful political institution and the king could not pass laws without the approval of that body.", "title": "Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth" }, { "docid": "1794553#4", "text": "Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was established by the Union of Lublin in 1569 and merged the Sejm of the Kingdom of Poland and the Seimas of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Both countries had centuries-long tradition of public participation in policy making, traced to the Slavic assembly known as the \"wiec\". Another form of public decision making in Poland was that of royal election, which occurred when there was no clear heir to the throne, or the heir's appointment had to be confirmed. With time the power of such assemblies grew, entrenched with milestone privileges obtained by the nobility (\"szlachta\") particularly during periods of transition from one dynasty or royal succession system to another (such as the Privilege of Koszyce of 1374). Tracing the history of the Sejm of Poland, Bardach points to the national assemblies of the early 15th century, Jędruch prefers, as \"a convenient time marker\", the sejm of 1493, the first recorded bicameral session of the Polish parliament. Sedlar, however, noted that 1493 is simply the first time such a session was clearly recorded in sources, and the first bicameral session might have taken place earlier.", "title": "Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth" }, { "docid": "19119582#0", "text": "The order of precedence for members of the Sejm (parliament) of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was created at the same time as the Commonwealth itself – at the Lublin Sejm in 1569. The Commonwealth was a union, in existence from 1569 to 1795, of two constituent nations: the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland (commonly known as \"Korona\", or \"the Crown\") and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The union's legislative power was vested in a diet (assembly) known as the Sejm which consisted of the three Estates of the Sejm: the monarch, holding the titles of King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania; the Senate; and the House of Deputies.", "title": "Order of precedence in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth" } ]

[ { "docid": "1180262#0", "text": "The Great Sejm, also known as the Four-Year Sejm (Polish: respectively, \"Sejm Wielki\" or \"Sejm Czteroletni\"; Lithuanian: \"Didysis seimas\" or \"Ketverių metų seimas\") was a Sejm (parliament) of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that was held in Warsaw between 1788 and 1792. Its principal aim became to restore sovereignty to, and reform, the Commonwealth politically and economically.", "title": "Great Sejm" }, { "docid": "247724#16", "text": "The weakened Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth soon came to be regarded as almost a protectorate of Russia. In 1709 Augustus II returned to the Polish throne under Russian auspices. Once again he attempted to establish an absolute monarchy in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, but was faced with opposition from the nobility (\"szlachta\", see Tarnogród Confederation). He was handicapped by the mutual jealousy of the Saxons and the Poles, and a struggle broke out in Poland which was only ended when the king promised to limit the number of his army in that country to 18,000 men. Peter the Great seized on the opportunity to pose as mediator, threatened the Commonwealth militarily, and in 1717 forced Augustus and the nobility to sign an accommodation favorable to Russian interests, at the Silent Sejm (\"Sejm Niemy\").", "title": "Augustus II the Strong" }, { "docid": "1953890#1", "text": "The establishment of an institution of permanent council, an early form of executive government in the late years of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, was originally recommended by the political reformer Stanisław Konarski. It was intermittently under consideration, as permitted by Poland's intrusive neighbors, during the period of government reforms, beginning with the Convocation Sejm of 1764. The Permanent Council was actually created in 1775 by the Partition Sejm, when Empress Catherine the Great of Russia and her ambassador to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Otto Magnus von Stackelberg, became convinced that it was a way of securing the Empire's influence over the internal politics of Poland (control over the \"Sejm\" and the King). The Council had remained in continuous operation and was therefore largely immune from szlachta's \"liberum veto\" obstructionism, which could be pursued only during the sessions of the \"Sejm\". The Council was also much less prone than the \"Sejm\" to other distractions from minor gentry. Empress Catherine and Ambassador Stackelberg believed that the Council would be dominated by anti-royal magnates and that it would put an end to the King's push toward reforms.", "title": "Permanent Council" }, { "docid": "1347185#6", "text": "The Party was established during the Four-Year Sejm (Great Sejm) of 1788–92 by individuals that sought reforms aimed at bolstering the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, including seeking to reassert Poland's independence from the Russian Empire. Its aim was to draft and pass legislation to fix the ailing Commonwealth. The Party worked to abolish the magnate and Russian dominated Permanent Council, and to enlarge the Polish Army. The Party was modeled after similar organization that recently began operating in revolutionary France.", "title": "Patriotic Party" }, { "docid": "30765488#79", "text": "The reforms of the Partition Sejm, subject to intrigue and obstruction and never fully put into effect (especially the treasury-military aspects), had however become the necessary foundation for the establishment of the emerging \"Republic Enlightened\" movement. This turned out to be the case even though this sejm lacked (besides the monarch) enlightened leaders, like the ones that would soon become prominent in the era of the approaching Great Sejm reforms.", "title": "History of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1764–1795)" }, { "docid": "343234#11", "text": "In 1768, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth became a protectorate of the Russian Empire. Control of Poland was central to Catherine the Great's diplomatic and military strategies. Attempts at reform, such as the Four-Year Sejm's May Constitution, came too late. The country was partitioned in three stages by the neighboring Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Habsburg Monarchy. By 1795, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth had been completely erased from the map of Europe. Poland and Lithuania were not re-established as independent countries until 1918.", "title": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth" }, { "docid": "1794553#24", "text": "It is estimated that between 1493 and 1793 sejms were held 240 times. Jędruch gives a higher number of 245, and notes that 192 of those were successfully completed, passing legislation. 32 sejms were vetoed with the infamous liberum veto, particularly in the first half of the 18th century. The last two sejms of the Commonwealth were the irregular four-year Great Sejm (1788–92), which passed the Constitution of the 3 May, and the infamous Grodno Sejm (1793) where deputies, bribed or coerced by the Russian Empire following the Commonwealth defeat in the War in Defense of the Constitution, annulled the short-lived Constitution and passed the act of Second Partition of Poland.", "title": "Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth" } ]

[ { "docid": "289661#26", "text": "In \"Kingdom Hearts\", Cloud appears in the Olympus Coliseum world. Hired by Hades to kill Hercules, Cloud must fight Sora as a prerequisite. After the fight, Hades sends Cerberus to attack Cloud and Sora, who are then saved by Hercules. Cloud meets with Sora afterward and explains that he is searching for someone. In \"Kingdom Hearts: Final Mix\" there is an additional scene where he battles Sephiroth. During the credit roll at the end of the game, Cloud is shown reuniting residents of Hollow Bastion. A memory-based version of Cloud appears in the Game Boy Advance sequel \"\" as a boss in the Olympus Coliseum and later as a summon card for Sora. Cloud features again in \"Kingdom Hearts II\", depicted in his \"Advent Children\" attire. He is searching for Sephiroth, and is himself being sought out by Tifa. Cloud fights alongside Leon's team during the Heartless invasion of Hollow Bastion. Should the player choose to engage Sephiroth and win the battle, Cloud returns and fights Sephiroth, which ends with both of them disappearing in a flash of light after Tifa gives Cloud her support. Sora concludes that Cloud is still fighting with Sephiroth, and will not stop until he is defeated. A digital replica of Cloud also appears in \"Kingdom Hearts coded\" in the Olympus Coliseum, helping Sora and Hercules to battle Hades.", "title": "Cloud Strife" }, { "docid": "2445129#49", "text": "Cloud Strife appears in \"Kingdom Hearts\" at Olympus Coliseum, based on Disney's \"Hercules\". In the game, he is a mercenary hired by Hades to kill Hercules in exchange for the whereabouts of Sephiroth, who is an optional boss included in the North American, PAL, and \"Final Mix\" releases of the game. Cloud and Tifa Lockhart later appear in \"Kingdom Hearts II\" as allies of the Hollow Bastion Restoration Committee; Sephiroth also returns here as an optional boss, and is depicted as the embodiment of Cloud's darkness.", "title": "Characters of Kingdom Hearts" }, { "docid": "289661#32", "text": "PSXextreme praised Cloud's redesign in \"Kingdom Hearts\" as one of the best in the game, describing it is a \"hybrid\" of his and Vincent Valentine's designs. According to AnimeFringe, Cloud's appearance in \"Kingdom Hearts\" was one of the things that excited \"Final Fantasy VII\" fans the most. His development in \"Advent Children\" was praised by DVD Talk as one of the best parts from the film. James Mielke of 1UP.com commented that Cloud's guilt over Aerith's death was effective enough to move viewers, but regarded such scenes as \"manipulative\". Michael Beckett, writing for RPGamer, referred to Cloud overcoming Aerith's death as central to the film, and called his fight sequences \"the most creative and impressive scenes\". \"Newtype USA\" also praised Cloud's role in \"Advent Children\" due to his heroic traits despite being a reluctant hero. Mielke also described the characters as \"beautiful; perfect almost\", commenting that Cloud possessed \"unbreakably perfect hair\". Briana Lawerence of Mania Entertainment, however, listed Cloud second in her article \"10 Male Headaches of Anime\", criticizing his feeling of guilt about Aerith's death. Joystiq's Andrew Yoon opined that the director's cut version of the film provides more depth to Cloud's development, taking advantage of its longer runtime by better \"humanizing [him]\". A 2010 GamesRadar article showcasing classic game character redesigns contrasted Cloud's appearances in \"Advent Children\" and \"Final Fantasy VII\", stating that the move away from low polygon models necessitated the change, and commenting that Square Enix alters the design with each title he features in. In another article, GamesRadar stated that while Cloud felt like a \"miserable\" character in the film, his coming on terms with his past was appealing alongside his new swords stored in his bike. Yoshinori Kitase stated that the fight between Cloud and Sephiroth was popular enough to make Japanese gamers do a remake of it for the crossover \"Dissidia Final Fantasy\" and expected Western fans also emulate it.", "title": "Cloud Strife" }, { "docid": "289661#7", "text": "Nomura redesigned Cloud for his appearance in \"Kingdom Hearts\". He is depicted with a claw and a crimson cape, and the blade of his sword is wrapped in bandages. Stating that Cloud's left arm was inspired by Vincent Valentine, Nomura explained that he wanted to give the character a more demon-like appearance due to his ties to the dark side in the game. Nomura stated that he wanted to leave the question of whether Cloud was searching for Aerith open to the player's interpretation. Teruaki Sugawara, the game's voice director, recommended Takahiro Sakurai, Cloud's Japanese voice actor, to Nomura for the role. Nomura had originally asked Sakurai to play the protagonist of video game \"The Bouncer\", Sion Barzahd, but found that his voice best suited Cloud after hearing him speak. Sakurai received the script without any accompanying visuals, and first arrived for recording under the impression that he would be voicing a different character than the one featured in \"Final Fantasy VII\".", "title": "Cloud Strife" }, { "docid": "289661#11", "text": "For \"Advent Children\", Nomura wanted to contrast Cloud and Vincent's voices given their similar personalities. As a sequel to the highly popular \"Final Fantasy VII\", Sakurai felt greater pressure performing the role than he did when he voiced Cloud for \"Kingdom Hearts\". Sakurai received comments from colleagues revealing their love of the game, some of them jokingly threatening that they would not forgive Sakurai if he did not meet their expectations. During recording, Sakurai was told that \"[n]o matter what kind of odds are stacked against him, Cloud won't be shaken.\" Sakurai says that while he recorded most of his work individually, he performed alongside Ayumi Ito, who voiced Tifa, for a few scenes. These recordings left him feeling \"deflated\", as the \"exchanges he has with Tifa can be pretty painful\", Sakurai commenting that Cloud—whom he empathized with as his voice actor—has a hard time dealing with straight talk. Sakurai says that there were scenes that took over a year to complete, with very precise directions being given requiring multiple takes.", "title": "Cloud Strife" } ]

[ { "docid": "25856384#2", "text": "\"Cloud Kingdoms\" is an arcade puzzle game where the player controls the character of Terry, a green bouncing sphere with eyes, in his quest to recover his magic crystals that were stolen by the game's antagonist, Baron von Bonsai. The crystals have been scattered across a series of levels, the eponymous Cloud Kingdoms, which Terry must conquer in order to win the game. The player navigates Terry through each Kingdom from a top-down perspective and can move in eight directions, as well as jump over enemies, obstacles, and holes. Enemies include fairies that have been transformed into insects and by Baron von Bonsai. There are 15 Kingdoms in the Commodore 64 version and 32 in all others.", "title": "Cloud Kingdoms" }, { "docid": "23703315#25", "text": "Hades appears in the \"Kingdom Hearts\" series of video games. He was originally in league with Maleficent, using the Heartless to try to take over the worlds. Hades wanted to dispose of Hercules and tricked Cloud Strife into challenging Hercules in the Preliminaries at the Olympus Colliseum. In return, Hades \"promised\" Cloud he will lead him to Sephiroth. However, when Sora arrived, Hades changed plans and had Cloud attack Sora first. When Cloud refused to kill Sora (or was defeated by him, depending on the outcome), Hades sends out Cerberus to take care of Cloud. Hercules arrived to get Cloud to safety while Sora & company dealt with Cerberus. After Maleficent's defeat, Hades himself battles Sora and lost as all his schemes against Sora and the others end in failure. In \"\", a facsimile Hades appeared as token of Sora's memory and the darkness in Riku's heart. In \"Kingdom Hearts II\", Hades's desire to kill Hercules is still undeterred. After joining forces with Pete, and probably Maleficent through him, Hades decides to use Auron, who has already died, to fight against Hercules and kill him; however, Auron rebels against Hades and fights him, only to be interrupted by Sora, Donald Duck and Goofy. They fight Hades, but, due to the Underworld curse, he is invincible to their attacks. Hades then sends Cerberus and later the Hydra against Sora and his friends. Upon discovering that Sora's Keyblade could unlock any lock, Hades initially plans to use it to unlock the Underdrome, the Underworld's own coliseum. However, when Pete informs him that the Keyblade will only work for Sora, Hades kidnaps Meg and traps her in the locked Underdrome, forcing Sora to unlock it to rescue her. After defeating Pete and the Hydra again, Sora and his friends eventually fight and defeat Hades. However, Hades survives and acts as a challenger in the last tournaments, which are unlocked near the end of the game. In the prequel, \"Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep\", he attempts to use Terra to kill Hercules, but Terra resists the Darkness in his heart, so Hades places Zack under his control to eliminate both Terra and Hercules, but Terra defeats Zack and frees him from Hades' influence. Later, Hades and the Ice Colossus (a replica of the Ice Titan) both fight Aqua in the Coliseum, but Aqua defeats the both of them and Hades flees to the Underworld to further his plans. James Woods reprises his role for the English versions of the games, while his Japanese voice in all the games is done by Japanese stage actor Kyusaku Shimada, who does an impersonation of Woods.", "title": "List of Disney's Hercules characters" }, { "docid": "52756#44", "text": "Several characters from \"Final Fantasy VII\" have made cameo appearances in other Square Enix titles, most notably the fighting game \"Ehrgeiz\" and the popular \"Final-Fantasy\"-to-Disney crossover series \"Kingdom Hearts\". Additionally, fighting video game \"Dissidia Final Fantasy\" includes \"Final Fantasy VII\" characters such as Cloud and Sephiroth, and allows players to fight with characters from throughout the \"Final Fantasy\" series, and its follow-up, \"Dissidia 012 Final Fantasy\", included Tifa as well. Cloud is also a playable character in Final Fantasy Tactics. In 2015, Cloud was released as a downloadable content character for the Nintendo fighting game \"Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U\", along with a stage based on Midgar and returned in \"Super Smash Bros. Ultimate\". Aerith's death in the game has often been referred to as one of the most significant moments from any video game.", "title": "Final Fantasy VII" }, { "docid": "25856384#0", "text": "Cloud Kingdoms is an arcade puzzle game published by Millennium Interactive Ltd. for Amiga computers, the Atari ST and Commodore 64, and MS-DOS in 1990. The player controls Terry, a green bouncing sphere, on a quest to recover his magic crystals that have been stolen by Baron von Bonsai. To do so, he must travel through the eponymous Cloud Kingdoms, avoiding enemies and hazards while collecting all of the crystals within the game's time limit. The game was developed by Dene Carter at Logotron, with sounds and music composed by David Whittaker.", "title": "Cloud Kingdoms" }, { "docid": "25856384#4", "text": "\"Cloud Kingdoms\" was developed at Logotron by Dene Carter, who had previously worked on \"Druid\" and its sequel \"Enlightenment\" for the Commodore 64, as well as \"Dragon Lord\". It was published under Logotron's publishing arm Millennium Interactive Ltd. The game contains a small assortment of sound effects, as well as music on the title screen, and tunes that play when particular items are collected, all composed by David Whittaker. Upon its release in 1990, \"Cloud Kingdoms\" was priced at £24.99 for the Amiga, Atari ST, and MS-DOS versions, and £9.99 and £14.99 for a Commodore 64 cassette and disk respectively. In addition to having fewer levels, the Commodore 64 version also omitted several styles of the enemies. The MS-DOS edition came out a week after the others and supported EGA and VGA graphics. It also featured fewer sounds than the other versions.", "title": "Cloud Kingdoms" } ]

[ { "docid": "1223797#22", "text": "On occasion, the bone of a fossilised predator is preserved well enough to retain recognizable proteins that belong to the species it consumed when alive. Stable isotope analysis of these proteins has shown that \"Smilodon\" preyed mainly on bison and horses, and occasionally ground sloths and mammoths, while \"Homotherium\" often preyed on young mammoths and other grazers such as pronghorn antelope and bighorn sheep when mammoths were not available.", "title": "Machairodontinae" } ]

[ { "docid": "1223797#51", "text": "Modern cats, and presumably the basal genera of all cats, such as \"Pseudaelurus\" and \"Proailurus\", use the throat clamp as a common method of dispatching prey. The suffocation would inhibit sound from the panicked prey, a method used by modern cheetahs and leopards. The wound from the canines and the lack of air would then kill the prey animal.", "title": "Machairodontinae" }, { "docid": "1223797#49", "text": "The general bite-and-retreat hypothesis has been criticised because of its bloodiness and because the struggling prey would have attracted any predators and scavengers in the area. The idea that a single animal would wound, release, and follow a prey animal has been counteracted more strongly. Cats rarely walk away from prey until they have eaten their fill and it would have risked being stolen by other predators.", "title": "Machairodontinae" }, { "docid": "1223797#11", "text": "Broken teeth indicate the frequency at which teeth contact bone. Increased teeth-bone contact suggests either increased consumption of carcasses, rapid consumption of prey, or increased aggression over kills – all three of which point to decreased prey availability, heightening competition between predators. Such a competitive environment would favor the faster killing of prey, because if prey is taken away before consumption (such as by out-competing) the energetic cost of capturing that prey is not reimbursed, and, if this occurs often enough in the lifetime of a predator, death by exhaustion or starvation would result. The earliest adaptations improving the speed at which prey was killed are present in the skull and mandible of \"P. ogygia\" and of \"M. aphanistus\", and in the cervical vertebrae and forelimb of \"P. ogygia\". They provide further morphological evidence for the importance of speed in the evolution of the saber-toothed phenotype.", "title": "Machairodontinae" }, { "docid": "1223797#44", "text": "A more common and widely accepted view of machairodont hunting is the throat-shearing bite. Modern cats use a throat clamp, a bite positioned around the upper section of the throat, to suffocate the prey by compressing the windpipe. Their canines serve to puncture the skin and mostly allow a better grip, and do not do any significant damage to the prey. Machairodonts, alternatively, would have caused damage if they used the same technique as their modern relatives.", "title": "Machairodontinae" }, { "docid": "1223797#54", "text": "Though bloody, this method would take the shortest amount of time to kill the animal out of all the hypotheses. Because of the differences of anatomy between species possibly hunted by machairodonts, the geometry needed to kill a horse, for instance, might not work for a bison. This would require the genus, or even the specific species, to be highly specialized for one type of prey animal. This might offer an explanation for their extinction, for the movement or extinction of that prey species would lead to the death of its specialist predator.", "title": "Machairodontinae" }, { "docid": "1223797#56", "text": "In 1985, American paleontologist William Akersten suggested the shearing bite. This method of killing is similar to the style of killing seen in hyenas and canines today. A group of machairodonts captured and completely subdued a prey item, holding it still while one from the group bit into the abdominal cavity, pulled back and tore open the body.", "title": "Machairodontinae" }, { "docid": "1223797#5", "text": "The name 'saber-toothed tigers' is misleading. Machairodonts were not in the same subfamily as tigers, there is no evidence that they had tiger-like coat patterns, and this broad group of animals did not all live or hunt in the same manner as the modern tiger. DNA analysis published in 2005 confirmed and clarified cladistic analysis in showing that the Machairodontinae diverged early from the ancestors of modern cats and are not closely related to any living feline species.", "title": "Machairodontinae" }, { "docid": "1223797#20", "text": "The jaws of machairodonts, especially more derived species with longer canines, such as \"Smilodon\" and \"Megantereon\", are unusually weak. Digital reconstructions of the skulls of lions and of \"Smilodon\" show that the latter would have fared poorly with the stresses of holding onto struggling prey. The main issue was the stresses suffered by the mandible: a strong force threatened to break the jaw as pressure was placed on its weakest points.", "title": "Machairodontinae" }, { "docid": "1223797#12", "text": "The most studied section of the machairodont group is the skull, and specifically the teeth. With a large range of genera, good fossil representation, comparable modern relatives, diversity within the group, and a good understanding of the ecosystems inhabited, the machairodont subfamily provides one of the best means of research for the analysis of hypercarnivores, specialization, and the relationships between predator and prey.", "title": "Machairodontinae" } ]

[ { "docid": "17798882#0", "text": "The bilateral relations between the People's Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (, ) have been turbulent, despite their common Sinospheric and socialist background. Centuries of conquest by modern China's imperial predecessor have given Vietnam an entrenched suspicion of Chinese attempts to dominate it. Though the PRC assisted North Vietnam during the Vietnam War, relations between the two nations soured following Vietnam's reunification in 1975. China and Vietnam fought a prolonged border war from 1979 to 1990, but have since worked to improve their diplomatic and economic ties. However, the two countries remain in dispute over territorial issues in the South China Sea. China and Vietnam share a 1,281-kilometre border. A 2014 survey conducted by the Pew Research Center showed 84% of Vietnamese were concerned that territorial disputes between China and neighbouring countries could lead to a military conflict.", "title": "China–Vietnam relations" }, { "docid": "18244603#6", "text": "Thailand and Vietnam has agreed to a continental shelf boundary, with \"Point C\" as the eastern terminus of their common continental shelf border. This point (with coordinates 07° 48' 00\" N, 103° 02' 30\" E) coincides with Point 43 in the 1979 map produced by Malaysia's Mapping and Survey Department depicting the country's territorial sea and continental shelf claims. In Malaysia's perspective, Point 43/Point C would be the common tripoint for Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam, and thus the westernmost terminus of the Malaysia-Vietnam common border. Thailand and Vietnam do not recognise this position as they does not recognise Malaysia's continental shelf boundary asserted in the 1979 map.", "title": "Malaysia–Vietnam border" }, { "docid": "16285888#1", "text": "Vietnam – sovereign country located on the eastern extent of the Indochinese Peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by China to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the South China Sea to the east. With a population of over 86 million, Vietnam is the 13th most populous country in the world.", "title": "Outline of Vietnam" }, { "docid": "202354#0", "text": "Vietnam (, ; ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (), is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula. With an estimated /1e6 round 1 million inhabitants , it is the 15th most populous country in the world. Vietnam is bordered by China to the north, Laos and Cambodia to the west, part of Thailand to the southwest, and the Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia across the South China Sea to the east and southeast. Its capital city has been Hanoi since the reunification of North and South Vietnam in 1976, while its most populous city is Ho Chi Minh City.", "title": "Vietnam" }, { "docid": "18244603#0", "text": "Malaysia and Vietnam are two Southeast Asian countries with maritime boundaries which meet in the Gulf of Thailand and South China Sea. The two countries have overlapping claims over the continental shelf in the Gulf of Thailand. Both countries have, however, come to an agreement to jointly exploit the natural resources in the disputed area pending resolution of the dispute over sovereignty.", "title": "Malaysia–Vietnam border" } ]

[ { "docid": "10289469#5", "text": "Before 2004, thousands of North Korean defectors had crossed Vietnam's northern border to find the way to reach South Korea. Until 2004, Vietnam was described as the \"preferred Southeast Asian escape route\" for North Korean defectors, largely due to its less-mountainous terrain. Though Vietnam remains an officially communist country and maintains diplomatic relations with North Korea, growing South Korean investment in Vietnam has prompted Hanoi to quietly permit the transit of North Korean refugees to Seoul. The increased South Korean presence in the country also proved a magnet for defectors; four of the biggest defector safehouses in Vietnam were run by South Korean expatriates, and many defectors indicated that they chose to try to cross the border from China into Vietnam precisely because they had heard about such safehouses. In July 2004, 468 North Korean refugees were airlifted to South Korea in the single largest mass defection; Vietnam initially tried to keep their role in the airlift secret, and in advance of the deal, even anonymous sources in the South Korean government would only tell reporters that the defectors came from \"an unidentified Asian country\". Following the airlift, Vietnam would tighten up border controls and deport several safe-house operators.", "title": "Koreans in Vietnam" }, { "docid": "18244603#5", "text": "The western terminus of the Malaysia–Vietnam border, which should also be the common tripoint for Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam, has not been determined as the borders between the three countries are subject to dispute. The determination of the tripoint would require the disputes involving the Malaysia–Thailand and Malaysia–Vietnam borders to be settled.", "title": "Malaysia–Vietnam border" }, { "docid": "18244603#4", "text": "The eastern terminus of any future Malaysia–Vietnam border seems to have been established at northern terminus of the 1969 Indonesia–Malaysia continental shelf border at a point designated as Point 20, with the coordinates 6° 05.8' N 105° 49.2' E. Point 20 is the equidistant point from the baselines of Indonesia, Malaysia and Vietnam. Although not determined by any tripartite agreement, bilateral agreements governing the Indonesia–Malaysia and Indonesia–Vietnam maritime borders as well as the agreement to establish the Malaysia–Vietnam joint development Defined Area (see below) virtually set Point 20 as the common tripoint for the three countries.", "title": "Malaysia–Vietnam border" }, { "docid": "166410#30", "text": "Bordering Chinese provincial-level divisions are Tibet, Sichuan, Guizhou and Guangxi. Starting from the east and working clockwise, bordering countries are Vietnam (Hà Giang, Lào Cai, Lai Châu and Điện Biên provinces), Laos (Phongsaly, Oudomxay and Luang Namtha provinces), Myanmar (states of Shan and Kachin). The main border crossings are:There are several major lakes in Yunnan. The province has nine lakes with areas of over . They include:Yunnan is the source of two rivers, the Xi River (there known as the Nanpan and Hongshui) and the Yuan River. The Hongshui is a principal source stream of the Xi River. Rising as the Nanpan in eastern Yunnan province, it flows south and east to form part of the boundary between Guizhou province and Guangxi autonomous region. Flowing for , it unites with the Yu River at Guiping to form what eventually becomes the Xi River.", "title": "Yunnan" }, { "docid": "18244603#9", "text": "Malaysia and Vietnam both have overlapping claims in the South China Sea involving the continental shelf as well as the islands of the Spratly group. Both Malaysia and Vietnam are two of several countries asserting claims over the islands and waters of the area. Because of the uncertainty, no maritime border agreement exists for the area.", "title": "Malaysia–Vietnam border" } ]

[ { "docid": "3007285#2", "text": "The states with the largest Navajo populations are Arizona (140,263) and New Mexico (108,306). Over three-quarters of the Navajo population reside in these two states.", "title": "Navajo" }, { "docid": "165741#60", "text": "According to the 2016 census, the Navajo Nation had a population of 356,890. According to the same source, 166,826 were Navajo or other Native American (previously reported here as 96% despite actually being only about 47%), 3,249 White, 401 Asian or Pacific Islanders, 208 African American, and the remainder identifying some other group or more than one ancestry. The 2010 census counts 109,963 individuals who report speaking a language at home that is neither Asian nor Indo-European.\nDiscoverNavajo.com reports that 96% of the Navajo Nation is American Indian, and 66% of Navajo tribe members live on Navajo Nation.", "title": "Navajo Nation" }, { "docid": "165741#62", "text": "Nearly half of the enrolled members of the Navajo tribe live outside the nationʼs territory, and the total population is 300,048, as of July 2011.\nAs of 2016, 173, 667 Dine live on tribal lands.", "title": "Navajo Nation" } ]

[ { "docid": "165741#73", "text": "One in every 2,500 children in the Navajo population inherits severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), a genetic disorder that results in children with virtually no immune system. In the general population, the genetic disorder is much more rare, affecting one in 100,000 children. The disorder is sometimes known as \"bubble boy disease\". This condition is a significant cause of illness and death among Navajo children. Research reveals a similar genetic pattern among the related Apache. In a December 2007 Associated Press article, Mortan Cowan, M.D., director of the Pediatric Bone Marrow Transplant Program at the University of California, San Francisco, noted that, although researchers have identified about a dozen genes that cause SCID, the Navajo/Apache population has the most severe form of the disorder. This is due to the lack of a gene designated \"Artemis\". Without the gene, children's bodies are unable to repair DNA or develop disease-fighting cells.", "title": "Navajo Nation" }, { "docid": "52740642#0", "text": "Navajo Mountain () is a Chapter straddling the Utah/Arizona border. The bulk of the chapter lies in San Juan County, Utah, with portions in Coconino and Navajo counties in Arizona. It is one of the eighteen Chapters which make up the Western Agency, one of five agencies which make up the Navajo Nation. As of the 2010 census, the Chapter had a total population of 542, of which 501 were Navajo. It has an estimated elevation of above sea level.", "title": "Navajo Mountain (Chapter)" }, { "docid": "106555#34", "text": "The Ganado community today is of the most advanced communities on the Navajo Nation. Agricultural parcels are managed by a local board of Farming advocates, and the surrounding ranches are sources of organic beef and mutton. The high school men and woman basketball teams are state renowned for their gamesmanship. Sage Memorial Hospital serves thousands of Hopi and Navajo patients, while affording ethnic Navajo experience to resident physicians and nurses. Hubbell Trading Post hosts a yearly art show in late summer which includes displays of art, jewelry, and rug weaving. The Ganado Rodeo Club also hosts events. The greater Ganado community is quite active, and throughout the winter months hold numerous Navajo religious ceremonies. Ganado municipal legislators also contribute largely to the policy and decision making of the Navajo Nation Government, most recently, in the tribal decision to reorganize the membership of the Navajo Nation Council.\nGanado is served by the Ganado Unified School District. The district is served by Ganado Elementary School (North and South); Ganado Middle School; and Ganado High School, which host the region's athletic (football, track and field, swimming, basketball) facilities.", "title": "Ganado, Arizona" }, { "docid": "8039058#0", "text": "The Alamo Navajo Indian Reservation () is a non-contiguous section of the Navajo Nation lying in northwestern Socorro County, New Mexico, United States, adjacent to the southeastern part of the Acoma Indian Reservation. It has a land area of 256.616 km² (99.08 sq mi), and a 2000 census resident population of almost 2,000 persons. The Alamo Band of the Navajo Nation Reservation's land area is only about four-tenths of one percent of the Navajo Nation's total area. The remote community has a K-12 school, Early Childhood Center,Wellness Center, a Community Service center that provides school and non-school related programs, a state-of-the-art Health Center and KABR radio, 1500 AM.", "title": "Alamo Navajo Indian Reservation" }, { "docid": "125929#0", "text": "Navajo () is a census-designated place (CDP) in McKinley County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 2,097 at the 2000 census. Navajo is the most Navajo town in the United States, with 95.04% of residents having full or partial Navajo ancestry.", "title": "Navajo, New Mexico" }, { "docid": "52312194#11", "text": "Much like other Native peoples and other non-white ethnic groups, the Navajo today are at a much greater risk of being overweight or obese than the average American. In the Johns Hopkins University study mentioned above, 82.5% of participants were either overweight or obese. Obesity rates in the Navajo Nation were not the focus of the study; however, the study points out that its findings are consistent with an earlier study conducted by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.", "title": "Eating culture of the Navajo Nation" }, { "docid": "3007285#35", "text": "A hogan, the traditional Navajo home, is built as a shelter for either a man or for a woman. Since they live in the arid Four Corners area, the houses are made of dried mud. Male hogans are square or conical with a distinct rectangular entrance, while a female hogan is an eight-sided house. Both are made of wood and covered in mud, with the door always facing east to welcome the sun each morning. The Navajos construct hogans out of poles and brush covered with earth. Navajos also have several types of hogans for lodging and ceremonial use. Ceremonies, such as healing ceremonies or the \"kinaaldá\", take place inside a hogan. According to Kehoe, this style of housing is distinctive to the Navajos. She writes, \"even today, a solidly constructed, log-walled Hogan is preferred by many Navajo families.\" Most Navajo members today live in apartments and houses in urban areas.", "title": "Navajo" } ]

[ { "docid": "54966735#0", "text": "Orders of battle for The German Attack on Vimy Ridge, 21 May 1916 (Unternehmen Schleswig-Holstein/Operation Schleswig-Holstein), 21 May 1916. The operation was a local German attack on Vimy Ridge on the Western Front during the First World War. At the Third Battle of Artois (25 September – 4 November 1915) the French Tenth Army captured positions on the western slope of Vimy Ridge and the German 6th Army was forced back to positions on the steeper eastern slope. Both sides resorted to a continuous underground offensive. The Tenth Army was transferred south by March 1916, during the Battle of Verdun (21 February – 18 December 1916) and the British First Army and Third Army on either flank extended their lines to take over Vimy Ridge.", "title": "Orders of battle for the German attack on Vimy Ridge, 21 May 1916" }, { "docid": "54966986#0", "text": "The German attack on Vimy Ridge, 21 May 1916 (\"Unternehmen Schleswig-Holstein\"/Operation Schleswig-Holstein) was a local attack on the Western Front during the First World War. The Germans intended to prevent mines being blown under German positions by capturing the British front line and mine gallery entrances. After the Third Battle of Artois (25 September – 4 November 1915) The French Tenth Army had held positions on the western slope of Vimy Ridge and the German 6th Army (\"Generaloberst\" [Colonel General] Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria) occupied positions on the steeper eastern slope. After the beginning of the Battle of Verdun (21 February – 18 December 1916), the Tenth Army was withdrawn and the British First Army and Third Army on either flank, took over the French positions.", "title": "German attack on Vimy Ridge, 21 May 1916" }, { "docid": "46521778#16", "text": "From spring 1916, the British had deployed five tunnelling companies along the Vimy Ridge, and during the first two months of their tenure in the area, 70 mines were fired, mostly by the Germans. Between October 1915 and April 1917 an estimated 150 French, British and German charges were fired in this sector of the Western Front. In May 1916, a German infantry attack, which forced the British back , was aimed at neutralising British mining activity by capturing the shaft entrances. From June 1916, however, the Germans withdrew many miners to work on the Hindenburg Line and also for work in coal mines in Germany. In the second half of 1916 the British constructed strong defensive underground positions, and from August 1916, the Royal Engineers developed a mining scheme to support a large-scale infantry attack on the Vimy Ridge proposed for autumn 1916, although this was subsequently postponed. After September 1916, when the Royal Engineers had completed their network of defensive galleries along most of the front line, offensive mining largely ceased although activities continued until 1917. The British gallery network beneath Vimy Ridge eventually grew to a length of .", "title": "175th Tunnelling Company" }, { "docid": "54966986#2", "text": "The Germans attacked on 21 May and were able to consolidate their objectives, before the British could conduct counter-attacks powerful enough to recapture the ground. In the attack and its aftermath the Germans suffered against the A British plan to recapture the front positions and take the German side of the ridge was cancelled, because of the demand for men and equipment of the forthcoming Battle of the Somme, the attack on the Gommecourt Salient taking priority. British planning continued and became the basis for the much larger attack by the Canadian Corps at the Battle of Vimy Ridge (9–12 April 1917).", "title": "German attack on Vimy Ridge, 21 May 1916" }, { "docid": "46671885#6", "text": "Spring 1916 saw the 182nd Tunnelling Company move to Berthonval and the construction of subways in Zouave Valley on Vimy Ridge. Vimy was an area of busy underground activity for much of the war. British tunnellers had taken over mining in the area progressively from the French between February and May 1916. From spring 1916, the British had deployed five tunnelling companies along the Vimy Ridge, and during the first two months of their tenure in the area, 70 mines were fired, mostly by the Germans. Between October 1915 and April 1917 an estimated 150 French, British and German charges were fired in this sector of the Western Front. In May 1916, a German infantry attack, which forced the British back , was aimed at neutralising British mining activity by capturing the shaft entrances. From June 1916, however, the Germans withdrew many miners to work on the Hindenburg Line and also for work in coal mines in Germany. In the second half of 1916 the British constructed strong defensive underground positions, and from August 1916, the Royal Engineers developed a mining scheme to support a large-scale infantry attack on the Vimy Ridge proposed for autumn 1916, although this was subsequently postponed. After September 1916, when the Royal Engineers had completed their network of defensive galleries along most of the front line, offensive mining largely ceased although activities continued until 1917. The British gallery network beneath Vimy Ridge eventually grew to a length of .", "title": "182nd Tunnelling Company" } ]

[ { "docid": "952246#5", "text": "The British XVII Corps relieved the French Tenth Army from the sector in February 1916. On 21 May 1916, the German infantry attacked the British lines along a front in an effort to force them from positions along the base of the ridge. The Germans captured several British-controlled tunnels and mine craters before halting their advance and entrenching their positions. Temporary Lieutenant Richard Basil Brandram Jones was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for his ultimately unsuccessful defence of the Broadmarsh Crater during the attack. British counter-attacks on 22 May did not manage to change the situation. The Canadian Corps relieved the British IV Corps stationed along the western slopes of Vimy Ridge in October 1916.", "title": "Canadian National Vimy Memorial" }, { "docid": "70435#19", "text": "On their arrival, the British began offensive mining against German miners, first stopping the German underground advance and then developing a defensive strategy that prevented the Germans from gaining a tactical advantage by mining. From spring 1916, the British had deployed five tunnelling companies along the Vimy Ridge and during the first two months of their tenure of the area, 70 mines were fired, mostly by the Germans. Between October 1915 and April 1917 an estimated 150 French, British and German charges were fired in this sector of the Western Front. In May 1916, Operation Schleswig-Holstein, a German infantry attack, forced the British back , to stop British mining by capturing the shaft entrances. In the second half of 1916, the British constructed strong defensive underground positions and from August 1916, the Royal Engineers developed a mining scheme for a big infantry attack on the Vimy Ridge proposed for autumn 1916, although this was postponed. After September 1916, when the Royal Engineers had completed their network of defensive galleries along most of the front line, offensive mining largely ceased although activities continued until 1917. The British gallery network beneath Vimy Ridge eventually grew to a length of .", "title": "Battle of Vimy Ridge" }, { "docid": "38188430#30", "text": "In February 1916 the British XVII Corps relieved the French Tenth Army from the sector and, on 21 May 1916, the German infantry attacked the British lines along a front in an effort to force them from positions along the base of the ridge. The Germans captured several British-controlled tunnels and mine craters before halting their advance and entrenching their positions. British counter-attacks on 22 May did not manage to change the situation, and in October 1916 the Canadian Corps relieved the British IV Corps and took up position along the western slopes of Vimy Ridge.", "title": "List of World War I memorials and cemeteries in Artois" }, { "docid": "54966735#3", "text": "Northern Sector (Data taken from Rogers \"The German Attack at Vimy Ridge\" [2010] pp. 46–47 unless indicated.)", "title": "Orders of battle for the German attack on Vimy Ridge, 21 May 1916" }, { "docid": "70435#5", "text": "The British XVII Corps, commanded by Lieutenant-General Sir Julian Byng, relieved the French Tenth Army in the sector in February 1916, permitting the French to expand their operations at Verdun. The British soon discovered that German tunnelling companies had taken advantage of the relative calm on the surface to build an extensive network of tunnels and deep mines from which they would attack French positions by setting off explosive charges underneath their trenches. The Royal Engineers immediately deployed specialist tunnelling companies along the front to combat the German mining operations. In response to increased British mining aggression, German artillery and trench mortar fire intensified in early May 1916. On 21 May 1916, after shelling both forward trenches and divisional artillery positions from no less than 80 out-of-sight batteries on the reverse slope of the ridge, the German infantry began operation , an attack on the British lines along a front in an effort to eject them from positions along the ridge. The Germans captured several British-controlled tunnels and mine craters before halting their advance and entrenching their positions. Small counterattacks by units of the 140th and 141st British Brigades took place on 22 May but did not manage to change the situation. The Canadian Corps relieved the British IV Corps stationed along the western slopes of Vimy Ridge in October 1916.", "title": "Battle of Vimy Ridge" } ]

[ { "docid": "19477504#4", "text": "During World War II, an estimated 120,000 Japanese Americans and Japanese nationals or citizens residing on the West Coast of the United States were forcibly interned in ten different camps across the western interior of the country. The internments were based on the race or ancestry rather than activities of the interned. Families, including children, were interned together. Four decades later, the Civil Liberties Act of 1988 officially acknowledged the \"fundamental violations of the basic civil liberties and constitutional rights\" of the internment. Many Japanese-Americans consider the term internment camp a euphemism and prefer to refer to the forced relocation of Japanese-Americans as imprisonment in concentration camps. Webster's New World Fourth College Edition defines a concentration camp as, \"A prison camp in which political dissidents, members of minority ethnic groups, etc. are confined.\"", "title": "Japanese Americans" }, { "docid": "21031320#9", "text": "During World War II, an estimated 120,000 Japanese Americans and Japanese nationals or citizens residing in the United States were forcibly interned in ten different camps across the US, mostly in the west. The internments were based on the race or ancestry rather than activities of the interned. Families, including children, were interned together. Each member of the family was allowed to bring two suitcases of their belongings. Each family, regardless of its size, was given one room to live in. The camps were fenced in and patrolled by armed guards. For the most part, the internees remained in the camps until the end of the war, when they left the camps to rebuild their lives.", "title": "History of Japanese Americans" }, { "docid": "46884#2", "text": "Japanese Americans were incarcerated based on local population concentrations and regional politics. More than 110,000 Japanese Americans in the mainland U.S., who mostly lived on the West Coast, were forced into interior camps. However, in Hawaii, where 150,000-plus Japanese Americans composed over one-third of the population, only 1,200 to 1,800 were also interned. The internment is considered to have resulted more from racism than from any security risk posed by Japanese Americans. Those who were as little as 1/16 Japanese and orphaned infants with \"one drop of Japanese blood\" were placed in internment camps.", "title": "Internment of Japanese Americans" }, { "docid": "2785019#5", "text": "A well-known example of enemy aliens were the Japanese citizens residing in the United States during World War II. Many of these Japanese and Japanese Americans were imprisoned in internment camps by President Roosevelt during wartime, alongside many German- and Italian-Americans. However, many Japanese Americans and Italian-Americans were not actually \"aliens\", as they held American citizenship. The term \"enemy alien\" referred only to non-American citizens who were nationals of Axis countries. Included in this number were thousands of resident aliens who were prohibited from applying for citizenship by race-based naturalization laws; when war was declared against their native countries, their status changed from \"resident\" to \"enemy\" alien. Therefore, German American, Italian American and Japanese American permanent residents were classified as enemy aliens and interned as such. In total 10,905 Italian Americans and approximately 110,000 Japanese Americans were interned in many different camps and sites across the country. German Americans were held in more than 50 different locations. \nCitizens of an enemy country who lived in the USA during World War II were required to have an \"Enemy Alien\" card and register monthly with the authorities.", "title": "Enemy alien" } ]

[ { "docid": "295087#11", "text": "During World War II, 1943–1945, many young Japanese American girls were confined in internment camps with their families. Girl Scout troops were organized, even in these camps. These girls participated in many activities, including dramatic presentations that took place in the Crystal City Internment Camp in Crystal City, Texas.", "title": "Girl Scouts of the USA" }, { "docid": "13452937#22", "text": "Boy Scouts of America units were at all ten War Relocation Authority (WRA) Japanese American internment centers during World War II. Girl Scouts of the USA units were also at most of these camps. Both Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts were also at many of the camps not run by the WRA. Internees at the Granada War Relocation Center set up a separate \"Amache District\" for Scouts at the camp, after the camp's unofficial name \"Camp Amache\". Camp leaders, internees themselves, set up the system. On December 6, 1942, one of the pro-Japanese internees at Manzanar started rushing towards the flagpole to tear down the American flag. A group of Japanese American Boy Scouts, surrounded the flagpole and armed themselves with stones the size of baseballs, refusing to allow the flag to be taken down.", "title": "Scouting in displaced persons camps" }, { "docid": "46884#5", "text": "In 1980, under mounting pressure from the Japanese American Citizens League and redress organizations, President Jimmy Carter opened an investigation to determine whether the decision to put Japanese Americans into concentration camps had been justified by the government. He appointed the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians (CWRIC) to investigate the camps. The Commission's report, titled \"Personal Justice Denied,\" found little evidence of Japanese disloyalty at the time and concluded that the incarceration had been the product of racism. It recommended that the government pay reparations to the internees. In 1988, President Ronald Reagan signed into law the Civil Liberties Act of 1988 which apologized for the internment on behalf of the U.S. government and authorized a payment of $20,000 () to each camp survivor. The legislation admitted that government actions were based on \"race prejudice, war hysteria, and a failure of political leadership.\" The U.S. government eventually disbursed more than $1.6 billion () in reparations to 82,219 Japanese Americans who had been interned and their heirs.", "title": "Internment of Japanese Americans" }, { "docid": "33010606#4", "text": "Thousands of Filipinos and non-interned foreigners from neutral countries gathered around the fenced compound every day and passed food, money, letters, and other goods across the fence to the internees. The Japanese put a stop to that by ordering the fence to be shielded by bamboo mats but they permitted parcels to enter the compound after being searched. However, the loose Japanese control of the camp had teeth. Two young Englishmen and an Australian who escaped from the camp were captured, beaten, tortured, and executed on February 15. Carroll, Stanley, and the monitors of the two rooms where the men had been accommodated were forced to watch. Thereafter, no escapes from Santo Tomas, which would have been relatively easy given the small size of the Japanese guard force, were recorded.", "title": "Santo Tomas Internment Camp" }, { "docid": "11374101#20", "text": "After the executive order was signed in 1942, 120,312 Japanese residents were forced into one of 10, (11 including Crystal City, Texas), internment camps in the United States . Some Japanese residents voluntarily entered these camps to avoid being separated from loved ones. Other residents were forced into other government accommodations. All 10 war relocation centers were located in inland in the United States, and many were in desert areas. The camps were fenced with barbed wire to avoid runaways. The camps themselves were self-sustaining communities; there were many kinds of factories, farms, hospitals, schools, churches, theaters, and shops within them. The prisoners were able to go anywhere they wanted within the camps, but the only time they were permitted to leave the camps was if they were ill beyond the camp hospital’s ability to help. The food from farms and fields in the camp fed the entire camp including the detainees and the camp workers. Internment camp housing were barrack style houses in which there were no barriers for the bathrooms. Many prisoners fell ill due to the unsanitary conditions of the housing situations. Japanese detainees did not enjoy many of their civil rights, including freedom of speech. These restraints led to numerous strikes, riots, and attempts at running away.July 26, 1941: America freezes all Japanese assets in the US.", "title": "Japanese-American life before World War II" }, { "docid": "46884#101", "text": "Although Japanese Americans in Hawaii comprised more than one third of the population, businessmen resisted their being interned or deported to mainland concentration camps, as they recognized their contributions to the economy. In the hysteria of the time, some mainland Congressmen (Hawaii was only a U.S. territory at the time, and did not have a voting representative or senator in Congress) promoted that all Japanese Americans and Japanese immigrants should be removed from Hawaii but were unsuccessful. An estimated 1,200 to 1,800 Japanese nationals and American-born Japanese from Hawaii were interned, either in five camps on the islands or in one of the mainland internment camps, but this represented well under two percent of the total Japanese American residents in the islands. \"No serious explanations were offered as to why ... the internment of individuals of Japanese descent was necessary on the mainland, but not in Hawaii, where the large Japanese-Hawaiian population went largely unmolested.\"", "title": "Internment of Japanese Americans" } ]

[ { "docid": "377705#0", "text": "Madelyne \"Maddie\" Jennifer Pryor-Summers is a fictional supervillainess appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, primarily featured off-and-on as an antagonist of the X-Men. Originally the love interest and first wife of X-Men leader Cyclops (Scott Summers), she became a long-standing member of the \"X-Men\" supporting cast, until a series of traumas—being abandoned by her husband, losing her infant son, and discovering that she was a clone of Jean Grey—eventually led to her being manipulated into becoming a supervillain. She and Cyclops are the parents of Nathan Summers (Cable). Her biography has been rendered particularly complicated because of the many retcons involved in the publication history of both her character and that of Jean Grey.", "title": "Madelyne Pryor" } ]

[ { "docid": "377705#2", "text": "Madelyne's hairstyle design was modeled off the book's editor at the time, Louise Jones (later Louise Simonson)—a design retained on the character until 1988. Claremont named the character after Steeleye Span singer Maddy Prior. Claremont had already created a character named \"Maddy Pryor\", a little girl that appeared very briefly in \"Avengers Annual\" #10 (1981), and has no in-story connections to the X-Men character. Claremont, nonetheless, years later took an opportunity to indulge in an in-joke: in \"Uncanny X-Men\" #238 (1988), a similar child would appear as Madelyne's mental image of herself, wearing the same clothes as the little girl from \"Avengers Annual\" #10, repeating the girl's same line of dialogue, but also singing \"Gone to America\", one of Steeleye Span's biggest hits.", "title": "Madelyne Pryor" }, { "docid": "4914238#12", "text": "Threnody didn't get the chance to make up her mind. The unstable Madelyne Pryor arrived at the graveyard in search of Nate Grey. Threnody knew Madelyne from Nate's talk of her but also from Sinister's files and knew she was programmed to breed with the Summers line. Lashing out with jealously and contempt, Threnody reveals to Maddie that despite walking around she was in fact still dead. Enraged, Madelyne attacked Threnody and unleashed the neuro-locks restraining Threnody's power, sucking her dry of her energy.", "title": "Threnody (comics)" }, { "docid": "377705#3", "text": "According to Claremont, the original link between Madelyne Pryor and Jean Grey was entirely the product of Mastermind. Seeking revenge against the X-Men after Jean (as Phoenix) had driven him insane, Mastermind uses his powers of illusion to convince Scott and the others that Madelyne is Phoenix incarnate—a cosmic threat—in an attempt to have the team kill her. Mastermind's plan fails, and Madelyne and Cyclops are married shortly after. Claremont had conceived Madelyne as a device to write Scott Summers out of the X-Men and have him retire \"happily ever after\" with Madelyne and their child.", "title": "Madelyne Pryor" }, { "docid": "3055279#2", "text": "Shortly after Jean Grey (Phoenix) was believed dead, Cyclops (her longtime love interest, real name Scott Summers) met a woman who was almost her exact duplicate named Madelyne Pryor. Unbeknownst to either of them at the time, Madelyn Pryor was a clone of Jean Grey, created by Mister Sinister. Sinister was given vast powers by the virtually immortal mutant Apocalypse, but he feared Apocalypse's power and began to investigate a means to defeat him. He discovered that the combination of Summers and Grey's DNA would produce a mutant of sufficient power to do this. With Jean Grey apparently dead, and Sinister for some reason unable to combine their DNA artificially, he created Madelyne Pryor and positioned her to make contact with Cyclops. His plan worked: the two married and had a child, whom they named Nathan Christopher Summers.", "title": "The Adventures of Cyclops and Phoenix" }, { "docid": "377705#11", "text": "Alone and threatened, Madelyne calls the X-Men for help; they arrive and fight off another attack by the Marauders. Despairing from Scott's absence and of her son's fate, she contemplates suicide. Madelyne's brother-in-law, Alex Summers (Havok), talks her out of it, and the two of them grow closer. With the Marauders still after her, she stays with the X-Men, and they sacrifice their lives to stop the Adversary from remaking the world in \"Fall of the Mutants\". A reporter video-interviews them before their death, and Maddie uses this to deliver a message to Scott, pleading that he find their child. With the world thinking them dead, Madelyne and the X-Men are resurrected by the Omniversal Guardian Roma and begin working secretly out of an abandoned Reavers base in Australia. Madelyne serves as the team's technical support.", "title": "Madelyne Pryor" }, { "docid": "377705#10", "text": "Although Scott tries to live a normal family life in Alaska, he often thinks of Jean Grey, and of his life with the X-Men. Maddie tries her best to make Scott happy, but her efforts seem wasted. Finally Scott receives a call from his former teammate Angel that Jean Grey has been found alive. Without explaining himself, Scott abandons Madelyne and their son to reunite with his lost love, and forms X-Factor with his old friends from the original X-Men. Madelyne and Nathan are then attacked by the Marauders; Nathan is kidnapped and Madelyne left for dead, but survives and is hospitalized as a \"Jane Doe\". A guilt-wracked and increasingly unstable Scott returned home to find his house empty, and all records of his family's existence erased.", "title": "Madelyne Pryor" }, { "docid": "377705#5", "text": "Asked about his intended plans for Madelyne's character, Claremont said:\nMadelyne Pryor was brought back in 1995 as a supporting character in \"X-Man\", a marginal X-Men related title. Though by around 2001 (along with the cancellation of the \"X-Man\" title), this became a false start at reviving the character, as Pryor would again cease being featured in any Marvel titles, except when Chris Claremont included the character in his non-canon limited-series, \"\" (2004-2006).", "title": "Madelyne Pryor" }, { "docid": "377705#34", "text": "In the Marvel Mangaverse title \"Legacy of Fire\", Madelyne Pryor was reinvented as Madelyne Pyre, a powerful sorceress and possessor of the Phoenix Sword, who was training her sister Jena to be her successor.", "title": "Madelyne Pryor" }, { "docid": "377705#30", "text": "In one alternate reality (Earth-89112), Madelyne Pryor and S'ym were successful in opening a portal between Limbo and Earth (having killed baby Nathan Christopher) and demons overran the planet. The X-Men and X-Factor were dead (with the exception of a possessed Wolverine), and the only resistance left was led by Doctor Strange, who attempted to summon the Phoenix Force through Rachel Summers, the reality-hopping daughter of Scott Summers and Jean Grey. Madelyne however was successful in quelling the resistance and wresting control of the Phoenix Force from Rachel, but was ultimately betrayed and killed by S'ym, using Wolverine's reanimated adamantium skeleton. Rachel, reassuming the mantle of the Phoenix, used the Force to cleanse the planet of the demon plague.", "title": "Madelyne Pryor" } ]

[ { "docid": "182075#0", "text": "Richard Siegmund Lindzen (born February 8, 1940) is an American atmospheric physicist known for his work in the dynamics of the middle atmosphere, atmospheric tides, and ozone photochemistry. He has published more than 200 scientific papers and books. From 1983 until his retirement in 2013, he was Alfred P. Sloan Professor of Meteorology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He was a lead author of Chapter 7, \"Physical Climate Processes and Feedbacks,\" of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Third Assessment Report on climate change. He has criticized the scientific consensus about climate change and what he has called \"climate alarmism.\"", "title": "Richard Lindzen" } ]

[ { "docid": "182075#22", "text": "Lindzen worked on Chapter 7 of 2001 IPCC Working Group 1, which considers the physical processes that are active in real world climate. He had previously been a contributor to Chapter 4 of the 1995 \"IPCC Second Assessment\". He described the full 2001 IPCC report as \"an admirable description of research activities in climate science\" although he criticized the Summary for Policymakers. Lindzen stated in May 2001 that it did not truly summarize the IPCC report but had been amended to state more definite conclusions. He also emphasized the fact that the summary had not been written by scientists alone. The NAS panel on which Lindzen served says that the summary was the result of dialogue between scientists and policymakers.", "title": "Richard Lindzen" }, { "docid": "182075#30", "text": "A 1996 article in \"The New York Times\" included the comments of several other experts. Jerry D. Mahlman, director of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, did not accept Lindzen's assessment of the science, and said that Lindzen had \"sacrificed his luminosity by taking a stand that most of us feel is scientifically unsound.\" Mahlman did, however, admit that Lindzen was a \"formidable opponent\". William Gray of Colorado State University basically agreed with Lindzen, describing him as \"courageous\". He said, \"A lot of my older colleagues are very skeptical on the global warming thing\". He added that while he regarded some of Lindzen's views as flawed, he said that, \"across the board he's generally very good\". John Wallace of the University of Washington agreed with Lindzen that progress in climate change science had been exaggerated, but said there are \"relatively few scientists who are as skeptical of the whole thing as Dick [Lindzen] is\".", "title": "Richard Lindzen" }, { "docid": "182075#1", "text": "Lindzen was born on February 8, 1940 in Webster, Massachusetts. His father, a shoemaker, had fled Hitler's Germany with his mother. He moved to the Bronx soon after his birth and grew up in a Jewish household in a predominantly Catholic neighborhood there. Lindzen attended the Bronx High School of Science (winning Regents' and National Merit Scholarships), Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute,and Harvard University. From Harvard, he received an A.B. in physics in 1960, followed by an S.M. in applied mathematics in 1961 and a PhD in applied mathematics in 1964. His doctoral thesis, \"Radiative and photochemical processes in strato- and mesospheric dynamics\", concerned the interactions of ozone photochemistry, radiative transfer, and dynamics in the middle atmosphere.", "title": "Richard Lindzen" }, { "docid": "182075#12", "text": "Lindzen's work on atmospheric tides led him to the study of planetary waves and the general circulation of atmospheres. By 1967, he had contributed a number of papers on the theory of waves in the middle atmosphere. In \"Planetary waves on beta planes\", he developed a beta plane approximation for simplifying the equations of classical tidal theory, whilst at the same time developing planetary wave relations. He noticed from his equations that eastward-traveling waves (known as \"Rossby waves\" since their discovery in 1939 by Carl-Gustav Rossby) and westward-traveling waves (which Lindzen himself helped in establishing as \"atmospheric Kelvin waves\") with periods less than five days were \"vertically trapped.\" At the same time, an important paper by Booker and Bretherton appeared, which Lindzen read with great interest. Booker and Bretherton showed that vertically propagating gravity waves were completely absorbed at a critical level.", "title": "Richard Lindzen" }, { "docid": "182075#16", "text": "From 1972 to 1982 Lindzen was a professor of dynamic meteorology at Harvard University. From February to June 1975 he was a visiting professor of dynamic meteorology at MIT, and during part of 1979 Lindzen was a visiting professor at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, before switching affiliations to MIT as the Alfred P. Sloan Professor of Meteorology in 1983.", "title": "Richard Lindzen" }, { "docid": "182075#5", "text": "His PhD thesis of 1964 concerned the interactions of ozone photochemistry, radiative transfer and the dynamics of the middle atmosphere. This formed the basis of his seminal \"Radiative and Photochemical Processes in Mesospheric Dynamics\" that was published in four parts in the \"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences\" between 1965 and 1966. The first of these, \"Part I: Models for Radiative and Photochemical Processes\", was co-authored with his Harvard colleague and former PhD thesis advisor, Richard M. Goody, who is well known for his 1964 textbook \"Atmospheric Radiation\". The Lindzen and Goody (1965) study has been widely cited as foundational in the exact modeling of middle atmosphere ozone photochemistry. This work was extended in 1973 to include the effects of nitrogen and hydrogen reactions with his former PhD student, Donna Blake, in \"Effect of photochemical models on calculated equilibria and cooling rates in the stratosphere\".", "title": "Richard Lindzen" }, { "docid": "182075#8", "text": "Nevertheless, the predictions of classical tidal theory still did not agree with observations. It was Lindzen, in his 1966 paper, \"On the theory of the diurnal tide\", who showed that the solution set of Hough functions given by Bernhard Haurwitz to Laplace's tidal equation was incomplete: modes with negative equivalent depths had been omitted. Lindzen went on to calculate the thermal response of the diurnal tide to ozone and water vapor absorption in detail and showed that when his theoretical developments were included, the surface pressure oscillation was predicted with approximately the magnitude and phase observed, as were most of the features of the diurnal wind oscillations in the mesosphere. In 1967, along with his NCAR colleague, Douglas D. McKenzie, Lindzen extended the theory to include a term for Newtonian cooling due to emission of infrared radiation by carbon dioxide in the stratosphere along with ozone photochemical processes, and then in 1968 he showed that the theory also predicted that the semi-diurnal oscillation would be insensitive to variations in the temperature profile, which is why it is observed so much more strongly and regularly at the surface.", "title": "Richard Lindzen" }, { "docid": "182075#23", "text": "In an announcement on December 27, 2013, the Cato Institute said that at Cato, Lindzen's focus would be on \"the interaction between science and policymakers\" and that he would study \"whether the move from largely private funding to public support has introduced biases into science and the public policies informed by science.\"", "title": "Richard Lindzen" }, { "docid": "182075#28", "text": "In 2017, Lindzen has sent a petition to President Trump, asking the President to withdraw the United States from the United Nations Convention on Climate Change. The petition contains the names of \"around 300 eminent scientists and other qualified individuals\" and calls on the United States and other nations to “change course on an outdated international agreement that targets minor greenhouse gases,” starting with carbon dioxide. It receives considerable media coverage and 22 then current or retired MIT professors promptly issued an open letter addressed to Trump informing him that Lindzen’s petition doesn’t represent their views or those of the vast majority of other climate scientists. Lindzen and his supporting signers then published another rebuttal letter in response.", "title": "Richard Lindzen" } ]

[ { "docid": "58942415#0", "text": "The 2019 NFL season will be the 100th season of the National Football League (NFL). The season will tentatively begin on September 5, 2019, in the home stadium of the Super Bowl LIII champion (either Los Angeles Rams or New England). The season will conclude with Super Bowl LIV, the league's championship game, tentatively scheduled for February 2, 2020, at Hard Rock Stadium in Miami, Florida.\nThe 2019 NFL Draft will be held from April 25–27 in Nashville, Tennessee.", "title": "2019 NFL season" } ]

[ { "docid": "2813471#2", "text": "The season ended when the Baltimore Colts defeated the New York Giants in the NFL Championship Game for the second year in a row.", "title": "1959 NFL season" }, { "docid": "7990444#17", "text": "Exhibition games are almost exclusively played at night due to hot summer weather, and are frequently scheduled based on local convenience (e.g. games on the west coast tend to start at 7:00 p.m. PT/10:00 p.m. ET). When applicable, the NFL's blackout restrictions apply, although stations are allowed to play the game on a tape delay if the game does not sell out (unlike the regular season policy, when rights revert to NFL Films). However, the blackout restrictions have never been applied since 2015 as a result of a passed vote during the league's owners' meeting in March in which the league, as an experiment because no regular season games in the 2014 season were blacked out and an FCC vote in September 2014 to no longer enforce blackouts, eliminated blackout rules for at least the last two seasons. Many more exhibition games fail to sell out than do regular-season games.", "title": "NFL preseason" }, { "docid": "2773926#2", "text": "The season ended when the Green Bay Packers defeated the New York Giants in the NFL Championship Game.Though both the Giants and the Packers finished a game ahead of their closest division rivals, both clinched their divisions on December 3, the final day of the 11-game regular season. The New York Giants and Washington Redskins had played to a 0–0 tie earlier in the season, and both had 8–1–1 records when they met at New York's Polo Grounds before a crowd of 62,404. The Giants did not reach the end zone, but three field goals were enough for a 9–7 win and the division title.", "title": "1939 NFL season" }, { "docid": "7633410#40", "text": "The Sports Broadcasting Act of 1961 and Public Law 89-800, which govern the antitrust exemptions given to the National Football League, prohibit the broadcasting of NFL games within 75 miles of any high school football game on Friday nights between September and early December. Because most populated areas of the United States have at least one high school football game within a 75-mile radius, and because broadcasting is an integral part of the NFL's business model (roughly half of the league's revenue comes from television contracts), this effectively prohibits the playing of NFL games in competition with high school football. (These rules do not apply during preseason, when Friday night games are common, nor does it apply at the end of the season, though the only time regular season games are played on Friday in the NFL is on Christmas.) Only recently have national sports television channels fully capitalized on this rule; since 2005, the ESPN family of networks (usually the sub-networks ESPN2, ESPNU and online broadcaster ESPN3, although the main channel also shows occasional games) has aired regular season matchups between nationally ranked teams under the \"High School Showcase\" banner. Fox Sports 1 also included high school football in its lineup when it launched in 2013.", "title": "High school football" }, { "docid": "2687147#1", "text": "The season ended on December 30, when the Green Bay Packers defeated the New York Giants 16–7 in the NFL championship game at Yankee Stadium. The Packers successfully defended their 1961 NFL title, finishing the 1962 season at 14–1; their only loss was to the Detroit Lions on Thanksgiving Day at Tiger Stadium.The Green Bay Packers won their first ten games, until losing 26–14 on November 22 at Detroit. The Lions' win put them a game behind the Pack rather than 2 games behind, but in the final week, they lost to Chicago, 3–0. Even a Lions win would have been made moot when Green Bay's won 20–17 at L.A. to finish with a record of 13–1.", "title": "1962 NFL season" }, { "docid": "2338868#0", "text": "The 1996 NFL season was the 77th regular season of the National Football League and the season was marked by notable controversies from beginning to end. The season ended with Super Bowl XXXI when the Green Bay Packers defeated the New England Patriots 35–21 at the Louisiana Superdome.", "title": "1996 NFL season" }, { "docid": "2813364#2", "text": "The season ended when the New York Giants crushed the Chicago Bears in the NFL Championship Game, The Lions and the Cardinals had both finished 1955 poorly, 3–9 and 4–7–1, but both got off to fast starts in 1956. Both ended up finishing second in the Conference races.", "title": "1956 NFL season" }, { "docid": "2604734#3", "text": "The season ended when the Minnesota Vikings defeated the Cleveland Browns in the NFL championship game, earning the right to face the American Football League's Kansas City Chiefs in Super Bowl IV in New Orleans Tulane Stadium. This was the last awarding of the Ed Thorp Memorial Trophy to the NFL champion; the trophy was introduced 35 years earlier in 1934. As was the case the previous season, the NFL Champion was not crowned as the world champion because of the Vikings' 23-7 loss to the Chiefs in the Super Bowl. This occurrence can no longer happen, as the AFL and the NFL merged with each other the following season (1970), with 2 separate conferences (the AFC and the NFC) both playing together in the same league (the NFL), with the 2 conference champions playing each other every year in the Super Bowl.", "title": "1969 NFL season" }, { "docid": "2395529#0", "text": "The 1985 NFL season was the 66th regular season of the National Football League. The season ended with Super Bowl XX when the Chicago Bears defeated the New England Patriots 46–10 at the Louisiana Superdome. The Bears became the second team in NFL history (after the previous season's San Francisco 49ers) to win 15 games in the regular season and 18 including the playoffs.\"W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, PCT = Winning Percentage, PF= Points For, PA = Points Against\"The following players set all-time records during the season:", "title": "1985 NFL season" }, { "docid": "2782723#0", "text": "The 1940 NFL season was the 21st regular season of the National Football League. The season ended when the Chicago Bears defeated the Washington Redskins in the NFL Championship Game, 73–0. This game still stands as the most one-sided victory in NFL history. The Pittsburgh Pirates were renamed the Pittsburgh Steelers before the 1940 season.\"W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, PCT= Winning Percentage, PF= Points For, PA = Points Against\"", "title": "1940 NFL season" }, { "docid": "58942415#8", "text": "The 2019 Playoffs are tentatively scheduled to begin on the weekend of January 4–5, 2020, with the Wild Card Playoff round. The four winners of these games will visit the top two seeds in each conference in the Divisional round games, tentatively scheduled for January 11–12. The winners of those games will advance to the Conference championships tentatively scheduled for January 19. Starting With The AFC Championship Game which will begin at 3:00 PM E.T on CBS. Followed By the NFC Championship Game which will begin at at 6:30 PM E.T on Fox. The 2020 Pro Bowl will be held at a site to be announced, tentatively scheduled for January 26 and will be broadcast on ESPN. Super Bowl LIV, tentatively scheduled for February 2, will be played at Hard Rock Stadium in Miami on Fox.", "title": "2019 NFL season" } ]

[ { "docid": "583238#6", "text": "At birth the majority of humans have 33 separate vertebrae. However, during normal development several vertebrae fuse together, leaving a total of 24, in most cases. The confusion about whether or not there are 32-34 vertebrae stems from the fact that the two lowest vertebrae, the sacrum and the coccyx, are single bones made up of several smaller bones which have fused together. This is how the vertebrae are counted: 24 separate vertebrae and the sacrum, formed from 5 fused vertebrae and the coccyx, formed from 3-5 fused vertebrae. If you count the coccyx and sacrum each as one vertebra, then there are 26 vertebrae. If the fused vertebrae are all counted separately, then the total number of vertebrae comes to between 32 and 34.", "title": "Axial skeleton" } ]

[ { "docid": "1519473#15", "text": "Cats have seven cervical vertebrae like almost all mammals, thirteen thoracic vertebrae (humans have twelve), seven lumbar vertebrae (humans have five), three sacral vertebrae (humans have five because of their bipedal posture), and, except for Manx cats and other shorter tailed cats, twenty-two or twenty-three caudal vertebrae (humans have three to five, fused into an internal coccyx). The extra lumbar and thoracic vertebrae account for the cat's enhanced spinal mobility and flexibility, compared to humans. The caudal vertebrae form the \"tail\", used by the cat as a counterbalance to the body during quick movements. Between their vertebrae, they have elastic discs, useful for cushioning the jump landings.", "title": "Cat anatomy" }, { "docid": "6678#13", "text": "Cats have seven cervical vertebrae (as do most mammals); 13 thoracic vertebrae (humans have 12); seven lumbar vertebrae (humans have five); three sacral vertebrae (as do most mammals, but humans have five); and a variable number of caudal vertebrae in the tail (humans have only vestigial caudal vertebrae, fused into an internal coccyx). The extra lumbar and thoracic vertebrae account for the cat's spinal mobility and flexibility. Attached to the spine are 13 ribs, the shoulder, and the pelvis. Unlike human arms, cat forelimbs are attached to the shoulder by free-floating clavicle bones which allow them to pass their body through any space into which they can fit their head.", "title": "Cat" }, { "docid": "33607453#33", "text": "Vertebrae are defined by the regions of the vertebral column that they occur in, as in humans. Cervical vertebrae are those in the neck area. With the exception of the two sloth genera (\"Choloepus\" and \"Bradypus\") and the manatee genus, (\"Trichechus\"), all mammals have seven cervical vertebrae. In other vertebrates, the number of cervical vertebrae can range from a single vertebra in amphibians, to as many as 25 in swans or 76 in the extinct plesiosaur \"Elasmosaurus\". The dorsal vertebrae range from the bottom of the neck to the top of the pelvis. Dorsal vertebrae attached to the ribs are called thoracic vertebrae, while those without ribs are called lumbar vertebrae. The sacral vertebrae are those in the pelvic region, and range from one in amphibians, to two in most birds and modern reptiles, or up to three to five in mammals. When multiple sacral vertebrae are fused into a single structure, it is called the sacrum. The synsacrum is a similar fused structure found in birds that is composed of the sacral, lumbar, and some of the thoracic and caudal vertebra, as well as the pelvic girdle. Caudal vertebrae compose the tail, and the final few can be fused into the pygostyle in birds, or into the coccygeal or tail bone in chimpanzees (and humans).", "title": "Vertebral column" }, { "docid": "280497#17", "text": "African apes have three and four lumbar vertebrae, (bonobos have longer spines with an additional vertebra) and humans normally five. This difference, and because the lumbar spines of the extinct \"Nacholapithecus\" (a Miocene hominoid with six lumbar vertebrae and no tail) are similar to those of early \"Australopithecus\" and early \"Homo\", it is assumed that the Chimpanzee-human last common ancestor also had a long vertebral column with a long lumbar region and that the reduction in the number of lumbar vertebrae evolved independently in each ape clade.", "title": "Lumbar vertebrae" }, { "docid": "46521228#37", "text": "In many species, though not in mammals, the cervical vertebrae bear ribs. In many groups, such as lizards and saurischian dinosaurs, the cervical ribs are large; in birds, they are small and completely fused to the vertebrae. The transverse processes of mammals are homologous to the cervical ribs of other amniotes. In the whale the cervical vertebrae are typically fused, an adaptation trading flexibility for stability during swimming. All mammals except manatees and sloths have seven cervical vertebrae, whatever the length of the neck. This includes seemingly unlikely animals such as the giraffe, the camel, and the blue whale, for example. Birds usually have more cervical vertebrae with most having a highly flexible neck consisting of 13–25 vertebrae.", "title": "Vertebra" }, { "docid": "12046423#3", "text": "A horse has an average total of 18 thoracic vertebrae, with 5 located in the withers. Each thoracic vertebra is also associated with a rib. A horse also has, on average, six lumbar vertebrae. Some breeds, such as the Arabian, will sometimes, but not always, have five lumbar vertebrae and 17 thoracic vertebrae. There appears to be little correlation between back length and number of vertebrae, as many horses with short backs do have the typical number of vertebrae. The length of each vertebra in the lumbar region seems to have the greater influence on the strength of the horse's back.", "title": "Back (horse)" }, { "docid": "46521228#38", "text": "In all mammals the thoracic vertebrae are connected to ribs and their bodies differ from the other regional vertebrae due to the presence of facets. Each vertebra has a facet on each side of the vertebral body which articulates with the head of a rib. There is also a facet on each of the transverse processes which articulates with the tubercle of a rib. The number of thoracic vertebrae varies considerably across the species. Most marsupials have thirteen, but koalas only have eleven. The norm is twelve to fifteen in mammals, (twelve in the human), though there are from eighteen to twenty in the horse, tapir, rhinoceros and elephant. In certain sloths there is an extreme number of twenty-five and at the other end only nine in the cetacean.", "title": "Vertebra" }, { "docid": "44593#1", "text": "Ribs are classed as flat bones which usually have a protective role in the body. Humans have 24 ribs, in 12 pairs. All are attached at the back to the thoracic vertebrae, and are numbered from 1–12 according to the vertebrae they attach to. The first rib is attached to thoracic vertebra 1 (T1). At the front of the body most of the ribs are joined by costal cartilages to the sternum. The ribs connect to the vertebrae with two joints, the costovertebral joints.", "title": "Rib" }, { "docid": "5749495#3", "text": "\"Orthosuchus\" has 24 vertebrae, and 8 of them are believed to be in the cervical region. All vertebrae appear to be amphicoelous. It does not have tall neural spine but the height of them decrease from head to tail. The vertebrae in the neck region are tightly bonded together. The ribs start at the twelfth vertebra, which supports the ilium. The tail consists of 8 vertebrae of different size and shape. The first one is in contact with the sacral ribs, three vertebrae at the far end of the tail are tiny in size, and the other four vertebrae form the middle of the tail. The ribs form antero-ventral and postero-dorsal flanges, which are for the muscle attachments.", "title": "Orthosuchus" } ]

[ { "docid": "3799783#2", "text": "The Taensa and the closely related Natchez are descendants of the late prehistoric Plaquemine culture (1200-1700 CE). The Plaquemine culture was a Mississippian culture variant centered on the Lower Mississippi River valley. They had complex political and religious institutions and lived in large villages centered on ceremonial platform mounds. They were primarily agriculturists who grew maize, pumpkins, squash, beans and tobacco. They had a deep history in the area stretching back through the earlier Coles Creek (700-1200 CE) and Troyville cultures (400-700 CE) to the Marksville culture (100 BCE to 400 CE), which was contemporaneous with the Hopewell cultures of present-day Ohio and Illinois.", "title": "Taensa" } ]

[ { "docid": "3799783#7", "text": "In 1698 French Catholic missionary priests Antoine Davion and François de Montigny and J. B. La Source (a lay person and possible servant to the priests) visited the Taensa; de Montigny founded a short-lived mission among them. De Montigny at that time records their population as being 700 people. In 1699 French explorer Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville recorded the Taensa as having 300 warriors and living in seven villages named as Taensas, Chaoucoula, Conchayon, Couthaougoula, Nyhougoula, Ohytoucoulas, and Talaspa. The majority of these names are in the Muskogean Mobilian trade language and not the Natchezan Taensa language.", "title": "Taensa" }, { "docid": "3799783#14", "text": "The beginning of the Transylvania Phase (1550-1700 CE) of the Tensas Basin region saw the increasing spread of Mississippian influences diffusing southward from what is now southeastern Arkansas. This is most identifiable in ceramic traditions. The Mississippian peoples of the Central Mississippi Valley used different vessel forms, tempering agents, and decorations than the Plaquemine peoples of the Lower Mississippi Valley. By the late 17th century these changes in ceramic technology had reached the Taensa in the Lower Tensas Basin. The pottery of the Taensa was made with typical Mississippian culture pottery shapes and used the Mississippian hallmark of crushed mussel shell as a tempering agent, but was still being engraved with decorative designs typical of the Plaquemine area. Pottery from the Natchez sites of nearby western Mississippi still used the traditional Plaquemine grog tempering and decorative designs. On this basis the Taensa are considered to be the last Mississippian culture group to inhabit the Tensas River valley of Louisiana.", "title": "Taensa" }, { "docid": "3799783#9", "text": "The English and French colonies in the American southeast struggled for domination. The English colony of South Carolina had established a large trading network among the southeastern Native Americans, which by 1700 stretched west as far as the Mississippi River. The Chickasaw, who lived north of the Taensa and Natchez, were regularly visited by English traders and were well supplied with English trade goods and firearms. Their most lucrative trade with the English was in furs and Indian slaves. For decades the Chickasaw conducted slave raids over a wide region, and were often joined by Natchez and Yazoo warriors to attack and enslave members of smaller tribes like the Taensa. In 1706, fearing a slavers raid by a combined force of Chickasaw and Yazoo, the Taensa abandoned their village on Lake St. Joseph. They headed south to seek shelter with the Bayogoula at their village on the western bank of the Mississippi, roughly south of present-day Baton Rouge. Conflicts soon developed, and the Taensa attacked and nearly exterminated the Bayogoula peoples and burned their village down—an act described as treacherous by later historians.", "title": "Taensa" }, { "docid": "3799783#16", "text": "This pattern of plazas flanked by mounds with temples, elite residences and mortuary structures at their summits was inherited from their Plaquemine and Coles Creek ancestors, and was a village arrangement widely employed throughout the southeast. The Coles Creek era Balmoral Mounds and early Plaquemine era Routh Mounds (occupied circa 1200 to 1350 CE) sites which features this same layout are also located on the western bank of Lake St Joseph near where the Taensa lived in the 17th century.", "title": "Taensa" }, { "docid": "3799783#24", "text": "Taensa mortuary traditions for the elites was to first bury the deceased and at a later date exhume and burn the body. The defleshed bones were then collected into a bundle and placed in a split cane basket which would then reside in the temple which also acted as a mortuary house.", "title": "Taensa" }, { "docid": "3799783#10", "text": "Though their initial relations with the Europeans had been friendly, the rivalry of the European powers strained native populations throughout the region. The Taensa ultimately migrated in 1715, under the protection of the French, to lands near modern Mobile on an eastern branch of the Mobile River north of Mobile Bay that was subsequently named for them as the Tensaw River. In 1763 the French ceded the eastern half of French Louisiana to the British following their defeat in the Seven Years' War. Rather than live under British rule, the Taensa/Tensaw again relocated, along with the Apalachee and Pakana, this time west of the Mississippi to French territory on the Red River. There they eventually merged with the Chitimacha . According to historian James Mooney, they numbered about 100 persons in 1805.", "title": "Taensa" }, { "docid": "3799783#18", "text": "The Taensa temple compares with similar descriptions recorded by artist of the main temple at the contemporaneous Grand Village of the Natchez. Like the Natchez temple, it was situated on a low platform mound flanking the plaza., but unlike the Natchez temple it was surrounded with a palisade of sharpened stakes decorated with human skulls taken during wars with their enemies. Inside the palisade was a large dome-shaped structure over in circumference. At the peak of the roof were three red, yellow, and white painted wooden eagle effigies. The bird carvings faced east toward the rising sun. Woven cane mats covered the structure's outer walls and roof, and the temple was painted red. A guardian lived in a small shed that stood near the door.", "title": "Taensa" }, { "docid": "3799783#15", "text": "The Taensa were sedentary maize growing agriculturalists as opposed to hunter gatherers and lived in permanent villages with wattle and daub buildings. These structures were up to in length and in height and made from logs plastered in clay with roofs of woven split cane matting. Their village on Lake St Joseph is described as fitting the same dispersed hamlet pattern of the Natchez. It stretched for on the western lake shore with neighborhoods being interspersed with fields and forest. The main precinct had a log palisade, inside of which was the chiefs residence, the temple, and eight other structures. Like other Native Americans in the southeast it also had an open plaza area used for public rituals and functions such as the Green Corn Ceremony and games such as chunkey and the ballgame.", "title": "Taensa" }, { "docid": "3799783#13", "text": "Like some other inhabitants of the area, such as the Natchez, Tunica, and Houma, Taensa society was matrilineal. Taensa society was also very hierarchical and showed marked class differences between commoners and elites, hallmarks of being a simple chiefdom. Chiefs exercised absolute power and were treated with great respect; unlike more egalitarian customs among the northern tribes the early chroniclers were used to. An example of this respect was recorded during a ceremonial visit by a chief to visit the explorer René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, when attendants came several hours in advance of the chief and with their hands swept the road clean.", "title": "Taensa" } ]

[ { "docid": "69818#0", "text": "Victor Emmanuel II (; full name: \"Vittorio Emanuele Maria Alberto Eugenio Ferdinando Tommaso di Savoia\"; 14 March 1820 – 9 January 1878) was King of Sardinia from 1849 until 17 March 1861. At that point, he assumed the title of King of Italy and became the first king of a united Italy since the 6th century, a title he held until his death in 1878. The Italians gave him the epithet of \"Father of the Fatherland\" (). The monument Altare della Patria (or \"Vittoriano\") in Rome was built in his honor.", "title": "Victor Emmanuel II of Italy" } ]

[ { "docid": "69818#10", "text": "The rest of Victor Emmanuel II's reign was much quieter. After the Kingdom of Italy was established he decided to continue on as King Victor Emmanuel II instead of Victor Emmanuel I of Italy. This was a terrible move as far as public relations went as it was not indicative of the fresh start that the Italian people wanted and suggested that Sardinia-Piedmont had taken over the Italian Peninsula, rather than unifying it. Despite this mishap, the remainder of Victor Emmanuel II's reign was consumed by wrapping up loose ends and dealing with economic and cultural issues. His role in day-to-day governing gradually dwindled, as it became increasingly apparent that a king could no longer keep a government in office against the will of Parliament. As a result, while the wording of the Statuto Albertino stipulating that ministers were solely responsible to the crown remained unchanged, in practice they were now responsible to Parliament.", "title": "Victor Emmanuel II of Italy" }, { "docid": "69840#0", "text": "Victor Emmanuel III (Vittorio Emanuele Ferdinando Maria Gennaro di Savoia; , ; 11 November 1869 – 28 December 1947) was the King of Italy from 29 July 1900 until his abdication on 9 May 1946. In addition, he held the thrones of Ethiopia and Albania as Emperor of Ethiopia (1936–41) and King of the Albanians (1939–43). During his reign of nearly 46 years, which began after the assassination of his father Umberto I, the Kingdom of Italy became involved in two world wars. His reign also encompassed the birth, rise, and fall of Italian Fascism.", "title": "Victor Emmanuel III of Italy" }, { "docid": "69840#39", "text": "In any event, once the referendum's result was certified, Victor Emmanuel and all other male members of the House of Savoy were required to leave the country. Taking refuge in Egypt, where he was welcomed with great honor by King Faruk, Victor Emmanuel died in Alexandria a year later, of pulmonary congestion. He was interred behind the altar of St Catherine's Cathedral. He was the last surviving grandchild of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy. In 1948, \"Time\" magazine included an article about \"The Little King\".", "title": "Victor Emmanuel III of Italy" }, { "docid": "5010172#12", "text": "Following the war, on 9 May 1946, Victor Emmanuel III abdicated in favour of their son Umberto, and the former king assumed the title of Count of Pollenzo. On 2 June 1946 a referendum resulted in 52 percent of voters favouring an Italian republic over the monarchy. The republic was formally proclaimed four days later, and the House of Savoy's reign over Italy formally ended on 12 June 1946. Elena and Victor Emmanuel III went to Egypt, where they were welcomed with great honor by King Faruk, but forced to live the rest of their lives in exile. Vittorio Emmanuel III died a year later of pulmonary congestion in Alexandria. Elena stayed in Egypt a short time before moving to France. There, in Montpellier, she was diagnosed with a severe form of cancer, and died while having surgery to treat it.", "title": "Elena of Montenegro" }, { "docid": "69818#3", "text": "He became King of Sardinia-Piedmont in 1849 when his father abdicated the throne, after a humiliating military defeat by the Austrians at the Battle of Novara. Victor Emmanuel was immediately able to obtain a rather favorable armistice at Vignale by the Austrian imperial army commander, Radetzky. The treaty, however, was not ratified by the Piedmontese lower parliamentary house, the Chamber of Deputies, and Victor Emmanuel retaliated by firing his Prime Minister, Claudio Gabriele de Launay, replacing him with Massimo D'Azeglio. After new elections, the peace with Austria was accepted by the new Chamber of Deputies. In 1849, Victor Emmanuel also fiercely suppressed a revolt in Genoa, defining the rebels as a \"vile and infected race of canailles.\"\nIn 1852, he appointed Count Camillo Benso of Cavour (\"Count Cavour\") as Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia. This turned out to be a wise choice, since Cavour was a political mastermind and a major player in the Italian unification in his own right. Victor Emmanuel II soon became the symbol of the \"Risorgimento\", the Italian unification movement of the 1850s and early 60s. He was especially popular in the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont because of his respect for the new constitution and his liberal reforms.\nFollowing Victor Emmanuel's advice, Cavour joined Britain and France in the Crimean War against Russia. Cavour was reluctant to go to war due to the power of Russia at the time and the expense of doing so. Victor Emmanuel, however, was convinced of the rewards to be gained from the alliance created with Britain and, more importantly, France.", "title": "Victor Emmanuel II of Italy" }, { "docid": "69840#38", "text": "Within a year, public opinion forced a referendum on whether to retain the monarchy or become a republic. In hopes of helping the monarchist cause, Victor Emmanuel formally abdicated on 9 May 1946. His son ascended to the throne as Umberto II. This move failed. In the referendum held a month later, 52 percent of voters favoured a republic, and the Kingdom of Italy was no more. Some historians (such as Sir Charles Petrie) have speculated that the result might have been different if Victor Emmanuel had abdicated in favour of Umberto shortly after the Allied invasion of Sicily in 1943, or at the latest had abdicated outright in 1944 rather than simply transferring his powers to his son. Umberto had been widely praised for his performance as \"de facto\" head of state beginning in 1944, and his relative popularity might have saved the monarchy. The Italian conductor Arturo Toscanini declared that he would not come back to Italy as a subject of the \"degenerate king\" and more generally as long as the house of Savoy was ruling; Benedetto Croce had previously stated in 1944 that \"as long as the present king remains head of state, we feel that Fascism has not ended, (...) that it will be reborn, more or less disguised\".", "title": "Victor Emmanuel III of Italy" }, { "docid": "40250685#1", "text": "During his reign Victor Emmanuel was served by a total of 21 Prime Ministers; 17 from Italy and 4 from Albania.", "title": "List of prime ministers of King Victor Emmanuel III" }, { "docid": "69840#7", "text": "On 29 July 1900, at the age of 30, Victor Emmanuel acceded to the throne upon his father's assassination. The only advice that his father Umberto ever gave his heir was \"Remember: to be a king, all you need to know is how to sign your name, read a newspaper, and mount a horse\". His early years showed evidence that, by the standards of the Savoy monarchy, he was a man committed to constitutional government. Indeed, even though his father was killed by an anarchist, the new King showed a commitment to constitutional freedoms.", "title": "Victor Emmanuel III of Italy" }, { "docid": "69541#23", "text": "Having done much to improve the state of his inheritance in 1684, Victor Amadeus took the decision to abdicate in September 1730. The previous month the lonely king had lost most of his family, including his favourite and eldest son the Prince of Piedmont, and sought the security of a previous mistress Anna Canalis di Cumiana. The couple were married in a private ceremony on 12 August 1730 in the Royal Chapel in Turin having obtained permission from Pope Clement XII. Still attractive in her forties, Victor Amadeus had long been in love with her and as a wedding gift, created her the Marchioness of Spigno. The couple made their marriage public on 3 September 1730 much to the dismay of the court. A month later, Victor Amadeus announced his wish to abdicate the throne and did so in a ceremony at the Castle of Rivoli on the day of his marriage. His son succeeded him as Charles Emmanuel III.", "title": "Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia" } ]

[ { "docid": "23762087#6", "text": "On 17 June 2016, Bill C-14 to legalize and regulate assisted dying passed in Canada's Parliament. This section outlines the details of this law. Strict rules govern access to assisted suicide. If they are not met, anyone who aids another person in killing themselves is guilty of a crime. Canada's law on assisted dying does not allow advance directives, nor does it allow it for minors or people who are suffering from a mental illness.", "title": "Euthanasia in Canada" } ]

[ { "docid": "13662713#11", "text": "On 17 June 2016, a bill to legally allow assisted suicide within Canada became law after it passed both houses of the Parliament of Canada and received Royal Assent.", "title": "Legality of euthanasia" }, { "docid": "162615#56", "text": "Voluntary euthanasia was legalized in the Netherlands (in 2002), Belgium (in 2002), Luxembourg (in 2008), and Canada (in 2016). Assisted suicide, where the patient has to take the final action themselves (unlike voluntary euthanasia), is legal in Canada, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Switzerland and parts of the United States. In the United States there are assisted dying laws restricted to terminally ill adults in Oregon, Montana, Washington, Vermont, Hawaii, California, Colorado and Washington D.C. The laws require that the patient's attending physician certify mental competence. Oregon was the first United States state to legalize assisted suicide, which was achieved through popular vote. The Act was a citizens' initiative passed twice by Oregon voters. The first time was in a general election in November 1994 when it passed by a margin of 51% to 49%. An injunction delayed implementation of the Act until it was lifted on October 27, 1997. In November 1997, a measure was placed on the general election ballot to repeal the Act. Voters chose to retain the Act by a margin of 60% to 40%.", "title": "Assisted suicide" }, { "docid": "13662713#8", "text": "On 6 February 2015, the Supreme Court of Canada unanimously ruled in \"Carter v Canada (AG)\" that Canadian adults who are mentally competent and suffering intolerably and permanently have the right to a doctor's help in dying. The court however suspended its ruling for 12 months to give the government an opportunity to write legislation and draft new laws and policies around assisted dying. In January 2016 the court granted an additional 4-month extension to its ruling suspension to allow time for the newly elected Liberal government to consult with Canadians on drafting a law to comply with the ruling. As an interim measure, it also ruled that provincial courts can now begin approving applications for euthanasia until the new law passes.", "title": "Legality of euthanasia" }, { "docid": "23762087#76", "text": "As a result of the decision voluntary euthanasia was expected to be made legal for \"a competent adult person who (1) clearly consents to the termination of life and (2) has a grievous and irremediable medical condition (including an illness, disease or disability) that causes enduring suffering that is intolerable to the individual in the circumstances of his or her condition\". However, the law as passed was much more restrictive than the court envisioned and remains contentious.", "title": "Euthanasia in Canada" }, { "docid": "13662713#31", "text": "In 2001, the Netherlands passed a law legalizing euthanasia including physician-assisted suicide. This law codifies the twenty-year-old convention of not prosecuting doctors who have committed euthanasia in very specific cases, under very specific circumstances. The Ministry of Public Health, Wellbeing and Sports claims that this practice \"allows a person to end their life in dignity after having received every available type of palliative care.\" The United Nations has reviewed and commented on the Netherlands euthanasia law.", "title": "Legality of euthanasia" }, { "docid": "23762087#4", "text": "Assisted suicide was previously prohibited under the criminal code as a form of culpable homicide. The prohibition was overturned in a February 2015 decision by the Supreme Court in \"Carter v Canada (Attorney General)\", which ruled that adults with grievous and irremediable medical conditions are entitled to physician-assisted suicide. The Court delayed its suspension of invalidity for a period of 12 months, to allow Parliament the opportunity to amend its laws, if it so chose. In January 2016, the Court granted an additional four-month extension to the suspension to allow for further time. As an interim measure, it ruled that provincial courts can now begin approving applications for euthanasia pursuant to the criteria in the \"Carter\" decision. On 6 June 2016, the suspension of invalidity expired and the law was struck down. On 17 June 2016, a bill to legalize and regulate assisted dying passed in Canada's Parliament.", "title": "Euthanasia in Canada" }, { "docid": "13662713#0", "text": "Efforts to change government policies on euthanasia of humans in the 20th and 21st centuries have met limited success in Western countries. Human euthanasia policies have also been developed by a variety of NGOs, most notably medical associations and advocacy organizations. , active human euthanasia is legal in the Netherlands, Belgium, Colombia, Luxembourg, and Canada.\nAssisted suicide is legal in Switzerland, Germany, the Netherlands, and in the US states of Washington, Oregon, Colorado, Hawaii, Vermont, Montana, Washington DC, and California. A law legalising euthanasia in the Australian state of Victoria will come into effect in mid-2019.", "title": "Legality of euthanasia" }, { "docid": "353014#12", "text": "On 25 March 1997, the federal parliament passed the \"Euthanasia Laws Act 1997\", which, although not technically repealing the \"Rights of the Terminally Ill Act\", for all practical purposes rendered it of no legal effect. Rather than repeal the Act directly, the law instead amended the \"Northern Territory (Self-Government) Act 1978\", the act under which the Commonwealth Parliament has delegated legislative power to the Northern Territory Parliament—effectively the territory's \"constitution\" or \"charter\"—removing the Territory's constitutional power to pass any law permitting euthanasia. The Act technically remains in force in the Territory, but to the extent that it permits euthanasia it is now invalid and of no legal effect.", "title": "Rights of the Terminally Ill Act 1995" }, { "docid": "23762087#61", "text": "The province of Quebec had legalized doctor assisted suicide in June 2014 as well as in late 2015 the province's Court of Appeal confirmed that their law did not contravene the country's Criminal Code because of the Carter v Canada (AG) ruling of the Supreme Court of Canada.", "title": "Euthanasia in Canada" } ]

[ { "docid": "35905090#11", "text": "Kajal Aggarwal was considered for one of the two female leads in the film in early October 2011, later signing on to the film, which marked her second collaboration with Ram Charan after \"Magadheera\" (2009). Ram Charan confirmed that he would be seen in a dual role in the film. Hansika Motwani was rumoured as the second female lead, however this was denied by Danayya, who added that she was never considered for that role, and Kajal was the only actress who had been signed up until that point. In late February 2012, Amala Paul was selected as the second female lead, which she confirmed to Sify saying \"Mynaa meets Magadheera\".", "title": "Naayak" }, { "docid": "23103066#43", "text": "Janani Iyer cited the character of Mithravinda played by Kajal in the film as one of her dream roles. Ram Gopal Varma refused to call \"Magadheera\" a film and instead termed it as an event that comes \"once in a blue moon\". While commenting on Mahesh Babu's \"Aagadu\" (2014), he said that \"Magadheera\" looked like a 750 crore film when compared to \"Aagadu\" if the latter was a 75 crore film and added, \"My comparison between \"\"Aagadu\"\" and \"\"Magadheera\"\" is mainly because they both are the most expensive films for their own individual times.\" Reviewing the Tamil film \"Anegan\" (2014), few critics opined that the film had traces of \"Magadheera\" mainly due to the theme of reincarnation. The Tamil dubbed version of the Telugu film \"Yevadu\" (2014), which featured Charan in one of the lead roles and Kajal in a crucial cameo, was titled \"Magadheera\".", "title": "Magadheera" }, { "docid": "23103066#40", "text": "\"Magadheera\"'s success turned Kajal into one of the most sought-after actresses in Telugu cinema and catapulted her into the foray of leading Telugu actresses. The film was also considered a fate changer in the career of Ram Charan. The role of Sher Khan played by Srihari was considered as one of the best roles in his career and also catapulted S. S. Rajamouli to stardom. Dev Gill attained stardom with this film and went on to work in several South Indian films as an antagonist. After the release of \"Magadheera\", people began recognising him as Ranadheer. According to writer Gopimohan, \"Magadheera\" started a trend of experimentation with period, socio-fantasy and spiritual themes that was continued in films like \"Panchakshari\" (2010), \"Nagavalli\" (2010), \"Anaganaga O Dheerudu\" (2011), \"Mangala\" (2011), \"Sri Rama Rajyam\" (2011) and \"Uu Kodathara? Ulikki Padathara?\" (2012).", "title": "Magadheera" }, { "docid": "23103066#11", "text": "After considering several actresses (including Tamannaah) for the princess role, Kajal Aggarwal was selected by Rajamouli as the female lead opposite Ram Charan after conducting a photoshoot in his office. Rajamouli said that he wanted to cast her as the female lead in \"Yamadonga\" (2007) after her Telugu debut \"Lakshmi Kalyanam\" (2007), but she was unavailable. He added that he wanted somebody \"good looking, who would look like a princess and who had dates available\" and finalised her because she met all of these prerequisites. After conducting her photoshoot, Rajamouli explained the story and Mithra's characterisation to her in 45 minutes. He said she needed to treat the hero arrogantly, but do so out of love for the hero. Kajal kept this in mind and acted accordingly while playing the dual roles of a princess from 400 years ago and a modern-day college student. Kajal called both her roles \"unique and challenging\".", "title": "Magadheera" }, { "docid": "23103066#0", "text": "Magadheera () is a 2009 Indian Telugu-language romantic-fantasy action film, written by K. V. Vijayendra Prasad and directed by S. S. Rajamouli. Based on the theme of reincarnation, the film was produced by Allu Aravind of Geetha Arts. The film stars Ram Charan and Kajal Aggarwal, while Dev Gill and Srihari appear in prominent roles. The plot revolves around four people: a valiant warrior in charge of the princess' safety; the princess who loves him. The commander-in-chief who lusts after her; and an emperor who wants to conquer their kingdom. They all die before their wishes are fulfilled and are reborn after 400 years, at which point the warrior kills the scheming cousin with the support of the reformed emperor and wins over the princess.", "title": "Magadheera" } ]

[ { "docid": "24044720#10", "text": "While \"Vennila Kabadi Kuzhu\" (Suseenthiran's first feature film) starred mostly newcomers, he chose Karthi for the lead role in this film as he felt that Karthi has an \"innocence in his face\" that was needed for this role and that he could \"convey charm, innocence and being jolly at the same time\". For the lead female role, Kajal Aggarwal, who had appeared in Tamil films as \"Pazhani\", \"Saroja\" and \"Modhi Vilayadu\", was roped in. Suseenthiran chose her after seeing her performances in the Telugu films \"Chandamama\" and \"Magadheera\". He felt that her \"cute expressions\" were what he needed for that character. While Karthi's character is a middle-class bank employee, Aggarwal would play an employee in a mobile phone company.", "title": "Naan Mahaan Alla (2010 film)" }, { "docid": "10517123#4", "text": "Her first release in 2009 was the Kannada film \"Dubai Babu\", in which she played a minor supporting role, with her performance being appreciated by critics. Later that year, she appeared in a cameo role in the high-budget fantasy adventure \"Magadheera\" by S. S. Rajamouli, which garnered attention and prompted Rajamouli to cast her as the lead female character in his subsequent project \"Maryada Ramanna\", with Sunil as the protagonist. Described as a \"musical comedy\", the film received positive reviews, while also emerging commercially successful. Saloni garnered positive feedback as well, with Jeevi from Idlebrain noting that she was \"refreshing\" and looked \"pretty good\". Her other 2010 release was \"Mr. Theertha\" in Kannada language, with Saloni citing that she was upset with the attitude of the makers, resulting in her declining further Kannada projects. She has finished shooting for the film \"Telugu Ammayi\", which she terms as a \"female-oriented film\", revolving around her character, Balatripura Sundari, a \"typical traditional innocent Telugu girl\" who \"turns ferocious to save her struggling family\". For the film, she had to ride a horse in one particular scene and speak the Godavari slang throughout. In late 2011, she made a special appearance in the Tamil film \"Rajapattai\", starring Vikram.", "title": "Saloni Aswani" }, { "docid": "23103066#45", "text": "Ram Charan decided not to debut in Bollywood with \"Magadheera\"'s Hindi remake, as he believed the film might not be recreated well. In an interview with \"The Times of India\", Charan said, \"When I met Anil Kapoor some time back, he told me I will ask Boney Kapoor to remake \"Magadheera\" with you in Hindi. But I said I don't know if I would want to do the remake. \"Magadheera\" is a lovely film which can't be recreated.\" The film was remade in Bengali as \"\" in 2014; it was directed by Raj Chakraborty with Dev and Mimi Chakraborty playing the lead roles. The 2014 Kannada film \"Brahma\", according to its director R. Chandru, was inspired by \"Magadheera\" but was not a remake. The film was dubbed in Hindi under the same name by Goldmines Telefilms and released in 2015.", "title": "Magadheera" }, { "docid": "13491433#5", "text": "After the release of the 2009 film \"Magadheera\", which was only his second film, directed by S.S.Rajamouli, Charan established himself as one of the leading contemporary actors of Tollywood. He played a dual role in this film in which one is a brave soldier of a kingdom in Rajasthan in the 17th century who is in love with the princess but loses her and dies, the other a bike racer who falls in love with a girl who is the re-incarnation of the princess and wins her knowing their past. His portrayal got immense critical acclaim. \"The Times of India\" wrote: \"Ram Charan returns as a valiant soldier and breathes life into the larger-than-life role with ease. He showcases his horse-riding and dancing skills to perfection.\" \"IndiaGlitz\" commented: \"Charan has come up with a mature performance and he has carried the film very well. Both his characters were done good justice and he reminded of his father at many places.\" Directed by S. S. Rajamouli, the film received six Filmfare Awards including the award for Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu and Nandi Special Jury Award for Charan. In 2009, he became a spokesperson for Pepsi's advertisement campaigns.", "title": "Ram Charan" }, { "docid": "23103066#13", "text": "Rao Ramesh was cast as a tantrik who helps Gill's character in the present era. Mumaith Khan was selected for another item number, a remix version of the hit song \"Bangaru Kodipetta\" from \"Gharana Mogudu\" (1992); \"Gharana Mogudu\"'s music was also composed by M. M. Keeravani. Chiranjeevi made a special appearance after the song, making \"Magadheera\" the first film he appeared in after his entry into politics. When Rajamouli suggested the idea of a cameo appearance, Chiranjeevi was initially hesitant till the director narrated the complete sequence and the importance of the song.", "title": "Magadheera" } ]

[ { "docid": "13949533#21", "text": "From 1935, the authorities began sending hundreds of Jehovah's Witnesses to concentration camps, where they were imprisoned with Communists, Socialists, other political prisoners and union members. In May 1938, they accounted for 12 percent of all prisoners at Buchenwald concentration camp near Weimar; by May 1939, they represented 40 percent of all prisoners at Schloss Lichentenburg, the central concentration camp for women, though as the total number of prisoners increased rapidly, the proportion of Witnesses generally fell to about 3 percent. About 2000 Witnesses were eventually sent to Nazi concentration camps, where they were identified by purple triangles; as many as 1200 died in custody, including 250 who were executed. Garbe claims members of the group were special objects of hatred by the SS, receiving beatings, whippings and public humiliation and given the dirtiest and most laborious work details for refusing to salute, stand at attention or sing Nazi songs. They were subjected to high-pressure jets of ice-cold water from fire hydrants and subjected to arbitrary acts of torture, including pushing a fully laden wheelbarrow with their necks while crawling on hands and knees. Others were forced to stand still for an entire day in the heat or cold, or were confined in groups in small closets in an attempt to suffocate them. From March to December 1938, Jehovah's Witnesses in Buchenwald were not allowed to send or receive letters or to purchase food. Many approached starvation and were forced to eat leaves from trees and bushes. Many were forced to engage in a \"drill\" that included rolling, creeping, hopping, and running for 75 minutes while camp guards kicked and beat them, while others, forced to work in stone quarries, were refused medical attention when sick. Despite persecution, Jehovah's Witnesses continued to hold secret religious gatherings inside the camps.", "title": "Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany" }, { "docid": "2303855#19", "text": "About 10,000 Witnesses were imprisoned, including 2000 sent to concentration camps, where they were identified by purple triangles; as many as 1200 died, including 250 who were executed. From 1935 Gestapo officers offered members a document to sign indicating renouncement of their faith, submission to state authority, and support of the German military. Historian Detlef Garbe says a \"relatively high number\" of people signed the statement before the war, but \"extremely low numbers\" of Bible Student prisoners did so in concentration camps in later years.", "title": "Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses" }, { "docid": "4080979#44", "text": "Jehovah's Witnesses or \"Bible Researchers\" (Bibelforschers) as they were known in Germany, comprised 25,000 members and they were among those persecuted by the Nazi government. All incarcerated members were identified by a unique purple triangle. Some members of the religious group refused to serve in the German military or give allegiance to the Nazi government, for which 250 were executed. An estimated 10,000 were arrested for various crimes, and 2,000 were sent to Nazi concentration camps, where approximately 1,200 were killed. Jehovah's Witnesses were among the few who could leave the concentration camps simply by signing a document renouncing their religious beliefs.", "title": "Religion in Nazi Germany" }, { "docid": "13949533#0", "text": "Jehovah's Witnesses suffered religious persecution in Nazi Germany between 1933 and 1945 after refusing to perform military service, join Nazi organizations or give allegiance to the Hitler regime. An estimated 10,000 Witnesses—half of the number of members in Germany during that period—were imprisoned, including 2000 who were sent to Nazi concentration camps. An estimated 1200 died in custody, including 250 who were executed. They were the first Christian denomination banned by the Nazi government and the most extensively and intensively persecuted.", "title": "Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany" } ]

[ { "docid": "25074#92", "text": "Outside mainstream Christianity, the Jehovah's Witnesses were targets of Nazi Persecution, for their refusal to swear allegiance to the Nazi government. In Nazi Germany in the 1930s and early 1940s, Jehovah's Witnesses refused to renounce their political neutrality and they were placed in concentration camps as a result. The Nazi government gave detained Jehovah's Witnesses the option of release if they signed a document which indicated their renouncement of their faith, their submission to state authority, and their support of the German military. Historian Hans Hesse said, \"Some five thousand Jehovah's Witnesses were sent to concentration camps where they alone were 'voluntary prisoners', so termed because the moment they recanted their views, they could be freed. Some lost their lives in the camps, but few renounced their faith\".", "title": "Persecution of Christians" }, { "docid": "10396793#88", "text": "Because they refused to pledge allegiance to the Nazi party or to serve in the military, Jehovah's Witnesses were sent to concentration camps where they were given the option of renouncing their faith and submitting to the state's authority. They were marked out by purple triangles. The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum estimates between 2,700 and 3,300 were sent to concentration camps, but Sybil Milton states the number in the camps was 10,000. Between 1,400 and 2,500 died while in the camps. Historian Detlef Garbe writes that \"no other religious movement resisted the pressure to conform to National Socialism with comparable unanimity and steadfastness.\"", "title": "The Holocaust" }, { "docid": "355852#12", "text": "Jehovah's Witnesses, homosexuals, and emigrants were sent to Dachau after the 1935 passage of the Nuremberg Laws which institutionalized racial discrimination. In early 1937, the SS, using prisoner labor, initiated construction of a large complex capable of holding 6,000 prisoners. The construction was officially completed in mid-August 1938. More political opponents, and over 11,000 German and Austrian Jews were sent to the camp after the annexation of Austria and the Sudetenland in 1938. Sinti and Roma in the hundreds were sent to the camp in 1939, and over 13,000 prisoners were sent to the camp from Poland in 1940.\nThe prisoners of Dachau concentration camp originally were to serve as forced labor for a munition factory, and to expand the camp. It was used as a training center for SS guards and was a model for other concentration camps. The camp was about in rectangular shape. The prisoners' entrance was secured by an iron gate with the motto \"Arbeit macht frei\" (\"Work will make you free\"). This reflected Nazi propaganda, which trivialized concentration camps as labor and re-education camps, when in fact forced labor was used as a method of torture and murder.", "title": "Dachau concentration camp" }, { "docid": "2303855#40", "text": "Jehovah's Witnesses did not have a significant presence in the Soviet Union prior to 1939 when the Soviet Union forcibly incorporated eastern Poland, Moldavia, and Lithuania, each of which had a Jehovah's Witness movement. Although never large in number (estimated by the KGB to be 20,000 in 1968), the Jehovah's Witnesses became one of the most persecuted religious groups in the Soviet Union during the post-World War II era. Members were arrested or deported; some were put in Soviet concentration camps. Witnesses in Moldavian SSR were deported to Tomsk Oblast; members from other regions of the Soviet Union were deported to Irkutsk Oblast. KGB officials, who were tasked with dissolving the Jehovah's Witness movement, were disturbed to discover that the Witnesses continued to practice their faith even within the labor camps.", "title": "Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses" }, { "docid": "5893436#7", "text": "The fluctuating prisoner population showed an eclectic group of people from all over the Netherlands: Jews, Jehovah's Witnesses, prisoners of war from the Soviet Union, members of the resistance, clergy, black marketeers, clandestine butchers and smugglers. From 1941–1943, 8,800 people were imprisoned in the camp, of which 2,200 were deported to Germany. During the period 1943–1945, 26,500 people were imprisoned, of which 18,000 were sent east to places like Buchenwald and Natzweiler concentration camps.", "title": "Amersfoort concentration camp" }, { "docid": "15430106#2", "text": "A move to a newly built camp in the Niederhagen suburb of Wewelsburg followed. In September 1941, when the camp became an independent concentration camp under the name Niederhagen concentration camp, 480 prisoners were interned there. From 1941, more and more prisoners from outside Germany were imprisoned in the camp.\nThe approximately 3,900 prisoners included Jehovah's Witnesses, political prisoners, Sinti and Romani people, Yeniche, homosexuals, Jews, prisoners of war and forced laborers from Poland, the Soviet Union (also prisoners of war), Czechoslovakia, France, the Netherlands and Belgium. Almost a third of them did not survive their imprisonment. The deaths of 1,285 prisoners are recorded. They died of hunger, cold, disease and the consequences of ill-treatment. In 1942, a crematorium was built specifically for the camp. The Gestapo also used the camp as a place for executions. A total of 56 people from Westphalia-Lippe, including women and children, were executed there on the orders of Heinrich Himmler. In the period from 1 September 1941 to 1 May 1943, the camp was an independent concentration camp. Before, it had been a satellite camp first of the Sachsenhausen and then of the Buchenwald concentration camp. From 1943, only 50 people were imprisoned at Niederhagen, and on 2 April 1945, the prisoners were ordered to be executed, but the SS officer ordered to tell a couple of guards to kill them, said that he would do it himself and once all of the others retreated he told all of the Jehovah's Witnesses that they were free (and he is now a Jehovah's Witness himself), and they were liberated by the American army. Very little is left of the camp. Today, the former camp kitchen houses the local fire station of the volunteer fire department and some apartments, the gatehouse is now a two-family house, while a residential estate was built over the rest of the former camp.", "title": "Niederhagen concentration camp" } ]

[ { "docid": "1003198#0", "text": "George Noel Gittoes (born 7 December 1949) is an Australian artist, film producer, director and writer. In 1970, he was a founder of the Yellow House Artist Collective in Sydney. After the Yellow House finished, he established himself in Bundeena and since then has produced a large and varied output of drawings, paintings, films, and writings. Gittoes’ work has consistently expressed his social, political and humanitarian concern at the effects of injustice and conflict. Until the mid-1980s, this work was chiefly done in Australia. But in 1986 he travelled to Nicaragua, and since then the focus of Gittoes’ work has been largely international. He has travelled to and worked in many regions of conflict, including the Philippines, Somalia, Cambodia, Rwanda, Bosnia, Bougainville, and South Africa. In recent years his work has especially centred on the Middle East, with repeated visits to Israel and Palestine, Iraq, and Afghanistan. In 2011, he established a new Yellow House, a multidisciplinary arts centre in Jalalabad, Afghanistan. Among many prizes, Gittoes has twice been awarded the Blake Prize for Religious Art.", "title": "George Gittoes" }, { "docid": "1003198#1", "text": "Gittoes was born 1949 in Brighton-le-Sands, New South Wales and grew up in nearby Rockdale, New South Wales, both southern suburbs of Sydney, Australia. His family, though not rich, was comfortably middle class. Gittoes’ maternal grandfather, who lived in the area, was a semi-professional racehorse trainer, and was a significant influence in Gittoes’ childhood. Gittoes' father, Claude, was a public servant, who rose to be Secretary of the Department of Main Roads. His mother, Joyce, was an artist and potter. Both parents encouraged George and his sister, Pamela, 7 years his elder, as artists.\nGittoes completed his schooling at Kingsgrove North High School, and began an Arts degree at Sydney University. However, an encounter with the visiting American art critic Clement Greenberg led to Gittoes' abandoning his studies in order to spend time in America. In New York Gittoes came under the influence of the social realist artist, Joe Delaney, whose work was influenced by his involvement in the civil rights movement. Gittoes’ art similarly veered towards the political, and in the US he began the \"Hotel Kennedy Suite\", inspired by opposition to the Vietnam War.", "title": "George Gittoes" } ]

[ { "docid": "23715332#1", "text": "Gittos was born on 4 January 1920, the elder son of Benjamin Frank Gittos and Gladys Victoria Gittos (née Sayers). His younger brother was Austen Gittos. Murray Gittos was educated at Auckland Grammar School from 1933, and served as a staff sergeant in the New Zealand Temporary Service during World War II. He became engaged to Hazel Constance Faith Gittos in 1945, and they married in about 1949.", "title": "Murray Gittos" }, { "docid": "1003198#3", "text": "A keen surfer, Gittoes travelled for a while in a caravan up and down the south coast of NSW. Eventually he settled in Bundeena, a village between sea and bush south of Sydney. For a time abandoning the politically driven art inspired by Joe Delaney, Gittoes produced a large series of photographs, drawings and paintings, eventually leading to a film, The Rainbow Way.. These images were abstract, using ideas drawn from both Islamic and Aboriginal art (in the latter case, especially the myth of the Rainbow Serpent), but also created out of direct observation of the effects of light underwater. He also experimented for a time with holograms and with computer-generated images. His interest in Aboriginal art and performance, which began with meeting dancers from Mornington Island in 1972, led in 1977 to a trip to the Northern Territory and Western Australia.", "title": "George Gittoes" }, { "docid": "1003198#2", "text": "Returning to Australia in late 1969, a meeting with Martin Sharp led to the establishment of the Yellow House Artist Collective near Kings Cross, New South Wales. Gittoes worked with another friend, Bruce Goold, to transform a two-storey building in Macleay Street, Potts Point, into a space in which artists, film-makers and performers could both live and exhibit their work. In an Australia whose culture had been seen by many as stifled and colonial, the Yellow House was a revelation. Gittoes’ own particular contribution was a psychedelic Puppet Theatre, in which he and assistants performed to enthusiastic audiences, using glove puppets Gittoes himself made. In 1971 Gittoes, who regarded his work as fine art and was not completely in sympathy with the counter-cultural communalism of others in the Yellow House, broke away from the group. He had also been very deeply affected by the suicide of his girlfriend, Marie Briebauer. He had met Briebauer in San Francisco, and eventually she followed him to Sydney. But she was facing up to difficult issues with her family, and was not completely accepted by the Yellow House community. Her death was the first great crisis in Gittoes’ life.", "title": "George Gittoes" }, { "docid": "1003198#20", "text": "Gittoes was working at home in his studio at Bundeena, on the coast south of Sydney, when the world suddenly changed on 11 September 2001. The resulting wars and confusion in the Middle East were to provide the driving force for Gittoes’ career over the next decade and a half. By November 2001 the United States had invaded Afghanistan and overthrown the Taliban government, beginning a decade-and-a-half of war in the country. Gittoes had already visited Afghanistan as part of the \"Minefields\" project, and quickly became engaged in the effects of this new war on the country. He has maintained this engagement ever since. In early 2002 he travelled to Afghanistan for six weeks with Médecins sans Frontières, visiting refugee camps established after the invasion. He also had a commission from the Visible Art Foundation in Melbourne to paint three works marking the 11 September anniversary for the Republic Tower Art Space. The works, \"War on Terra\", were rejected – for political reasons, Gittoes believed – but later exhibited at St Paul’s Cathedral, Melbourne. Later in the year, a trip to America, where the build-up to the war in Iraq had already begun, led to a turning point in Gittoes’ career. He had always been interested in popular culture, but now he saw a new importance in reaching the MTV and rap-music generation of younger Americans, many of whom would be fighting in the war. This helped lead him back into film-making.", "title": "George Gittoes" }, { "docid": "5158800#3", "text": "George Chamberlain was born on 13 August 1940 in Kent during the Battle of Britain. His father, Noel, from a Catholic Lancashire family in 1895, had been the second Ampleforth alumnus to hold an open Award at Oxford (he was an Exhibitioner of University College). He had joined the army in 1914, and then became a professional soldier, accepting a captain's commission in the new Army Education Corps in 1920. George's mother, Sally, was born in India. After her own father's early death, she went to the Lawrence school on Mount Abu, and followed her mother into training as a nurse. Her training incomplete, she nursed her mother in her last illness and then returned to England and work as a governess. His parents met in Blackheath after both had come to England.", "title": "Leo Chamberlain" }, { "docid": "5383509#1", "text": "Keith was born in Cardston, Alberta on 19 January 1921. He moved with his parents to live in Taber, Alberta. He enlisted in the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) in Calgary on 16 October 1940, aged 19.", "title": "George Noel Keith" }, { "docid": "41959688#0", "text": "Winfield Toll Bridge, also known as the Ross Booth Memorial Bridge, is a historic three-span cantilever Warren Truss bridge located at Winfield and Red House, Putnam County, West Virginia. It was built in 1955, and spans the Kanawha River, carrying West Virginia Route 34. The cantilever through-truss consists of two anchor spans each 245 feet in length and the main span 462 feet in length between pier center lines. The main span consists of two 128 feet, 4 inch, cantilever arms and a 205 feet, 4 inch, suspended span.", "title": "Winfield Toll Bridge" }, { "docid": "27927999#45", "text": "Augustus, nicknamed \"Gussie\", was the youngest child. He was born in Great Yarmouth, Norfolk. His godfathers were George William Manby and Captain John Onslow, RN. He became a large-scale sheep farmer and horse breeder in rural New South Wales, owning the Yarralumla estate from 1859 to 1881. He then travelled overseas for a decade before settling down on a farming property named Braemar, near the town of Goulburn, New South Wales, in the early 1890s, with his wife and their four surviving children, all sons. His wife, Annie Bartram (1865–1914) came from the City of Bath in England The two had met in the mid-1880s, entering into a relationship and touring around the United Kingdom. Augustus, however, did not officially marry her until 1896 (at Penrith, NSW). The following year, he died at Braemar House after suffering a stroke and was buried with his parents in Canberra. For a detailed account of Augustus' life and the Gibbes family's era at Yarralumla, see the \"Canberra Historical Journal\", New Series, Number 48, September 2001, pp. 11–31. For more genealogical data about his siblings, see \"The Ancestral Searcher\", Volume 27, Number 4, December 2004, pp. 324–325.", "title": "John George Nathaniel Gibbes" } ]

[ { "docid": "332366#3", "text": "American mechanic Walter Hunt is regarded as the inventor of the safety pin that bears resemblance to those used today. The safety pin included a clasp that covered the point and kept it from opening, and a circular twist at the bend to act as a spring and hold it in place. Charles Rowley (Birmingham, England) independently patented a similar safety pin in October 1849, although the company no longer makes these.", "title": "Safety pin" } ]

[ { "docid": "332366#10", "text": "During the emergence of punk rock in the late seventies, safety pins became associated with the genre, its followers and fashion. Some claim the look was taken originally from Richard Hell whom the British punks saw in pictures, and whose style they adopted. This is disputed by a number of artists from the first wave of British punks, most notably Johnny Rotten, who insists that safety pins were originally incorporated for more practical reasons, for example, to remedy \"the arse of your pants falling out\". British punk fans, after seeing the clothing worn by such punk forerunners, then incorporated safety pins into their own wardrobe as clothing decoration or as piercings, shifting the purpose of the pins from practicality to fashion. The safety pin subsequently has become an image associated with punk rock by media and popular culture outlets.", "title": "Safety pin" }, { "docid": "37342729#2", "text": "Morton wore a jean jacket held together by safety pins as early as 1971, years before the use of safety pins became a widespread part of punk fashion. The use of safety pins in clothing and piercings was later popularized by artists such as Richard Hell, the Sex Pistols and others during the punk rock explosion of the late 70's. It was a jacket that Morton had admired a few years prior on his friend and mentor, Royce Dendler, an assistant professor at Oberlin College, whom Morton met when he was 14 years of age. Morton later visited Dendler while he was attending SVA and Dendler was also living in New York at the time. Upon inquiring as to the jacket's current whereabouts, Dendler answered by pointing to the doormat below them. Morton offered to replace the doormat and asked if he could have the jacket even though it was now tattered, in need of much repair. Morton subsequently repaired the jacket using safety pins to make it wearable and liked the look so much that he gleefully added even more safety pins. It's also been said that Morton wrote the lyrics to one of his earliest songs, \"Mr. Crab\", after Dendler \"walked him around New York and told him to write them.\" He recorded the song a few weeks later in September 1972 and it was eventually released in 1997 on the \"Those Were Different Times\" 3x10\" vinyl set on Scat Records credited to The Styrenes.", "title": "John D Morton" }, { "docid": "332366#2", "text": "The fibula, a form of brooch, was invented by the Myceaneans on the Greek Peloponnesus between the 14th and 13th Century BC, and is considered an early precursor to a safety pin since they were used in a similar manner. Fibulae were used by Greek women and men to help secure tunics.", "title": "Safety pin" }, { "docid": "256960#3", "text": "The Risdon Manufacturing Company, established in Naugatuck around 1910, began by producing safety pins. Local housewives and children were often hired to attach the pins to cardboard for easy sale. Risdon became the manufacturer of total packaging for cosmetics, personal, household and other consumer products and home sewing notions such as common pins, needles, snaps and other accessories. It is now the Crown Risdon Co., headquartered in Watertown, Connecticut.", "title": "Naugatuck, Connecticut" }, { "docid": "30182396#70", "text": "An air bag is a safety feature designed to protect automobile passengers in a head-on collision. Most cars today have driver's side airbags and many have one on the passenger side as well. Located in the steering wheel assembly on the driver's side and in the dashboard on the passenger side, the air bag device responds within milliseconds of a crash. The original safety cushion was first created by John W. Hetrick in 1952. After a car accident that his family was involved in, Hetrick drew sketches of compressed air stored in a container. When a spring-loaded weight senses the car decelerating at a rapid enough rate, it opens a valve that allows the pressure in the container to fill a bag. With this knowledge, he developed his design until he was able to obtain a patent on the device on August 5, 1952. Later in 1967, Dr. Allen S. Breed invented and developed a key component for automotive use in 1967, the ball-in-tube inertial sensor for crash detection. Breed Corporation then marketed this innovation to Chrysler.", "title": "Timeline of United States inventions (1946–1991)" }, { "docid": "11247268#8", "text": "\"We designed the building from the inside out, not the outside in,” said Loretta H. Cockrum, Foram’s founder, chairman and CEO. “We wanted the most efficient office building ever designed, with no wasted space or wasted energy. This is a building of the future more than a building of the present. A lot of love has gone into that building, and a lot of pride.\"", "title": "Brickell World Plaza" }, { "docid": "14664934#32", "text": "Glock pistols are designed with three independent safety mechanisms to prevent accidental discharge. The system, designated \"Safe Action\" by Glock, consists of an external integrated trigger safety and two automatic internal safeties: a firing pin safety, and a drop safety. The external safety is a small inner lever contained in the trigger. Pressing the lever activates the trigger bar and sheet metal connector. The firing pin safety is a solid hardened steel pin that, in the secured state, blocks the firing pin channel (disabling the firing pin in its longitudinal axis). It is pushed upward to release the firing pin for firing only when the trigger is actuated and the safety is pushed up through the backward movement of the trigger bar. The drop safety guides the trigger bar in a ramp that is released only when direct rearward pressure is applied to the trigger. The three safety mechanisms are automatically disengaged one after the other when the trigger is squeezed, and are automatically reactivated when the trigger is released. This passive safety system omits the manipulation of traditional on-off levers, hammers, or other external safeties as found in many other handgun designs. The ability to fire immediately, without worrying about an external safety, is one feature Glock has stressed as an advantage when selling its guns, especially to police departments.", "title": "Glock" }, { "docid": "41959688#0", "text": "Winfield Toll Bridge, also known as the Ross Booth Memorial Bridge, is a historic three-span cantilever Warren Truss bridge located at Winfield and Red House, Putnam County, West Virginia. It was built in 1955, and spans the Kanawha River, carrying West Virginia Route 34. The cantilever through-truss consists of two anchor spans each 245 feet in length and the main span 462 feet in length between pier center lines. The main span consists of two 128 feet, 4 inch, cantilever arms and a 205 feet, 4 inch, suspended span.", "title": "Winfield Toll Bridge" }, { "docid": "2397101#49", "text": "In 1991, the station developed First Alert, the first automated weather warning system for television use (which was based on the manual-input First Warning system developed by KWTV around that time); it also assembled crews of storm chasing units, the \"First Alert Storm Teams\" (or \"F.A.S.T. units\"), which utilized custom vehicles equipped with video cameras and pioneering technology that enabled still photographs to be transmitted over cellular telephone (the \"First Pix\" cell technology as well as \"First Alert\" would earn the station a Regional News Emmy Award in 1991). Morgan – who was later sued for breach of contract and accusations of taking storm-related videotapes, computer programs and forecasting equipment without the station's permission – left KOCO to become chief meteorologist at KFOR-TV in August 1992, and was later briefly replaced by former Weather Channel severe weather expert Vince Miller.", "title": "KOCO-TV" } ]

[ { "docid": "20603142#3", "text": "The current system has undergone several changes since its foundation in 1945, though the basis of the system remains state planned and operated.", "title": "Health care in France" } ]

[ { "docid": "570661#5", "text": "Following World War II, universal health care systems began to be set up around the world. On July 5, 1948, the United Kingdom launched its universal National Health Service. Universal health care was next introduced in the Nordic countries of Sweden (1955), Iceland (1956), Norway (1956), Denmark (1961), and Finland (1964). Universal health insurance was then introduced in Japan (1961), and in Canada through stages, starting with the province of Saskatchewan in 1962, followed by the rest of Canada from 1968 to 1972. The Soviet Union extended universal health care to its rural residents in 1969. Italy introduced its \"Servizio Sanitario Nazionale\" (National Health Service) in 1978. Universal health insurance was implemented in Australia beginning with the \"Medibank\" system which led to universal coverage under the Medicare system.", "title": "Universal health care" }, { "docid": "570661#6", "text": "From the 1970s to the 2000s, Southern and Western European countries began introducing universal coverage, most of them building upon previous health insurance programs to cover the whole population. For example, France built upon its 1928 national health insurance system, with subsequent legislation covering a larger and larger percentage of the population, until the remaining 1% of the population that was uninsured received coverage in 2000. In addition, universal health coverage was introduced in some Asian countries, including South Korea (1989), Taiwan (1995), Israel (1995), and Thailand (2001).", "title": "Universal health care" }, { "docid": "5843419#122", "text": "Since 1905 the French Government has followed the principle of \"laïcité\", in which it is prohibited from recognising any specific right to a religious community (except for legacy statutes like those of military chaplains and the local law in Alsace-Moselle). It recognises religious organisations according to formal legal criteria that do not address religious doctrine. Conversely, religious organisations are expected to refrain from intervening in policy-making. Certain groups, such as Scientology, Children of God, the Unification Church, or the Order of the Solar Temple, are considered cults (\"\"sectes\"\" in French), and therefore do not have the same status as recognised religions in France. \"Secte\" is considered a pejorative term in France.\nThe French health care system is one of universal health care largely financed by government national health insurance. In its 2000 assessment of world health care systems, the World Health Organization found that France provided the \"close to best overall health care\" in the world. The French healthcare system was ranked first worldwide by the World Health Organization in 1997. In 2011, France spent 11.6% of GDP on health care, or US$4,086 per capita, a figure much higher than the average spent by countries in Europe but less than in the United States. Approximately 77% of health expenditures are covered by government funded agencies.", "title": "France" }, { "docid": "20603142#21", "text": "Today, this system is more or less intact. All citizens and legal foreign residents of France are covered by one of these mandatory programs, which continue to be funded by worker participation. However, since 1945, a number of major changes have been introduced. Firstly, the different health care funds (there are five: General, Independent, Agricultural, Student, Public Servants) now all reimburse at the same rate. Secondly, since 2000, the government now provides health care to those who are not covered by a mandatory regime (those who have never worked and who are not students, meaning the very rich or the very poor). This regime, unlike the worker-financed ones, is financed via general taxation and reimburses at a higher rate than the profession-based system for those who cannot afford to make up the difference.", "title": "Health care in France" }, { "docid": "20603142#27", "text": "The French healthcare system was named by the World Health Organization in 2008 as the best performing system in the world in terms of availability and organization of health care providers . It is a universal health care system. It features a mix of public and private services, relatively high expenditure, high patient success rates and low mortality rates, and high consumer satisfaction. Its aims are to combine low cost with flexibility of patient choice as well as doctors' autonomy. While 99.9% of the French population is covered, the rising cost of the system has been a source of concern, as has the lack of emergency service in some areas. In 2004, the system underwent a number of reforms, including introduction of the \"Carte Vitale\" smart card system, improved treatment of patients with rare diseases, and efforts aimed at reducing medical fraud. While private medical care exists in France, the 75% of doctors who are in the national program provide care free to the patient, with costs being reimbursed from government funds. Like most countries, France faces problems of rising costs of prescription medication, increasing unemployment, and a large aging population.", "title": "Health care in France" }, { "docid": "570661#17", "text": "In a social health insurance system, contributions from workers, the self-employed, enterprises, and governments are pooled into a single or multiple funds on a compulsory basis. It is based on risk pooling. The social health insurance model is also referred to as the 'Bismarck Model,' after Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, who introduced the first universal health care system in Germany in the 19th century. The funds typically contract with a mix of public and private providers for the provision of a specified benefit package. Preventive and public health care may be provided by these funds or responsibility kept solely by the Ministry of Health. Within social health insurance, a number of functions may be executed by parastatal or non-governmental sickness funds or in a few cases, by private health insurance companies. Social health insurance is used in a number of Western European countries and increasingly in Eastern Europe as well as in Israel and Japan.", "title": "Universal health care" }, { "docid": "570661#3", "text": "The first move towards a national health insurance system was launched in Germany in 1883, with the Sickness Insurance Law. Industrial employers were mandated to provide injury and illness insurance for their low-wage workers, and the system was funded and administered by employees and employers through \"sick funds\", which were drawn from deductions in workers' wages and from employers' contributions. Other countries soon began to follow suit. In the United Kingdom, the National Insurance Act 1911 provided coverage for primary care (but not specialist or hospital care) for wage earners, covering about one third of the population. The Russian Empire established a similar system in 1912, and other industrialized countries began following suit. By the 1930s, similar systems existed in virtually all of Western and Central Europe. Japan introduced an employee health insurance law in 1927, expanding further upon it in 1935 and 1940. Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, the Soviet Union established a fully public and centralized health care system in 1920. However, it was not a truly universal system at that point, as rural residents were not covered.", "title": "Universal health care" }, { "docid": "16980827#12", "text": "From 2000 a universal health coverage has been in place, providing two fundamental rights for access to care: a right to health insurance for anyone in stable and regular residence in the territory and a right for the most disadvantaged, submitted to resources, to a free coverage, with exemption from fee.", "title": "Social security in France" }, { "docid": "490201#16", "text": "Today, this system is more or less intact. All citizens and legal foreign residents of France are covered by one of these mandatory programs, which continue to be funded by worker participation. However, since 1945, a number of major changes have been introduced. Firstly, the different health care funds (there are five: General, Independent, Agricultural, Student, Public Servants) now all reimburse at the same rate. Secondly, since 2000, the government now provides health care to those who are not covered by a mandatory regime (those who have never worked and who are not students, meaning the very rich or the very poor). This regime, unlike the worker-financed ones, is financed via general taxation and reimburses at a higher rate than the profession-based system for those who cannot afford to make up the difference. Finally, to counter the rise in health care costs, the government has installed two plans, (in 2004 and 2006), which require insured people to declare a referring doctor in order to be fully reimbursed for specialist visits, and which installed a mandatory co-pay of €1 for a doctor visit, €0.50 for each box of medicine prescribed, and a fee of €16–18 per day for hospital stays and for expensive procedures.", "title": "Health insurance" } ]

[ { "docid": "43956143#9", "text": "Over the following decades most countries with any substantial military capability established their own independent air forces.The South African Air Force was formed on 1 February 1920 and the Royal Australian Air Force was formed shortly afterwards on 31 March 1921, although it was not until 1922 that the head of the Service was titled as Chief of the Air Staff, placing him on a par with his Australian Army and Navy counterparts. The Canadian Air Force was formed at the end of World War I, and was abolished and reorganized several times between 1918 and 1924. It became the permanent Royal Canadian Air Force when it received the \"Royal\" title by royal proclamation on 1 April 1924. It did not however become independent of the Canadian Army until 1938 when its head was also designated as Chief of the Air Staff. Similarly, the Royal New Zealand Air Force was established in 1923 as the New Zealand Permanent Air Force but did not become independent of the New Zealand Army until 1937. Other British-influenced countries also established their own independent air forces. For example, the Royal Egyptian Air Force was created in 1937 when Egyptian military aviation was separated from Army command.The Afghan Air Force was established on 22 August 1924,with support of The Soviet Union and Great Britain, but the civil war destroyed most of the planes and it wasn't until 1937,when King Mohammed Nadir Shah took power and reestablished the Afghan air Force.", "title": "Air force" }, { "docid": "26328#7", "text": "The Australian Flying Corps remained part of the Australian Army until 1919, when it was disbanded along with the First Australian Imperial Force (AIF). Although the Central Flying School continued to operate at Point Cook, military flying virtually ceased until 1920, when the Australian Air Corps (AAC) was formed. The Australian Air Force was formed on 31 March 1921. King George V approved the prefix \"Royal\" in June 1921 and became effective on 31 August 1921. The RAAF then became the second Royal air arm to be formed in the British Commonwealth, following the British Royal Air Force. When formed the RAAF had more aircraft than personnel, with 21 officers and 128 other ranks and 153 aircraft.", "title": "Royal Australian Air Force" }, { "docid": "28032254#0", "text": "The following is a list of Australians who have attained air marshal rank within the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF); that is, service personnel who have held the rank of air chief marshal (four-star rank), air marshal (three-star rank) or air vice marshal (two-star rank). The Royal Australian Air Force was established in 1921 as a separate branch of the Australian military forces. The service was modelled after the Royal Air Force—formed three years earlier—and adopted the same ranking system. Richard Williams, regarded as the \"father\" of the Royal Australian Air Force, was the service's first member to obtain air-officer rank on being promoted to air commodore (one-star rank) in 1927; he went on to become the first air vice marshal (1935) and air marshal (1940). In 1965, Sir Frederick Scherger became the first officer to be advanced to air chief marshal, one of only four members of the Royal Australian Air Force to obtain this rank as of June 2014. A further twenty-one individuals have reached air marshal in the RAAF and 124 air vice marshal; seven officers have retired with the honorary rank of air vice marshal.", "title": "List of Royal Australian Air Force air marshals" }, { "docid": "1001596#8", "text": "Upon establishment of the Australian Air Board on 9 November 1920, Williams and his fellow AAC officers dropped their army ranks in favour of those based on the Royal Air Force. Williams, now a wing commander, personally compiled and tabled the Air Board's submissions to create the Australian Air Force (AAF), a service independent of both the Army and the Royal Australian Navy. Though the heads of the Army and Navy opposed the creation of an independent air arm for fear that they would be unable to find air cover for their operations, support from Prime Minister Billy Hughes, as well as prominent parliamentary figures including Treasurer Joseph Cook and Defence Minister George Pearce allowed the proposal to succeed. The AAF was duly formed on 31 March 1921; Williams deliberately chose this day rather than 1 April, the founding date of the RAF three years earlier, \"to prevent nasty people referring to us as 'April Fools'\". The \"Royal\" prefix was added five months later. Williams proposed an ensign for the AAF in July 1921, based on the Royal Air Force flag but featuring the five stars of the Southern Cross within the RAF roundel and the Commonwealth Star in the lower hoist quarter. This design was not adopted for the RAAF, the government employing instead a direct copy of the RAF ensign until 1949, when a new design using the stars of the Australian Flag was chosen.", "title": "Richard Williams (RAAF officer)" }, { "docid": "695893#0", "text": "This is a list of Royal Australian Air Force aircraft squadrons. The Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) was formed in 1921 and traces its lineage to the previous Australian Flying Corps that served during World War I. The list also includes those squadrons that were under Australian and British operational control during World War II, and squadrons that were operated jointly by the RAAF and the Netherlands East Indies.", "title": "List of Royal Australian Air Force aircraft squadrons" }, { "docid": "1818536#1", "text": "The Royal Australian Air Force was formed on 31 March 1921, being preceded by the Australian Flying Corps that saw service in World War I. This memorial commemorates the 50th anniversary of the formation of the RAAF (initially as the Australian Air Force, the 'Royal' prefix being added in August 1921), and the service of members of the RAAF. It was unveiled by Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh on 15 March 1973.", "title": "Royal Australian Air Force Memorial" }, { "docid": "26328#0", "text": "The Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), formed March 1921, is the aerial warfare branch of the Australian Defence Force (ADF). It operates the majority of the ADF's fixed wing aircraft, although both the Australian Army and Royal Australian Navy also operate aircraft in various roles. It directly continues the traditions of the Australian Flying Corps (AFC), formed on 22 October 1912. The RAAF provides support across a spectrum of operations such as air superiority, precision strikes, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, air mobility, and humanitarian support.", "title": "Royal Australian Air Force" } ]

[ { "docid": "3630911#1", "text": "The Australian Flying Corps (AFC) was formed as a Militia unit, with staff and students to be selected from the Citizen Forces. After an abortive deployment to German New Guinea at the end of 1914 as part of the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force, it earned a most creditable reputation in both Palestine and France during World War I as a part of the Australian Imperial Force (AIF). The Australian Flying Corps remained part of the Australian Army until 1919, when it was disbanded along with the AIF. Although the Central Flying School continued to operate at Point Cook, military flying virtually ceased until 1920, when the Australian Air Corps was formed. The Australian Air Force was formed on 31 March 1921. King George V approved the prefix \"Royal\" in June 1921 and it became effective on 31 August 1921. The RAAF then became the second Royal air arm to be formed in the British Commonwealth, following the British Royal Air Force.", "title": "History of the Royal Australian Air Force" }, { "docid": "3630911#4", "text": "Soon after the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, the AFC sent aircraft to assist the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force in capturing German colonies in what is now north-west New Guinea. These colonies surrendered quickly however, before the planes were even unpacked. The first operational flights did not occur until 27 May 1915, when the Mesopotamian Half Flight was called upon to assist the Indian Army in protecting British oil interests in what is now Iraq. The corps later saw action in Egypt, Palestine and on the Western Front throughout the remainder of World War I. By the end of the war, four squadrons – Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4 – had seen active service; another four squadrons – Nos. 5, 6, 7, and 8 – had also been raised to provide training in the United Kingdom. The AFC was disbanded along with the rest of the Australian Imperial Force in 1919, following the end of hostilities. Although the Central Flying School continued to operate at Point Cook, military flying virtually ceased until 1920, when the Australian Air Corps was formed. The following year, this was separated from the Army on 31 March 1921, when the Australian Air Force was formed as an independent service; in June that year King George V gave his assent for the service to use the prefix \"Royal\" and this came into effect on 31 August 1921.", "title": "History of the Royal Australian Air Force" }, { "docid": "2943162#35", "text": "Although the Royal Australian Air Force had been conducting operations in Malaya since 1950, it was not until October 1955 that the first Army battalion, 2nd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (2RAR), was deployed to Penang. However, the battalion did not have approval from the government to conduct operations until January 1956, when it conducted a search and security mission in Kedah. The mission, code-named Operation Deuce, lasted until late April 1956 when 2RAR transferred responsibility of their area to the 1st Battalion, Royal Malay Regiment. In May, 2RAR conducted Operation Shark North in Perak. It was withdrawn from combat operations in August 1957 and left Malaya in October 1957. The battalion suffered 14 killed.", "title": "History of the Australian Army" }, { "docid": "3630911#7", "text": "Shortly after the declaration of war in Europe, although Australia's air force was small – consisting of just 246 aircraft – the Australian government offered to send six squadrons to Britain to fight, in addition to the 450 Australians who were already serving in the ranks of the Royal Air Force at the time. The RAAF already had one squadron in the United Kingdom, No. 10 Squadron RAAF, which had been dispatched earlier in the year to take ownership of nine Short Sunderland flying boats and return them to Australia. They subsequently took place in their first operational mission on 10 October 1939, when they carried out a sortie to Tunisia. To rapidly expand, Australia joined the Empire Air Training Scheme, under which flight crews received basic training in Australia before travelling to Canada or Rhodesia for advanced training. These crews were then posted to operational units. A total of 17 RAAF bomber, fighter, reconnaissance and other squadrons served initially in Britain, and/or with the Desert Air Force, in North Africa and the Mediterranean.", "title": "History of the Royal Australian Air Force" } ]

[ { "docid": "7085#3", "text": "James Fearon, a scholar of civil wars at Stanford University, defines a civil war as \"a violent conflict within a country fought by organized groups that aim to take power at the center or in a region, or to change government policies\". Ann Hironaka further specifies that one side of a civil war is the state. The intensity at which a civil disturbance becomes a civil war is contested by academics. Some political scientists define a civil war as having more than 1000 casualties, while others further specify that at least 100 must come from each side. The Correlates of War, a dataset widely used by scholars of conflict, classifies civil wars as having over 1000 war-related casualties per year of conflict. This rate is a small fraction of the millions killed in the Second Sudanese Civil War and Cambodian Civil War, for example, but excludes several highly publicized conflicts, such as The Troubles of Northern Ireland and the struggle of the African National Congress in Apartheid-era South Africa.", "title": "Civil war" }, { "docid": "7085#0", "text": "A civil war, also known as an intrastate war in polemology, is a war between organized groups within the same state or country.\nThe aim of one side may be to take control of the country or a region, to achieve independence for a region or to change government policies.\nThe term is a calque of the Latin \"bellum civile\" which was used to refer to the various civil wars of the Roman Republic in the 1st century BC.", "title": "Civil war" } ]

[ { "docid": "3117937#0", "text": "\"Civil War\" is a song by the rock band Guns N' Roses which originally appeared on the 1990 compilation \"\", and later on the 1991 album \"Use Your Illusion II\". It is a protest song on war, referring to all war as \"civil war\" and stating that war only \"feeds the rich while it buries the poor\". In the song, lead singer Axl Rose asks, \"What's so civil about war, anyway?\"", "title": "Civil War (song)" }, { "docid": "3500202#25", "text": "At the time of its release, \"Civil War\" received mixed reviews. Comic Book Round Up gave the series an average rating of 6.5.\nAccording to a scholarly analysis presented at the 2007 Comic-Con International, this story's conflict is a natural outgrowth of what psychologist Erich Fromm called \"the basic human dilemma\", the conflicting desires for both security and freedom, and \"character motivations on both sides arise from positive human qualities because Fromm’s image of human nature is ultimately optimistic, holding that people on either side are struggling to find what is best for all\".\nHowever, over time, \"Civil War\" has become more well received. IGN ranked it as one of the greatest Comic Book Events.", "title": "Civil War (comics)" }, { "docid": "7085#36", "text": "The Cold War (1947–1991) provided a global network of material and ideological support that often helped perpetuate civil wars, which were mainly fought in weak ex-colonial states rather than the relatively strong states that were aligned with the Warsaw Pact and North Atlantic Treaty Organization. In some cases, superpowers would superimpose Cold War ideology onto local conflicts, while in others local actors using Cold War ideology would attract the attention of a superpower to obtain support. Using a separate statistical evaluation than used above for interventions, civil wars that included pro- or anti-communist forces lasted 141% longer than the average non-Cold War conflict, while a Cold War civil war that attracted superpower intervention resulted in wars typically lasting over three times as long as other civil wars. Conversely, the end of the Cold War marked by the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 resulted in a reduction in the duration of Cold War civil wars of 92% or, phrased another way, a roughly ten-fold increase in the rate of resolution of Cold War civil wars. Lengthy Cold War-associated civil conflicts that ground to a halt include the wars of Guatemala (1960–1996), El Salvador (1979–1991) and Nicaragua (1970–1990).", "title": "Civil war" }, { "docid": "41959688#0", "text": "Winfield Toll Bridge, also known as the Ross Booth Memorial Bridge, is a historic three-span cantilever Warren Truss bridge located at Winfield and Red House, Putnam County, West Virginia. It was built in 1955, and spans the Kanawha River, carrying West Virginia Route 34. The cantilever through-truss consists of two anchor spans each 245 feet in length and the main span 462 feet in length between pier center lines. The main span consists of two 128 feet, 4 inch, cantilever arms and a 205 feet, 4 inch, suspended span.", "title": "Winfield Toll Bridge" }, { "docid": "479132#17", "text": "The other issues were: \"What If?: Planet Hulk\" (October 2007); \"What If?: Annihilation\" (November 2007); two \"What If?\" specials for \"Civil War\" and \"X-Men: Rise and Fall of the Shi'ar Empire\" (December 2007) and \"What If: Spider-Man vs. Wolverine\" (January 2008). These issues were collected into a trade paperback, \"What If...? Civil War\".", "title": "What If (comics)" }, { "docid": "55853074#1", "text": "s͎ is represented in Unicode by an s and U+034E (Combining Upwards Arrow Below).", "title": "S͎" }, { "docid": "49691494#0", "text": "ㅞ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅞ is U+315E.", "title": "ㅞ" }, { "docid": "49691504#0", "text": "ㅟ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅟ is U+315F.", "title": "ㅟ" }, { "docid": "49690912#0", "text": "ㅜ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅜ is U+315C.", "title": "ㅜ" } ]

[ { "docid": "1274#0", "text": "The geography of Antarctica is dominated by its south polar location and, thus, by ice. The Antarctic continent, located in the Earth's southern hemisphere, is centered asymmetrically around the South Pole and largely south of the Antarctic Circle. It is washed by the Southern (or Antarctic) Ocean or, depending on definition, the southern Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans. It has an area of more than 14 million km².", "title": "Geography of Antarctica" }, { "docid": "18959138#0", "text": "Antarctica ( or , ) is Earth's southernmost continent. It contains the geographic South Pole and is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. At , it is the fifth-largest continent. For comparison, Antarctica is nearly twice the size of Australia. About 98% of Antarctica is covered by ice that averages in thickness, which extends to all but the northernmost reaches of the Antarctic Peninsula.", "title": "Antarctica" } ]

[ { "docid": "50144840#2", "text": "Hamilton led a two-man field party in Antarctica (October 1958–January 1959) for the International Geophysical Year, and launched a new understanding of Antarctica. He was the first to apply the name trans-Antarctic Mountains (two years later, formalized as Transantarctic Mountains) to that 3,500 km range. Hamilton recognized that a large sector of this range contained distinctive granitic rocks like South Australia's Adelaide orogenic belt. Associated fossils of diverse ages in Antarctica, Australia, and southernmost Africa further linked these continents, and supported then-radical explanations of continental drift. Before traveling to Antarctica, Hamilton was what he later described as a \"closet drifter,\" aware that Southern Hemisphere geology provided powerful evidence favoring continental drift. He returned to Antarctica for fieldwork in 1963 and 1964 in other parts of the Transantarctic Mountains, including those once continuous with other Australian tracts. He also investigated in the field evidence for drift in Australia and South Africa, integrating his work with that of other researchers to show how Antarctica and other Gondwana continents had drifted apart.", "title": "Warren B. Hamilton" }, { "docid": "18959138#24", "text": "Positioned asymmetrically around the South Pole and largely south of the Antarctic Circle, Antarctica is the southernmost continent and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean; alternatively, it may be considered to be surrounded by the southern Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans, or by the southern waters of the World Ocean. There are a number of rivers and lakes in Antarctica, the longest river being the Onyx. The largest lake, Vostok, is one of the largest sub-glacial lakes in the world. Antarctica covers more than , making it the fifth-largest continent, about 1.3 times as large as Europe. The coastline measures and is mostly characterised by ice formations, as the following table shows:", "title": "Antarctica" }, { "docid": "1291#6", "text": "Antarctica currently has no permanent population and therefore it has no citizenship nor government. All personnel present on Antarctica at any time are citizens or nationals of some sovereignty outside Antarctica, as there is no Antarctic sovereignty. The majority of Antarctica is claimed by one or more countries, but most countries do not explicitly recognize those claims. The area on the mainland between 90 degrees west and 150 degrees west is the only major land on Earth not claimed by any country. Until 2015 the interior of the Norwegian Sector, the extent of which had never been officially defined, was considered to be unclaimed. That year, Norway formally laid claim to the area between its Queen Maud Land and the South Pole.", "title": "Antarctic Treaty System" }, { "docid": "51410477#3", "text": "Antarctica was seen by many men as a place where men could imagine themselves heroic conquerors. In Western culture, frontier territories are often associated with masculinity. Antarctica itself was envisioned by many male explorers as a \"virginal woman\" or \"monstrous feminine body\" to be conquered by men. Women were often \"invoked in terms of place naming and territorial conquest and later even encouraged to have babies in Antarctica.\" Using women as territorial conquest is probably at its most literal in the way that Argentina and Chile have flown pregnant women to Antarctica to give birth and stake a national claim to the area.\nSilvia Morella de Palma was the first woman to give birth in Antarctica, delivering 3.4 kg (7 lb 8 oz) Emilio Palma at the Argentine Esperanza base 7 January 1978.", "title": "Women in Antarctica" }, { "docid": "67337#1", "text": "In terms of area, Argentina is the second largest country of South America after Brazil, and the 8th largest country in the world. Its total area is approximately 2.7 million km². Argentina claims a section of Antarctica (Argentine Antarctica) but has agreed to suspend sovereignty disputes in the region as a signatory to the Antarctic Treaty. Argentina also asserts claims to several South Atlantic islands administered by the United Kingdom.", "title": "Geography of Argentina" }, { "docid": "18959138#94", "text": "Some of Antarctica has been warming up; particularly strong warming has been noted on the Antarctic Peninsula. A study by Eric Steig published in 2009 noted for the first time that the continent-wide average surface temperature trend of Antarctica is slightly positive at >0.05 °C (0.09 °F) per decade from 1957 to 2006. This study also noted that West Antarctica has warmed by more than 0.1 °C (0.2 °F) per decade in the last 50 years, and this warming is strongest in winter and spring. This is partly offset by autumn cooling in East Antarctica. There is evidence from one study that Antarctica is warming as a result of human carbon dioxide emissions, but this remains ambiguous. The amount of surface warming in West Antarctica, while large, has not led to appreciable melting at the surface, and is not directly affecting the West Antarctic Ice Sheet's contribution to sea level. Instead the recent increases in glacier outflow are believed to be due to an inflow of warm water from the deep ocean, just off the continental shelf. The net contribution to sea level from the Antarctic Peninsula is more likely to be a direct result of the much greater atmospheric warming there.", "title": "Antarctica" }, { "docid": "579976#0", "text": "The Antarctical realm is one of eight terrestrial biogeographic realms. The ecosystem includes Antarctica and several island groups in the southern Atlantic and Indian Oceans. The continent of Antarctica is so cold and dry that it has supported only 2 vascular plants for millions of years, and its flora presently consists of around 250 lichens, 100 mosses, 25-30 liverworts, and around 700 terrestrial and aquatic algal species, which live on the areas of exposed rock and soil around the shore of the continent. Antarctica's two flowering plant species, the Antarctic hair grass (\"Deschampsia antarctica\") and Antarctic pearlwort (\"Colobanthus quitensis\"), are found on the northern and western parts of the Antarctic Peninsula. Antarctica is also home to a diversity of animal life, including penguins, seals, and whales.", "title": "Antarctic realm" }, { "docid": "1853614#3", "text": "The estimated Argentine Antarctica area is , of which is land. The ice in the glacier shell has a thickness of 2 km on average. Temperatures range from 0 °C in summer and -60 °C in winter although in certain points may drop to approximately -82 °C.", "title": "Argentine Antarctica" }, { "docid": "56524083#1", "text": "The continent of Antarctica has two major divisions; West Antarctica in mostly west longitudes and East Antarctica in mostly east longitudes. East Antarctica is larger and has a higher average elevation. Separating the two subcontinents is a lower elevation topographic region occupied by the Ross Ice Shelf and the Ross Sea. This region is referred to as the Ross Embayment. The embayment comprises an area of approximately . It includes the Ross Sea () and the Ross Ice Shelf (as of 2013, ). The name is most commonly used in the scientific literature, at times along with the West Antarctic Rift System, which is of larger extent and has geologic meaning. Because the rift system includes the embayment, the later is considered to lie in West Antarcitca.", "title": "Ross Embayment" } ]

[ { "docid": "27818578#1", "text": "The 21 World Cup tournaments have been won by eight different nations. Brazil has won the most titles, five. The current champion is France, who won the title in 2018.", "title": "List of FIFA World Cup winners" }, { "docid": "8821389#0", "text": "The FIFA World Cup is an international association football competition established in 1930. It is contested by the men's national teams of the members of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the sport's global governing body. The tournament has taken place every four years, except in 1942 and 1946, when the competition was cancelled due to World War II. The most recent World Cup, hosted by Russia in 2018, was won by France, who beat Croatia 4–2 in regulation time.", "title": "List of FIFA World Cup finals" } ]

[ { "docid": "592115#2", "text": "The current champions are Germany, who won the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup by defeating Chile 1–0 in the final to win their first title.", "title": "FIFA Confederations Cup" }, { "docid": "1248592#3", "text": "The current champions are Spain's Real Madrid, who defeated Al-Ain 4–1 in the final of the 2018 edition, to win their fourth title in the competition and to become the first team ever to win it three years in a row and four times in total in the tournament's history.", "title": "FIFA Club World Cup" }, { "docid": "244862#2", "text": "The seven FIFA Women's World Cup tournaments have been won by 4 national teams. The current champion is the United States, after winning their third title in the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup.", "title": "FIFA Women's World Cup" }, { "docid": "32652179#5", "text": "Brazil are current champions and the most successful nation with six titles. They also won the 2005 joint event.There have been seven editions of the championship as of 2017. For every edition, the top three nations qualified to the FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup.", "title": "FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup qualification (CONMEBOL)" }, { "docid": "11370#0", "text": "The FIFA World Cup, often simply called the World Cup, is an international association football competition contested by the senior men's national teams of the members of the \"\" (FIFA), the sport's global governing body. The championship has been awarded every four years since the inaugural tournament in 1930, except in 1942 and 1946 when it was not held because of the Second World War. The current champion is France, which won its second title at the 2018 tournament in Russia.", "title": "FIFA World Cup" }, { "docid": "191466#24", "text": "In 2002, FIFA inaugurated a women's youth championship, officially called the FIFA U-19 Women's World Championship. The first event was hosted by Canada. The final was an all-CONCACAF affair, with the USA defeating the host Canadians 1-0 with an extra-time golden goal. The second event was held in Thailand in 2004 and won by Germany. The age limit was raised to 20, starting with the 2006 event held in Russia. Demonstrating the increasing global reach of the women's game, the winners of this event were North Korea. The tournament was renamed the FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup, effective with the 2008 edition won by the US in Chile. The current champions are Japan, who won in France in 2018.", "title": "Women's association football" }, { "docid": "43221146#8", "text": "The FeWC 2018 champion received $250,000 in prize money and a ticket to the Best FIFA Awards where he has the chance to meet the greatest of the real football world. FIWC 2015 Champion Abdulaziz Alshehri from Saudi Arabia was able to meet Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi among many others, while 2016 champion Mohammad Al-Bacha talked it up with Marcelo Vieira and Manuel Neuer.", "title": "FIFA eWorld Cup" }, { "docid": "22061532#1", "text": "The current, reigning, CMLL World Light Heavyweight Champion is Niebla Roja who won the championship on June 10, 2017. The first champion to be recognized by CMLL was Jerry Estrada, who defeated Pierroth Jr. in the finals of a 16-man tournament that took place between September 15 and September 26, 1991. There is currently no CMLL World Light Heavyweight Champion as then-champion La Máscara was fired by CMLL on May 20, 2017. Overall, there have been fifteen reigns shared among fourteen wrestlers. Dr. Wagner Jr. and Atlantis are the only two wrestlers to have held the title twice; Dr. Wagner Jr. is listed as an unofficial three-time champion, but he is not recognized as such by CMLL. Jerry Estrada's 175 da reign is currently the shortest reign in history, while Último Guerrero has held it for the longest period, at 1,309 days. Aquarius' unofficial title reign is the shortest on record, 8 days, but is not acknowledged by CMLL.[G] -", "title": "List of CMLL World Light Heavyweight Champions" }, { "docid": "32652123#5", "text": "Panama are the current champions. There have been seven editions of the championship as of 2017. For all tournaments, the top two teams qualified for the FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup.", "title": "CONCACAF Beach Soccer Championship" } ]

[ { "docid": "58006979#0", "text": "France entered World War I on August 3, 1914, when Germany declared war. France played only a small part in the diplomatic crisis of July 1914–its top leaders were out of the country from July 15 to July 29, when most of the critical decisions were taken. Austria and Germany deliberately acted to prevent the French and Russian leadership from communicating during the last week in July. But this made little difference as French policy in strong support of Russia had been locked in. Germany realized that a war with Russia meant a war with France, and so its war plans called for an immediate attack on France – through Belgium – hoping for a quick victory before the slow-moving Russians could become a factor. France was a major military and diplomatic player before and after the July crisis, and every power paid close attention to its role. Historian Joachim Remak says:", "title": "French entry into World War I" }, { "docid": "58051679#0", "text": "Germany entered into World War I on August 1, 1914, when it declared war on Russia. In accordance with its war plan, it ignored Russia and moved first against France–declaring war on August 3 and sending its main armies through Belgium to attack Paris from the north. The German invasion of Belgium caused Britain to declare war on Germany on August 4. Most of the main parties were now at war. In October 1914, Turkey joined the war on Germany's side, becoming part of the Central Powers. Italy, which was allied with Germany and Austria-Hungary before World War I, was neutral in 1914 before switching to the Allied side in May 1915.", "title": "German entry into World War I" }, { "docid": "13854#238", "text": "Preoccupied with internal problems, France paid little attention to foreign policy in the 1911–14 period, although it did extend military service to three years from two over strong Socialist objections in 1913. The rapidly escalating Balkan crisis of 1914 caught France unaware, and it played only a small role in the coming of World War I. The Serbian crisis triggered a complex set of military alliances between European states, causing most of the continent, including France, to be drawn into war within a few short weeks. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia in late July, triggering Russian mobilization. On 1 August both Germany and France ordered mobilization. Germany was much better prepared militarily than any of the other countries involved, including France. The German Empire, as an ally of Austria, declared war on Russia. France was allied with Russia and so was ready to commit to war against the German Empire. On 3 August Germany declared war on France, and sent its armies through neutral Belgium. Britain entered the war on 4 August, and started sending in troops on 7 August. Italy, although tied to Germany, remained neutral and then joined the Allies in 1915.", "title": "History of France" } ]

[ { "docid": "58006979#8", "text": "When the war began in 1914, France could only win if Britain joined with France and Russia to stop Germany. There was no binding treaty between Britain and France, and no moral commitment on the British part to go to war on France's behalf. The Liberal government of Britain was pacifistic, and also extremely legalistic, so that German violation of Belgium neutrality – treating it like a scrap of paper – helped mobilize party members to support the war effort. The decisive factors were twofold, Britain felt a sense of obligation to defend France, and the Liberal Government realized that unless it did so, it would collapse either into a coalition, or yield control to the more militaristic Conservative Party. Either option would likely ruin the Liberal Party. When the German army invaded Belgium, not only was neutrality violated, but France was threatened with defeat, so the British government went to war.", "title": "French entry into World War I" }, { "docid": "58006979#5", "text": "France competed with Britain, and to a lesser extent with Italy, for control of Africa. There was constant friction between Britain and France over borders between their respective African colonies (see the Fashoda Incident). The French Foreign Minister Théophile Delcassé was aware that France could not progress if she was in conflict with Germany in Europe and Britain in Africa, and so recalled Captain Marchand's expeditionary force from Fashoda, despite popular protests. This paved the way for Britain joining France in World War I.", "title": "French entry into World War I" }, { "docid": "58006979#2", "text": "The war arose from conflict between two alliances: the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria and Italy, and the Triple Entente of France, Russia and Britain. France had had a military alliance with Russia since 1894, designed primarily to neutralize the German threat to both countries. Germany had a military alliance with Austria-Hungary. In June 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the Austrian throne, was assassinated. The government of Austria decided to destroy Serbia once and for all, for stirring up trouble among ethnic Slavs. Berlin (Germany) secretly gave Austria a blank check, promising to support it militarily no matter what it decided. Both countries wanted a localized war, Austria versus Serbia. They mistakenly assumed that would no other powers would intervene, and failed to negotiate with Russia, France, and England to make sure the war remained localized. Unexpectedly, Russia decided to intervene to protect Serbia, a small fellow Slavic nation, despite there being no treaty requiring Russia to do so. The Tsar had the support of the President of France, who otherwise was hardly involved. Russia mobilized its army against Austria. Germany declared war on Russia and France, and invaded France through Belgium. Britain had an understanding and military and naval planning agreements with France, but no formal treaty obligations. Britain did have a treaty obligation toward Belgium, and as a result Britain joined France and Russia (the Allies) and declared war on Germany and Austria (the Central Powers). Japan, allied with Britain, joined the Allies. The Ottoman Empire (Turkey) joined the Central Powers. Italy, instead of joining Germany and Austria-Hungary with whom it had treaties, entered the war on the side of the Allies in 1915. The United States tried unsuccessfully to broker peace negotiations, and entered the war on the Allied side in April 1917. After very heavy losses on both sides, the Allies were decisively victorious, and divided the spoils of victory, such as the German and Ottoman colonies. France was a winner, while the German, Russian and Ottoman Empires disintegrated.", "title": "French entry into World War I" }, { "docid": "13854#267", "text": "After de Gaulle left office in January 1946, the diplomatic logjam was broken in terms of American aid. Lend Lease had barely restarted When it was unexpectedly handed in August 1945. The U.S. Army shipped in food, 1944-46. U.S. Treasury loans and cash grants were given in 1945-47, and especially the Marshall Plan gave large sums (1948-51). There was post-Marshall aid (1951-55) designed to help France rearm and provide massive support for its war in Indochina. Apart from low-interest loans, the other funds were grants that did not involve repayment. The debts left over from World War I, whose payment had been suspended since 1931, was renegotiated in the Blum-Byrnes agreement of 1946. The United States forgave all $2.8 billion in debt from the First World War, and gave France a new loan of $650 million. In return French negotiator Jean Monnet set out the French five-year plan for recovery and development. The Marshall Plan gave France $2.3 billion with no repayment. The total of all American grants and credits to France from 1946 to 1953, amounted to $4.9 billion.", "title": "History of France" }, { "docid": "39743540#41", "text": "France and Britain collaborated closely in 1939, and together declared war against Germany two days after it invaded Poland. Apart from the British Dominions (Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa), no independent nation joined their cause. Britain and France took a defensive posture, fearing German air attacks on cities. France hoped the Maginot Line would protect it from an invasion. There was little fighting between the fall of Poland in mid-September and the following spring; it was the Phoney War in Britain or \"Drôle de guerre\" – the funny sort of war – in France. Britain tried several peace feelers, but Hitler did not respond.", "title": "Diplomatic history of World War II" }, { "docid": "13758486#1", "text": "When World War I began, she escorted troop convoys from French North Africa to France for a month and a half. \"Gaulois\" was ordered to the Dardanelles in November 1914 to guard against a sortie into the Mediterranean by the German battlecruiser . In 1915, she joined British ships in bombarding Turkish fortifications. She was badly damaged during one such bombardment in March and had to beach herself to avoid sinking. She was refloated and sent to Toulon for permanent repairs. \"Gaulois\" returned to the Dardanelles and covered the Allied evacuation in January 1916. On 27 December 1916, she was en route for the Dardanelles after a refit in France when she was torpedoed and sunk by the German submarine \"UB-47\".", "title": "French battleship Gaulois" }, { "docid": "51499#35", "text": "On 25 June the first US troops began to arrive in France, forming the American Expeditionary Force. However, the American units did not enter the trenches in divisional strength until October. The incoming troops required training and equipment before they could join in the effort, and for several months American units were relegated to support efforts. In spite of this, however, their presence provided a much-needed boost to Allied morale, with the promise of further reinforcements that could tip the manpower balance towards the Allies.", "title": "Western Front (World War I)" } ]

[ { "docid": "32001841#0", "text": "Days of Our Lives (also stylized as Days of our Lives; often abbreviated to DOOL or Days) is an American daytime soap opera broadcast on the NBC television network. It is one of the longest-running scripted television programs in the world, airing nearly every weekday since November 8, 1965. It has since been syndicated to many countries around the world. Until the network's closure in 2013, Soapnet rebroadcast episodes of \"Days\" on a same-day basis each weeknight at 8:00 and 10:00 (Eastern and Pacific Time). The series was created by husband-and-wife team Ted Corday and Betty Corday. Irna Phillips was a story editor for \"Days of Our Lives\" and many of the show's earliest storylines were written by William J. Bell.", "title": "Days of Our Lives" }, { "docid": "10407205#0", "text": "\"Days of Our Lives\" is a long-running American television soap opera drama, airing on NBC. Created by Ted and Betty Corday, the series premiered on November 8, 1965. The longest-running cast member is Suzanne Rogers, who has portrayed Maggie Horton since August 20, 1973, making her one of the longest-tenured actors in American soap operas. Original cast member, Frances Reid, was previously the soap's longest-running cast member, portraying Horton family matriarch, Alice Horton, from 1965 to 2007. Actresses Susan Seaforth Hayes and Deidre Hall, who portray Julie Olson Williams and Dr. Marlena Evans, are currently the second and third longest tenured actors on \"Days of Our Lives\", joining in 1968 and 1976, respectively. The following list is of cast members who are currently on the show: the main and recurring cast members, or those who are debuting, departing or returning to the series.", "title": "List of Days of Our Lives cast members" } ]

[ { "docid": "746812#4", "text": "Drake's John Black character was \"killed off\" the week of October 15, 2007. It was rumored the character was officially dead and would not be back, but \"Days\" has a reputation for \"killing\" many characters and eventually bringing them back. In fact it turned out that John was not really dead at all, but had been abducted by long-time nemesis Stefano DiMera. As of January 8, 2008, Drake was back on \"Days of our Lives\" in the role he created. Confirmed on November 17, 2008, Drake, along with his long-time co-star, Deidre Hall, were let go from \"Days of our Lives\" due to budget cuts. Days of Our Lives brought back the characters of John and Marlena starting September 26, 2011.", "title": "Drake Hogestyn" }, { "docid": "32001841#1", "text": "Due to the series' success, it was expanded from 30 minutes to 60 minutes on April 21, 1975. The series focuses on its core families, the Hortons and the Bradys. Several other families have been added to the cast, and many of them still appear on the show. Frances Reid, the matriarch of the series' Horton family remained with the show from its inception to her death on February 3, 2010. Suzanne Rogers celebrated 40 years on \"Days of Our Lives\" in 2013, appearing on the show more or less since her first appearance in 1973. Susan Seaforth Hayes is the only cast member to appear on \"Days of Our Lives\" in all six decades it has been on air.", "title": "Days of Our Lives" }, { "docid": "32001841#47", "text": "Almost unmodified since the show's debut in 1965, the title sequence of \"Days of Our Lives\" features an hourglass, with sand slowly trickling to the bottom against the backdrop of a partly cloudy sky, as well as the trademark voiceover, \"Like sands through the hourglass, so are the \"Days of Our Lives.\"\" From the show's debut in 1965 until March 1966, announcer Ed Prentiss spoke the phrase, adding \"\"Days of Our Lives,\" a new dramatic serial starring Macdonald Carey.\" Since April 1966, the voice has been that of Macdonald Carey, who played Dr. Thomas Horton from the show's premiere until the actor's 1994 death from lung cancer. From 1966 to 1994, he would add \"This is Macdonald Carey, and these are the \"Days of Our Lives\".\" After Carey's death in 1994, this second part was removed out of respect for Carey and his family. At intermission (between 1975 and 2011), his voice would also say \"We will return for the second half of \"Days of Our Lives\" in just a moment\".", "title": "Days of Our Lives" }, { "docid": "32001841#33", "text": "For its first three years on the air, \"Days of Our Lives\" was near the bottom of the Nielsen ratings, and close to cancellation. However, its ascent to the top was rapid; as the 1969 TV season ended, it became an effective tool of NBC, which attempted to dethrone daytime leader CBS. By 1973 the show, pitted against CBS' popular \"Guiding Light\" and ABC's \"The Newlywed Game\" at 2 p.m. (ET)/1 p.m. (CT), had matched the first-place ratings of \"As the World Turns\" and sister NBC soap \"Another World\". Due to the success of the program, it expanded from a half-hour to one hour on April 21, 1975. This expansion had followed the lead of \"Another World,\" which became TV's first-ever hour-long soap on January 6, three and a half months earlier. Further, \"Days of Our Lives\"' new starting time of 1:30 p.m./12:30 finally solved a scheduling problem that began in 1968 when NBC lost the game \"Let's Make a Deal\" to ABC, and in its wake, eight different shows were placed into the slot (\"Hidden Faces\", \"You're Putting Me On\", \"Life with Linkletter\", \"Words & Music\", \"Memory Game\", \"Three on a Match\", \"Jeopardy!\", and \"How to Survive a Marriage\").", "title": "Days of Our Lives" }, { "docid": "32001841#37", "text": "\"Days of Our Lives\" had finished the 2008-2009 television season with a substantial increase in viewers (3.0 million vs. 2.8 million) and had risen to the #3 spot behind \"The Young and the Restless\" and \"The Bold and the Beautiful\", respectively. It was the #2 daytime program behind \"The Young and the Restless\" in the much coveted 18-49 demographic. During the first few months of the 2009-2010 season, \"Days of Our Lives\" increased its average household rating to 2.4, and averaged consistently over 3,000,000 viewers. It was only one point behind the #2 daytime drama \"The Bold and the Beautiful\", and has beat that soap on several days during the season. In 2010, \"Days of Our Lives\" continued to increase viewership, reaching as high as 3.6 million viewers on several days. A substantial increase in viewership such as \"Days of Our Lives\" has had lately also bucks the viewership trend in daytime dramas, which had declined since the 1990s for all other daytime drama series. \"Days of Our Lives\" was the only daytime drama series to increase in viewers between 2008 and 2010 and had reduced its operating budget, making it a profitable asset to NBC's broadcast line-up.", "title": "Days of Our Lives" }, { "docid": "32001841#48", "text": "The theme that regularly accompanies each sequence was composed by Charles Albertine, Tommy Boyce, and Bobby Hart. The theme has only been modified a few times since \"Days of Our Lives\" premiered: in 1972; in 1993, when the opening titles were changed to computerized visuals (designed by Wayne Fitzgerald and Judy Loren); in 2004, with an orchestral arrangement that was only used in eight episodes, after which time the theme was reverted to the 1993 arrangement; and in 2009, when the theme was edited for time and shortened. Beginning with the November 8, 2010 episode, there were slight changes to the coloring of the sky background in the sequence now being displayed in widescreen. However, there was very little change in the sequence's appearance from the 1993 version.The show has had many high-profile fans. In 1976, \"TIME\" magazine reported that then-Justice of the Supreme Court Thurgood Marshall would call a recess around the 1 p.m. hour to watch \"Days of Our Lives\". Actress Julia Roberts admitted at the 2002 People's Choice Awards that she was a fan of \"Days of Our Lives\", asked to be seated near the cast, and upon winning her award stated, \"I'm very nervous because the cast of \"Days of Our Lives\" is here.\" In 2004, during the show's Melaswen storyline, Roberts' interest was considered notable enough that \"Entertainment Weekly\" quoted her saying that \"the show has gotten a little wacko.\" A 1998 \"TIME\" article mentioned that Monica Lewinsky was a passionate fan of \"Days of Our Lives\", so much so that she wrote a poem about the series in her high school yearbook. The article compared her whirlwind experiences in the White House to a story on \"Days of Our Lives\". Best-selling novelist Brian Keene has stated in interviews that he has watched the show since 1983, and pauses from writing each day during the hour it is on.", "title": "Days of Our Lives" }, { "docid": "32001841#34", "text": "However, this first golden period for NBC daytime proved to be short-lived, as \"Days of Our Lives\"' ratings began to decline in 1977. Much of the decline was due to ABC's expansion of its increasingly popular soap \"All My Children\" to a full hour, the last half of which overlapped with the first half of \"Days of Our Lives\" By January 1979, the network, in a mode of desperation more than anything else, decided to jump headlong against \"AMC\" and moved the show ahead to the same 1:00 p.m./12 Noon time slot. In exchange to its affiliates for taking away the old half-hour access slot at 1:00/Noon, NBC gave them the 4 p.m./3 slot, which many (if not most) stations had been preempting for years anyway. By 1986, ABC and CBS followed suit, under the intense pressure of lucrative (and cheap) syndicated programming offered to affiliates.", "title": "Days of Our Lives" }, { "docid": "27321982#2", "text": "The character was graphically murdered in the episode of October 9, 2015, with Will being shown strangled to death, lying dead in the morgue, and being buried and grieved by his family. Viewers reacted with \"major\" backlash, the decision was highly criticized by professionals, and there was a feeling \"Days of Our Lives\" was pandering to anti-gay sentiment in its audience base. In January 2017 \"Days of Our Lives\" announced a new head-writer in Ron Carlivati; and in May 2017 \"Entertainment Weekly\" reported that Massey was reprising the role of Will. Carlivati indicated, via social media, that Will may not have died after all, and the ensuing storyline showed how Will survived. Massey's first new episode was broadcast on September 15, 2017.", "title": "Will Horton" } ]

[ { "docid": "50294565#9", "text": "\"Slant\" considered the song the 4th best one of 2016, while \"Pitchfork\" named it the 28th best. The song would later be voted in \"Village Voice\"'s Pazz & Jop best in music in 2016, the 18th best single of the same period. \"Billboard\" ranked \"Hold Up\" at number 23 on their \"100 Best Pop Songs of 2016\" list: \"Beyonce's \"Lemonade\" was designed for memes… and tweets… and gifs. But ask anyone the image that defines the album, and you're likely to see a shot from \"Hold Up\".\"", "title": "Hold Up (song)" }, { "docid": "1710418#9", "text": "As Mad Decent continues to grow and release tracks by big name artists, Diplo's solo career continues to grow at the same rate. He's produced for artists such as Beyoncé, Justin Bieber, Lil Wayne, Britney Spears, Wale, Chris Brown, Ariana Grande, 2 Chainz, Travis Porter, Usher, Azealia Banks, Iggy Azalea, and AlunaGeorge. On October 16, 2015, Diplo released \"Be Right There\" along with fellow producer Sleepy Tom. The single charted in multiple countries and has over 100 million streams on Spotify. On April 23, 2016, Beyonce released her critically acclaimed album, \"Lemonade.\" Diplo produced two tracks on the album, \"All Night,\" and one of the three singles, \"Hold Up.\" The album debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 and was certified platinum on June 8, 2016. Along with producing tracks on Beyonce's \"Lemonade,\" Diplo collaborated with Canadian DJ duo Zeds Dead on the release \"Blame,\" which featured Swedish singer Elliphant. The track was officially released on July 14, 2016, via Zeds Dead's Soundcloud.", "title": "Diplo" }, { "docid": "54437815#15", "text": "Vox's Framke felt that the video referenced Beyoncé's visual album \"Lemonade\" (2016) multiple times. Framke found the monologue in the video similar to Beyoncé's \"Pray You Catch Me\" (2016), while the rainbow outfit that Kesha wore reminded her of the yellow dress that Beyoncé sported in her \"Hold Up\" video, which was also directed by Åkerlund. The author further wrote that \"evoking Beyoncé's imagery at the video's onset dilutes the message, making it feel more like an homage than the emotional purge [Kesha] says it is.\" Similarly, \"The Stranger\"s Amber Cortes criticized Kesha for taking influence from Beyoncé's work in the \"Praying\" clip, writing that it emulated the \"watery imagery\" of the video for \"Hold Up\". William Ferrer of \"The Seattle Times\" also found the visual similar to \"Lemonade\", but added \"there's something haunting about 'Praying' that sets it apart from \"Lemonade\". [It] feels more ethereal, more eerily uncertain than Beyonce's self-assured tour de force. And [...] 'Praying' is better for it.\"", "title": "Praying (song)" }, { "docid": "50294565#0", "text": "\"Hold Up\" is a song recorded by American singer Beyoncé for her sixth studio album, \"Lemonade\" (2016). The song was serviced to rhythmic radios in the United States on August 16, 2016 as the third single from the album. It was written by Diplo, Ezra Koenig, Beyoncé, Emile Haynie, Josh Tillman, MNEK and MeLo-X.", "title": "Hold Up (song)" } ]

[ { "docid": "50294565#3", "text": "\"Hold Up\" is written in the key of C major in common time with a tempo of 84 beats per minute. The song follows a chord progression of C–F–D–G–D–F, and when it comes to Beyonce's vocals, they go from C to F. The track features a light reggae beat.", "title": "Hold Up (song)" }, { "docid": "50294565#5", "text": "According to Koenig's interview on Beats One, the demo he and Diplo made was simple track with only chorus in it.\nBeyonce gave this demo to various songwriters to get the best ideas, songwritings. \nMNEK said he wrote a full song over the demo, but Beyoncé only used 3 lines from his song, which were eventually used in the bridge.\nhe also mentioned the unique process of Beyoncé: \"The way she works, she is a writer in herself. And then she pieces together stuff and she pieces together, you know, Diplo's going to work on the track; she's going to send it to me to do a melody idea. That's the process. And it worked because she's overlooking everything\"", "title": "Hold Up (song)" }, { "docid": "41357007#11", "text": "\"The Guardian\"'s Mikki Kendall wrote, \"In 'Flawless' (a track that leaked as 'Bow Down' over the summer), Beyonce quotes from author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's TedX talk 'We should all be feminists', adroitly addressing the idea that she is somehow anti-feminist for not fitting into the boxes others project onto her. It's clear that like a lot of black American women, the mainstream middle class white feminist narratives with which we are so familiar aren't necessarily compatible with Beyonce's view of herself. This album makes it clear that her feminism isn't academic; isn't about waves, or labels. It simply is a part of her as much as anything else in her life. She's pro-woman without being anti-man, and she wants the world to know that you can be feminist on a personal level without sacrificing emotions, friendships or fun.\"", "title": "Flawless (Beyoncé song)" }, { "docid": "31438403#9", "text": "For the album track \"Put Your Hands Up\", an online video was exclusively uploaded onto Inna's YouTube channel in September 2011, featuring moments from her concerts in Europe. Four promotional singles were also released from \"I Am the Club Rocker\": \"July\", \"No Limit\", \"Señorita\" and \"Moon Girl\". The latter's cover artwork sparked controversy and was compared to American singer Beyonce's image in her video for \"Why Don't You Love Me\" (2010). For further promotion of the record, Inna embarked on her I Am the Club Rocker Tour (2011–2012), which visited Europe and the United States. During her appearance in Mexico, she notably gave multiple television and radio interviews.", "title": "I Am the Club Rocker" }, { "docid": "40392501#11", "text": "Caitlin White from the website The 405 noted that there was a reason for the song being \"couched in warnings\" of malfunction and tragedy elaborating, \"As far controversy, denying Beyonce the ability to embrace the intertextuality of incorporating a historical recording like the Challenger explosion is an attempt to relegate her art to a lower form of political discourse, one that's not 'worthy' of interacting with an event of cultural significance like this. But this is not just a 'pop album,' it's a woman holding forth on the role of women in our society, how they should approach the nuances of their life and most importantly, how they can choose to value relationships... That isn't just the work of a diva, that is the work of a political figure.\"", "title": "XO (song)" }, { "docid": "41430642#5", "text": "An R&B and soul album, \"Journals\" steps away from Bieber's more teen-pop sound of his previous efforts, while also having pop influences. As claimed by \"Spin\" Brandon Soderberg, \"[s]onically, it’s up there with \"Beyoncé\" in terms of holding tight to the patience of ’80s and ’90s R&B while never forgetting the sugar-rush rewards of pop.\" Soderberg also reflected that Bieber was inspired by many R&B artists such as \"Aaliyah, Drake, Maxwell, Miguel, Sade, and Usher out of EDM mode.\" According to one of its producers, Jason Boyd, \"Justin grew up listening to R&B. Journals was trying because it was going against the grain [of what he had been doing sonically], but it served so much of a purpose in him growing up.\" Chris Martins of \"Billboard\" also noted that the album \"drew on Boyd’s experience writing for 112, Usher and Chris Brown.\"", "title": "Journals (album)" } ]

[ { "docid": "2024825#0", "text": "Elizabeth Blackwell (February 3, 1821 – May 31, 1910) was a British physician, notable as the first woman to receive a medical degree in the United States, and the first woman on the Medical Register of the General Medical Council. Elizabeth Blackwell played an important role in both the United States and the United Kingdom as a social and moral reformer. She acted as a pioneer in promoting the education of women in medicine. Elizabeth Blackwell's contributions remain celebrated through an Elizabeth Blackwell medal that is awarded to one woman every year who has added to the cause of promoting women in medicine. Furthermore, Hobart and William Smith College recently created a statue on their campus honoring Elizabeth Blackwell.", "title": "Elizabeth Blackwell" } ]

[ { "docid": "44746202#0", "text": "Dr. Fanny Jane Butler (5 October 1850 – 26 October 1889) was a medical missionary from England who was among the first female doctors to travel to India and the first fully trained doctor from England to do so. Prior to her work in Kashmir and other parts of India, Butler was a part of the first class of the London School of Medicine for Women, becoming a member of the forefront of female doctors. Butler spent seven years in India until her death in 1889 and opened medical dispensaries in Srinagar and Bhagalpur, where no medical facilities had previously existed. Butler also initiated the building of the first hospital in Srinagar in 1888 called the John Bishop Memorial Hospital and provided necessary medical care for Indian women, for whom little care had been available.", "title": "Fanny Jane Butler" }, { "docid": "51348924#0", "text": "Jessie Handyside Gellatly (7 December 1882 – 30 June 1935) was one of the UK's first university qualified female doctors. She was one of 16 female doctors who served with the Royal Army Medical Corps in the First World War, and served as the Medical Officer of Health (MOH) for Cambridgeshire for most of her life.", "title": "Jessie Gellatly" }, { "docid": "53750692#3", "text": "The concept of a female Doctor was first mentioned in 1981, when Tom Baker suggested his successor might be female, after announcing the end of his tenure as the Fourth Doctor. Producer John Nathan-Turner later discussed the possibility of casting a woman as the Sixth Doctor to replace the departing Peter Davison's Fifth Doctor, claiming it was feasible but not something he was considering at the moment. In October 1986, during the transmission of Colin Baker's final season as the Sixth Doctor, series creator Sydney Newman wrote to BBC Controller Michael Grade, with a suggestion that \"at a later stage Doctor Who should be metamorphosed into a woman\". Dawn French, Joanna Lumley, and Frances de la Tour were suggested by Newman in 1986 for the role, but were dismissed by the BBC. Lumley later appeared as a satirical version of the Thirteenth Doctor in the 1999 Comic Relief special \"The Curse of Fatal Death\". Arabella Weir also played an alternate Third Doctor in the \"Doctor Who Unbound\" Big Finish episode \"Exile\". Neither portrayal is typically considered to be within the show's main continuity. Producer Jane Tranter also considered casting Judi Dench as the Ninth Doctor. Helen Mirren was suggested for the role of the Twelfth Doctor.", "title": "Thirteenth Doctor" }, { "docid": "49686703#0", "text": "Emily Winifred Dickson (13 July 1866 – 19 January 1944) was an Irish doctor who was the first female Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland. She was also the first female Fellow of any of the Royal Colleges of Surgery in Great Britain and Ireland.", "title": "Emily Winifred Dickson" }, { "docid": "34327784#2", "text": "Smedley's \"History of the Underground Railroad\" cites Dr. Bartholomew Fussell with proposing, in 1846, the idea for a college that would train female doctors. It was a tribute to his departed sister, who Bartholomew felt could have been a doctor if women had been given the opportunity at that time. Her daughter, Graceanna Lewis, was to become one of the first woman scientists in the USA. At his house. The Pines, in Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, he invited five doctors to carry out his idea. The doctors invited were: Edwin Fussell (Bartholomew's nephew) M.D., Franklin Taylor, M.D., Ellwood Harvey, M.D., Sylvester Birdsall, M.D., and Dr. Ezra Michener. Graceanna was also in attendance. Dr. Fussell would support the college, but had little to do with it after it started in 1850 in Philadelphia.", "title": "Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania" }, { "docid": "52130580#0", "text": "Sofia Okunevska (Ukr. Софія Окуневська-Морачевська, Ger. Dr.in Sofia Okunewska-Moraczewska, 12 May 1865, Dovzhanka, Ternopil region, Austrian Empire – 24 February 1926, Lviv, Poland (today Ukraine)) was the first woman who graduated from university and became a doctor in Austria-Hungary, the first Ukrainian female doctor. Okunevska was a public activist and an important figure in feminist movement in Galicia and Austria-Hungary. She also debuted in literature - in the first women's almanac \"First Wreath\" she published a story about urban life \"Sand. Sand! \", as well as work \"Family bondage in songs and wedding ceremonies \". Last years she spent in Lviv, where she led a small medical practice. Okunevska died at the hospital for purulent appendicitis. Buried on Lychakiv Cemetery in Lviv", "title": "Sofia Okunevska" }, { "docid": "50890801#5", "text": "She approached the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) in 1984, wanting to join a German overwintering team to the Antarctic. This goal was achieved in 1989. Puskeppeleit was the first German female doctor to overwinter at the Georg-von-Neumayer Station at Atka Bay (Eckström Shelfeis), Antarctica, during 1989-1991. During this time she was also a member and team leader of the world first female-only team to overwinter in Antarctica. As the first German female station leader, overwintering physician and ship`s doctor onboard SA Agulhas S. A. Agulhas Puskeppeleit substantially contributed to changing the perception of women during the time when Antarctica was a male dominated research area. In 2017 she founded the DocShip International e.V. which should act as an interactive international platform for ship`s doctor. During her overwintering, Puskeppeleit initiated the first polar- and biomedical research at the German Antarctic overwinter station. She started the “UV–B radiation related biological climate change research project” in cooperation with the German Institute for Aero and Space Medicine (DLR). Other pilot-projects like “testing of wind energy plants as an alternative energy source in the Antarctic” or the “Establishment of an alternative waste disposal system at the German Antarctic station” had been also carried out successfully by the female overwintering team. In 1990 as a contemporary witness, Puskeppeleit made in her function as station leader together with the all-female team a unique sociopolitical contribution to the East-West German reunification on the ice. Through regular contact by radio to the former DDR station Georg Forster (70° 46′ S, 11 50 E) for the first time it was possible to information exchange concerning polar research issues. But also in social interaction the all - female team was able to support their East - German overwintering colleagues by German “bridge building” on the ice.", "title": "Monika Puskeppeleit" }, { "docid": "38743812#0", "text": "Claudia Potter (1881–1970) was the first female anesthesiologist in the United States, as well as the first physician in Texas to use gas anesthesia. She graduated from the University of Texas Medical Branch in 1904. She then did postgraduate work at the Mayo Clinic, served an internship at John Sealy Hospital in Galveston, and entered general practice with another female doctor in San Antonio. In 1906, she was hired by the Temple Sanitarium (later Scott and White Memorial Hospital) as the head of the Department of Anesthesiology, although after hearing of her hiring Dr. Raleigh White wrote to his partner Dr. A.C. Scott, \"I will be home soon, for I know you have lost your mind if you have employed a woman doctor.\"", "title": "Claudia Potter" }, { "docid": "53847793#0", "text": "Dr. Bhakti Yadav (3 April 1926 – 14 August 2017) was an Indian doctor who was the first female MBBS from Indore, India and she was recognised by being awarded one of India's highest civilian honors, Padma Shri. She was known for her generosity, including offering free treatment since 1948. She was a gynaecologist.", "title": "Bhakti Yadav" }, { "docid": "39744823#30", "text": "Women's rights, in the early 1900s, opened the doors of opportunity for the women of Puerto Rico making it possible for them to work in positions and professions which were traditionally occupied by men, including the medical profession. The first female medical practitioners in the island were Drs. María Elisa Rivera Díaz and Ana Janer who established their practices in 1909 and Dr. Palmira Gatell who established her practice in 1910. Ana Janer and María Elisa Rivera Díaz graduated in the same medical school class in 1909 and thus could both be considered the first female Puerto Rican physicians. Drs. María Elisa Rivera Díaz, Ana Janer and Palmira Gatell were followed by Dr. Dolores Mercedes Piñero, who earned her medical degree from the College of Physicians and Surgeons in Boston in 1913. She was the first Puerto Rican female doctor to serve under contract in the U.S. Army during World War I. During the war, Piñero helped establish a hospital in Puerto Rico which took care of the soldiers who had contracted the swine flu.", "title": "History of women in Puerto Rico" } ]

[ { "docid": "748629#6", "text": "Verbal contracts are binding. They must be made in an official capacity, however, to be binding. \"Dezick v. Umpqua Community College\" (1979) found a student was compensated because classes offered orally by the dean were not provided. \"Healy v. Larsson\" (1974) found that a student who completed degree requirements prescribed by an\nacademic advisor was entitled to a degree on the basis that this was an implied contract. An advisor should, thus, be considered an official source of information.\n\"Mississippi Medical Center v. Hughes\" (2000) determined that students have an implied right to a continuous contract during a period of continuous enrollment suggesting that students have the right to graduate so long as they fulfill the requirements as they were originally communicated. Degree requirement changes are unacceptable. \"Bruner v. Petersen\" (1997) found also that contractual protections do not apply in the event that a student, who has failed to meet requirements, is readmitted into a program. The student may be required to meet additional requirements which support their success. This may also help avoid issues of discrimination.\n\"Brody v. Finch University of Health Sciences Chicago Med. School\" (1998) determined that students have the right to notice of degree requirement changes (Kaplan & Lee, 2011). If a student, for instance, is absent for a semester and is not continuously enrolled they need to know if degree requirements have changed.\nDecision making should not be arbitrary or capricious / random and, thus, interfere with fairness. This is a form of discrimination. While this case concerned a private school, \"Healy v. Larsson\" (1974) found that what applied to private intuitions applied also to public.", "title": "Student rights in higher education" }, { "docid": "754322#5", "text": "Oral contracts, when made correctly before witnesses, can be enforced. For example, in 1984, after Getty Oil was sold to Pennzoil in a handshake deal, which is legally binding under New York law, Texaco made a higher offer, and the company was sold to Texaco. (Even though the case was tried in Texas, New York law applied.) Pennzoil filed a lawsuit alleging tortious interference with the oral contract, which the court upheld and awarded $11.1 billion in damages, later reduced to $9.1 billion (but increased again by interest and penalties).", "title": "Oral contract" } ]

[ { "docid": "24192391#10", "text": "5. On marriage engagements and secret marriages. The verbal consent between a man and a woman to marry, even if not betrothed, is enough to make their marriage binding. Such a contract should be done in the presence of a priest and legitimate witnesses. Even if the verbal contract is broken by one party marrying someone else, the original marriage contract is the true contract, even if the second marriage was consummated and the first was not. Clerics, priests, or others present at secret marriages are to be suspended from office for three years.", "title": "Oculus Sacerdotis" }, { "docid": "748629#22", "text": "\"Carr v. St. Johns University\" (1962) and \"Healey v. Larsson\" (1971, 1974) established that students and institutions of higher education formed a contractual relationship. Institutions of higher education are responsible to ensure that contracts, including those implied and verbal, are fair, in good faith and not unconscionable.\nStudents are protected from deviation from information advertised in the following documents: registration materials, manuals, course catalogues, bulletins, circulars, regulations, \"Ross v. Creighton University\" class syllabi, student codes, and handbooks. These documents may be binding implied-n-fact contracts. \"Goodman v. President and Trustees of Bowdoin College\" (2001) ruled that institutional documents are still contractual regardless if they have a disclaimer. This decision found that \"even though the college had reserved the right to change the student handbook unilaterally and without notice, this reservation of rights did not defeat the contractual nature of the student handbook.\"\n\"Ross v. Creighton University\" found that verbal contracts are binding. The North Carolina Court of Appeals in \"Long v. University of North Carolina at Wilmington\" (1995) found, however, that verbal agreements must be made in an official capacity in order to be binding. \"Dezick v. Umpqua Community College\" (1979) found a student was compensated because classes offered orally by the dean were not provided. \"Healy v. Larsson\" (1974) found that a student who completed degree requirements prescribed by an academic advisor was entitled to a degree on the basis that this was an implied contract. An advisor should, thus, be considered an official source of information.", "title": "Student rights in higher education" }, { "docid": "5362612#4", "text": "Firstly, if you stipulate for slave A and there are two slaves called A, which slave the stipulation is binding for depends on evidence extraneous to the verbal contract. For example, if a hand is placed on one slave.", "title": "Stipulatio" }, { "docid": "3280233#69", "text": "During the moratorium, teams are restricted from commenting on deals. Teams and players can reach verbal agreements, but they are not binding. Contracts can be signed once the moratorium ends. In 2015, DeAndre Jordan had reached a verbal agreement to sign with the Dallas Mavericks, but changed his mind at the end of the moratorium and re-signed with the Los Angeles Clippers. A year later, the moratorium period was shortened from 10 to 5 days in what was unofficially called the \"DeAndre Jordan Rule\". The change was intended to discourage parties from backing out of their agreements.", "title": "NBA salary cap" }, { "docid": "748629#5", "text": "Decision making should not be arbitrary or capricious / random and, thus, interfere with fairness. While this case concerned a private school, \"Healy v. Larsson\" (1974) found that what applied to private intuitions applied also to public.\nInstitutions are required, contractually, to follow their own rules. Institutional documents may also be considered binding implied-n-fact contracts. \"Goodman v. President and Trustees of Bowdoin College\" (2001) ruled that institutional documents are still contractual regardless if they have a disclaimer.\nStudents are protected from deviation from information advertised in bulletins or circulars.\nStudents are protected from deviation from information advertised in regulations.\nStudents are protected from deviation from information advertised in course catalogues.\nStudents are protected from deviation from information advertised in student codes.\nStudents are protected from deviation from information advertised in handbooks.\n\"Healy v. Larsson\" (1974) found that a student who completed degree requirements prescribed by an academic advisor was entitled to a degree on the basis that this was an implied contract.\n\"Mississippi Medical Center v. Hughes\" (2000) determined that students have an implied right to a continuous contract during a period of continuous enrollment suggesting that students have the right to graduate so long as they fulfill the requirements as they were originally communicated. Degree requirement changes are unacceptable. \"Bruner v. Petersen\" (1997) found also that contractual protections do not apply in the event that a student, who has failed to meet requirements, is readmitted into a program. The student may be required to meet additional requirements which support their success. This may also help avoid issues of discrimination.\n\"Brody v. Finch University of Health Sciences Chicago Med. School\" (1998) determined that students have the right to notice of degree requirement changes.\nVerbal contracts are also binding. \"The North Carolina Court of Appeals in Long v. University of North Carolina at Wilmington\" (1995) found, however, that verbal agreements must be made in an official capacity in order to be binding (Bowden, 2007). \"Dezick v. Umpqua Community College\" (1979) found a student was compensated because classes offered orally by the dean were not provided.", "title": "Student rights in higher education" }, { "docid": "23594605#1", "text": "It is recognised however that minors, and those who are deemed mentally incapacitated, may need to be able to create binding agreements, when acquiring essential items for living, or for employment. Thus, contracts for necessaries (goods or services deemed necessary for ordinary living) will always be legally binding. Equally, minors have the capacity to enter into contracts for employment, when the terms of such an agreement are of general benefit to them. If not, then they may elect to avoid the contract and have their property returned. Companies were also significantly limited in the range of contracts they could bind themselves to under their objects clause, until reform in the Companies Act 1989. If the directors, or the officers of a company enter an agreement with another person or business, and that agreement is beyond the list of business tasks set under the company's constitution, then the contract will be invalid if the third party in bad faith has knowingly taken advantage of the company. Otherwise, under the Companies Act 2006, the contract will remain valid, and shareholders must sue the director or officer for losses.", "title": "Capacity in English law" }, { "docid": "230699#15", "text": "The contract is normally formed by missives of sale between the buyer, or buyer's agent, and seller, or seller's agent. Missives are letters the body of which contain proposed sale contracts and that negotiate terms, one missive at a time, essentially as an offer and counter-offer. Once all the contractual terms are agreed, the missives are said to be concluded, and these serve as a binding contract for the sale of the property. Normally the contract is conditional upon matters such as the sellers being able, before completion of the transaction, to prove that they have good title to the property and to exhibit clear searches from the land registers and the local authority. The fact that there is a binding contract at a relatively early stage, compared with the normal practice in England and Wales, makes the problem of gazumping a rarity.", "title": "Conveyancing" }, { "docid": "4009576#5", "text": "A blog dedicated to the legality of the issues that arise in Seinfeld episodes, Seinfeld Law, discusses whether or not Jerry’s verbal and physical affirmations create a binding oral contract to wear the shirt.", "title": "The Puffy Shirt" }, { "docid": "3207593#19", "text": "A key point of controversy was whether or not a contract requires a written memorial to be binding. The CISG allows for a sale to be oral or unsigned, but in some countries, contracts are not valid unless written. In many nations, however, oral contracts are accepted, and those States had no objection to signing, so States with a strict written requirement exercised their ability to exclude those articles relating to oral contracts, enabling them to sign as well.", "title": "United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods" } ]

[ { "docid": "242789#77", "text": "On 20 June 1970, two days after the Conservative Party's unexpected election victory, Macleod was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer by the new Prime Minister, Heath. Despite being in pain, he made his one and only major speech on the economy as chancellor on 7 July 1970. In the speech Macleod bemoaned the high level of inflation and, at the same time, the highest level of unemployment since 1940. Later that day he was rushed to hospital with what was thought at first to be appendicitis, but was in fact a Pelvic Diverticulum. He was discharged 11 days later; yet at 10.30 pm on 20 July, while in 11 Downing Street, he suffered a massive heart attack and died at 11.35 pm.", "title": "Iain Macleod" } ]

[ { "docid": "242789#0", "text": "Iain Norman Macleod (11 November 1913 – 20 July 1970) was a British Conservative Party politician and government minister.", "title": "Iain Macleod" }, { "docid": "242789#4", "text": "Iain Macleod was born at Clifford House, Skipton, Yorkshire, on 11 November 1913. His father, Dr. Norman Alexander Macleod, was a well-respected general practitioner in Skipton, with a substantial poor-law practice (providing medical services for those who could not afford to pay); the young Macleod would often accompany his father on his rounds. His parents were from the Isle of Lewis in the Western Isles of Scotland, belonging to the branch of the Macleods of Pabbay and Uig. They moved to Skipton in 1907. Macleod grew up with strong personal and cultural ties to Scotland, as his parents bought in 1917 part of the Leverhulme estate on the Isle of Lewis, where they often used to stay for family holidays.", "title": "Iain Macleod" }, { "docid": "242789#39", "text": "Suez alienated academics, journalists and other opinion-formers from the Conservative Party. William Rees-Mogg, then a Conservative candidate in the North-East, made a speech urging that Macleod be party leader. David Astor of \"The Observer\", who on 4 November had attacked Eden for \"crookedness\" in an editorial, wrote to Macleod on 14 November, urging him as a younger minister to seize the party leadership so that collusion could be pinned on Eden and Lloyd, after Edward Boyle had told him that he was not interested and that Monckton was not up to it. Macleod did not reply but showed the letter to Freddie Bishop, head of the Prime Minister's Private Office, and Cabinet Secretary Norman Brook for their comments; Eden, who was on the verge of a breakdown, did not regard the matter as important. On 20 November 1956 the question of collusion was raised in Cabinet, with Eden and Lloyd (who was in New York at a United Nations meeting) both absent; Shepherd believes that it was probably Macleod who raised it. The Cabinet agreed to stick to Lloyd's formula that Britain had not \"incited\" the Israeli attack on Egypt.", "title": "Iain Macleod" }, { "docid": "13865893#2", "text": "On 3 July 1937, she married Mervyn Charles Mason (1907–1940), second son of Alwyne Mason of Foxley Manor, near Malmesbury, Wiltshire. During World War II, she worked for the London ambulance service and her husband was a Lieutenant in the Pioneer Corps. In 1940, he was killed after his ship was torpedoed off the coast of Ireland and she later married the future politician, Iain Norman Macleod, a member of the branch of the Macleods of Pabbay and Uig.", "title": "Evelyn Macleod, Baroness Macleod of Borve" }, { "docid": "25801683#0", "text": "Iain Ciar MacLeod (Scottish Gaelic: Iain Ciar MacLeòid) (1330 – \"c.\"1392) is considered to be fourth chief of Clan MacLeod. He was the eldest son of, and is thought to have succeeded his father, Malcolm, in the years spanning 1360–1370. Clan tradition states that he was the most tyrannical of all MacLeod chiefs. His wife supposedly was as cruel as he was; she is said to have had two of her daughters buried alive in the dungeon of Dunvegan Castle when they attempted to leave the clan. Iain Ciar was killed in an ambush in about 1392. He was succeeded by his second and only surviving son, William Cleireach.", "title": "Iain Ciar MacLeod" }, { "docid": "25777652#1", "text": "Iain Borb was the son, and successor of William Cleireach, fifth chief of Clan MacLeod. According to the \"Bannatyne manuscript\", he was only ten years old at the time of his father's death. The manuscript relates how during his minority a guardian was chosen to lead the clan. This man's name was Iain Mishealbhach ('John the Unlucky') who was a cousin of the young Iain Borb. During Iain Mishealbhach's tenure as guardian, the MacLeods of Harris and Dunvegan were at their lowest point in their history. Many of the clan opposed the selection of Iain Mishealbhach, favouring instead Tormod Coil who slew Alastair Cannoch at the Battle of Sligachan. Tormod Coil defied the guardian and seized part of the lands of Glenelg.", "title": "Iain Borb MacLeod" }, { "docid": "242789#3", "text": "Macleod did not contest the first ever Conservative Party leadership election in 1965, but endorsed the eventual winner Edward Heath. When the Conservatives returned to power in June 1970, he was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer in Heath's government, but died suddenly only a month later.", "title": "Iain Macleod" }, { "docid": "37467568#1", "text": "Macleod was the elder brother of professor Anna MacGillivray Macleod; his younger brother was Dr. Alasdair MacGillivray Macleod, a general practitioner in Linlithgow. He was the son of Rev. Alasdair MacGillivray Macleod and Margaret Ingram Sangster, M.A. and the grandson of Rev. George Macleod of Garrabost, Isle of Lewis. He was second cousin to the Right Hon. Iain Norman Macleod, who served as Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1970. They belong to the branch of the Macleods of Pabbay and Uig.", "title": "John George Macleod" }, { "docid": "28474862#1", "text": "Norman MacLeod was the younger son of Norman MacLeod, chief of Clan MacLeod. The elder Norman MacLeod died in 1706, leaving two young sons. The elder son, John, died in infancy in 1707. MacLeod was the Member of Parliament for Inverness-shire during the years 1741-1754. He matriculated arms, and supporters, at Lyon Office, on 12 January 1753. He supported the Government cause in the Jacobite Rising, and was an absentee chief as he seldom lived at his ancestors' traditional seat of Dunvegan Castle.", "title": "Norman MacLeod (The Wicked Man)" }, { "docid": "242789#32", "text": "On 25 August, the day after Monckton's \"outburst\" expressing doubts at the Egypt Committee, Cabinet Secretary Norman Brook sent a note to Eden listing Macleod as among those Cabinet members (the others being Butler, Monckton, Heathcoat Amory, the Earl of Selkirk, Kilmuir and Heath who, as Chief Whip, attended Cabinet but was not technically a full member) who would want to postpone military action until all other options had been exhausted or until Nasser provided them with a better pretext, whichever came first. There were three unknowns and ten hawks—a narrow Cabinet majority in favour of military action.", "title": "Iain Macleod" } ]

[ { "docid": "1286978#9", "text": "This is the mechanical rate of fire, or how fast the weapon \"cycles\" (loads, locks, fires, unlocks, ejects). Measurement of the cyclic rate assumes that the weapon is being operated as fast as possible and does not consider operator tasks (magazine changes, aiming, etc.). When the trigger is pulled, the rate at which rounds are fired is the cyclic rate. Typical cyclic rates of fire are 600–900 RPM for assault rifles, 1,000-1,100 RPM in some cases, 900-1,200 RPM for submachine guns and machine pistols, and 600-1,500 RPM for machine guns. M134 Miniguns mounted on attack helicopters and other combat vehicles can achieve rates of fire of over 100 rounds per second (6,000 RPM). Cyclic rate of fire is the only rate that can be determined precisely.", "title": "Rate of fire" } ]

[ { "docid": "2150860#6", "text": "Fast draw is one of the fastest sports in the world. Every time is measured under one second, from the signal to draw to when the timer is stopped. The current World Fast Draw Association (WFDA) record for Open Class Fast Draw in an event called Standing Balloons is .208 seconds - and that includes the time it takes to react, draw, fire and pop a balloon target at eight feet away. A world class competitor can draw and fire a shot in under half a second. Given that the average human reaction time is around 0.2 to 0.25 seconds, the round is over before most people can react. The reaction times of the best fast draw shooters is 0.145 seconds, which means that the gun is cocked, drawn, aimed (from the hip), and fired in just over 0.06 seconds. To establish a World Fast Draw Association record, a second shot must be fired in the same competition that is no more than 0.30 seconds slower than the first; this is intended to prevent a shot that anticipates the start signal from setting a record. In competitions where two rounds must be fired, at separate targets, less than 0.10 seconds separate the shots.", "title": "Fast draw" }, { "docid": "2642853#153", "text": "The Second Great War also saw in use machine guns that closely resemble our timeline's equipment. The Confederate machine gun described as firing so fast it sounded like \"a giant tearing a sail in half\", most definitely points towards the \"Maschinengewehr 42\". The USA appears to have been using .30 caliber air-cooled machine guns resembling the M1919 Browning machine gun. It is also stated that the USA and CSA are equipped with similar .50 caliber pieces that in our timeline can only be the Browning M2. This is odd in that this timeline's John Browning was a Mormon born in Ogden, Utah.", "title": "Institutions in the Southern Victory Series" }, { "docid": "2938362#10", "text": "The ShKAS was the fastest-firing rifle calibre aircraft armament in general service in World War II. A one-second burst from the four ShKAS of a Polikarpov I-153 or Polikarpov I-16 placed 120 bullets within 15 angular mils at 400 meters (1,312 feet) giving a firing density of 5 bullets per square meter of the sky. Moreover, the ShKAS was unusually light as well; the four guns, with 650 rounds of ammunition each, weighed a total of only 160 kg (350 lb).\nShKAS wasn't problem-free though. Soviet machine-gun technician Viktor M. Sinaisky recalled:Although chambered in the 7.62×54mmR, the ShKAS guns used cartridges specially built for them to smaller tolerances; to distinguish them from the regular 7.62 ammunition, the Cyrillic letter \"Sh\" (Ш) was imprinted on the bottom of the cases. The cases, designed by N. M. Elizarov, also had a few additional features like double crimping and a thicker case wall of \"bimetallic\" construction instead of the traditional brass. The main type of bullet used was armour-piercing incendiary B-32 bullet.Some military historians consider that feed system of the Mauser MG 213C (the seminal revolver cannon for Western designs) was inspired by the ShKAS.", "title": "ShKAS machine gun" }, { "docid": "2150860#8", "text": "The exhibition shooter Bob Munden (1942-2012), self-proclaimed as the \"fastest man with a gun ever\", could draw, fire, break a balloon target with a blank using a standard weight single-action revolver and return his gun to his holster in the blink of an eye. On the DVD \"Outrageous Shooting,\" Munden was filmed shooting .16 of a second in an event called Walk and Draw Level.", "title": "Fast draw" }, { "docid": "12664#2", "text": "During World War II, the MG 34 was superseded by a new GPMG, the MG 42, although it remained in combat use. The MG 42 was more efficient to manufacture, more robust, and had an extremely high cyclic rate of fire of 1,200 to 1,500 rounds per minute. One of the \"Einheitsmaschinengewehr\" (Universal machine gun) roles was to provide low level anti-aircraft coverage. A high cyclic rate of fire is advantageous for use against targets that are exposed to a general-purpose machine gun for a limited time span, like aircraft or targets that minimize their exposure time by quickly moving from cover to cover. For targets that can be fired on by a general-purpose machine gun for longer periods than just a few seconds the cyclic firing rate becomes less important. Arguably the finest all-round GPMG ever produced, it was nicknamed \"Hitler's buzzsaw\" by troops of Allies, and alongside the MG 34 it inflicted heavy casualties on Allied soldiers on all European and North African front of World War II. Following the end of the war the victorious Allied nations took interest in the MG 34 and MG 42, influencing many post-war general-purpose machine guns, many of which are still in use today. They lent design elements to the Belgian FN MAG and the American M60, while spawning the Zastava M53, Swiss M51, and Austrian MG 74. Such were its qualities of firepower and usability that it became the foundation of an entire series of postwar machine guns, including the MG 1 and MG 3 - the latter is still in production and service to this day.", "title": "General-purpose machine gun" }, { "docid": "6777103#6", "text": "Harold finds out that the \"fast gun\" is in the church. He sends Swope there to call him out. When the townspeople refuse to send out \"the man who shot two silver dollars at the same time\", Harold gives an order to Dink to find some kerosene and pour it everywhere. He then instructs Swope to deliver a message to the people in the church that if their fast gun does not come out in five minutes, Vinnie and his men will burn down the whole town.", "title": "The Fastest Gun Alive" }, { "docid": "12560596#3", "text": "In service, the Breda 37 and 38 proved to be fairly reliable heavy machine guns. Perhaps because the heavy support weapons received more attention from their crews, field reports were generally positive except for jams caused by desert sand and dust, which in the Western Desert affected all infantry machine guns to some extent. The Breda 37's slow rate of fire helped prevent overheating during continuous fire, and its powerful, heavy-bullet cartridge had excellent range and penetration. Still, this machine gun was almost twice as heavy as the German machine guns and heavier than weapons like the M1919. In fact, it was the heaviest World War II 'light' machine gun, and unnecessarily complex to use and deploy. This was another issue for Italians, whose mobility was limited by their weak truck fleet. The tripod added around 20 kg to the complex, putting it at around 40 kilograms.", "title": "Breda M37" }, { "docid": "1862461#7", "text": "Machine guns diverged into heavier and lighter designs. The later model water-cooled Maxim guns and its derivatives the MG 08 and the Vickers, as well as the American M1917 Browning machine gun, were all substantial weapons. The .303 Vickers, for example, weighed 33 lb (15 kg) and was mounted on a tripod that brought the total weight to 50 lb (23 kg). The heavier designs could, and in some cases did, fire for days on end, mainly in fixed defensive positions to repel infantry attacks. These machine guns were typically mounted on tripods and were water-cooled, and a well-trained crew could fire nonstop for hours, given sufficient ammunition, replacement barrels and cooling water. Carefully positioned heavy machine guns could stop an attacking force before they reached their objectives.", "title": "Heavy machine gun" }, { "docid": "239556#16", "text": "One of the \"Einheitsmaschinengewehr\" (Universal machine gun) roles was to provide low level anti-aircraft coverage. A high cyclic rate of fire firing rate is advantageous for use against targets that are exposed to a general-purpose machine gun for a limited time span, like aircraft or targets that minimize their exposure time by quickly moving from cover to cover. For targets that can be fired on by a general-purpose machine gun for longer periods than just a few seconds the cyclic firing rate becomes less important. \nAs a consequence one of the MG 42 most notable features was in its high cyclic rate of fire of about 1,200 to 1,500 rounds per minute, twice the rate of the Vickers and Browning machine guns, which fired at a rate of about 600 rounds per minute. The ear could not easily discern the sound of individual shots being fired, instead hearing a sound described as like \"ripping cloth\" or a buzzsaw.", "title": "MG 42" }, { "docid": "41764578#1", "text": "The battalion mainly used the M-8 Light Armored Car, as it was fast, up to 56 mph (90 km/h), and gave some protection from small arms fire. M8 was equipped with a 37 mm gun and 6X6 wheel drive. The M8 was the main reconnaissance vehicle used by the US military in World War II. Also used was M20 scout car, which was a M-8 without the 37 mm gun and turret. In its place was an anti-aircraft ring mount for a .50-caliber machine gun. A bazooka was provided for the crew to compensate for its lack of anti-armor weaponry. With this vehicles, the 82nd could scout ahead of the slower M4 Sherman tank with a top speed of 25 mph to 30 mph. Also used for reconnaissance and to run messages Harley-Davidson WLA motorcycles were used by the 82nd as well. Almost all units used Jeeps as they were fast four-wheel drive utility vehicles.", "title": "82nd Armored Reconnaissance Battalion" } ]

[ { "docid": "18995926#2", "text": "Hydrogen, being the lightest existing gas (7% the density of air), seems to be the most appropriate gas for lifting. But hydrogen has several disadvantages:", "title": "Lifting gas" }, { "docid": "18995926#3", "text": "Helium is the second lightest gas. For that reason, it is an attractive gas for lifting as well. Small size of helium molecules increases its lifting value.", "title": "Lifting gas" }, { "docid": "1055835#1", "text": "Hydrogen is found in the first group and first period in the periodic table, i.e. it is the first element on the periodic table, making it the lightest element. Since hydrogen gas is so light, it rises in the atmosphere and is therefore rarely found in its pure form, H. In a flame of pure hydrogen gas, burning in air, the hydrogen (H) reacts with oxygen (O) to form water (HO) and releases energy.", "title": "Hydrogen fuel" }, { "docid": "704287#18", "text": "Hydrogen is the lightest of all gases and a manned hydrogen balloon was flown soon after the Montgolfier brothers. There is no need to burn fuel, so a gas balloon can stay aloft far longer than a hot-air balloon. It is also safer if there is no flame on board, since the materials used to make aerostats are flammable. Hydrogen soon became the most common lifting gas for both balloons and, later, airships. But hydrogen itself is flammable and, following several major disasters in the 1930s, it fell out of use.", "title": "Aerostat" }, { "docid": "58005#22", "text": "Early airships used hydrogen as their lifting gas, which is the lightest available. Typically, hydrogen was generated during the filling process, by reacting dilute sulphuric acid with metal filings. The first hydrogen balloon in 1783 used iron filings, while the British Nulli Secundus of 1907 used zinc.", "title": "Airship" } ]

[ { "docid": "6317357#6", "text": "Gallium is the lightest member of Group 13 to have a full \"d\" shell, (gallium has the electronic configuration Ar 3\"d\"10 4\"s\"2 4\"p\"1) below the valence electrons that could take part in \"d\"-π bonding with ligands. \nThe low oxidation state of Ga in Ga(III)Cl, along with the low electronegativity and high polarisability, allow Ga(III)Cl to behave as a \"Soft Acid\" in terms of the HSAB theory. The strength of the bonds between gallium halides and ligands have been extensively studied. What emerges is:\nWith a chloride ion as ligand the tetrahedral GaCl ion is produced, the 6 coordinate GaCl cannot be made. Compounds like KGaCl that have a chloride bridged anion are known\nIn a molten mixture of KCl and GaCl, the following equilibrium exists:", "title": "Gallium trichloride" }, { "docid": "19334830#1", "text": "Precautions are necessary when using hydrox, since mixtures containing more than a few percent of both oxygen and hydrogen are explosive if ignited. Hydrogen is the lightest gas (half the weight of helium) but still has a narcotic potential and may cause hydrogen narcosis.", "title": "Hydrox (breathing gas)" }, { "docid": "5672534#5", "text": "Raw natural gas consists primarily of methane (CH), the shortest and lightest hydrocarbon molecule, as well as various amounts of heavier hydrocarbon gases such as ethane (CH), propane (CH), normal butane (\"n\"-CH), isobutane (\"i\"-CH), pentanes and even higher-molecular-mass hydrocarbons. The raw gas also contains various amounts of acid gases such as carbon dioxide (CO), hydrogen sulfide (HS) and mercaptans such as methanethiol (CHSH) and ethanethiol (CHSH).", "title": "Turboexpander" }, { "docid": "1038887#45", "text": "The primary component of natural gas is methane (CH), the shortest and lightest hydrocarbon molecule. It may also contain heavier gaseous hydrocarbons such as ethane (CH), propane (CH) and butane (CH), as well as other gases, in varying amounts. Hydrogen sulfide (HS) is a common contaminant, which must be removed prior to most uses.", "title": "Natural gas vehicle" }, { "docid": "699152#10", "text": "In 2002, aerogel held the Guinness World Record for the least dense (lightest) solid. Aerogel is mostly air because its structure is like that of a highly vacuous sponge. The lightness and low density is due primarily to the large proportion of air within the solid and not the silicon construction materials. Taking advantage of this, SEAgel, in the same family as aerogel but made from agar, can be filled with helium gas to create a solid which floats when placed in an open top container filled with a dense gas.", "title": "Lighter than air" } ]

[ { "docid": "41709727#1", "text": "Maurice Joyce had introduced the new sport of basketball to Washington, D.C., in 1892 – the year after its invention by James Naismith – and had fostered its development there over the next 15 years as Director of Physical Education at the Carroll Institute; he also had spearheaded the move to reduce the size of teams from nine players on the court for each side to five, which Naismith and a national rules committee approved in 1897. Although an intramural basketball game took place at Georgetown in 1904, the sport otherwise remained unknown at the school until the autumn of 1906, when Georgetown hired Joyce as its athletic director with an eye toward developing a men's basketball program. After the football season ended later that autumn, Joyce oversaw tryouts for a basketball team; ultimately four undergraduates and three Georgetown University Law School students made the team.", "title": "1906–07 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team" }, { "docid": "41699438#4", "text": "Joyce retired from coaching at the end of the season, having posted an overall record of 34-22 during his four seasons as head coach. He had introduced the new sport of basketball to the Washington, D.C., area in 1892, introduced basketball to Georgetown in 1906, and founded the Georgetown men's basketball program for its first season in 1906-07. He had become the Hoyas first head coach in the 1907-08 season, the year which saw Georgetowns first great team win the mythical \"Champions of the South\" title.", "title": "1910–11 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team" }, { "docid": "3493898#12", "text": "The Georgetown University men's basketball team is perhaps the most well-known Hoya program. Georgetown's first intercollegiate men's basketball team was formed in 1907. Former Georgetown great Patrick Ewing is the head coach. The Hoyas historically have been well regarded not only for their team success, but also for their ability to generate players that after graduation succeed both on the court, such as Patrick Ewing, and off, such as Paul Tagliabue and Henry Hyde. The team has reached the NCAA Tournament Final Four five times including the 1984 national championship, and has won the Big East Tournament seven times, and has also won or shared the Big East regular season title ten times.", "title": "Georgetown Hoyas" } ]

[ { "docid": "41396941#8", "text": "Guard Bernard White joined the team this season as the first African-American recruit in Georgetown men's basketball history. He had played for George Mason University the previous season, but George Mason's men's basketball program did not receive National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) recognition until 1967, so White retained the then-maximum three years of NCAA varsity eligibility when he joined the Hoyas.", "title": "1966–67 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team" }, { "docid": "41477363#0", "text": "The 1958–59 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team represented Georgetown University during the 1958-59 NCAA Division I college basketball season. Tom Nolan coached them in his third season as head coach. The team was an independent and played its home games at McDonough Gymnasium on the Georgetown campus in Washington, D.C.. It finished with a record of 8-15 and had no post-season play.", "title": "1958–59 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team" }, { "docid": "41308483#7", "text": "One of the most important events of the season took place off the court when, on February 2, 1981, Patrick Ewing, a senior center at Cambridge Rindge and Latin School in Cambridge, Massachusetts, committed to play college basketball at Georgetown the following season. Ewing – destined to become Georgetown′s head coach in 2017 after a lengthy post-graduation career as a player and coach in the National Basketball Association – generally is considered the best men's basketball player in Georgetown history, and his arrival would transform the Georgetown men's basketball program into an established national power.", "title": "1980–81 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team" }, { "docid": "41590141#3", "text": "The team became a part of television broadcasting history on February 28, 1940, when television station W2XBS broadcast a men's basketball doubleheader from Madison Square Garden in New York City. Fordham and Pittsburgh played in the first game, and New York University played Georgetown in the second game. It was the first time in history that college basketball was televised.", "title": "1939–40 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team" }, { "docid": "41470102#0", "text": "The 1959–60 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team represented Georgetown University during the 1959-60 NCAA Division I college basketball season. Tom Nolan coached them in his fourth and final season as head coach. The team was an independent and played its home games at McDonough Gymnasium on the Georgetown campus in Washington, D.C.. The team finished with a record of 11-12 and had no post-season play.", "title": "1959–60 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team" }, { "docid": "41468759#0", "text": "The 1960–61 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team represented Georgetown University during the 1960-61 NCAA Division I college basketball season. Tommy O'Keefe coached them in his first season as head coach. The team was an independent and played its home games at McDonough Gymnasium on the Georgetown campus in Washington, D.C.. The team finished with a record of 11-10 and had no post-season play, but it was the first Georgetown team to have a winning record since the 1955-56 season.", "title": "1960–61 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team" }, { "docid": "41161698#0", "text": "The 1998–99 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team represented Georgetown University in the 1998–99 NCAA Division I basketball season. They were coached by John Thompson, Jr., in his 27th season as head coach until January 8, 1999, when he resigned and Craig Esherick succeeded him. The Hoyas played most of their home games at the MCI Center in Washington, DC, although they played one home game at McDonough Gymnasium on the Georgetown campus. They were members of the Big East Conference and finished the season 15-16, 6-12 in Big East play. They advanced to the quarterfinals of the 1999 Big East Men's Basketball Tournament before losing to Miami. Not invited to the NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament for the second year in a row, they instead appeared in the 1999 National Invitation Tournament (NIT) – their second consecutive appearance in the NIT – and lost to Princeton in the first round. Georgetown finished with its first losing record since the 1972-73 season.", "title": "1998–99 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team" }, { "docid": "41396941#0", "text": "The 1966–67 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team represented Georgetown University during the 1966-67 NCAA Division I college basketball season. John Magee coached them in his first season as head coach. The team was an independent and played its home games at McDonough Gymnasium on the Georgetown campus in Washington, D.C..", "title": "1966–67 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team" } ]

[ { "docid": "1480165#0", "text": "Kaine Parker is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character has been depicted as a superhero and former supervillain who serves as an ally, an enemy, and a foil of Spider-Man (Peter Parker) and Ben Reilly. Created by Terry Kavanagh and Steven Butler, the character first appeared in \"Web of Spider-Man\" #119 (December 1994) as the Jackal's first failed attempt of a clone of Spider-Man. He later appeared as the new Scarlet Spider in the \"Marvel Point One\" one-shot in November 2011 before starring in his own series.", "title": "Kaine Parker" }, { "docid": "1480165#42", "text": "As an imperfect clone of Spider-Man, Kaine has superhuman strength, speed, agility, reflexes, and equilibrium all at higher levels than Spider-Man due to his continued mutation.", "title": "Kaine Parker" } ]

[ { "docid": "1480165#50", "text": "Following the loss of his Tarantula form during Spider-Island, his degeneration is currently reversed. Kaine now looks to be a perfect clone of Peter Parker (as Ben Reilly was), and while he cryptically claims to have retained his Spider-Powers, it was still unknown if he maintained them at the same power level prior to being resurrected as Tarantula. He also had a similar rebirth to Peter Parker was during the events of , as Kaine is shown exhibiting forearm stingers and organic webbing near the end of the Spider-Island story.", "title": "Kaine Parker" }, { "docid": "1480165#1", "text": "Kaine is the Jackal's first temporary success at cloning Peter Parker but, due to the flawed cloning process is left deformed and mentally unstable. Kaine is later identified by the Jackal as \"Parker 3.0\"; the implications of this are unknown. The Jackal discards Kaine because the clone starts showing early signs of the degeneration process, and Kaine experiences a strong feeling of rejection similar to that between a father and son. Kaine realizes the partial degeneration also caused a slight amplification of the powers he \"inherited\" from Peter. Not only has his strength, speed, and agility been copied from the original Peter's, but he gains a \"precognitive sense\" that shows him flashes of the future (an amplified version of Peter's spider-sense). He also possesses a \"Mark of Kaine,\" a burning touch that he uses to leave eaten away hand prints on his victims' faces. Though never explicitly stated within the story, in a later interview former Spider-Man editor/writer Glenn Greenberg revealed that the Mark of Kaine was meant to be another analog of one of Spider-Man's powers, namely the ability to cling to walls.", "title": "Kaine Parker" }, { "docid": "1480165#22", "text": "As Tarantula, he is put under the control of the Spider Queen, acting as a personal bodyguard and henchman to the Jackal. Knowing about the genetic relationship between Kaine and Peter Parker, the Queen sends Kaine to Horizon Labs, to tamper with a cure being developed there for the \"Spider-Virus\". This culminates in a battle with Peter Parker (made aware of the recent access to his private fingerprint locked lab), after which he's forcefully submerged in the pool of highly concentrated cure. Kaine re-emerges, his mind-link with the Spider Queen broken, a fully healed clone of Peter Parker. Despite the serum somehow curing him of every trace of his former degeneration, including his heavily scarred skin, Kaine claims to have retained his powers and abilities. In the final chapter of Spider-Island Kaine, now fully cured and seemingly a perfect clone in every way Ben Reilly was, helps take down the Spider Queen. Kaine and Peter grab costumes from Peter's lab, Kaine opting for the sonic-shield \"\" outfit as the two head off. While Peter goes to the Empire State Building with Mary Jane to cure New York, Kaine stays behind with the Avengers to fight the Spider Queen. As Peter weakens the Spider Queen, Kaine and Ms. Marvel attempt a move that she had originally perfected with Spider-Man. She swings Kaine by a web and launches him at the Spider Queen. Kaine turns on his sonic-shield to protect himself from the Spider Queen's sonic scream as stingers (like Peter's from The Other arc) erupt from his arms and he goes through her throat, delivering the killing blow. The Other powers were confirmed in a conversation between Peter and Kaine, which Kaine said that \"he died and came back with all these new powers\" that Peter confirmed he had been there and done that. After the battle, Kaine evades the other heroes during the aftermath of the battle using the suit, but Madame Web is able to 'see' him regardless, and talks to him about his future. Kaine meets up with Peter at the airport where he is seeing off Aunt May, unmasked and free of his former degeneration only looking slightly more disheveled and taller, much like Ben Reilly was in the Lost Years arc. Kaine informs Peter he is leaving New York, and that he is keeping the stealth suit due to Madame Web's advice.", "title": "Kaine Parker" }, { "docid": "1480165#7", "text": "Peter wants Kaine to stand for what he has done, but Kaine initially refuses. The two fight and end up getting dragged into a mock-trial where Spider-Man is on trial, Kaine is his defense attorney, Carnage is the prosecutor, several Ravencroft inmates are the jury, and a powerful being known as Judas Traveller is the judge. During the one-sided trial, Kaine tries to physically fight off all those who are against Spider-Man before Traveller returns them to their previous place of battle, declaring the proof of a lost soul such as Kaine willing to defend Spider-Man is proof of his innocence.", "title": "Kaine Parker" }, { "docid": "1480165#24", "text": "Having been cured of his mutation, but not his spider-powers, he takes up the Scarlet Spider mantle, and moves to Houston, Texas. Although planning to simply pass through the city and move on to Mexico, he was distracted when he discovered a human trafficking ring while attempting to steal money from criminals. Kaine managed to save the only girl still alive in a shipping container that had been used to smuggle her group into America. Kaine subsequently abandoned his plans to leave the city when the hospital where he left the victim was attacked by a fire-manipulating assassin who intended to kill the girl: Aracely. The policeman and the doctor who attended her case inspired Kaine to remain in Houston to help them face the city problems as its only superhero and to take Aracely with him, reasoning that if she were to stay under their case, she would be eventually deported and then be easy prey for whoever send the super-powered assassin after her, but as vigilante, Kaine was not honor-bound to follow the law in that regard. However, after he is attacked by the Assassin's Guild—following a past incident where he killed on their territory without permission—Kaine is forced to make a deal with Bella Donna, where he agrees to perform one assassination for her in the future in return for her leaving him and his new friends alone.", "title": "Kaine Parker" }, { "docid": "1480165#36", "text": "Kaine makes good on this in the new 2017 series \"\" where he confronts Ben Reilly upon tracking him to Las Vegas and they get into a fight. Ben convinces Kaine to stand down by arguing that he is genuinely trying to cure Abigail Mercury's terminal condition, but Kaine makes it clear to Ben that he will kill his \"brother\" for protecting the world if the girl dies and once Ben has saved her life. After Abigail Mercury because Ben tested a new drug on her too quickly, he is attacked by Kaine once again only for Kaine to be \"killed\" by what appears to be Marlo Chandler. The character that resembles Marlo Chandler then quickly identifies herself as actually being Death in disguise. She offers Ben the chance to restore Abigail Mercury or Kaine to life before she departs. When Ben asks her to save both of them and kill him instead, Death not only heals the other two, but also restores Ben to a healthy physical appearance, affirming that he has made a start on his efforts to redeem himself of his sins as the Jackal.", "title": "Kaine Parker" }, { "docid": "1480165#38", "text": "Kaine volunteers for a suicide mission to Earth-3145, where the Inheritors were trapped after the events of Spider-Verse. Kaine recruits Ashley Barton of Earth-807128 (that of Old Man Logan), who is not afraid to make sacrifices and take out the Inheritors, much like Kaine and Otto themselves, and unlike the other spiders. Kaine convinces Jessica Drew of Earth-616 to join the team, and deceives her, telling her the mission is actually a suicide mission to destroy the stone containing Solus' essence that could potentially leave them trapped to die on the radioactive Earth-3145. Lastly, they recruit \"Charlie\", a Peter Parker from Earth-217, who escaped the abuse of his Uncle Ben and does not believe in power or responsibility. Kaine plans to use Charlie as bait to lure Verna of the Inheritors.", "title": "Kaine Parker" }, { "docid": "1480165#64", "text": "Kaine makes his animated debut in \"Ultimate Spider-Man vs. The Sinister 6\", voiced primarily by Drake Bell (original synthezoid), and briefly by Scott Porter (Scarlet Spider synthezoids). This version are a part of HYDRA's secret project where Doctor Octopus combined the DNA of Spider-Man (Peter Parker) with Arnim Zola's synthezoids. Kaine resembles a pale version of Spider-Man with a green mark across his chest spider symbol and highly resistant to damage with the capability of reattaching lost limbs. He appears in the \"Spider-Slayers\" story-arc as a central character. Kaine makes himself known when he feeds off of Peter and Mary Jane Watson. When the two move through HYDRA's secret lab, Kaine uses more synthezoids of Spider-Man in fighting Spider-Man and Spider-Woman. Following the imperfect synthezoids' defeat, Kaine traps Spider-Man and Spider-Woman until the prototype synthezoid is sliced in half by Scarlet Spider (Ben Reilly). Perfect synthezoids of Scarlet Spider are used as Doc Ock's protection when the three Spiders move further through the secret lab only for the more perfect synthezoids to be beaten by Scarlet Spider and Spider-Woman. Kaine later regenerates in a mutated, misshapen form with spiked tentacles out of his sides and infiltrates the Triskelion. Kaine attacks S.H.I.E.L.D. Academy and feeds off the group's energy. When Scarlet Spider attempts to overload Kaine with an energy transmitter, the process is interrupted which makes Kaine stronger. Powered up with a bulkier physique, Kaine begins dominating over the Web-Warriors, making Spider-Man and Scarlet Spider resort to assistance from the Delta-Nine Synthezoids (Bone Spider, Goliath Spider and Ghost Spider). But having gained enough intelligence to be disdainful towards humans, Kaine is able to coherce the Delta-Nine Synthezoids as the new alpha into turning on the Web Warriors. Although the Delta-Nine Synthezoids are eventually defeated by the Web Warriors, Kaine absorbs the Delta-Nine Synthezoids into his body mass, transforming into the Ultimate Spider-Slayer, a hulking hybrid of the Spider-Slayer synthezoids. Nigh-unstoppable, Kaine attempts to absorb Scarlet Spider. However, Agent Venom rushes with the energy transmitter and enters Kaine's hybrid body, successfully managing to overload the hybrid Spider-Slayer's form to explode into synthetic goop.", "title": "Kaine Parker" }, { "docid": "1480165#61", "text": "Kaine appears during the miniseries exploring the Clone Saga as it was originally conceived. He is working for both a shadowy figure and Jackal for unknown reasons and attacks Ben Reilly and Peter Parker when they first meet. After Jackal targets Mary Jane, Kaine leads them to Jackal's lair, only for all three to be captured. It is at this point that the two learn that Kaine is another Parker clone. When Kaine sees Gwen Stacy being cloned, he breaks all three free before burning the Mark of Kaine into Jackal's face and breaking his neck. When the building explodes, Kaine escapes, having stolen both Jackal's clone stabilizing agent and a second pod containing an unknown clone for his shadowy boss. The figure is later revealed to be Harry Osborn still alive, with the pod containing a clone of Norman Osborn. The duo have Doctor Octopus make a clone-stabilizing agent. Later, Kaine is shown obtaining the infant May Parker from Allison Mongrain for Harry. He begins having doubts over Harry's plans when he holds the baby. After more soul-searching, he finally convinces himself to defy Harry's orders and returns the baby to Mary Jane Watson before escaping.", "title": "Kaine Parker" } ]

[ { "docid": "471444#10", "text": "A definite history of contact with soil may not be elicited, as melioidosis can be dormant for many years before manifesting. Attention should be paid to a history of travel to endemic areas in returned travellers. Some authors recommend considering possibility of melioidosis in every febrile patient with a history of traveling to and/or staying at endemic areas.", "title": "Melioidosis" } ]

[ { "docid": "471444#31", "text": "The single most important risk factor for developing melioidosis is diabetes mellitus, followed by hazardous alcohol use, chronic kidney disease, and chronic lung disease. Other risk factors include thalassaemia, occupation (rice paddy farmers), and cystic fibrosis. The mode of infection is believed to be through either a break in the skin, or the inhalation of aerosolized \"B. pseudomallei\" cells. Person-to-person spread has been described, but is extremely unusual. HIV infection does not predispose to melioidosis.", "title": "Melioidosis" }, { "docid": "471444#26", "text": "Melioidosis is endemic in parts of southeast Asia (including Thailand, Laos, Singapore, Brunei, Malaysia, Burma and Vietnam), China, Taiwan and northern Australia. Flooding can increase its extent, including flooding in central Australia. Multiple cases have also been described in Hong Kong and Brunei India, and sporadic cases in Central and South America, the Middle East, the Pacific and several African countries. Although only one case of melioidosis has ever been reported in Bangladesh, at least five cases have been imported to the UK from that country. Recent news reports indicate \"B. pseudomallei\" has been isolated from soil in Bangladesh, but this remains to be verified scientifically. This suggests that melioidosis is endemic to Bangladesh and that a problem of underdiagnosis or under-reporting exists there. most likely due to a lack of adequate laboratory facilities in affected rural areas. A high isolation frequency (percentage of positive soil samples) was found in east Saravan in rural Lao PDR distant from the Mekong River, thought by the investigators to be the highest geometric mean concentration in the world (about 464 (25-10,850 CFU/g soil).", "title": "Melioidosis" }, { "docid": "471444#7", "text": "In up to 25% of patients, no focus of infection is found and the diagnosis is usually made on blood cultures or throat swab. Melioidosis is said to be able to affect any organ in the body except the heart valves (endocarditis). Although meningitis has been described secondary to ruptured brain abscesses, primary meningitis has not been described. Less common manifestations include intravascular infection, lymph node abscesses (1.2–2.2%), pyopericardium and myocarditis, mediastinal infection, and thyroid and scrotal abscesses and ocular infection.", "title": "Melioidosis" }, { "docid": "471444#28", "text": "Melioidosis is a recognised disease in animals, including cats, goats, sheep, and horses. Cattle, water buffalo, and crocodiles are considered to be relatively resistant to melioidosis despite their constant exposure to mud. An outbreak at the Paris Zoo in the 1970s (\"\"L’affaire du jardin des plantes\"\") was thought to have originated from an imported panda.", "title": "Melioidosis" }, { "docid": "471444#6", "text": "Patients with melioidosis usually have risk factors for disease, such as diabetes, thalassemia, hazardous alcohol use, or renal disease, and frequently give a history of occupational or recreational exposure to mud or pooled surface water. However, otherwise healthy patients, including children, may also get melioidosis.", "title": "Melioidosis" }, { "docid": "471444#30", "text": "Based on whole genome sequencing, humans may play a role in moving \"B. pseudomallei\" from place to place.", "title": "Melioidosis" }, { "docid": "471444#11", "text": "A complete screen (blood culture, sputum culture, urine culture, throat swab, and culture of any aspirated pus) should be performed on all patients with suspected melioidosis (culture on blood agar as well as Ashdown's medium). A definitive diagnosis is made by growing \"B. pseudomallei\" from any site. A throat swab is not sensitive, but is 100% specific if positive, and compares favourably with sputum culture. The sensitivity of urine culture is increased if a centrifuged specimen is cultured, and any bacterial growth should be reported (not just growth above 10 organisms/ml which is the usual cutoff). Very occasionally, bone marrow culture may be positive in patients who have negative blood cultures for \"B. pseudomallei\", but these are not usually recommended. A common error made by clinicians unfamiliar with melioidosis is to send a specimen from only the affected site (which is the usual procedure for most other infections) instead of sending a full screen.", "title": "Melioidosis" }, { "docid": "471444#17", "text": "Person-to-person transmission is exceedingly unusual; and patients with melioidosis should not be considered contagious. Lab workers should handle \"B. pseudomallei\" under BSL-3 isolation conditions, as laboratory-acquired melioidosis has been described.", "title": "Melioidosis" }, { "docid": "471444#8", "text": "Chronic melioidosis is usually defined by a duration of symptoms greater than two months and occurs in about 10% of patients. The clinical presentation of chronic melioidosis is protean and includes such presentations as chronic skin infections, chronic lung nodule, and pneumonia. In particular, chronic melioidosis closely mimics tuberculosis, and has sometimes been called \"Vietnamese tuberculosis\".", "title": "Melioidosis" }, { "docid": "3523925#10", "text": "\"B. pseudomallei\" infection in humans is called melioidosis; its mortality is 20 to 50% even with treatment.", "title": "Burkholderia pseudomallei" } ]

[ { "docid": "35048532#0", "text": "Lou Lombardo (February 15, 1932 – May 8, 2002) was an American filmmaker whose editing of the 1969 film \"The Wild Bunch\" has been called \"seminal\". In all, Lombardo is credited on more than twenty-five feature films. Noted mainly for his work as a film and television editor, he also worked as a cameraman, director, and producer. In his obituary, Stephen Prince wrote, \"Lou Lombardo's seminal contribution to the history of editing is his work on \"The Wild Bunch\" (1969), directed by Sam Peckinpah. The complex montages of violence that Lombardo created for that film influenced generations of filmmakers and established the modern cinematic textbook for editing violent gun battles.\" Several critics have remarked on the \"strange, elastic quality\" of time in the film, and have discerned the film's influence in the work of directors John Woo, Quentin Tarantino, Kathryn Bigelow, and the Wachowskis, among others. While Lombardo's collaboration with Peckinpah lasted just a few years, his career was intertwined with that of director Robert Altman for more than thirty years. Lombardo edited Altman's 1971 film \"McCabe & Mrs. Miller\" (1971), which had \"a radical approach to the use of dialogue and indeed other sound, both in and beyond the frame.\" Towards the end of his career Lombardo edited \"Moonstruck\" (1987) and two other films directed by Norman Jewison. While his editing is now considered \"revolutionary\" and \"brilliant\", Lombardo was never nominated for editing awards during his career.", "title": "Lou Lombardo (filmmaker)" }, { "docid": "34377982#0", "text": "Louis Lombardo (November 18, 1928 – June 11, 2001) was a Major League Baseball pitcher who played in two games for the New York Giants in .", "title": "Lou Lombardo" } ]

[ { "docid": "35048532#1", "text": "Lombardo's career began in Kansas City, where he was Robert Altman's cameraman working on training films and \"industrials\" for the Calvin Company. Altman ultimately became a prominent feature film director. Lombardo and Altman both relocated to Los Angeles in 1956, where Lombardo was employed as a cameraman by Republic Pictures. Lombardo's goal had been to become a director, and he decided that film editing was a more promising path. Lombardo became an apprentice editor at Revue Studios, at about half the salary he'd received as an assistant cameraman. As was common at that time for studio editors, an editing apprenticeship lasted eight years, during which Lombardo's work was uncredited. At the end of this apprenticeship, Robert Altman used Lombardo to edit a pilot program for television. This led to Lombardo's becoming an editor for the television program \"Felony Squad\", which ran from 1966–1970.", "title": "Lou Lombardo (filmmaker)" }, { "docid": "714378#2", "text": "Lombardo was born in Havana, Cuba on 16 February 1965. He has two older brothers and an older sister. His father owned three meat markets in Havana. Lombardo moved with his family to South Gate, California when Lombardo was two years old. His brothers previously emigrated to the US via Operation Peter Pan. Lombardo's musical interest were fueled by his first musical performance when he was eight years old; he played bongos to Santana's \"Everybody's Everything\". Lombardo joined his school's band and played the marching drum. After noticing his son's persistent interest in music, Lombardo's father bought him a five-piece Pearl Maxwin drum set for $350 when Lombardo was ten years old. Lombardo bought his first record, \"Alive!\" by Kiss, to play along with. He learned to play Kiss' \"100,000 Years\" by repeatedly listening to the record until he could play the drum solo perfectly.", "title": "Dave Lombardo" }, { "docid": "231653#2", "text": "Lombardo was born in London, Ontario, to Italian immigrants Gaetano Alberto and Angelina Lombardo. His father, who had worked as a tailor, was an amateur singer with a baritone voice and had four of his five sons learn to play instruments so they could accompany him. Lombardo and his brothers formed their first orchestra while still in grammar school and rehearsed in the back of their father's tailor shop. Lombardo first performed in public with his brother Carmen at a church lawn party in London in 1914. His first recording session took place where trumpeter Bix Beiderbecke made his legendary recordings—in Richmond, Indiana, at the Gennett Studios—both during early 1924.", "title": "Guy Lombardo" }, { "docid": "23768634#1", "text": "Michelle Helen Lombardo was born on September 16, 1983 in Glastonbury, Connecticut. Lombardo has one brother and one sister. Lombardo was the captain of her volleyball team at Glastonbury High School. In 1999, she was discovered at her high school career day by model scout Tina Kiniry from John Casablancas Modeling & Acting Agency. Early in her career, she worked locally in Connecticut as a model. In 2001 and 2002, she attended University of Connecticut, taking courses in nutrition. She relocated to Los Angeles to pursue her dream of becoming a model and an actress.", "title": "Michelle Lombardo" }, { "docid": "42121240#1", "text": "Lombardo was born in Ferrara, the son of the architect and sculptor Antonio Lombardo, and also was the brother of Lodovico and Aurelio, also sculptors. He studied and began in his father's workshop in Ferrara, then subsequently traveled to Venice to continue training with Jacopo Sansovino, with which, between 1532 and 1540, he worked in the Biblioteca Marciana in the Loggia of the bell tower of Saint Mark's in Venice.", "title": "Girolamo Lombardo" }, { "docid": "562331#3", "text": "Lou Blonger was born in Swanton, Vermont, on May 13, 1849, the eighth of 13 children. His father, Simon Peter Belonger, was a stonemason born in Canada of French ancestry. His mother, Judith Kennedy, was raised in an orphanage in Nenagh, County Tipperary, Ireland. The Belonger family migrated from Vermont to the lead mining village of Shullsburg, Wisconsin, when Lou was five years old. After his mother died in 1859, Lou lived with his older sister and her husband for a few years. Around this time Blonger began using a shortened version of the family name (omitting the first \"e\"), as most of his brothers did.", "title": "Lou Blonger" }, { "docid": "4368141#1", "text": "Lombardo was born in Venice, the brother of Tullio Lombardo and son of Pietro Lombardo. The Lombardo family worked together to sculpt church decorations and tombs. He died in Ferrara, where he worked as marble master for Duke Alfonso I. Lombardo also worked in bronze, and his output encompasses secular and mythological subjects as well as sacred pieces. His 1505 marble relief of St. Anthony making a new-born child speak in defense of its mother’s honor, in the Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua, has been cited as his masterpiece.", "title": "Antonio Lombardo (sculptor)" }, { "docid": "45474221#1", "text": "Lombardo was born in Milan in 1902. He had been the secretary of the Italian Socialist Party from 1946 to 1947. For the 1948 general election he founded with Giuseppe Saragat the Socialist Unity in opposition to the alliance of the PSI with the Italian Communist Party.", "title": "Ivan Matteo Lombardo" } ]

[ { "docid": "47696#19", "text": "The earliest examples of longer-wheelbase, civilian, wagon-type SUVs (using the term retrospectively) were truck-framed station wagons and carry-alls, to which four-wheel drive was added – first of all the 1946 Willys Jeep Station Wagon, launched a year \"before\" its 1947 Jeep Truck sibling. Though Willys sold it as a \"Jeep\", it wasn't offered with four-wheel drive until 1949. The all-steel GMC and Chevrolet Suburban Carryall that dated back to 1935, the 1953 International Harvester Travelall, and the 1954 Dodge (Power) Town Wagon were all large station-wagon bodied versions of light trucks that were made available with drive in 1956/1957. GMC and Chevy initially only offered the 4x4 option in the form of a dealer-installed NAPCO Power-Pak aftermarket conversion kit — factory four-wheel drive only arrived in 1960. In Britain, also from 1956, the Land Rover Series I line was expanded with a 107-inch long-wheelbase version, including a 10-seat station wagon which used very simple metal panels and bolt-together construction, intended to be used both as commercial vehicles and people-carriers.", "title": "Sport utility vehicle" } ]

[ { "docid": "8669149#5", "text": "Heavier-duty SUVs are typically designed with a truck-style chassis with separate body, while lighter-duty (including cross-over models) are more similar to car construction, which are typically built with a unitary construction (where the body actually forms the structure). Originally designed and built to be work vehicles using a truck chassis, SUVs were not comprehensively re-designed to be safely used as passenger vehicles. The British television Fifth Gear programme staged a crash between a first generation (1989–98) Land Rover Discovery with a separate chassis and body, and a modern Renault Espace IV with monocoque (unit) design. This traditional truck-based SUV offered less protection for occupants than that offered in the modern multi-purpose vehicle with unitary construction. In some SUV fatalities involving truck-based construction, lawsuits against the automakers \"were settled quietly and confidentially, without any public scrutiny of the results—or the underlying problems with SUV design\", thus hiding the danger of vehicles such as the Ford Bronco and Explorer compared to regular passenger cars.", "title": "Criticism of sport utility vehicles" }, { "docid": "8669149#7", "text": "The initial tests of the Ford Excursion were \"horrifying\" for its ability to vault over the hood of a Ford Taurus. The big SUV was modified to include a type of blocker bar suggested by the French transportation ministry in 1971, a kind of under-vehicle roll bar designed to keep the large Ford Excursion from rolling over cars that were hit by it. The problem is \"impact incompatibility\", where the \"hard points\" of the end of chassis rails of SUVs are higher than the \"hard points\" of cars, causing the SUV to override the engine compartment and crumple zone of the car. There have been few regulations covering designs of SUVs to address the safety issue. The problem of heavy weight is a risk factor present for very large passenger cars, not only with SUVs. The typically higher SUV bumper heights and those built using stiff truck-based frames, also increases risks in crashes with passenger cars. The Mercedes ML320 was designed with bumpers at the same height as required for passenger cars.", "title": "Criticism of sport utility vehicles" }, { "docid": "35583972#1", "text": "The Lamborghini Urus concept was unveiled at the 2012 Beijing Auto Show on 23 April 2012. Later, the SUV was also shown at Pebble Beach in 2012. Powered by a 5.2 L V10 engine shared with the Gallardo, the engine generated a theoretical maximum power output of and was accompanied with an all-wheel drive system. The Urus was reported to have the lowest carbon emissions as compared to its competitors (i.e. the Porsche Cayenne, Bentley Bentayga and the Audi Q7). The Urus was conceived as a perfect daily driver unlike the other offerings from the brand. The sharp-lined exterior design of the SUV takes heavy influence from the company's V12 flagship, the Aventador. The production version of the SUV was introduced in 2017 with major changes done to the exterior and featuring a different powertrain than that of the concept.", "title": "Lamborghini Urus" }, { "docid": "956354#0", "text": "The BMW X5 is a mid-size luxury SUV produced by BMW. The first generation of the X5, with the chassis code E53, made its debut in 1999. It was BMW's first SUV and it also featured all-wheel drive and was available with either manual or automatic transmission. In 2006, the second generation X5 was launched, known internally as the E70, featuring the torque-split capable xDrive all-wheel drive system mated to an automatic transmission, and in 2009 the X5 M performance variant was released as a 2010 model.", "title": "BMW X5" }, { "docid": "22277632#4", "text": "A man is driving an SUV when his GPS gives him a five seconds warning to exit the vehicle. He is shot in the forehead with a laser and the body is dumped, the SUV driving off by itself. Ryan meets with Madison and hears her story. He takes them in his car to look for the cell phone, but he is called to the scene of the SUV driver's body. A young boy tells Ryan that the empty car drove away. Ryan picks up the first driver's cellular phone from the coroner's office. He then intercepts the SUV, which tries to ram him. When Ryan pulls the SUV over, they are jumped by the satellite robot. They drive away, but are chased by the SUV, who also transmorphs into a robot.", "title": "Transmorphers: Fall of Man" }, { "docid": "41959688#0", "text": "Winfield Toll Bridge, also known as the Ross Booth Memorial Bridge, is a historic three-span cantilever Warren Truss bridge located at Winfield and Red House, Putnam County, West Virginia. It was built in 1955, and spans the Kanawha River, carrying West Virginia Route 34. The cantilever through-truss consists of two anchor spans each 245 feet in length and the main span 462 feet in length between pier center lines. The main span consists of two 128 feet, 4 inch, cantilever arms and a 205 feet, 4 inch, suspended span.", "title": "Winfield Toll Bridge" }, { "docid": "3860515#2", "text": "Ɯ was used in the Zhuang alphabet from 1957 to 1986 to represent the same vowel as in IPA; sometime before or in 1986, it was replaced with W.", "title": "Ɯ" }, { "docid": "5255884#1", "text": "Ƨ was used in the Zhuang alphabet from 1957 to 1986 to indicate the second, or falling, tone (), due to its resemblance to the numeral 2, along with four other letters resembling numbers. (See table). In 1986, Ƨ was replaced by the similarly shaped, but fully Latin, Z, when the alphabet was simplified for use in computers.", "title": "Ƨ" }, { "docid": "11247268#8", "text": "\"We designed the building from the inside out, not the outside in,” said Loretta H. Cockrum, Foram’s founder, chairman and CEO. “We wanted the most efficient office building ever designed, with no wasted space or wasted energy. This is a building of the future more than a building of the present. A lot of love has gone into that building, and a lot of pride.\"", "title": "Brickell World Plaza" }, { "docid": "258695#3", "text": "Ŭ represents a semivowel in the orthography of Esperanto, which is an international auxiliary language publicly presented in 1887. As in Belarusian, Esperanto Ŭ is pronounced as a non-syllabic , primarily in the diphthongs \"aŭ\", \"eŭ\" and rarely \"oŭ\".", "title": "Ŭ" } ]

[ { "docid": "6629#7", "text": "It is unknown exactly when Voltaire wrote \"Candide\", but scholars estimate that it was primarily composed in late 1758 and begun as early as 1757. Voltaire is believed to have written a portion of it while living at Les Délices near Geneva and also while visiting Charles Théodore, the Elector-Palatinate at Schwetzingen, for three weeks in the summer of 1758. Despite solid evidence for these claims, a popular legend persists that Voltaire wrote \"Candide\" in three days. This idea is probably based on a misreading of the 1885 work by Lucien Perey (real name: Clara Adèle Luce Herpin) and Gaston Maugras. The evidence indicates strongly that Voltaire did not rush or improvise \"Candide\", but worked on it over a significant period of time, possibly even a whole year. \"Candide\" is mature and carefully developed, not impromptu, as the intentionally choppy plot and the aforementioned myth might suggest.\nThere is only one extant manuscript of \"Candide\" that was written before the work's 1759 publication; it was discovered in 1956 by Wade and since named the \"La Vallière Manuscript\". It is believed to have been sent, chapter by chapter, by Voltaire to the Duke and Duchess La Vallière in the autumn of 1758. The manuscript was sold to the Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal in the late eighteenth century, where it remained undiscovered for almost two hundred years. The \"La Vallière Manuscript\", the most original and authentic of all surviving copies of \"Candide\", was probably dictated by Voltaire to his secretary, Jean-Louis Wagnière, then edited directly. In addition to this manuscript, there is believed to have been another, one copied by Wagnière for the Elector Charles-Théodore, who hosted Voltaire during the summer of 1758. The existence of this copy was first postulated by Norman L. Torrey in 1929. If it exists, it remains undiscovered.\nVoltaire published \"Candide\" simultaneously in five countries no later than 15 January 1759, although the exact date is uncertain. Seventeen versions of \"Candide\" from 1759, in the original French, are known today, and there has been great controversy over which is the earliest. More versions were published in other languages: \"Candide\" was translated once into Italian and thrice into English that same year. The complicated science of calculating the relative publication dates of all of the versions of \"Candide\" is described at length in Wade's article \"The First Edition of \"Candide\": A Problem of Identification\". The publication process was extremely secretive, probably the \"most clandestine work of the century\", because of the book's obviously illicit and irreverent content. The greatest number of copies of \"Candide\" were published concurrently in Geneva by Cramer, in Amsterdam by Marc-Michel Rey, in London by Jean Nourse, and in Paris by Lambert.\n\"Candide\" underwent one major revision after its initial publication, in addition to some minor ones. In 1761, a version of \"Candide\" was published that included, along with several minor changes, a major addition by Voltaire to the twenty-second chapter, a section that had been thought weak by the Duke of Vallière. The English title of this edition was \"Candide, or Optimism, Translated from the German of Dr. Ralph. With the additions found in the Doctor's pocket when he died at Minden, in the Year of Grace 1759.\" The last edition of \"Candide\" authorised by Voltaire was the one included in Cramer's 1775 edition of his complete works, known as , in reference to the border or frame around each page.\nVoltaire strongly opposed the inclusion of illustrations in his works, as he stated in a 1778 letter to the writer and publisher Charles Joseph Panckoucke:", "title": "Candide" }, { "docid": "32375#22", "text": "Early in 1759, Voltaire completed and published \"Candide, ou l'Optimisme\" (\"Candide, or Optimism\"). This satire on Leibniz's philosophy of optimistic determinism remains the work for which Voltaire is perhaps best known. He would stay in Ferney for most of the remaining 20 years of his life, frequently entertaining distinguished guests, such as James Boswell, Adam Smith, Giacomo Casanova, and Edward Gibbon. In 1764, he published one of his best-known philosophical works, the \"Dictionnaire philosophique\", a series of articles mainly on Christian history and dogmas, a few of which were originally written in Berlin.", "title": "Voltaire" }, { "docid": "10497747#0", "text": "Candide, or Optimism — Part II is an apocryphal picaresque novel, possibly written by Thorel de Campigneulles (1737–1809) or Henri Joseph Du Laurens (1719–1797), published in 1760. \"Candide\" was written by Voltaire and had been published a year earlier (1759). This work was banned and became popular enough that The second part was attributed to both Campigneulles—\"a now largely unknown writer of third-rate moralising novels;\" and Laurens—who is suspected of having habitually plagiarised Voltaire. The story continued with Candide new adventures in the Ottoman Empire, Persia, and Denmark.\nA new scholarly edition with introduction and notes all in French was produced in 2003 by Edouard Langille (see References), and in 2007, Langille also edited \"Candide en Dannemarc\" (\"Candide in Denmark\"), which takes up the story following \"Candide, Part II\".", "title": "Candide, Part II" }, { "docid": "6629#0", "text": "' (; ) is a French satire first published in 1759 by Voltaire, a philosopher of the Age of Enlightenment. The novella has been widely translated, with English versions titled Candide: or, All for the Best (1759); Candide: or, The Optimist (1762); and Candide: Optimism\"\"' (1947). It begins with a young man, Candide, who is living a sheltered life in an Edenic paradise and being indoctrinated with Leibnizian optimism by his mentor, Professor Pangloss. The work describes the abrupt cessation of this lifestyle, followed by Candide's slow and painful disillusionment as he witnesses and experiences great hardships in the world. Voltaire concludes with Candide, if not rejecting Leibnizian optimism outright, advocating a deeply practical precept, \"we must cultivate our garden\", in lieu of the Leibnizian mantra of Pangloss, \"all is for the best\" in the \"best of all possible worlds\".", "title": "Candide" }, { "docid": "370894#2", "text": "While the story is thematically similar to \"Candide\" by Voltaire, also published early in 1759 – both concern young men travelling in the company of honoured teachers, encountering and examining human suffering in an attempt to determine the root of happiness – their root concerns are distinctly different. Voltaire was very directly satirising the widely read philosophical work by Gottfried Leibniz, particularly the \"Theodicee\", in which Leibniz asserts that the world, no matter how we may perceive it, is necessarily the \"best of all possible worlds\". In contrast the question Rasselas confronts most directly is whether or not humanity is essentially capable of attaining happiness. Rasselas questions his choices in life and what new choices to make in order to achieve this happiness. Writing as a devout Christian, Johnson makes through his characters no blanket attacks on the viability of a religious response to this question, as Voltaire does, and while the story is in places light and humorous, it is not a piece of satire, as is \"Candide\".", "title": "The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abissinia" } ]

[ { "docid": "6629#47", "text": "In 1760, one year after Voltaire published \"Candide\", a sequel was published with the name . This work is attributed both to Thorel de Campigneulles, a writer unknown today, and Henri Joseph Du Laurens, who is suspected of having habitually plagiarised Voltaire. The story continues in this sequel with Candide having new adventures in the Ottoman Empire, Persia, and Denmark. \"Part II\" has potential use in studies of the popular and literary receptions of \"Candide\", but is almost certainly apocryphal. In total, by the year 1803, at least ten imitations of \"Candide\" or continuations of its story were published by authors other than Voltaire.\nThe operetta \"Candide\" was originally conceived by playwright Lillian Hellman, as a play with incidental music. Leonard Bernstein, the American composer and conductor who wrote the music, was so excited about the project that he convinced Hellman to do it as a \"comic operetta\". Many lyricists worked on the show, including James Agee, Dorothy Parker, John Latouche, Richard Wilbur, Leonard and Felicia Bernstein, Stephen Sondheim and Hellman. Hershy Kay orchestrated all the pieces except for the overture, which Bernstein did himself. \"Candide\" first opened on Broadway as a musical on 1 December 1956. The premier production was directed by Tyrone Guthrie and conducted by Samuel Krachmalnick. While this production was a box office flop, the music was highly praised, and an original cast album was made. The album gradually became a cult hit, but Hellman's libretto was criticised as being too serious an adaptation of Voltaire's novel. \"Candide\" would be more popular seventeen years later with a new libretto by Hugh Wheeler.", "title": "Candide" }, { "docid": "12281#98", "text": "When Leibniz died, his reputation was in decline. He was remembered for only one book, the \"Théodicée\", whose supposed central argument Voltaire lampooned in his popular book \"Candide\", which concludes with the character Candide saying, \"\"Non liquet\"\" (it is not clear), a term that was applied during the Roman Republic to a legal verdict of \"not proven\". Voltaire's depiction of Leibniz's ideas was so influential that many believed it to be an accurate description. Thus Voltaire and his \"Candide\" bear some of the blame for the lingering failure to appreciate and understand Leibniz's ideas. Leibniz had an ardent disciple, Christian Wolff, whose dogmatic and facile outlook did Leibniz's reputation much harm. He also influenced David Hume who read his \"Théodicée\" and used some of his ideas. In any event, philosophical fashion was moving away from the rationalism and system building of the 17th century, of which Leibniz had been such an ardent proponent. His work on law, diplomacy, and history was seen as of ephemeral interest. The vastness and richness of his correspondence went unrecognized.", "title": "Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz" }, { "docid": "6629#37", "text": "Separate from the debate about the text's conclusion is the \"inside/outside\" controversy. This argument centers on the matter of whether or not Voltaire was actually prescribing anything. Roy Wolper, professor emeritus of English, argues in a revolutionary 1969 paper that \"Candide\" does not necessarily speak for its author; that the work should be viewed as a narrative independent of Voltaire's history; and that its message is entirely (or mostly) it. This point of view, the \"inside\", specifically rejects attempts to find Voltaire's \"voice\" in the many characters of \"Candide\" and his other works. Indeed, writers have seen Voltaire as speaking through at least Candide, Martin, and the Turk. Wolper argues that \"Candide\" should be read with a minimum of speculation as to its meaning in Voltaire's personal life. His article ushered in a new era of Voltaire studies, causing many scholars to look at the novel differently.", "title": "Candide" }, { "docid": "32375#9", "text": "At Brussels, Voltaire and Rousseau met up for a few days, before Voltaire and his mistress continued northwards. A publisher was eventually secured in The Hague. In the Netherlands, Voltaire was struck and impressed by the openness and tolerance of Dutch society. On his return to France, he secured a second publisher in Rouen, who agreed to publish \"La Henriade\" clandestinely. After Voltaire's recovery from a month-long smallpox infection in November 1723, the first copies were smuggled into Paris and distributed. While the poem was an instant success, Voltaire's new play, \"Mariamne\", was a failure when it first opened in March 1724. Heavily reworked, it opened at the \"Comédie-Française\" in April 1725 to a much-improved reception. It was among the entertainments provided at the wedding of Louis XV and Marie Leszczyńska in September 1725.", "title": "Voltaire" }, { "docid": "6629#3", "text": "A number of historical events inspired Voltaire to write \"Candide\", most notably the publication of Leibniz's \"Monadology\", a short metaphysical treatise, the Seven Years' War, and the 1755 Lisbon earthquake. Both of the latter catastrophes are frequently referred to in \"Candide\" and are cited by scholars as reasons for its composition. The 1755 Lisbon earthquake, tsunami, and resulting fires of All Saints' Day, had a strong influence on theologians of the day and on Voltaire, who was himself disillusioned by them. The earthquake had an especially large effect on the contemporary doctrine of optimism, a philosophical system which implies that such events should not occur. Optimism is founded on the theodicy of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and says all is for the best because God is a benevolent deity. This concept is often put into the form, \"all is for the best in the best of all possible worlds\" (). Philosophers had trouble fitting the horrors of this earthquake into their optimistic world view.\nVoltaire actively rejected Leibnizian optimism after the natural disaster, convinced that if this were the best possible world, it should surely be better than it is. In both \"Candide\" and (\"Poem on the Lisbon Disaster\"), Voltaire attacks this optimist belief. He makes use of the Lisbon earthquake in both \"Candide\" and his to argue this point, sarcastically describing the catastrophe as one of the most horrible disasters \"in the best of all possible worlds\". Immediately after the earthquake, unreliable rumours circulated around Europe, sometimes overestimating the severity of the event. Ira Wade, a noted expert on Voltaire and \"Candide\", has analyzed which sources Voltaire might have referenced in learning of the event. Wade speculates that Voltaire's primary source for information on the Lisbon earthquake was the 1755 work by Ange Goudar.", "title": "Candide" } ]

[ { "docid": "1721387#0", "text": "Major Alfred Whitmore (1876–1946) was an English pathologist who, together with C.S. Krishnaswami, identified \"Burkholderia pseudomallei\", the causative agent of melioidosis (also known as \"Whitmore's disease\") in opium addicts in Rangoon in 1911. He differentiated it from \"Burkholderia mallei\", the causative agent of glanders, by clinical and microbiological features.", "title": "Alfred Whitmore" }, { "docid": "471444#33", "text": "Pathologist Alfred Whitmore and assistant Krishnaswami first reported the disease among beggars and morphine addicts at autopsy in Rangoon, present-day Myanmar, in a report published in 1912. They distinguished it from glanders, a disease of humans and animals that is similar in presentation, but caused by a different micro-organism. \"B. pseudomallei\", also known as the Whitmore bacillus, was identified in 1917 in Kuala Lumpur. Arthur Conan Doyle may have read the 1912 report before writing a short story that involved the fictitious tropical disease \"tapanuli fever\" in a Sherlock Holmes adventure.", "title": "Melioidosis" } ]

[ { "docid": "471444#28", "text": "Melioidosis is a recognised disease in animals, including cats, goats, sheep, and horses. Cattle, water buffalo, and crocodiles are considered to be relatively resistant to melioidosis despite their constant exposure to mud. An outbreak at the Paris Zoo in the 1970s (\"\"L’affaire du jardin des plantes\"\") was thought to have originated from an imported panda.", "title": "Melioidosis" }, { "docid": "59234941#4", "text": "He was also a keen entomologist and did important work on the identification and classification of mosquitos and mosquito larvae. When an outbreak of a new disease in the Malayan rubber plantations occurred in 1917 he was able to identify the cause as an outbreak of melioidosis, caused by a bacterial contamination of groundwater.", "title": "Ambrose Thomas Stanton" }, { "docid": "471444#26", "text": "Melioidosis is endemic in parts of southeast Asia (including Thailand, Laos, Singapore, Brunei, Malaysia, Burma and Vietnam), China, Taiwan and northern Australia. Flooding can increase its extent, including flooding in central Australia. Multiple cases have also been described in Hong Kong and Brunei India, and sporadic cases in Central and South America, the Middle East, the Pacific and several African countries. Although only one case of melioidosis has ever been reported in Bangladesh, at least five cases have been imported to the UK from that country. Recent news reports indicate \"B. pseudomallei\" has been isolated from soil in Bangladesh, but this remains to be verified scientifically. This suggests that melioidosis is endemic to Bangladesh and that a problem of underdiagnosis or under-reporting exists there. most likely due to a lack of adequate laboratory facilities in affected rural areas. A high isolation frequency (percentage of positive soil samples) was found in east Saravan in rural Lao PDR distant from the Mekong River, thought by the investigators to be the highest geometric mean concentration in the world (about 464 (25-10,850 CFU/g soil).", "title": "Melioidosis" }, { "docid": "471444#1", "text": "\"B. pseudomallei\" was previously classed as part of the genus \"Pseudomonas\"; until 1992, it was known as \"Pseudomonas pseudomallei\". It is phylogenetically related closely to \"Burkholderia mallei\" which causes glanders, an infection primarily of horses, donkeys, and mules. The name melioidosis is derived from the Greek \"melis\" (μηλις) meaning \"a distemper of asses\" with the suffixes -oid meaning \"similar to\" and -osis meaning \"a condition\", that is, a condition similar to glanders.", "title": "Melioidosis" }, { "docid": "471444#25", "text": "Interest in melioidosis has been expressed because it has the potential to be developed as a biological weapon. It is classed by the US Centers for Disease Control (CDC) as a category B agent. \"B. pseudomallei\", like \"B. mallei\" which causes glanders, was studied by the US as a potential biological warfare agent, but never weaponized. The Soviet Union was reported to have also experimented with \"B. pseudomallei\" as a biological warfare agent.", "title": "Melioidosis" }, { "docid": "1281708#12", "text": "Tropical disease specialist William A. Sodeman, Jr., proposed that \"Tapanuli fever\" was melioidosis, a conclusion supported by physician Setu K. Vora. Vora raised the possibility that Conan Doyle read the first report of melioidosis published in 1912 before writing his short story in 1913.", "title": "The Adventure of the Dying Detective" }, { "docid": "471444#2", "text": "In the subgroup of patients where an inoculating event was noted, the mean incubation period of acute melioidosis was 9 days (range 1–21 days). Patients with latent melioidosis may be symptom-free for decades; the longest period between presumed exposure and clinical presentation is 62 years. The potential for prolonged incubation was recognized in US servicemen involved in the Vietnam War, and was referred to as the \"Vietnam time-bomb\". A wide spectrum of severity exists; in chronic presentations, symptoms may last months, but fulminant infection, particularly associated with near-drowning, may present with severe symptoms over hours.", "title": "Melioidosis" }, { "docid": "471444#31", "text": "The single most important risk factor for developing melioidosis is diabetes mellitus, followed by hazardous alcohol use, chronic kidney disease, and chronic lung disease. Other risk factors include thalassaemia, occupation (rice paddy farmers), and cystic fibrosis. The mode of infection is believed to be through either a break in the skin, or the inhalation of aerosolized \"B. pseudomallei\" cells. Person-to-person spread has been described, but is extremely unusual. HIV infection does not predispose to melioidosis.", "title": "Melioidosis" } ]

[ { "docid": "322497#2", "text": "\"Leave It to Beaver\" ran for six full 39-week seasons (234 episodes). The series had its debut on CBS on October 4, 1957. The following season, it moved to ABC, where it stayed until completing its run on June 20, 1963. Throughout the show's run, it was shot with a single camera on black-and-white 35mm film. The show's production companies included the comedian George Gobel's Gomalco Productions (1957–61) and Kayro Productions (1961–63) with filming at Revue Studios/Republic Studios and Universal Studios in Los Angeles. The show was distributed by MCA TV.", "title": "Leave It to Beaver" } ]

[ { "docid": "7351528#5", "text": "Talbot's first appearance as \"Gilbert\" on \"Leave it to Beaver\" was in a 1959 episode called \"Beaver and Gilbert,\" where he plays a new kid in town who is prone to telling tall tales. Talbot's signature episode in the \"Leave it to Beaver\" series is \"The School Picture\" in which he (Gilbert) tricks the Beav into making a face during the annual class photo. In another memorable episode, \"Long Distance Call,\" Gilbert convinces Beaver to place an expensive phone call to Los Angeles Dodgers pitching star Don Drysdale.", "title": "Stephen Talbot" }, { "docid": "322497#65", "text": "During the series' run, Little Golden Books published \"Leave It to Beaver\" (1959), an inexpensive storybook for young children. Distinguished children's author Beverly Cleary published three softcover novels based on the series, \"Leave It to Beaver\" (1960), \"Here's Beaver!\" (1961), and \"Beaver and Wally\" (1961). Whitman Publishing printed \"Leave It to Beaver: Fire!\" (1962), a hardcover novel by Cole Fanin. In 1983, \"The Beaver Papers\" () by Will Jacobs and Gerard Jones was published. The book is a parody of a lost season comprising twenty-five episodes written in the style of various authors such as Tennessee Williams, Ernest Hemingway, and William Faulkner – a 30th Anniversary Edition was published in 2013 by Atomic Drop Press.", "title": "Leave It to Beaver" }, { "docid": "50998041#7", "text": "\"Leave It to Beavers\" received positive reviews. The A.V. Club's Kevin McFarland gave the episode a \"B\" grade and wrote, \"About two thirds of the way through 'Leave It To The Beavers,' one of the beaver Wesen tells Nick that 'bravery isn’t in our nature,' but our hero refuses to believe that ancient standard. He's still relatively new to investigating matters of the Wesen world, and wants to believe in change; that any creature, like Bud, the first beaver he encountered, can muster up enough bravery to stand up to anything, from bridge trolls enforcing archaic tradition to Reapers out collecting heads. Though there is a moral built into that conversation, and the episode at large, it's hard to believe that this show would reach for an episodic moral over darkly lit action sequences, which inevitably pop up in the last ten minutes this week. It's a thrilling conclusion to an episode filled with a lot of talking and stunted inaction. Over the back half of this season, I've gone from wanting this show to succeed while feeling frustrated at how it squanders potential, into largely enjoying everything with a few reservations. That trepidation was more pronounced tonight that it has been the past two weeks, but still, I'm very pleased with the progress.\"", "title": "Leave It to Beavers" }, { "docid": "16971813#11", "text": "Fred Rutherford (Richard Deacon, October 18, 1957 – May 23, 1963) is Ward's pompous, overbearing co-worker. Fred is the father of an awkward teenage son named Clarence (\"Lumpy\"), and a daughter about Beaver's age named Violet. The Rutherfords socialize with the Cleavers on a couple of occasions: playing cards in the Cleaver home and, at a later time, enjoying a picnic outing together. Fred travels widely and gives Ward a meerschaum pipe after visiting Germany.Several \"Andy Griffith Show\" players appeared on \"Leave It to Beaver\". Hal Smith, Mayberry's town sot Otis Campbell, appeared as a restaurant manager in the fourth-season episode \"Beaver Won't Eat\", while Dorothy Neumann, Otis Campbell's wife Rita on \"The Andy Griffith Show\", appeared in \"The Community Chest\" as a Mayfield housewife. Howard McNear, Mayberry's barber Floyd Lawson, played a barber in a second-season \"Beaver\" episode. Burt Mustin (Mayfield's Gus, the fireman) had a long career as Jud Fletcher on \"The Andy Griffith Show\" and Will Wright (Mayfield's first season Pete, the fireman) appeared on \"The Andy Griffith Show\" as Ben Weaver, a sour, miserly Mayberry department store owner.", "title": "Leave It to Beaver characters" }, { "docid": "3481104#0", "text": "The New Leave It to Beaver (also known as Still the Beaver) is an American sitcom sequel to the original 1957–1963 sitcom \"Leave It to Beaver\". The series began with the 1983 reunion television movie \"Still the Beaver\" that aired on CBS in March 1983.\nThe success of the television movie prompted the creation of a revival series, also titled \"Still the Beaver\", that aired on the Disney Channel from 1984 to 1985. In 1986, the series was picked up by TBS where it aired until June 1989.", "title": "The New Leave It to Beaver" }, { "docid": "322497#77", "text": "A comparison of how children interact with their brothers and sisters on such 1950s situation comedy television programs as \"Leave It To Beaver\" and \"Father Knows Best\" with those on such 1980s programs as \"The Cosby Show\" and \"Family Ties\" found that children interacted more positively in the 1950s but were more central to the main story action in the 1980s.", "title": "Leave It to Beaver" }, { "docid": "14955104#0", "text": "\"It's a Small World\" is the pilot episode from the iconic American television series \"Leave It to Beaver\" (1957–1963). The pilot (originally proposed as \"Wally and The Beaver\") was first televised April 23, 1957, on the syndicated anthology series, \"Studio 57\", without a laugh track nor the series' well known theme song, \"The Toy Parade\". It never aired as an episode within the series. It was televised again in October 2007 as part of TV Land's 50th anniversary celebration of \"Leave It to Beaver\". It was released to DVD in 2005. The series made its CBS debut several months later on October 4, 1957, with the episode, \"Beaver Gets 'Spelled\".", "title": "It's a Small World (Leave It to Beaver)" }, { "docid": "322497#4", "text": "Contemporary commentators praised \"Leave It to Beaver\", with \"Variety\" comparing Beaver to Mark Twain's Tom Sawyer. Much juvenile merchandise was released during the show's first run, including board games, novels, and comic books. The show has enjoyed a renaissance in popularity since the 1970s through off-network syndication, a reunion telemovie (\"Still the Beaver\", 1983) and a sequel series, \"The New Leave It to Beaver\" (1985–89). In 1997, a movie version based on the original series was released to negative reviews. In October 2007, TV Land celebrated the show's 50th anniversary with a marathon. Although the show never broke into the Nielsen ratings top 30 or won any awards, it placed on \"Time\" magazine's unranked 2007 list of \"All-TIME 100 TV Shows\".", "title": "Leave It to Beaver" }, { "docid": "322497#66", "text": "Dell Comics published six \"Leave It to Beaver\" comic books with photo covers of Beaver, Beaver and Wally, or Beaver and Ward. The first comic book (Four Color No. 912) is dated June 1958 and the last (Four Color No. 01-428-207) May–July 1962. In 2004, all six Dell \"Leave It to Beaver\" comic books in 'Near Mint' condition were valued in excess of two hundred dollars each.", "title": "Leave It to Beaver" }, { "docid": "3927738#9", "text": "The first season of \"Veronica Mars\" features a different \"case of the week\" each episode, and the season-long mystery of Lilly Kane's murder. In addition to developing a separate mystery for each episode, the writers also had to provide clues that would lead to the murder's resolution in the season finale. The murder mystery plot was planned from the beginning of the season and the killer's identity remained the same throughout production. Thomas said that at the beginning of the season, \"I know the broad strokes, I know who did it, I know how it was done, I know the big arcs, but we're always filling in the details. Those are week to week. It's a week to week challenge in the writers room figuring out how much information we want to dole out to the audience.\"", "title": "Leave It to Beaver (Veronica Mars)" } ]

[ { "docid": "46574#7", "text": "Rye is grown primarily in Eastern, Central and Northern Europe. The main rye belt stretches from northern Germany through Poland, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania and Latvia into central and northern Russia. Rye is also grown in North America (Canada and the United States), in South America (Argentina, Brazil and Chile), in Oceania (Australia and New Zealand), in Turkey, in Kazakhstan and in northern China.", "title": "Rye" } ]

[ { "docid": "5188#43", "text": "Central European countries are some of the most significant food producers in the world. Germany is the world's largest hops producer with 34.27% share in 2010, third producer of rye and barley, 5th rapeseed producer, sixth largest milk producer, and fifth largest potato producer. Poland is the world's largest triticale producer, second largest producer of raspberry, currant, third largest of rye, the fifth apple and buckwheat producer, and seventh largest producer of potatoes. The Czech Republic is world's fourth largest hops producer and 8th producer of triticale. Hungary is world's fifth hops and seventh largest triticale producer. Serbia is world's second largest producer of plums and second largest of raspberries. Slovenia is world's sixth hops producer.", "title": "Central Europe" }, { "docid": "22936#78", "text": "Since Poland's accession to the European Union in 2004, Polish agriculture has performed extremely well and the country has over two million private farms. It is the leading producer in Europe of potatoes and rye (world's second largest in 1989) the world's largest producer of triticale, and one of the more important producers of barley, oats, sugar beets, flax, and fruits. Poland is the European Union's fourth largest supplier of pork after Germany, Spain and France.", "title": "Poland" }, { "docid": "10507462#3", "text": "Grain sorghum is the third most important cereal crop grown in the United States and the fifth most important cereal crop grown in the world. In 2010, Nigeria was the world's largest producer of grain sorghum, followed by the United States and India. In developed countries, and increasingly in developing countries such as India, the predominant use of sorghum is as fodder for poultry and cattle. Leading exporters in 2010 were the United States, Australia and Argentina; Mexico was the largest importer of sorghum.", "title": "Commercial sorghum" }, { "docid": "42282754#4", "text": "Belgrove Distillery commenced production of mostly Rye Whisky in late 2010. All the grain used is grown on site, mostly rye but also oats, barley, wheat and spelt. Belgrove won Whisky Magazine ICONS OF WHISKY AUSTRALIA CRAFT PRODUCER OF THE YEAR 2019 as well as Jim Murray Whisky Bible Southern Hemisphere Whisky of the year 2019", "title": "Australian whisky" }, { "docid": "2597119#15", "text": "One of the largest producers of rye flatbreads, and one of the most prominent in overseas markets, is the Swedish-founded company Wasabröd.", "title": "Rye bread" }, { "docid": "52403608#5", "text": "\"Resurgens Rye\" was the first whiskey distilled at ASW Distillery's Atlanta facility and is Atlanta's first rye since Prohibition, unique for being a single malt whiskey made from 100% malted rye grain, in contrast to the cereal rye comprising the base of most whiskey made from rye. It was introduced to the Atlanta market in late 2016. It won a Silver Medal at San Francisco World Spirits Competition.", "title": "ASW Distillery" }, { "docid": "23698148#3", "text": "Peel had good timing getting into the ergot business, because supplies in the United States had been subject to disruption. Russia was the world's principal exporter of ergot until the Russian Revolution in 1917. Spain then became the top producer of ergot, but supplies were then disrupted with the Spanish Civil War in 1936. In an effort to ensure his supply of raw materials, Peel began a campaign to educate farmers on the importance of ergot. Eli Lilly and Company, one of Peel's major customers, also assisted in this effort by providing publicity. Universal Laboratories began receiving considerable amounts of ergotic rye, which was stored in a grain elevator in downtown Dassel. The company supplied the vast majority of domestically produced ergot in the United States during World War II. In 1940, they produced , while in 1941, production was .", "title": "Universal Laboratories Building" }, { "docid": "47452927#2", "text": "Historically Maryland is not known for bourbon products and was the third largest producer of rye whiskey behind Kentucky bourbon and Pennsylvania rye up until the early 1900s with the last distiller closing its doors in 1983. In 2013, Lyon's Distilling in Blackwater's Eastern Shore was the first to start distilling a true Maryland rye whiskey.", "title": "Twin Valley Distillers" }, { "docid": "274696#2", "text": "Rye whiskey was historically the prevalent whiskey in the northeastern states, especially Pennsylvania and Maryland. Pittsburgh was the center of rye whiskey production in the late 1700s and early 1800s. By 1808, Allegheny County farmers were selling one half barrel for each man, woman and child in the country. By the 1880s, Joseph F. Sinnott's distillery, Moore and Sinnott, located in Monongahela was the single largest producer of rye whiskey, with a capacity of 30,000 barrels a year. Rye whiskey largely disappeared after Prohibition. A few brands, such as Old Overholt, survived, although by the late 1960s former Pennsylvania brands like Old Overholt were being distilled mostly in Kentucky.", "title": "Rye whiskey" }, { "docid": "28878684#14", "text": "Present-day Poland is a country with favorable agricultural prospects, and over two million private farms. It is the leading producer of potatoes and rye in Europe, the world's largest producer of triticale, and one of the more important producers of barley, oats, sugar beets, flax, and various fruits. It is also the European Union's fourth largest supplier of pig meat after Germany, Spain and France.", "title": "Geography of Poland" } ]

[ { "docid": "22194#37", "text": "macOS (formerly \"Mac OS X\" and later \"OS X\") is a line of open core graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Apple Inc., the latest of which is pre-loaded on all currently shipping Macintosh computers. macOS is the successor to the original classic Mac OS, which had been Apple's primary operating system since 1984. Unlike its predecessor, macOS is a UNIX operating system built on technology that had been developed at NeXT through the second half of the 1980s and up until Apple purchased the company in early 1997.\nThe operating system was first released in 1999 as Mac OS X Server 1.0, followed in March 2001 by a client version (Mac OS X v10.0 \"Cheetah\"). Since then, six more distinct \"client\" and \"server\" editions of macOS have been released, until the two were merged in OS X 10.7 \"Lion\".", "title": "Operating system" }, { "docid": "21347643#0", "text": "The family of Macintosh operating systems developed by Apple Inc. includes the graphical user interface-based operating systems it has designed for use with its Macintosh series of personal computers since 1984, as well as the related system software it once created for compatible third-party systems.", "title": "Macintosh operating systems" } ]

[ { "docid": "205635#4", "text": "In May 2002, at Apple's Worldwide Developers Conference in San Jose, California, Steve Jobs, accompanied by a coffin, held a mock funeral to announce that Apple had stopped development of Mac OS 9. Mac OS 9.2.2, released in December 2001, was the final version of Mac OS 9 and the \"classic\" Mac OS.\nIn June 2005, Jobs announced that the Macintosh platform would be transitioning to Intel x86 microprocessors. Developer documentation of the Rosetta PowerPC emulation layer revealed that applications written for Mac OS 8 or 9 would not run on x86-based Macs. The Classic Environment remains in the PowerPC version of OS X 10.4; however, x86 versions of OS X do not support the Classic environment.", "title": "Mac OS 9" }, { "docid": "3309319#4", "text": "On February 4, 1997, Apple acquired NeXT and began development of the Rhapsody operating system. Rhapsody built on NeXTSTEP, porting the core system to the PowerPC architecture and adding a redesigned user interface based on the Platinum user interface from Mac OS 8. An emulation layer called Blue Box allowed Mac OS applications to run within an actual instance of the Mac OS and an integrated Java platform. The Objective-C developer tools and Frameworks were referred to as the Yellow Box and also made available separately for Microsoft Windows. The Rhapsody project eventually bore the fruit of all Apple's efforts to develop a new generation Mac OS, which finally shipped in the form of Mac OS X Server.", "title": "Architecture of macOS" }, { "docid": "856#28", "text": "Mac OS X, based on NeXT's OPENSTEP and BSD Unix, was released on March 24, 2001, after several years of development. Aimed at consumers and professionals alike, Mac OS X aimed to combine the stability, reliability, and security of Unix with the ease of use afforded by an overhauled user interface. To aid users in migrating from Mac OS 9, the new operating system allowed the use of OS 9 applications within Mac OS X via the Classic Environment.", "title": "Apple Inc." }, { "docid": "20640#3", "text": "macOS is based on technologies developed between 1985 and 1997 at NeXT, a company that Apple co-founder Steve Jobs created after leaving the company. The \"X\" in Mac OS X and OS X is the Roman numeral for the number 10 and is pronounced as such. The X was a prominent part of the operating system's brand identity and marketing in its early years, but gradually receded in prominence since the release of Snow Leopard in 2009. UNIX 03 certification was achieved for the Intel version of Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard and all releases from Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard up to the current version also have UNIX 03 certification. macOS shares its Unix-based core, named Darwin, and many of its frameworks with iOS, tvOS and watchOS. A heavily modified version of Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger was used for the first-generation Apple TV.", "title": "MacOS" }, { "docid": "20640#9", "text": "The consumer version of Mac OS X was launched in 2001 with Mac OS X 10.0. Reviews were variable, with extensive praise for its sophisticated, glossy Aqua interface but criticizing it for sluggish performance. With Apple's popularity at a low, the makers of several classic Mac applications such as FrameMaker and PageMaker declined to develop new versions of their software for Mac OS X. \"Ars Technica\" columnist John Siracusa, who reviewed every major OS X release up to 10.10, described the early releases in retrospect as 'dog-slow, feature poor' and Aqua as 'unbearably slow and a huge resource hog'.", "title": "MacOS" }, { "docid": "738012#0", "text": "The Mac OS X Public Beta (internally code named \"Kodiak\") was the first publicly available version of Apple Computer's Mac OS X (now named macOS) operating system to feature the Aqua user interface. It was released to the public on September 13, 2000 for US$29.95. Its release was significant as the first publicly available evidence of Apple's ability to ship the long-awaited \"next-generation Mac operating system\" after the Copland and Rhapsody failures. It allowed software developers and early adopters to test a preview of the upcoming operating system and develop software for the forthcoming operating system before its final release. The US version had a build number of 1H39 and the international version had build number 2E14.", "title": "Mac OS X Public Beta" }, { "docid": "511730#4", "text": "The Copland development was hampered by many missed deadlines. The release date was first pushed back to the end of 1995, then to mid-1996, late 1996, and finally to the end of 1997. With a dedicated team of 500 software engineers and an annual budget of $250 million, Apple executives began to grow impatient with the project continually falling behind schedule. At the Worldwide Developers Conference in January 1997, Apple chief executive officer (CEO) Gil Amelio announced that, rather than release Copland as one monolithic release, Copland features would be phased into the Mac OS following a six-month release cycle. These updates began with Mac OS 7.6, released during WWDC. Mac OS 8.0, released six months later, continued to integrate Copland technologies into the Mac OS.", "title": "Mac OS 8" }, { "docid": "2593693#52", "text": "In 2001, Apple introduced Mac OS X (now known as macOS), an operating system based on NeXT's NeXTSTEP and incorporating parts of the FreeBSD kernel. Aimed at consumers and professionals alike, Mac OS X married the stability, reliability and security of Unix with the ease of a completely overhauled user interface. To aid users in transitioning their applications from Mac OS 9, the new operating system allowed the use of Mac OS 9 applications through the Classic environment. Apple's Carbon API also allowed developers to adapt their Mac OS 9 software to use Mac OS X's features.", "title": "History of Apple Inc." }, { "docid": "1580339#1", "text": "The first commercial voice dictation product for Mac OS X was IBM's ViaVoice, but ScanSoft, the company that had exclusive global distribution rights to ViaVoice, merged with Nuance and stopped developing ViaVoice for Macintosh. (The first dictation software for Mac OS 9 was Articulate System's PowerSecretary.) Seeing a continued need for a Mac-based speech-to-text solution, MacSpeech was founded in 1996 by Andrew Taylor, a former employee of Articulate Systems experienced with software-based speech recognition technologies.\nMacSpeech's first product, iListen, was developed in partnership with Philips Speech Processing using its \"FreeSpeech 2000\" speech engine. First released in 2000, by 2006 iListen was the only third-party software product that allowed voice-to-text input on the newer MacIntosh models requiring OSX. Its competitors at the time were Apple's own speech recognition software (built into Mac OS X); Dragon Naturally Speaking for PC by Nuance, running under a Windows virtualization software solution such as Parallels Desktop for Mac or VMware Fusion; and the discontinued program ViaVoice by Nuance/IBM.\nIn January 2008, iListen was discontinued, and replaced by \"MacSpeech Dictate\" (released February 15, 2008). The firm abandoned the Philips speech engine in favor of the speech-recognition engine Nuance used in its Dragon NaturallySpeaking product for PC. MacSpeech Dictate was a winner of the MacWorld 2008 Best of Show award. In 2009, the firm released several editions of its products for the MacIntosh, including MacSpeech Dictate Medical, MacSpeech Dictate Legal and MacSpeech Dictate International.\nMacSpeech Scribe is speech recognition software for Mac OS X designed specifically for transcription of recorded voice dictation. It runs on Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard. The software transcribes dictation recorded by an individual speaker. Typically the speaker will have recorded their dictation using a digital recording device such as a handheld digital recorder, mobile smartphone (e.g. iPhone), or desktop or laptop computer with a suitable microphone. The program supports the audio file formats aif, .aiff, .wav, .mp4, .m4a, and .m4v.", "title": "MacSpeech" }, { "docid": "21347643#14", "text": "The Macintosh Application Environment (MAE) was a software package introduced by Apple in 1994 that allowed users of certain Unix-based computer workstations to run Apple Macintosh application software. MAE used the X Window System to emulate a Macintosh Finder-style graphical user interface. The last version, MAE 3.0, was compatible with System 7.5.3. MAE was available for Sun Microsystems SPARCstation and Hewlett-Packard systems. It was discontinued on May 14, 1998.", "title": "Macintosh operating systems" } ]

[ { "docid": "32653775#4", "text": "All rivers and streams are part of three major drainage systems. Coastal drainage system is characterized by small, ephemeral streams and hill torrents. Rivers and streams that do not possess any significant perennial flow constitute Inland system that dominates the central and northwestern area of the province. Nari, Kaha and Gaj rivers are part of Indus drainage system located in the northeastern margins of the province. The flow in rivers is typified by spring runoff and occasional flash floods. The rivers beds are dry and look like small streams. Stream gradients are high and the rate of run off is very rapid. The Zhob River Basin drains towards the northeast into the Gomal River which ultimately joins the Indus River. Streams along the border of Punjab and Sindh provinces flow toward the east and southeast into the Indus River. Central and western Balochistan drains towards the south and the southwest into the Arabian Sea. Some areas located in districts Chaghi, Kharan, and Panjgur drain into playa lakes, locally called \" Hamun\" such as Humun-e-Lora and Hamun-e-Mashkel etc.", "title": "Tourism in Balochistan, Pakistan" }, { "docid": "10325214#0", "text": "A perennial stream or perennial river is a stream or river (channel) that has continuous flow in parts of its stream bed all year round during years of normal rainfall. \"Perennial\" streams are contrasted with \"intermittent\" streams which normally cease flowing for weeks or months each year, and with \"ephemeral\" channels that flow only for hours or days following rainfall. During unusually dry years, a normally perennial stream may cease flowing, becoming intermittent for days, weeks, or months depending on severity of the drought. The boundaries between perennial, intermittent, and ephemeral channels are not defined, and subject to a variety of identification methods adopted by local governments, academics, and others with a need to classify stream-flow permanence.", "title": "Perennial stream" }, { "docid": "54245942#7", "text": "All these rivers receive a certain number of streams, streams, which bear different names, sometimes that of a marabout, sometimes that of the territory; they often supply quite considerable quantities of water, Autumn and winter.", "title": "Isser River" }, { "docid": "851853#6", "text": "A stream channel is the physical confine of a stream (river) consisting of a bed and stream banks.\nStream channels exist in a variety of geometries. Stream channel development is controlled by both water and sediment movement. There is a difference between low gradient streams (less than a couple of percent in gradient or slightly sloped) and high gradient streams (steeply sloped). A wide variety of stream channel types can be distinguished (e.g. braided rivers, wandering rivers, single-thread sinuous rivers etc.). During floods, water flow may exceed the capacity of the channel and flood waters will spill out of the channel and across the valley bottom, floodplain or drainage area.", "title": "Channel (geography)" }, { "docid": "18842395#0", "text": "A river is a natural flowing watercourse, usually freshwater, flowing towards an ocean, sea, lake or another river. In some cases a river flows into the ground and becomes dry at the end of its course without reaching another body of water. Small rivers can be referred to using names such as stream, creek, brook, rivulet, and rill. There are no official definitions for the generic term river as applied to geographic features, although in some countries or communities a stream is defined by its size. Many names for small rivers are specific to geographic location; examples are \"run\" in some parts of the United States, \"burn\" in Scotland and northeast England, and \"beck\" in northern England. Sometimes a river is defined as being larger than a creek, but not always: the language is vague.", "title": "River" } ]

[ { "docid": "18842395#8", "text": "Most but not all rivers flow on the surface. Subterranean rivers flow underground in caves or caverns. Such rivers are frequently found in regions with limestone geologic formations. Subglacial streams are the braided rivers that flow at the beds of glaciers and ice sheets, permitting meltwater to be discharged at the front of the glacier. Because of the gradient in pressure due to the overlying weight of the glacier, such streams can even flow uphill.", "title": "River" }, { "docid": "503535#0", "text": "The list of rivers of Texas is a list of all named waterways, including rivers and streams that partially pass through or are entirely located within the U.S. state of Texas. Across the state, there are 3,700 named streams and 15 major rivers accounting for over of waterways. All of the state's waterways drain towards the Mississippi River, the Texas Gulf Coast, or the Rio Grande, with mouths located in seven major estuaries.\nThis list is arranged by drainage basin, with tributaries indented under each larger stream's name listed in order from mouth to source.\nOf the following 10 rivers, all empty into the Gulf of Mexico. Four of the rivers are tributaries: The Pecos flows into the Rio Grande, the Red into the Mississippi River, and the Sabine and Neches flow into Sabine Lake which is connected to the Gulf of Mexico by Sabine Pass. The Canadian is a tributary of a tributary and flows into the Arkansas River which is itself a tributary of the Mississippi.The Trinity River is the longest river with its entire drainage basin in Texas. The Colorado is the longest river with both its source based on river name and its mouth in the state. The actual longest source of the Colorado is in New Mexico.", "title": "List of rivers of Texas" }, { "docid": "8459269#2", "text": "An underfit stream can result when glaciation modifies the landscape by creating glacial troughs. The rivers that occupy such valleys after the ice has retreated are not in proportion with the size of the valley. Given the scale of most glacial troughs almost all of them contain misfit streams. Misfit streams can also be caused by reductions in the discharge of the stream. Channel size responds rapidly to variations in discharge, but valley size responds over much longer timescales. Many causes of reduced discharges are possible. If misfit streams are widespread in an area, climate change, particularly a reduction in precipitation, is likely to be the cause. If a single river appears to be a misfit stream, it may be as a result of anthropogenic interference through groundwater extraction or dam construction upstream. Natural causes include stream capture or other changes in drainage patterns. For instance, New Zealand's largest river (the Waikato) used to flow through the Hauraki Plains to the North Island's east coast, but changed its course to exit on the west coast due to a large volcanic eruption, leaving its former course through the 1-km wide Hinuera Gap occupied by only a small stream.", "title": "Misfit stream" }, { "docid": "2242228#13", "text": "The Periyar is an 8th order stream with considerable development of tributary network. The average drainage density of the basin is 2.46 km/ km with a total number of first order streams of 15,773. The total stream length inclusive of all orders in the basin is . The river originates from the high hills of the Western Ghats and the influence of tectonism can be evidenced from the stream pattern and presence of structural valleys. Forests occupy nearly (28%) of the basin area whereas cardamom and settlement with mixed tree crops occupy an area of and respectively. The basin is ecologically sensitive. Nearly 80% of the total area situated in the high ranges are susceptible to erosion and mass movements.", "title": "Periyar (river)" }, { "docid": "952712#1", "text": "It was dug between 1773 and 1776 to cut off a large bend in river Waal to improve water regulation. This bend, and comparable waters, are currently only minor streams. They are known as the minor Oude Waal and De Bijland, and the larger Oude Rijn. The, more or less, defunct flows now only serve one purpose: to function as a buffer zone between the free flowing Waal and Nederrijn on one side and the abandoned stream-beds on the other side. The defuncts streams are shallow waters for most of the time and serve as an important spawning ground for all kinds of fish (since they remained connected to the main river through small creeks).", "title": "Bijlands Kanaal" }, { "docid": "4240766#6", "text": "In freshwater ecology, upland rivers and streams are the fast-flowing rivers and streams that drain elevated or mountainous country, often onto broad alluvial plains (where they become lowland rivers). However, altitude is not the sole determinant of whether a river is upland or lowland. Arguably the most important determinants are that of stream power and stream gradient. Rivers with a course that drops in altitude rapidly will have faster water flow and higher stream power or \"force of water\". This in turn produces the other characteristics of an upland river - an incised course, a river bed dominated by bedrock and coarse sediments, a riffle and pool structure and cooler water temperatures. Rivers with a course that drops in altitude very slowly will have slower water flow and lower force. This in turn produces the other characteristics of a lowland river - a meandering course lacking rapids, a river bed dominated by fine sediments and higher water temperatures. Lowland rivers tend to carry more suspended sediment and organic matter as well, but some lowland rivers have periods of high water clarity in seasonal low-flow periods.", "title": "Upland and lowland" } ]

[ { "docid": "51898759#4", "text": "Along with Prof. DeFrancis overseeing the general planning and supervision of the project as well as its detailed operations, a volunteer team of some 50 contributors – including academics, Chinese language teachers, students, lexicographers, and computer consultants – were involved in the myriad tasks of processing dictionary entries, such as defining, inputting, checking, and proofreading. The University of Hawai'i Press published the \"ABC Chinese–English Dictionary\" in September 1996. UHP republished the original paperback \"ABC Chinese–English Dictionary\", which had a total 916 pages and was 23 cm. high, into the \"ABC Chinese–English Dictionary: Pocket Edition\" (1999, 16 cm.) and hardback \"ABC Chinese–English Dictionary: Desk Reference Edition\" (2000, 23 cm.).", "title": "ABC Chinese–English Dictionary" }, { "docid": "51898759#7", "text": "Computers (namely, the \"C\" in \"ABC Dictionary\") were purposefully involved in almost every stage of dictionary compilation and publication in order to facilitate further advances in electronic lexicography and software development. In 1997, the Wenlin Institute published \"Wenlin Software for Learning Chinese\" with about 14,000 head entries (version 1.0) and entered into a licensing agreement with the University of Hawaii to utilize the \"ABC Dictionary\" database in Wenlin software. The first edition \"ABC Chinese–English Dictionary\" (1996) was incorporated into Wenlin 2.0 with over 74,000 entries (1998); the second \"ABC Chinese–English Comprehensive Dictionary\" (2003) went into Wenlin 3.0 with over 196,000 entries (2002); and the third edition \"ABC English-Chinese/Chinese–English Dictionary\" (2010) was incorporated into Wenlin 4.0 (2011), which includes 300,000 Chinese–English entries, 73,000 Chinese character entries, and 62,000 English-Chinese entries.", "title": "ABC Chinese–English Dictionary" }, { "docid": "51898759#0", "text": "The ABC Chinese–English Dictionary or ABC Dictionary (1996), compiled under the chief editorship of John DeFrancis, is the first Chinese dictionary to collate entries in single-sort alphabetical order of pinyin romanization, and a landmark in the history of Chinese lexicography. It was also the first publication in the University of Hawai'i Press's \"ABC\" (Alphabetically Based Computerized) series of Chinese dictionaries. They republished the \"ABC Chinese–English Dictionary\" in a pocket edition (1999) and desktop reference edition (2000), as well as the expanded \"ABC Chinese–English Comprehensive Dictionary\" (2003) and dual \"ABC Chinese–English/English-Chinese Dictionary\" (2010). Furthermore, the \"ABC Dictionary\" databases have been developed into computer applications such as Wenlin Software for learning Chinese (1997).", "title": "ABC Chinese–English Dictionary" }, { "docid": "51898759#6", "text": "Victor H. Mair became general editor of the ABC Chinese Dictionary Series in 1996, and the University of Hawai'i Press has issued ten publications (as of October 2016), including two developments from the \"ABC Chinese–English Dictionary\" (1996) with 71,486 head entries. John DeFrancis and others edited the hardback \"ABC Chinese–English Comprehensive Dictionary\" (2003, 1464 pp., 25 cm.), which contains over 196,501 head entries, making it the most comprehensive one-volume dictionary of Chinese. DeFrancis (posthumously) and Zhang Yanyin, professor of Applied Linguistics and Educational Linguistics at the University of Canberra, edited the bidirectional paperback \"ABC Chinese–English/English-Chinese Dictionary\" (2010, 1240 pp., 19 cm.). It contains 67,633 entries: 29,670 in the English-Chinese section, 37,963 in the Chinese–English section, which is an abridgment of the \"ABC Chinese–English Comprehensive Dictionary\" and includes improvements such as more usage example sentences.", "title": "ABC Chinese–English Dictionary" } ]

[ { "docid": "51898759#30", "text": "Michael Sawer, who also reviewed the original \"ABC Dictionary\", calls this comprehensive dictionary an \"outstanding contribution to the field, in many ways better than other comparable dictionaries\" (2004: 313). He makes comparisons between the \"ABC Chinese–English Comprehensive Dictionary\" (called \"\"ABC\"\") and two bilingual dictionaries aimed more at native speakers of Chinese who are learning English: the \"Han-Ying Da Cidian\" (Wu 1993, \"\"CED\"\" Chinese–English Dictionary) and \"Xiandai Hanyu Cidian: Han-Ying Shuangyu\" (CASSIL 2002, \"\"CCD\"\" Contemporary Chinese Dictionary).", "title": "ABC Chinese–English Dictionary" }, { "docid": "51898759#5", "text": "In Shanghai, DeFrancis' dictionary was published under the title \"Han-Ying Cidian: ABC Chinese–English Dictionary\" (Hanyu Dacidian Chubanshe, 1997). For reasons of political correctness, the Shanghai edition amended the entry for Lin Biao (Sawer 2001: 225). It altered the original American edition's \"veteran Communist military leader and Mao Zedong's designated successor until mysterious death\" to \"veteran Communist military leader; ringleader of counterrevolutionary group (during Cultural Revolution)\".", "title": "ABC Chinese–English Dictionary" }, { "docid": "51898759#21", "text": "Reviews of DeFrancis' \"ABC Chinese–English Dictionary\" were published by major academic journals in linguistics (e.g., \"The Modern Language Journal\"), Asian studies (\"Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society\"), and sinology (\"China Review International\"). Most reviewers criticized certain aspects, such as the difficulty of looking up a traditional Chinese character, but also highly evaluated the innovative dictionary.", "title": "ABC Chinese–English Dictionary" }, { "docid": "51396868#7", "text": "Although the War Department dictionary was never widely distributed or used, it affected Chao's and Yang's \"Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese\", and served as the model for two well-known dictionaries. Yale University's Institute of Far Eastern Languages published a revised edition \"Dictionary of Spoken Chinese\" (1966), and Fred Fangyu Wang published a two-volume \"Mandarin Chinese dictionary\", Chinese-English (1967) and English-Chinese (1971). With these dictionaries, \"American efforts in Chinese lexicography effectively ceased\" (Norman 1988: 176)—until the \"ABC Chinese-English Dictionary\" (1996).", "title": "Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese" }, { "docid": "51898759#8", "text": "Prior to the alphabetically arranged \"ABC Chinese–English Dictionary\", virtually every Chinese dictionary was based upon character head entries, arranged either by character shape or pronunciation, that subsume words and phrases written with that head character as the first syllable. While pronunciation determines the placement of words within the unconventional \"ABC Dictionary\", Chinese characters still determine the position of words within a standard dictionary. Comparing a Chinese character-based dictionary with the pinyin-based \"ABC Dictionary\" illustrates the difference. \"The Chinese–English Dictionary\" (Wu 1979: 431) locates the head character entry \"lín\" 林 \"① forest; woods; grove ② circles …\" as one of 14 characters pronounced \"lín\", and alphabetically lists 17 words with \"lín\" as the first syllable, for instance, \"línchǎnpǐn\" 林产品 \"forest products\", \"línhǎi\" 林海 \"immense forest\", and \"línyè\" 林業 \"forestry\". The \"ABC Dictionary\" includes \"lín\" 林 \"① forest; woods; grove ② forestry…\" as one of 6 characters pronounced \"lín\", followed by alphabetically listed \"lin\"-initial headwords from \"línbā\" 淋巴 \"lymph\" to \"línfēng\" 臨風 \"facing against the wind\", but then \"ling\"-initial words begin to appear with \"líng\" 〇 \"zero\", and only after another three pages will one find \"lìngzūn\" 令尊 \"(courteous) your father\" followed by \"línhǎi\" \"immense forest\" (McGinnis 1997: 568). DeFrancis' \"ABC Chinese–English Dictionary\" is aptly described as having \"defied the tyranny of Chinese characters\" (Clark 2001: 387).", "title": "ABC Chinese–English Dictionary" }, { "docid": "2071372#1", "text": "The dictionary contains an electronic version of the ABC Chinese–English Dictionary by John DeFrancis and the Shuowen Jiezi seal character dictionary. The current version (4.3.2) contains more than 300,000 Chinese-English entries and over 60,000 English-Chinese entries.. It allows users to search for Chinese characters or words by inputting either Chinese characters or pinyin using a variety of input options, including handwriting recognition. Users can update existing entries add new definitions to the dictionary. The program can also be extended with additional data modules, such as the ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese.", "title": "Wenlin Software for learning Chinese" }, { "docid": "51898759#34", "text": "Yanfang Tang, professor of Chinese at the College of William and Mary, says the \"ABC Chinese–English Comprehensive Dictionary\" \"stands above its peers as one of the most comprehensive, informative, and useful tools in the study of and dealing with the Chinese language\" (2005: 145). This dictionary is a valuable asset for several types of users. Native speakers will particularly benefit from the \"authentic and accurate English translations\" of Chinese words and phrases, which are an improvement over sometimes \"stiff and awkward\" translations in previous Chinese–English dictionaries, which were edited predominantly by Anglophone native speakers of Chinese. Chinese–English translators, students of Chinese as a foreign language, and compilers of Chinese language textbooks will find this dictionary indispensable for providing comprehensive linguistic information. Nonnative speakers of Chinese will find the dictionary handy to use, and those who are accustomed to alphabets will find locating a Chinese word in this alphabetically arranged dictionary \"almost an act of second nature\". Advanced learners of Chinese who have a firm command of pinyin will also benefit, especially in cases when they know how to pronounce a word but do not remember how to write it, and will be able to quickly find the character (2005: 145).", "title": "ABC Chinese–English Dictionary" }, { "docid": "51898759#25", "text": "Several evaluations of the \"ABC Chinese–English Dictionary\" mention cases in which using the alphabetically-arranged headword entries is more efficient than using a conventionally arranged dictionary with character head entries that list words written with that character as the first. Robert S. Bauer, a linguist of Cantonese at Hong Kong Polytechnic University says the dictionary works best when users hear a word pronounced but do not know how to write it in characters, they can very quickly look it up in pinyin order and find the correct characters and meanings. However, to look up an unknown character's pronunciation and meaning, then one needs to use a radical-indexed dictionary. Bauer says \"I have generally succeeded in finding almost all the words and expressions I have tried to look up; this I regard as quite remarkable since I cannot say the same about other dictionaries I have been consulting over my more than 25 years of working on Chinese.\" (1997: 308). Sean Jensen says alphabetical collation is \"truly iconoclastic\" in the tradition-rich world of Chinese lexicography and describes experimenting with using the dictionary.\nI am used to the \"old style\" dictionaries based on radicals, and I was disposed to approach the \"ABC Dictionary\" with some skepticism. But having used it for two months I have so(sic) say that it is nothing short of wonderful! It is a pleasure to be able to use a Chinese dictionary in the same way that one uses a French or German dictionary. The typography is exceptionally clear, and the sheer quantity of words per page, arranged alphabetically, has the effect of bringing the melodies of spoken Chinese alive. (1998: 144) \nMichael Sawer, professor of Chinese at the University of Canberra, says using the \"ABC Dictionary\" does not make it easy to quickly find all the words beginning with the same Chinese character; but it does enable readers to easily find all those pronounced the same (disregarding tonal differences), as well as which among homophonous words is used most frequently (2001: 224).", "title": "ABC Chinese–English Dictionary" }, { "docid": "51898759#29", "text": "The expanded 2003 \"ABC Chinese–English Comprehensive Dictionary\" had fewer academic reviews than the 1996 \"ABC Chinese–English Dictionary\".", "title": "ABC Chinese–English Dictionary" } ]

[ { "docid": "368804#0", "text": "Caipirinha () is Brazil's national cocktail, made with cachaça (sugarcane hard liquor), sugar, and lime. Cachaça, also known as \"caninha\", or any one of a multitude of traditional names, is Brazil's most common distilled alcoholic beverage. Although both rum and cachaça are made from sugarcane-derived products, in cachaça the alcohol results from the fermentation of fresh sugarcane juice that is then distilled, while rum is usually made from refinery by-products such as molasses.", "title": "Caipirinha" }, { "docid": "9429158#1", "text": "The Caipirinha is Brazil's national cocktail made with cachaça, ice, sugar, and lime. It is the drink most commonly associated with cachaça.", "title": "Cocktails with cachaça" }, { "docid": "368804#4", "text": "The caipirinha is the strongest national cocktail of Brazil and is imbibed in restaurants, bars, and many households throughout the country. Once almost unknown outside Brazil, the drink has become more popular and more widely available in recent years, in large part due to the rising availability of first-rate brands of cachaça outside Brazil. The International Bartenders Association has designated it as one of its Official Cocktails.", "title": "Caipirinha" } ]

[ { "docid": "368804#1", "text": "The drink is prepared by mixing the fruit and the sugar together, and adding the liquor. This can be made into a single glass, usually large, that can be shared amongst people, or into a larger jar, from which it is served in individual glasses.", "title": "Caipirinha" }, { "docid": "387847#0", "text": "Cachaça () is a distilled spirit made from fermented sugarcane juice. Also known as \"aguardente\", \"pinga\", \"caninha\", \"Marvada\" and other names, it is the most popular spirit among distilled alcoholic beverages in Brazil. Outside Brazil, cachaça is used almost exclusively as an ingredient in tropical drinks, with the \"caipirinha\" being the most famous cocktail.", "title": "Cachaça" }, { "docid": "368804#3", "text": "According to historians, the caipirinha, as it is known nowadays, was invented by landowning farmers in the region of Piracicaba, interior of the State of São Paulo, during the 19th century, as a local drink for high standard events and parties, being a reflection of the strong sugarcane culture in the region.", "title": "Caipirinha" }, { "docid": "368804#2", "text": "Although the real origin of the drink is unknown, one account says that it came about around 1918 in the region of Alentejo in Portugal, with a popular recipe made with lemon, garlic, and honey, indicated for patients with the Spanish flu. Today, it is still being used as a remedy for the common cold. As it was quite common to add some distilled spirits to home remedies, in order to expedite the therapeutic effect, aguardente was commonly used. \"Until one day someone decided to remove the garlic and honey. Then added a few tablespoons sugar to reduce the acidity of lime. The ice came next, to ward off the heat,\" explains Carlos Lima, executive director of IBRAC (Brazilian Institute of Cachaça).", "title": "Caipirinha" }, { "docid": "368804#5", "text": "The word \"caipirinha\" is the diminutive of the word \"caipira\", which in Brazilian Portuguese refers to someone from the countryside (specifically, someone from the rural parts of south-central Brazil), being similar to US English \"hillbilly\" or the Lowland Scots \"teuchter\". \"Caipira\" is a two-gender noun. The diminutive mostly refers to the drink, in which case it is a feminine noun.There are many derivations of caipirinha in which other spirits are substituted for cachaça. Some include:", "title": "Caipirinha" }, { "docid": "9429158#0", "text": "There are many cocktails made with cachaça, the national spirit of Brazil. Caipirinha is by far the most popular and internationally well-known.", "title": "Cocktails with cachaça" }, { "docid": "6174783#1", "text": "The liqueur, in the form of a red liquid, comes in a black bottle and has an alcohol volume of 14.9 to 20% - depending on the country. The original version of Passoã contains passion-fruit juice from Brazil. Passoã has also developed ready-to-serve cocktails: Cosmopolitan, Caipirinha and Zombie fire.\nThe most popular cocktail made with Passoã is the Porn Star Martini, with vanilla vodka and prosecco on the side. One can also pair Passoã with water or with tonic.", "title": "Passoã" } ]

[ { "docid": "676418#2", "text": "The Canadian inventor Reginald Fessenden was the first to conceive of using reflected seismic waves to infer geology. His work was initially on the propagation of acoustic waves in water, motivated by the sinking of the Titanic by an iceberg in 1912. He also worked on methods of detecting submarines during World War I. He applied for the first patent on a seismic exploration method in 1914, which was issued in 1917. Due to the war, he was unable to follow up on the idea. John Clarence Karcher discovered seismic reflections independently while working for the United States Bureau of Standards (now the National Institute of Standards and Technology) on methods of sound ranging to detect artillery. In discussion with colleagues, the idea developed that these reflections could aid in exploration for petroleum. With several others, many affiliated with the University of Oklahoma, Karcher helped to form the Geological Engineering Company, incorporated in Oklahoma in April, 1920. The first field tests were conducted near Oklahoma City, Oklahoma in 1921.", "title": "Reflection seismology" } ]

[ { "docid": "676418#0", "text": "Reflection seismology (or seismic reflection) is a method of exploration geophysics that uses the principles of seismology to estimate the properties of the Earth's subsurface from reflected seismic waves. The method requires a controlled seismic source of energy, such as dynamite or Tovex blast, a specialized air gun or a seismic vibrator, commonly known by the trademark name Vibroseis. Reflection seismology is similar to sonar and echolocation. This article is about surface seismic surveys; for vertical seismic profiles, see VSP.\nReflections and refractions of seismic waves at geologic interfaces within the Earth were first observed on recordings of earthquake-generated seismic waves. The basic model of the Earth's deep interior is based on observations of earthquake-generated seismic waves transmitted through the Earth’s interior (e.g., Mohorovičić, 1910). The use of human-generated seismic waves to map in detail the geology of the upper few kilometers of the Earth's crust followed shortly thereafter and has developed mainly due to commercial enterprise, particularly the petroleum industry.", "title": "Reflection seismology" }, { "docid": "676418#54", "text": "The use of reflection seismology in studies of tectonics and the Earth's crust was pioneered in the 1970s by groups such as the Consortium for Continental Reflection Profiling (COCORP), who inspired deep seismic exploration in other countries such as BIRPS in Great Britain and ECORS in France. The British Institutions Reflection Profiling Syndicate (BIRPS) was started up as a result of oil hydrocarbon exploration in the North Sea. It became clear that there was a lack of understanding of the tectonic processes that had formed the geological structures and sedimentary basins which were being explored. The effort produced some significant results and showed that it is possible to profile features such as thrust faults that penetrate through the crust to the upper mantle with marine seismic surveys.", "title": "Reflection seismology" }, { "docid": "676418#8", "text": "In common with other geophysical methods, reflection seismology may be seen as a type of inverse problem. That is, given a set of data collected by experimentation and the physical laws that apply to the experiment, the experimenter wishes to develop an abstract model of the physical system being studied. In the case of reflection seismology, the experimental data are recorded seismograms, and the desired result is a model of the structure and physical properties of the Earth's crust. In common with other types of inverse problems, the results obtained from reflection seismology are usually not unique (more than one model adequately fits the data) and may be sensitive to relatively small errors in data collection, processing, or analysis. For these reasons, great care must be taken when interpreting the results of a reflection seismic survey.", "title": "Reflection seismology" }, { "docid": "676418#4", "text": "The Geological Engineering Company folded due to a drop in the price of oil. In 1925, oil prices had rebounded, and Karcher helped to form Geophysical Research Corporation (GRC) as part of the oil company Amerada. In 1930, Karcher left GRC and helped to found Geophysical Service Incorporated (GSI). GSI was one of the most successful seismic contracting companies for over 50 years and was the parent of an even more successful company, Texas Instruments. Early GSI employee Henry Salvatori left that company in 1933 to found another major seismic contractor, Western Geophysical. \nMany other companies using reflection seismology in hydrocarbon exploration, hydrology, engineering studies, and other applications have been formed since the method was first invented. Major service companies today include CGG, ION Geophysical, Petroleum Geo-Services, Polarcus, TGS and WesternGeco. Most major oil companies also have actively conducted research into seismic methods as well as collected and processed seismic data using their own personnel and technology. Reflection seismology has also found applications in non-commercial research by academic and government scientists around the world.", "title": "Reflection seismology" }, { "docid": "275626#8", "text": "The concept of deconvolution had an early application in reflection seismology. In 1950, Enders Robinson was a graduate student at MIT. He worked with others at MIT, such as Norbert Wiener, Norman Levinson, and economist Paul Samuelson, to develop the \"convolutional model\" of a reflection seismogram. This model assumes that the recorded seismogram \"s\"(\"t\") is the convolution of an Earth-reflectivity function \"e\"(\"t\") and a seismic wavelet \"w\"(\"t\") from a point source, where \"t\" represents recording time. Thus, our convolution equation is", "title": "Deconvolution" }, { "docid": "676418#3", "text": "Early reflection seismology was viewed with skepticism by many in the oil industry. An early advocate of the method commented:", "title": "Reflection seismology" }, { "docid": "3984628#11", "text": "Knott's equations, derived in terms of potentials, were the first to describe the amplitudes of reflected and refracted waves at non-normal incidence and together with the Zoeppritz equations are now the basis for modern reflection seismology – an important technique in hydrocarbon exploration.", "title": "Cargill Gilston Knott" }, { "docid": "30435576#6", "text": "With Cornell colleague Sidney Kaufman, Oliver co-founded the first national program using reflection seismology to explore Earth's continental crust. The Consortium for Continental Reflection Profiling (COCORP) was initially funded by a small grant from the NSF. It has been used to map geological faults in many parts of the US, and has served as a model for seismic exploration projects in more than 20 other countries.", "title": "Jack Oliver (scientist)" }, { "docid": "676418#31", "text": "Reflection seismology, more commonly referred to as \"seismic reflection\" or abbreviated to \"seismic\" within the hydrocarbon industry, is used by petroleum geologists and geophysicists to map and interpret potential petroleum reservoirs. The size and scale of seismic surveys has increased alongside the significant concurrent increases in computer power during the last 25 years. This has led the seismic industry from laboriously – and therefore rarely – acquiring small 3D surveys in the 1980s to now routinely acquiring large-scale high resolution 3D surveys. The goals and basic principles have remained the same, but the methods have slightly changed over the years.", "title": "Reflection seismology" } ]

[ { "docid": "41374178#22", "text": "Arya arrives in Braavos and is accepted into the House of Black and White by a man who wears Jaqen H'ghar's face. After impressing Jaqen with her ability to lie undetected by convincing a terminally ill girl to drink poison, she is given the assignment of assassinating a corrupt insurance salesman. However, she is distracted from her mission by the arrival in Braavos of Ser Meryn Trant. Assuming the identity of the girl she had poisoned, Arya disguises herself as a prostitute and infiltrates a brothel, where she kills Meryn. However, when she returns to the House of Black and White she is caught by Jaqen, who chides that Arya has not dissociated from her identity and that as a result wearing another person's face will poison her. Arya is subsequently struck blind.", "title": "Arya Stark" }, { "docid": "2202702#7", "text": "In Braavos, Arya is an acolyte of the guild of assassins known as the Faceless Men. Temporarily afflicted with blindness at their hands, she develops her sense of hearing, and realizes that she can \"see\" through cats the same way she could with her pet direwolf, Nymeria. After successfully fending off an attack by the master of the temple with a stick sword, Arya's sight is restored. She is magically given the face of one of the temple petitioners, who come there seeking a quiet death, and is tasked with assassinating a corrupt merchant. After doing so, Arya is declared an apprentice of the Faceless Men, to be sent to another assassin to continue her training.", "title": "A Dance with Dragons" }, { "docid": "35888445#10", "text": "Arya, Gendry and Hot Pie flee from Harrenhal. They are surprised by the sudden appearance of the mysterious assassin Jaqen H'ghar, who helped them escape. Jaqen offers to take Arya with him to Braavos to train her in his abilities. Although tempted, Arya declines, intending to reunite with her family. Before departing, Jaqen hands Arya a special coin and the phrase \"\"Valar morghulis\",\" which Arya may use to seek him if she meets anyone from Braavos. Before departing, Jaqen turns to reveal he has changed his face, an ability of the \"Faceless Men\" he mentions to Arya.", "title": "Valar Morghulis" }, { "docid": "796676#13", "text": "Arriving in Braavos, Arya Stark finds her way to the House of Black and White, a temple associated with the assassins known as the Faceless Men. As a novice there, Arya attempts to master their belief that Faceless Men have no true identity by throwing all her treasures into the water (secretly keeping her sword, Needle) and posing as a girl called \"Cat of the Canals\". Her former identity asserts itself in the form of wolf dreams, and also when she kills Dareon, sworn brother of Samwell Tarly, for abandoning the Night's Watch. Having confessed this death, she is given a glass of warm milk as punishment. She wakes up the following morning blind.", "title": "A Feast for Crows" } ]

[ { "docid": "41374178#19", "text": "The recruits are attacked by Lannister soldiers under Ser Amory Lorch, who have been ordered by Cersei Lannister to kill Robert Baratheon's bastard Gendry, who is part of the party. Needle is confiscated by a soldier, Polliver, who then uses it to kill Arya's friend Lommy Greenhands (who Arya later claims is Gendry). The recruits are taken to Harrenhal, where Tywin Lannister recognises her as a girl and takes her as his cupbearer. Jaqen offers to kill three people for Arya as reward for saving his life and those of his cellmates during the attack; Arya picks Harrenhal's torturer The Tickler and Ser Amory. When Arya is unable to have Tywin killed before his departure, she has Jaqen help her, Gendry and her friend Hot Pie escape. Jaqen offers to take Arya to Braavos to join the Faceless Men assassin guild, and although she declines he gives her an iron coin that will allow her to obtain passage to Braavos.", "title": "Arya Stark" }, { "docid": "41374178#15", "text": "After skinchanging into a stray tomcat that followed her back to the temple, Arya is able to identify the Kindly Man as the person who sneak-attacks her with a stick every night and later surprise-hits him. For this achievement, she passes the test and regains her vision, and is given her first assassination assignment. When she successfully poisons a crooked insurance salesman without rousing any suspicion or collateral damage, the Kindly Man gives Arya an acolyte's robe and assigns her to begin her first apprenticeship inserted within a theatrical group.", "title": "Arya Stark" }, { "docid": "46631848#3", "text": "Arya, still in the disguise of an oyster vendor, continues the mission given to her by Jaqen to poison and kill the Thin Man. However, as she is on the way to her target, she sees Mace Tyrell and Meryn Trant arrive in the harbor to negotiate payment terms with the Iron Bank. Arya, recognising Trant, ignores her mission and follows Mace and Trant into the city. She eventually tracks Trant to a brothel, where she learns that he is sexually attracted to pubescent girls. Upon returning to Jaqen, Arya lies to him by telling him the Thin Man was not hungry and did not buy her oysters, and asks to try again the next day. Jaqen allows this, though it is unclear whether he believes Arya or not.", "title": "The Dance of Dragons" }, { "docid": "713590#8", "text": "Arya Stark, posing as an orphan boy named Arry, is taken north by Yoren as a new recruit for the Night's Watch. However, they are attacked by Lannister freeriders led by Ser Amory Lorch and Yoren is killed at a town on the shores of Gods Eye. The survivors are taken to Harrenhal and put to work as servants in the undermanned castle. For saving his life during the attack, a man named Jaqen H'ghar promises to repay Arya by killing three men of her choice. For her three choices, Arya selects Chiswyck, a soldier in Gregor Clegane's forces, Weese, her servant overseer, and Jaqen H'ghar himself. The first two murders he carries out without question; in lieu of the third choice, Arya leverages H'ghar to help her slay the Lannister soldiers guarding Robett Glover, who had been taken prisoner by the Brave Companions. After Glover is freed, the Brave Companions turn their cloaks and join with the North. H'ghar gives Arya a mysterious iron coin and tells her to find him in Braavos if she should ever desire to learn his secrets. He then adopts a new identity and leaves. Control of Harrenhal is ceded to Roose Bolton, whom Arya serves as cupbearer, but soon escapes.", "title": "A Clash of Kings" }, { "docid": "57098416#1", "text": "In 1993, Arya started his training at the Officers Training Academy and was commissioned into the 17th Battalion, Kumaon Regiment on 5 March 1994. In 1999, due to a medical issue he retired from the Indian Army as a major. After leaving the army he did various jobs and got a Master of Business Administration degree. At present, Arya is a journalist with Republic TV specialising in defence and producing content related to the Indian security forces in various parts of the nation.", "title": "Gaurav Arya" } ]

[ { "docid": "7770#57", "text": "The life cycle of a Christmas tree from the seed to a tree takes, depending on species and treatment in cultivation, between 8 and 12 years. First, the seed is extracted from cones harvested from older trees. These seeds are then usually grown in nurseries and then sold to Christmas tree farms at an age of 3–4 years. The remaining development of the tree greatly depends on the climate, soil quality, as well as the cultivation and how the trees are tended by the Christmas tree farmer.", "title": "Christmas tree" }, { "docid": "2190689#15", "text": "The combination of form, needle retention, dark blue-green color, pleasant scent and excellent shipping characteristics has led to Fraser fir being a most popular Christmas tree species. Growing and harvesting this species for Christmas trees and boughs is a multimillion-dollar business in the southern Appalachians. North Carolina produces the majority of Fraser fir Christmas trees. It requires from 7 to 10 years in the field to produce a high tree. In 2005, the North Carolina General Assembly passed legislation making the Fraser fir the official Christmas tree of North Carolina.", "title": "Fraser fir" } ]

[ { "docid": "5019316#11", "text": "Pallid sturgeon have a long lifespan, living in excess of 50 and perhaps as long as 100 years. They lack bones and scales, which makes it more difficult to establish their age and determine exactly how long they live. As is true for many long-lived species, pallid sturgeon reach reproductive maturity relatively late. Males reach sexual maturity between the ages of 5 and 7 years, while females are believed to become capable of reproduction when they are at least 15 years old. One study of nine females indicated that they begin egg development between the ages of 9 and 12 years, but do not reach reproductive maturity until they are 15 years old. Reproduction does not take place every year; the average interval between spawnings is three years, although other studies suggest an interval as long as 10 years. Spawning usually takes place May to July.", "title": "Pallid sturgeon" }, { "docid": "13105000#6", "text": "There are more than 20,000 North American Christmas tree growers, 95 percent of the trees they produce are sold or shipped directly from the farms. On each of the planted in Christmas trees annually there are usually about 2,000 trees, the number of trees that survive to harvest varies from 750–1,500 depending upon location. Christmas trees take an average of 6 to 10 years (from transplant) to mature for harvest and each year 73 million new Christmas trees are planted.", "title": "Christmas tree production" }, { "docid": "13105009#13", "text": "In the U.S. Pacific Northwest, a major Christmas tree growing region, Douglas-fir has always been the primary species grown. A full one-half of all trees produced in the Pacific Northwest are Douglas-fir. Douglas-firs typically take five to seven years before they are mature enough to sell as Christmas trees. Also common in the region are noble fir, a tree which commands a higher price than Douglas-fir, and grand fir, which accounts for about 10 percent of the annual harvest in the Northwest. Other species collectively account for only 3–5 percent of the total Northwest harvest.", "title": "Christmas tree cultivation" }, { "docid": "4428062#16", "text": "With this method the time frame is longer than the other methods. A chair design might take 8 to 10 years to reach maturity Some of Axel Erlandson trees's took as long as 40 years to assume their finished shapes.", "title": "Tree shaping" }, { "docid": "464301#42", "text": "Smaller specimens are popular as live Christmas trees. Eastern white pines are noted for holding their needles well, even long after being harvested. They also are well suited for people with allergies, as they give little to no aroma. A standard tree takes approximately 6 to 8 years to grow in ideal conditions. Sheared varieties are usually desired because of their stereotypical Christmas tree conical shape, as naturally grown ones can become too thick for larger ornaments, or grow bushy in texture. The branches of the eastern white pine are also widely used in making holiday wreaths and garland because of their soft, feathery needles.", "title": "Pinus strobus" }, { "docid": "1392499#5", "text": "Compared to related genera, \"Brachypelma\" species are long-lived. The maximum life-span recorded in two Berlin zoos was 12 years for \"Brachypelma annitha\" (now a synonym of \"B. smithi\"). In the wild, females take around 9–10 years to reach maturity, but can then live for another 10 years. Males can take 7–8 years to reach maturity, afterwards usually dying within a year, probably because when mature they actively seek mates and rarely feed while doing so, whereas females remain around their burrows.\nStudies on Mexican species in the wild showed that pre-adult and adult spiders molt towards the end of the dry season, which lasts from June to November. After their last molt, adult males search for females, the west coast species travelling in the daytime, particularly in the morning and evening, and the east coast species travelling at night. Females produce an egg sac before they molt. The eggs hatch a few weeks before the rainy season begins. The spiderlings molt every two weeks for the first few months, then less frequently as they mature. A full-grown \"Brachypelma\" may molt as infrequently as once a year.", "title": "Brachypelma" }, { "docid": "11058904#1", "text": "The rosy wolfsnail lives for approximately 24 months. The snail takes 30–40 days to hatch and are then considered young (before they reach sexual maturity). Sexual maturity begins between 4–16 months after hatching. After reaching maturity they are considered an adult for the rest of their lives. The snail is relatively fast moving at about 8 mm/s. The snail has a light grey, or brown body, with its lower tentacles being long and almost touching the ground. The shell has usual dimensions of 76mm tall and 27.5 mm in diameter. The shape of the shell tapers to a point at both ends (fusiform) with a narrow oval to crescent shaped opening and a shortened axis of the spiral shell near the opening (truncated columella). The shell has a brownish pink color. The fully-grown adult snail ranges in size from 7–10 cm in length.", "title": "Euglandina rosea" }, { "docid": "13105000#19", "text": "One appeal of Christmas tree farms to growers is that it can be a profitable way to use low quality farmland, though this trend is changing within the industry. Christmas tree farms can turn a profit in as little as six years, and though some overhead in equipment and labor does exist Christmas tree production requires only small amounts of up-front capital. Each tree can cost land owners $5–10 from the time it's planted as a seedling until it is harvested as a mature Christmas tree; that cost includes land costs, and costs accumulated through the growing process. In the early 21st century, Christmas tree farmers typically got annual returns of between $600–1,000 per acre of trees planted.", "title": "Christmas tree production" }, { "docid": "18581082#33", "text": "Tarantulas may live for years; most species take two to five years to reach adulthood, but some species may take up to 10 years to reach full maturity. Upon reaching adulthood, males typically have but a 1.0- to 1.5-year period left to live and immediately go in search of a female with which to mate. Male tarantulas rarely molt again once they reach adulthood, but they may attempt to do so, usually becoming stuck during the molt due to their sexual organs and dying in the process.", "title": "Tarantula" } ]

[ { "docid": "11578887#0", "text": "\"General Hospital\" is an American television soap opera, airing on ABC. Created by Frank and Doris Hursley, the serial premiered on April 1, 1963. The longest-running cast member is Leslie Charleson, who has portrayed Dr. Monica Quartermaine since August 17, 1977, also making her one of the longest-tenured actors in American soap operas. Former cast member Rachel Ames was previously the series' longest-running cast member, portraying Audrey Hardy from 1964 to 2007, and making guest appearances in 2009 and 2013, the latter for the series' fiftieth anniversary. Ames made a special appearance on October 30, 2015. Actors Genie Francis and Kin Shriner, who portray Laura Spencer and Scott Baldwin, are the second and third longest-running cast members, having joined \"General Hospital\" in February and August 1977, respectively. Actress Jacklyn Zeman — who portrays Bobbie Spencer — is the fourth longest-running cast member, joining the serial in December 1977. Actress Jane Elliot, who joined the serial in June 1978 as Tracy Quartermaine, is the fifth longest-running cast member, joining \"General Hospital\" in June 1978 until her departure in May 2017. Former cast member Anthony Geary, who portrayed Luke Spencer, was the sixth longest-running cast member, having joined \"General Hospital\" in November 1978. The following list is of cast members who are currently on the show: the main and recurring cast members, or those who are debuting, departing or returning to the series.", "title": "List of General Hospital cast members" } ]

[ { "docid": "36192111#0", "text": "\"General Hospital\" is the longest running American television serial drama, airing on ABC. Created by Frank and Doris Hursley, who originally set it in a general hospital (hence the title), in an unnamed fictional city. In the 1970s, the city was named Port Charles, New York. The series premiered on April 1, 1963. This is a list of notable characters who significantly impacted storylines and began their run, or significantly returned, from 2010 to the present day.", "title": "List of General Hospital characters (2010s)" }, { "docid": "36192134#0", "text": "\"General Hospital\" is the longest-running American television serial drama, airing on ABC. Created by Frank and Doris Hursley, who originally set it in a general hospital (hence the title), in an unnamed fictional city. In the 1970s, the city was named Port Charles, New York. The series premiered on April 1, 1963. This is a list of notable characters who significantly impacted storylines and began their run, or significantly returned, from the years 1980 to 1989.", "title": "List of General Hospital characters (1980s)" }, { "docid": "38098818#0", "text": "\"General Hospital\" is the longest running American television serial drama, airing on ABC. Created by Frank and Doris Hursley, who originally set it in a general hospital (hence the title), in an unnamed fictional city. In the 1970s, the city was named Port Charles, New York. The series premiered on April 1, 1963. This is a list of notable characters who significantly impacted storylines and began their run, or significantly returned, from the years 1963 to 1969.", "title": "List of General Hospital characters (1960s)" }, { "docid": "36192240#0", "text": "\"General Hospital\" is the longest running American television serial drama, airing on ABC. Created by Frank and Doris Hursley, who originally set it in a general hospital (hence the title), in an unnamed fictional city. In the 1970s, the city was named Port Charles, New York. The series premiered on April 1, 1963. This is a list of notable characters who significantly impacted storylines and began their run, or significantly returned, from the years 1970 to 1979.", "title": "List of General Hospital characters (1970s)" }, { "docid": "36192122#0", "text": "\"General Hospital\" is the longest running American television serial drama, airing on ABC. Created by Frank and Doris Hursley, who originally set it in a general hospital (hence the title), in an unnamed fictional city. In the 1970s, the city was named Port Charles, New York. The series premiered on April 1, 1963. This is a list of notable characters who significantly impacted storylines and began their run, or significantly returned, from the years 2000 to 2009.", "title": "List of General Hospital characters (2000s)" }, { "docid": "36192129#0", "text": "\"General Hospital\" is the longest running American television serial drama, airing on ABC. Created by Frank and Doris Hursley, who originally set it in a general hospital (hence the title), in an unnamed fictional city. In the 1970s, the city was named Port Charles, New York. The series premiered on April 1, 1963. This is a list of notable characters who significantly impacted storylines and began their run, or significantly returned, from the years 1990 to 1999.", "title": "List of General Hospital characters (1990s)" }, { "docid": "18083032#0", "text": "\"General Hospital\" is the longest-running American television serial drama, airing on ABC. Created by Frank and Doris Hursley, who originally set it in a general hospital (hence the title), in an unnamed fictional city. In the 1970s, the city was named Port Charles, New York. The series premiered on April 1, 1963. The following are characters from the American soap opera \"General Hospital\", who are notable for being the children of important characters. Introduced in various years, these children have played significant roles in a number of storylines over the years.", "title": "Children of General Hospital" }, { "docid": "6181265#0", "text": "Tracy Quartermaine is a fictional character on the ABC soap opera \"General Hospital\". She is played by actress Jane Elliot, who originated the role in 1978 and has played her intermittently since that time, primarily on \"GH\" (1978–80, 1989–93, 1996, 2003–17) and briefly on \"The City\" (1996–97). In 1980, Elliot won the Daytime Emmy for outstanding supporting actress, and was nominated again in 1993. Briefly in 1989, while Jane Elliot was on maternal leave, Christine Jones took on the role. Tracy Quartermaine is currently the show's fifth longest-serving character after Dr. Monica Quartermaine, Luke Spencer, Laura Spencer and Scott Baldwin.", "title": "Tracy Quartermaine" }, { "docid": "8028648#29", "text": "\"General Hospital\" aired its 10,000th episode on April 17, 2002, with an episode that revolved around the show's longest-running cast member, Rachel Ames. The episode commemorated her character Audrey March Hardy, celebrating her 10,000th shift as a nurse at the hospital. The episode was notable for showcasing the show's long history in a series of clips and montages.", "title": "History of General Hospital" } ]

[ { "docid": "178808#51", "text": "In Japan, the main public broadcaster is the NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation). The broadcaster was set up in 1926 and was modelled on the British Broadcasting Company, the precursor to the British Broadcasting Corporation created in 1927. Much like the BBC, NHK is funded by a \"receiving fee\" from every Japanese household, with no commercial advertising and the maintenance of a position of strict political impartiality. However, rampant non-payment by a large amount of households has led the receiving fee to become something of a political issue. NHK runs two national terrestrial TV stations (NHK General and NHK Educational) and two satellite only services (NHK BS1 and NHK BS Premium services). NHK also runs 3 national radio services and a number of international radio and television services, akin to the BBC World Service. NHK has also been an innovator in television, developing the world's first high definition television technology in 1964 and launching high definition services in Japan in 1981.", "title": "Public broadcasting" }, { "docid": "147782#15", "text": "NHK's earliest forerunner was the founded in 1924 under the leadership of Count Gotō Shinpei. Tokyo Broadcasting Station, along with separate organizations in Osaka and Nagoya, began radio broadcasts in 1925. The three stations merged under the first incarnation of NHK in August 1926. NHK was modelled on the BBC of the United Kingdom, and the merger and reorganisation was carried out under the auspices of the pre-war Ministry of Communications. NHK's second radio network began in 1931, and the third radio network (FM) began in 1937.", "title": "NHK" } ]

[ { "docid": "1397633#10", "text": "In 1960–1961 season, the first NHK Cup was held, which decides the No. 1 rugby club in Japan. Before that, university teams had been stronger than company teams in Japan. But after the World War II, many company teams were restarted or founded newly, and the company rugby were growing up. So Japan Rugby Football Union organized the NHK cup for three times from this season, and changed it to All-Japan Rugby Football Championship from 1963–1964 season.", "title": "Kintetsu Liners" }, { "docid": "147797#3", "text": "NHK commenced international TV broadcasting services for North America and Europe in 1995. On April 1, 1998, NHK World Television started broadcasting. NHK World Television is a news and information channel that broadcasts internationally via satellite and cable TV. Programming is broadcast in English. It began as a news channel in February 2009. Some of the shows are produced by production studio JIB TV which is 60% owned by NHK with the remaining 40% owned by private investors like Microsoft and Japanese bank Mizuho. The NHK World DOG is not used at all when shows produced by JIB TV are aired as a paid programming.", "title": "NHK World-Japan" }, { "docid": "3777815#1", "text": "\"Sesame Street\" has been one of NHK's most successful children's programs and one of the first to be imported from overseas. \"Sesame Street\" first aired on November 8, 1971, but was taken off the network in the early 1980s. It resumed from 1988 until the end of March 2004, when production on a local adaptation was announced, which NHK refused to be involved in. While \"Sesame Street\" is primarily designed for preschool children, teenagers and adults watched the program as a guide to learning English (though much later on, a dubbed version was available).", "title": "Sesame Street (Japan)" }, { "docid": "20643032#5", "text": "The Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai (NHK, the Japan Broadcasting Corporation) began conducting research to \"unlock the fundamental mechanism of video and sound interactions with the five human senses\" in 1964, after the Tokyo Olympics. NHK set out to create an HDTV system that ended up scoring much higher in subjective tests than NTSC's previously dubbed \"HDTV\". This new system, NHK Color, created in 1972, included 1125 lines, a 5:3 aspect ratio and 60 Hz refresh rate. The Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE), headed by Charles Ginsburg, became the testing and study authority for HDTV technology in the international theater. SMPTE would test HDTV systems from different companies from every conceivable perspective, but the problem of combining the different formats plagued the technology for many years.", "title": "Television in Japan" }, { "docid": "9022261#10", "text": "In Japan, NHK had a clock from 1969 to 1985. The clock had a blue background and the clock piece was white; on the face plate multiples of 3 had two bars while the other numbers had one bar. There was also an NHK logo near the clock. A variant of that clock design had a wooden background. NHK introduced many clock designs after 1985, although the classic clock as mentioned earlier continued to remain in occasional use as recently as the early-1990s. NHK still broadcasts clocks prior to the 7am news, but does not do so during sign-on or sign-off since it started broadcasting 24 hours a day in 1989.", "title": "Clock ident" }, { "docid": "15579#19", "text": "In the postwar period, NHK's budget and operations were under the purview of the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications, the Broadcasting Law of 1950 provides for independent management and programming by NHK. Television broadcasting began in 1953, and color television was introduced in 1960. Cable television was introduced in 1969. In 1978 an experimental broadcast satellite with two color television channels was launched. Operational satellites for television use were launched between 1984 and 1990. Television viewing spread so rapidly that, by 1987, 99 percent of Japan's households had color television sets and the average family had its set on at least five hours a day. Starting in 1987, NHK began full-scale experimental broadcasting on two channels using satellite-to-audience signals, thus bringing service to remote and mountainous parts of the country that earlier had experienced poor reception. The new system also provided twenty-four hours a day, nonstop service.", "title": "Communications in Japan" }, { "docid": "147782#29", "text": "Katsuto Momii (籾井勝人), 21st head of NHK, caused controversy by discussing Japan's actions in the Second World War at his first news conference after being appointed on 20 December 2013. It was reported Momii said NHK should support the Japanese government in its territorial dispute with China and South Korea. He also caused controversy by playing down the issue of the enforced sexual slavery of the so-called comfort women by the Japanese military in World War Two by, according to the \"Taipei Times\", stating \"[South] Korea's statements that Japan is the only nation that forced this are puzzling. 'Give us money, compensate us', they say, but since all of this was resolved by the Japan-Korea peace treaty, why are they reviving this issue? It’s strange.\" It was subsequently reported by the Japan Times that on his first day at NHK Momii asked members of the executive team to hand in their resignation on the grounds they had all been appointed by his predecessor.", "title": "NHK" }, { "docid": "147782#19", "text": "A new Broadcasting Act (\"Hōsō Hō\") was enacted in 1950, which made NHK a listener-supported independent corporation and simultaneously opened the market for commercial broadcasting in Japan. NHK started television broadcasting in the same year, followed by its Educational TV channel in 1959 and color television broadcasts in 1960.", "title": "NHK" }, { "docid": "147782#20", "text": "NHK opened the first stage of its current headquarters in the special ward of Japan's capital city Shibuya as an international broadcasting center for the 1964 Summer Olympics, the first widely televised Olympic Games. The complex was gradually expanded through 1973, when it became the headquarters for NHK. The previous headquarters adjacent to Hibiya Park was redeveloped as the Hibiya City high-rise complex.", "title": "NHK" } ]

[ { "docid": "1290194#2", "text": "On January 4, 1936, \"Billboard\" magazine published its first music hit parade. The first Music Popularity Chart was calculated in July 1940. A variety of song charts followed, which were eventually consolidated into the Hot 100 by mid-1958. The Hot 100 currently combines single sales, radio airplay, digital downloads, and streaming activity (including data from YouTube and other video sites). All of the \"Billboard\" charts use this basic formula. What separates the charts is which stations and stores are used; each musical genre has a core audience or retail group. Each genre's department at \"Billboard\" is headed up by a chart manager, who makes these determinations.", "title": "Billboard charts" }, { "docid": "18309966#7", "text": "The jukebox industry continued to grow through the Great Depression, and was advertised heavily in \"Billboard\", which led to even more editorial focus on music. The proliferation of the phonograph and radio also contributed to its growing music emphasis. \"Billboard\" published the first music hit parade on January 4, 1936, and introduced a \"Record Buying Guide\" in January 1939. In 1940, it introduced \"Chart Line\", which tracked the best-selling records, and was followed by a chart for jukebox records in 1944 called Music Box Machine charts. By the 1940s, \"Billboard\" was more of a music industry specialist publication. The number of charts it published grew after World War II, due to a growing variety of music interests and genres. It had eight charts by 1987, covering different genres and formats, and 28 charts by 1994.", "title": "Billboard (magazine)" } ]

[ { "docid": "28117059#0", "text": "The UK Singles Chart is the official chart for the United Kingdom of singles. The chart is compiled by The Official Chart Company and the beginning of an \"official\" singles chart is generally regarded as February 1969 when the British Market Research Bureau (BMRB) was formed to compile the chart in a joint venture between the BBC and \"Record Retailer\". Charts were used to measure the popularity of music and, initially, were based on sheet music. In 1952, \"NME\" imitated an American idea from \"Billboard\" magazine and began compiling a chart based on physical sales of the release. Rival publications such as \"Record Mirror\", Melody Maker\", Disc\" began to compile their own charts in the mid-to-late 1960s. Trade paper \"Record Retailer\" compiled their first chart in March 1960.", "title": "List of UK charts and number-one singles (1952–1969)" }, { "docid": "1559020#1", "text": "This year was a turning point for music in not only the UK, but all over the world. The first official UK Singles Chart began in November 1952, compiled by the \"NME\". This made the United Kingdom the first country in the world to have an official singles chart and created it in many other countries, with the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 era beginning in 1958 in the U.S. The singles chart quickly became a phenomenon and record breaking became a new excitement for the public. Compiled solely on sales; it kept this trend until April 2005, when it was combined with legal downloads.", "title": "1952 in British music" }, { "docid": "25533713#0", "text": "The Hot Latin Songs chart (formerly Hot Latin 50 and Hot Latin Tracks), published in \"Billboard\" magazine, is a record chart based on Latin music airplay. The data were compiled by the \"Billboard\" chart and research department with information from 70 Spanish-language radio stations in the United States and Puerto Rico. Those radio stations were selected based on their number of listeners, and were asked to report their playlists for the week. This information was then entered to the \"Billboard\" computer system, and points were tabulated for each song. This data are compiled by Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems, which electronically monitors radio stations in more than 120 music markets across the United States. Before this chart's inception, the Latin music information on the magazine was presented only in the form of the biweekly album sales chart Top Latin Albums, which continues to be listed separately.", "title": "List of number-one Billboard Top Latin Songs from the 1980s" }, { "docid": "8143996#2", "text": "On September 6, 1986, \"Billboard\" premiered a Latin music singles chart: the Hot Latin 50. During the 1980s decade, the data were compiled by the \"Billboard\" chart and research department with information from 70 Spanish-language radio stations in the United States and Puerto Rico. Those radio stations were selected based on their number of listeners, and were asked to report their playlists for the week. This data was compiled by Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems, which electronically monitors radio stations in more than 120 music markets across the United States. Before this chart's inception, the Latin music information on the magazine was presented only in the form of the biweekly album sales chart Top Latin Albums, which continues to be listed separately. There were no language restrictions on the chart, since a few songs in English and Portuguese have charted and even reached number one on five occasions.", "title": "Hot Latin Songs" }, { "docid": "730350#1", "text": "The chart is based mostly on sales (both at retail and digital) of albums in the United States. The weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but since July 2015, tracking week begins on Friday (to coincide with the Global Release Date of the music industry) and ends on Thursday. A new chart is published the following Tuesday with an issue post-dated to the Saturday of that week, four days later. The chart's streaming schedule is also tracked from Friday to Thursday.", "title": "Billboard 200" }, { "docid": "10683275#5", "text": "The Billboard Music Awards is an honor given by Billboard, the preeminent publication covering the music business. The Billboard Music Awards had been held annually since December 1989 until it went dormant in 2007, but it returned in May 2011. Cher has won two competitive awards from four nominations, as well as two honorary Billboard Awards.\nThe Billboard Music Video Awards were given by Billboard magazine to the best music videos of the year. Cher has been nominated once.\nThe Billboard Year-End Chart Awards are published annually to honor the artists in many categories announced by Billboard both in the press and as part of their year-end issue. As a solo artist and as part of Sonny & Cher, she has appeared a total of seventy-one times on Billboard's Year-End Charts Award lists (note that only the top 20 entries are listed).\nThe Blockbuster Entertainment Awards are organized by Blockbuster Inc. in 1995. Cher has won once.", "title": "List of awards and nominations received by Cher" }, { "docid": "1290194#4", "text": "Originally, \"Billboard\" had separate charts for different measures of popularity, including disc jockey playings, juke box song selection, and best selling records in retail stores. A composite standing chart that combined these gradually grew to become a top 100, the predecessor to the current Hot 100 chart. The juke box chart ceased publication after the June 17, 1957 issue, the disk jockey chart, after the July 28, 1958 issue, and the best seller chart, after the October 13, 1958 issue. The July 28, 1958 issue was also the last issue that called the composite chart the \"Top 100\"; the following week began the \"Hot 100\". \"Billboard\" publishes many different charts, with the Hot 100 and Billboard 200 being the most famous. \"Billboard\" also has charts for the following music styles: rock, country, dance, bluegrass, jazz, classical, R&B, rap, electronic, pop, Latin, Christian music, comedy albums, catalog albums, and even ringtones for mobile (cell) phones. In 2009 \"Billboard\" partnered with MetroLyrics to offer top 10 lyrics for each of the charts.", "title": "Billboard charts" }, { "docid": "39495875#0", "text": "In 1956 \"Billboard\" magazine published three charts covering the best-performing country music songs in the United States. At the start of the year, the charts were published under the titles Most Played in Juke Boxes, Best Sellers in Stores, and Most Played By Jockeys, with the genre denoted in an overall page heading. With effect from the issue of \"Billboard\" dated June 30, the genre was added to the specific titles of the charts, which were thus published as Most Played C&W in Juke Boxes, C&W Best Sellers in Stores, and Most Played C&W By Jockeys, the C&W standing for \"country and western\". All three charts are considered part of the lineage of the current Hot Country Songs chart, which was first published in 1958.", "title": "List of Billboard number-one country songs of 1956" } ]

[ { "docid": "25402#0", "text": "Rugby refers to the team sports rugby league and rugby union. Legend claims that Rugby football was started around the time of 1845 in Rugby School, Rugby, Warwickshire, England, although forms of football in which the ball was carried and tossed date to medieval times. Rugby eventually split into two sports in 1895 when twenty one clubs split from the original Rugby Football Union, to form the Northern Union (later to be named rugby league in 1922) in the George Hotel, Huddersfield, Northern England over the issue of payment to players, thus making rugby league the first code to turn professional and pay its players, rugby union turned fully professional in 1995. Both sports are run by their respective world governing bodies World Rugby (rugby union) and the Rugby League International Federation (rugby league). Rugby football was one of many versions of football played at English public schools in the 19th century. Although rugby league initially used rugby union rules, they are now wholly separate sports. In addition to these two codes, both American and Canadian football evolved from rugby football.", "title": "Rugby football" } ]

[ { "docid": "13842681#14", "text": "An integral part of Rugby Road is \"Beta Bridge\". In the 1850s, a bridge was erected over the Chesapeake and Ohio train tracks in the location of what is now Beta Bridge, but the current structure was built in 1923. The bridge was a part of a citywide paving and improvement project to prepare Charlottesville area streets for the automobile. Although it was originally known simply as the Rugby Road Bridge, when the Beta Theta Pi fraternity built their house at the corner of Chancellor and Rugby in 1927, it took its current name. In 1971, that fraternity location was closed, and the Delta Upsilon fraternity moved into its current location at 180 Rugby Road. As the unofficial monitors of the bridge, brothers and pledges of DU would paint over offensive messages or messages which did not contain 'THX DU' (for \"Thanks Delta Upsilon\"). In 2011, Beta Theta Pi moved back into their original house next to the bridge, and now messages typically contain 'THX Beta'.", "title": "Rugby Road" }, { "docid": "49821086#1", "text": "The Rugby Club was formed in 1945 and was originally the Headquarters of the New South Wales Rugby Union and later the Australian Rugby Union and was where Wallabies touring teams were presented their jerseys. It was also where the Australian Rugby Union and New Zealand Rugby Union Boards agreed to establish the Rugby World Cup and later the Super Rugby and Tri-Nations competitions and the clubhouse of Sydney Harlequins who Participate in the New South Wales Suburban Rugby Union.", "title": "The Rugby Club" }, { "docid": "249140#15", "text": "In 1966, preservationists formed Historic Rugby, a non-profit group dedicated to restoring and maintaining the community's surviving historic structures, which include the Christ Church Episcopal, the Thomas Hughes Library, the Rugby School, Kingstone Lisle, Uffington House, and Newbury House. The group has also reconstructed several buildings based on their original designs, including the Board of Aid office, the Rugby Commissary, and Sir Henry Kimber's Percy Cottage. The Harrow Road Cafe, a restaurant built in the 1980s, was named for a restaurant that existed at Rugby in the 1880s, although its original design is unknown. The Rugby Printing Works, which originally stood at nearby Deer Lodge, was moved to Rugby in the 1970s. Historic Rugby opened up the community's Beacon Hill area (originally planned to include residences and a park) to new home construction, with the condition that all new homes must be designed in accordance with the community's Victorian aesthetic.", "title": "Rugby, Tennessee" }, { "docid": "770930#4", "text": "Rugby union took root in Wales in 1850, when Reverend Rowland Williams became Vice-Principal at St David's College, Lampeter, where he introduced the sport. Wales played their first international on 19 February 1881; organised by Newport's Richard Mullock, Wales played against England, losing by seven goals, one drop goal and six tries to nil (8–0). On 12 March 1881, the Welsh Rugby Union was formed at The Castle Hotel, Neath. Two years later, the Home Nation Championshipnow the Six Nations Championshipwas first played and Wales did not register a win. However, rugby in Wales developed and, by the 1890s, the Welsh had developed the four three-quarters formation. This formation – with seven backs and eight forwards, instead of six backs and nine forwards – revolutionised the sport and was eventually adopted almost universally at international and club level.", "title": "Wales national rugby union team" }, { "docid": "25735#23", "text": "The Rugby League European Federation are responsible for developing rugby league in Europe and the Northern Hemisphere,\nIn England, rugby league has traditionally been associated with the northern counties of Yorkshire, Lancashire and Cumbria where the game originated, especially in towns along the M62 corridor. Its popularity has also increased elsewhere. Currently, only one of the twelve Super League teams is based outside of these traditional counties: Catalans Dragons (Perpignan). Two other teams from outside the United Kingdom, the Toronto Wolfpack and Toulouse Olympique, also compete in the English Rugby League system. Both teams will play in the Rugby League Championship in 2018.", "title": "Rugby league" }, { "docid": "1291544#4", "text": "In 1996, the inaugural Ireland \"State of Origin\" series was established between Northern Ireland and the Republic where representatives of the club teams engaged in the All-Ireland competition played for each region over a 3 match competition. The inaugural winner was the Southern team. Some of the players involved in the State of Origin series from both regions over the next few years included some of the original stalwarts of Rugby League in Ireland: Eric Doyle, Phelim Comerford, Rickey Smith, Innes Gray, Brian Carney, Sean Cleary, Gavin Gordon, Peter McNamara, [Dara MacCarthy], Gavin Lee, Paul Ryan, Conor O'Sullivan, Neil Ryan, Ernie Hendy, Dave Moore, Garret Molloy,Dara MacCarthy Mick Molloy and Mick Browne.", "title": "Rugby League Ireland" }, { "docid": "249140#0", "text": "Rugby is an unincorporated community in Morgan and Scott counties in the U.S. state of Tennessee. Founded in 1880 by English author Thomas Hughes, Rugby was built as an experimental utopian colony. While Hughes's experiment largely failed, a small community lingered at Rugby throughout the 20th century. In the 1960s, residents, friends and descendants of Rugby began restoring the original design and layout of the community, preserving surviving structures and reconstructing others. Rugby's Victorian architecture and picturesque setting have since made it a popular tourist attraction. In 1972, Rugby's historic area was listed under the name Rugby Colony on the National Register of Historic Places as a historic district.", "title": "Rugby, Tennessee" }, { "docid": "594653#0", "text": "Rugby railway station serves the town of Rugby in Warwickshire, England. It opened during the Victorian era, in 1885, replacing earlier stations situated a little further west. Since the closure of the former Rugby Central station on the now-abandoned Great Central Railway route through the town, it is Rugby's only station. Between 1950 and 1970 the station was known as Rugby Midland before reverting to its original title. The station underwent an extensive upgrade during 2006–2008, with extra platforms added, and a new ticket office and entrance building constructed, however the original Victorian part of the station was retained in the upgrade.", "title": "Rugby railway station" }, { "docid": "128672#2", "text": "Rugby was founded in 1886 at a junction on the Great Northern Railway, where a branch line to Bottineau met the main line. The railroad promoters initially platted the town as Rugby Junction, getting the name Rugby from the town of Rugby in Warwickshire, England. It was one of several sites along the Great Northern's transcontinental route between Devils Lake and Minot that were named after places in England (the others were Berwick, Leeds, Knox, \nNorwich, Penn, Surrey, Churches Ferry, Tunbridge, and York). When the community became a city, the \"Junction\" was dropped from the name.", "title": "Rugby, North Dakota" }, { "docid": "41959688#0", "text": "Winfield Toll Bridge, also known as the Ross Booth Memorial Bridge, is a historic three-span cantilever Warren Truss bridge located at Winfield and Red House, Putnam County, West Virginia. It was built in 1955, and spans the Kanawha River, carrying West Virginia Route 34. The cantilever through-truss consists of two anchor spans each 245 feet in length and the main span 462 feet in length between pier center lines. The main span consists of two 128 feet, 4 inch, cantilever arms and a 205 feet, 4 inch, suspended span.", "title": "Winfield Toll Bridge" } ]

[ { "docid": "42947572#3", "text": "Importer and merchant Edwin Bartlett obtained the property around 1848, demolished the farmhouse, and built Rockwood, an English Gothic castle of locally-quarried stone. Bartlett hired Gervase Wheeler to design the house, which was built in 1849.\nBartlett sold the house to his business partner William Henry Aspinwall in 1860; Aspinwall made it his summer home and improved the property and house, and purchased enough land to make his estate . Aspinwall would often travel from New York City to the property via his yacht \"Firefly\", which he could moor to his dock at Rockwood Hall.", "title": "Rockwood Hall" } ]

[ { "docid": "42947572#37", "text": "The house's architecture inspired the design of the Sacred Heart Academy in Cincinnati, Ohio, which was built from 1864 to 1867 by Thomas Sargent as a private home for William C. Neff. The Cincinnati building is described as a \"copy reversed left-to-right\" of Rockwood Hall. The likely intermediate sources for Sargent were images published in \"Villas on the Hudson\", by A. A. Turner.", "title": "Rockwood Hall" }, { "docid": "53870086#2", "text": "The historic district extends along Rockwood Road from Boardman Street southeasterly, ending just before the railroad tracks. Although the latter were important to the community's growth, and there is still a commuter rail stop there, it no longer has a historic station house. Most of the buildings in the district are residences built between about 1850 and 1900, although there are examples of older and newer buildings. The oldest buildings in the district are probably Mann House at 16 Rockwood Road (c. 1806), and the Darius Ware House at 29 Rockwood Road, which dates to about 1814. The only originally non-residential building in the district is the Norfolk Grange Hall, which was built as a Baptist church in 1863, and was the first church to be built away from the historic Town Hill area.", "title": "Rockwood Road Historic District" }, { "docid": "42947572#12", "text": "The Rockwood Hall club was building up debts, especially during the Great Depression, which began in 1929. The club was ultimately not financially successful, and declared bankruptcy in 1936. During the summer of 1937, Rockwood Hall Country Club leased the house and grounds to the Washington Irving Country Club and the coachhouse and stable to the Washington Irving Theater during Rockwood's foreclosure suit. The coachhouse and stable were remodeled and began showing summer productions beginning in 1938 and ending by 1940.", "title": "Rockwood Hall" }, { "docid": "42947572#10", "text": "Rockefeller's heirs put the property up for sale, however no individual buyer could be found. At this point, the mansion was closed, its furnishings were removed, and about 20 caretakers were tending to the property. The first breakup of his property was a sale to Frank Vanderlip. In 1924, Vanderlip purchased 57 acres of Rockwood Hall's riverfront property to add to his estate, Beechwood. The bulk of the estate was purchased that same year by a group of investors, who formed Rockwood Hall, Inc. Their company purchased the property (with 210 acres west of Route 9 and 600 acres east) for around $1 million. The group converted the estate into a country club with a golf course, a swimming pool, and other facilities. The company formed Rockwood Hall Country Club and took out a mortgage with the Equitable Trust Company of New York, which was acquired by Chase Bank in 1930. Its 18-hole golf course was designed by Emmet & Tull in 1929. Rockwood Hall Country Club hired noted Australian golfer Joe Kirkwood Sr. to be the club's first golf professional.", "title": "Rockwood Hall" }, { "docid": "42947572#9", "text": "Rockefeller intended the house to be his summer retreat, yet in his later years it became his year-round home. In 1922, Rockefeller died within Rockwood Hall, leaving the property empty. His funeral took place in Rockwood Hall, with a service by the rector of Saint Mary's Episcopal Church, which Rockefeller regularly attended. The gates of the estate were closed and guarded by policemen during the affair.", "title": "Rockwood Hall" }, { "docid": "42947572#38", "text": "In 2014 and 2015, the Stone Barns Center for Food and Agriculture, a nearby non-profit farm, tended sheep and goats at Rockwood Hall. The effort was described as an experiment in land management to improve landscape health and ecosystem function, as well as possibly to increase access to land for beginning farmers by allowing them access to parks and other public lands. During the project, a shepherd would rotate the flock every few days through a series of paddocks, coaxing the animals to graze invasive plants like akebia and porcelain berry. The project gave the center additional land and forage for sheep, and helped control invasive plants and improve soil health. Local supporters of the project included New York Life, which supplied water, and the nearby retirement community Kendal on Hudson. From July to November 2014, the farm tended 50 sheep and 7 goats in the pastures of Rockwood Hall. In 2015, 10 Boer goats, 30 Tunis sheep, and 50 Finn Dorset sheep were moved to Rockwood Hall to graze.", "title": "Rockwood Hall" }, { "docid": "38801511#1", "text": "In early 1992, Rockwood School District determined the necessity of constructing two new high schools to serve an expanding population. After voting to build the schools in March 1992, the Rockwood Board of Education unanimously voted to name the new southeast high school as Rockwood Summit High School. In May 1992, the board named Tom Hensley as the first principal of the school, and construction began that summer according to designs by the William B. Ittner architectural firm. Rock blasting was required to construct the building, which increased the cost by $207,000. The original estimate for the building was $17 million; the total cost of the building upon completion was $22.7 million, although the school was built with a combined cafeteria and theater to save $2.5 million. Among the $22.7 million cost of the building, costs for the pool facilities were $400,000, roofing and sheet metal were $780,000, masonry was $995,000, and data and voice networks were $200,000. When built, Summit featured a two-story commons and atrium, 77 classrooms, several computer labs, and art, music and theater facilities. The school opened on September 7, 1993, on the same day as Marquette High School, which was the first time that a school district in the St. Louis area had opened two new high schools on the same day. It opened with 635 9th and 10th grade students.", "title": "Rockwood Summit High School" }, { "docid": "42947572#11", "text": "In 1927, Rockefeller's nephew John D. Rockefeller Jr. purchased 450 acres across Route 9 from Rockwood. In the following year, the Rockwood Hall club sold 166.5 acres of its own land east of Route 9 to John Jr., in order to settle or reduce two of its mortgages. By 1928, the club was profitable enough to plan to expand its property; the club planned for a second golf course on an adjacent property, as well as adjustments to most of its existing course and construction of four tennis courts and an outdoor pool. In the same year, Frederic N. Gilbert was removed as a member of the country club for allegedly trying to obtain control of it. Frank Harris Hitchcock was President of the club at the time, and had been the club's first president. Gilbert took legal action against the club.", "title": "Rockwood Hall" }, { "docid": "42947572#14", "text": "Rockefeller Jr. deeded Rockwood Hall to his son Laurence Rockefeller on April 8, 1946. Later that year, the property was proposed for the location of the United Nations headquarters. It was one of a few proposals for the site, and was given by Laurence and Nelson Rockefeller for free. Officials of Westchester County had previously proposed the same site. Their father, John Jr., was cautious about the proposal, believing that the site's occupancy would prompt the UN's expansion onto other Rockefeller properties nearby in Pocantico Hills, and possibly even Kykuit, the family's seat. Laurence and Nelson, along with their brothers David and John, were all willing to give up their estates to make the site location possible. John Jr. expressed that the nature of the countryside in Westchester would be irrevocably changed. He instructed Nelson to inquire further about another proposed site near White Plains, New York, and to see about additional available land near Rockwood. Another reason given for John Jr.'s disapproval of the site was its distance from airports and other transportation available in New York City.\nLaurance sold 80 acres of the property to IBM in 1970; New York Life later operated out of the site. Laurance had planned to donate Rockwood Hall to New York State, and made the IBM sale to offset the loss of tax revenue to the town of Mount Pleasant. During Laurence's ownership of the remaining land, he made the space available to the public for hiking, fishing, and other recreation.", "title": "Rockwood Hall" } ]

[ { "docid": "4374934#0", "text": "\"Forever Charmed\" is the last episode of the American supernatural-drama television series \"Charmed\", and the 178th overall. It is the second part of the double-episode series finale of the show's eighth season. The episode was written by Brad Kern and directed by James L. Conway. It was originally broadcast in the United States on May 21, 2006 on The WB. \"Forever Charmed\" involves time travel, nostalgic family visitations and a reprise of various important historical background situations, as well as a glimpse of the future to other progeny of The Charmed Ones. It was watched by 4.5 million American viewers, becoming the highest rating episode of the season.", "title": "Forever Charmed" }, { "docid": "21313498#2", "text": "The season premiere, which aired on September 25, 2005, garnered 4.2 million viewers; an increase from the 3.4 million viewers who watched the seventh-season finale. The season and series finale, \"Forever Charmed\", was watched by 4.5 million viewers, making it the highest rated episode of the season. The eighth season averaged 3.5 million viewers for all 22 episodes. Out of all regular primetime programming that aired during the 2005–2006 American television season, \"Charmed\" ranked 132nd out of 156, according to the Nielsen ratings system.", "title": "Charmed (season 8)" }, { "docid": "21313498#3", "text": "In 2016, Gavin Hetherington of SpoilerTV ran a series of \"Charmed\" articles in the run-up to the 10th anniversary of the series finale. The eighth was a complete season review of season eight, posted on the day of the 10th anniversary of the series finale. Gavin comments that the season suffers from its budget cut, saying \"I blame budget more than anything else for the reason season 8 felt less magical than most of the previous seasons\". He highlighted 'Forever Charmed' as the best episode of the season, while also saying he respected the writers since they \"still managed to deliver 22 episodes of hit-and-misses, but for me, a lot of it was good\".", "title": "Charmed (season 8)" } ]

[ { "docid": "212370#25", "text": "In the United States, \"Charmed\" premiered on The WB on October 7, 1998 and ended on May 21, 2006. The first season aired on Wednesday nights at 9:00 pm. For its second, third and fourth seasons, \"Charmed\" moved to Thursday nights. For the fifth season, the series moved to Sunday nights at 8:00 pm and remained there until its eighth and final season. By the end of season eight, \"Charmed\" had aired a total of 178 episodes and became the longest running hour-long television series featuring all female leads. Most seasons consisted of 22 episodes, except for the fifth and sixth seasons, which contained 23 episodes, including their double-episode premieres and double-episode finales.", "title": "Charmed" }, { "docid": "2116616#0", "text": "\"All Hell Breaks Loose\" is the twenty-second episode and season finale of the third season of the American television series \"Charmed\"; it is also the 66th overall episode in the series. The episode was originally broadcast in the United States on May 17, 2001 on The WB. It was written by Brad Kern and directed by Shannen Doherty. As well as being Doherty's last episode as director, it was also her last appearance on the show as the character Prue Halliwell, although the character would later return in the . In the episode, The Charmed Ones deal with their secret of being witches going global and all of the news reporters swarming them.", "title": "All Hell Breaks Loose (Charmed)" }, { "docid": "34731120#0", "text": "Charmed: Season 9 is a comic book series that was published monthly between June 2010 and October 2012 by Zenescope Entertainment, which owns the publishing rights to the \"Charmed\" comic book series. Written by Paul Ruditis and Raven Gregory, the series is an officially licensed continuation of the popular television series of the same name, which ended its eight-year run in 2006. \"Charmed: Season 9\" is set eighteen months after the events of the television show's final episode. The first issue was released on July 21, 2010 and made its premiere at San Diego Comic-Con International. The series concluded with the season finale issue, \"The Power of 300\", and was succeeded by the novel \"The War on Witches\" (2015), also written by Ruditis, and \"\" (2014–2016).", "title": "Charmed: Season 9" }, { "docid": "212370#33", "text": "\"Charmed\" has also become a pop culture reference in television shows and films. In the 2000 parody film, \"Shriek If You Know What I Did Last Friday the Thirteenth\", Barbara Primesuspect (Julie Benz) is said to be yelling \"\"Charmed\" my ass!\" at Shannen Doherty, who does not appear on-screen. The series is also mentioned in the episode \"Ur-ine Trouble\" of teen comedy-drama series \"Popular\", when Josh Ford (Bryce Johnson) tells Brooke McQueen (Leslie Bibb) to go home and watch \"Charmed\". In another episode of \"Popular\", entitled \"The Shocking Possession of Harrison John,\" Josh asks George Austin (Anthony Montgomery) who is Michael Bernardino's (Ron Lester) \"favorite hottie witch\" on \"Charmed\" and George says it is Prue. In the episode \"Faith\" of \"Third Watch\", Fred Yokas (Chris Bauer) mentions to his wife Faith (Molly Price) that their daughter was upset she could not watch \"Charmed\". In the 2002 teen comedy film \"Big Fat Liar\", Kaylee (Amanda Bynes) recalls watching an episode of \"Charmed\" on The WB where Alyssa Milano's character Phoebe was about to put a spell on her demon boyfriend.", "title": "Charmed" }, { "docid": "2116616#7", "text": "In 2014, Gavin Hetherington of SpoilerTV reviewed the episode as part of a Throwback Thursday special on the site on October 30. Gavin looked back at the season three finale fondly, calling it a \"season finale done right\" and commented that \"[t]he third season finale of \"Charmed\" had everything in it, brimming with excitement and destruction, spelling the end of one of television's most influential witches.\" Of Prue's death, he said it was \"one of the best in television history\". He ended the review by saying the episode \"was incredible, from start to finish\".", "title": "All Hell Breaks Loose (Charmed)" }, { "docid": "21312845#0", "text": "The fifth season of \"Charmed\", an American supernatural drama television series, began airing on September 22, 2002 on The WB. Airing on Sundays at 8:00 pm, the season consisted of 23 episodes and concluded its airing on May 11, 2003. Paramount Home Entertainment released the complete fifth season in a six-disc box set on June 6, 2006.In 2016, Gavin Hetherington of SpoilerTV ran a series of \"Charmed\" articles in the run-up to the 10th anniversary of the series finale. The fifth was a complete season review of season five, in which Gavin comments that the season felt \"magical\" and that he \"loved the season\". He recognises that this is the last season that felt truly magical, as the show lost it in its following seasons.", "title": "Charmed (season 5)" }, { "docid": "21313327#1", "text": "In 2016, Gavin Hetherington of SpoilerTV ran a series of \"Charmed\" articles in the run-up to the 10th anniversary of the series finale. The seventh was a complete season review of season seven, in which Gavin comments that the season has \"lost more of its magic at this late stage\". While he was overall critical of the season, he wrote that it wasn't all bad, and that you have to \"look at individual episodes to see some quality beneath.\"", "title": "Charmed (season 7)" } ]

[ { "docid": "459872#5", "text": "Magnesium diboride was synthesized and its structure confirmed in 1953. The simplest synthesis involves high temperature reaction between boron and magnesium powders. Formation begins at 650 °C; however, since magnesium metal melts at 652 °C, the reaction may involve diffusion of magnesium vapor across boron grain boundaries. At conventional reaction temperatures, sintering is minimal, although grain recrystallization is sufficient for Josephson quantum tunnelling between grains.", "title": "Magnesium diboride" }, { "docid": "18909#4", "text": "Elemental magnesium is a gray-white lightweight metal, two-thirds the density of aluminium. It tarnishes slightly when exposed to air, although, unlike the heavier alkaline earth metals, an oxygen-free environment is unnecessary for storage because magnesium is protected by a thin layer of oxide that is fairly impermeable and difficult to remove. Magnesium has the lowest melting () and the lowest boiling point of all the alkaline earth metals.", "title": "Magnesium" } ]

[ { "docid": "57020348#6", "text": "Aluminum can be brazed or soldered to almost any material including concrete, ceramics, or wood. Brazing and soldering can be applied manually or through an automated technique. Manual aluminum brazing can be difficult due to no observable color change before melting. Similar to other techniques, aluminum's strong oxide can prevent proper bonding. Strong acids and bases can be used to weaken the oxide or aggressive fluxes may be used. Brazing alloys for aluminum must have a relatively low melting temperature which is below aluminum's melting temperature (660 °C). In addition, aluminum alloys with high magnesium content can \"poison\" fluxes and depress the melting temperature which can result in a weak joint. In some cases, the aluminum parts can be clad with a different material and brazed with a more common technique and filler material. Brazed joints require overlapping of parts. The amount of overlap can greatly affect the strength of the joint.", "title": "Aluminum joining" }, { "docid": "26620376#2", "text": "Another concern for the thoriated magnesium alloys is the low melting point and rapid oxidation of the metal. This can result in dangerous flash fires during the production of the alloys. Additionally, thorium-free magnesium alloys have been developed that exhibit similar characteristics to mag-thor, causing currently used magnesium-thorium alloys to be cycled out of use.", "title": "Mag-Thor" }, { "docid": "19400075#1", "text": "Partial melting occurs where the solidus and liquidus temperatures are different. For single minerals this can happen when they exhibit solid solution, for example in olivines between iron and magnesium. In rocks made up of several different minerals, some will melt at lower temperatures than others.\nPartial melting is an important process in geology with respect to the chemical differentiation of crustal rocks. On the Earth, partial melting of the mantle at mid-ocean ridges produces oceanic crust, and partial melting of the mantle and oceanic crust at subduction zones creates continental crust. In all these places partial melting is often associated with volcanism, although some melts do not make it to the surface. Partial melts are thought to play an important role in enriching old parts of the continental lithosphere in incompatible elements. Partial melts produced at depth move upwards due to the compaction of the surrounding matrix.", "title": "Partial melting" }, { "docid": "681241#3", "text": "The temperature range in which creep deformation may occur differs in various materials. Lead can creep at room temperature and tungsten requires a temperature in the thousands of degrees before creep deformation can occur, while ice will creep at temperatures near 0 °C (32 °F). As a general guideline, the effects of creep deformation generally become noticeable at approximately 35% of the melting point for metals and at 45% of melting point for ceramics. Virtually any material will creep upon approaching its melting temperature. Since the creep minimum temperature is related to the melting point, creep can be seen at relatively low temperatures for some materials. Plastics and low-melting-temperature metals, including many solders, can begin to creep at room temperature, as can be seen markedly in old lead hot-water pipes. Glacier flow is an example of creep processes in ice.", "title": "Creep (deformation)" }, { "docid": "480152#7", "text": "Magnesium is sold in stores in shaved or bar form. Shavings burn white-hot, are impossible to smother with carbon dioxide or sand, and can ignite even wet kindling. Solid bars are impossible to ignite under normal conditions (and difficult even with a welding torch), and are thus very safe to carry. Magnesium powder and shavings are pyrophoric (they oxidise rapidly when exposed to the air). It is dangerous to carry pre-shaved magnesium — at best, it loses potency, at worst, it can spontaneously ignite and is then nearly unquenchable. Magnesium bars are sometimes sold with a length of ferrocerium cast into one edge.", "title": "Tinder" }, { "docid": "4826789#26", "text": "With the aluminium and zinc containing alloys, and particularly those with the higher aluminium contents such as AZM and AZ855 difficulties arise at high speeds due to hot-shortness.\nUnder conditions approaching equilibrium magnesium is capable of dissolving about 12 per cent aluminium, but in cast billets 4-5 per cent usually represents the limit of solubility. Alloys containing 6 per cent Al or more therefore contain Mg4Al3, which forms a eutectic melting at 435 C. The extrusion temperature may vary from , but at the higher values speeds are restricted to about 12 ft. per minute. Continuous casting improves the homogeneity of these alloys and water cooling of the dies or taper heating of the billets further facilities their extrusion.", "title": "Magnesium alloy" }, { "docid": "2011476#6", "text": "In 2011, a study conducted at the Georgia Institute of Technology revealed the presence of magnesium perchlorate on the planet Mars. Being a drying agent, magnesium perchlorate retains water from the atmosphere and may release it when conditions are favorable and temperature is above 250K. Because briny solutions that contain magnesium perchlorate have a lower melting point than that of pure water, their abundance on Mars could serve as evidence that liquid water may exist on its surface, where temperature and pressure conditions would ordinarily cause water to freeze.", "title": "Magnesium perchlorate" }, { "docid": "24763385#4", "text": "During the heating phase, the weld region is heated conductively until melted, without substantial displacement of the material. Pressure is maintained either at a minimum to keep the parts and the hot plate in contact or at zero with a preset displacement. The melt surface reaches approximately 20 °C below the temperature of the hot plate. The viscosity of the melted material can be controlled through the temperature of the hot plate and the heating time. The surface of hot plate is often coated with PTFE to stop the molten plastic from sticking, which limits the hot plate temperature to 270 °C.\nThe temperature of the parts during this phase can be modeled by assuming a constant temperature boundary condition and using the one-dimensional heat equation:", "title": "Hot plate welding" } ]

[ { "docid": "2341579#1", "text": "\"Oshin\" is based on the fictional biography of a Japanese woman, modeled after the mother of Kazuo Wada, a Japanese businessman who created Yaohan, a Japanese supermarket chain. The structure of the story was developed through a collection of anonymous letters assembled by . \"It is the untellable past of a woman of the Meiji period, composed right on her deathbed,\" Hashida said. \"I felt that the telling of her hardships while serving as an apprentice and being sold at a brothel was an obligation our generation needed to honor. However, the themes were so harsh and dark that the show was rejected by every [Japanese] television network. Even NHK opposed it.” Hashida said she was told \"We can't confront Meiji issues.\" It was settled when then-station director gave his approval.", "title": "Oshin" }, { "docid": "45632892#2", "text": "\"Oshin\", a serialised morning TV drama or asadora, was the first asadora to be both produced and written by women in Japan. Hashida is known particularly for writing \"Oshin\", but she can be considered Japan's most successful TV drama script writer. \"Oshin\" was broadcast throughout Asia and became one of Japan's most famous television dramas. The series was developed from Hashida's original script.", "title": "Sugako Hashida" }, { "docid": "2341579#0", "text": "It was one of the country's most watched serials of all time and has aired in 68 other countries, with subtitles ranging from English to Arabic. In 1984, the earlier episodes of the drama (focused on young Oshin) were made into an animated movie by Sanrio. The movie reused Sugako Hashida's scripts, and Ayako Kobayashi, who played young Oshin, did Oshin's voiceover.", "title": "Oshin" } ]

[ { "docid": "20593300#2", "text": "As part of the celebration of their 30th anniversary in 1983, the Japanese TV network NHK inaugurated a new NHK Serial TV Novel titled . The serial told the story of a peasant girl, Oshin, born in 1900, who endures poverty and mistreatment but in later life finds success and happiness. Oshin as a young girl was played by Ayako Kobayashi but Tanaka took over the role as the adult Oshin. The series ran in almost 300 fifteen-minute episodes broadcast from April 1983 to March 1984 and its peak rating (62.9%) made it \"the most popular drama in Japanese TV history\". The series was also popular outside Japan and Tanaka became a \"household name\" in China in the 1980s.", "title": "Yūko Tanaka" }, { "docid": "2341579#7", "text": "One day, a mysterious man, Kota Takakura, visits Sakata. While Oshin is looking for Kayo, who was at the beach, Kota uses Oshin as a foil, as his girlfriend, to elude the police. Kayo and Oshin's lives are changed by this man, the son of a wealthy landowner and an idealist, who is a strong follower of socialism and wants to better the lives of the indebted sharecroppers through political agitation and land reforms. Kota reveals to Oshin his political mobilization efforts and wins her over with his idealism and passion. Unfortunately, both Kayo and Oshin fall in love with Kota, and while Kota does not reciprocate Kayo's love, feeling that it is simply an infatuation as he feels something special with Oshin.", "title": "Oshin" }, { "docid": "2341579#3", "text": "In 1907, seven-year-old Oshin is sent off by her father to work as a babysitter to support her family. Her boss was a timber trader, and despite the physical and verbal abuse from the chief servant at his household, Oshin insisted on enduring it for the sake of her family. A sympathetic local teacher persuades the trader to allow Oshin to attend elementary school and bring the baby along. However, Oshin's classmates bully her and threaten to harm the baby. Oshin reluctantly stops going to school. However, when she is unjustly accused by the family of stealing money, she runs away, and for days suffers through blizzards as she walks back home to be with her mother, nearly freezing to death.", "title": "Oshin" }, { "docid": "2341579#70", "text": "A decade after the war, Oshin is now 50 years old, and owns a seafood and vegetable market with Hitoshi. Ken visits Oshin, telling her she must visit Tokyo as soon as she can. Hatsuko lied when she said she worked at a rice shop. She really works at a brothel, greeting soldiers every night. This was supposedly her rebound from Yu. Oshin finds her in the brothel, asks Ken to drag her out, and slaps her. Oshin manages to convince Hatsuko to return home with her and to forget everything that had happened in Tokyo. Shortly afterwards, they hire a sweet girl named Yuri to work with them, as they drop by people's houses and deliver their food. Hitoshi has decided that he wants to become a businessman and make a living from there. He also tells Yuri that one day, he and Yuri will get married. Few months later, Hitoshi leave to Tokyo to work as a clerk only to know that he can get a job as a delivery man without the college education. He drifted in Tokyo for several months and returned home. He met his future wife, Michiko, a daughter of a rich businessman. Later Yuri learned about it and run away from home. Oshin is very upset of Hitoshi and opposed to the marriage of Hitoshi and Michiko.", "title": "Oshin" }, { "docid": "24030548#0", "text": "The Awaien Show (pronounced Ay-Ween), created by Omer Ikram, is a Pakistani parody show than ran on GEO Television Network during 2008. It initially started as a sports commentary show, coinciding with the Indian Premier League. The episodes were a success, and there were calls for the show's continuation. On 13 November, the first episode was aired on GEO TV. The show went on to air on three channels owned by the GEO Television Network, GEO Entertainment, GEO News And AAG TV. The show consists of different skits, poking fun at public figures and current affairs, though it has a constantly changing format. The recurrent crew consists of Omer Ikram, who acts as a host, and Mir Muhammad Ali, a versatile actor who does every parody on the show, and a special guest in each episode. The show was canceled in 7 June 2009.", "title": "The Awaien Show" }, { "docid": "51680045#2", "text": "Tope, who was an actor for 12 years, featuring in films like \"Relentless (2010 film)\", cut her teeth in directing, working as an assistant director for \"The Apprentice Africa\". and has since become known for directing popular African TV dramas and soap operas such as \"Hush\", \"Hotel Majestic\",\"Tinsel (TV series)\" and Season 6 of MTV Shuga.\nThough she has directed several introspective short films such as \"The Young Smoker\", \"Till Death Do Us Part\", \"New Horizons\" and \"Ireti\", she is known for her 2012 feature film \"Journey to Self\", and March 2018 feature film release \"New Money\".", "title": "Tope Oshin Ogun" }, { "docid": "19477084#6", "text": "Recent exhibitions at Tensta konsthall include\n• “Abstract Possible: The Stockholm Synergies,” with Doug Ashford, Claire Barclay, Goldin+Senneby, Wade Guyton, Mai-Thu Perret, Walid Raad, and Haegue Yang, among others\n• “Kami, Khokha, Bert and Ernie: World Heritage” by Hinrich Sachs\n• “Doing what you want: Marie-Louise Ekman accompanied by Sister Corita Kent, Mladen Stilinović, and Martha Wilson” \n• “The Society without qualities” with Sören Andreasen, Ane Hjort Guttu, Sture Johannesson, Sharon Lockhardt, and Palle Nielsen (part of “The new model” and curated by Lars Bang Larsen)\n• “Working With…” by Zak Kyes\n• “We are continuing BBDG” with Bernd Krauss\n• “Two Archives” by Babak Afrassiabi and Nasrin Tabatabai", "title": "Tensta Konsthall" } ]

[ { "docid": "28498#23", "text": "Airsoft is a competitive sport similar in concept to paintball, in which participants from opposing teams eliminate opponents by hitting each other with solid round plastic pellets launched from low-powered smoothbore air guns called airsoft guns. It is different to paintball in that airsoft pellets do not visibly mark the targets like paintballs, and thus the sport relies heavily on an honor system where a hit player has the ethical duty to call himself out of play, regardless of whether anyone else sees it happen. Most airsoft guns are also magazine-fed (unlike the commonly top-mounting pellet loader of paintball markers) with mounting platforms compatible with real firearm accessories, and tend to more closely resemble real guns in appearance, making them more popular for military simulation and historical reenactments. The greater toughness of airsoft pellets also allows the use of better powerplants and apparatus such as hop-up device for improved external ballistics, making the gameplay more accurately resemble real gunfights. They are also much cheaper for casual players to participate than paintball.", "title": "Shooting sports" }, { "docid": "172997#4", "text": "Airsoft originated from Japan in the early 1970s, trademarked as \"soft air guns\", tailoring to the needs of shooting enthusiasts while conforming to Japan's strict gun control. The name \"soft air\" referred to the compressed Freon-silicone oil mixture (known as \"green gas\") that was used as a propellant, which was significantly weaker than the carbon dioxide used in proper airguns. Originally designed for target shooting, their plastic pellets can be shot at humans without causing injury and this became popular for casual war-games. Airsoft guns spread to the UK in the late 1980s and early 1990s with a company called LS. The guns were sold in pieces and had to be assembled before they were capable of firing pellets. Airsoft equipment was designed to closely emulate real guns. Since the mid-1980s, airsoft guns have been adapted with a purely recreational application in mind, and the sport is enjoyed by all ages. Airsoft replicas are produced globally, with the majority being manufactured in Asia. Many law enforcement agencies and military units within the United States now use Airsoft for force-on-force training drills.", "title": "Airsoft" }, { "docid": "2412460#0", "text": "Airsoft guns are replica weapons used in airsoft sports. They are a special type of very low-power smoothbore air guns designed to shoot non-metallic spherical projectiles often colloquially (and incorrectly) referred to as \"BBs\", which are typically made of (but not limited to) plastic or biodegradable resin materials. Airsoft gun powerplants are designed to have low muzzle energy ratings (generally less than 1.5 J, or 1.1 ft⋅lb) and the pellets have significantly less penetrative and stopping powers than conventional air guns, and are generally safe for competitive sporting and recreational purposes if proper protective gear is worn.", "title": "Airsoft gun" } ]

[ { "docid": "172997#7", "text": "The maximum effective range of field-legal airsoft guns is all around with a highly upgraded sniper rifle replica. Most airsoft guns used for field play will have an effective range of around , depending on the intended role of the equipment. Most Airsoft guns are capable of shooting from to , although it is also possible to purchase upgraded internals for some Airsoft guns that will enable the gun to shoot up to or higher. In California a common limit for CQB is . In Ireland, Italy, and Japan the energy limit for Airsoft guns is one joule regardless of the type of game play. Some UK sites allow semi-automatic-only equipment up to 88 m/s (290 ft/s) and bolt-action rifles up to 95 m/s (310 ft/s). However, the majority of UK sites allow both semi-automatic equipment and bolt-action rifles up to 107 m/s (350 ft/s). Northern Ireland has a maximum velocity of with 0.20 g pellets, without regard to the type of equipment. In Sweden the legal limitations of airsoft guns caps the energy limit at 10 joules for single fire guns and 3 joules for semi-automatic and fully automatic guns.", "title": "Airsoft" }, { "docid": "4644691#20", "text": "Airsoft is a very recent shooting sport in Brazil. In the past, due to lack of regulation, airsoft was usually misinterpreted as a firearm clone or replica. Nowadays, airsoft is legal but there are strong restrictions. Based on the current minutes that have gone public, airsoft is considered a gun subjected to control.To import is necessary to pay import taxes of 60% of the value of the product including the freight plus about 150 reais (around 50 dollars) for administrative fees. It is also necessary before importing any weapon or accessory of weapon to make an application of CII (International Import Certificate) to the Brazilian Army containing the data of the equipment that wants to import, location of the airport or port of departure in the country of foreigner and in the national arrival, store and buyer data and product values. This request can be approved or denied and can take up to 3 months (this response must be sent to the seller to attach to the outside of the merchandise if it does not have CII when the merchandise arrives in Brazil it will be confiscated). This bureaucracy causes a gigantic delay in the domestic market with the international market, it also causes the lack of use of low prices abroad and as Brazil has high-interest rates( along with import taxes) the product often comes to triple the price. All Guns do not need any transportation permit after import. \nPeople under 18 are not allowed to buy airsoft guns and commercial entities/importers are obliged to retain documentation of airsoft buyers for 5 years. An Orange tip or red tip is required in order to differentiate it from firearms. There are still strong restrictions to import accessories such as holographic sights, red dots, and magazines(need CII and administrative taxes).\nAirsoft is also expensive in Brazil, as it costs almost the same as a real firearm in the US, which will make it very hard for airsoft to become popular in Brazil. However, now the sport has grown quite large due to the youtubers and it is estimated almost 100 thousand participants(11/14/2017). The Brazilian market due to the high import rates are loaded with cheap weapons of entry of brands like CYMA, JG, King Arms, Cybergun, and Umarex.\nThe airsoft community adopts national speed limits but there is no compelling law. The most usual limits are:\nAssault: 400FPS.\nSniper Semi-Auto (M110 SASS, PSG-1 etc): 500FPS and do not shoot less than 15 meters, mandatory secondary up to 400 fps.\nSniper: 550FPS and do not shoot less than 15 meters, mandatory secondary up to 400 fps.\nDMR: 450FPS and not shoot less than 15 meters, mandatory secondary up to 400 fps.\nLots of information is real. however the rate is close to 200%. www.Casamatatg.com.br was the pioneer in importing airsoft in Brazil.", "title": "Legal issues in airsoft" }, { "docid": "172997#15", "text": "In the Republic of Ireland Airsoft guns are classified as Realistic Imitation Firearms but not restricted as much as in the United Kingdom. Under the Criminal Justice Act of 2006 Airsoft guns are legal in the Republic. One can buy, sell and import Airsoft guns without notifying relevant law enforcement authorities. They do not need to be painted in fluorescent colors, they do not need to have an orange tip, but they cannot launch the projectile with a kinetic energy exceeding 1 joule. However, carrying an imitation firearm in public is prohibited, and a gun carry case is required, as for real firearms. Airsoft shops are spread over the country, and buyers must be aged 16 or over to purchase an airsoft gun. There is no age limit on Airsoft, as long as a minor has an adult's permission.", "title": "Airsoft" }, { "docid": "2412460#2", "text": "As toy weapons, airsoft guns can often be designed to realistically resemble genuine firearms in appearance, and it can be very difficult to distinguish from one visually, despite their orange tips in some jurisdictions. Airsoft guns cannot be modified into real firearms that shoot lethal ammunition despite the similar appearance.", "title": "Airsoft gun" }, { "docid": "4644691#71", "text": "In Japan, airsoft guns are legal, but may not shoot with a muzzle energy above 3.5 J/cm². This means a maximum of 0.989J in case of using 6mm BBs and 1.64J using 8mm BBs. And for adolescents, 0.135 joules. (Currently there are no 10+ 8mm airsoft guns)", "title": "Legal issues in airsoft" }, { "docid": "4644691#151", "text": "In New Jersey, airsoft guns currently do not fall under the state's definition of firearms. Instead, like other 'toy' guns, they are regulated as 'imitation firearms', but how they are regulated can vary differently from city to city. It seems that their role in state law comes from the fact that airsoft guns do not typically carry enough force combined with the materials of the projectile to cause an assured level of damage akin to that of real steel firearms or their more conventional cousins, the airgun or BB gun. Airsoft guns typically deliver projectiles at a lower velocity than airguns and fire polymer BB's which are not typically capable of piercing clothing, flesh, or bone in the same manner as full metal BB's or pellets or real steel ammunition.", "title": "Legal issues in airsoft" }, { "docid": "2412460#65", "text": "Airsoft guns commonly come with mounts or rails on which the airsofter can add external accessories. Some common customizations added are flashlights, scopes and lasers. Many airsoft guns are made 1:1 in scale and detailing to their real steel counterparts, but few are able to safely swap external components. Airsoft replicas of real scopes are commonly made available for sale at a much lower price (sometimes thousands of dollars less). The replicas differ from their real-steel counterparts in that the replicas are not made to function in a high-recoil environment such as that in of an actual firearm. In no way can an airsoft rifle be modified to shoot real ammunition. In most cases, add-ons are more for aesthetics than performance. However, scopes can allow for greater precision at longer ranges with proper firing technique by the user/operator (the installation of a scope does not physically make the gun fire pellets more accurately). Other attachments, such as replica grenade launchers can act as under-barrel shotguns, and a mock silencer can be added to provide concealment for a longer inner barrel therefore improving accuracy and range.", "title": "Airsoft gun" } ]

[ { "docid": "90407#14", "text": "In 2010, Collingwood finished as minor premiers, and after wins in the qualifying and preliminary finals, reached the first Grand Final against . The match finished as a draw, forcing the first grand final replay in 33 years. Collingwood won the replay by 56 points. The club won a second consecutive minor premiership in 2011, and qualified for the Grand Final after a three-point victory against Hawthorn in the preliminary final. However, Collingwood was then beaten by Geelong by 38 points in the decider, after trailing by seven points at three-quarter time. Following the Grand Final loss, which also marked the end of the club's 2011 AFL season, then coach Mick Malthouse left Collingwood after deciding not to stay on as \"director of coaching\". Star midfielder Dane Swan won the 2011 Brownlow medal with a then record 34 votes.", "title": "Collingwood Football Club" }, { "docid": "3162735#8", "text": "Recruited to the Magpies in 2000 by Collingwood president Eddie McGuire, Malthouse coached Collingwood to the finals in eight out of his twelve seasons as coach including grand final appearances in 2002, 2003, 2010 (twice) and 2011. In 2010, after the first drawn AFL/VFL grand final since 1977, Collingwood claimed premiership success with a resounding 56-point win over St Kilda in the replay. This was the club's biggest ever win in a grand final and the first since 1990. In July 2009, McGuire produced a succession plan in which Malthouse was to hand over the coaching reins to club legend Nathan Buckley at the end of the 2011 season. In 2011, Malthouse guided Collingwood to another grand final against the Geelong Cats. After the dramatic three point win over Hawthorn in a preliminary final, he was shown on TV in tears in the coach's box after his side came from 17 points down at the final change to book their place in Malthouse's fifth grand final as Collingwood coach and his eighth overall. Collingwood lost the 2011 AFL Grand Final to Geelong by 38 points. The game was his final one as Collingwood coach. Malthouse advised that he would not be taking on the position as Director of Coaching at Collingwood after the loss and that he had made this decision six weeks earlier. In addition, while coaching Collingwood, Malthouse spent time as a guest media commentator for SEN 1116.", "title": "Mick Malthouse" }, { "docid": "23139660#24", "text": "The draw immediately sparked debate about the practice of staging a full-length replay instead of playing extra time. After the game, the two captains, Nick Maxwell of Collingwood and Nick Riewoldt of St Kilda, both stated that they would have preferred an extra time period; Maxwell was particularly scathing of the arrangement, labeling it an \"absolute joke\" in an interview immediately after the final siren, but the full replay was not without its supporters, with Collingwood coach Michael Malthouse pledging his support to the traditional arrangement in his post-match press conference.", "title": "2010 AFL Grand Final" } ]

[ { "docid": "90407#6", "text": "Collingwood was the most successful club of the 1920s and 1930s, appearing in 13 out of a possible 20 Grand Finals during the period. Collingwood were premiers six times during this time, including four consecutive premierships between 1927 and 1930, a VFL/AFL record, and two consecutive premierships in 1935 and 1936. The club's coach during this period was Jock McHale, who served as coach from 1912 to 1949. Collingwood also had three Brownlow Medallists during the period, with Syd Coventry winning in 1927, Albert Collier in 1929 and Harry Collier in 1930", "title": "Collingwood Football Club" }, { "docid": "23139660#37", "text": "The win was the fifteenth VFL/AFL premiership won by Collingwood in its 114 years in the league. It was Collingwood's first premiership since 1990, only its second since 1958. It was the ninth time that Collingwood won both the premiership and the minor premiership in the same year, but the first time since 1930. It was also Collingwood's second consecutive premiership to be won in October and their first premiership since 1990. It was the third premiership won by Michael Malthouse as a coach, having previously won with the West Coast Eagles in 1992 and 1994, joining Leigh Matthews, David Parkin, Allan Jeans and Ron Barassi as coaches who have led more than one club to a premiership. With its loss, St Kilda became the first team since Collingwood in 2002 and 2003 to finish runners-up twice in a row, and the first team since Geelong in 1994 and 1995 to finish runners-up against different teams in the grand final.", "title": "2010 AFL Grand Final" }, { "docid": "23139660#0", "text": "The 2010 AFL Grand Final was a series of two Australian rules football matches between the Collingwood Football Club and the St Kilda Football Club. Together they are considered the 114th annual grand final of the Australian Football League (formerly the Victorian Football League), and were staged to determine the premiers for the 2010 AFL season. The premiership is usually decided by a single match; however, as the first grand final ended in a draw, a grand final replay was played the following week and was won by Collingwood.\nBoth grand finals were held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Melbourne. The first was held on 25 September 2010. The game was attended by 100,016 spectators, the highest crowd for a VFL/AFL game since the 1986 VFL Grand Final. The match ended in a draw, with both teams scoring 68 points. This was the third draw in a VFL/AFL grand final, the previous two occurring in 1948 and 1977.", "title": "2010 AFL Grand Final" }, { "docid": "17544012#12", "text": "Collingwood became a powerhouse club during the 1920s and 1930s, an era that included the greatest run of successive premierships, four in a row from 1927–1930, the only VFL/AFL undefeated season (1929), and the longest serving coach in the history of the VFL/AFL, Jock McHale who coached Collingwood for 37 years from 1912–1949 after playing for the Magpies from 1902–1921. The record of four flags in succession has never once been matched nor topped, with the Melbourne of 1955–1957 and the Brisbane Lions of 2001–2003 both reaching the following season's Grand Final, only to be thwarted by Collingwood and Port Adelaide respectively. This period produced a total of six premierships, and some of the club's greatest ever servants. Names such as Syd Coventry, brother Gordon Coventry, Harry Collier and Albert Collier were among the preeminent players of their time, helping establish the Magpies as a club based upon a strong family history.", "title": "History of the Collingwood Football Club" }, { "docid": "3448624#7", "text": "Johnson enjoyed a strong 2010 season, culminating in becoming a member of Collingwood's 15th VFL/AFL Premiership. His finals series was particularly memorable, slotting the Magpies' seventh goal on the run, sidestepping Cameron Ling late in the first quarter of the 2010 Preliminary Final victory. He managed to nullify long-standing rival Stephen Milne in both the Grand Final and the Grand Final Replay. Johnson booted Collingwood's second goal of the Replay, and was the only remaining player from Mick Malthouse's first match as coach of Collingwood (round one, 2000, against Hawthorn).", "title": "Ben Johnson (footballer)" }, { "docid": "23139660#13", "text": "For the grand final replay, Lionel Richie was announced to perform the pre-match, as well as the post-match, entertainment. The American said, \"It is a great honour to be invited to perform at such an historic event in Australian football...I am incredibly fortunate to have been available for this once-in-a-lifetime experience to share my music with my fans.\"\nFollowing Richie's Performance, the team theme songs were performed as saxophone solos by Joe Camilleri (for Collingwood) and Wilbur Wilde (for St Kilda). For the Replay, in place of the traditional around-the-ground parade of 2010 AFL retirees and medalists, famous members of the Collingwood and St. Kilda Football Clubs were presented: including participants from the memorable 1966 VFL Grand Final.", "title": "2010 AFL Grand Final" }, { "docid": "29033869#0", "text": "The 2010 AFL season was the Collingwood Football Club's, (\"The Magpies\"), 114th season playing Australian rules football in the Victorian or Australian Football League. It was the club's most successful season since 1930 and the club's most successful season in AFL era. The Magpies won the premiership after defeating by 56 points in the Grand Final Replay. Collingwood also won the McClelland Trophy for finishing first at the end of the home and away season. 2010 marked the first time that Collingwood won 20 matches in the same season, their first McClelland Trophy since 1970 and ended a 19-season premiership drought dating back to 1990.", "title": "2010 Collingwood Football Club season" }, { "docid": "18155242#6", "text": "Collingwood's famous coach, Jock McHale, could not attend the 1930 Grand Final, being confined to bed with the flu. Veteran administrator, club treasurer and former premiership player Bob Rush took charge in his place. Nevertheless, following a decision by AFL historians in 2014, McHale is now credited as Collingwood's sole coach in the game for the purposes of coaching statistics.", "title": "1930 VFL Grand Final" } ]

[ { "docid": "28506477#0", "text": "National symbols of Thailand - The national emblem featuring the garuda and the national flag. There are also three other national symbols, which were proclaimed in a declaration of the Office of the Prime Minister dated 26 October 2001. They are the Thai elephant (of the \"Elephas maximus\" species) as the national animal, the flower of the \"Ratchaphruek\" or golden shower tree (\"Cassia fistula\") as the national flower, and the Thai pavilion or \"Sala Thai\" as national architectural element.", "title": "National symbols of Thailand" }, { "docid": "47507439#0", "text": "The elephant has been a contributor to Thai society and its icon for many centuries. The elephant has had a considerable impact on Thai culture. The Thai elephant (, \"chang Thai\") is the official national animal of Thailand. The elephant found in Thailand is the Indian elephant (\"Elephas maximus indicus\"), a subspecies of the Asian elephant. In the early-1900s there were an estimated 100,000 domesticated or captive elephants in Thailand. In mid-2007 there were an estimated 3,456 domesticated elephants left in Thailand and roughly a thousand wild elephants. It became an endangered species in 1986.", "title": "Elephants in Thailand" }, { "docid": "44067123#0", "text": "On 26 May 1998, the Thai government declared the 13th of March to annually be the Thai National Elephant Day or Chang Thai Day (Thai: วันช้างไทย). The observance was suggested by the Asian Elephant Foundation of Thailand and submitted to the Coordinating Subcommittee for the Conservation of Thai Elephants. The date was chosen because the Royal Forest Department designated the white elephant as the national animal of Thailand on 13 March 1963.", "title": "National Elephant Day (Thailand)" }, { "docid": "44067123#1", "text": "Thai people have had a close-knit relationship with elephants since ancient times, with the elephant playing a significant role in transportation, labor and battle. Considered the national animal of Thailand, the elephant faced threats to its existence because of habitat invasion by humans and climate changes, amongst the other factors. The number of Thai elephants has been reduced from 100,000 to 2,000–3,000 wild elephants and about 2,700 domesticated elephants over the past 100 years. In Thailand, white elephants (ช้างเผือก, \"chang phueak\") are considered sacred and are a symbol of royal power.", "title": "National Elephant Day (Thailand)" } ]

[ { "docid": "3286091#3", "text": "Thailand receives reliability, creditability and confidence by the OCA member countries, once again, to host the 1st Asian Indoor Games in 2005. For the Games mascot, the Organizing Committee agrees to use “Elephant” as it foresees that it is a national treasure of Thailand. Besides being a mighty animal, it is an intelligent animal capable of using it in various occasions even during our natural disaster.", "title": "2005 Asian Indoor Games" }, { "docid": "21380855#0", "text": "Thailand has fifteen designated reserved wild animal species, which are defined by the Wild Animal Reservation and Protection Act of BE 2535 (1992). It prohibits hunting, breeding, possessing, or trading any of such species, except when done for scientific research with permission from the Permanent Secretary of National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, or breeding and possession by authorised public zoos.", "title": "Reserved wild animals of Thailand" }, { "docid": "30128#48", "text": "The elephant is Thailand's national symbol. Although there were 100,000 domesticated elephants in Thailand in 1850, the population of elephants has dropped to an estimated 2,000. Poachers have long hunted elephants for ivory and hides, and now increasingly for meat. Young elephants are often captured for use in tourist attractions or as work animals, although their use has declined since the government banned logging in 1989. There are now more elephants in captivity than in the wild, and environmental activists claim that elephants in captivity are often mistreated.", "title": "Thailand" }, { "docid": "4243426#85", "text": "The elephant is Thailand's national symbol. Although there were 100,000 elephants in Thailand a century ago, the population of elephants in the wild has dropped to an estimated 2,000. Poachers have long hunted elephants for ivory, meat, and hides. Young elephants are often captured for use in tourist attractions or as work animals, although their use has declined since the government banned logging in 1989. There are now more elephants in captivity than in the wild, and environmental activists claim that elephants in captivity are often mistreated.", "title": "Environmental issues in Thailand" }, { "docid": "50664171#0", "text": "Wildlife Friends Foundation Thailand (WFFT) is a registered foundation (non-profit) NGO (non-governmental organization) in Thailand, founded in 2001 by Edwin Wiek. The foundation has several different projects including animal rescue, rehabilitation and veterinary assistance to wild animals in Thailand. It also is active in promoting the protection of wildlife, their natural habitat and the natural_environment. This is done through educational initiatives for local Thai people as well as tourists. WFFT operate a rescue center and wildlife refuge, including an Elephant refuge. WFFT responds to reports by the public and government officials of wildlife in need of care. Many of these rescued wild animals are kept as pets illegally, or are found injured. WFFT is known for their public stand against the so-called \"Tiger Temple\" and its ongoing violations of laws regarding keeping protected wildlife.", "title": "Wildlife Friends Foundation Thailand" }, { "docid": "50123590#11", "text": "Animal welfare advocates have called for better legislation and systems to document the origin of elephants in tourist camps and other locations across Thailand.", "title": "Animal welfare in Thailand" } ]

[ { "docid": "5585516#1", "text": "First described by the botanist Robert Brown in the early 19th century, no separate varieties of \"Banksia menziesii\" are recognised. It is found in Western Australia, from the Perth (32° S) region north to the Murchison River (27° S), and generally grows on sandy soils, in scrubland or low woodland. \"Banksia menziesii\" provides food for a wide array of invertebrate and vertebrate animals; birds and in particular honeyeaters are prominent visitors. A relatively hardy plant, \"Banksia menziesii\" is commonly seen in gardens, nature strips and parks in Australian urban areas with Mediterranean climates, but its sensitivity to dieback from the soil-borne water mould \"Phytophthora cinnamomi\" makes it short-lived in places with humid summers, such as Sydney. \"Banksia menziesii\" is widely used in the cut flower industry both in Australia and overseas.", "title": "Banksia menziesii" } ]

[ { "docid": "5583645#11", "text": "During data collection for \"The Banksia Atlas\" project, a single presumed natural hybrid between \"B. prionotes\" and \"B. lindleyana\" (porcupine banksia), with fruit like \"B. lindleyana\" but leaves intermediate between the two parents, was found north of Kalbarri National Park. At the time this was considered an important discovery, as the parent species were thought not to be closely related. Mast's analyses, however, place them both in a clade of eight species, though \"B. lindleyana\" remains less closely related to \"B. prionotes\" than \"B. hookeriana\". Hybrids of \"B. prionotes\" with \"B. menziesii\" (firewood banksia) have also been produced by artificial means, and presumed natural hybrids have been recorded.", "title": "Banksia prionotes" }, { "docid": "5585516#0", "text": "Banksia menziesii, commonly known as firewood banksia, is a species of flowering plant in the genus \"Banksia\". It is a gnarled tree up to tall, or a lower spreading shrub in the more northern parts of its range. The serrated leaves are dull green with new growth a paler grey green. The prominent autumn and winter inflorescences are often two-coloured red or pink and yellow, and their colour has given rise to more unusual common names such as port wine banksia and strawberry banksia. Yellow blooms are rarely seen.", "title": "Banksia menziesii" }, { "docid": "7470731#11", "text": "Two species of \"Banksia\" are found on Mount Henry Peninsula, \"B. attenuata\" (candlestick banksia) and \"B. menziesii\" (firewood banksia). \"B. attenuata\" flowers from spring into summer and the \"B. menziesii\" flowering occurs in autumn and winter, the presence of both these species on Mount Henry Peninsula means that at any time during an annual period, at least one of the species of \"Banksia\" will be in flower, This is a major factor in the support of Mount Henry Peninsula's bird population.", "title": "Mount Henry Peninsula" }, { "docid": "5525531#17", "text": "The hairpin banksia occurs along the east coast of Australia from the Dandenong Ranges east of Melbourne, Victoria, north through New South Wales and into Queensland. It is common north to Maryborough, with disjunct populations occurring as far north as the Atherton Tableland near Cairns. It occurs in a variety of habitats, from coastal heath (\"spinulosa\" and \"collina\") and elevated rocky slopes (\"neoanglica\" and \"spinulosa\") to inland dry sclerophyll forest dominated by eucalypts, where they form part of the understorey. Plants in exposed areas are generally considerably shorter than those in sheltered areas. It usually occurs on sand, but can be found in rocky clays or loams.", "title": "Banksia spinulosa" }, { "docid": "5541749#11", "text": "The most widely distributed of all western banksias, \"Banksia attenuata\" occurs across a broad swathe of southwest of Western Australia, from Kalbarri National Park and the Murchison River (with an outlying population in Zuytdorp National Park) southwards right to the southwestern corner of the state at Augusta and Cape Leeuwin, and then eastwards across the south to the western edge of Fitzgerald River National Park. Along the eastern border northwards it is found at Lake Grace, Lake Magenta north of Jerramungup, and the Wongan Hills. It is restricted to various sandy soils, including white, yellow or brown sands, and sand over either laterite or limestone. It forms an important component of open \"Eucalyptus\" woodland as a dominant or understory tree or tall shrub. To the north, it is a shrubby component of shrubland. It does not grow on heavy (clay-based) soils, and is hence only found in sandy pockets. Within open woodland, it is found alongside \"B. menziesii\", \"B. ilicifolia\", \"B. prionotes\", \"Allocasuarina fraseriana\", \"Eucalyptus marginata\", or \"E. gomphocephala\". The annual rainfall within its distribution varies from .", "title": "Banksia attenuata" }, { "docid": "3040640#14", "text": "\"Banksia ilicifolia\" grows exclusively on sandy soils; its range ends where heavy soils are evident. It especially favours low-lying areas. It generally grows in open woodland alongside such trees as jarrah (\"Eucalyptus marginata\"), candlestick banksia (\"Banksia attenuata\"), firewood banksia (\"B. menziesii\") and Western Australian Christmas tree (\"Nuytsia floribunda\"). Along the south coast, it grows in heath, sometimes forming stands with bull banksia (\"B. grandis\").", "title": "Banksia ilicifolia" }, { "docid": "5689803#0", "text": "Banksia oblongifolia, commonly known as the fern-leaved, dwarf or rusty banksia, is a species in the plant genus \"Banksia\". Found along the eastern coast of Australia from Wollongong, New South Wales in the south to Rockhampton, Queensland in the north, it generally grows in sandy soils in heath, open forest or swamp margins and wet areas. A many-stemmed shrub up to high, it has leathery serrated leaves and rusty-coloured new growth. The yellow flower spikes, known as inflorescences, most commonly appear in autumn and early winter. Up to 80 follicles, or seed pods, develop on the spikes after flowering. \"Banksia oblongifolia\" resprouts from its woody lignotuber after bushfires, and the seed pods open and release seed when burnt, the seed germinating and growing on burnt ground. Some plants grow between fires from seed shed spontaneously.", "title": "Banksia oblongifolia" }, { "docid": "5585516#5", "text": "The common name of firewood banksia was a result of its quick-burning properties. Other names recorded include Menzies banksia, firewheel banksia, port wine banksia, flame banksia, and in the cut flower industry, strawberry banksia and raspberry frost banksia. The Beeloo Whadjuk Noongar people of the Perth region knew it as the \"Mungyt\". Despite its variation across its range, George noted that \"B. menziesii\" was a clearly defined species, and no formal division into subspecies was warranted.", "title": "Banksia menziesii" }, { "docid": "5689869#0", "text": "Banksia seminuda, commonly known as the river banksia, is a tree in the plant genus \"Banksia\". It is found in south west Western Australia from Dwellingup (32°42′ S) to the Broke Inlet east of Denmark (34°57′ S). It is often mistaken for, and was originally considered a subspecies of, the \"Banksia littoralis\" (Swamp Banksia). Stephen Hopper described the subspecies \"remanens\" as a short-leaved shrubby form found in the coastal sands below granite outcrops in the Walpole-Nornalup National Park, however George does not feel this form warrants taxonomic recognition as it lies within the normal variability of the species and there was no clear distinction between it and the other populations of \"B. seminuda\".", "title": "Banksia seminuda" }, { "docid": "4364731#2", "text": "Bull Banksia is common throughout south west Western Australia, occurring from Jurien (30°17′S) in the north, south to Cape Leeuwin (34°22′S) and east to Bremer Bay (34°23′S 119°22′S E). It has been found inland as far as Badgebup and Dongolocking Nature Reserve. It is very common on the lateritic soils of the Darling Range, where it forms an understory in Jarrah and Marri forests. It will grow on nearly all soils of the coastal sandplain, but is somewhat less common there.", "title": "Banksia grandis" } ]

[ { "docid": "2453923#1", "text": "Science fiction films appeared very early in the silent film era. The initial attempts were short films of typically 1 to 2 minutes in duration, shot in black and white, but sometimes with colour tinting. These usually had a technological theme, and were often intended to be humorous. \"Le Voyage dans la Lune\", created by Georges Méliès in 1902 is often considered to be the first science fiction film. It drew upon Jules Verne and H. G. Wells in its depiction of a spacecraft being launched to the moon in a large cannon. Its ground-breaking special effects pioneered the way for future science-fiction films, and it became largely popular after its release.", "title": "History of science fiction films" } ]

[ { "docid": "1048323#11", "text": "The first cartoon from the \"What a Cartoon!\" project broadcast in its entirety was \"The Powerpuff Girls in \"Meat Fuzzy Lumkins\"\", which made its world premiere on Monday, February 20, 1995, during a television special called the \"World Premiere Toon-In\" (termed \"President's Day Nightmare\" by its producers, Williams Street). The special was hosted by Space Ghost and the cast of \"Space Ghost Coast to Coast\", and featured comic interviews and a mock contest with the creators of the various cartoons. The Toon-In was simulcast on Cartoon Network, TBS Superstation, and TNT. To promote the shorts, Cartoon Network's marketing department came up with the concept of \"Dive-In Theater\" in 1995 to showcase the 48 cartoon shorts. The cartoons were shown at water parks and large municipal swimming pools, treating kids and their parents to exclusive poolside screenings on 9' x 12' movie screens.", "title": "What a Cartoon!" }, { "docid": "1267905#25", "text": "Academy Award winner Dennis Muren offers a memory of 1955: “[M]y pal Bruce and I hurried into the Hawaii Theatre on Hollywood Boulevard to see a new color movie, \"Conquest of Space\". We were eight years old. ... ‘Reeling’ by on the giant screen, we saw a giant circular space station in orbit one hundred [sic] miles up, seemingly in orbit above me over Hollywood. Wow! And that was just the beginning. Awesome rocket ships of various shapes flew about. ... Finally, the movie ended with a skillful landing and joyful liftoff from the desolate red surface of Mars. ...”", "title": "Conquest of Space" }, { "docid": "579328#1", "text": "In 1926 Kutter went to Cologne and joined the Phototechnical Laboratory, and created his first films the same year. From 1931 to 1947 he worked for the Bavaria Film in Munich. In 1937 he made the science fiction movie, \"Weltraumschiff I startet\" [Space Ship I Launches], a story about a first Moon flight which he dated on 13 June 1963, his 60th birthday. Kutter was awarded two golden medals at the Venice Biennale.", "title": "Anton Kutter" }, { "docid": "11247268#8", "text": "\"We designed the building from the inside out, not the outside in,” said Loretta H. Cockrum, Foram’s founder, chairman and CEO. “We wanted the most efficient office building ever designed, with no wasted space or wasted energy. This is a building of the future more than a building of the present. A lot of love has gone into that building, and a lot of pride.\"", "title": "Brickell World Plaza" }, { "docid": "41959688#0", "text": "Winfield Toll Bridge, also known as the Ross Booth Memorial Bridge, is a historic three-span cantilever Warren Truss bridge located at Winfield and Red House, Putnam County, West Virginia. It was built in 1955, and spans the Kanawha River, carrying West Virginia Route 34. The cantilever through-truss consists of two anchor spans each 245 feet in length and the main span 462 feet in length between pier center lines. The main span consists of two 128 feet, 4 inch, cantilever arms and a 205 feet, 4 inch, suspended span.", "title": "Winfield Toll Bridge" }, { "docid": "7211548#9", "text": "An individual has power to choose, but since God created time and space he knows what will happen. God is without any bond of time and space. Therefore, what will happen has meaning only to humans, who are limited in time and space. An analogy is someone who watches a movie for the second time, who knows what will happen next, while for the first time watcher the next move is unknown.", "title": "Predestination in Islam" }, { "docid": "18691665#19", "text": "Sanaʽa was chosen as the 2004 Arab Cultural Capital by the Arab League. In 2008, the Al Saleh Mosque was completed. It holds over 40,000 worshipers.", "title": "Sanaʽa" }, { "docid": "19477084#6", "text": "Recent exhibitions at Tensta konsthall include\n• “Abstract Possible: The Stockholm Synergies,” with Doug Ashford, Claire Barclay, Goldin+Senneby, Wade Guyton, Mai-Thu Perret, Walid Raad, and Haegue Yang, among others\n• “Kami, Khokha, Bert and Ernie: World Heritage” by Hinrich Sachs\n• “Doing what you want: Marie-Louise Ekman accompanied by Sister Corita Kent, Mladen Stilinović, and Martha Wilson” \n• “The Society without qualities” with Sören Andreasen, Ane Hjort Guttu, Sture Johannesson, Sharon Lockhardt, and Palle Nielsen (part of “The new model” and curated by Lars Bang Larsen)\n• “Working With…” by Zak Kyes\n• “We are continuing BBDG” with Bernd Krauss\n• “Two Archives” by Babak Afrassiabi and Nasrin Tabatabai", "title": "Tensta Konsthall" }, { "docid": "23941708#28", "text": "Filming began December 29, 1965, in Stage H at Shepperton Studios, Shepperton, England. The studio was chosen because it could house the pit for the Tycho crater excavation scene, the first to be shot. The production moved in January 1966 to the smaller MGM-British Studios in Borehamwood, where the live action and special effects filming was done, starting with the scenes involving Floyd on the Orion spaceplane; it was described as a \"huge throbbing nerve center  ... with much the same frenetic atmosphere as a Cape Kennedy blockhouse during the final stages of Countdown.\" The only scene not filmed in a studio—and the last live-action scene shot for the film—was the skull-smashing sequence, in which Moonwatcher (Richter) wields his newfound bone \"weapon-tool\" against a pile of nearby animal bones. A small elevated platform was built in a field near the studio so that the camera could shoot upward with the sky as background, avoiding cars and trucks passing by in the distance. The \"Dawn of Man\" sequence that opens the film was photographed at Borehamwood by John Alcott after Geoffrey Unsworth left to work on other projects.", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "docid": "35813673#0", "text": "Satellite in the Sky is a 1956 British CinemaScope science fiction film in Warner Color, produced by Edward J. Danziger and Harry Lee Danziger, directed by Paul Dickson, and starring Kieron Moore, Lois Maxwell, Donald Wolfit, and Bryan Forbes. The film was distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures. Special effects were by Wally Veevers, who would later work on Stanley Kubrick's \"\" (1968). \nAfter initial experiments using high-speed aircraft, scientists in Great Britain create the \"Stardust\", the first manned spaceship to orbit the Earth. Some of the crew members have concerned loved ones. Barbara (Thea Gregory), the wife of Larry Noble (Jimmy Hanley), and Ellen (Shirley Lawrence), the girlfriend of radio operator Jimmy Wheeler (Bryan Forbes), are afraid that the space flight will be dangerous.", "title": "Satellite in the Sky" } ]

[ { "docid": "22368256#14", "text": "1979 had been the Angels' last season at the \"old\" Big A. The Los Angeles Rams agreed to move to Anaheim for the 1980 season, with seating increased to almost 65,000. The expansion completely enclosed the stadium, replacing the view of the San Gabriel and Santa Ana Mountains with three decks of gray concrete. In the 1980s, like many other baseball teams of that era, the Angels learned the difficulties of marketing the team while playing in a multi-purpose facility with a seating capacity too large for baseball.", "title": "History of the Los Angeles Angels" }, { "docid": "6999684#3", "text": "Prior to the Rams’ 1979 Super Bowl season, owner Carroll Rosenbloom drowned in an accident. His widow, Georgia Frontiere, inherited 70% ownership of the team. Frontiere fired her step-son, Steve Rosenbloom, and assumed total control of the franchise. As had been planned prior to Carroll Rosenbloom's death, the Rams moved from their longtime home at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum to Anaheim Stadium in nearby Orange County in 1980. The move was necessitated in part by the fact that the Coliseum was difficult to sell out because of its abnormally large seating capacity (100,000), subjecting the team to the league's local-market TV blackout rule, whenever home games did not sell out. Also, Southern California's population patterns were changing; there was rapid growth in L.A.’s affluent suburbs (e.g. greater Orange County) and a decline in the city of Los Angeles’ citizenship and earning power. Anaheim Stadium was originally built in 1966 as the home of the California Angels Major League Baseball franchise. To accommodate the Rams’ move, the ballpark was reconfigured with luxury suites and enclosed to accommodate crowds of about 65,000 for football.", "title": "History of the St. Louis Rams" }, { "docid": "6999684#51", "text": "On January 5, 2015, the \"Los Angeles Times\" reported that Stan Kroenke and Stockbridge Capital Group were partnering up to develop a new NFL stadium on the Inglewood property owned by Kroenke. The project includes a stadium of 80,000 seats, and a performance venue of 6,000 seats, while reconfiguring the previously approved Hollywood Park plan for up to 890,000 square feet of retail, 780,000 square feet of office space, 2,500 new residential units, a 300-room hotel and 25 acres of public parks, playgrounds, open space and pedestrian and bicycle access. The stadium was projected to be ready by 2018. In lieu of this, St. Louis countered with a stadium plan for the north riverfront area of downtown, with the hope of keeping the Rams in the city.", "title": "History of the St. Louis Rams" }, { "docid": "637441#0", "text": "The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum is an American outdoor sports stadium located in the Exposition Park neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, United States. The stadium serves as the home to the University of Southern California (USC) Trojans football team of the Pac-12 Conference. It is also the temporary home of the Los Angeles Rams of the National Football League (NFL). The Coliseum was home to the Rams from 1946 to 1979, when they moved to Anaheim Stadium in Anaheim. The Coliseum is serving as their home stadium again until the completion of Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park in Inglewood. The facility had a permanent seating capacity of 93,607 for USC football and Rams games, making it the largest football stadium in the Pac-12 Conference and the NFL. USC, which operates and manages the Coliseum, began a major renovation of the stadium in early 2018. During the renovation project the seating capacity will be 78,467. Once USC completes the renovation in 2019, the seating capacity will be 77,500.", "title": "Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum" } ]

[ { "docid": "6039093#9", "text": "By 1979 the Rams were a successful franchise, and made it to their first Super Bowl that year. However, they had long been dissatisfied with the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. For most of the Rams' tenure there, it was the largest stadium in the NFL, with over 90,000 seats. However, even in the Rams' best years, the cavernous venue sold out very infrequently, causing blackouts of Rams games on local TV. Additionally, it was located in South Central Los Angeles, which was perceived as being one of the city's more dangerous neighborhoods; it had begun going to seed from the 1960s onward. The Coliseum also lacked adequate nearby parking. At various times they shared the stadium with both the USC Trojans and UCLA Bruins football teams. Ownership (Carroll Rosenbloom, followed by his widow Georgia Frontiere) was unable to persuade the city to build a new stadium in Los Angeles, so they decided to move out of the Coliseum to Anaheim (28 miles southeast of downtown L.A.) in Orange County, which was then experiencing an enormous boom in population and construction.", "title": "History of the National Football League in Los Angeles" }, { "docid": "752415#1", "text": "Through most of its tenure as a baseball facility, the stadium was the largest in Major League Baseball by seating capacity, seating over 78,000 initially and over 74,000 in its final years. It was superseded only by the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum from 1958 to 1961, while it was the temporary home of the Los Angeles Dodgers, and by Mile High Stadium in 1993, the temporary home of the expansion Colorado Rockies. For football, the stadium seated approximately 80,000 people, ranking as one of the larger seating capacities in the NFL.", "title": "Cleveland Stadium" }, { "docid": "34268531#17", "text": "The reason for the move was twofold. First, the NFL's blackout rule forbade games from being shown on local television if they did not sell out within 72 hours of the opening kickoff. As the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum seated 92,604 at the time, it was rarely possible to sell that many tickets even in the Rams' best years, and so most Rams home games were blacked out. Second, this move was following the population pattern in Southern California. During the 1970s and 1980s, the decline of manufacturing industries in the northeastern United States combined with the desire of many people to live in a warmer climate caused a large-scale population shift to the southern and western states. As a result, many affluent new suburbs were built in the Los Angeles area. Anaheim Stadium was originally built in 1966 to be the home of the California Angels. To accommodate the Rams' move, the ballpark was reconfigured and enclosed to accommodate a capacity of 69,008 in the football configuration. With their new, smaller home, the Rams had no problem selling out games.\nIn 1980, the team posted an 11–5 record, but only managed a wild card spot and were sent packing after a loss to the Cowboys. Age and injuries finally caught up with the Rams in 1981, as they only won six games and missed the playoffs for the first time in nine years. After the 1982 season was shortened to nine games by a strike, the Rams went 2–7, the team's worst season since 1962, when they won only 1 game.", "title": "History of the Los Angeles Rams" }, { "docid": "10814816#6", "text": "With a peak capacity of over 100,000 spectators, AT&T Stadium has the highest capacity of any NFL stadium, while MetLife Stadium has the highest listed seating capacity at 82,500. The smallest stadium is Dignity Health Sports Park, which is hosting the Los Angeles Chargers for 2017–2019 with a capacity of 27,000 seats; it is the smallest stadium to host a full NFL season for a team since a 25,000-seat City Stadium hosted its last Green Bay Packers games in 1956.", "title": "List of current National Football League stadiums" }, { "docid": "34268531#39", "text": "On January 5, 2015, the \"Los Angeles Times\" reported that Kroenke Sports & Entertainment and Stockbridge Capital Group were partnering up in developing a new NFL stadium on the Inglewood property owned by Kroenke. The project will include a stadium of 80,000 seats and a performance venue of 6,000 seats while reconfiguring the previously approved Hollywood Park plan for up to 890,000 square feet of retail, 780,000 square feet of office space, 2,500 new residential units, a 300-room hotel and 25 acres of public parks, playgrounds, open space and pedestrian and bicycle access. The stadium would likely be ready by 2018.", "title": "History of the Los Angeles Rams" }, { "docid": "637441#83", "text": "Beginning in the 2017 season, the seating capacity for Rams games was capped at 70,000 due to limited logistics for larger crowds.*For college football", "title": "Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum" }, { "docid": "637441#6", "text": "The Coliseum is now primarily the home of the USC Trojans football team and the temporary home of the Los Angeles Rams (until their new stadium is completed). Most of USC's regular home games, especially the alternating games with rivals UCLA and Notre Dame, attract a capacity crowd. The current official capacity of the Coliseum is 78,467. USC's women lacrosse and soccer teams use the Coliseum for selected games, usually involving major opponents and televised games. USC also rents the Coliseum to various events, including international soccer games, musical concerts and other large outdoor events.", "title": "Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum" } ]

[ { "docid": "4350495#0", "text": "The Keys to the Kingdom is a fantasy-adventure book series, written by Garth Nix, started in 2003 with \"Mister Monday\" and ended with \"Lord Sunday\". The series follows the story of Arthur Penhaligon and his charge as the Rightful Heir of the Architect to claim the Seven Keys to the Kingdom and the seven demesnes of the House.", "title": "List of The Keys to the Kingdom characters" }, { "docid": "1044803#0", "text": "The Keys to the Kingdom is a fantasy–adventure book series written by Garth Nix, published in seven books between 2003 and 2010. The series chronicles the adventures of Arthur Penhaligon, an asthmatic 12-year-old boy who is chosen to become the Rightful Heir of the House, the center of the universe. The core storyline involves Arthur attempting to defeat the Morrow Days, the criminal Trustees of the House. The series takes place over a span of three weeks (time moves at different speeds at different locations in the series).", "title": "The Keys to the Kingdom" } ]

[ { "docid": "4530578#0", "text": "Superior Saturday is the sixth novel by Garth Nix in his \"The Keys to the Kingdom\" series. It follows the pattern set by the five previous novels (i.e. Arthur has to deal with the removal of the sixth Trustee of the Architect and her Will, Superior Saturday). Superior Saturday, like many books of the Keys to the Kingdom series, was first released in Australia, being released in early June 2008.\nThe expected release date was 1 July 2008 in the United Kingdom (however people who pre-ordered with Amazon received their copy a day early), and 1 August 2008 for the United States. However Barnes & Noble released it on Monday, 7 July.", "title": "Superior Saturday" }, { "docid": "4096072#0", "text": "Sir Thursday is a young adult fantasy novel written by Australian author Garth Nix. It is the fourth book in The Keys to the Kingdom series, and was released in March 2006. Sir Thursday continues from the preceding book, following the adventures of Arthur Penhaligon as he attempts to retrieve the Fourth key of the Kingdom, and claim mastership of The Great Maze. As with the other books in the series, the theme of 'seven' is prevalent, along with the themes of sin and virtue. The book received generally favourable critical response, but was criticised for a slow pace, among other issues.", "title": "Sir Thursday" }, { "docid": "149781#5", "text": "The book was made into a 1944 film \"The Keys of the Kingdom\" starring Gregory Peck as Father Francis Chisholm and Vincent Price as Anselm \"Angus\" Mealey. This role earned Peck his first Oscar nomination for Best Actor.", "title": "The Keys of the Kingdom" }, { "docid": "3967120#0", "text": "Grim Tuesday is a novel written by Garth Nix in 2004, and was first published in the USA by Scholastic Press and in Great Britain by HarperCollins Children's Books. It is the second book in the Keys to the Kingdom series, and it focuses on Arthur Penhaligon’s quest to regain his place as the rightful heir. Grim Tuesday is afflicted with the deadly sin of greed.", "title": "Grim Tuesday" }, { "docid": "5710862#0", "text": "Keys of the Kingdom is the fourteenth album by the rock band The Moody Blues, released in 1991. Although some of the tracks recall the songwriting on \"Sur la Mer\", the failure of \"Keys of the Kingdom\" to produce any major hit singles would mark the beginning of the Moodies' decline in popularity with mainstream audiences after their success in the MTV video generation.", "title": "Keys of the Kingdom" }, { "docid": "18613593#0", "text": "The Keys of the Kingdom is a 1944 American film based on the 1941 novel \"The Keys of the Kingdom\" by A. J. Cronin. The film was adapted by Nunnally Johnson, directed by John M. Stahl, and produced by Joseph L. Mankiewicz. It stars Gregory Peck, Thomas Mitchell, and Vincent Price, and tells the story of the trials and tribulations of a Catholic priest who goes to China to evangelize.", "title": "The Keys of the Kingdom (film)" }, { "docid": "3181419#25", "text": "A manga based on the \"Kingdom Hearts\" storyline has been released in Japan and the United States. The story and art are done by Shiro Amano, who is also known for his manga adaptation of the \"Legend of Mana\" video game. The story follows the events that took place in the video games with differences to account for the loss of interactivity a video game provides. The manga was originally serialized in Japan by Square Enix's \"Monthly Shōnen Gangan\" and eventually released in tankōbon format. The first tankōbon was released in Japan in October 2003. The manga was released in the USA by Tokyopop two years later in October 2005. Yen Press now holds the rights to publish the books for the USA market. The first series, \"Kingdom Hearts\", consists of four volumes, while the second series, \"Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories\", has two volumes. The third series, \"Kingdom Hearts II\", has had five volumes published and is on hiatus. A fourth series based on \"Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days\" is being serialized. The games have also been adapted as a light novel series, written by Tomoco Kanemaki and illustrated by Shiro Amano. Like the manga series, it is divided into separate series based on the games. \"Kingdom Hearts\" is divided into two volumes; \"The First Door\" and \"Darkness Within\". \"Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories\" is divided into two volumes. \"Kingdom Hearts II\" is divided into four volumes; \"Roxas—Seven Days\", \"The Destruction of Hollow Bastion\", \"Tears of Nobody\", and \"Anthem—Meet Again/Axel Last Stand\".", "title": "Kingdom Hearts" }, { "docid": "1044803#2", "text": "In the beginning of the first book, Arthur lives a relatively normal life as an adopted child in a large and caring family. An asthma attack on a Monday that should have killed him brings him into contact with Mister Monday, who rules the Lower House. He eventually finds his way to the Lower House himself, where he is to find the cure to a plague brought to his world by dog faced 'Fetchers'. By convenience, he is declared Heir to the Kingdom and given the Lesser Half of the First Key, which is shaped like the minute hand of a clock. Because of this Key's magical properties, Arthur is relieved of his asthma while in contact with the Key or in the House, and proceeds to a strange and dangerous set of adventures.", "title": "The Keys to the Kingdom" } ]

[ { "docid": "1716726#0", "text": "John Part (born June 29, 1966) is a Canadian professional darts player and commentator, nicknamed Darth Maple. Part is a three-times World Champion, having won the 1994 BDO World Darts Championship, and the PDC World Championship in 2003 and 2008. He is statistically North America's greatest darts player to date. He has the distinction of being the first non-UK player to win the World Championship, and the only non-European to date to win the PDC World Darts Championship. His first Championship was the second time a non-seeded player won the BDO World Darts Championship, and one of the few times where a player only lost one set in the entire tournament. His nine year gap between his first and second World Championships is tied with Ted Hankey for the longest gap between World Championships, and his third triumph in 2008 saw him become the first player in history to win a world title in three different venues, and the first to win at the Alexandra Palace. His 2008 win saw him join Phil Taylor, Eric Bristow, Raymond van Barneveld and John Lowe as the only players with three or more World Championships, and become only the second player (after Taylor) to win multiple PDC titles. His eleven televised PDC finals is tied with Dennis Priestley for the eighth most all time, and his £874,151 in prize money to date is the sixteenth highest amount in PDC history.", "title": "John Part" } ]

[ { "docid": "20606247#30", "text": "By the episode \"Blinking Red Light\", it is now widely believed that Red John is dead, with Jane and Lisbon the only ones aware he is still alive. One of the people believing Red John to be dead is James Panzer, a blogger pretending to devote his life to find a serial killer known as \"the San Joaquin Killer\" (abbreviated SJK, who has killed at least five young women). In reality, Panzer is the killer. Jane suspects Panzer but initially lacks the proof to expose him. When he and Panzer both appear on Karen Cross's television talk show discussing the SJK case, Jane recognizes Panzer has to be stopped and goads Panzer into comparing Red John unfavorably to SJK. Panzer rises to the bait, making bold statements that the SJK killings were the work of a genius and Red John by comparison is a \"\"common sociopath, lazy, sloppy, delusional\"\" and already forgotten since Jane killed him. Panzer then makes the same mistake made by Jane and Kristina Frye: belittling Red John in a public forum. A couple of hours after the television appearance, Panzer is found murdered, with Red John's smiley face painted in blood on one of the walls near his body. Panzer's murder proves Jane's theory that Red John is still alive. This makes Panzer Red John's ninth male victim.", "title": "Red John" }, { "docid": "7424526#4", "text": "John finds that his son is still alive but suffers from Alzheimer's disease and is in a nursing home, with no children to help look after him. Assisted by Jack Harkness, John visits his son, who barely remembers John's presence. John becomes very remorseful at missing his son's life and being unable to adapt to modern times.", "title": "Out of Time (Torchwood)" }, { "docid": "5440222#7", "text": "After each Legionnaire is killed, Lejaune props up his body and makes it appear he is still alive. Finally, only Lejaune, Beau and John remain. Then Beau is seemingly killed. When John sees Lejaune searching Beau's body, he grabs his bayonet, but Lejaune draws his pistol and sentences him to death. Beau, barely alive, grabs Lejaune's leg, enabling John to stab him. Before dying, Beau tells John to desert and deliver a letter to their aunt. When John spots the relief force, he fires a single shot, then leaves.", "title": "Beau Geste (1926 film)" }, { "docid": "24258441#27", "text": "He kept potentially expensive company round the card table. His opponents included John Bingham (later Lord Lucan), before his fall the most formidable stud poker player in London. Evans is frequently asked whether or not he believes that Lucan murdered Sandra Rivett in November 1974. \"John was a killer at the poker table, a pussycat away from it. Certainly not!\" And is Lucan still alive? \"His family is long-lived. John is probably still with us, possibly living right here in the UK!\" In Evans's opinion, Lucan should now come forward \"to face the music\" and prove his innocence.", "title": "Peter Evans (restaurateur)" }, { "docid": "7892039#4", "text": "Carter was still alive in 2014. His grandson Hunter, Tommy's son, is a video game millionaire; he has known John Ross Ewing since childhood, and still holds a grudge against the Ewings. He makes a secret deal with Nicolas Treviño to take control of Ewing Global, laughing at John Ross that Carter had tricked J.R. the same way. Meanwhile, Bobby seeks out Tracey (now Melinda Clarke) to get her help in negotiating a resolution with her nephew. But Hunter is unaware that Nicolas works for a Mexican drug cartel, and when the deal is done, they murder Hunter and make it look like suicide.", "title": "Carter McKay" }, { "docid": "38639945#9", "text": "Elsewhere, Anna arranges to have John sent a single red rose, along with a picture of her holding a recent newspaper to show that she is still alive. John, now released from prison, drives to the beach house to find a new family has bought it and are sitting happily together on the front porch. John is then able to move on with his life and find peace with Judith.", "title": "Mindscape (film)" }, { "docid": "26730077#6", "text": "Fearing he could be hanged for a crime he did not commit, John visits the Wildings' house in London, suspecting that Mr Wilding is still alive. However, Wilding's mother tells him that she identified her son's body. John then travels down to the hotel in Plymouth where he had planned to stay with Susan. There, he finds Wilding, who tells him that he was on the train and murdered his wife for being unfaithful, and then planted his identifying papers on one of the dead. The two men fight and Wilding shoots John in the head.", "title": "The Interrupted Journey" }, { "docid": "946164#7", "text": "Elaine realizes that, since he had a grown son in 1935, Paul must be much older than he looks. Paul reveals that he is, in fact, 108 years of age; he was 44 when John walked the Green Mile. Not only is he still alive, but so is Del's mouse, Mr. Jingles. Paul continues to explain that although John never intended for it to happen, his curing of Paul has given him an extraordinary lifespan, causing him to outlive his family and friends, which he perceives is a punishment from God for executing John, and will also outlive Elaine. Paul later attends her funeral and muses that if John's power could make a normally short-lived mouse live for six decades as Mr. Jingles has, how much longer does he himself have left.", "title": "The Green Mile (film)" }, { "docid": "11156938#8", "text": "Sir Patrick was, according to a charter dated 24 June 1646, still alive then, but is thought to have died before 9 November 1649, when his son John was Retoured his heir. That was followed on the same day by a Precept from Chancery for infefting John Hepburne, now of Wauchtoun, as heir to his father, Sir Patrick Hepburne of Wauchtoun, Knt. in the lands and baronies of Wauchtoun and The Bass, and other lands in the sheriffdoms of Edinburgh and Berwick.", "title": "Patrick Hepburn of Waughton" }, { "docid": "24390121#3", "text": "The song \"Still Alive\" was written by Jonathan Coulton and performed by Ellen McLain for the \"Portal\" video game. McLain also provides the voice for GLaDOS, an artificial intelligence for the fictional Aperture Science Enrichment Center and the game's antagonist. \"Still Alive\" is sung from the perspective of GLaDOS and used as the song that runs over the game's credits. By the end of the game, Chell, the game's protagonist who has been misled and placed in life-threatening situations within the Aperture Science Enrichment Center, the setting of the game, by GLaDOS, will have finally encountered and defeated GLaDOS. However, the song and portions of post-credit scenes suggests that GLaDOS is still functional, and despite having been apparently destroyed by Chell, is \"not even angry\" at that prospect, having considered the monitoring of Chell's performance through the test chambers as a \"huge success\", regardless of the destruction caused by Chell and the Aperture Science Handheld Portal Device being released into the outside world, for those that are \"still alive\". The Combine invasion of Earth from the \"Half-Life\" series was also hinted in the song by GLaDOS (\"Go ahead and leave me, I think I'd prefer to stay inside. Maybe you'll find someone else to help you. Maybe Black Mesa. That was a joke. Ha Ha. Fat Chance.\"). The song itself is also present as a samba instrumental version through in-game radios at certain points within the game.", "title": "Still Alive" } ]

[ { "docid": "55804901#0", "text": "A state microbe is a microorganism used as an official state symbol. Several U.S. states have honored microorganisms by nominating them to become official state symbols. The first state to declare an Official State Microbe is Oregon which chose \"Saccharomyces cerevisiae\" (brewer's or baker's yeast) as the Official Microbe of the State of Oregon in 2013 for its significance to the craft beer industry in Oregon. One of the first proponents of State Microbes was microbiologist Moselio Schaechter, who, in 2010, commented on Official Microbes for the American Society for Microbiology's blog \"Small Things Considered\" as well as on National Public Radio's \"All Things Considered\".", "title": "State microbe" }, { "docid": "24078038#0", "text": "A microbe is an organism that is microscopic.", "title": "Microbe (disambiguation)" }, { "docid": "20377#0", "text": "A microorganism, or microbe, is a microscopic organism, which may exist in its single-celled form or in a colony of cells.", "title": "Microorganism" } ]

[ { "docid": "47079571#0", "text": "Microbe & Gasoline () is a 2015 French comedy film written and directed by Michel Gondry. The film follows the adventures of two teenagers who take a road trip in their self-assembled vehicle. The film stars newcomers Théophile Baquet and Ange Dargent along with Audrey Tautou. It was reviewed favorably by critics.\"Microbe & Gasoline\" holds a 75/100 on Metacritic and a 91% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, with the latter's critical consensus being, \"\"Microbe and Gasoline\" brings Michel Gondry's distinctive gifts to bear on an oft-told tale, with thoroughly charming results.\"", "title": "Microbe &amp; Gasoline" }, { "docid": "59109175#0", "text": "Microbialite is a rock or benthic sedimentary deposit made of carbonate mud (particle diameter < 5 μm) that is formed with the mediation of microbes. The constituent carbonate mud is a type of automicrite, or authigenic carbonate mud, and therefore it precipitates in situ instead of being transported and deposited. Been formed in situ, a microbialite can be seen as a type of boundstone where reef builders are microbes, and precipitation of carbonate is biotically induced instead of forming tests, shells or skeletons. Bacteria can precipitate carbonate both in shallow and in deep water (except for cyanobacyeria) and so microbialites can form regardless of the sun light.", "title": "Microbialite" }, { "docid": "18683129#0", "text": "The letter Ɱ (minuscule: ɱ), called M with hook or emg, is a letter based on the letter M. Its minuscule ɱ is used to transcribe a labiodental nasal in the International Phonetic Alphabet.", "title": "Ɱ" }, { "docid": "41959688#0", "text": "Winfield Toll Bridge, also known as the Ross Booth Memorial Bridge, is a historic three-span cantilever Warren Truss bridge located at Winfield and Red House, Putnam County, West Virginia. It was built in 1955, and spans the Kanawha River, carrying West Virginia Route 34. The cantilever through-truss consists of two anchor spans each 245 feet in length and the main span 462 feet in length between pier center lines. The main span consists of two 128 feet, 4 inch, cantilever arms and a 205 feet, 4 inch, suspended span.", "title": "Winfield Toll Bridge" }, { "docid": "1701#73", "text": "Freshwater microbes are generally not very well known, even less so for a pristine ecosystem like the Amazon. Recently, metagenomics has provided answers to what kind of microbes inhabit the river. The most important microbes in the Amazon River are Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria and Crenarchaeota.", "title": "Amazon River" }, { "docid": "37367511#0", "text": "ㅋ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅋ is U+314B.", "title": "ㅋ" }, { "docid": "49690867#0", "text": "ㅛ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅛ is U+315B.", "title": "ㅛ" }, { "docid": "37367512#0", "text": "ㅎ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅎ is U+314E.", "title": "ㅎ" }, { "docid": "20377#29", "text": "The green algae are a large group of photosynthetic eukaryotes that include many microscopic organisms. Although some green algae are classified as protists, others such as charophyta are classified with embryophyte plants, which are the most familiar group of land plants. Algae can grow as single cells, or in long chains of cells. The green algae include unicellular and colonial flagellates, usually but not always with two flagella per cell, as well as various colonial, coccoid, and filamentous forms. In the Charales, which are the algae most closely related to higher plants, cells differentiate into several distinct tissues within the organism. There are about 6000 species of green algae.", "title": "Microorganism" } ]

[ { "docid": "2298740#32", "text": "According to a 2014 poll, 38% of American voters identify as \"conservative\" or \"very conservative,\" 34% as \"moderate,\" 24% as \"liberal\" or \"very liberal\". These percentages were fairly constant from 1990-2009, when conservatism spiked in popularity briefly before reverting to the original trend while liberal views on social issues reached a new high. Although the study does show some distinction between the concentration of moderates and conservatives or liberals between the Republican and Democratic parties. Among Democrats, 44% are self-identified liberals, 19% as conservatives, and 36% as moderates. For Republicans 70% self-identified as conservative, 24% as moderate, and 5% as liberal.", "title": "Conservatism in the United States" }, { "docid": "5266241#94", "text": "Liberal historian Eric Alterman notes that barely 20% of Americans are willing to accept \"liberal\" as a political label, but that supermajorities of Americans actually favor \"liberal\" positions time and again. Alterman points out that resistance to the label \"liberal\" is not surprising due to billions of dollars worth of investment poured into the denigration of the term. A 2004 poll conducted by the National Election Study found only 35% of respondents questioned identifying as liberal compared to 55% identifying as conservative; a 2004 Pew poll found 19% of respondents identifying as liberal, and 39% identifying as conservative, with the balance identifying as moderate. A 2006 poll found that 19% identified as liberal, and 36% conservative. In 2005, self-identifying moderates polled by Louis Harris & Associates were found to share essentially the same political beliefs as self-identifying liberals, but rejected the world \"liberal\" because of the vilification heaped on the word itself by conservatives. Alterman acknowledges political scientist Drew Westen's observation that for most Americans, the word \"liberal\" now carries meanings such as \"elite\", \"tax and spend\", and \"out of touch\".", "title": "Modern liberalism in the United States" }, { "docid": "2327581#40", "text": "A 2014 Gallup poll found that a plurality of Americans believe the media is biased to favor liberal politics. According to the poll, 44% of Americans feel that news media are \"too liberal\" (70% of self-identified conservatives, 35% of self-identified moderates, and 15% of self-identified liberals), while 19% believe them to be \"too conservative\" (12% of self-identified conservatives, 18% of self-identified moderates, and 33% of self-identified liberals), and 34% \"just about right\" (49% of self-identified liberals, 44% of self-identified moderates, and 16% of self-identified conservatives). In 2017, Gallup released the results of a poll with a similar question, with it finding that the majority of Americans view the news media favoring a particular political party, with 64% believing it favored the Democratic Party, compared to 22% who believed it favored the Republican Party.", "title": "Media bias in the United States" }, { "docid": "718094#7", "text": "Those Americans who equate intellectual pursuits and careers with elitism often point out American intellectuals, most of whom are upper middle class not upper class, are primarily liberal. , approximately 72% of professors identify themselves as liberals. At Ivy League Universities, an even larger majority, 87% of professors identified themselves as liberals. Those with post-graduate degrees are increasingly Democratic.", "title": "Liberal elite" }, { "docid": "12244290#3", "text": "The size of ideological groups varies slightly depending on the poll. Gallup/USA Today polling in June 2010 revealed that 42% of those surveyed identify as conservative, 35% as moderate, and 20% as liberal. In another polling in June 2010, 40% of American voters identify themselves as conservatives, 36% as moderates and 22% as liberals, with a strong majority of both liberals and conservatives describing themselves as closer to the center than to the extremes. As of 2013, self-identified conservatives stand at 38%, moderates at 34%, and liberals at 23%.", "title": "Political ideologies in the United States" }, { "docid": "8939450#41", "text": "While it is difficult to gather demographic information on ideological groups, recent surveys by the \"New York Times\" and CBS News indicate that between 18% and 27% of American adults identify as liberal, versus moderate or conservative. In the 2008 presidential election, exit polls showed that 22% of the electorate self-identified as \"liberal.\" According to a 2004 study by the Pew Research Center, liberals were tied with the conservative sub-group, the \"Enterprisers\", for the most affluent group, and were the ideological demographic with the highest rate of college education. Of those who identified as liberal, 49% were college graduates and 41% had household incomes exceeding $75,000, compared to 27% and 28% as the national average, respectively.", "title": "Liberalism in the United States" } ]

[ { "docid": "17535342#43", "text": "According to a study by Robert Lichter, a professor at George Mason University, \"The vast majority of professors in the United States identify themselves as liberal, and registered Democrats commonly outnumber registered Republicans.\" However, this demographic tendency varies across departments. A 2010 study by Gross and Fosse found that the political persuasions of American professors had changed over the 20th century. In the 1800s professors were often clergymen and tended towards conservatism, gradually becoming more liberal with the Progressive Era and Great Depression. By the mid-20th century, the humanities and social sciences were dominated by liberal or Democratic professors, with Republicans or conservatives showing a slight majority in departments of business, agriculture and engineering. From the late 1970s to the mid 1980s there was a trend towards conservatism amongst professors (paralleling a national shift to the right with the \"Reagan Revolution\"): about 5% of professors identified themselves as strongly left-wing, about a third identifying themselves as liberals, about 25% identifying themselves as moderates, 25% as conservative, and 5% as strongly conservative. Since the 1980s, the percentage of liberal professors has grown steadily, with nationwide research consistently finding somewhere between 7 and 9 liberals for each professor of another political persuasion.", "title": "Professors in the United States" }, { "docid": "5043544#108", "text": "Academics, intellectuals and the highly educated overall constitute an important part of the Democratic voter base. Academia in particular tends to be progressive. In a 2005 survey, nearly 72% of full-time faculty members identified as liberal while 15% identified as conservative. The social sciences and humanities were the most liberal disciplines while business was the most conservative. Male professors at more advanced stages of their careers as well as those at elite institutions, tend to be the most liberal. Another survey by UCLA conducted in 2001/2002 found 47.6% of scholars identifying as liberal, 34.3% as moderate and 18% as conservative. Percentages of professors who identified as liberal ranged from 49% in business to over 80% in political science and the humanities. Social scientists, such as Brett O'Bannon of DePauw University, have claimed that the \"liberal\" opinions of professors seem to have little if any, effect on the political orientation of students.", "title": "Democratic Party (United States)" }, { "docid": "3225498#92", "text": "In the United States, polls (circa 2006) find that the views and voting habits of between 10 and 20 percent (and increasing) of voting age Americans may be classified as \"fiscally conservative and socially liberal, or libertarian\". This is based on pollsters and researchers defining libertarian views as fiscally conservative and socially liberal (based on the common United States meanings of the terms) and against government intervention in economic affairs and for expansion of personal freedoms. Through 20 polls on this topic spanning 13 years, Gallup found that voters who are libertarian on the political spectrum ranged from 17–23% of the United States electorate. However, a 2014 Pew Poll found that 23% of Americans who identify as libertarians have no idea what the word means.", "title": "Libertarianism" }, { "docid": "12244290#25", "text": "In terms of race, conservatives and liberals were fairly similar with more than 80% identifying as white and having been born in the United States. However, Republican voting conservatives like Enterprisers, Social Conservatives, and Pro-Government Conservatives had a higher white percentage than liberals, especially Enterprisers and Social Conservatives who were both 91% white compared to 83% of Liberals. Liberals were also the most likely of every group to be born outside of the United States with 20% of liberal respondents saying that they or their parents were born outside of the United States, while only around 12% of all conservative types answered \"yes\" to the same question.", "title": "Political ideologies in the United States" } ]

[ { "docid": "1586884#1", "text": "A spin-off novel series, \"D.Gray-man Reverse\" by Kaya Kizaki, explores the history of a number of characters. The manga has been adapted into a 103-episode anime series by TMS Entertainment which aired from October 2006 to September 2008 in Japan and is licensed by Funimation in North America. A 13-episode anime series, \"D.Gray-Man Hallow\", was produced by TMS Entertainment. It aired in Japan from July to September 2016 as a sequel to the first \"D.Gray-man\" anime series. Several items of merchandise have been produced, including two video games about the series.", "title": "D.Gray-man" }, { "docid": "1586884#20", "text": "In June 2006, Shueisha announced that the \"D.Gray-man\" manga would be adapted as an anime. Its first episodes were directed by Osamu Nabeshima and produced by Dentsu, TMS Entertainment, Aniplex, and TV Tokyo. TMS Entertainment provided the animation, while Aniplex provided the music. The series began airing on October 3, 2006 on TV Tokyo. The anime's 51-episode first season, known as the \"1st stage\", ended on September 25, 2007. The 52-episode second season, known as the \"2nd stage\", began on October 2, 2007 and ended on September 30, 2008, for a total of 103 episodes. The anime adapts the manga's storyline from the beginning and concludes after the destruction of the Black Order headquarters. The episodes were released by Aniplex on 26 DVDs from February 7, 2007 to March 4, 2009.", "title": "D.Gray-man" } ]

[ { "docid": "11247268#8", "text": "\"We designed the building from the inside out, not the outside in,” said Loretta H. Cockrum, Foram’s founder, chairman and CEO. “We wanted the most efficient office building ever designed, with no wasted space or wasted energy. This is a building of the future more than a building of the present. A lot of love has gone into that building, and a lot of pride.\"", "title": "Brickell World Plaza" }, { "docid": "41959688#0", "text": "Winfield Toll Bridge, also known as the Ross Booth Memorial Bridge, is a historic three-span cantilever Warren Truss bridge located at Winfield and Red House, Putnam County, West Virginia. It was built in 1955, and spans the Kanawha River, carrying West Virginia Route 34. The cantilever through-truss consists of two anchor spans each 245 feet in length and the main span 462 feet in length between pier center lines. The main span consists of two 128 feet, 4 inch, cantilever arms and a 205 feet, 4 inch, suspended span.", "title": "Winfield Toll Bridge" }, { "docid": "58446362#10", "text": "In 1924, \"Eider\" supported the first aerial circumnavigation of the world, achieved by United States Army Air Service aviators in four Douglas World Cruiser airplanes who took off from the naval air station at Sand Point in Seattle on 6 April 1924 and proceeded westward. The Soviet Union had prohibited the aircraft from landing on its soil, necessitating stops in the Territory of Alaska and Bering Sea area as the aircraft bypassed Soviet territory. \"Eider\" transported the advance personnel, supplies, gasoline, and lubricating oil needed to support the early stages of the trip to several locations in Alaska and the Bering Sea and provided the pilots with accommodations, meals, meteorological information, and moorings for the planes. Ultimately, two of the original airplanes completed the trip successfully by arriving at Seattle on 28 September 1924, 175 days after departing Naval Air Station Sand Point.", "title": "MV Eider" }, { "docid": "37534539#0", "text": "Hawthorne Charles Gray (February 16, 1889 – November 4, 1927) was a captain in the United States Army Air Corps. On November 4, 1927, he succeeded in setting a new altitude record in a silk, rubberized, and aluminum-coated balloon launched from Scott Field near Belleville, Illinois, reaching , but died during his descent after his oxygen supply became depleted. The record was recognized by the National Aeronautical Association, but not by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale because the dead aeronaut \"was not in personal possession of his instruments.\" Gray was posthumously awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for his three ascents on March 9, May 4 and November 4.", "title": "Hawthorne C. Gray" }, { "docid": "12026783#6", "text": "On 1–2 September 1930, Costes with Maurice Bellonte, flew the \"\"Point d'Interrogation\"\" from Paris to New York, as the first heavier-than-air aircraft to reach New York in the more difficult westbound direction between the North American and European mainlands. They covered either 5,850 km (3,633 miles) or 6,200 km (3,850 miles), according to different sources, in 37 hours 18 minutes. While flying over Portsmouth, New Hampshire, they lost their navigational map out of an open window of the plane. Two children saw the map falling from the sky while they were watching for the flight to cross over their farm. The children, Louise Stef and her brother John, returned the map to Costes, who had asked for its return through the media.", "title": "Dieudonné Costes" }, { "docid": "6779060#5", "text": "In September 1928, DELAG began operating the successful rigid airship LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin, which made regular, nonstop, transatlantic flights possible before airplanes had flight ranges sufficient to cross the ocean in either direction without stopping. For DELAG's first transatlantic trip, Dr. Eckener commanded the \"Graf Zeppelin\" airship leaving Friedrichshafen, Germany, at 07:54 on 11 October 1928, arriving at Lakehurst Field, New Jersey, on 15 October. In 1931 the airship Graf Zeppelin began offering regular scheduled passenger service between Germany and South America which continued until 1937. During its career Graf Zeppelin crossed the South Atlantic 136 times. In 1936, the airship \"Hindenburg\" entered passenger service and successfully crossed the Atlantic 36 times before catching fire at Lakehurst, New Jersey on May 6, 1937.", "title": "DELAG" }, { "docid": "42465498#2", "text": "His first painting exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1856, was ‘Hunters.’ Then followed ‘The Casuals’ in 1866, ‘Home to die: an afternoon fox with the Cotswolds’ in 1868, ‘The Tournament’ in 1870, and ‘Sale of New Forest Ponies at Lyndhurst’ in 1872. In 1875, he exhibited a large painting, some fourteen feet in length, depicting ‘Lord Wolverton's Bloodhounds’ - this was highly praised in Whyte-Melville's ‘Riding Recollections.’ Followed this in 1876 was ‘Colt-hunting in the New Forest’, in 1877 ‘The Fall of Man’ from Milton's ‘Paradise Lost’ and in 1879 ‘The Struggle for Existence’, now in the Walker Fine Art Gallery in Liverpool. In 1881 ‘Rescued’, in 1883 ‘Love and War: in the Abbotsbury Swannery’ and in 1885 ‘Cowed’. ‘The Fall of Man’, depicting a scene from Milton's 'Paradise Lost,' was widely praised and singled out by the Royal Academy for its portrayal of \"\"the savagery of the brute nature ensuing upon the disobedience of Adam and Eve\"\".", "title": "George Bouverie Goddard" }, { "docid": "612609#5", "text": "On 17 April 1934, the prototype conducted its maiden flight at Hatfield Aerodrome, Hertfordshire. Flown by senior de Havilland test pilot H.S. Broad, it was powered by a pair of 200 hp Gypsy Six engines. Even prior to the prototype's first flight, plans to proceed with serial production of DH.89 had already received the go-ahead from management. During May 1934, airworthiness trials commenced at RAF Martlesham Heath using the prototype; during one such flight, upon attaining a speed of roughly 175 MPH, the tip of the aircraft's nose buckled. In response to this event, a maximum permissible speed of 160 MPH was implemented for all DH89. Upon the conclusion of trials, the prototype was sold.", "title": "De Havilland Dragon Rapide" }, { "docid": "2719004#9", "text": "On February 1, 1966, the day after the carrier began flying missions from Yankee Station, Lieutenant, Junior Grade Dengler launched from the \"Ranger\" with three other aircraft on an interdiction mission against a truck convoy that had been reported in North Vietnam. Thunderstorms forced the pilots to divert to their secondary target, a road intersection located west of the Mu Gia Pass in Laos. At the time, U.S. air operations in Laos were classified \"secret\". Visibility was poor due to smoke from burning fields, and upon rolling in on the target, LTJG Dengler and the remainder of his flight lost sight of one another. Visibility was poor, and as Dengler rolled his Skyraider in on the target after flying for two-and-a-half hours into enemy territory, he was hit by anti-aircraft fire.", "title": "Dieter Dengler" } ]

[ { "docid": "47401#7", "text": "Another myth concerning the Titans that is not in Hesiod revolves around Dionysus. At some point in his reign, Zeus decides to give up the throne in favor of the infant Dionysus, who like the infant Zeus, is guarded by the Kouretes. The Titans decide to slay the child and claim the throne for themselves; they paint their faces white with gypsum, distract Dionysus with toys, then dismember him and boil and roast his limbs. Zeus, enraged, slays the Titans with his thunderbolt; Athena preserves the heart in a gypsum doll, out of which a new Dionysus is made. This story is told by the poets Callimachus and Nonnus, who call this Dionysus \"Zagreus\", and in a number of Orphic texts, which do not.", "title": "Titan (mythology)" }, { "docid": "994904#2", "text": "Zeus is the youngest son of the Titans Cronus and Rhea, the children of sky god Ouranos and elder goddess Gaea (also known as \"Mother Earth\"). His father Cronus rose to power in the dimension which later became known as Olympus, after fatally wounding his own father Ouranos. As he lay dying, Ouranos prophesied that one of the children of Cronus would overthrow him in turn, so Cronus ate each of his children as they were born. His wife Rhea hid Zeus, their sixth child, on Mount Lycaeum in Arcadia, and tricked Cronos into eating a stone instead of the infant Zeus. There Zeus grew to adulthood and then plotted his revenge on Cronus. Zeus, out of revenge, went down to Tartarus and freed his siblings Hades, Hestia, Hera, Poseidon, and Demeter, all now grown to adulthood, as well as the three Cyclopes, and the three hundred-handed giants called Hekatoncheries, which he had also imprisoned. The Cyclopes gave the three gods their respective weapons (Zeus' thunderbolt, Poseidon's trident, and Hades' Helm of Darkness) and taught Zeus how to wield his energy-manipulating powers, and Zeus led his allies in a ten-year war against Cronus and the Titans. After winning the war, Zeus imprisoned Cronus and most of the male Titans in Tartarus. Zeus drew lots with his brothers Hades and Poseidon, and became supreme ruler of the Olympian gods, their dimension and the sky. Zeus married Hera, but engaged in many relationships with goddesses and mortal women alike, angering his jealous wife. Some of his children from these unions were gods, and joined the Olympian pantheon, while others were mortals such as Helen of Troy and the hero Hercules who eventually became a god.", "title": "Zeus (Marvel Comics)" } ]

[ { "docid": "2023#36", "text": "In the trilogy's conclusion, \"Prometheus the Fire-Bringer\", it appears that the Titan finally warns Zeus not to sleep with the sea nymph Thetis, for she is fated to give birth to a son greater than the father. Not wishing to be overthrown, Zeus marries Thetis off to the mortal Peleus; the product of that union is Achilles, Greek hero of the Trojan War. After reconciling with Prometheus, Zeus probably inaugurates a festival in his honor at Athens.", "title": "Aeschylus" }, { "docid": "83525#56", "text": "Robert Graves suggested that a myth displaced earlier myths that had to change when a major cultural change brought patriarchy to replace a matriarchy. According to this myth, in Greek mythology, Zeus is said to have swallowed his pregnant lover, the titan goddess Metis, who was carrying their daughter, Athena. The mother and child created havoc inside Zeus. Either Hermes or Hephaestus split Zeus's head, allowing Athena, in full battle armor, to burst forth from his forehead. Athena was thus described as being \"born\" from Zeus. The outcome pleased Zeus as it didn't fulfill the prophecy of Themis which (according to Aeschylus) predicted that Zeus will one day bear a son that would overthrow him.", "title": "Matriarchy" }, { "docid": "79101#7", "text": "Zeus then waged a war against his father with his disgorged brothers and sisters as allies: Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Hades, and Poseidon. Zeus released the Hecatonchires and the Cyclopes from the earth (where they had been imprisoned by Cronus) and they allied with him as well. The Hecatonchires hurled stones, and the Cyclopes forged for Zeus his iconic thunder and lightning. Fighting on the other side allied with Cronus were the other Titans with the important exception of Themis and her son Prometheus who allied with Zeus (NB. for Hesiod, Clymene is the mother of Prometheus). Atlas was an important leader on the side of Cronus. The war lasted ten years, but eventually Zeus and the other Olympians won, the Titans were imprisoned in Tartarus, and the Hecatonchires were made their guards. Atlas was given the special punishment of holding up the sky. In some accounts, when Zeus became secure in his power he relented and gave the Titans their freedom.", "title": "Titanomachy" }, { "docid": "47401#6", "text": "Hesiod does not have the last word on the Titans. Surviving fragments of poetry ascribed to Orpheus preserve some variations on the myth. In such text, Zeus does not simply set upon his father violently. Instead, Rhea spreads out a banquet for Cronus so that he becomes drunk upon fermented honey. Rather than being consigned to Tartarus, Cronus is dragged – still drunk – to the cave of Nyx (Night), where he continues to dream throughout eternity.", "title": "Titan (mythology)" }, { "docid": "412356#4", "text": "The appearance of Zeus to Semele is more than a mortal can stand and she is burned to death by the flames of his power. However, most Greek theophanies were less deadly. Unusual for Greek mythology is the story of Prometheus, not an Olympian but a Titan, who brought knowledge of fire to humanity. There are no descriptions of the humans involved in this theophany, but Prometheus was severely punished by Zeus. Divine or heroic epiphanies were sometimes experienced in historical times, either in dreams or as a waking vision, and frequently led to the foundation of a cult, or at least an act of worship and the dedication of a commemorative offering.", "title": "Theophany" }, { "docid": "34398#51", "text": "Zeus has been portrayed by Axel Ringvall in \"Jupiter på jorden\", the first known film adaption to feature Zeus; Niall MacGinnis in \"Jason and the Argonauts\" and Angus MacFadyen in the 2000 remake; Laurence Olivier in the original \"Clash of the Titans\", and Liam Neeson in the 2010 remake, along with the 2012 sequel Wrath of the Titans; Anthony Quinn in the 1990s TV series \"\"; Rip Torn in the Disney animated feature \"Hercules\"; Corey Burton in \"Hercules\", \"God of War II\", \"God of War III\", \"\", \"PlayStation All-Stars Battle Royale\", and \"Kingdom Hearts 3\"; and Sean Bean in \"\" (2010).", "title": "Zeus" }, { "docid": "5994248#1", "text": "Tityos was the son of Elara; his father was Zeus. Zeus hid Elara from his wife, Hera, by placing her deep beneath the earth. Tityos grew so large that he split his mother's womb, and he was carried to term by Gaia, the Earth. Once grown, Tityos attempted to rape Leto at the behest of Hera. He was slain by Leto's protective children Artemis and Apollo. As punishment, he was stretched out in Tartarus and tortured by two vultures who fed on his liver, which grew back every night. This punishment is comparable to that of the Titan Prometheus.\nJane Ellen Harrison noted that, \"To the orthodox worshipper of the Olympians he was the vilest of criminals; as such Homer knew him\":", "title": "Tityos" }, { "docid": "13648668#1", "text": "In the 1980s, the Western world constructed a large power plant named Titan under the Atlantic Ocean in order to extract geothermal energy from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge where the Earth's crust is thinnest. The power plant is operated and maintained solely by robots. Members of the Robot Liberation Front invade the power plant and seize control of the robots demanding equal rights for the machines, failing which they would use the power plant to trigger a massive earthquake which would severely threaten America, Europe and Africa. Titan is under the control of five separate computers - \"Zeus\", \"Poseidon\", \"Vulcan\", \"Ares\" and \"Hermes\" and scientists have managed to regain control of \"Hermes\" and the robots it operates. It is up to these robots to regain control of the other four computers who are moving to regain control.", "title": "Quake Minus One" } ]

[ { "docid": "305331#0", "text": "In mathematics, a quadratic irrational number (also known as a quadratic irrational, a quadratic irrationality or quadratic surd) is an irrational number that is the solution to some quadratic equation with rational coefficients which is irreducible over the set of rational numbers. Since fractions in the coefficients of a quadratic equation can be cleared by multiplying both sides by their common denominator, a quadratic irrational is an irrational root of some quadratic equation whose coefficients are integers. The quadratic irrational numbers, a subset of the complex numbers, are algebraic numbers of degree 2, and can therefore be expressed as", "title": "Quadratic irrational number" }, { "docid": "20647689#32", "text": "Almost all irrational numbers are transcendental and all real transcendental numbers are irrational (there are also complex transcendental numbers): the article on transcendental numbers lists several examples. So \"e\" and π are irrational for all nonzero rational \"r\", and, e.g., \"e\" is irrational, too.", "title": "Irrational number" }, { "docid": "20647689#55", "text": "Under the usual (Euclidean) distance function d(\"x\", \"y\") = |\"x\" − \"y\"|, the real numbers are a metric space and hence also a topological space. Restricting the Euclidean distance function gives the irrationals the structure of a metric space. Since the subspace of irrationals is not closed,\nthe induced metric is not complete. However, being a G-delta set—i.e., a countable intersection of open subsets—in a complete metric space, the space of irrationals is completely metrizable: that is, there is a metric on the irrationals inducing the same topology as the restriction of the Euclidean metric, but with respect to which the irrationals are complete. One can see this without knowing the aforementioned fact about G-delta sets: the continued fraction expansion of an irrational number defines a homeomorphism from the space of irrationals to the space of all sequences of positive integers, which is easily seen to be completely metrizable.", "title": "Irrational number" }, { "docid": "19727024#2", "text": "A real number that is not rational is called irrational. Irrational numbers include , , , and . The decimal expansion of an irrational number continues without repeating. Since the set of rational numbers is countable, and the set of real numbers is uncountable, almost all real numbers are irrational.", "title": "Rational number" }, { "docid": "21690#17", "text": "It turns out that these repeating decimals (including the repetition of zeroes) denote exactly the rational numbers, i.e., all rational numbers are also real numbers, but it is not the case that every real number is rational. A real number that is not rational is called irrational. A famous irrational real number is the number , the ratio of the circumference of any circle to its diameter. When pi is written as\nas it sometimes is, the ellipsis does not mean that the decimals repeat (they do not), but rather that there is no end to them. It has been proved that is irrational. Another well-known number, proven to be an irrational real number, is\nthe square root of 2, that is, the unique positive real number whose square is 2. Both these numbers have been approximated (by computer) to trillions of digits.", "title": "Number" }, { "docid": "20647689#0", "text": "In mathematics, the irrational numbers are all the real numbers which are not rational numbers, the latter being the numbers constructed from ratios (or fractions) of integers. When the ratio of lengths of two line segments is an irrational number, the line segments are also described as being \"incommensurable\", meaning that they share no \"measure\" in common, that is, there is no length (\"the measure\"), no matter how short, that could be used to express the lengths of both of the two given segments as integer multiples of itself.", "title": "Irrational number" } ]

[ { "docid": "20647689#18", "text": "In the Middle ages, the development of algebra by Muslim mathematicians allowed irrational numbers to be treated as \"algebraic objects\". Middle Eastern mathematicians also merged the concepts of \"number\" and \"magnitude\" into a more general idea of real numbers, criticized Euclid's idea of ratios, developed the theory of composite ratios, and extended the concept of number to ratios of continuous magnitude. In his commentary on Book 10 of the \"Elements\", the Persian mathematician Al-Mahani (d. 874/884) examined and classified quadratic irrationals and cubic irrationals. He provided definitions for rational and irrational magnitudes, which he treated as irrational numbers. He dealt with them freely but explains them in geometric terms as follows:", "title": "Irrational number" }, { "docid": "305331#17", "text": "Thus quadratic irrationals are precisely those real numbers in this form that are not rational. Since \"b\" and 2\"a\" are both integers, asking when the above quantity is irrational is the same as asking when the square root of an integer is irrational. The answer to this is that the square root of any natural number that is not a square number is irrational.", "title": "Quadratic irrational number" }, { "docid": "21690#57", "text": "The earliest known use of irrational numbers was in the Indian Sulba Sutras composed between 800 and 500 BC. The first existence proofs of irrational numbers is usually attributed to Pythagoras, more specifically to the Pythagorean Hippasus of Metapontum, who produced a (most likely geometrical) proof of the irrationality of the square root of 2. The story goes that Hippasus discovered irrational numbers when trying to represent the square root of 2 as a fraction. However, Pythagoras believed in the absoluteness of numbers, and could not accept the existence of irrational numbers. He could not disprove their existence through logic, but he could not accept irrational numbers, and so, allegedly and frequently reported, he sentenced Hippasus to death by drowning, to impede spreading of this disconcerting news.", "title": "Number" }, { "docid": "20647689#35", "text": "Because the algebraic numbers form a subfield of the real numbers, many irrational real numbers can be constructed by combining transcendental and algebraic numbers. For example, 3 + 2,  +  and \"e\" are irrational (and even transcendental).", "title": "Irrational number" } ]

[ { "docid": "35546258#0", "text": "The Colony of New Zealand was a British colony that existed in New Zealand from 1841 to 1907, created as a Crown colony. The power of the British Government was vested in a governor, but the colony was granted self-government in 1852. The 1852 Constitution was inaugurated after the first parliament was elected in 1853, and the first government of New Zealand was formed in 1856. The Colony of New Zealand had three capitals: Old Russell (1841), Auckland (1841–1865), and Wellington (after 1865). In 1907, the colony became the Dominion of New Zealand with a more explicit recognition of self-government within the British Empire.", "title": "Colony of New Zealand" }, { "docid": "5472856#5", "text": "New Zealand became a self-governing colony in 1853 following the passage of the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852, which established responsible government in the colony. The New Zealand Parliament was bound by a number of Acts of the British Parliament, such as the Colonial Laws Validity Act and the Colonial Navy Defence Act 1865 which led to the creation of the Flag of New Zealand in 1869.\nNew Zealand participated in the 1891 National Australian Convention in Sydney to consider the Federation of the Australian and New Zealand colonies. The Convention agreed to four principles including the creation of a Federated army and navy. Interest in the proposed Australian Federation faded and New Zealand did not send a delegation to the 1897 National Australian Convention.", "title": "Independence of New Zealand" }, { "docid": "6077985#1", "text": "New Zealand was established as the Colony of New Zealand, separate from New South Wales, in 1841. The colony became self-governing in 1853 following the passing of the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852. In 1869 the Admiralty directed that \"Governors ...administering the Governments of British Colonies and Dependencies be authorised to fly the Union Jack, with the Arms or Badge of the Colony emblazoned in the centre thereof\". There was at the time no colonial badge for New Zealand. Accordingly, in October 1869 the decision was made of including a Jack with the \"Southern Cross, as represented in the Blue Ensign by four five-pointed red stars in the fly, with white borders to correspond to the colouring of the Jack; in the Jack by four five-pointed white stars on the red ground of the St George's Cross; and in the pendant by four stars near the staff similar to those in the Ensign\".", "title": "Flag of the Governor-General of New Zealand" }, { "docid": "35546258#2", "text": "Initially, New Zealand was part of the Colony of New South Wales, and Lieutenant-Governor Hobson was answerable to his superior, the Governor of New South Wales. By letters patent, the British government issued the \"Charter for Erecting the Colony of New Zealand\" on 16 November 1840. The Charter stated that the Colony of New Zealand would be established as a Crown colony separate from New South Wales on 1 July 1841.", "title": "Colony of New Zealand" }, { "docid": "5472856#1", "text": "The principles behind the independence of New Zealand began before New Zealand even became a British colony in 1840. There had been minor rebellions in Canada, and in order to avoid making the mistakes which had led to the American revolution, Lord Durham was commissioned to make a report on the government of colonies which contained a substantial British population. The principles of self-government within the Empire were laid down in the Durham Report and first put into operation in Nova Scotia in 1848. Canada, New Zealand, and the Australian colonies very soon followed suit. The British Parliament passed the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 to grant the colony's settlers the right to self-governance, only 12 years (in 1853) after the founding of the colony. New Zealand was therefore to all intents and purposes independent in domestic matters from its earliest days as a British colony.", "title": "Independence of New Zealand" } ]

[ { "docid": "35546258#11", "text": "The Colony of New Zealand continued until 26 September 1907, when, as a result of a decision by the 1907 Imperial Conference and by request of the New Zealand government, King Edward VII declared New Zealand to be a Dominion. On the same day, the King issued another Royal Proclamation granting the Colony of Newfoundland the status of Dominion of Newfoundland. The 1907 change from Colony to Dominion was largely symbolic, and New Zealand did not become independent until the General Assembly of New Zealand enacted the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947, which applied the Statute of Westminster 1931 to the Dominion of New Zealand (although the United Kingdom retained the right to legislate for New Zealand at its request); certain colonial enactments survived for sometime after—the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 was finally replaced by the Constitution Act 1986.", "title": "Colony of New Zealand" }, { "docid": "3466084#29", "text": "The Imperial Conference of 1907 resolved to allow certain colonies to become independent states, termed 'Dominions'. Following the Conference, the House of Representatives passed a motion requesting that King Edward VII \"take such steps as he may consider necessary; to change New Zealand's official name from 'The Colony of New Zealand' to 'The Dominion of New Zealand'. Prime Minister Sir Joseph Ward prompted to move to \"raise up New Zealand\" and assured that it would \"have no other effect than that of doing the country good\". On 9 September, a Royal Proclamation granting New Zealand Dominion status was issued by King Edward VII. The proclamation took effect on the 27 September. As a result, the Office of Governor became Governor-General under the Letters Patent 1917 to reflect New Zealand's status as a dominion more fully. The Letters Patent also removed a number of powers the Governor previously held while New Zealand was a colony.", "title": "Constitution of New Zealand" }, { "docid": "5472856#4", "text": "The signing of the Treaty of Waitangi on 6 February 1840 marked the beginning of organised British colonisation of New Zealand. New Zealand was originally a sub-colony of the Colony of New South Wales, but in 1841 it was created as the Colony of New Zealand. Waitangi Day is thus celebrated as New Zealand's national day. Some constitutional lawyers, such as Moana Jackson, have argued that the Treaty did not cede total sovereignty of New Zealand to the British Crown, and argue that the Treaty intended to protect \"tino rangatiratanga\" or the absolute independence of Māori. Others dispute this, pointing to the use of the term \"kawanatanga\" (governorship) in the Treaty deducts from \"rangatiratanga\", equating the term to Māori control of Māori assets.", "title": "Independence of New Zealand" }, { "docid": "50703735#0", "text": "The New Zealand Land Commission was a 19th-century government inquiry into the validity of claims to land purchases by European settlers from the New Zealand Māori people prior to 1840, when New Zealand was annexed to the Australian colony of New South Wales. The inquiry was designed to determine who owned what land, in order to formalise and regulate land ownership in the new colony. The commission carried out its work in two distinct sections—a three-man inquiry to examine purchases in general throughout New Zealand, and a one-man inquiry run by English lawyer William Spain to investigate just those purchases claimed by the New Zealand Company. The commissions were to advise the Governor of which claims were accepted, with the expectation that land owners would then be awarded a Crown grant to their property.", "title": "New Zealand Land Commission" }, { "docid": "3466084#20", "text": "Prior to European settlement of New Zealand, Māori society was based largely around tribal units with no national governing body. As contact with Europeans increased, there arose a need for a single governing entity. In 1788, the colony of New South Wales was founded. According to Governor Arthur Phillip's amended Commission dated 25 April 1787, the colony included \"all the islands adjacent in the Pacific Ocean\" and running westward on the continent to the 135th meridian east. Until 1840, this technically included New Zealand, but the New South Wales administration had little interest in New Zealand. Amid increasing lawlessness and dubious land transactions between Māori and Europeans, the British Colonial Office appointed James Busby as British Resident to New Zealand.", "title": "Constitution of New Zealand" } ]

[ { "docid": "59610#0", "text": "Atlantic Recording Corporation (simply known as Atlantic Records) is an American record label founded in October 1947 by Ahmet Ertegün and Herb Abramson. Over its first 20 years of operation, Atlantic earned a reputation as one of the most important American labels, specializing in jazz, R&B, and soul by Aretha Franklin, Ray Charles, Wilson Pickett, Sam and Dave, Ruth Brown and Otis Redding. Its position was greatly improved by its distribution deal with Stax. In 1967, Atlantic became a wholly owned subsidiary of Warner Bros.-Seven Arts, now the Warner Music Group, and expanded into rock and pop music with releases by Led Zeppelin and Yes.", "title": "Atlantic Records" }, { "docid": "59610#44", "text": "In 1969 Warner Bros.-Seven Arts was taken over by the Kinney National Company, and in the early 1970s the group was rebadged as Warner Communications. After buying Elektra Records and its sister label Nonesuch Records in 1970, Kinney combined the operations of all of its record labels under a new holding company, WEA, and also known as Warner Music Group. WEA was also used as a label for distributing the company's artists outside North America. In January 1970, Ahmet Ertegun was successful in his executive battle against Warner Bros. Records President Mike Maitland to keep Atlantic Records autonomous and as a result Maitland was fired by Kinney president Steve Ross. Ertegun recommended Mo Ostin to succeed Maitland as Warner Bros. Records president. With Ertegun's power at Warners now secure, Atlantic was able to successfully maintain autonomy through the parent company reorganizations and continue to do their own marketing, while WEA handled distribution.", "title": "Atlantic Records" }, { "docid": "59610#1", "text": "In 2004, Atlantic and its sister label Elektra were merged into Atlantic Records Group. Craig Kallman is the chairman of Atlantic. Ahmet Ertegün served as founding chairman until his death on December 14, 2006, at age 83.", "title": "Atlantic Records" } ]

[ { "docid": "59610#41", "text": "In the wake of the takeover, Jerry Wexler's influence in the company rapidly diminished; by his own admission, he and Ertegun had run Atlantic as \"utmost despots\" but in the new corporate structure, he found himself unwilling to accept the delegation of responsibility that his executive role dictated. He was also alienated from the \"rockoid\" white acts that were quickly becoming the label's most profitable commodities, and dispirited by the rapidly waning fortunes of the black acts he had championed, such as Ben E. King and Solomon Burke. Wexler ultimately decided to leave New York and move to Florida. Following his departure, Ertegun—who had previously taken little interest in Atlantic's business affairs—took decisive control of the label and quickly became a major force in the expanding Warner music group.", "title": "Atlantic Records" }, { "docid": "3951431#0", "text": "The Atlantic Lottery Corporation (ALC) (French: Société des loteries de l'Atlantique), currently branded as simply Atlantic Lottery or Loto Atlantique, is a Canadian organization that operates lottery games in Atlantic Canada. It is owned jointly by the four Atlantic provincial governments: New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador. ALC's headquarters are located in Moncton, New Brunswick. Profits returned by ALC are distributed to the provinces for their general funds.", "title": "Atlantic Lottery Corporation" }, { "docid": "399598#5", "text": "The group had become somewhat dissatisfied with their record label Atlantic Records for a lack of involvement. Around January 1973 Keith Emerson, Greg Lake, Carl Palmer, and their manager Stewart Young decided to form their own record company. Together, they bought an abandoned ABC cinema in Fulham, West London and converted it into a rehearsal room and company headquarters, which would later be named Manticore Records. Lake said: \"We set up Manticore to try and make the entire record process as good as it could be. We were also aware of a number of artists who we knew were having problems getting their music released and getting a record deal\". Since the group knew that they would not have enough time to run their company, Atlantic promoter Mario Medius, who had worked with the group since their debut album, was brought in to serve as the president of Manticore in April 1973. Atlantic handled distribution duties.", "title": "Brain Salad Surgery" }, { "docid": "59610#26", "text": "Record producer Phil Spector moved to New York to work with Leiber and Stoller. He learned his trade at Trey Records, a label in California owned by Lester Sill and Lee Hazlewood and distributed by Atlantic. Sill recommended Spector to Leiber and Stoller, who assigned him to produce \"Corrine, Corrina\" by Ray Peterson and \"Pretty Little Angel Eyes\" by Curtis Lee. Both became hits, and Atlantic hired him as a staff producer. Ahmet Ertegun liked him, but Leiber said, \"He wasn't likable. He was funny, he was amusing—but he wasn't nice.\" Wexler disliked him. Miriam Bienstock called him \"a pain in the neck\". When Spector criticized Bobby Darin's songwriting, Darin had him thrown out of the house.", "title": "Atlantic Records" }, { "docid": "405067#0", "text": "American Record Corporation (ARC), also referred to as American Record Company, American Recording Corporation, or (erroneously) as ARC Records, was an American record company. It resulted from the merger in 1929 of three companies: the Cameo Record Corporation (which owned Cameo, Lincoln and Romeo Records), the Pathé Phonograph and Radio Corporation (which owned Actuelle, Pathé, and Perfect), and the Plaza Music Company (which operated but did not own Banner, Domino, Jewel, Oriole, and Regal).", "title": "American Record Corporation" }, { "docid": "200142#0", "text": "Elektra Records is an American major record label owned by Warner Music Group, founded in 1950 by Jac Holzman and Paul Rickolt. It played an important role in the development of contemporary folk music and rock music between the 1950s and 1970s. In 2004, it was consolidated into WMG's Atlantic Records Group. After five years of dormancy, the label was revived as an imprint of Atlantic in 2009. As of October 2018, Elektra was detached from the Atlantic Records umbrella and reorganized into \"Elektra Music Group\", once again operating as an independently-managed frontline label of Warner Music.", "title": "Elektra Records" }, { "docid": "929317#0", "text": "ATCO Records is an American record company and label founded in 1955 as a division of Atlantic Records. It was devised as an outlet for productions by one of Atlantic's founders, Herb Abramson, who had returned to the company from military service. It was also intended as a home for acts that did not fit the format of Atlantic, which was releasing blues, jazz, rhythm and blues, and soul. The Atco name is an abbreviation of ATlantic COrporation. Atco also provided distribution for other labels, including RSO Records, Volt, Island, Modern, Ruthless, and Rolling Stones Records.", "title": "Atco Records" }, { "docid": "4925514#1", "text": "In 2004, Time Warner sold Warner Music to group of private investors. As a cost-cutting maneuver, the new owners of Warner Music Group merged Atlantic Records with its Elektra Records sister to form The Atlantic Records Group. Upon the merger, Elektra became largely dormant, with most of its retained roster absorbed by Atlantic. In the years to follow, Atlantic Records Group would add a host of other labels to its umbrella, including: Roadrunner, Fueled by Ramen, Custard and Maybach. Elektra was reactivated as a brand of Atlantic Records Group in 2009. The same year Atlantic's dance and hip hop imprint Big Beat Records, which scored notable success for most of the 1990s (but had been in hibernation since 1998) was also relaunched.", "title": "Atlantic Records Group" } ]

[ { "docid": "5819766#6", "text": "Unlike German autobahns, on Austrian autobahns a general speed limit of 130 km/h (81 mph) is set, although as of August 25, 2018, the FPÖ government has been going on a trial for a possible speed limit increase to 140 km/h (87 mph) on the Autobahn 1 freeway. They may only be used by powered vehicles that are designed to achieve at least . While on the motorway voluntary stops, U-turns and backward driving are prohibited.", "title": "Autobahns of Austria" }, { "docid": "28572104#0", "text": "General speed limits in Germany are set by the federal government. All limits are multiples of 5 km/h. There are two default speed limits: 50 km/h (31 mph) inside built-up areas and 100 km/h (62 mph) outside built-up areas. While parts of the autobahns and many other freeway-style highways have posted limits up to 130 km/h (81 mph) based on accident experience, congestion and other factors, many rural sections have no general speed limit. The German Highway Code (\"Straßenverkehrsordnung\") section on speed begins with the requirement which may be rendered in English:\nAny person driving a vehicle may only drive so fast that the car is under control. Speeds must be adapted to the road, traffic, visibility and weather conditions as well as the personal skills and characteristics of the vehicle and load.\nThis requirement applies to all roads, and is similar to the \"reasonable speed\" legal obligation levied in other nations.", "title": "Speed limits in Germany" } ]

[ { "docid": "34923571#4", "text": "In an interview, Sebastian Schipper discussed his love for cars and how he wanted to create a film to show that of Germany's car culture. He stated he was not afraid to have the image of the car-fanatical director. Germany is known for its love of cars. It has the Autobahn which allows people with fast cars to use them to their full potential. Schipper states, \"In the movie [cars have] to be something authentic - you realize that cars are more than going from point A to B. Cars are true\" and further describes how certain cars define certain people. The cars that Brühl and Vogel drive represent who they are and that can be said about certain citizens in Germany as well. The most popular cars being the Audi and Porsche which is \"typical German\" according to Schipper.", "title": "A Friend of Mine (2006 film)" }, { "docid": "5116182#1", "text": "The lyrics of the song are in German, the main refrain being \"Wir fahren fahren fahren auf der Autobahn\" (English: \"We drive drive drive on the Autobahn\"). The chorus was often mistaken for the English phrase \"Fun fun fun on the Autobahn\" and thought to be a reference to the 1964 Beach Boys' song \"Fun, Fun, Fun\". Band member Wolfgang Flür later commented:\nRalf Hütter has said that The Beach Boys were an influence on the band, and seemed more open to the interpretation of the chorus as a homage to their song.", "title": "Autobahn (song)" }, { "docid": "1764276#32", "text": "Some cars with very powerful engines can reach speeds of well over . Major German car manufacturers, except Porsche, follow a \"gentlemen's agreement\" by electronically limiting the top speeds of their cars—with the exception of some top of the range models or engines—to . These limiters can be deactivated, so speeds up to might arise on the German autobahn, but due to other traffic, such speeds are generally not attainable except during certain times like between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m. or on Sundays (when trucks drivers have to rest by law). Furthermore, there are certain autobahn sections which are known for having light traffic, making such speeds attainable during most days (especially some of those located in Eastern Germany). Most unlimited sections of the autobahn are located outside densely populated areas.", "title": "Autobahn" }, { "docid": "1764276#58", "text": "Driving in Germany is regulated by the Straßenverkehrs-Ordnung (\"road traffic regulations\", abbreviated StVO). Enforcement on the federal Autobahnen is handled by each state's Highway Patrol (\"Autobahnpolizei\"), often using unmarked police cars and motorcycles and usually equipped with video cameras, thus allowing easier enforcement of laws such as tailgating. Notable laws include the following.\n\"\", \"\", and \"Burnout Dominator\" use autobahn as one of their tracks. \"Euro Truck Simulator\", \"German Truck Simulator\", and \"Euro Truck Simulator 2\" features the Autobahn in its open world map. \"Burnout 3: Takedown\" named them as Alpine while \"Burnout Dominator\" divided them into two (Autobahn and Autobahn Loop).\n\"\" also had a track that had the player drive across different sections of the autobahn. The entire game world of \"\" is set on the autobahn.\nOn \"Gran Turismo 5\" and \"Gran Turismo 6\", a trophy is awarded to those who have driven the same distance as the autobahn total length. In December 2010 video game developer Synetic GmbH and Conspiracy Entertainment released the title \"Alarm für Cobra 11 – Die Autobahnpolizei\" featuring real world racing and mission-based gameplay. It is taken from the popular German television series about a two-man team of \"Autobahnpolizei\" first set in Berlin then later in North Rhine-Westphalia.", "title": "Autobahn" }, { "docid": "25049070#0", "text": "Crash Time: Autobahn Pursuit (known in the United Kingdom as Crash Time and in the rest of Europe as Alarm für Cobra 11: Crash Time) is a mission-based driving game released for the PC in 2007 and Xbox 360 in 2008. It is based on the German television series \"Alarm für Cobra 11 – Die Autobahnpolizei\", and features several characters from the show working their way through criminal cases set in fictitious versions of the city streets of Cologne, and the autobahn in North Rhine Westphalia. The developers created a \"Pathfinder\" to ensure that the AI vehicles do not always follow the same path during a pursuit. It was not received well by critics, with graphics and plot being of concern. Four sequels have been released on Xbox 360 and through online content provider Steam.", "title": "Crash Time: Autobahn Pursuit" }, { "docid": "1764276#33", "text": "Vehicles with a top speed less than (such as quads, low-end microcars, and agricultural/construction equipment) are not allowed to use the autobahn, nor are motorcycles and scooters with low engine capacity regardless of top speed (mainly applicable to mopeds which are typically limited to or anyway). To comply with this limit, heavy-duty trucks in Germany (e.g. mobile cranes, tank transporters etc.) often have a maximum design speed of (usually denoted by a round black-on-white sign with \"62\" on it), along with flashing orange beacons to warn approaching cars that they are travelling slowly. There is no general minimum speed but drivers are not allowed to drive at an unnecessarily low speed as this would lead to significant traffic disturbance and an increased collision risk.", "title": "Autobahn" }, { "docid": "54504774#1", "text": "The game sets on Germany's highway named Autobahn (Approximately 40 km (25 miles) on the game). The game supports a gaming wheel for it to be more enjoyable and a third-person view or to first-person view. There are 40 missions in the game and free play mode is available. Players can also explore the world in foot and can manually open the vehicle's door. There are male and female characters on the game. There is also realistic radio communications and day and night cycle on the game.", "title": "Autobahn Police Simulator" }, { "docid": "25049070#7", "text": "On February 27, 2009, IGN reported that a sequel to \"Crash Time: Autobahn Pursuit\" is to be released for under the names Crash Time: Burning Wheels in Europe and Crash Time 2 in the United Kingdom. This game will feature more open world environments where the first game is more linear. An overhead map will be included for the first time in the series, as demonstrated in the demo available on Xbox Live Marketplace. New escort missions have been confirmed by the Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB), as has the feature that \"players can drive onto a field and plow into cows, which shatter into 'cartoony' t-bone steaks upon impact\". The ESRB has also commented on mentions of drugs, prostitution and one instance of sexual innuendo in reference to the new escort style missions. \"Crash Time 2\" was released on Xbox 360 in Europe on 27 November 2008, and on Steam on 27 August 2009. \"", "title": "Crash Time: Autobahn Pursuit" }, { "docid": "41959688#0", "text": "Winfield Toll Bridge, also known as the Ross Booth Memorial Bridge, is a historic three-span cantilever Warren Truss bridge located at Winfield and Red House, Putnam County, West Virginia. It was built in 1955, and spans the Kanawha River, carrying West Virginia Route 34. The cantilever through-truss consists of two anchor spans each 245 feet in length and the main span 462 feet in length between pier center lines. The main span consists of two 128 feet, 4 inch, cantilever arms and a 205 feet, 4 inch, suspended span.", "title": "Winfield Toll Bridge" } ]

[ { "docid": "1271635#1", "text": "Tobin was born in Salisbury, the son of James Tobin, a merchant, and his wife, born Webbe, the daughter of a rich West India sugar planter. George Tobin was his elder brother. Another brother, James Webbe Tobin (died 1814), an acquaintance of Charles Lamb and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, went to Nevis. About 1775 the father set out with his wife to Nevis in the West Indies. The children were left behind, and John was placed for a while under the care of Dr. Richard Mant, the father of Richard Mant the bishop, at Southampton. After the American War of Independence, James Tobin having returned to England and settled at Redland, near Bristol, John was sent to Bristol Grammar School under Dr. Charles Lee. In 1787 he left Bristol to be articled to a solicitor in Lincoln's Inn, and, some ten years later, on his employer's death without a successor, he took over the practice in partnership with three other clerks in the office. Dissensions arose, and the arrangement broke down. Tobin eventually entered a new firm.", "title": "John Tobin (dramatist)" }, { "docid": "16380#0", "text": "James Tobin (March 5, 1918 – March 11, 2002) was an American economist who served on the Council of Economic Advisers and the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, and taught at Harvard and Yale Universities. He developed the ideas of Keynesian economics, and advocated government intervention to stabilize output and avoid recessions. His academic work included pioneering contributions to the study of investment, monetary and fiscal policy and financial markets. He also proposed an econometric model for censored endogenous variables, the well-known \"Tobit model\". Tobin received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1981.", "title": "James Tobin" } ]

[ { "docid": "26546362#10", "text": "Angelika Kluk, a 23-year-old student from Poland, was staying at the presbytery of St Patrick's Church, where she worked as a cleaner to help finance her Scandinavian Studies course at the University of Gdańsk. She was last seen alive in the company of Tobin on 24 September 2006, and is thought to have been attacked by him in the garage attached to the presbytery. She was beaten, raped and stabbed, and her body was concealed in an underground chamber beneath the floor near the confessional in the church. Forensic evidence suggested that she was still alive when she was placed under the floorboards. Police found her body on 29 September, and Tobin was arrested in London shortly afterwards. He had been admitted to hospital under a false name, and with a fictitious complaint.", "title": "Peter Tobin" }, { "docid": "7037068#0", "text": "Tom Tobin (1823–1904) was an American adventurer, tracker, trapper, mountain man, guide, US Army scout, and occasional bounty hunter. Tobin explored much of southern Colorado, including the Pueblo area. He associated with men such as Kit Carson, \"Uncle Dick\" Wootton, Ceran St. Vrain, Charley Bent, John C. Fremont, \"Wild Bill\" Hickok, William F. Cody, and the Shoup brothers. Tobin was one of only two men to escape alive from the siege of Turley's Mill during the Taos Revolt. In later years he was sent by the Army to track down and kill the notorious Felipe Espinosa and his brother; Tobin returned to Ft. Garland with their heads in a sack.", "title": "Thomas Tate Tobin" }, { "docid": "6326178#5", "text": "James Tobin is a struggling artist in San Francisco who owns an art gallery with his business partner, Zachary Barnes. For some time, the gallery is a lucrative business. However, after a new series of Tobin's paintings fail to sell, the gallery struggles financially. Tensions rise further when a burglary occurs at the gallery and Tobin's new series of paintings are stolen. During this time, unrelatedly, Barnes and Tobin's girlfriend, Ruby Garcia, have a one-night stand. One morning a few weeks later, an incident occurs between Tobin and Barnes at the gallery and Tobin shoots Barnes dead.", "title": "In the 1st Degree" }, { "docid": "46478885#1", "text": "The son of James Tobin, he was born in St. John's and was educated at Saint Bonaventure's College, St. Francis Xavier University and Loyola College in Montreal, Quebec. Tobin placed hockey with the Victorias and the Terra Novas. He also coached hockey and later was a hockey referee. Tobin served 50 years as secretary of the Newfoundland Hockey League. He also competed in the Royal St. John's Regatta and coached teams in that event. Tobin was elected to the Newfoundland assembly in 1928. He served on St. John's City Council as an alderman from 1937 to 1941. Tobin hosted a radio program about hockey during the 1940s. He died in St. John's at the age of 61.", "title": "John M. Tobin (politician)" }, { "docid": "16380#11", "text": "James Tobin married Elizabeth Fay Ringo, a former M.I.T. student of Paul Samuelson, on September 14, 1946. They had four children: Margaret Ringo (born in 1948), Louis Michael (born in 1951), Hugh Ringo (born in 1953) and Roger Gill (born in 1956). In late June, 2009, the family announced via a private email that Tobin's wife had died at the age of 90.", "title": "James Tobin" }, { "docid": "43378116#3", "text": "Tobin died in London, England at the age of 73.", "title": "James William Tobin" }, { "docid": "50539314#6", "text": "Tobin married in 1766 Elizabeth Webbe, daughter of George Webbe, a Nevis planter. Living until 1777 in Salisbury, they had eight children: James Webbe, George, Henry Hope, John, Elizabeth, Charles Meadows, Joseph Webbe, and Frances. Elizabeth married John Cobham of Barbados, and Frances Robert Bush of Clifton. In a marriage of first cousins, George Webbe Tobin, son of George, married Susannah Cobham, daughter of Elizabeth.", "title": "James Tobin (planter)" }, { "docid": "50530890#5", "text": "From 1807 Tobin and his family were on Nevis. He took a leading part in the cruelty case brought in 1810 against the plantation owner Edward Huggins; Huggins had bought the Montravers estate on Nevis from the Pretor Pinney family in 1808. Huggins was acquitted; Tobin made his views known, writing in particular to Hugh Elliot, the Governor of the Leeward Islands, claiming that the jury was packed. The \"Christian Observer\" noted that Tobin's blindness meant he could not be challenged to a duel for his stand. James Stephen wrote that others who backed him did not escape feuds.", "title": "James Webbe Tobin" }, { "docid": "16380#9", "text": "In 1982–1983, Tobin was Ford Visiting Research Professor of Economics at the University of California, Berkeley. In 1988 he formally retired from Yale, but continued to deliver some lectures as Professor Emeritus and continued to write. He died on March 11, 2002, in New Haven, Connecticut.", "title": "James Tobin" } ]

[ { "docid": "88483#0", "text": "Sun Yat-sen (; 12 November 1866 – 12 March 1925) was the founding father of the Republic of China. The provisional first president of the Republic of China, Sun was a Chinese medical doctor, writer, philosopher, Georgist, calligrapher, and revolutionary. As the foremost pioneer and first leader of a Republican China, Sun is referred to as the \"Father of the Nation\" in the Republic of China (ROC) and the \"forerunner of democratic revolution\" in the People's Republic of China (PRC). Sun played an instrumental role in the overthrow of the Qing dynasty (the last imperial dynasty of China) during the years leading up to the Xinhai Revolution. He was appointed to serve as Provisional President of the Republic of China when it was founded in 1912. He later co-founded the Kuomintang (Nationalist Party of China), serving as its first leader. Sun was a uniting figure in post-Imperial China, and he remains unique among 20th-century Chinese politicians for being widely revered amongst the people from both sides of the Taiwan Strait.", "title": "Sun Yat-sen" }, { "docid": "20982080#5", "text": "Sun Yat-sen is seen as the first president of a Republican China and is highly regarded as the \"Forerunner of the Democratic Revolution\" (革命先行者) in the People's Republic of China. Mao Zedong is reverred as the founder of the people's republic in 1949.", "title": "List of national founders" }, { "docid": "885795#104", "text": "In 1912, the Republic of China was established and Sun Yat-sen was inaugurated in Nanjing as the first Provisional President. But power in Beijing already had passed to Yuan Shikai, who had effective control of the Beiyang Army, the most powerful military force in China at the time. To prevent civil war and possible foreign intervention from undermining the infant republic, leaders agreed to Army's demand that China be united under a Beijing government. On March 10, in Beijing, Shikai was sworn in as the second Provisional President of the Republic of China.", "title": "Modern history" }, { "docid": "47747524#15", "text": "Mao Zedong was the first to hold the office of State Chairman. He was elected at the founding session of the National People's Congress in 1955. At the 2nd NPC in 1959, Mao was succeeded by Liu Shaoqi, first Vice Chairman of the Communist Party. Liu was reelected as State Chairman at the 3rd NPC in Jan 1965. However, in 1966, Mao launched the Cultural Revolution and by August 1966 Mao and his supporters succeeding in removing Liu from his position as party Vice Chairman. A few months later Liu was apparently placed under house arrest, and after a prolonged power struggle the 12th Plenum of the 8th Communist Party Congress stripped Liu Shaoqi of all his party and non-party positions on 31 October 1968, including the post of State Chairman. This was in violation of the Constitution, which required a vote by the NPC to remove the State Chairman.", "title": "President of the People's Republic of China" } ]

[ { "docid": "47747524#0", "text": "The President of the People's Republic of China is the head of state of the People's Republic of China. Under the country's constitution, the presidency is a largely ceremonial office with limited powers. However, since 1993, as a matter of convention, the presidency has been held simultaneously by the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, the top leader in the one party system. The office is officially regarded as an institution of the state rather than an administrative post; theoretically, the President serves at the pleasure of the National People's Congress, the legislature, and is not legally vested to take executive action on its own prerogative. The current President is Xi Jinping, who took office in March 2013.", "title": "President of the People's Republic of China" }, { "docid": "623736#18", "text": "Along with holding important government offices in the People's Republic of China, Guo was a prolific writer, not just of poetry but also fiction, plays, autobiographies, translations, and historical and philosophical treatises. He was the first President of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and remained so from its founding in 1949 until his death in 1978. He was also the first president of University of Science & Technology of China (USTC), a new type of university established by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) after the founding of the People's Republic of China and aimed at fostering high-level personnel in the fields of science and technology.", "title": "Guo Moruo" }, { "docid": "2556089#1", "text": "Both the \"Free China Journal\" and the \"Free China Weekly\" often referred to the polity as the \"Republic of China on Taiwan\" prior to Lee Teng-hui taking office as the first Taiwan-born President of the Republic of China. During Lee's administration, the term remained in use, and he used the term in his speech at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States in June 1995. It was used to identify the Republic of China with its remaining major component – the island of Taiwan, as opposed to its decades-long claim to all China since losing the civil war in 1949. Prior to this speech, the government officials used \"Republic of China\" when the name of the state was used. Lee's usage is considered as a departure from the convention, as this usage can be interpreted in the sense that the Republic of China's sovereignty does not extend to mainland China, which the People's Republic of China controls.", "title": "Four-Stage Theory of the Republic of China" }, { "docid": "268997#11", "text": "On 1 January 1912, Sun officially declared the establishment of the Republic of China and was inaugurated in Nanjing as the first Provisional President. However, power in Beijing already had passed to Yuan Shikai, who had effective control of the Beiyang Army, the most powerful military force in China at the time. To prevent civil war and possible foreign intervention from undermining the infant republic, Sun agreed to Yuan's demand for China to be united under a Beijing government headed by him. On March 10, in Beijing, Yuan Shikai was sworn in as the second Provisional President of the Republic of China.", "title": "History of the Republic of China" }, { "docid": "47747524#11", "text": "For President Liu Shaoqi, he was also the first Vice Chairman of the Communist Party of China, ranked second in the Communist Party of China, behind Chairman Mao Zedong. For President Li Xiannian, he was also the 5th ranked member of the Politburo Standing Committee, after CPC General Secretary and Premier. For President Yang Shangkun, he was not a member of Politburo Standing Committee, but he ranked third after General Secretary Zhao Ziyang and Deng Xiaoping. Since Jiang Zemin, the President is also the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, ranking first in Party and State.", "title": "President of the People's Republic of China" }, { "docid": "22638880#6", "text": "The Kuomintang unified China in 1927, and started to prepare the state for democracy, as according to Sun's teaching. The Constitution of the Republic of China enacted in 1947 stipulates that different parties shall enjoy equal status, and the National Revolutionary Army was returned to civilian control as the Army of the Republic of China. However, due to the outbreak of the Chinese Civil War, the ROC was under military rule of the KMT during the period of mobilization. In the 1990s, when the martial law ended, all political parties became legal and the Republic of China was democratized. Since then, the President of the Republic of China has been democratically elected by the people of the Free Area. Chen Shui-bian of the Democratic Progressive Party was elected president, making him the first non-KMT president under the Constitution.", "title": "Dang Guo" }, { "docid": "61155#0", "text": "The President of the Republic of China is the head of state of the Republic of China, commonly known as Taiwan. Since 1996, the President is directly elected by plurality voting to a four-year term, with at most one re-election. The incumbent, Tsai Ing-Wen, succeeded Ma Ying-jeou on 20 May 2016 as the first female president in the nation's history. Originally established in Nanking in 1912, the Republic of China and its president relocated to Taiwan in 1949 after losing the Chinese Civil War.", "title": "President of the Republic of China" } ]

[ { "docid": "26977166#1", "text": "The closest relatives of mantises are the termites and cockroaches (Blattodea), which are all within the superorder Dictyoptera. Mantises are sometimes confused with stick insects (Phasmatodea), other elongated insects such as grasshoppers (Orthoptera), or other unrelated insects with raptorial forelegs such as mantisflies (Mantispidae). Mantises are mostly ambush predators, but a few ground-dwelling species are found actively pursuing their prey. They normally live for about a year. In cooler climates, the adults lay eggs in autumn, then die. The eggs are protected by their hard capsules and hatch in the spring. Females sometimes practice sexual cannibalism, eating their mates after copulation.", "title": "Mantis" } ]

[ { "docid": "18459354#7", "text": "\"L. minor\" is a solitary species and like most other praying mantises will only come together to mate. Mating times for this species are highly dependent upon weather conditions and prey availability. Typically females are most likely to accept a mate and have a successful clutch two weeks after their last molt.", "title": "Litaneutria minor" }, { "docid": "44139686#9", "text": "Common insects that prey on wasps include praying mantises, dragonflies, centipedes, beetles and moths. In fact, large wasps will even prey on smaller wasps. Spiders will also capture wasps in their webs and eat them. Predatory reptiles and amphibians, such as frogs, lizards, toads, and salamanders see the wasp as just another opportunistic meal and do not differentiate them from other insects, despite their feared sting. Birds that regularly consume bugs will also eat wasps. Other creatures that eat wasps, particularly mammals, are more interested in the larvae rather than the adults.", "title": "Protopolybia chartergoides" }, { "docid": "18465182#4", "text": "Nymphs are skittish but at the 1st instar they are calm and are not able to move quickly like most praying mantises. After the 2nd instar they start to get skittish. Nymphs are known to play dead. If startled sometimes nymphs will jump up into the air and fall face up or down to the ground with their legs pulled in. Adults and nymphs are known to do a threat pose when startled. \"Deroplatys lobata\" are aggressive toward each other and they will sometimes eat each other so they should not be kept together in captivity. Younger nymphs are not very aggressive toward each other so can be kept together and there will rarely be any cannibalism if they are fed enough. From the 1st instar to adult they often threaten each other by doing a threat pose and striking to scare off the other mantis. After laying the ootheca the female sits on her ootheca to defend it. \nThese mantids need a very humid environment. Misting them heavily directly onto the mantis every evening works well. To keep the humidity up, substrate like moist sphagnum moss can be added but is not needed. \"Deroplatys lobata\" do well when the temperature is not below 75 degrees Fahrenheit to 95 degrees Fahrenheit. Sudden changes in temperature may kill the mantis. If kept warmer praying mantises will grow faster and live a shorter life but if kept cooler then they grow slower and live a longer life. When kept warmer it speeds up their metabolism and when kept cooler it slows down their metabolism and this is true for all praying mantises. To molt \"Deroplatys lobata\" need a rough superior support, like a piece of rough bark or a rough stick at a diagonal angle or attached to the top of the container so that the nymph will hang upside down which is needed to molt. Their cage should be well ventilated with twigs for the mantis to perch on. They don't require much room as they are not active predators, but they do need room to molt. A good sized container for \"Deroplatys lobata\" in width and height is usually 3x the length of the mantis, but for young nymphs (1st to 2nd instar nymphs) a 16oz container is good. During molting, it is vital that you do not disturb them. Also, make sure that the humidity is at a safe level because too much humidity can hinder the insect from drying out correctly and it might end up with bent legs and crippled arms.", "title": "Deroplatys lobata" }, { "docid": "13664996#5", "text": "Similar behaviours have been observed in other species, such as in males of two species of dragonflies (\"Aeshna grandis\" & \"Aeshna viridis\"). They engage in matutinal searching flights each morning until they find a receptive female to mate with. A similar phenomenon is seen in male praying mantises, where they respond to the emerging light each morning by increasing flight activity.", "title": "Matutinal" }, { "docid": "13664996#3", "text": "For certain species, commencing mating during the early morning's twilight period may be adaptive because it could reduce the risk of predation, increase the chance of finding mates, and reduce competition for mates, all of which may increase reproductive success.\nAnimals are generally more vulnerable during copulation (e.g., praying mantis), so mating during a time when there is less predatory activity may be an anti-predatory adaptation. Some species may even take up to several hours to finish mating, which increases this vulnerability. For species that copulate for longer periods, shifting their mating schedule may additionally allow enough time for the male to completely inseminate the female (i.e., it will reduce the chance of having to escape from a predator mid-copulation). One example of a matutinal mating routine is exhibited by female tropical praying mantises (\"Mantis religiosa).\" To avoid detection from predators they use different stances to blend in with their environment. They can orient themselves to look like leaves or sticks. However, when females are ready to mate they will take up a different posture where they expose pheromone-emitting glands that attract mates, and in the process must disengage from their normal camouflaging stance. Likely to compensate for this vulnerability, females will initiate this stance only at first light when diurnal predators that are visual hunters are less active (e.g., birds and insectivorous primates).", "title": "Matutinal" }, { "docid": "18463039#7", "text": "Another breeder of mantises states that \"S. viridis\":\n...is an attractive species due to its aggressiveness. Anyone interested in looking at how a praying mantis chase down its prey and devour it greedily, this is the species! ...they are not as bulky as Sphodromantis Lineola but aggressive nevertheless. This species was easy to raise, feed them plenty of roaches, crickets, and wild caught flying insects, and they will gladly accept the food. Mating this species was not difficult at all, [the] male will initiate the move and [the] female will be more cooperative when fed well. A warm, well-heated enclosure of about 90°F works as a catalyst to further improve the chances of mating.", "title": "Sphodromantis viridis" }, { "docid": "26977166#20", "text": "Sexual cannibalism is common among most predatory species of mantises in captivity. It has sometimes been observed in natural populations, where about a quarter of male-female encounters result in the male being eaten by the female. Around 90% of the predatory species of mantises participate in sexual cannibalism. Adult males typically outnumber females at first, but their numbers may be fairly equivalent later in the adult stage, possibly because females selectively eat the smaller males. In \"Tenodera sinensis\", 83% of males escape cannibalism after an encounter with a female, but since multiple matings occur, the probability of a male's being eaten increases cumulatively.", "title": "Mantis" }, { "docid": "5817455#9", "text": "While praying mantises are carnivorous insects, they also are in danger of being eaten by larger animals. The young instars of several mantids such as the bark mantid \"Tarachodes afzelii\" are Batesian mimics of ants, but there seem to be no mantids that mimic models in any other taxon. Curiously, the young instars derive protection from their resemblance to ants, while bigger instars and adults, neither of which are ant mimics, eat ants.", "title": "Ant mimicry" }, { "docid": "26977166#14", "text": "Most mantises stalk tempting prey if it strays close enough, and will go further when they are especially hungry. Once within reach, mantises strike rapidly to grasp the prey with their spiked raptorial forelegs. Some ground and bark species pursue their prey in a more active way. For example, members of a few genera such as the ground mantises, \"Entella\", \"Ligaria\", and \"Ligariella\" run over dry ground seeking prey, much as tiger beetles do.\nThe fore gut of some species extends the whole length of the insect and can be used to store prey for digestion later. This may be advantageous in an insect that feeds intermittently. Chinese mantises live longer, grow faster, and produce more young when they are able to eat pollen.", "title": "Mantis" } ]

[ { "docid": "56404115#0", "text": "Mehmet Nuri Yamut Pasha (1890, Selanik – 5 June 1961, İstanbul) was a Turkish general, who became the 20th Commander of the Turkish Armed Forces on 5 June 1950. He was a career Artillery officer. In 1943 he was appointed to the 2nd Corps \"Command in Gallipoli\". During the 2nd Corps Command, he sold his house for the Turkish soldiers who were martyred in the Battle of Gallipoli, and built a monumental grave. He served as Chief of General Staff between 1950-1954 for a four-year period. It is the first commander-in-chief of the Turkish Land Forces Command since the transition from the Ottoman army to the modern-regular army. He then retired and entered the Parliament from the Justice Party. TBMM X. and XI. He is a deputy in Istanbul.", "title": "Nuri Yamut" }, { "docid": "30205#1", "text": "The current Chief of the General staff is General Yaşar Güler. The Chief of the General Staff is the Commander of the Armed Forces. In wartime, he acts as the Commander in Chief on behalf of the President of Turkey, who represents the Supreme Military Command of the TAF on behalf of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. Commanding the Armed Forces and establishing the policies and programs related with the preparation for combat of personnel, intelligence, operations, organization, training and logistic services are the responsibilities of the General Staff. Furthermore, the General Staff coordinates the military relations of the TAF with NATO member states and other friendly nations.", "title": "Turkish Armed Forces" } ]

[ { "docid": "30205#36", "text": "On the eve of the Supreme Military Council of August 2011, the Chief of the General Staff, along with the Army, Navy, and Air Force commanders, requested their retirement, in protest of the mass arrests which they perceived as a deliberate and planned attack against the Kemalist and secular-minded officers of the Turkish Armed Forces by the Islamists in Turkey, who began to control key positions in the Turkish government, judiciary and police. The swift replacement of the force commanders in the Supreme Military Council meeting affirmed the government's control over the appointment of top-level commanders. However, promotions continue to be determined by the General Staff with limited civilian control. The European Commission, in its 2011 regular yearly report on Turkey's progress towards EU accession, stated that \"further reforms on the composition and powers of the Supreme Military Council, particularly on the legal basis of promotions, still need to materialise.\" The service branch commanders continue to report to the Prime Minister instead of the Defence Minister.\nIn July 2016, various factions of the Turkish Armed Forces attempted to take over the government, but Erdogan supporters stopped the coup attempt. Many lives were lost and hundreds were injured. Thousands of military personnel have been arrested and structure of the armed forces has been overhauled.", "title": "Turkish Armed Forces" }, { "docid": "1239586#6", "text": "According to the constitution, the office of the 'Commander in Chief' is represented in the spiritual entity of the Grand National Assembly. The Chief of the General Staff is appointed by the President as the Commander of the Armed Forces. The Council of Ministers is responsible to the Grand National Assembly for national security and the preparation of the Turkish Armed Forces to defend the country. However, the authority to declare a state of war and send the Turkish Armed Forces to foreign countries or allow foreign armed forces to be stationed in Turkey require a vote of approval from the Turkish Parliament.", "title": "General Staff of the Republic of Turkey" }, { "docid": "1733276#0", "text": "The Turkish Land Forces (), or Turkish Army (), is the main branch of the Turkish Armed Forces responsible for land-based military operations. Official sources trace the army's foundation to Modu Chanyu of the Xiongnu Empire in 209 BC, but the modern history of the army began with its formation after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. Significant events since the foundation of the army include combat in the Korean War and in the 1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus, and acting as a NATO bulwark along Cold War frontiers through 1992. The army holds the preeminent place within the armed forces. It is customary for the Chief of the General Staff of the Republic of Turkey to have been the Commander of the Turkish Land Forces prior to his appointment as Turkey's senior ranking officer. Alongside the other two armed services, the Turkish Army has frequently intervened in Turkish politics, which has now been regulated to an extent with the reform of the National Security Council. The current commander of the Turkish Land Forces is General Yaşar Güler.", "title": "Turkish Land Forces" }, { "docid": "32664231#6", "text": "As a General, he served as the Commander of Aegean Army between 2007–2008, as the Commander of the 2nd Army between 2008–2010, and as the Commander of Gendarmerie between 2010–2011. After serving as the Commander of TLFC and as the Acting Commander of the Turkish Armed Forces between 29 July and 4 August 2011, he assumed the command of Turkish Armed Forces (TAF) on 4 August 2011. Between 4 August 2011 and 18 August 2015, he serves as the 28th Chief of the Turkish General Staff, succeeded by Hulusi Akar.", "title": "Necdet Özel" }, { "docid": "32664231#0", "text": "General Necdet Özel (born 1950) is a Turkish Army general, who served as the 28th Chief of the General Staff of the Turkish Armed Forces. He also served as the commander of the Turkish Land Forces. General Necdet Özel is only the second in this position not to have NATO experience.", "title": "Necdet Özel" }, { "docid": "4840334#0", "text": "Hüseyin Kıvrıkoğlu (born 1934) is a retired Turkish general who was the Commander of the Turkish Armed Forces and on August 30, 1998, became Chief of the Turkish General Staff for a four-year term.", "title": "Hüseyin Kıvrıkoğlu" }, { "docid": "254428#84", "text": "President of the Republic of Turkey has the constitutional right to represent the Supreme Military Command of the Turkish Armed Forces, on behalf of the Turkish Grand National Assembly, and to decide on the mobilization of the Turkish Armed Forces, to appoint the Chief of the General Staff, to call the National Security Council to meet, to preside over the National Security Council, to proclaim martial law or state of emergency, and to issue decrees having the force of law, upon a decision of the Council of Ministers meeting under his/her chairmanship. With all these issues above written in the Constitution of Turkey, the executive rights are given to the President of the Republic of Turkey to be represented as the commander-in-chief of the nation.", "title": "Commander-in-chief" }, { "docid": "47439541#0", "text": "Hulusi Akar (born 12 March 1952) is the current Turkish Minister of Defence and a former four-star Turkish Armed Forces general who served as the 29th Chief of the General Staff. Akar also served as a brigade commander in various NATO engagements including ISAF, Operation Deliberate Force during the Bosnian War and the Kosovo Force during the Kosovo War.", "title": "Hulusi Akar" } ]